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Hardcore Java

Seven Low-Cost Ways to Improve Legacy Code

by Robert Simmons, Jr., author of Hardcore Java

Author's note: This article presents seven techniques I've developed and used in my consulting work that are designed to improve legacy code. You can apply some of these techniques using either freely available tools or with scripts. You'll apply the others manually, but they shouldn't represent a significant investment in time. Be forewarned, however, that all of these techniques may reveal other issues in the code base, such as hidden bugs, which could take a significant amount of time to fix.

1. Use a Stronger Compiler for Your Code

This technique calls for a tool change to a stronger compiler. While there are many Java IDEs on the market, most of them use the default Sun compiler. Unfortunately, this compiler is not as strict as it could be. Many common programming errors slip through the cracks. The following code illustrates one of these errors:

public class SomeClass {
    private String someValue;
    public SomeClass(final String someValue) {
        this.someValue = someValue;
    public void setFirstName(final String value) {
        this.someValue = someValue;

In this example, the developer meant to change the name of the property from value to someValue. The developer did a good job in changing the instance variable and the constructor, but he didn't change the name of the parameter to the setter. The resulting error is that the assignment in the method setFirstName() has no effect since it merely sets this.someValue to whatever it currently is. As a result, SomeClass has a difficult-to-find logic bug. Unfortunately, the standard JDK compiler will not find this problem, but there are other compilers that will. The compiler that comes with the free Eclipse platform can be configured to look for problems such as these. It can check for assignments that have no effect, variables that are unused, and a host of other issues. Not even the expensive JBuilder product can do many of the things Eclipse does for free. For example, I had a client who was using the JBuilder IDE. When I imported the project into Eclipse, it detected some 200 bugs in 700 classes that JBuilder didn't find. Although this led to long debugging sessions, the project's code became more stable and the client's customers much happier. Today this company uses Eclipse as its main tool. (For more on Eclipse, check out O'Reilly's just-released book on mastering the Eclipse platform.)


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2. Use a Code Formatter to Reformat Your Code

One of the most important things any IT department can do is to create coding standards. Things such as spacing, bracket placement, and commenting guidelines may seem trivial. Without these standards, however, your developers will have a hard time reading each other's code. What's more, the ramp-up time of consultants and new employees can easily triple. If that isn't enough to convince you, think of what would happen if one of your critical developers left the company, leaving behind a large amount of uncommented, obfuscated code. At that point, it may be cheaper just to redesign the product than to figure it out. Unfortunately, these are not hypothetical examples, as I have seen them repeatedly in my work. Coding standards make all of these problems much easier to manage.

However, coding standards are meaningless if they aren't enforced. A great way to enforce them is with code-formatting tools such as Jalopy or Eclipse. These tools will reformat legacy code and turn it into something more readable. Jalopy can even be configured to insert special tags to alert developers of missing documentation (which is not inexpensive to fix, but definitely worth it). These tools are easy to use and, once you've decided on the configuration, can be passed to all departments. What's more, source-code formatters can be hooked up to version-control systems to automatically format the code upon check-in.

One common objection I hear to code formatting is that "It messes up the diffs with the source control management (SCM) system." It is true that the first time you format your code, it is likely to generate heavy diffs. However, if your developers depend on diffs instead of code documentation to determine problems, then you probably already have a serious problem in your code base. Furthermore, since your data objects don't require that the listeners be explicitly removed, the user of these data objects need not worry about managing the addition and removal of listeners. The removal of this management task makes code much easier to maintain.

3. Introduce final All Over Your Code

Those of you who have read Chapter 2 ("The Final Story") of Hardcore Java know that final is one of the most useful and underused keywords in the Java language. Many of my colleagues see final all over the place in my code and are startled by it. However, once I explain that final causes logic errors to be turned into compiler errors, they quickly become converts.

If you have junior developers, the best tack is to simply be firm. At first, they might complain and grumble a bit, but they will quickly get used to it. Every parameter to a method should be declared final unless the parameter is intended to be an out or in-out parameter. In addition, final should be used on all variables in immutable classes and whenever you declare a local variable that you don't intend to change throughout the method. You can even use it inside of loops, as shown here:

public int find(final List domain, final SomeClass target) {
    final String targetValue = target.value;
    for (final Iterator iter = domain.iterator(); iter.hasNext();) {
        final SomeClass element = (SomeClass)iter.next();
            if (element.value == targetValue) {
                return domain.indexOf(element);
    return -1;

Notice all of the places final is used in this code. It makes the code unbelievably solid. However, be prepared for your compiler to complain when you apply it to your code base. You will most likely find quite a few hidden bugs. Regardless, I recommend you start using final today. And every time you are editing legacy code, add it into code.

(Unfortunately, I know of no tool that will automate this conversion for you, though that would be a great feature to add to tools such as Eclipse, Checkstyle, or Jalopy. If anyone knows of a tool or writes one to do it, I would love to hear about it.)

4. Remove Commented-Out Code

Often I am confronted with legacy code that contains good-sized portions of commented-out code. Usually, this code was commented out long ago by a developer unwilling to delete the code, "just in case." The problem here is that the rest of the code base has had ongoing development, but the commented code hasn't. So if you were to uncomment the code, you would have big problems.

You should go in and delete all commented-out code. Not only does it make code hard to read, but it could be disastrous if some eager-to-please junior developer sees the "for later use" comment and decides to uncomment the code. Just remove it and save yourself the hassle.

In fact, I recommend you remove old code rather than commenting it out. Rarely are things commented out and put back in later. The only time I can think of this happening routinely is in the case of commenting for very short-term debugging. Other than that, the best policy is "don't be afraid of the delete key." If you have some great algorithm in the code, copy it into a junk file, and rip it out of the code. The result will be less lint in your code.

5. Refactor Classes to Remove Anonymous Classes

In Chapter 4 ("Collections") of Hardcore Java, I explore the realm of nested classes in detail. One of the most commonly used nested classes is the anonymous class. However, the fact that anonymous classes can't be reused at all generally makes using them a bad idea. In addition, anonymous classes make code harder to read and bloat up the class declaration space of your program.

You should remove these classes, and instead either convert the anonymous classes to inner classes or, better yet, just implement that listener interface yourself. Although it involves a bit of typing and cut-and-paste code, the resulting code will be easier to read and understand.

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