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April 24, 2013

Content analysis

Graphic organizer
Graphic organizer is a diagram that uses content vocabulary to help students in anticipating concepts they have learnt in class to and another in a reading relationship. We are going to use graphic organizer in analyzing the six kingdoms. These six kingdoms include Eubacteria, Archae, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. Below is a comprehensive analysis of a topic in biology that brings out how graphic organizer, semantic feature analysis and a cloze test technique may be used to boost learning.

Eubacteria live in diverse habitats and get energy in different ways. Their phylum is organized in how they get energy. The first phylum is Heterotrophs. They are found in every part of the earth. They require organic molecules as source of energy. Their problem; however is that they do not have the ability to trap food which has these molecules. As such they live merely live as parasites which get food by depending on other organisms. Others include saprophytes which get food by absorbing molecules from decomposing organisms.

Another group of eubacteria is autotrophs. They are photosynthetic meaning that they are able to compose their food. They do this through the process of photosynthesis. Autotrpohs are majorly found in lakes, ponds, and moist land.
Chemotroph is another phylum of eubacteria. These bacteria are able to obtain energy from chemical reactions of inorganic matter like sulfur. They are very vital for use by plants.

Archaebacteria are classified into three phyla which include-Methogens, Halophiles and Thermoacidophiles. Archaebacteria live in absence of oxygen and derive the energy they use from light.Methogens produce methane. This phylum of bacteria is mainly found in animal intestines. Their main purpose is to break down food particles thus providing important nutrients. These bacteria in return get energy. In other words, they have a symbiotic relationship with hosts.
Halophiles are bacteria which are able to survive in saline environment. Examples of places where these bacteria are found include Dead Sea in Egypt and Great Salt Lake in Utah.<…>

Semantic feature analysis
We have analyzed the six animal kingdoms so far and it is very good if we can unders5tand more about these kingdoms. The scientist behind classification of these Kingdoms was Caroleus Linnaeus. Before him, there were only two kingdoms namely, plants and animals. With the invention of microscope, new organisms were discovered making the two kingdom system to be ineffective. The broad six categories of animal Kingdom was as a result of Linnaeus hard work in classifying them.

The animal kingdom has almost 800000 species which ahs so far been identified. Majority of these comes from Arthropod Phylum. The larger members of the animal Kingdom are the spinal cords or chordate. These animals have spines and they include mammals, fish, reptiles, eels, sharks and amphibians. Biologists have come up with a comprehensive classification scheme which includes subphyla, infraorders and superclasssses.

Most of the animals in the Chordate class fall in to the subphyla Vertebrata. This means that they have backbones. Agnatha subphyla include jawless fish like lamprey. The joint legs Arthropoda have no spine. There are almost 1000000 known species of arthropods today. The major classes of this phyla include-insecta (six legs), arachnida (eight legs), crustacean and malacostraca.

The soft bodied members of this kingdom include mollusks (mollusca). These soft bodies are normally protected by a vey hard shell.

Cloze test
A constitution is the basis for most modern governments in the Western Hemisphere. In the United States the Constitution is divided into three –branches ——— of government, and each has a separate function. The —-legislative branch——makes laws, while the —-judicial branch—— enforces the laws. The —–executive —–has the job of interpreting the application of the laws in specific instances.

Cloze tests, as shown above helps several students in improving their reading and comprehension capacity. When the students answer the questions by filling the empty spaces, the answers might be different depending on their levels of vocabulary skills and their opinions. If I place the blank space at the end of every sentence, it will give a restriction of the possible words that will be used to complete the sentence. Using the answers the students give, I will be in a position to ask the students to bring out their reflection which are drawn from the answered cloze test.

The cloze test was about the US constitution. The students in this grade obviously know the arms or branches of government. The use of ‘three’ will make the students to understand about the possible answer. The students should have a content and context in language in order to attempt this cloze test.

Students should be in a position to understand facts concerning the constitution in order to enable them to answer the cloze test well. The comprehensive understanding will allow the student to know the right word which he or she would use in order to fill in the blank space.

The use of the above strategize will help students in order to establish a meaningful link between what they know and what they have been taught in class. Under semantic analysis, it requires the teacher to develop a grid in order to enable students to analyze existing similarities and differences in concepts they are studying. In the above scenario of the animal kingdom, the teacher might come up with diagrams which will show the subdivision of the kingdoms and their similarities and differences. Students will then be allowed to analyze each word, feature by feature in the diagram and indicate whether the organism in question is related to one being studied or not.

A variation in semantic analysis as used in the classification of animal kingdom should be made known to students. A teacher should therefore list different classes of animal kingdoms in the grid. The students should be asked to mark in the grid with a specific mark what type of animal is related to which one.

Graphic organizer helps students to understand the relationship of the six animal kingdoms. Discussions should be created in class, for example on how the plant kingdom is related to the animal kingdom. Therefore the teacher should draw relevant charts which will enhance simplicity of the topic and hence stimulating the metagognitive process of the students. When concepts have some linear relationship with one another, the graphic organizer should be presented in a form of a time line. These graphic organizers can be used in order to enable the students to understand the sequence of classification.

In order to promote understanding, the teacher should be consistent when implementing the graphic organizers. There are students who struggle to learn using books which have a lot of information which are not be easily understood as such the teacher should condense these information n using graphic organizer. In reviewing a topic like six animal kingdoms, the teacher may use a tree diagram in order to make the student s understand better. When the teacher uses the graphic organizer to coherently depict the relationships between concepts, then the topic under scrutiny will not be hard. However the teacher should understand that graphic organizers should not be confusing but should have clear labels in order to connect concepts and limit the number of ideas presented.

Graphic organizers also help teachers to build a network of references as students consistently approach new idea. In a student centered approach, students should be encouraged to work together and organize vital concepts using their own graphs.

Another term related to graphic organizer is the definition of word map. The concept of definition word maps are used for organizing information in the process of defining a word. Information conceptual in nature should be organized in three relationship types that is the general category, the attributes and the illustration of the concept.

Modified cloze passages enhance learning by helping students to increase their vocabulary and comprehension skills. Students are made to supply the missing word before or after finishing the assignment. When the teacher has completed reading about the Constitution of US, the history teacher should assign a cloze passage so that the students can fill in the blank spaces.

This will increase the comprehension capability of the student and the instructional efficiency of the teacher. As such the students will be able to learn new concepts faster and much easier and the teacher will be at a position to improve the speed of instruction. Students with disabilities should however be taken into consideration if in case their disability will affect how fast they learn. Therefore, modification of the learning styles and features is mandatory. In addition to enhancing learning the teacher should also find other ways of spicing up teaching and instruction in a class room set up.

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