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Federative Republic of Brazil
República Federativa do Brasil(Portuguese)
Flag of Brazil.svg Coat of arms of Brazil.svg
  • Ordem e Progresso(Portuguese)
  • (English: "Order and Progress")

National seal
BRA orthographic.svg
Brazil - Location Map (2013) - BRA - UNOCHA.svg
15°47′S 47°52′W﻿ / ﻿-15.783, -47.867
Largest city São Paulo
Official languages Portuguese[2]
Ethnic groups (2010[3])
Demonym Brazilian
Government Federal presidential constitutional republic
 -  President Dilma Rousseff
 -  Vice President Michel Temer
 -  President of the
Chamber of Deputies
Eduardo Cunha
 -  President of the Senate Renan Calheiros
 -  President of the Supreme Federal Court Ricardo Lewandowski
Legislature National Congress
 -  Upper house Federal Senate
 -  Lower house Chamber of Deputies
Independence from United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
 -  Declared 7 September 1822 
 -  Recognized 29 August 1825 
 -  Republic 15 November 1889 
 -  Current constitution 5 October 1988 
 -  Total 8,515,767 km2 (5th)
3,287,597 sq mi 
 -  Water (%) 0.65
 -  2014 estimate 202,768,562[4] (5th)
 -  Density 23.8/km2 (190th)
62/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2014 estimate
 -  Total $3.073 trillion[5] (7th)
 -  Per capita $15,153[5] (77th)
GDP (nominal) 2014 estimate
 -  Total $2.244 trillion[5] (7th)
 -  Per capita $11,067[5] (62nd)
Gini (2012)positive decrease 51.9[6]
HDI (2013)increase 0.744[7]
high · 79th
Currency Real (R$) (BRL)
Time zone BRT (UTC−2 to −5)
Date format dd/mm/yyyy (CE)
Drives on the right
Calling code +55
Internet TLD .br
a. Multiracial.

Brazil /bɹəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]),[8] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, Loudspeaker listen ),[9] is the largest country in both South America and the Latin American region. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population.[10] It is the largest Portuguese-speaking country in the world, and the only one in the Americas.[11]

Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi).[12] It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile and occupies 47.3 percent of the continent of South America.[13] Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats.[12] This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection.

Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing of traveler Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500, who claimed the area for Portugal. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro after French forces invaded Portugal. In 1815, it was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Its independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. An authoritarian military junta had led the nation from 1964 until 1985. Brazil's current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a federal republic.[14] The Federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, and the 5,570 municipalities.

The country's economy is the world's seventh largest by both nominal GDP and purchasing power parity, as of 2012.[15][16] A member of the BRIC group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the world's fastest growing major economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition and influence.[17] Brazil's national development bank (BNDES) plays an important role for the country's economic growth.[18] Brazil is a founding member of the United Nations,[19] the G20, CPLP, Latin Union, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the Organization of American States, Mercosul and the Union of South American Nations. Brazil is a regional power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs,[20] with some analysts identifying it as an emerging global power.[21] Brazil has been the world's largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years.[22]


The word "Brazil" comes from brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast.[23] In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology "red like an ember", formed from Latin brasa ("ember") and the suffix -il (from -iculum or -ilium).[24] As brazilwood produces a deep red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil.[25] Throughout the 16th century, massive amounts of brazilwood were harvested by indigenous peoples (mostly Tupi) along the Brazilian coast, who sold the timber to European traders (mostly Portuguese, but also French) in return for assorted European consumer goods.[26]

The official Portuguese name of the land, in original Portuguese records, was the "Land of the Holy Cross" (Terra da Santa Cruz),[27] but European sailors and merchants commonly called it simply the "Land of Brazil" (Terra do Brasil) on account of the brazilwood trade.[28] The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name. Early sailors sometimes also called it the "Land of Parrots" (Terra di Papaga).[29]



Pre-Cabraline eraEdit


Ceramics produced by ancient complex societies living in the Santarém region.

One of the earliest human remains found in The Americas, Luzia Woman, were found in the area of Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais and provide evidence of human habitation going back at least 11,000 years.[31][32] The earliest pottery ever found in the Western Hemisphere was excavated in the Amazon basin of Brazil and radiocarbon dated to 8,000 years ago (6000 BC). The pottery was found near Santarém and provides evidence that the tropical forest region supported a complex prehistoric culture.[33]


Before the arrival of Europeans, the boundaries between these groups and their subgroups were marked by wars that arose from differences in culture, language and moral beliefs.[36] These wars also involved large-scale military actions on land and water, with cannibalistic rituals on POWs.[37][38] While heredity had some weight, leadership status was more subdued over time, than allocated in succession ceremonies and conventions.[39] Slavery among the Indians had a different meaning than it had for Europeans, since it originated from a diverse socio-economic organization, in which asymmetries were translated into kinship relations.[40]

