1 Overview of Globalization Support

This chapter provides an overview of globalization support for Oracle Database. This chapter discusses the following topics:

Globalization Support Architecture



Locale Data on Demand

Oracle Database globalization support is implemented with the Oracle NLS Runtime Library (NLSRTL). The NLS RTL provides a comprehensive suite of language-independent functions that perform proper text and character processing and language-convention manipulations. Behavior of these functions for a specific language and territory is governed by a set of locale-specific data that is identified and loaded at run time.

The locale-specific data is structured as independent sets of data for each locale that Oracle Database supports. The data for a particular locale can be loaded independently of other locale data.

The advantages of this design are as follows:

  • You can manage memory consumption by choosing the set of locales that you need.

  • You can add and customize locale data for a specific locale without affecting other locales.

Figure 1-1 shows how locale-specific data is loaded at run time. In this example, French data and Japanese data are loaded into the multilingual database, but German data is not.

Figure 1-1 Loading Locale-Specific Data to the Database

Description of Figure 1-1 follows
Description of "Figure 1-1 Loading Locale-Specific Data to the Database"

The locale-specific data is stored in the $ORACLE_HOME/nls/data directory. The ORA_NLS10 environment variable should be defined only when you need to change the default directory location for the locale-specific datafiles, for example, when the system has multiple Oracle Database homes that share a single copy of the locale-specific datafiles.

A boot file is used to determine the availability of the NLS objects that can be loaded. Oracle Database supports both system and user boot files. The user boot file gives you the flexibility to tailor what NLS locale objects are available for the database. Also, new locale data can be added and some locale data components can be customized.

Architecture to Support Multilingual Applications

Oracle Database enables multitier applications and client/server applications to support languages for which the database is configured.

The locale-dependent operations are controlled by several parameters and environment variables on both the client and the database server. On the database server, each session that is started on behalf of a client may run in the same or a different locale as other sessions, and can have the same or different language requirements specified.

Oracle Database has a set of session-independent NLS parameters that are specified when you create a database. Two of the parameters specify the database character set and the national character set, which is an alternative Unicode character set that can be specified for NCHAR, NVARCHAR2, and NCLOB data. The parameters specify the character set that is used to store text data in the database. Other parameters, such as language and territory, are used to evaluate and check constraints.


From a globalization support perspective, all applications are considered to be clients, even if they run on the same physical machine as the Oracle Database instance. For example, when SQL*Plus is started by the UNIX user who owns the Oracle Database software from the Oracle home in which the RDBMS software is installed, and SQL*Plus connects to the database through an adapter by specifying the ORACLE_SID parameter, SQL*Plus is considered a client. Its behavior is ruled by client-side NLS parameters.



  • Display formatting in Oracle Developer applications

  • User OCI code that executes NLS OCI functions with OCI environment handles



Enter a SELECT statement:


You should see results similar to the following:

LAST_NAME                 HIRE_DATE     SALARY
Sciarra                   30-SET-05      962.5
Urman                     07-MAR-06        975
Popp                      07-DIC-07      862.5

Note that the month name abbreviations are in Italian.


Using Unicode in a Multilingual Database

Unicode, the universal encoded character set, enables you to store information in any language by using a single character set. Unicode provides a unique code value for every character, regardless of the platform, program, or language.

Unicode has the following advantages:

Globalization Support Features

This section provides an overview of the standard globalization features in Oracle Database:

Language Support

Oracle Database enables you to store, process, and retrieve data in native languages. The languages that can be stored in a database are all languages written in scripts that are encoded by Oracle-supported character sets. Through the use of Unicode databases and data types, Oracle Database supports most contemporary languages.

Additional support is available for a subset of the languages. The database can, for example, display dates using translated month names, and can sort text data according to cultural conventions.

When this document uses the term language support, it refers to the additional language-dependent functionality, and not to the ability to store text of a specific language. For example, language support includes displaying dates or sorting text according to specific locales and cultural conventions. Additionally, for some supported languages, Oracle Database provides translated error messages and a translated user interface for the database utilities.

See Also:

Territory Support

Oracle Database supports cultural conventions that are specific to geographical locations. The default local time format, date format, and numeric and monetary conventions depend on the local territory setting. Setting different NLS parameters enables the database session to use different cultural settings. For example, you can set the euro (EUR) as the primary currency and the Japanese yen (JPY) as the secondary currency for a given database session, even when the territory is defined as AMERICA.

See Also:

Date and Time Formats


Time zones and daylight saving support are also available.

Monetary and Numeric Formats


Calendar Systems

Many different calendar systems are in use around the world. Oracle Database supports seven different calendar systems:

  • Gregorian

  • Japanese Imperial

  • ROC Official (Republic of China)

  • Thai Buddha

  • Persian

  • English Hijrah

  • Arabic Hijrah

See Also:

Linguistic Sorting



Character Set Support


See Also:

Character Semantics


Customization of Locale and Calendar Data


You can customize calendars with the NLS Calendar Utility.

Unicode Support

Unicode is an industry standard that enables text and symbols from all languages to be consistently represented and manipulated by computers. The latest version of the Unicode standard, as of this release, is 5.0.

Oracle Database has complied with the Unicode standard since Oracle 7. Subsequently, Oracle Database 10g release 2 supports Unicode 4.0. Oracle Database 11g release supports Unicode 5.0.


  • You can create a Unicode database that enables you to store UTF-8 encoded characters as SQL CHAR data types.

  • You can support multilingual data in specific columns by using Unicode data types. You can store Unicode characters into columns of the SQL NCHAR data types regardless of how the database character set has been defined. The NCHAR data type is an exclusively Unicode data type.