
Credit: NASA/JSC.

A team of astronauts and divers is wrapping up a record-setting mission to the ocean floor filled with undersea "moonwalks" and robotic surgeries controlled by a doctor high and dry in Canada.

The six-aquanaut crew of the NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations (NEEMO) 9 mission are set to return to the Earth's surface Thursday after 18 days of underwater living aboard Aquarius, an undersea laboratory stationed 67 feet (20 meters) down just off Key Largo in the Florida Keys.

"Every single thing that we're doing on this mission directly relates to exploration," NASA astronaut and NEEMO 9 aquanaut Ron Garan told during a phone call to Aquarius. "One of the big things we're trying to look at is to see how we can have collaborative effort between the human astronauts and robotic explorers."

NEEMO 9 is the longest NASA ocean floor mission and the longest to date aboard Aquarius. Garan has been working aboard the aquatic laboratory with fellow NASA astronaut Nicole Stott, NEEMO 9 commander Dave Williams - of the Canadian Space Agency - and University of Cincinnati physician Tim Broderick since diving down to the undersea outpost on April 3. Professional Aquarius divers Jim Buckley and Ross Hein are also aboard the laboratory.

"Except for the launch, we're basically on a space mission," Garan said, adding that the mission is supporting NASA's plan to return astronauts to the Moon by 2020. "We're in an extremely hazardous's a small confined space with the crew on a very tight timeline."

Aquarius is operated by the National Undersea Research Center at the University of North Carolina at Wilmington (UNCW) for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA owns the ocean-floor laboratory, which has as much living area as NASA's Destiny lab module aboard the International Space Station (ISS).

Long distance surgery



"It was fantastic," said Anvari of the robot's performance, adding that he also mentored the NEEMO 9 crew in medical procedures. "Last [mission], we had very simple robotics and our traditional surgical robots could not fit inside the habitat."


A two-second time delay - similar to that experienced in Earth-Moon communications during NASA's Apollo missions - was also built into the system to simulate a lunar manned mission.

"This also has connotations for people on Earth," Anvari said of the telerobotic surgery. "A two-second time delay is something that you'd experience if you have more than one satellite hop for your communications to a remote area on Earth."

Anvari also used the robot surgeon to transfer ocean floor rock samples collected by Scuttle - a wheeled rover designed to test lunar robotic exploration techniques - into a storage compartment.



Undersea moonwalks



"We've weighed them out to the same gravity they'd experience on the Moon, one-sixth Earth's gravity," Garan said of the aquanaut 'moonwalkers.' "They assembled what is essentially a communications relay station."


"The lunar horizon is only about 1.5 miles (2.5 kilometers), and if they go beyond that we're going to need to communicate," Garan added. "This structure would allow us to extend our communications range out to 5.9 miles (9.5 kilometers)."

Garan said all of the lessons learned from NEEMO 9 and future Aquarius expedition will be pooled alongside NASA's Apollo experiences in a comprehensive database to support the U.S. space agency's human space exploration efforts.


"One thing that we don't have here that you guys have down there are all those little critters outside," said Williams told the NEEMO 9 crew from orbit, adding that his first few days aboard the ISS were exhausting. "I remember on Aquarius, just sleeping very well. That was some of the best sleep I've ever had."

A growing laboratory

Much of the support for the NEEMO 9 crew - which includes wireless communications from the ocean floor, as well as high-speed connections for video, data and Internet access - has been due to a five-year effort to turn Aquarius from a coral reef camp into a robust undersea laboratory.

"In the course of these missions we've increased the bandwidth by 10 times for our real-time data communications from the sea floor," Andy Shepard, NOAA's Undersea Research Center director for Aquarius, told "It was the big leap forward that we needed to really make the lab what we needed."

About $500,000 in NASA support over the last five years has allowed Aquarius - the last of NOAA's saturation diving platforms - to reach its current state. The agency is now working with NASA and the U.S. Navy to develop a mobile saturation diving platform that could aid in submarine rescues and marine studies.

"We're now looking for a suitable chamber that would be cost effective," Shepard said, adding that the chamber would initially be used as an Aquarius extension. "We'd start off by doubling the living area of Aquarius. It's one of the more comfortable habitats...but we can use some more space."