Portuguese colonizationEdit

Desembarque de Pedro Álvares Cabral em Porto Seguro em 1500


The land now called Brazil was claimed for the Portuguese Empire on 22 April 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral.[41] The Portuguese encountered indigenous peoples divided into several tribes, most of whom spoke languages of the Tupi–Guarani family, and fought among themselves.[42] Though the first settlement was founded in 1532, colonization was effectively begun in 1534, when King Dom João III of Portugal divided the territory into the fifteen private and autonomous Captaincy Colonies of Brazil.[43][44]

However, the decentralized and unorganized tendencies of the captaincy colonies proved problematic, and in 1549 the Portuguese king restructured them into the Governorate General of Brazil, a single and centralized Portuguese colony in South America.[44][45] In the first two centuries of colonization, Indigenous and Europeans groups lived in constant war, establishing opportunistic alliances in order to gain advantages against each other.[46][47][48][49] By the mid-16th century, cane sugar had become Brazil's most important exportation product,[42][50] and slaves purchased in Sub-Saharan Africa, in the slave market of Western Africa[51] (not only those from Portuguese allies of their colonies in Angola and Mozambique), had become its largest import,[52][53] to cope with plantations of sugarcane, due to increasing international demand for Brazilian sugar.[54][55]

Antônio Parreiras - Prisão de Tiradentes, 1914


By the end of the 17th century, sugarcane exports began to decline,[56] and the discovery of gold by bandeirantes in the 1690s would become the new backbone of the colony's economy, fostering a Brazilian Gold Rush,[57] attracting thousands of new settlers to Brazil, from Portugal and all Portuguese colonies around the World,[58] which in turn caused some conflicts between newcomers and old settlers.[59]

Portuguese expeditions known as Bandeiras gradually advanced the Portugal colonial original frontiers in South America to approximately the current Brazilian borders.[60][61] In this era other European powers tried to colonize parts of Brazil, in incursions that the Portuguese had to fight, notably the French in Rio during the 1560s, in Maranhão during the 1610s, and the Dutch in Bahia and Pernambuco, during the Dutch–Portuguese War, after the end of Iberian Union.[62]

The Portuguese colonial administration in Brazil had two objectives that would ensure colonial order, and the monopoly of its wealthiest and largest colony: both keep under control and eradicate all forms of slaves' rebellion and resistance, such as the Quilombo of Palmares,[63] as well as repress all movements for autonomy or independence, such as the Minas Conspiracy.[64]

United Kingdom with PortugalEdit

In late 1807, Spanish and Napoleonic forces threatened the security of continental Portugal, causing Prince Regent João, in the name of Queen Maria I, to move the royal court from Lisbon to Brazil.[65] There they established some of Brazil's first financial institutions, such as its local stock exchanges,[66] a National Bank, and ended the monopoly of the colony trade with Portugal, opening it to other nations. In 1809, in retaliation for being forced into exile, the Prince Regent ordered the Portuguese conquest of French Guiana.[67]

With the end of the Peninsular War in 1814, the courts of Europe demanded that Queen Maria I and Prince Regent João return to Portugal, deeming it unfit for the head of an ancient European monarchy to reside in a colony. In 1815, in order to justify continuing to live in Brazil, where the royal court had thrived for the past six years, the Crown established the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves, thus creating a pluricontinental transatlantic monarchic state.[68] However, such a ploy didn't last long, since the leadership in Portugal resentful with the new status of its larger colony, continued to require the return of court to Lisbon (as postulated by the Liberal Revolution of 1820), as well as groups of Brazilians, impatient for practical and real changes still demanded independence and a republic, as showed by the 1817 Pernambucan Revolt.[68] In 1821, as a demand of revolutionaries who had taken the city of Porto,[69] D. João VI was unable to hold out any longer, and departed for Lisbon. There he swore oath to the new constitution, leaving his son, Prince Pedro de Alcântara, as Regent of the Kingdom of Brazil.[70]

Independent EmpireEdit

Independence of Brazil 1888


Tensions between Portuguese and Brazilians increased, and the Portuguese Cortes, guided by the new political regime imposed by the 1820 Liberal Revolution, tried to re-establish Brazil as a colony.[71] The Brazilians refused to yield, and Prince Pedro decided to stand with them, declaring the country's independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822.[72] A month later, Prince Pedro was declared the first Emperor of Brazil, with the regnal title of Dom Pedro I, resulting in the foundation of the Empire of Brazil.[73]

The Brazilian War of Independence, which had already begun along this process, spread through northern, northeastern regions and in Cisplatina province.[74] With the last Portuguese soldiers surrendering on 8 March 1824,[75] Portugal officially recognized Brazil on 29 August 1825.[76]

Pedro Américo - D. Pedro II na abertura da Assembléia Geral

Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil between 1831 and 1889.


