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Photon is a spin-1 particle. Were it massive, its spin projected along some direction would be either 1, -1, or 0. But photons can only be in an eigenstate of $S_z$ with eigenvalue $\pm 1$ (z as the momentum direction). I know this results from the transverse nature of EM waves, but how to derive this from the internal symmetry of photons? I read that the internal spacetime symmetry of massive particles are $O(3)$, and massless particles $E(2)$. But I can't find any references describing how $E(2)$ precludes the existence of photons with helicity 0.

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related: – Ben Crowell Aug 31 '13 at 20:37
A discussion about the essence of photon’s spin and differences to the massive case: – Incnis Mrsi Aug 18 '14 at 12:34

It derives not from the internal symmetry itself but from the fact that it is a gauge symmetry.

Your symmetry group assignements are not those of the symmetry group but of the little group of the representation. If you assume in addition that the representation is irreducible, you end up in the massless case (with little group E(2)) with a helicity representation, which picks up from a vector representation only the transversal part, corresponding to a gauge symmetry.

This is described in full detail in the quantum field theory book (part I) by Weinberg.

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That book has a chapter on massless particles, but does not mention E(2)-like little group. – Siyuan Ren Jun 9 '12 at 13:25
@KarsusRen: It mentions it on p.70 under the name ISO(2), which is just an alternative tradition for writing E(2). – Arnold Neumaier Jun 10 '12 at 10:23
A freely available presentation by Nicolis that follow's Weinberg's is here: – Ben Crowell Aug 31 '13 at 20:38
@Arnold Neumaier: do you know a simple explanation how the Poincaré sphere structure appears directly from representations? – Incnis Mrsi Aug 14 '14 at 16:27
@IncnisMrsi:There are two helicity degrees of freedom, and any 2-level system has a fundamental SU(2) representastion, described by a poincare sphere = bloch sphere. – Arnold Neumaier Aug 17 '14 at 12:50

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