01 April 2012

Great Harbor Matchups: Golden Gate vs. Golden Horn

Back in the summer of 1846, several years before gold was discovered in California, John C. Frémont named the strait connecting the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay. He titled it the "Golden Gate" or "Chrysopylae". In his memoirs he said:


(See how Hong Kong and Vancouver match up over their futuristic skylines and cultural connections.)
Bosphorus Bridge. Courtesy: AhmetKutuk
Golden Gate Bridge. Courtesy Henrivarium at flickr.com

Byzantium was really Constantinople, and is now modern day Istanbul. Although each city have very different cultures and are half a world away from each other, maybe they are not so different or hold some key similarities. Were these two great "Golden" straits and corresponding harbors really that similar, or was it simply Frémont's 19th Century boosterism to promote the barely existent town of San Francisco that links these two cities? Finally, what were the "same reasons" that these harbors were termed "Golden"?

Thankfully Fremont gave it this name. Previously, the Spanish had a mouthful of a name: “Boca del Puerto de San Francisco” or "Mouth of the Port of San Francisco".

The last question is easily answered when the full text is found to state:

"Between these points is the strait about one mile broad in its narrowest part, and five miles long from the sea to the bay. To this gate I gave the name of Chrysopylae, or Golden Gate; for the same reasons that the harbor of Byzantium (Constantinople afterwards) was called Chrysoceras, or Golden Horn. The form of the harbor and its advantages for commerce, and that before it became an entrepot of eastern commerce, suggested the name to the Greek founders of Byzantium. The form of the entrance into the bay of San Francisco, and its advantages for commerce, Asiatic inclusive, suggested to me the name which I gave to this entrance, and which I put upon the map that accompanied a geographical memoir addressed to the senate of the United States, in June, 1848."

In short, Frémont found that both harbors had narrow entrances, were great ports, and had "advantages for commerce" with links to Asia.

Over 150 years have passed since 1846 and both cities have grown considerably since 1846.  Has San Francisco had time to "catch up" with Istanbul and its long 1700 year history to become a great "entrepot of eastern commerce"?

Firstly we'll look at the geography, and then later to the cities and their built form.

Geography Comparison

The two harbors and inlets have many similarities:
  • "Golden" body of water: Golden Horn, Golden Gate
  • Navigation straits - water passages: Bosphorus between Black Sea and Sea of Marmara (and on to Mediterranean), Golden Gate between Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay (and on to Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta)
  • Earthquakes: Izmit quake 1999 (7.6 magnitute) 45 miles away, Loma Prieta quake 1989 (6.9 magnitude) 40 miles away
  • Topography: Both cities are incredibly hilly, especially: Taksim and Galeta areas, Russian/Nob Hill and Pacific Heights
Below is a direct comparison of the two harbors and cities at the same scale. 
Istanbul Harbor and the Golden Horn
Note the the Golden Horn is the inlet separating the central Istanbul's historic and business districts. The Bosphorus is the major strait linking the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara. The two red bridges are the Bosphorus Bridge (to the south), and the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge to the north. [A third bridge, the Sultan Selim Bridge, with for autos and trains is being built over the Bosphorus (aka Bosporus) at the top edge of the map shown below. See an image added at the end of the post. 2015 December 15]

San Francisco Harbor and the Golden Gate
Note the distances between San Francisco and Marin and to the East Bay. The Golden Gate Bridge is the the left center, while the Bay Bridge in the center is split into two parts.

Although the cities do have similar topography, Istanbul's Bosphorus connecting two seas is actually quite a bit longer than the Golden Gate; nearly 20 miles long compared to the Golden Gate's 2 miles. In fact, the Bosphorus (also known as the Bosporus or Boğaziçi in Turkish.) in its width and length is much more like the Hudson River Valley in New York State combined with a Straits of Gibraltar. It's approximately the same width as the Hudson, with steep hills and mountains along it, but it also links the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara. 

What about the two "Goldens"? Although the Golden Horn is where the bustling port started, geographically it is a flooded estuary that is only 750 meters wide at its widest point. The Golden Gate is much more dramatic, despite wrecking more ships than harboring them. 

In fact it is the Bosphorus and the Golden Gate that are more analogous to each other. Yes the Golden Gate is much shorter in length, but the two are both dramatic water passages with steep slopes and cliffs falling to their banks. In addition, the landward sides of both places have very similar topographies. When we looked across the Bosphorus from Topkapi Palace on the tip of historic Istanbul, we couldn't avoid the similarities of seeing a large container port with a hilly backdrop; very much like that of Oakland and the Oakland Hills.

