The Truth About The Environment

For many environmentalists, the world seems to be getting worse. They have developed a hit-list of our main fears: that natural resources are running out, that the population is ever growing, leaving less and less to eat, that species are becoming extinct in vast numbers, and that the planet's air and water are becoming ever more polluted.



One is the lopsidedness built into scientific research. Scientific funding goes mainly to areas with many problems. That may be wise policy but it will also create an impression that many more potential problems exist than is the case.


Though these groups are run overwhelmingly by selfless folk, they nevertheless share many of the characteristics of other lobby groups. That would matter less if people applied the same degree of skepticism to environmental lobbying as they do to lobby groups in other fields. A trade organisation arguing for, say, weaker pollution control is instantly seen as self-interested. Yet a green organisation opposing such a weakening is seen as altruistic, even if an impartial view of the controls in question might suggest they are doing more harm than good.

A third source of confusion is the attitude of the media. People are dearly more curious about bad news than good. Newspapers and broadcasters are there to provide what the public wants: That, however, can lead to significant distortions of perception. An example was America's encounter with EI Nino in 1997 and 1998. This climatic phenomenon was accused of wrecking tourism, causing allergies, melting the ski-slopes, and causing 22 deaths. However, according to an article in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, the damage it did was estimated at US$4 billion but the benefits amounted to some US$19 billion. These came from higher winter temperatures (which saved an estimated 850 lives, reduced heating costs and diminished spring floods caused by melt waters).



Despite the intuition that something drastic needs to be done about such a costly problem, economic analyses dearly show it will be far more expensive to cut carbon dioxide emissions radically than to pay the costs of adaptation to the increased temperatures. A model by one of the main authors of the United Nations Climate Change Panel shows how an expected temperature increase of 2.1 degrees in 2100 would only be diminished to an increase of 1.9 degrees. Or to put it another way, the temperature increase that the planet would have experienced in 2094 would be postponed to 2100.



Questions 27-32
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 42?

In boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet, write:

YES               if the statement agrees with the writer's claims
NO                  if the statement contradicts the writer's claims

27 Environmentalists take a pessimistic view of the world for a number of reasons.
28 Data on the Earth's natural resources has only been collected since 1972.
29 The number of starving people in the world has increased in recent years.
30 Extinct species are being replaced by new species.
31 Some pollution problems have been correctly linked to industrialisation.
32 It would be best to attempt to slow down economic growth.

Questions 33-37
Write your answers in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.

33 What aspect of scientific research does the writer express concern about in paragraph 4?
    A A the need to produce results
    B the lack of financial support
    C the selection of areas to research
    D the desire to solve every research problem

34 The writer quotes from the Worldwide Fund for Nature to illustrate how
    A influential the mass media can be.
    B effective environmental groups can be.
    C the mass media can help groups raise funds.
    D environmental groups can exaggerate their claims.

35 What is the writer's main point about lobby groups in paragraph 6?
    A Some are more active than others.
    B Some are better organised than others.
    C Some receive more criticism than others.
    D Some support more important issues than others.

36 The writer suggests that newspapers print items that are intended to
    A educate readers.
    B meet their readers' expectations.
    C encourage feedback from readers.
    D mislead readers.

37 What does the writer say about America's waste problem?
    A It will increase in line with population growth.
    B It is not as important as we have been led to believe.
    C It has been reduced through public awareness of the issues.
    D It is only significant in certain areas of the country.

Questions 38-40
Complete the summary with the list of words A-I below.
Write the correct letter A-I in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.

The writer admits that global warming is a 38 ....................... challenge, but says that it will not have a catastrophic impact on our future, if we deal with it in the 39 ....................... way. If we try to reduce the levels of greenhouse gases, he believes that it would only have a minimal impact on rising temperatures. He feels it would be better to spend money on the more 40 ....................... health problem of providing the world's population with clean drinking water.
A unrealistic B agreed C expensive D right
E long-term F usual G surprising H personal
I urgent

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