प्रचंड पांडा

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पांडा (जायंट पांडा)
Giant Panda at Ocean Park, Hong Kong
Giant Panda at Ocean Park, Hong Kong
प्रजातींची उपलब्धता
शास्त्रीय वर्गीकरण
वंश: पृष्ठवंशी
जात: Mammalia
वर्ग: मांसभक्षक
कुळ: Ursidae
जातकुळी: Ailuropoda
जीव: A. melanoleuca

The Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca, literally meaning "cat-foot black-and-white") is a bear[१] native to central-western and south western China.[२] It is easily recognized by its large, distinctive black patches around the eyes, over the ears, and across its round body. Though it belongs to the order Carnivora, the Giant Panda's diet is 99% bamboo.[३] Other parts of its diet include honey, eggs, fish, yams, shrub leaves, oranges, and bananas when available.

The Giant Panda lives in a few mountain ranges in central China, mainly in Sichuan province, but also in the Shaanxi and Gansu provinces. Due to farming, deforestation, and other development, the Giant Panda has been driven out of the lowland areas where it once lived.

The Giant Panda is a conservation reliant endangered species.[२] A 2007 report shows 239 Giant Pandas living in captivity inside China and another 27 outside the country.[४] Wild population estimates vary; one estimate shows that there are about 1,590 individuals living in the wild,[४] while a 2006 study via DNA analysis estimated that this figure could be as high as 2,000 to 3,000.[५] Some reports also show that the number of Giant Pandas in the wild is on the rise.[६][७] However, the IUCN does not believe there is enough certainty yet to reclassify the species from Endangered to Vulnerable.[८]



A Giant Panda cub. At birth, the Giant Panda typically weighs १०० to २०० ग्रॅम (३.५३ to ७.०५ औंस) and measures १५ to १७ सेंटीमीटर (५.९१ to ६.६९ इंच) long[१२].

The Giant Panda has a black-and-white coat. Adults measure around १.५ मीटर (४.९२ फूट) long and around ७५ सेंटीमीटर (२.४६ फूट) tall at the shoulder. Males are 10–20% larger than females.[१३] Males can weigh up to १५० किलोग्रॅम (३३१ पौंड). Females are generally smaller than males, and can occasionally weigh up to 125 kg (275 pounds).[२] The Giant Panda lives in mountainous regions, such as Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi.



The Giant Panda has the second longest tail in the bear family, with one that is १० to १५ सेंटीमीटर (३.९४ to ५.९१ इंच) long. The longest belongs to the Sloth Bear.[१३]



In the wild, the Giant Panda is a terrestrial animal and primarily spends its life roaming and feeding in the bamboo forests of the Qinling Mountains and in the hilly Sichuan Province.[१४] Though generally alone, each adult has a defined territory and females are not tolerant of other females in their range. Pandas communicate through vocalization and scent marking such as clawing trees or spraying urine.[२] The Giant Panda is able to climb and take shelter in hollow trees or rock crevices but does not establish permanent dens. For this reason, pandas do not hibernate, which is similar to other subtropical mammals, and will instead move to elevations with warmer temperatures.[१५] Pandas rely primarily on spatial memory rather than visual memory.[१६]

Social encounters occur primarily during the brief breeding season in which pandas in proximity to one another will gather.[१७] After mating, the male leaves the female alone to raise the cub.


Pandas eating bamboo at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C.

Despite its taxonomic classification as a carnivore, the Giant Panda has a diet that is primarily herbivorous, which consists almost exclusively of bamboo. However, the Giant Panda still has the digestive system of a carnivore, as well as carnivore-specific genes,[१८] and thus derives little energy and little protein from consumption of bamboo. Its ability to digest cellulose is ascribed to the microbes in its gut.[१९] The average Giant Panda eats as much as 9 to 14 kg (20 to 30 pounds) of bamboo shoots a day. Because the Giant Panda consumes a diet low in nutrition, it is important for it to keep its digestive tract full. The limited energy input imposed on it by its diet has affected the panda's behavior. The Giant Panda tends to limit its social interactions and avoids steeply sloping terrain in order to limit its energy expenditures.[२०]

