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Gertrude Stein


In 1933, Stein published a kind-of memoir of her Paris years, ''The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas'', written in the voice of her life partner, Alice B. Toklas. Toklas was an American-born member of the Parisian avant-garde. The book became a literary bestseller and vaulted Stein from the relative obscurity of the cult literarure scene into the limelight of mainstream attention. Two quotes from her works have become widely known: "Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose" and "there is no there there", with the latter often taken to be a reference to her childhood home of Oakland, California.

Her books include ''Q.E.D. (Quod Erat Demonstrandum)'' (1903), about a lesbian romantic affair involving several of Stein's female friends; ''Fernhurst'', a fictional story about a romantic affair; ''Three Lives'' (1905–06) and ''The Making of Americans'' (1902-1911). In ''Tender Buttons'' (1914), Stein commented on lesbian sexuality.

Her activities during World War II have been the subject of analysis and commentary. As a Jew living in Nazi-occupied France, Stein may have only been able to sustain her lifestyle as an art collector, and indeed to ensure her physical safety, through the protection of powerful Vichy government official and Nazi collaborator Bernard Faÿ. After the war ended, Stein expressed admiration for another Nazi collaborator, Vichy leader Marshall Pétain. Some have argued that certain ac...
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