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A sea captain stands on the bridge of his ship and can see nothing but a gray cloud all around him. He listens anxiously for the sound of bells or horns to guide him into the harbor. An airplane pilot circles an airfield for hours, unable to land. These people and their craft are halted by fog.

When fog shrouds an area, it envelops everything in a gray or yellow vapor. According to internationally accepted standards, horizontal visibility must be restricted to less than one kilometer (0.6 mile) for suspended particles of moisture to be considered a fog. Otherwise the obstruction is called haze or mist. Unless they have radar aids, ships and aircraft must move cautiously or not at all in a fog (see radar).

Fog, like dew and clouds, comes from the moisture in the air. The moisture condenses and gathers around microscopic bits of dust to form fog particles. In dense sea fog there may be 20,000 of these particles in one cubic inch (16 cubic centimeters). Even at sea there is enough dust in the air for fog formation.

The fog cannot form, however, until the air is made to give up its moisture. The moisture leaves the air and condenses when the air is cooled by some means, for cool air cannot hold as much water as warm air. Fog starts to form when the air is cooled below its dew, or saturation, point—that is, below the temperature at which the air can hold no more water.

Another necessary condition for fog formation is a gentle air current to mix cool air into warmer air. This is the ordinary means of bringing the warmer air to below the dew-point temperature. In still air only dew forms because the cooling takes place near the ground. With rapidly rising air currents, the cooling takes place high above the ground and only clouds are formed (see cloud).

Over land, fogs usually form just after sunset, though they may persist well into the next day. An evening fog begins when the sky is clear. As the sun goes down, the Earth radiates heat into the clear sky and the air above the ground becomes cool. As the temperature drops, fog is formed.

Because the Earth cools by radiating heat into space, these fogs are called radiation fogs. Another type of fog is an advection fog. This forms when warm air passes over a cold landmass or a cold sea. The fogs over the sea off Newfoundland and Labrador are advection fogs, caused by the passing of warm air from the Gulf Stream northward over the waters of the Labrador Current. Advection currents also form over land when warm air from the south passes over a snow-covered area to the north. Another type of advection fog forms when cold air passes over warm water.

A third type of fog is called an upslope fog. This occurs when an air mass passes over an area of gradually increasing elevation. As the elevation increases, the atmospheric pressure decreases and the air expands. The expanding air loses heat, and fog is formed. An upslope fog often forms when a moist easterly wind blows up from the Great Plains across the Rocky Mountains.

The mixture of smoke and fog over large cities is called smog. Fog over a city is usually more intense than it is over the surrounding countryside because the city discharges a greater amount of moisture into the atmosphere. This, combined with dust, heavy chimney smoke from factories, and auto exhaust fumes, makes a thick vapor that does not disperse easily unless the wind is strong.

Smog abatement is a problem because the smog carries dirt and droplets of sulfuric acid that settle everywhere. One answer lies in chimney traps that filter the smoke. Another answer is in educating industrialists and managers of large buildings to operate furnaces more efficiently. Pollution control devices for automobiles also help.