Two of the panda's most distinctive features, its large size and its round face, are adaptations to its bamboo diet. Panda researcher Russell Ciochon observed that: “[much] like the vegetarian gorilla, the low body surface area to body volume [of the giant panda] is indicative of a lower metabolic rate. This lower metabolic rate and a more sedentary lifestyle allow the giant panda to subsist on nutrient poor resources such as bamboo.”[२०] Similarly, the Giant Panda's round face is the result of powerful jaw muscles, which attach from the top of the head to the jaw.[२०] Large molars crush and grind fibrous plant material.

Panda eating bamboo

Twenty-five species of bamboo are eaten by pandas in the wild, such as Fargesia dracocephala[२१] and Fargesia rufa.[२२] Only a few bamboo species are widespread at the high altitudes pandas now inhabit. Bamboo leaves contain the highest protein levels; stems have less.



The giant panda genome was sequenced in 2009 using a next-generation sequencing technology.[२४] Its genome contains 20 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes.


For many decades the precise taxonomic classification of the Giant Panda was under debate because it shares characteristics of both bears and raccoons. However, molecular studies suggest that the Giant Panda is a true bear and part of the Ursidae family,[२५][२६] though it differentiated early in history from the main ursine stock. The Giant Panda's closest ursine relative is the Spectacled Bear of South America. The Giant Panda has been referred to as a living fossil.[२७]

Despite the shared name, habitat type, and diet, as well as a unique enlarged bone called the pseudo thumb (which helps them grip the bamboo shoots they eat), the Giant Panda and Red Panda are only distantly related. Molecular studies have placed the Red Panda in its own family Ailuridae, and not under Ursidae.





वापर आणि मानवीसंबंध[संपादन]

पूर्वीचे संदर्भ[संपादन]


The creature named mo (貘) mentioned in some ancient books has been interpreted as giant panda.[२८] The dictionary Shuowen Jiezi (Eastern Han Dynasty) says that the mo, from Shu (Sichuan), is bear-like, but yellow-and-black,[२९] although the older Erya describes mo simply as a "white leopard".[३०] The interpretation of the legendary fierce creature pixiu (貔貅) as referring to the giant panda are also common.[३१]


आधुनिक "शोध"[संपादन]

The Giant Panda was first made known to the West in 1869 by the French missionary, Armand David, who received a skin from a hunter on March 11, 1869. The first Westerner known to have seen a living Giant Panda is the German zoologist Hugo Weigold, who purchased a cub in 1916. Kermit and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., became the first foreigners to shoot a panda, on an expedition funded by the Field Museum of Natural History in the 1920s. In 1936, Ruth Harkness became the first Westerner to bring back a live Giant Panda, a cub named Su Lin[३३] who went to live at the Brookfield Zoo in Chicago. In 1938 five Giant Pandas were sent to London;[३४][३५] these activities were later halted because of wars and for the next half of the century, the West knew little of pandas.

Gao Gao, an adult male Giant Panda at San Diego Zoo.

Panda diplomacy[संपादन]

मुख्य पान: Panda diplomacy



In May 2005, China offered a breeding pair to Taiwan. The issue became embroiled in cross-Strait relations—both over the underlying symbolism, and over technical issues such as whether the transfer would be considered "domestic" or "international," or whether any true conservation purpose would be served by the exchange.[३६] China's offer was initially rejected by President Chen of Taiwan. However when the presidency changed hands China's offer was accepted at the beginning of Ma Ying-jeou's presidency in 2008, and the pandas themselves arrived in December of that year. A contest to name the pandas was held in China, resulting in the politically charged names "Tuan Tuan" and "Yuan Yuan" (from tuanyuan, meaning "reunion", i.e. "reunification").[३७]




Close up of a baby seven-month-old panda cub in the Wolong Nature Reserve in Sichuan, China.




