Captain AmericaAmerican comic-book superhero whose iconic strip superhero created by writer Joe Simon and artist Jack Kirby for Timely (later Marvel) Comics. The character debuted in March 1941 in Captain America Comics no. 1.
Origins in the Golden Age

Simon and Kirby created Steve Rogers, a would-be army enlistee rejected by recruiters because of his small size. Rogers volunteers to receive a top-secret serum, and he is transformed into a “super soldier.” Dubbed Captain America and clad in a red, white, and blue costume

belies the complex ideology he came to reflect.

During World War II, American comic-book publishers produced a spate of patriotic, Nazi-fighting superheroes. One of the most popular was Timely Comics’ Captain America. In the first Captain America story, by writer Joe Simon and illustrator Jack Kirby, anemic student Steve Rogers is offered the opportunity to join the war effort by taking an experimental serum, which pushes his strength, agility, and endurance to the peak of human performance. Armed with an indestructible shield, Captain America wages war against Nazi super-villain the Red Skull.

The series continued for several years after the war but was canceled in 1949. Captain America returned to the mainstream of what is now Marvel Comics in 1964, when the superhero group the Avengers discovered him beneath the ocean, frozen in suspended animation. Revived, he joined and eventually led the group, fighting various criminals with his superpowers.

As the 20th century progressed, Captain America and his plotlines reflected the political and cultural evolution of the United States. Stories from the 1960s showed Captain America struggling to understand the Vietnam-era counterculture. In later decades, writers such as Mark Gruenwald and Ed Brubaker often had him clashing with the government while remaining fundamentally a patriot. In a 2006–07 story line he defended civil liberties by leading an underground resistance against the government’s attempt to register and regulate costumed superheroes. The conclusion of that story saw the apparent assassination of Steve Rogers at the hands of agents of the Red Skull. A number of costumed heroes filled the role of Captain America over the following years, but Rogers—revealed to be alive and newly emerged from a state of regenerative hibernation—resumed his mantle as the Star-Spangled Avenger in a relaunch of his comic book in 2009. Although Captain America has long been a cultural icon, most attempts to bring him to television and film were unsuccessful and quickly forgotten; an exception was the big-budget movie Captain America: The First Avenger (2011).

with a matching stars-and-stripes shield, Rogers joins the U.S. Army, acquires a kid sidekick—plucky regimental mascot Bucky Barnes—and embarks on a career of enthusiastic Nazi-bashing.

The early stories were simple, straightforward tales peopled with bizarre villains such as the Hunchback of Hollywood, the Black Toad, and Ivan the Terrible. Chief among them was the Red Skull, a seemingly invincible Nazi whose face literally was a crimson skull. The stories of derring-do were gripping and fast-moving, and the comic became one of the most widely read titles of the so-called Golden Age of comics. Audience identification with Captain America was central to that success. The first issue announced the creation of “The Sentinels of Liberty” fan club; eager young readers could join for just a dime, which entitled them to a membership card and a metal badge. The club proved so popular that its badge promotion had to be discontinued because of wartime metal rationing.

By the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, in December 1941, Captain America Comics had become the publisher’s top-selling title, and, over the course of World War II, Captain America and Bucky fought the Axis powers on multiple fronts. After 10 successful issues, the comic’s creators were enticed away to rival company DC Comics, but their replacements—novice writer-editor Stan Lee and various artists—handled things well. In 1944 the character received the honour of his own Republic Pictures serial, Captain America, which was confirmation of his iconic status. As the war wound down, the market for patriotic superheroes began to shrink, and Captain America and Bucky were literally put on ice. In a story set in the final days of the war, the pair attempt to defuse a bomb on a drone aircraft, but the plane explodes over the frigid North Atlantic, sparking a complicated chain of events that ends with Bucky missing and Rogers floating in the water, seemingly dead.

