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Monthly Articles:

March Articles







Pancreatitis in Dogs


  Prosser Animal Hospital
  460 Wine Country Rd, Prosser, WA, 99350
  Phone: (509)786-1393
  Fax: (509)786-7084







What is pancreatitis?

The pancreas is a vital organ that lies on the right side of the abdomen next to the stomach. The pancreas produces enzymes to assist in food digestion and hormones such as insulin, which regulates blood sugar or glucose metabolism.



When the pancreas becomes inflamed, the condition is called pancreatitis. Pancreatitis occurs commonly in the dog, as well as cats. There is no age, sex, or breed predisposition.

"Pancreatititis can cause secondary damage to the liver and intestines."

Acute pancreatitis may either take a mild, edematous form or a more severe, hemorrhagic form. The associated inflammation allows digestive enzymes from the pancreas to spill into the abdominal cavity resulting in secondary damage to the liver, bile ducts, gall bladder, and intestines. A few dogs that recover from an acute episode of pancreatitis may continue to have recurrent bouts of the disease, which is then called chronic or relapsing pancreatitis.

What causes pancreatitis?

"The exact cause of pancreatitis is not known ..."

Normally, pancreatic enzymes are produced in an inactive state and travel through the pancreatic duct to the duodenum, part of the small intestine. Once they reach the small intestine, they are activated to begin digestion. With pancreatitis, these enzymes are activated prematurely in the pancreas instead of later in the small intestine. Think of this as if a time-release capsule that suddenly bursts before it reaches its intended target; in this case, the pancreatic enzymes start to digest before they should. This results in digestion of the pancreas itself. The clinical signs of pancreatitis are often variable, and the intensity of the disease will depend on the amount of enzymes that were prematurely activated and the duration of illness.

"In some cases, pancreatitis can be triggered by a fatty meal; however, it often occurs spontaneously."


The exact cause of pancreatitis is not known, although it may be triggered in some cases by a fatty meal or corticosteroid administration. It is not uncommon to see acute cases after barbecues or celebrations during which the pets are given scraps of fatty foods. However, in many cases it appears to occur spontaneously

without any apparrent cause.

In dogs, pancreatitis does not usually appear to be associated with bacterial infection.

What are the clinical signs of pancreatitis?

The most common clinical signs include nausea, vomiting, fever, lethargy, abdominal pain, diarrhea and decreased appetite. During an attack, dogs may take a "praying position", with their rear end up in the air while their front legs and head are lowered onto the floor. If the attack is severe, acute shock, severe depression, and even death may occur.

How is pancreatitis diagnosed?

Laboratory tests usually reveal an elevated white blood cell count; however, an elevated white blood cell count may also be caused by many other diseases besides pancreatitis. The elevation of pancreatic enzymes in the blood is probably the most helpful criteria in detecting pancreatic disease, but some dogs with pancreatitis will have normal enzyme levels. In recent years, a new pancreatic test has become available that can accurately diagnose pancreatitis, even if pancreatic enzymes are normal. Radiographs may show changes associated with inflammation, especially in the severe hemorrhagic form. Ultrasound studies often provide a diagnosis of pancreatic inflammation or local peritonitis caused by this condition. Unfortunately, some dogs with pancreatitis, especially chronic pancreatitis, will elude detection with many of these tests.

"The diagnosis of pancreatitis may be tentative or presumptive in some cases..."

Consequently, the diagnosis of pancreatitis may be tentative or presumptive in some cases and based solely on clinical signs and medical history.

How is pancreatitis treated?


What causes pancreatitis?

The successful management of pancreatitis will depend on early diagnosis and prompt medical therapy. With mild, edematous pancreatitis, the treatment is supportive, by "resting" the pancreas and allowing the body to heal itself. The only way to "turn off" the pancreas is to withhold all oral fluids and food, so that it is not required to secrete any digestive enzymes that may inadvertently injure itself or surrounding organs further.

"Pain medication...and intravenous fluids will be given..."

Pain medication will be given to control the intense pain and intravenous fluids will be given to maintain normal fluid and electrolyte balance. Many cases will also require anti-inflammatory drugs or medications to control vomiting or diarrhea. Antibiotics will be administered if concurrent infection is suspected. Most dogs with pancreatitis are hospitalized for two to four days while intravenous fluids and medications are administered and food is gradually re-introduced. With severe hemorrhagic pancreatitis, or if the dog is showing signs of systemic shock, intensive care using aggressive doses of intravenous fluids and medications to counteract shock.


Rarely, inflammation from the pancreas will extend into the abdominal cavity as a whole, causing peritonitis. This development may require abdominal surgery. If so, the abdomen will be flushed with fluids to decrease the inflammation.

What is the prognosis of pancreatitis?

The prognosis depends on the severity of the disease when diagnosed and the response to initial therapy. Dogs that present with shock and depression have a very guarded prognosis. Most of the mild forms of pancreatitis have a good prognosis with aggressive treatment. Dogs that are not treated may progress to the hemorrhagic form and suffer severe consequences, including sudden death.

Will there be any long-term problems?

"Most dogs recover without any long-term problems."


If a significant number of cells that produce digestive enzymes are destroyed, a lack of proper food digestion may follow. This is known as exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) and can be treated with daily administration of an enzyme replacement powder.

If a significant number of cells that produce insulin are destroyed, diabetes mellitus can result.

In rare cases, painful adhesions between the abdominal organs may occur as a consequence of pancreatitis and subsequent peritonitis. This development will require abdominal surgery.

This client information sheet is based on material written by: Ernest Ward, DVM © Copyright 2009 Lifelearn Inc. Used and/or modified with permission under license.

How is pancreatitis treated?