Not all conservationists agree that the money spent on conserving pandas is money well spent. Chris Packham has argued that breeding pandas in captivity is "pointless" because "there is not enough habitat left to sustain them".[४०] Packham argues that the money spent on pandas would be better spent elsewhere,[४०] and has said that he would "eat the last panda if I could have all the money we have spent on panda conservation put back on the table for me to do more sensible things with,"[४१] though he has apologized for upsetting people who like pandas.[४२] He points out that "The panda is possibly one of the grossest wastes of conservation money in the last half century."[४१]


Panda Research and Breeding Centre in Chengdu.

Initially the primary method of breeding Giant Pandas in captivity was by artificial insemination, as they seemed to lose their interest in mating once they were captured.[४३] This led some scientists to try extreme methods such as showing them videos of giant Pandas mating[४४] and giving the males Viagra.[४५] Only recently have researchers started having success with captive breeding programs, and they have now determined that Giant Pandas have comparable breeding to some populations of the American Black Bear, a thriving bear family. The current reproductive rate is considered one young every two years.[७][१४]

Giant Pandas reach sexual maturity between the ages of four and eight, and may be reproductive until age 20.[४६] The mating season is between March and May, when a female goes into her estrous cycle which lasts for two or three days and only occurs once a year.[४७] When mating, the female is in a crouching, head-down position as the male mounts her from behind. Copulation time is short, ranging from thirty seconds to five minutes, but the male may mount her repeatedly to ensure successful fertilization. The gestation period ranges from 95 to 160 days.[४७] Cubs weigh only 90 to 130 grams (3.2 to 4.6 ounces), which is about 1/900 of the mother's weight. Usually, the female gives birth to one or two cubs. Since cubs are born very small and helpless, they need the mother's undivided attention, so she is able to care for only one of her cubsसाचा:Dubious. She usually abandons one of her cubs, and it dies soon after birth. At this time, scientists do not know how the female chooses which cub to raise, and this is a topic of ongoing research. The father has no part in helping raise the cub.


In July 2009, Chinese scientists confirmed the birth of the first cub to be successfully conceived through artificial insemination using frozen sperm.[४८] The cub was born at 07:41 on 23 July that year in Sichuan as the third child of You You, an 11-year-old.[४८][४९][५०] The technique for freezing the sperm in liquid nitrogen was first developed in 1980 and the first birth was hailed as a solution to the problem of lessening Giant Panda semen availability which had led to in-breeding.[५०][५१] It has been suggested that panda semen, which can be frozen for decades, could be shared between different zoos to save the species.[४८][४९] It is expected that zoos in destinations such as San Diego in the United States and Mexico City will now be able to provide their own semen to inseminate more Giant Pandas.[५१]



In most encyclopedic sources, the name "panda" or "common panda" originally referred to the lesser-known Red Panda,[५३] thus necessitated the inclusion of "giant" and "lesser/red" prefixes in front of the names. Even now, Encyclopaedia Britannica still uses "giant panda" or "panda bear" for the bear [५४] and simply "panda" for the Ailuridae,[५५] despite the popular usage of the word "panda" today.

Since the earliest collection of Chinese writings, the Chinese language has given the bear 20 different names, such as 花熊 (hua xiong) "spotted bear" and 竹熊 (zhu xiong) "bamboo bear."[५६] The most popular names in China today are 大熊貓 (dà xióng māo), literally "large bear cat," or just 熊貓 (xióng māo), "bear cat." The name may have been inspired by the Giant Panda's eyes which have pupils that are cat-like vertical slits unlike other bear species with round pupils.[५७]

In Taiwan, the popular name for panda is the inverted 貓熊 (māo xióng) "cat bear," even though many encyclopedia and dictionaries in Taiwan still use "bear cat" as the correct name. Some linguists argue that, in this construction, "bear" instead of "cat" is the base noun, making this name more grammatically and logically correct, which may have led to the popular choice despite official writings.[५६]

प्राणीसंग्रहालयातील पांडा[संपादन]


