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A gamma-ray burst known as GRB 090429B for the 29 April 2009 date when it was detected by NASA's Swift satellite has been found to be a candidate for the most distant object in the Universe at an estimated distance of 13.14 billion light years. The burst lies far beyond any known quasar and could be more distant than any previously known galaxy or gamma-ray burst. The gigantic burst of gamma rays erupted from an exploding star when the Universe was less than 4% of its present age, just 520 million years old, and less than 10% of its present size.

"The galaxy hosting the progenitor star of GRB 090429B was truly one of the first galaxies in the Universe," said Derek Fox, associate professor of astronomy and astrophysics at Penn State and a co-author of the paper. "Beyond the possible cosmic distance record, GRB 090429B illustrates how gamma-ray bursts can be used to reveal the locations of massive stars in the early Universe and to track the processes of early galaxy and star formation that eventually led to the galaxy-rich cosmos we see around us today."

Gamma-ray bursts, the brightest explosions known, occur somewhere within the observable Universe at a rate of about two per day. Because of their extreme brightness, gamma-ray bursts can be detected by Swift and other satellite observatories even when they occur at distances of billions of light years. While the bursts themselves last for minutes at most, their fading "afterglow" light remains observable from premier astronomical facilities for days to weeks. Detailed studies of the afterglow during this time, when feasible, allow astronomers to measure the distance to the burst.

These afterglow measurements were used to determine a cosmic distance record in 2009 for an earlier gamma-ray burst, GRB 090423 at a distance of 13.04 billion light years from Earth, making it temporarily the "most distant object in the Universe."

This record was surpassed by galaxy discoveries in 2010 and 2011 that pushed the cosmic frontier out to 13.07 billion light years, and potentially even further. "Our extreme estimate of the distance to GRB 090429B makes this a sort of 'revenge of the bursts'," said Antonino Cucchiara, at the University of California, Berkeley. "A gamma-ray burst is once more contending for the title of most distant object in the cosmos -- beyond the previously known most-distant quasars and galaxies." 

Less than a week after the record-setting GRB 090423 made headlines around the world, this new burst, GRB 090429B, appeared in the sky with suspiciously similar properties. As with the previous burst, GRB 090429B was a short-lived event, lasting less than 10 seconds, and automated Swift observations showed it to have a relatively faint X-ray afterglow. Cucchiara, then a graduate student at Penn State, woke up in the early morning hours to direct observations at the Gemini North telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, that he hoped would pin down the nature of this burst.

Cucchiara and colleagues found that, while the afterglow was visible in infrared observations, no optical light could be detected. This "drop out" behavior is a distinctive signature of the most-distant objects, and has been used for initial identification of all of the most-distant quasars, galaxies, and gamma-ray bursts.

Cucchiara requested an immediate spectrum of the GRB 090429B afterglow from the Gemini operators, which would have provided a definitive measurement of the distance to the burst. Unfortunately, just as the spectrum was about to be taken, clouds blew in over the summit of Mauna Kea and hid the afterglow from sight. By the next night, the afterglow was too faint to yield a useful spectrum, and over the following nights it faded from view completely.

"It was frustrating to lose sight of this burst, but the hints we had were so exciting there was no chance of us letting it go," said Cucchiara, who presented an initial study of the burst as part of his doctoral thesis at Penn State.

Determined not to let GRB 090429B become "the burst that got away," the team spent two years carrying out a careful examination of their data to see if the burst is truly a candidate record-breaker, or might be a partially-obscured burst in a galaxy at a less dramatic distance. Importantly, this work has meant gathering new data -- deep observations with Gemini and the Hubble Space Telescope that would have revealed a galaxy at the burst position in any of the less-dramatic scenarios.

This evidence, including the missing galaxy, indicates that the burst is extremely likely -- a 99.3 percent chance -- to be the most distant cosmic explosion, beyond the record set by GRB 090423.

Whether GRB 090429B is now the most distant object in the Universe depends on several factors which are not precisely known. First, it must lie beyond the 13.07-billion-light-year distance to a galaxy reported in 2010 by a team of astronomers led by Matthew Lehnert at the Observatoire de Paris.

This is very likely to be the case, at 98.9% probability, but is not certain. It also has to lie beyond the distance of a galaxy reported in 2011 by a team of astronomers led by Rychard Bouwens of U.C. Santa Cruz. This could be either easy or hard: The Bouwens team estimates that there is a 20% chance their galaxy is not a record breaker at all, but simply a faint galaxy at a relatively modest distance; on the other hand, if the Bouwens galaxy is a record-breaker, it is very distant indeed, from 13.11 to 13.28 billion light years away, and there is only a 4.8% chance that GRB 090429B is more distant than that. Overall, and treating these uncertainties as perfectly understood, there is a 23% chance that GRB 090429B is now the most distant known object in the Universe, the astronomers said.

It should be possible in the future to use the bright afterglows of bursts like GRB 090423 and GRB 090429B to explore the conditions of star and galaxy formation at these early cosmic epochs in detail. "Discovering extremely distant bursts is pretty fun," says Fox, "but we suspect there is a whole lot more information in the bursts, waiting for us, that we have yet to access."

The Daily Galaxy via Pennsylvania State University

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Image Credit: Gemini Observatory/AURA/NASA/ Levan, Tanvir, Cucchiara, Fox


It only looks about .6 meters away to me.

could it be that scientists believe the universe is 13+ billion years old because the light of anything beyond that point just hasn't reached earth yet? or maybe dark matter/energy has deflected it somehow?

I think its fucked because the dark energy could be pushing the light away as it travels so we can see it, or maybe just maybe uncle fester farted, and i smoked myself retarded!!!

I fear by the time we learn enough about the universe, it could be too late, and we will all understand why life is so rare in the universe



well if it is 13.14 billion light years away when it sent the burst
would it not be much farther away since the light has been traveling that long all that time through space so wouldn't the universe have to be 13.14.pulse where the object is at present just saying if I shot a gun and was traveling close to 700 mph you hear it when I'm a mile away by the time you hear it I'm almost twice that .so wouldn't the universe be a lot bigger and older at present than what we are seeing so would that make it much older too. Just asking? lol

This is a cosmological paradox. All we know is that the(GRB 090429B) object is 13.14 billion miles away and that it seems to be moving at greater than the speed of light. But these ideas are subject to many uncertainties. 1. Since the data is 13.14 old it is not evidence that the universe is continuing to expanding at this rate or accelerating in its expansion. 2. I could also be true that we are moving away from this ancient light source at this rate. 3. since we do not know the current rate of this object it could have slowed since the light reached the earth and we would nave no evidence of this phenomena. 4. the existence of dark energy and matter is deduced from this information which is 13.14 billion light years old and it seems to me any data so old needs without some additional confirmation rather basing it only on such ancient data. The assumption which is based on 13.14 billion years that the universe continues to expand at this speed or more or less essentially meaningless without some confirmation some contemporary data supporting it, which since it has disappeared from any possibility of contemporary observation. Shouldn't we conclude we know nothing about the rate of current rate expansion of the universe rather than construct theories which may are dubious attempt to account of the for a rate of expansion which is only a few million years after the origin of the universe? So dark energy and matter may be based on an obvious objection an faulty assumption of the evidence for even a need for such a paradigm such as dark energy and matter to be constructed in the first place?

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