Canada Population: 35,362,905


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Second-largest country in world (after Russia) and largest in the Americas; strategic location between Russia and US via north polar route; approximately 90% of the population is concentrated within 160 km (100 mi) of the US border; Canada has more fresh water than any other country and almost 9% of Canadian territory is water; Canada has at least 2 million and possibly over 3 million lakes - that is more than all other countries combined
Geographic coordinates: 60 00 N, 95 00 W
Area: total: 9,984,670 sq km
land: 9,093,507 sq km
water: 891,163 sq km

Size comparison: slightly larger than the US
Land Boundaries: total: 8,893 km border countries (1): US 8,893 km (includes 2,477 km with Alaska) note: Canada is the world's largest country that borders only one country
Coastline: 202,080 km note: the Canadian Arctic Archipelago - consisting of 36,563 islands, several of them some of the world's largest - contributes to Canada easily having the longest coastline in the world
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Terrain: mostly plains with mountains in west, lowlands in southeast
Elevation extremes:
Land use: agricultural land: 6.8% arable land 4.7%; permanent crops 0.5%; permanent pasture 1.6% forest: 34.1%
other: 59.1% (2011 est.)
Irrigated land: 8,700 sq km (2012)
Current Environment Issues: metal smelting, coal-burning utilities, and vehicle emissions impacting on agricultural and forest productivity; air pollution and resulting acid rain severely affecting lakes and damaging forests; ocean waters becoming contaminated due to agricultural, industrial, mining, and forestry activities
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Nationality: noun: Canadian(s)
adjective: Canadian
Ethnic groups: Canadian 32.2%, English 19.8%, French 15.5%, Scottish 14.4%, Irish 13.8%, German 9.8%, Italian 4.5%, Chinese 4.5%, North American Indian 4.2%, other 50.9% note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin (2011 est.)
Languages: English (official) 58.7%, French (official) 22%, Punjabi 1.4%, Italian 1.3%, Spanish 1.3%, German 1.3%, Cantonese 1.2%, Tagalog 1.2%, Arabic 1.1%, other 10.5% (2011 est.)
Religions: Catholic 39% (includes Roman Catholic 38.8%, other Catholic .2%), Protestant 20.3% (includes United Church 6.1%, Anglican 5%, Baptist 1.9%, Lutheran 1.5%, Pentecostal 1.5%, Presbyterian 1.4%, other Protestant 2.9%), Orthodox 1.6%, other Christian 6.3%, Muslim 3.2%, Hindu 1.5%, Sikh 1.4%, Buddhist 1.1%, Jewish 1%, other 0.6%, none 23.9% (2011 est.)
Population: 35,362,905 (July 2016 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 15.44% (male 2,799,758/female 2,661,645)
15-24 years: 12.12% (male 2,204,127/female 2,080,587)
25-54 years: 40.32% (male 7,231,200/female 7,028,692)
55-64 years: 13.94% (male 2,443,452/female 2,484,788)
65 years and over: 18.18% (male 2,863,114/female 3,565,542) (2016 est.)
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 47.3%
youth dependency ratio: 23.5%
elderly dependency ratio: 23.8%
potential support ratio: 4.2% (2015 est.)
Median age: total: 42 years
male: 40.8 years
female: 43.3 years (2016 est.)
Population growth rate: 0.74% (2016 est.)
Birth rate: 10.3 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)
Net migration rate: 5.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)
Urbanization: urban population: 81.8% of total population (2015)
rate of urbanization: 1.22% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
Major urban areas - population: Toronto 5.993 million; Montreal 3.981 million; Vancouver 2.485 million; Calgary 1.337 million; OTTAWA (capital) 1.326 million; Edmonton 1.272 million (2015)
0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
Mother's mean age at first birth: 28.1 (2011 est.)
Infant mortality rate: total: 4.6 deaths/1,000 live births male: 4.9 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: total population: 81.9 years male: 79.2 years
female: 84.6 years (2016 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (2016 est.)
Health expenditures: 10.4% of GDP (2014)
Physicians density: 2.07 physicians/1,000 population (2010)
Hospital bed density: 2.7 beds/1,000 population (2010)
Drinking water source: improved:
urban: 100% of population
rural: 99% of population
total: 99.8% of population

urban: 0% of population
rural: 1% of population
total: 0.2% of population (2015 est.)
Sanitation facility access: improved:
urban: 100% of population
rural: 99% of population
total: 99.8% of population

urban: 0% of population
rural: 1% of population
total: 0.2% of population (2015 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: NA
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths: fewer than 400 (2013 est.)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 30.1% (2014)
Education expenditures: 5.3% of GDP (2011)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24: total: 13.5% male: 15%
female: 11.9% (2014 est.)
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Country name: conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Canada
etymology: the country name derives from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word "kanata" meaning village or settlement
Government type: federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm
Capital: name: Ottawa
geographic coordinates: 45 25 N, 75 42 W