A 2006 New York Times article[५९] outlined the economics of keeping pandas, which costs five times more than that of the next most expensive animal, an elephant. American zoos generally pay the Chinese government $1 million a year in fees, as part of a typical ten-year contract. San Diego's contract with China was to expire in 2008 but got a five-year extension at about half of the previous yearly cost.[६०] The last contract, with the Memphis Zoo in Memphis, Tennessee, ends in 2013.[ संदर्भ हवा ] साचा:Seealso




Other places in Asia


  • Adelaide Zoo, ॲडलेड – home to Wang Wang (M) and Funi (F). They arrived on November 28 and will go on display on December 14, 2009. They are expected to stay for a minimum of 10 years, and will be the only Giant Pandas living in the Southern Hemisphere.


Giant Panda in Vienna’s zoo Tiergarten Schönbrunn
Tai Shan in June 2007
  • Zoologischer Garten Berlin, Berlin, जर्मनी – home of Bao Bao, age 27, the oldest male panda living in captivity; he has been in Berlin for 25 years and has never reproduced.
  • Tiergarten Schönbrunn, Vienna, Austria – home to Yang Yang (F) and Long Hui (M), born in Wolong, China in 2000, and their new cub, Fu Long (M), born on August 23, 2007 at the zoo.[७१] The cub was the first to be born in Europe in 25 years.
  • Zoo Aquarium, Madrid, Spain – home of Bing Xing (M) and Hua Zuiba (F). Arrived in Madrid on September 8, 2007. In 1978 China presented the King of Spain with two pandas, Shao Shao and Quian Quiang. Their cub, Chu-lin, born in 1982 died in 1996. Chu-lin was the first panda born in captivity using artificial insemination in Europe.[७२]
  • The Edinburgh Zoo is currently in negotiations with the Wolong Nature Preserve to obtain two Giant Pandas.

उत्तर अमेरीका[संपादन]

As of 2007, five major North American zoos have Giant Pandas:

उत्तर अमेरीकेतील प्रसिद्ध पांडा[संपादन]

  • Tohui (Nahuatl word for kid), born July 21, 1981, died November 16, 1993; female. Chapultepec Zoo, Mexico City. Was the first giant panda that was born and survived in captivity outside China. Her parents were Ying Ying and Pe Pe.
  • Hua Mei, born 1999 in the San Diego Zoo, returned to China 2004.
  • Mei Sheng, born 2003 in the San Diego Zoo, returned to China 2007.
  • Tai Shan, born July 9, 2005 at the National Zoo in Washington,[७३] returned to China 2010.
  • Mei Lan, born September 6, 2006 at Zoo Atlanta, returned to China 2010.
  • Zhen Zhen, born August 3, 2007 at the San Diego Zoo.
  • Xi Lan, born August 30, 2008 at Zoo Atlanta.
  • Yun Zi, born August 5, 2009 at the San Diego Zoo.

Pandas in media[संपादन]

The first sequences of pandas in the wild were shot by Franz Camenzind for ABC in about 1982. They were bought by BBC Natural History Unit for their weekly magazine show Nature.

Recently, NHNZ has featured pandas in two documentaries. Panda Nursery (2006) featured China’s Wolong National Nature Reserve in the mountains in Sichuan Province; forty Giant Pandas and a dedicated team of staff play a crucial role in ensuring the survival of the species. As part of the Reserve’s panda breeding program, a revolutionary new method of rearing twin cubs called ‘swap-raising’ has been developed. Each cub is raised by both its natural mother and one of the Reserve’s veterinarians, Wei Rongping, to increase the chances of both cubs surviving. Growing Up: Giant Panda (2003) featured Chengdu Giant Panda Center in south-west China as one of the best in the world. Yet with female pandas' short fertility cycles and low birth rates, raising the captive panda population is an uphill battle.

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  72. Pandas sent off to Spain. 2009-05-05 रोजी पाहिले.
  73. Lumpkin & Seidensticker 2007, p. 114


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