Geothermal Energy

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Geothermal Energy: 

Geothermal Energy

Sources of Earth’s Internal Energy: 

Sources of Earth’s Internal Energy 70% comes from the decay of radioactive nuclei with long half lives that are embedded within the Earth Some energy is from residual heat left over from Earths formation. The rest of the energy comes from meteorite impacts.

Different Geothermal Energy Sources: 

Different Geothermal Energy Sources Hot Water Reservoirs: As the name implies these are reservoirs of hot underground water. There is a large amount of them in the US, but they are more suited for space heating than for electricity production. Natural Stem Reservoirs: In this case a hole dug into the ground can cause steam to come to the surface. This type of resource is rare in the US. Geopressured Reservoirs: In this type of reserve, brine completely saturated with natural gas in stored under pressure from the weight of overlying rock. This type of resource can be used for both heat and for natural gas.



Direct uses of geothermal energy is appropriate for sources below 1500C: 

Direct uses of geothermal energy is appropriate for sources below 1500C space heating air conditioning industrial processes drying Greenhouses Aguaculture hot water resorts and pools melting snow

How Direct Uses Work: 

How Direct Uses Work Direct Sources function by sending water down a well to be heated by the Earth’s warmth. Then a heat pump is used to take the heat from the underground water to the substance that heats the house. Then after the water it is cooled is injected back into the Earth.

Ground Heat Collectors : 

Ground Heat Collectors This system uses horizontal loops filled with circulating water at a depth of 80 to 160 cm underground. Borehole Heat Exchange This type uses one or two underground vertical loops that extend 150 meters below the surface.

Generation of Electricity is appropriate for sources >150oC : 

Generation of Electricity is appropriate for sources >150oC Dry Steam Plants: These were the first type of plants created. They use underground steam to directly turn the turbines.







Geothermal’s Harmful Effects: 




Geothermal’s Positive Attributes: 

Geothermal’s Positive Attributes Useful minerals, such as zinc and silica, can be extracted from underground water. Geothermal energy is “homegrown.” This will create jobs, a better global trading position and less reliance on oil producing countries. US geothermal companies have signed $6 billion worth of contracts to build plants in foreign countries in the past couple of years. In large plants the cost is 4-8 cents per kilowatt hour. This cost is almost competitive with conventional energy sources.


Geothermal plants can be online 100%-90% of the time. Coal plants can only be online 75% of the time and nuclear plants can only be online 65% of the time. Flash and Dry Steam Power Plants emit 1000x to 2000x less carbon dioxide than fossil fuel plants, no nitrogen oxides and little SO2. Geothermal electric plants production in 13.380 g of Carbon dioxide per kWh, whereas the CO2 emissions are 453 g/kWh for natural gas, 906g g/kWh for oil and 1042 g/kWh for coal. Binary and Hot Dry Rock plants have no gaseous emission at all. Geothermal plants do not require a lot of land, 400m2 can produce a gigawatt of energy over 30 years.


Geothermal Heat Pumps: - produces 4 times the energy that they consume. -initially costs more to install, but its maintenance cost is 1/3 of the cost for a typical conventional heating system and it decreases electric bill. This means that geothermal space heating will save the consumer money. -can be installed with the help of special programs that offer low interest rate loans. Electricity generated by geothermal plants saves 83.3 million barrels of fuel each year from being burned world wide. This prevents 40.2 million tons of CO2 from being emitted into the atmosphere. Direct use of geothermal energy prevents 103.6 million barrels of fuel each year from being burned world wide. This stops 49.6 tons of CO2 from being emitted into the atmosphere.

Availability of Geothermal Energy : 

Availability of Geothermal Energy On average, the Earth emits 1/16 W/m2. However, this number can be much higher in areas such as regions near volcanoes, hot springs and fumaroles. As a rough rule, 1 km3 of hot rock cooled by 1000C will yield 30 MW of electricity over thirty years. It is estimated that the world could produce 600,000 EJ over 5 million years. There is believed to be enough heat radiating from the center of the Earth to fulfill human energy demands for the remainder of the biosphere’s lifetime.


Geothermal production of energy is 3rd highest among renewable energies. It is behind hydro and biomass, but before solar and wind. Iceland is one of the more countries successful in using geothermal energy: -86% of their space heating uses geothermal energy. -16% of their electricity generation uses geothermal energy.

World Wide Geothermal Uses and Potential: 

World Wide Geothermal Uses and Potential

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