note: Canada has six time zones
National holiday: Canada Day, 1 July (1867)
Constitution: made up of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions dating from 1763; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982; several amendments to the 1982 Constitution Act, last in 2011 (2016)
Legal system: common law system except in Quebec, where civil law based on the French civil code prevails
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

head of government: Prime Minister Justin Pierre James TRUDEAU (Liberal Party) (since 4 November 2015)

cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among members of his own party sitting in Parliament elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a 5-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition in the House of Commons generally designated prime minister by the governor general
Legislative branch: description: bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Senat (105 seats; members appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister and can serve until age 75) and the House of Commons or Chambre des Communes (338 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote to serve a maximum of 4-year terms)

elections: House of Commons - last held on 19 October 2015 (next to be held in 2019)

election results: House of Commons - percent of vote by party - Liberal Party 39.5%, Conservative Party 31.9%, NDP 19.7%, Bloc Quebecois 4.7%, Greens 3.4%, other .8%; seats by party - Liberal Party 184, Conservative Party 99, NDP 44, Bloc Quebecois 10, Greens 1
Judicial branch: highest court(s): Supreme Court of Canada (consists of the chief justice and 8 judges); note - in 1949, Canada abolished all appeals beyond its Supreme Court, which prior to that time, were heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (in London) judge selection and term of office: chief justice and judges appointed by the prime minister in council; all judges appointed for life with mandatory retirement at age 75

subordinate courts: subordinate courts: federal level: Federal Court of Appeal; Federal Court; Tax Court; federal administrative tribunals; courts martial; provincial/territorial level: provincial superior, appeals, first instance, and specialized courts; in 1999, the Nunavut Court - a circuit court with the power of a provincial superior court as well as a territorial court - was established to serve isolated settlements
Political parties and leaders: Bloc Quebecois [Rheal FORTIN (interim leader)] Conservative Party of Canada or CPC [Rona AMBROSE (interim leader)] Green Party [Elizabeth MAY] Liberal Party [Justin TRUDEAU] New Democratic Party or NDP [Thomas MULCAIR]
National symbol(s): maple leaf, beaver; national colors: red, white
National anthem: name: "O Canada"

Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador David Brookes MACNAUGHTON (since 2 March 2016)
chancery: 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001
telephone: [1] (202) 682-1740
FAX: [1] (202) 682-7726
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, San Francisco/Silicon Valley, Seattle trade office(s): Houston, Palo Alto (CA), San Diego; note - there are trade offices in the Consulates General
Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Bruce A. HEYMAN (since 8 April 2014)
embassy: 490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8
telephone: [1] (613) 688-5335
FAX: [1] (613) 688-3082
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As a high-tech industrial society in the trillion-dollar class, Canada resembles the US in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and high living standards. Since World War II, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. In addition, the country's petroleum sector is rapidly expanding, because Alberta's oil sands significantly boosted Canada's proven oil reserves. Canada now ranks third in the world in proved oil reserves behind Venezuela and Saudi Arabia and is the world’s fifth-largest oil producer. The 1989 US-Canada Free Trade Agreement and the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (which includes Mexico) touched off a dramatic increase in trade and economic integration with the US, its principal trading partner. Canada enjoys a substantial trade surplus with the US, which absorbs about three-fourths of Canadian merchandise exports each year. Canada is the US's largest foreign supplier of energy, including oil, gas, and electric power, and a top source of US uranium imports. Given its abundant natural resources, highly skilled labor force, and modern capital plant, Canada enjoyed solid economic growth from 1993 through 2007. Buffeted by the global economic crisis, the economy dropped into a sharp recession in the final months of 2008, and Ottawa posted its first fiscal deficit in 2009 after 12 years of surplus. Canada's major banks, however, emerged from the financial crisis of 2008-09 among the strongest in the world, owing to the early intervention by the Bank of Canada and the financial sector's tradition of conservative lending practices and strong capitalization. Canada achieved marginal growth in 2010-15, despite the recent drop in oil prices.
GDP (purchasing power parity): GDP (purchasing power parity): $1.674 trillion (2016 est.) $1.655 trillion (2015 est.) $1.638 trillion (2014 est.)

note: data are in 2016 dollars
GDP (official exchange rate): GDP (official exchange rate): $1.532 trillion (2015 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 1.2% (2016 est.) 1.1% (2015 est.) 2.5% (2014 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP): GDP - per capita (PPP): $46,200 (2016 est.) $46,200 (2015 est.) $46,100 (2014 est.)

note: data are in 2016 dollars
Gross national saving: 19.4% of GDP (2016 est.) 20.4% of GDP (2015 est.) 22% of GDP (2014 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use: household consumption: 57.9%
government consumption: 21.3%
investment in fixed capital: 22.2%
investment in inventories: 0.3%
exports of goods and services: 31.9%
imports of goods and services: -33.6% (2016 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin: household consumption: 57.9%
government consumption: 21.3%
investment in fixed capital: 22.2%
investment in inventories: 0.3%
exports of goods and services: 31.9%
Industrial production growth rate: -0.3% (2016 est.)
Labor force: 19.42 million (2016 est.)
Unemployment rate: 7.1% (2016 est.) 6.9% (2015 est.)
Population below poverty line: 9.4%

note: this figure is the Low Income Cut-Off, a calculation that results in higher figures than found in many comparable economies; Canada does not have an official poverty line (2008 est.)
highest 10%: 24.8% (2000)
Budget: revenues: $594.7 billion
expenditures: $632.4 billion (2016 est.)
Taxes and other revenues: 38.8% of GDP (2016 est.)
Public debt: 98.8% of GDP (2016 est.) 98.6% of GDP (2015 est.)