City Comparison

The two cities, even in spite of historical and cultural differences have many similar features.

  • Towers: Galata Tower, Coit Tower
  • Major port cities: Istanbul is a major port city, historically and currently providing a critical link to the Mediterranean for Russia, Ukraine, Romania and Bulgaria. San Francisco has been a critical west coast port city since its beginnings in the mid-1800s.
    • Ports move Both cities historic ports were eclipsed by new ports to the east in their respective regions: Eminonu and Fatih to Haydarpasa on the Asian side, San Francisco to Oakland and Richmond in the East Bay.
  • Big Bridges: Bosphorus Bridge & Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge, Golden Gate Bridge & Bay Bridge.
    • Although the Bosphorus and Fatih Sultan Mehmet bridges are newer, they aren't quite as long as the Golden Gate or Bay Bridges. [The new Third Bosphorus Bridge known as the Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge is scheduled to open in 2016. 2015 December 15]
    • Bosphorus Bridge: 3,524 ft (1,074 m) span
    • Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge (2nd Bosphorus Bridge): 3,580 ft (1,090 m) span
    • Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge: 4,619 ft (1,408 m) span
    • Bay Bridge - 2 west suspension spans: 2,310 ft (700 m) span
    • Golden Gate Bridge: 4,200 ft (1,280 m) span
    • Since the Bosphorus is about as wide as New York City's Hudson River, they do not need to be as long. For comparison, the George Washington Bridge connecting Manhattan to New Jersey is 3,500 ft (1,100 m) long, which both Bosporus Bridges exceed in length.
  • Ferries: Istanbul has the largest ferry system in the world; larger than Washington State, New York City or Hong Kong's, San Francisco Bay has a solid but small ferry network in comparison
For a simple photographic comparison, they're not so very different.  They both have the following lots of water and a distinctive tower.
View from Tünel looking south to Galata Tower and historic Istanbul with its many mosques.
View from Russian Hill looking east to Coit Tower and the Bay Bridge.  Courtesy PBO31 at Flickr.com

Apart from cultural differences, the cities are quite different sizes (7 million in the Bay Area vs. 12 million in Istanbul). In addition, Istanbul is a much denser city. That said, both cities do not have as robust a transit system as one might imagine for a city their size. Although the Bay Area has BART, Caltrain and Muni Metro, much of its region is underserved by high capacity transit. Likewise, Istanbul has little, however it's catching up and about to surpass San Francisco.  Currently Istanbul recently completed is building its first rail link across, or rather, under the Bosphorus with a high speed rail tube known as the Marmaray. In addition, they are extending their metro line into the heart of the historic part of the city, which is popular with tourists and close to the University. Due to the historic elements, some elements have been controversial including a new bridge across the iconic Golden Horn, and the massive site for the new major rail station where the original Constantine's wall was discovered and the station had to be relocated.

Courtesy City of Istanbul
Note that the new bridge has caused much controversy due to it's location in the already bridge crowded Golden Horn and the height of the bridge's towers, which threatened the Historic District's coveted World Heritage Site status. Apparently a reduction in the towers' heights has quelled the World Heritage Site controversy.

Lastly, the two cities have great public spaces, retail districts, and are major tourist destinations. The two areas we would call out are parks and pedestrian streets. Istanbul has a dearth of parks for such a large and dense city. There's no need to have the number of, say Paris, or London, but many more would benefit the citizens. San Francisco, with Golden Gate Park, Crissy Field, and Dolores Park, to name a few, could use a few more parks, but is in much better shape than Istanbul.

Regarding pedestrian streets, Istanbul takes the cake from San Francisco. Istiklal Caddesi is pulsating with life. The combination of shops, historic streetcar down the middle, and the immense number of shoppers past midnight has no comparison in San Francisco. If San Francisco were to pedestrianize Powell Street up to Post, or somewhere with a dense shopping district and nightlife, we would measure up.
Istiklal Caddesi - major shopping street in Istanbul. Image: ayşegül via myenglishclub.com
Sultan Selim Bridge - a hybrid suspension /cable stayed bridge being built over the Bosporus at the edge of the Black Sea in Istanbul. Image: http://www.3kopru.com/eng/photogallery/13-November-2015--EUROPE/

1 comment:

  1. Very nice weave of comparison that illuminates both sides. First time I've seen the more complete quote from Frémont. Thanks.