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From Wikipedia

Financial statement analysis



  • Make decisions regarding investing or lending capital;


Financial analysts often assess the firm's:







  • Comparative Performance - Comparison between similar firms.


n / equity =ROE
Net income / total assets = return on assets
Stock price / earnings per share = P/E-ratio





Truth value

In logic and mathematics, a logical value, also called a truth value, is a value indicating the relation of a proposition to truth.

In classical logic, the truth values are true and false. Intuitionistic logic lacks a complete set of truth values because its semantics, the Brouwerâ€“Heytingâ€“Kolmogorov interpretation, is specified in terms of provability conditions, and not directly in terms of the truth of formulae. Multi-valued logics (such as fuzzy logic and relevance logic) allow for more than two truth values, possibly containing some internal structure.

Even non-truth-valuational logics can associate values with logical formulae, as is done in algebraic semantics. For example, the algebraic semantics of intuitionistic logic is given in terms of Heyting algebras.

Topos theory uses truth values in special sense: the truth values of a topos are the global elements of the subobject classifier. Having truth values in this sense does not make a logic truth valuational.




Coin flipping example









In the above example we thus have:

  • null hypothesis (H0): fair coin;
  • observation O: 14 heads out of 20 flips; and







Even so, this approximation does not eliminate th

From Yahoo Answers

Question:Need help symbolizing these statements using propositions and connectives ,v, and , stating what each proposition represents. a) Regular work is sufficient to pass this course b) Regular work is not necessary to pass this course. c) If Brazil wins its 1st match only if Germany wins its 1st match, then France doesn't win its 1st match. I would sincerely appreciate any help. Thanks..

Answers:Hi (a) 'Regular work is sufficient to pass this course' in effect says that you will pass the course so long as you do regular work. Let 'R' = 'You do regular work' and 'P' = 'You will pass the course'. Then we can symbolize your sentence as 'R P': if you do regular work, then you will pass the course. (b) 'Regular work is not necessary to pass this course' in effect says that you can pass the course without doing regular work. Again, let 'R' = 'You do regular work' and 'P' = 'You will pass the course'. Then we can symbolize your sentence as '~(P R)': your doing regular work is not necessary for your passing the course. (c) 'If Brazil wins its first match only if Germany wins its first match, then France doesn't win its first match' says that France's not winning its first match is necessary for Brazil's winning its first match to suffice for Germany's winning its first match. Let 'B' = 'Brazil wins its first match', 'G' = 'Germany wins its first match', and 'F' = 'France wins its first match'. Then we can symbolize your sentence as '(B G) ~F': Germany's winning its first match is necessary for Brazil's winning its first match only so long as France does not win its first match. I hope that the following might help a little. 'P Q' says that P is a sufficient condition for Q; 'Q P' says that P is a necessary condition for Q. Within classical logic, the following expressions are all equivalent: 'P is a sufficient condition for Q' 'Q is a necessary condition for P' 'P implies Q' 'If P, then Q' 'P only if Q' 'Q so long as P' 'Q provided that P' Some people (Dorothy Edgington, for example) think that indicative conditionals ('If ..., then ...' constructions) are not equivalent to material conditionals (expressions of the form 'P Q'), but it's still standard practice in logic to translate indicatives as material conditionals.

Question:Please explain about proposition in logic/mathematics and language. Also, please leave some examples as well. Thank you very much!

Answers:In mathematics, the term proposition is used for a proven statement that is of more than passing interest, but whose proof is neither profound nor difficult. The general term for proven mathematical statements is theorem, which also is used in a second, more particular sense, for a proven statement which required some effort, or is in some way a final result. In increasing order of difficulty, the names used for different levels of (general) theorems is approximately: corollary proposition lemma theorem (particular sense) Technically, since a proposition is sometimes followed by a proof, it is a theorem in the general sense, but when the word proposition is used the proof is not challenging enough to call the result a theorem in the particular sense. Propositions are minor building-blocks for major theorems, like lemmas. But the word lemma is used to describe proofs that establish statements that are stepping stones for further theorems when the proof is somewhat difficult. The term proposition is used for statements that are easy consequences of earlier definitions, possibly presented without proof; when a proposition is a simple consequence of a previous theorem, the term is a synonym of corollary (which is preferred). In mathematical logic, the term proposition is also used as an abbreviation for propositional formula. This use of the term does not imply or suggest that the formula is provable or true. The word proposition is also sometimes used to name the section of a theorem that gives the statement of fact that is to be proven.