During the last phase of the monarchy, internal political debate was centered on the issue of slavery. The Atlantic slave trade was abandoned in 1850,[82] as a result of the British' Aberdeen Act, but only in May 1888 after a long process of internal mobilization and debate for an ethical and legal dismantling of slavery in the country, was the institution formally abolished.[83]

The foreign affairs in the monarchy were basically related issues with the countries of the Southern Cone with which Brazil has borders. Long after the Cisplatine War that resulted in independence for Uruguay,[84] Brazil won three international wars during the 58-year reign of Pedro II. These were the Platine War, the Uruguayan War and the devastating Paraguayan War, the largest war effort in Brazilian history.[85][86]


Early republicEdit

Proclamação da República by Benedito Calixto 1893


Revolução de 1930

In half of the first 100 years of republic in Brazil, the Army exercised power directly or through figures designated by it. Getúlio Vargas (center, bald, no hat), for example, was the military's confidence man brought to power in October 1930.

The "early republican government was little more than a military dictatorship, with army dominating affairs both at Rio de Janeiro and in the states. Freedom of the press disappeared and elections were controlled by those in power".[88] In 1894, following the unfoldings of two severe crises, an economic along with a military one, the republican civilians rose to power.[89][90][91]

Little by little, a cycle of general instability sparked by these crises undermined the regime to such an extent, that by 1930 in the wake of the murder of his running mate, the defeated opposition presidential candidate Getúlio Vargas supported by most of the military, led a successful revolt.[92][93] Vargas was supposed to assume power temporarily, but instead closed the Congress, extinguished the Constitution, ruled with emergency powers and replaced the states' governors with his own supporters.[94][95]

In the 1930s, three major attempts to remove Vargas and his supporters from power occurred: in the second half of 1932, in November 1935, and in May 1938.[96][97][98] Being the second one, the communist revolt, used as an excuse for the preclusion of elections, put into effect by a coup d'état in 1937, which made the Vargas regime a full dictatorship, noted for its brutality and censorship of the press.[99]

In foreign policy, the success in resolving border disputes with neighboring countries in the early years of the republican period,[100] was followed by a failed attempt to exert a prominent role in the League of Nations,[101] after its involvement in World War I.[102][103] In World War II Brazil remained neutral until August 1942, when the country entered on the allied side,[104][105] after suffering retaliations undertaken by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, due to the country having severed diplomatic relations with them in the wake of the Pan-American Conference.[106]

With the allied victory in 1945 and the end of the Nazi-fascist regimes in Europe, Vargas's position became unsustainable and he was swiftly overthrown in another military coup, with Democracy being "reinstated" by the same army that had discontinued it 15 years before.[107] Vargas committed suicide in August 1954 amid a political crisis, after having returned to power by election in 1950.[108][109]

Contemporary eraEdit

0741 NOV B 05 Esplanada dos Ministerios Brasilia DF 03 09 1959

Construction of Brasília, the new capital, in 1959

Several brief interim governments succeeded after Vargas's suicide.[110] Juscelino Kubitschek became president in 1956 and assumed a conciliatory posture towards the political opposition that allowed him to govern without major crises.[111] The economy and industrial sector grew remarkably,[112] but his greatest achievement was the construction of the new capital city of Brasília, inaugurated in 1960.[113] His successor was Jânio Quadros, who resigned in 1961 less than a year after taking office.[114] His vice-president, João Goulart, assumed the presidency, but aroused strong political opposition[115] and was deposed in April 1964 by a coup that resulted in a military regime.[116]

The new regime was intended to be transitory[117] but it gradually closed in on itself and became a full dictatorship with the promulgation of the Fifth Institutional Act in 1968.[118] The repression was not limited to only those who resorted to guerrilla tactics to fight the regime, but also reached institutional opponents, artists, journalists and other members of civil society,[119][120] inside and outside the country (through the infamous "Operation Condor").[121][122] Despite its brutality, like other totalitarian regimes in history, due to an economic boom, known as an "economic miracle", the regime reached its highest level of popularity in the early 1970s.[123]

Slowly however, the wear and tear of years of dictatorial power that have not slowed the repression, even after the defeat of the leftist guerrillas,[124] plus the inability to deal with the economic crises of the period and popular pressure, made an opening policy inevitable, which from the regime side was led by Generals Geisel and Golbery.[125] With the enactment of the Amnesty Law in 1979, Brazil began its slow return to democracy, which would be completed during the 1980s.[81]


Ulysses Guimarães holding the Constitution of 1988 in his hands.