Fiscal year: 1 April - 31 March
Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.6% (2016 est.) 1.1% (2015 est.)
Current account balance: -$56.73 billion (2016 est.) -$48.97 billion (2015 est.)
Exports: $402.4 billion (2016 est.) $411 billion (2015 est.)
Exports - partners: US 76.7% (2015)
Imports: $419 billion (2016 est.) $428.7 billion (2015 est.)
Imports - partners: US 53.1%, China 12.2%, Mexico 5.8% (2015)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $82.5 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $79.75 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
Debt - external: $1.608 trillion (31 March 2016 est.) $1.55 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: $1.099 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) $1.065 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: $1.334 trillion (31 December 2016 est.) $1.256 trillion (31 December 2015 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares: $1.593 trillion (31 December 2015 est.) $2.095 trillion (31 December 2014 est.) $2.114 trillion (31 December 2013 est.)
Exchange rates: Canadian dollars (CAD) per US dollar - 1.331 (2016 est.) 1.2788 (2015 est.) 1.2788 (2014 est.) 1.0298 (2013 est.) 0.9992 (2012 est.)
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Electricity - production: 633 billion kWh (2014 est.)
Electricity - consumption: 528 billion kWh (2014 est.)
Electricity - exports: 58.4 billion kWh (2014 est.)
Electricity - imports: 13 billion kWh (2014 est.)
Electricity - installed generating capacity: 137 million kW (2014 est.)
Electricity - from fossil fuels: 25.7% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
Electricity - from nuclear fuels: 10% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants: 55.8% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
Electricity - from other renewable sources: 8.3% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
Crude oil - production: 3.677 million bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil - exports: 3.21 million bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil - imports: 581,300 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Crude oil - proved reserves: 171 billion bbl (1 January 2016 es)
Refined petroleum products - production: 1.868 million bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - consumption: 2.406 million bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - exports: 491,900 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - imports: 251,900 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Natural gas - production: 151.5 billion cu m (2014 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: 116.5 billion cu m (2014 est.)
Natural gas - exports: 77.96 billion cu m (2014 est.)
Natural gas - imports: 21.89 billion cu m (2014 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves: 1.996 trillion cu m (1 January 2016 es)
Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy: 564 million Mt (2013 est.)
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Cellular Phones in use: total: 29.39 million subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 84 (July 2015 est.)
Telephone system: general assessment: excellent service provided by modern technology

domestic: domestic satellite system with about 300 earth stations

Internet country code: .ca
Internet users: total: 31.053 million percent of population: 88.5% (July 2015 est.)
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Airports: 1,467 (2013)
Airports (paved runways): total 523
over 3,047 m: 21
2,438 to 3,047 m: 19
1,524 to 2,437 m: 147
914 to 1,523 m: 257
under 914 m: 79 (2013)
Airports (unpaved runways): total 944

1,524 to 2,437 m: 75
914 to 1,523 m: 385
under 914 m: 484 (2013)
Heliports: 26 (2013)
Pipelines: gas and liguid petroleum 100,000 km (2013)
Railways: total 77,932 km
standard gauge: 77,932 km 1.435-m gauge (2014)
Roadways: total 1,042,300 km
paved: 415,600 km (includes 17,000 km of expressways)
unpaved: 626,700 km (2011)
Merchant marine: total 181



container port(s): Montreal (1,362,975), Vancouver (2,507,032)(2011) LNG terminal(s) (import): Saint John
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Military branches: Canadian Forces: Canadian Army, Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Canadian Air Force, Canadian Joint Operations Command (2015)
Military expenditures: 1% of GDP (2015) 1% of GDP (2014) 1% of GDP (2013) 1.24% of GDP (2012) 1.31% of GDP (2011)
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 Transnational Issues
Disputes - International: managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Gulf of Maine, including the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; Canada and the United States dispute how to divide the Beaufort Sea and the status of the Northwest Passage but continue to work cooperatively to survey the Arctic continental shelf; US works closely with Canada to intensify security measures for monitoring and controlling legal and illegal movement of people, transport, and commodities across the international border; sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland; commencing the collection of technical evidence for submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in support of claims for continental shelf beyond 200 nm from its declared baselines in the Arctic, as stipulated in Article 76, paragraph 8, of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees (country of origin): 13,666 (Colombia); 11,415 (China); 8,807 (Haiti); 8,807 (Sri Lanka); 7,207 (Pakistan); 6,414 (Mexico) (2015)
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   Source: CIA - The World Factbook

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