Apolipoprotein H

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Template:Infobox gene Apolipoprotein H (Apo-H), previously known as β2-glycoprotein I and beta-2 glycoprotein I, is a 38 kDa multifunctional apolipoprotein that in humans is encoded by the APOH geneTemplate:Citation needed. One of its functions is to bind cardiolipin. When bound the structure of cardiolipin and Apo-H both undergo large changes in structure.[1] Within the structure of Apo-H is a stretch of positively charged amino acids (protein sequence positions 282-287), Lys-Asn-Lys-Glu-Lys-Lys, are involved in phospholipid binding (See image on right).[2]

Apo-H has a complex involvement in agglutination, it appears to alter adenosine diphosphate (ADP) mediated agglutination of platelets.[3] Normally Apo-H assumes an anti-coagulation activity in serum (by inhibiting coagulation factors); however, changes in blood factors can result of a reversal of that activity.

Inhibitory activities






Sushi 2 protein domain







  1. Borchman D, Harris EN, Pierangeli SS, Lamba OP (1995). "Interactions and molecular structure of cardiolipin and beta 2-glycoprotein 1 (beta 2-GP1)". Clin. Exp. Immunol. 102 (2): 373–8. PMC 1553418Freely accessible. PMID 7586693. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb03792.x. 
  4. Nimpf J, Wurm H, Kostner GM (1987). "Beta 2-glycoprotein-I (apo-H) inhibits the release reaction of human platelets during ADP-induced aggregation". Atherosclerosis. 63 (2–3): 109–14. PMID 3827975. doi:10.1016/0021-9150(87)90110-9. 
  5. Schousboe I (1985). "beta 2-Glycoprotein I: a plasma inhibitor of the contact activation of the intrinsic blood coagulation pathway". Blood. 66 (5): 1086–91. PMID 4052628. 
  6. Nimpf J, Bevers EM, Bomans PH, et al. (1986). "Prothrombinase activity of human platelets is inhibited by beta 2-glycoprotein-I". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 884 (1): 142–9. PMID 3768409. doi:10.1016/0304-4165(86)90237-0. 
  9. Keeling DM, Wilson AJ, Mackie IJ, Isenberg DA, Machin SJ (1993). "Role of beta 2-glycoprotein I and anti-phospholipid antibodies in activation of protein C in vitro". J. Clin. Pathol. 46 (10): 908–11. PMC 501616Freely accessible. PMID 8227406. doi:10.1136/jcp.46.10.908. 
  10. Matsuda J, Gohchi K, Kawasugi K, Gotoh M, Saitoh N, Tsukamoto M (1995). "Inhibitory activity of anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I antibody on factor Va degradation by activated-protein C and its cofactor protein S". Am. J. Hematol. 49 (1): 89–91. PMID 7741146. doi:10.1002/ajh.2830490116. 
  12. Kumar KS, Jyothy A, Prakash MS, Rani HS, Reddy PP (2002). "Beta2-glycoprotein I dependent anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss". Journal of postgraduate medicine. 48 (1): 5–10. PMID 12082318. 
  13. McNeil HP, Simpson RJ, Chesterman CN, Krilis SA (1990). "Anti-phospholipid antibodies are directed against a complex antigen that includes a lipid-binding inhibitor of coagulation: beta 2-glycoprotein I (apolipoprotein H)". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87 (11): 4120–4. PMC 54059Freely accessible. PMID 2349221. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.11.4120. 
  14. Hunt JE, McNeil HP, Morgan GJ, Crameri RM, Krilis SA (1992). "A phospholipid-beta 2-glycoprotein I complex is an antigen for anticardiolipin antibodies occurring in autoimmune disease but not with infection". Lupus. 1 (2): 75–81. PMID 1301967. doi:10.1177/096120339200100204. 
  15. 15.0 15.1 15.2 Shi T, Giannakopoulos B, Iverson GM, Cockerill KA, Linnik MD, Krilis SA (2005). "Domain V of beta2-glycoprotein I binds factor XI/XIa and is cleaved at Lys317-Thr318.". J Biol Chem. 280 (2): 907–12. PMID 15522884. doi:10.1074/jbc.M410291200. 
  16. 16.0 16.1 Hoshino M, Hagihara Y, Nishii I, Yamazaki T, Kato H, Goto Y (December 2000). "Identification of the phospholipid-binding site of human beta(2)-glycoprotein I domain V by heteronuclear magnetic resonance". J. Mol. Biol. 304 (5): 927–39. PMID 11124037. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2000.4243. 

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