The postwar years saw a proliferation of differently themed comics: horror, funny animals, westerns, romance stories—everything, it seemed, except superheroes. With the disappearance of Rogers, the mantle of Captain America passed to a succession of replacement heroes, but they failed to resonate with the stalwart Sentinels of Liberty club members. Captain America Comics ended with issue no. 73 (July 1949), and, after two issues titled Captain America’s Weird Tales, the series was canceled. Barely four years later, however, Captain America returned in Young Men no. 24 (1953), and the Captain America comic resumed printing in May 1954. The book, which boasted Captain America…Commie Smasher! as a subtitle, was an obvious product of the McCarthy era. The public did not warm to it. The Captain America series was canceled for a second time in September 1954.

Rebirth in the Silver Age

In the early 1960s, with Marvel’s superheroes rediscovering a large and enthusiastic audience, the time seemed right to reintroduce Captain America. In Avengers no. 4 (1964), it was revealed that Steve Rogers had not died in the freezing waters of the North Atlantic. He had been trapped in ice and preserved in a state of suspended animation. The newly formed Avengers find Rogers’s thawing body and revive him. Captain America immediately joins the Avengers and becomes something of an elder statesman among them. Within a year of his revival, he graduated to his own strip in Tales of Suspense, a title he shared with Iron Man, and was well on his way to becoming an icon again.

Despite Kirby’s return, the new Captain America failed to achieve the popularity of Marvel’s powerhouse headliners, such as Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four. As an admission that the strip was at its peak during World War II, this revival almost immediately resorted to “untold tales” of the war. The character was nevertheless a cornerstone of the “Marvel Universe” in the 1960s, and, with Lee and Kirby at the peak of their powers, the stories were a compelling read.

The modern era

By the early 1970s Lee and Kirby had left the comic and sales were in decline when young writer Steve Englehart took Captain America into deeper, darker waters. In a lengthy tale that reflects both antiwar sentiment and cynicism born of the Watergate scandal, a conspiracy within the White House is revealed to be the work of the evil “Secret Empire,” and the government’s insidious corruption horrifies Captain America. Sickened at what he sees as the betrayal of his country, Rogers quits in disgust and briefly becomes a character called Nomad before his innate patriotism gets the better of him.

Kirby returned to Captain America as both writer and artist in 1975, and he moved the title away from the social commentary that was typical of Engelhart’s take on the character. A series of writers shepherded Captain America into the 1980s, and in 1985 Mark Gruenwald began a decadelong tenure on the book. Gruenwald’s run focused on superheroics at the expense of Rogers’s civilian persona, and it introduced Diamondback—a sometime villain who evoked shades of Catwoman—as a romantic interest.

Mark Waid took over as writer in 1995, and he refocused on the basics of the character: while Steve Rogers might be a “man out of time,” Captain America is a symbol for all times. Waid’s brief but influential run paved the way for the virtual reinvention of the character in 2005, when Ed Brubaker began his critically acclaimed stint as the writer of Captain America. While not shying away from comic conventions such as time travel, Brubaker’s Captain America was a soldier, and his adventures were noir-influenced tales of intrigue and espionage. Brubaker deftly reversed one of the most famous deaths in comics history with a story revealing that although Bucky lost an arm in the explosion at the war’s end, he survived, and his unconscious body was recovered by the Soviets. They replaced his missing arm with a bionic one and brainwashed him into becoming an assassin called the Winter Soldier. Between missions he was kept in suspended animation, and thus Bucky, though now an adult, was still in his early 20s. Upon the apparent death of Steve Rogers in 2007, Bucky assumed the role of Captain America, a mantle that he carried until his own apparent death in 2011. At that time Rogers once again became Captain America and Bucky resumed his clandestine operations—now as Captain America’s ally—as the Winter Soldier.

In addition to appearing in comics, Captain America was featured in numerous animated television series and an assortment of video games. Director Joe Johnston’s Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) marked the character’s first appearance on the big screen in almost 70 years. Chris Evans played the star-spangled hero in a film that expanded on Marvel’s cinematic universe in a manner that delighted both comics fans and critics. Evans returned as Captain America in The Avengers (2012).