Saving for College with a 529 Plan: Frequently Asked Questions

Why and how to start saving for college with a 529 plan.

What Is It?

What is a 529 plan?

It's an investment plan operated by a state and designed to help families save for future college costs. As long as the plan satisfies a few basic requirements, the federal tax law provides special tax benefits to you, the plan participant (Section 529 of the Internal Revenue Code).

It's up to each state to decide whether it will offer a 529 plan (or possibly more than one), and what it will look like. Every state now has at least one 529 plan available. 529 plans are usually categorized as either prepaid or savings, although some have elements of both.

Why should I invest in a 529 plan when I can't be sure that my child will attend a public university in my state?

There's a misconception that 529 plans are only geared to families that send their children to a state school. That's just not true. There are two general types of 529 plans: prepaid programs and savings programs. The states offering prepaid tuition contracts covering in-state tuition will allow you to transfer the value of your contract to private and out-of-state schools (although you may not get full value depending on the particular state). If you decide to use a 529 savings program, the full value of your account can be used at any accredited college or university in the country (along with some foreign institutions).

Recent tax law changes now permit higher education institutions to offer their own 529 prepaid programs. These will allow you to target your tuition prepayment to the sponsoring institution (or group of institutions). While none of these programs have begun yet, we could see one fairly soon.

Next: The Benefits

The Benefits

What's so great about 529 plans?

You're looking at four main advantages.

First, you get unsurpassed income tax breaks. Your investment grows tax-free for as long as your money stays in the plan. And when the plan makes a distribution to pay for the beneficiary's college costs, the distribution is federal tax-free as well. This treatment applies for distributions in the years 2002 through 2010. Unless Congress decides to extend this tax break, qualifying distributions made after 2010 will be taxable to the beneficiary (earnings portion only). Assuming that the student isn't earning hundreds of thousands of dollars running a dot-com company out of her dorm room, you should still save taxes with her lower income tax bracket. Your own state may offer some tax breaks as well (like an up-front deduction for your contributions or income exemption on withdrawals) in addition to the federal treatment.

Second, you the donor stay in control of the account. With few exceptions, the named beneficiary has no rights to the funds. You are the one who calls the shots; you decide when withdrawals are taken and for what purpose. Most plans even allow you to reclaim the funds for yourself any time you desire, no questions asked. (However, the earnings portion of the "nonqualified" withdrawal will be subject to income tax and an additional 10 percent penalty tax). Compare this level of control to a custodial account under the Uniform Transfers to Minors Acts (UTMA).

Third, a 529 plan can provide a very easy hands-off way to save for college. Once you decide which 529 plan to use, you complete a simple enrollment form and make your contribution (or sign up for automatic deposits). Then you can relax and forget about it if you like. The ongoing investment of your account is handled by the plan, not by you. Plan assets are professionally managed either by the state treasurer's office or by an outside investment company hired as the program manager. You won't even receive a Form 1099 to report taxable or nontaxable earnings until the year you make withdrawals. If you want to move your investment around you may change to a different option in a 529 savings program every year (program permitting) or you may rollover your account to a different state's program as often as once every 12 months. (There is no federal limit on the frequency of these changes if you replace the account beneficiary with another qualifying family member at the same time.)

Finally, everyone is eligible to take advantage of a 529 plan, and the amounts you can put in are substantial (over $200,000 per beneficiary in many state plans). Generally, there are no income limitations or age restrictions. Thinking about going back to college or graduate school in the future? Then set up a plan for yourself! There is no reason why you cannot be the beneficiary of your own account, although some investment firms do not presently allow you to do so.

Next: Financial Aid

Financial Aid

How will a 529 plan affect my child's chances to qualify for financial aid?

Guidance from the U.S. Department of Education says that your 529 savings account is treated as an asset of the parent or other account owner in determining eligibility for federal financial aid. This means that your expected contribution toward your child's college costs will include 5.6 percent, or less, of the value of your account for each academic year. This is much better than the 35 percent assessment against assets owned in your child's name or in a custodial account.

However, any distributions from a 529 plan this year may impact a student's financial aid eligibility next year. Student income is assessed at a 50 percent rate in calculating expected family contribution (after certain allowances). Does a tax-free 529 distribution have to be added as "untaxed income" for federal aid purposes? While logic might say "yes" (at least for the earnings portion of the distribution), the latest word from Washington (November 2002) suggests otherwise. The Department of Education has informally indicated that there are no rules requiring that tax-free 529 distributions be treated as financial aid income or as any other type of adjustment to the student's financial aid eligibility. This position may change, so be careful.

Example: You file the FAFSA aid application when your child is a senior in high school. Let's say you have a 529 savings account with $20,000 in it, of which $10,000 represents your original contribution and $10,000 is earnings. Your eligibility for federal financial aid this year will decrease by as much as 5.6 percent of the account value, or $1,120. Assume there is no further appreciation in the account and you withdraw $5,000 in the fall to pay for the first-semester college bills. If you have $15,000 left in the account when you apply for aid for sophomore year, you will again be assessed up to 5.6 percent, or $840, of the account value. Whether your child will be required to report $2,500 of "untaxed" income because the $5,000 withdrawal brought $2,500 of excluded earnings with it, may depend on future guidance. The federal aid formula is even more complicated than what is described here.

A 529 prepaid tuition plan works differently in the federal financial aid formula. Here your investment doesn't show up at all on the FAFSA. But the benefits paid out will be considered by the institution as a resource that reduces your child's overall financial "need." The bottom line effect for most families is a dollar-for-dollar offset in eligibility. That is, if your prepaid tuition contract pays out $5,000 in tuition benefits this year, you will be considered as having $5,000 less need for financial aid. Low-income families that qualify for the Federal Pell grant will generally not be affected by a prepaid tuition plan (but they will be affected by a 529 savings plan).