Civilians returned to power in 1985 when José Sarney assumed the presidency, becoming unpopular during his tenure due to his failure in controlling the economic crisis and hyperinflation inherited from the military regime.[126] Sarney's unsuccessful government allowed the election in 1989 of the almost unknown Fernando Collor, who was subsequently impeached by the National Congress in 1992.[127] Collor was succeeded by his Vice-President Itamar Franco, who appointed Fernando Henrique Cardoso as Minister of Finance. In 1994, Cardoso produced a highly successful Plano Real,[128] that, after decades of failed economic plans made by previous governments attempting to curb hyperinflation, finally granted stability to the Brazilian economy,[129][130] leading Cardoso to be elected that year, and again in 1998.[131]

The peaceful transition of power from Fernando Henrique to his main opposition leader, Luís Inácio Lula da Silva, who was elected in 2002 and re-elected in 2006, proved that Brazil had finally succeeded in achieving its long-sought political stability.[132] Lula was succeeded in 2011 by the current president, Dilma Rousseff, the country's first woman president and as such one of the most powerful women in the world.[133][134]

In June 2013, following the viral phenomenon of worldwide manifestations (such as the "Arab Spring", the "Occupy Wall Street" and the "Spanish Indignados"),[135] numerous protests erupted in Brazil. For days, hundreds of thousands of people took to the streets in several cities to protest.[136] Initially a movement against the increase in public transport fares, it assumed gigantic proportions, sparked by the excessive use of force by the state polices, turning into a series of huge demonstrations by groups and individuals, angry about a range of issues (including new stadium projects for international sports events, demands on quality of public services, anger about corruption, and opposition to a constitutional amendment proposal, PEC 37, which is interpreted by some as an attempt to curb repression of corruption[137][138]). Thus it became a movement containing conflicting ideologies, with so far no single political agenda nor recognizable leadership.[139][140][141]


Brazil topo

Topographic map of Brazil


Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, and third largest in the Americas, with a total area of 8,515,767.049 km2 (3,287,956 sq mi),[143] including 55,455 km2 (21,411 sq mi) of water.[12] It spans four time zones; from UTC−5 comprising the state of Acre and the westernmost portion of Amazonas, to UTC−4 in the western states, to UTC−3 in the eastern states (the national time) and UTC−2 in the Atlantic islands.[144] Brazil is the only country in the world that lies on the equator while having contiguous territory outside the tropics. Brazilian topography is also diverse and includes hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of the terrain lies between 200 metres (660 ft) and 800 metres (2,600 ft) in elevation.[145] The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country.[145] The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills.[145]

The southeastern section is more rugged, with a complex mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of up to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft).[145] These ranges include the Mantiqueira and Espinhaço mountains and the Serra do Mar.[145] In the north, the Guiana Highlands form a major drainage divide, separating rivers that flow south into the Amazon Basin from rivers that empty into the Orinoco River system, in Venezuela, to the north. The highest point in Brazil is the Pico da Neblina at 2,994 metres (9,823 ft), and the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean.[12]


Chapada Diamantina Panorama (cropped)
Panorama of the Chapada Diamantina from the Pai Inácio Hill, in the Chapada Diamantina National Park, Bahia.



An equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There is no real dry season, but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain falls.[147] Temperatures average 25 °C (77 °F),[149] with more significant temperature variation between night and day than between seasons.[148]

Over central Brazil rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of a savanna climate.[148] This region is as extensive as the Amazon basin but has a very different climate as it lies farther south at a higher altitude.[147] In the interior northeast, seasonal rainfall is even more extreme. The semiarid climatic region generally receives less than 800 millimetres (31.5 in) of rain,[150] most of which generally falls in a period of three to five months of the year[151] and occasionally less than this, creating long periods of drought.[148] Brazil's 1877–78 Grande Seca (Great Drought), the worst in Brazil's history,[152] caused approximately half a million deaths.[153] The one from 1915 was devastating too.[154]

South of Bahia, near the coasts, and more southerly most of the state of São Paulo, the distribution of rainfall changes, with rain falling throughout the year.[147] The south enjoys subtropical conditions, with cool winters and average annual temperatures not exceeding 18 °C (64.4 °F);[149] winter frosts and snowfall are not rare in the highest areas.[147][148]

Biodiversity and environmentEdit

Brazil's large territory comprises different ecosystems, such as the Amazon rainforest, recognized as having the greatest biological diversity in the world,[155] with the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado, sustaining the greatest biodiversity.[156] In the south, the Araucaria pine forest grows under temperate conditions.[156] The rich wildlife of Brazil reflects the variety of natural habitats. Scientists estimate that the total number of plant and animal species in Brazil could approach four million, mostly invertebrates.[156]

Amazon CIAT (5).jpg Jaguar head shot-edit2.jpg


The natural heritage of Brazil is severely threatened by cattle ranching and agriculture, logging, mining, resettlement, oil and gas extraction, over-fishing, wildlife trade, dams and infrastructure, water pollution, climate change, fire, and invasive species.[155] In many areas of the country, the natural environment is threatened by development.[159] Construction of highways has opened up previously remote areas for agriculture and settlement; dams have flooded valleys and inundated wildlife habitats; and mines have scarred and polluted the landscape.[158][160] At least 70 dams are said to be planned for the Amazon region, including the controversial Belo Monte hydroelectric dam.[161]

Government and politicsEdit

Dilma Rousseff - foto oficial 2011-01-09 (cropped)

Dilma Rousseff, the current Brazilian president.