Question:1) Make truth tables for these formulas: (a) p IMPLIES f (b) NOT p OR q (c) NOT p IMPLIES q 2) Make truth tables for these formulas: (a) NOT(NOTp OR NOTq) (b) NOT(NOTp AND NOTq) (c) (p AND q) OR (NOTp AND NOTq) 3) Determine which of these formulas are tautologies: (a) (p IMPLIES q) OR (q IMPLIES p) (b) ((p IMPLIES q) IMPLIES p) p (c) (p IMPLIES (q IMPLIES r)) IMPLIES ((p IMPLIES q) IMPLIES (p IMPLIES r)) BTW, this is not homework...I'm very short in time!!

Answers:I cannot draw you legible truth tables with the way that yahoo gobbles whitespace. But it would be really easy to draw on paper. All you do is look at how many variables are in the statement you are evaluating (e.g. p and q, or p and q and r, etc.). Draw a table with all the possibilities for each variable. Use 0 for false and 1 for true -- whoops, use F and T according to the example I checked (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_table which also explains them much better than I). Create columns in the chart for any sub-terms you need to use in order to build up the final formula. Build up the terms of the expression until you have the entire expression for all combinations of inputs. Fill in for all possibilities. Also, for some things you may need to do a slight translation. For example, 1a) "p implies q" I would think of as "if P then Q" which is written P Q Okay, I will try to start you off with one truth table but I don't promise that yahoo will leave it readable. 1a) P implies Q P Q P Q T T T T F F F T T F F T 1b) not P or Q P Q ~P ~P V Q T T F T T F F F F T T T F F T T 1a) and 1b) are equivalent and have the same truth table.

Question:When the conclusion does not seem to follow the premise, but it isn't negated by it either, what is the truth value of the statement, Specifically for statements that involve contraposition and obversion? For example the statement: " All non frogs are snakes"(Assume this were true) with a contraposition of "all non snakes are frogs." Would the truth value of the new statement be true, false or undetermined?

Answers:Try a categorical claim that works: "All non-even numbers are odd." The contraposition: "All non-odd numbers are even" Given the truth of a premise, the contraposition must also be true. It's a fact of First Order Logic.

From Youtube

Excel Statistics 89: Hypothesis Testing With Critical Value & p-value :See the Excel functions NORMSINV for critical value and NORSDIST for p-value. Detailed description and examples for steps necessary to conduct a Hypothesis Test about a Population Mean. 1.Hypothesis Testing Test 2.Null Hypothesis 3.Alternative Hypothesis 4.Alpha Type 1 Error 5.Beta Type 2 Error 6.Tests Statistic z 7.Test Statistic z 8.Critical Value and p-value 9.Hypothesis Testing Test About a Population Mean Sigma Known (z Distribution) 10.Conclusions about Statements about whether they are reasonable or not 11.NORMSDIST 12.NORMSINV Busn 210 Business Statistical Using Excel Highline Community College taught by Mike Gel excelisfun Girvin

Principles of Boolean Algebra :Principles of Boolean AlgebraAlgebra of logic is a mathematical device used to record, calculat, simplify, and transform logical propositions. Algebra of logic was developed by George Boole and therefore was named Boolean algebra. It started as a speculative science, accessible only to a narrow circle of scientists. That was until Englishman George Boole bet in the nineteenth century he would create a science completely detached from reality and without any practical application. He turned mathematical logic into algebra of propositions. Boolean algebra is the algebra of two values - true and false. For example, the statement "6 is an even number" is true, and the statement "The Neva flows into the Caspian Sea" is false. These 2 elements - true and false - are called constants and they are assigned, respectively, logical 1 and logical 0. In the algebra of logic, propositions can be combined to give new propositions. These new propositions are called functions of the initial propositions of the logical variables A, B, C, each of which can take 0 or 1.Depending on the values of variables and operations, a function can be either 1, or 0. The values of functions are determined by the truth table of this function. A truth table is a table used to establish a correspondence between all possible configurations of logical variables in a logical function and the values of these functions. All possible logical functions of variables can be formed with the help of 3 main operations ...