Sound complicated? It is. And we are only talking about the federal financial aid rules here -- each school can (and most will) set its own rules when handing out its own need-based scholarships, and many schools are starting to adjust awards when they discover 529 accounts in the family. Also consider that the federal financial aid rules are subject to frequent change. Finally, remember that most financial aid comes in the form of loans, not grants, and so you end up paying it back anyway.

Transfers and Refunds

What's this I hear about a penalty on refunds? What happens if my child doesn't go to college or if I simply end up with more in the account than he needs for college?

Federal law imposes a 10 percent penalty on earnings for nonqualified distributions beginning in 2002. This means that you will get back 100 percent of your principal and 90 percent of your earnings. The penalty is not assessed if you terminate the account because the beneficiary has died or is disabled, or if you withdraw funds not needed for college because the beneficiary has received a scholarship.

You can change the beneficiary to another qualifying family member at any time in order to keep the account going and avoid (or at least delay) taking nonqualified withdrawals when the original beneficiary doesn't need those funds.

That penalty doesn't sound so bad. Am I missing something?

What could be worse than the penalty is the fact that the earnings portion of a nonqualified distribution that comes back to you, the account owner, will be subject to tax as ordinary income at your tax rate. (Some 529 plans allow you to direct the withdrawal to the beneficiary, which would presumably keep it in a low tax bracket.) In addition, if you were able to deduct your original contributions on your state income tax return, you will generally have to report additional state "recapture" income.

Why do you keep saying "generally"?

For almost every generality discussed you can find at least one state that does things differently. Some states do have age restrictions. Some states do not allow rollovers to any member of the family at any time. Some states do give the beneficiary certain rights. Some states do not allow you to be the beneficiary of your own account.

Can I transfer my existing Coverdell education savings accounts and U.S. savings bonds into a 529 plan?

Yes, you can accomplish these transfers without triggering tax, but you should be careful about ownership issues. For instance, the Coverdell ESA (formerly the Education IRA) is effectively owned by your child and so it may not be proper to transfer the funds into a 529 account that is owned by you. Also, for 529 distributions after the 2010 "sunset" the untaxed earnings transferred into the 529 plan will be subject to tax when withdrawn from the 529 plan. Also note that the tax-free transfer of U.S. savings bond redemption proceeds into a 529 plan requires that you meet all the qualification requirements for the education exclusion, including the income limits in the year of the redemption.

Can I transfer my child's existing Uniform Transfers to Minors Act (UTMA) account into a 529 plan?

Many (but not all) 529 plans accept funds coming from an existing UTMA or UGMA. However, because these funds belong to the minor under a custodial arrangement, any withdrawals from the UTMA/529 account must be for the benefit of that minor only. Program rules and state laws will generally prevent you from making any beneficiary changes to the UTMA/529 account, and the minor will assume direct ownership of the account when the custodianship terminates at the age of majority. Parents who are nervous about a child getting their hands on money in an UTMA account, and who may be looking to "regain control" of the money by transferring the funds to a 529 account, may be disappointed to learn that they are not able to accomplish that objective without violating state laws (see your attorney). Still, the placement of UTMA funds in a 529 account can provide all the tax and investment benefits associated with 529 plans. Remember, however, that a 529 plan can only accept cash and so any appreciated securities in the UTMA would first have to be sold and capital gains would be reportable on the minor's tax return.

Tax Advantages

I thought there were some gift and estate tax advantages with 529 plans, but you didn't mention that as a benefit. Am I wrong?

The gift and estate tax treatment of an investment in a 529 plan is a good news, bad news situation.

The bad news is that your contribution is treated as a gift to the named beneficiary for gift tax and generation-skipping transfer tax purposes and so you need to be aware of this exposure particularly if you are making other gifts to the beneficiary during the same year.

The good news is that your contribution qualifies for the $11,000 (in 2002 and 2003) annual gift tax exclusion and so most people can make fairly large contributions without incurring the gift tax.

The better news is that if you make a contribution of between $11,000 and $55,000 for a beneficiary, you can elect to treat the contribution as made over a five calendar-year period. This allows you to utilize as much as $55,000 in annual exclusions to shelter a larger contribution. The money (and the growth of your account) gets out of your estate faster than if you made contributions each year.

And the best news is that the asset leaves your estate but doesn't leave your control. This is a truly remarkable benefit when you compare it to the "normal" gift and estate tax laws. Anyone who is being advised to reduce their estate tax exposure through gifting, but cannot stand the thought of irrevocably giving away their assets, can now have their cake and eat it too. Of course, if you later revoke the account its value comes back into your estate. Your estate will also have to include a portion of any contribution made with the five-year averaging election if you don't live past the fourth year.

Can I invest for one beneficiary in more than one state's 529 plan?

Sure, no problem. There are a couple dozen states that have 529 plans without any state residency requirements. You can open accounts in as many of these states as you want, although in most cases there is little reason to have accounts in more than two or three states.

Can I contribute the maximum amount in more than one state if I want to?

The IRS currently does not require that states count your investment in other state 529 plans when applying their own contribution limits. And there are no "contribution police" out there looking for people who are intent on using multiple states to stuff hundreds of thousands of dollars into 529 plans as a kind of tax shelter. But you are looking for trouble if you contribute more on an aggregate basis than you can reasonably argue might be needed for your beneficiary's future higher education costs. Of course, between a pricey private college, medical school, and then business school you might be able to support a pretty hefty sum. A state will not want to see its program misused as a tax shelter (its tax status as a 529 plan could be threatened) and if a state determines that you have made contributions without the intent to use the account for college it will terminate your account and perhaps assess an extra penalty.

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