All members of the executive and legislative branches are directly elected.[162][163][164] Judges and other judicial officials are appointed after passing entry exams.[162] For most of its democratic history, Brazil has had a multi-party system, proportional representation. Voting is compulsory for the literate between 18 and 70 years old and optional for illiterates and those between 16 and 18 or beyond 70.[14]

Brasilia Congresso Nacional 05 2007 221

National Congress of Brazil, seat of the legislative branch.





Supremo Brasil


The legal system is based on the Federal Constitution, which was promulgated on 5 October 1988, and is the fundamental law of Brazil. All other legislation and court decisions must conform to its rules.[168] As of April 2007, there have been 53 amendments. States have their own constitutions, which must not contradict the Federal Constitution.[169] Municipalities and the Federal District have "organic laws" (leis orgânicas), which act in a similar way to constitutions.[170] Legislative entities are the main source of statutes, although in certain matters judiciary and executive bodies may enact legal norms.[14] Jurisdiction is administered by the judiciary entities, although in rare situations the Federal Constitution allows the Federal Senate to pass on legal judgments.[14] There are also specialized military, labor, and electoral courts.[14] The highest court is the Supreme Federal Court.

This system has been criticized over the last few decades for the slow pace of decision-making. Lawsuits on appeal may take several years to resolve, and in some cases more than a decade elapses before definitive rulings.[171] Nevertheless, the Supreme Federal Tribunal was the first court in the world to transmit its sessions on television, and also via YouTube.[172][173] More recently, in December 2009, the Supreme Court adopted Twitter to display items on the day planner of the ministers, to inform the daily actions of the Court and the most important decisions made by them.[174]


US Navy 100316-N-9116F-001 A Brazilian U.N. peacekeeper walks with Haitian children during a patrol in Cite Soleil

Brazilian Army participating in UN peacekeeping mission in Haiti.

The armed forces of Brazil are the second largest in Latin America by active personnel and the largest by the level of military equipment.[175] It consists of the Brazilian Army (including the Army Aviation Command), the Brazilian Navy (including the Marine Corps and Naval Aviation), and the Brazilian Air Force.

The Army has 235,978 active personnel.[176] The states' Military Police and the Military Firefighters Corps are described as an ancillary forces of the Army by the constitution, but are under the control of each state's governor.[14] The Navy once operated some of the most powerful warships in the world with the two Minas Geraes-class dreadnoughts, which sparked a South American dreadnought race between Argentina, Brazil, and Chile.[177] Today, it is a green water force and one of the ten navies that possess an aircraft carrier.[178] The Air Force has about 700 manned aircraft in service.[179]

Brazil has not been invaded since 1865 during the Paraguayan War.[180] Additionally, Brazil has no contested territorial disputes with any of its neighbours[181] and neither does it have rivalries, like Chile and Bolivia have with each other.[182][183] The Brazilian military has also three times intervened militarily to overthrow the Brazilian government.[184] It has built a tradition of participating in UN peacekeeping missions such as in Haiti and East Timor.[185]

Foreign policyEdit

Diplomatic missions of Brazil

Diplomatic missions of Brazil

██ Brazil

██ Nations hosting a diplomatic mission of Brazil

██ Nations with a non-resident mission of Brazil


Brazil's foreign policy is a by-product of the country's unique position as a regional power in Latin America, a leader among developing countries, and an emerging world power.[188] Brazilian foreign policy has generally been based on the principles of multilateralism, peaceful dispute settlement, and non-intervention in the affairs of other countries.[189]

An increasingly well-developed tool of Brazil's foreign policy is providing aid as a donor to other developing countries.[190] Brazil does not just use its growing economic strength to provide financial aid, but it also provides high levels of expertise and most importantly of all, a quiet non-confrontational diplomacy to improve governance levels.[190] Total aid is estimated to be around $1 billion per year that includes:[190]


In addition, Brazil manages a peacekeeping mission in Haiti ($350 million) and makes in-kind contributions to the World Food Programme ($300 million).[190] This is in addition to humanitarian assistance and contributions to multilateral development agencies. The scale of this aid places it on par with China and India and ahead of many western donors.[190] The Brazilian South-South aid has been described as a "global model in waiting."[191]

Law enforcement and crime Edit

Helicóptero PF

Helicopter of the Federal Police Department.

In Brazil, the Constitution establishes five different police agencies for law enforcement: Federal Police Department, Federal Highway Police, Federal Railroad Police, Military Police and Civil Police. Of these, the first three are affiliated to the federal authorities and the last two subordinate to the state governments. All police forces are the responsibility of the executive branch of any of the federal or estadual powers.[14] The National Public Security Force also can act in public disorder situations arising anywhere in the country.[192]

The country still has above-average levels of violent crime and particularly high levels of gun violence and homicide. In 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated the number of 32 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, one of the highest rates of intentional homicide of the world.[193] The number considered tolerable by the WHO is about 10 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.[194] However, there are differences between the crime rates in the brazilian states; while in São Paulo the homicide rate registered in 2013 was 10.8 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, in Alagoas was 64.7 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.[195]

Brazil also has high levels of incarceration and the third largest prison population in the world (behind only China and the United States), with an estimated total of approximately 700,000 prisoners around the country (June 2014), an increase of about 300% compared to the index registered in 1992;[196] the high number of prisoners eventually overloaded the Brazilian prison system, leading to a shortfall of about 200 thousand accommodations in the prison system.[197]

Administrative divisionsEdit

States of Brazil and Regions of Brazil





Sao Paulo Stock Exchange.jpg Apresentação KC-390 (15414135738).jpg
Quotes panel of BM&F Bovespa, in São Paulo, the country's stock exchange.




