Mpumalangaformerly (1994–95) Eastern Transvaalprovince, northeastern South Africa. It is bordered bounded by Northern Limpopo province to the north, Mozambique and Swaziland to the east, the provinces of KwaZulu/-Natal and Free State to the south, and Gauteng province to the west. Mpumalanga province (called Eastern Transvaal province in 1994–95) was part of former Transvaal province until 1994. Nelspruit is the provincial capital.

The province contains several distinct physiographic regions: the Highveld, a plateau ranging in elevation from 4,000 to 6,000 feet (1,200 to 1,800 metres), in the west; the forested Drakensberg mountains rising to more than 7,500 feet (2,300 metres) in the east; and the Lowveld, a bush-clad plain that slopes gently upward toward the Lebombo Mountains on the Mozambique boundary to the northeast. Much of Mpumalanga is drained by eastward-flowing tributaries of the Limpopo River.

Temperatures in Mpumalanga vary with the elevation, ranging from a mean of 61 °F (16 °C) in the Highveld to one a mean of 74 °F (23 °C) in the subtropical Lowveld. Rainfall Precipitation generally increases from west to east, averaging from 20 to 30 inches (510 to 760 mm) annually in the Highveld and Drakensberg to more than 39 inches (1,000 mm) in parts of the Lowveld. Most of the natural vegetation in the province consists of various types of grassland or savanna parkland, with acacia trees.

Blacks belonging mainly to the Nguni (including the Swazi and the Ndebele) make up about 90 percent nine-tenths of the province’s total population. They reside mainly in rural areas and speak Bantu languages. Whites make up 10 percent about one-tenth of the province’s total population . Four-fifths of them and primarily speak Afrikaans, the remainder English.

Mpumalanga’s farms produce corn (maize), wheat, peanuts (groundnuts), cotton, sugar, potatoes and other vegetables, and a variety of fruits, including oranges and mangoes in the subtropical Lowveld and peaches at higher elevations. Beef and dairy cattle and sheep (producing Merino wool) are also important to the agricultural economy. The province possesses deposits of asbestos, copper, iron ore, platinum, chromium, and coal. Witbank is and Nelspruit are the only major urban centrecentres. Mpumalanga encompasses the southern half of Kruger National Park, which lies along the border with Mozambiqueis but one part of the evolving Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park that also includes parks in Mozambique and Zimbabwe. Area 30,691 square miles (79,490 square km). Pop. (19962006 est.) 23,800508,711000.