Baja California Surestado (state), northwestern Mexico, occupying the southern half of the Baja California peninsula. It is bounded to the north by the state of Baja California, to the east by the Gulf of California (also called Sea of Cortez), and to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean. The terrain in the central and eastern parts of the state is dominated by volcanoes.

The area was declared a federal district in 1887, was redesignated a federal territory in 1931, and was made a state in 1974. It is sparsely populated and relatively isolated and neglected, despite the completion in 1973 of the Transpeninsular Highway, which extends the entire length of the Baja California peninsula and connects Tijuana and Cape San Lucas, and other efforts that increased accessibility.

The state’s main agricultural centres are La Paz, the capital, and Comondú. Major crops include wheat, corn (maize), and beans. Manufacturing, which accounts for about one-fifth of the workforce, has been confined to plants that process cotton by-products, fish-packing plants, and saltworksIts capital city, La Paz, lies in a sheltered bay on the peninsula’s eastern coast.

The state has shared much of its history with the rest of the peninsula, which remained in Spanish possession until 1822, the year after Mexico gained its independence. In 1830 La Paz was named the capital of Baja California. In 1887 the peninsula was divided into two federal districts. They were redesignated as federal territories in 1931 and became states in 1974. The government of Baja California Sur, which includes a judiciary system and a unicameral legislature (the State Congress), is led by an elected governor who serves a single six-year term. The state is divided into local governmental units called municipios (municipalities), each of which is governed from a city or town.

Dormant or extinct volcanoes dominate the central and eastern parts of the state. The state’s beaches and deep-sea fishing are among the attractions that make tourism the most significant part of its economy. Los Cabos and La Paz are major tourist hubs. Sebastián Vizcaíno Bay includes a whale sanctuary and breeding ground for seals and California sea lions; it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1993. Islands and coastal areas in the Gulf of California that belong to Baja California Sur are part of a larger gulfwide World Heritage site designated in 2005.

Wheat, cotton, and beans account for much of the land under cultivation. Fishing (notably mussels, lobsters, and tuna) and aquaculture (oysters and clams) are also important. La Paz and Comondú are agricultural service centres. The major manufactures are cotton by-products and processed fish. Cattle raising and subsistence agriculture are predominant in remote areas. Sebastián Vizcaíno Bay, designated a World Heritage site in 1993, is home to a whale sanctuary that is a refuge for the gray whale and a breeding ground for the harbour seal

, the California sea lion, and the northern elephant seal. The beaches and fishing make tourism, which is concentrated largely at Los Cabos, the state’s leading industry. Improved communications and transportation facilities have reduced the state’s isolation. Ferry services Baja California Sur is sparsely populated and has many isolated areas. Greater attention came to the state following the completion in 1973 of the Transpeninsular Highway, which connects Tijuana at the U.S.-Mexico border with Cabo San Lucas at the peninsula’s southern tip. Ferry services also link the peninsula to the Mexican mainland. There are more than 20 ports, the most important of which are at San Carlos and PichilinquePichilingue (Pichilinique), and the state is served by international airports are at La Paz, Loreto, and Santa Rosa. The Autonomous University of Baja California Sur (established 1975) is located at La Paz. Area 28,369 square miles (73,475 square km). Pop. (2000 prelim.) 423,516424,041; (2005) 512,170.