Ronodonópolis colheita soja (Roosevelt Pinheiro) 28mar09






Components and energyEdit

Oil platform P-51 (Brazil)-2

P-51, an oil platform of Petrobras.

Brazil's diversified economy includes agriculture, industry, and a wide range of services.[221] Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 5.1% of the gross domestic product in 2007.[222] Brazil is one of the largest producer of oranges, coffee, sugar cane, cassava and sisal, soybeans and papayas.[223]

The industry — from automobiles, steel and petrochemicals to computers, aircraft, and consumer durables— accounted for 30.8% of the gross domestic product.[222] Industry is highly concentrated in metropolitan São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Campinas, Porto Alegre, and Belo Horizonte.[224]

Brazil is the world's tenth largest energy consumer with much of its energy coming from renewable sources, particularly hydroelectricity and ethanol; the Itaipu Dam is the world's largest hydroelectric plant by energy generation.[225] The first car with an ethanol engine was produced in 1978 and the first airplane engine running on ethanol in 2005.[226] Recent oil discoveries in the Pre-salt layer have opened the door for a large increase in oil production.[227] The governmental agencies responsible for the energy policy are the Ministry of Mines and Energy, the National Council for Energy Policy, the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels, and the National Agency of Electricity.[228]

Itaipu Décembre 2007 - Vue Générale


Sunset over Iguazu2.jpg Fernando de Noronha - PE - Baia do Sancho.jpg
Iguazu Falls, Paraná, in Brazil-Argentina border, is the second most popular destination for foreign tourists who come to Brazil for pleasure. The waterfalls are only 20% in the Brazilian side, the rest belonging to Argentina.




Bonito scan


According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO), international travel to Brazil accelerated in 2000, particularly during 2004 and 2005. However, in 2006 a slow-down took place, and international arrivals had almost no growth in 2007-08.[234][235][236] In spite of this trend, revenues from international tourism continued to rise, from USD 4 billion in 2005 to 5 billion in 2007, despite 330 000 fewer arrivals. This favorable trend is the result of the strong devaluation of the US dollar against the Brazilian Real, which began in 2004, but which makes Brazil a more expensive international destination.[237] This trend changed in 2009, when both visitors and revenues fell as a result of the Great Recession of 2008-09.[238] By 2010, the industry had recovered, and arrivals grew above 2006 levels to 5.2 million international visitors, and receipts from these visitors reached USD 6 billion.[229] In 2011 the historical record was reached with 5.4 million visitors and US$6.8 billion in receipts.[230][231]

Despite continuing record-breaking international tourism revenues, the number of Brazilian tourists travelling overseas has been growing steadily since 2003, resulting in a net negative foreign exchange balance, as more money is spent abroad by Brazilians than comes in as receipts from international tourists visiting Brazil. Tourism expenditures abroad grew from USD 5.8 billion in 2006, to USD 8.2 billion in 2007, a 42% increase, representing a net deficit of USD 3.3 billion in 2007, as compared to USD 1.5 billion in 2006, a 125% increase from the previous year.[239] This trend is caused by Brazilians taking advantage of the stronger Real to travel and making relatively cheaper expenditures abroad.[239] Brazilians traveling overseas in 2006 represented 4% of the country's population.[240]

In 2005, tourism contributed with 3.2% of the country's revenues from exports of goods and services, and represented 7% of direct and indirect employment in the Brazilian economy.[241] In 2006 direct employment in the sector reached 1.9 million people.[242] Domestic tourism is a fundamental market segment for the industry, as 51 million people traveled throughout the country in 2005,[243] and direct revenues from Brazilian tourists reached USD 22 billion,[244] 5.6 times more receipts than international tourists in 2005.

In 2005, Rio de Janeiro, Foz do Iguaçu, São Paulo, Florianópolis and Salvador were the most visited cities by international tourists for leisure trips. The most popular destinations for business trips were São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre.[245] In 2006 Rio de Janeiro and Fortaleza were the most popular destinations for business trips.

1 santa teresa panorama 2014


Science and technologyEdit






Terminal 3 de Guarulhos

Terminal 3 of the São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport, the busiest airport in the country.




For freight transport waterways are of importance, e.g. the industrial zones of Manaus can be reached only by means of the Solimões- Amazonas waterway (3,250 km (2,019 mi) with 6 meters minimum depth).



