Claude Bernarde of France, early in life came under the influence of Francois Magendie (1783-1855) who was considered the father of experimental physiology in France. As a student, Bernarde touched on so many areas in physiology that he was characterized by Louis Pasteuras "Physiology Itself." From research on the pancreas, the liver, he moved on to brain lesions with metabolic concomitants. In France he shared with Johanon Frederick Horner (1831-1886)- credit for describing the so called Claude Bernarde Horner Syndrome. He did monumental work on the physiology of smooth muscle.

Sciatic nerve lesion in frog described by Berneard

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