Hospital Albert Einstein


The Brazilian public health system, the National Health System (SUS), is managed and provided by all levels of government.[260] The public health services are universal and available to all citizens of the country for free. Nevertheless millions of affluent Brazilians have private health care coverage.[261]










Media and communicationEdit

Jornal Nacional 3








Population density of Brazilian municipalities.




Race and ethnicityEdit



Ethnicity Percentage
Pardo (Multiracial)


Brazilian society is more markedly divided by social class lines, although a high income disparity is found between race groups, so racism and classism can be conflated. Socially significant closeness to one racial group is taken in account more in the basis of appearance (phenotypes) rather than ancestry, to the extent that full siblings can pertain to different "racial" groups.[297] Socioeconomic factors are also significant, because a minority of pardos are likely to start declaring themselves White or Black if socially upward.[298] Skin color and facial features do not line quite well with ancestry (usually, Afro-Brazilians are evenly mixed and European ancestry is dominant in Whites and pardos with a significant non-European contribution, but the individual variation is great).[296][299][300][301]




Religion in Brazil (2010 Census)
Religion Percent
Roman Catholicism
No religion
Santuario nacional

Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida in Aparecida do Norte, São Paulo, is the second largest Catholic church in the world.





According to IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) urban areas already concentrate 84.35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants.[321] The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte — all in the Southeastern Region — with 19.5, 11.5, and 5.1 million inhabitants respectively.[322] The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, the capital of Santa Catarina. There are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo (Campinas, Santos and the Paraíba Valley), Minas Gerais (Steel Valley), Rio Grande do Sul (Sinos Valley) and Santa Catarina (Itajaí Valley).[323] Template:Largest metropolitan areas of Brazil


MPL 066

Museum of the Portuguese Language in São Paulo, Brazil.

The official language of Brazil is Portuguese[324] (Article 13 of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Brazil), which almost all of the population speaks and is virtually the only language used in newspapers, radio, television, and for business and administrative purposes. The most famous exception to this is a strong sign language law that was passed by the National Congress of Brazil. Legally recognized in 2002,[325] the law was regulated in 2005.[326] The law mandates the use of the Brazilian Sign Language, more commonly known by its Portuguese acronym LIBRAS, in education and government services. The language must be taught as a part of the education and speech and language pathology curricula. LIBRAS teachers, instructors and translators are recognized professionals. Schools and health services must provide access ("inclusion") to deaf people.[327]

Brazilian Portuguese has had its own development, mostly similar to 16th-century Central and Southern dialects of European Portuguese[328] (despite a very substantial number of Portuguese colonial settlers, and more recent immigrants, coming from Northern regions, and in minor degree Portuguese Macaronesia), with some influences from the Amerindian and African languages, especially West African and Bantu.[329] As a result, the language is somewhat different, mostly in phonology, from the language of Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries (the dialects of the other countries, partly because of the more recent end of Portuguese colonialism in these regions, have a closer connexion to contemporary European Portuguese). These differences are comparable to those between American and British English.[329]






There are significant communities of German (mostly the Brazilian Hunsrückisch, a High German language dialect) and Italian (mostly the Talian, a Venetian dialect) origins in the Southern and Southeastern regions, whose ancestors' native languages were carried along to Brazil, and which, still alive there, are influenced by the Portuguese language.[333][334] Talian is officially a historic patrimony of Rio Grande do Sul,[335] and two German dialects possess co-official status in a few municipalities.[336]





The core culture of Brazil is derived from Portuguese culture, because of its strong colonial ties with the Portuguese empire.[338] Among other influences, the Portuguese introduced the Portuguese language, Roman Catholicism and colonial architectural styles. The culture was, however, also strongly influenced by African, indigenous and non-Portuguese European cultures and traditions.[339]

Some aspects of Brazilian culture were influenced by the contributions of Italian, German and other European as well Japanese, Jewish and Arab immigrants who arrived in large numbers in the South and Southeast of Brazil.[340] The indigenous Amerindians influenced Brazil's language and cuisine; and the Africans influenced language, cuisine, music, dance and religion.[341]

Brazilian art has developed since the 16th century into different styles that range from Baroque (the dominant style in Brazil until the early 19th century)[342][343] to Romanticism, Modernism, Expressionism, Cubism, Surrealism and Abstractionism. Brazilian cinema dates back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century and has gained a new level of international acclaim since the 1960s.[344]



Men playing berimbau and pandeiro in a capoeira circle.

The music of Brazil was formed mainly from the fusion of European and African elements.[345] Until the nineteenth century, Portugal was the gateway to most of the influences that built Brazilian music, although many of these elements were not of Portuguese origin, but generally European. The first was José Maurício Nunes Garcia, author of sacred pieces with influence of Viennese classicism.[346] The major contribution of the African element was the rhythmic diversity and some dances and instruments that had a bigger role in the development of popular music and folk, flourishing especially in the twentieth century.[345]

Popular music since the late eighteenth century began to show signs of forming a characteristically Brazilian sound, with samba considered the most typical and on the UNESCO cultural heritage list.[347] Maracatu and Afoxê are two Afro-Brazilian music traditions that have been popularized by their appearance in the annual Brazilian Carnivals.[348] The sport of capoeira is usually played with its own music referred to as capoeira music, which is usually considered to be a call-and-response type of folk music.[349]

Choro is a very popular music instrumental style. Its origins are in 19th-century Rio de Janeiro. In spite of the name, the style often has a fast and happy rhythm, characterized by virtuosity, improvisation, subtle modulations and full of syncopation and counterpoint.[350] Bossa nova is also a well-known style of Brazilian music developed and popularized in the 1950s and 1960s.[351] The phrase "bossa nova" means literally "new trend".[352] A lyrical fusion of samba and jazz, bossa nova acquired a large following starting in the 1960s.[353]

Sapucai Panoramic
The Rio Carnival, a type of samba parade.


Machado de Assis aos 57 anos


Brazilian literature dates back to the 16th century, to the writings of the first Portuguese explorers in Brazil, such as Pêro Vaz de Caminha, filled with descriptions of fauna, flora and commentary about the indigenous population that fascinated European readers.[354] Brazil produced significant works in Romanticism — novelists like Joaquim Manuel de Macedo and José de Alencar wrote novels about love and pain. Alencar, in his long career, also treated Indigenous people as heroes in the Indigenist novels O Guarany, Iracema, Ubirajara.[355] Machado de Assis, one of his contemporaries, wrote in virtually all genres and continues to gain international prestige from critics worldwide.[356][357][358] The Brazilian Modernism, evidenced by the Week of Modern Art in 1922, was concerned with a nationalist avant-garde literature,[359] while Post-Modernism brought a generation of distinct poets like João Cabral de Melo Neto, Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Vinicius de Moraes, Cora Coralina, Graciliano Ramos, Cecília Meireles, and internationally known writers dealing with universal and regional subjects like Jorge Amado, João Guimarães Rosa, Clarice Lispector and Manuel Bandeira.[360][361][362]



Brigadeiro is a typical sweet of Brazilian cuisine.

Brazilian cuisine varies greatly by region, reflecting the country's varying mix of indigenous and immigrant populations. This has created a national cuisine marked by the preservation of regional differences.[363] Examples are Feijoada, considered the country's national dish;[364] and regional foods such as vatapá, moqueca, polenta and acarajé.[365]


An average meal consists mostly of rice and beans with beef and salad.[367] Often, it's mixed with cassava flour (farofa). Fried potatoes, fried cassava, fried banana, fried meat and fried cheese are very often eaten in lunch and served in most typical restaurants.[368] Popular snacks are pastel (a pastry); coxinha (chicken croquete); pão de queijo (cheese bread and cassava flour / tapioca); pamonha (corn and milk paste); esfirra (Lebanese pastry); kibbeh (from Arabic cuisine); empanada (pastry) and empada, little salt pies filled with shrimps or heart of palm.



Ayrton Senna with toy car cropped no wm

Ayrton Senna, one of the biggest names in F1 history.

The most popular sport in Brazil is football.[370] The Brazilian men's national team is ranked among the best in the world according to the FIFA World Rankings, and has won the World Cup tournament a record five times.[371]


Selo da Copa de 1970 3 cruzeiros


Some sport variations have their origins in Brazil: beach football,[372] futsal (indoor football)[373] and footvolley emerged in Brazil as variations of football. In martial arts, Brazilians developed Capoeira,[374] Vale tudo,[375] and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu.[376] In auto racing, three Brazilian drivers have won the Formula One world championship eight times.[377][378][379]

Brazil has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, like the 1950 FIFA World Cup[380] and recently has hosted the 2014 FIFA World Cup.[381] The São Paulo circuit, Autódromo José Carlos Pace, hosts the annual Grand Prix of Brazil.[382]

São Paulo organized the IV Pan American Games in 1963, and Rio de Janeiro hosted the XV Pan American Games in 2007.[383] On 2 October 2009, Rio de Janeiro was selected to host the 2016 Olympic Games and 2016 Paralympic Games, making it the first South American city to host the games[384] and second in Latin America after Mexico City. Furthermore, the country hosted the FIBA Basketball World Cups in 1954 and 1963. At the 1963 event, the Brazil national basketball team won one of its two world championship titles.[385]

National holidaysEdit

Date Local name Name Observation
1 January Confraternização Mundial New Year's Day Beginning of the calendar year
1 May Dia do Trabalhador Labor Day Tribute to all workers
7 September Independência Independence of Brazil Proclamation of Independence against Portugal
12 October Nossa Senhora Aparecida Nossa Senhora Aparecida Patroness of Brazil
2 November Finados Souls Day of remembrance for the dead
25 December Natal Christmas Traditional Christmas celebration

See alsoEdit


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