22 Session Management for Clustered Applications

Clustered applications require reliable and performant HTTP session management. Unfortunately, moving to a clustered environment introduces several challenges for session management. This article discusses those challenges and proposes solutions and recommended practices. The included session management features of Oracle Coherence*Web are examined here.

22.1 Basic Terminology

An HTTP session ("session") spans a sequence of user interactions within a Web application. "Session state" is a collection of user-specific information. This session state is maintained for a period, typically beginning with the user's first interaction and ending a short while after the user's last interaction, perhaps thirty minutes later. Session state consists of an arbitrary collection of "session attributes," each of which is a Java object and is identified by name. "Sticky load balancing" describes the act of distributing user requests across a set of servers in such a way that requests from a given user are consistently sent to the same server.

Coherence is a data management product that provides real-time, fully coherent data sharing for clustered applications. Coherence*Web is a session management module that is included as part of Coherence. An HTTP session model ("session model") describes how Coherence*Web physically represents session state. Coherence*Web includes three session models. The Monolithic model stores all session state as a single entity, serializing and deserializing all attributes as a single operation. The Traditional model stores all session state as a single entity but serializes and deserializes attributes individually. The Split model extends the Traditional model but separates the larger session attributes into independent physical entities. The applications of these models are described in later sections of this article.

"Select the Appropriate Session Model" in the Coherence FAQ provides more information on the Monolithic, Traditional, and Split Session models. It also describes how to configure Coherence to use a particular model.

Figure 22-1 illustrates the Monolithic, Traditional, and Split Session models.

Figure 22-1 Session Models Supported by Coherence

Description of Figure 22-1 follows
Description of "Figure 22-1 Session Models Supported by Coherence"

22.2 Sharing Data in a Clustered Environment

Session attributes must be serializable if they are to be processed across multiple JVMs, which is a requirement for clustering. It is possible to make some fields of a session attribute non-clustered by declaring those fields as transient. While this eliminates the requirement for all fields of the session attributes to be serializable, it also means that these attributes will not be fully replicated to the backup server(s). Developers who follow this approach should be very careful to ensure that their applications are capable of operating in a consistent manner even if these attribute fields are lost. In most cases, this approach ends up being more difficult than simply converting all session attributes to serializable objects. However, it can be a useful pattern when very large amounts of user-specific data are cached in a session.

The J2EE Servlet specification (versions 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4) states that the servlet context should not be shared across the cluster. Non-clustered applications that rely on the servlet context as a singleton data structure will have porting issues when moving to a clustered environment. Coherence*Web does support the option of a clustered context, though generally it should be the goal of all development teams to ensure that their applications follow the J2EE specifications.

A more subtle issue that arises in clustered environments is the issue of object sharing. In a non-clustered application, if two session attributes reference a common object, changes to the shared object will be visible as part of both session attributes. However, this is not the case in most clustered applications. To avoid unnecessary use of compute resources, most session management implementations serialize and deserialize session attributes individually on demand. Coherence*Web (Traditional and Split session models) normally operates in this manner. If two session attributes that reference a common object are separately deserialized, the shared common object will be instantiated twice. For applications that depend on shared object behavior and cannot be readily corrected, Coherence*Web provides the option of a Monolithic session model, which serializes and deserializes the entire session object as a single operation. This provides compatibility for applications that were not originally designed with clustering in mind.

Many projects require sharing session data between different Web applications. The challenge that arises is that each Web application typically has its own class loader. Consequently, objects cannot readily be shared between separate Web applications. There are two general methods for working around this, each with its own set of trade-offs.

  • Place common classes in the Java CLASSPATH, allowing multiple applications to share instances of those classes at the expense of a slightly more complicated configuration.

  • Use Coherence*Web to share session data across class loader boundaries. Each Web application is treated as a separate cluster member, even if they run within the same JVM. This approach provides looser coupling between Web applications (assuming serialized classes share a common serial Version UID), but suffers from a performance impact because objects must be serialized-deserialized for transfer between cluster members.

Figure 22-2 illustrates the sharing of data between Web applications or portlets by clustering (serializing-deserializing session state).

Figure 22-2 Sharing Data Between Web Applications

Description of Figure 22-2 follows
Description of "Figure 22-2 Sharing Data Between Web Applications"

22.3 Reliability and Availability

An application must guarantee that a user's session state is properly maintained to exhibit correct behavior for that user. Some availability considerations occur at the application design level and apply to both clustered and non-clustered applications. For example, the application should ensure that user actions are idempotent: the application should be capable of handling a user who accidentally submits an HTML form twice.

With sticky load balancing, issues related to concurrent session updates are normally avoided, as all updates to session state are made from a single server (which dramatically simplifies concurrency management). This has the benefit of ensuring no overlap of user requests occurs even in cases where a user submits a new request before the previous request has been fully processed. Use of HTML frames complicates this, but the same general pattern applies: Simply ensure that only one display element is modifying session state.

In cases where there may be concurrent requests, Coherence*Web manages concurrent changes to session state (even across multiple servers) by locking sessions for exclusive access by a single server. With Coherence*Web, developers can specify whether session access is restricted to one server at a time (the default), or even one thread at a time.

As a general rule, all session attributes should be treated as immutable objects if possible. This ensures that developers are consciously aware when they change attributes. With mutable objects, modifying attributes often requires two steps: modifying the state of the attribute object, and then manually updating the session with the modified attribute object by calling javax.servlet.http.HttpSession.setAttribute(). This means that your application should always call setAttribute() if the attribute value has been changed, otherwise, the modified attribute value will not replicate to the backup server. Coherence*Web tracks all mutable attributes retrieved from the session, and so will automatically update these attributes, even if setAttribute() has not been called. This can help applications that were not designed for clustering to work in a clustered environment.

Session state is normally maintained on two servers, one primary and one backup. A sticky load balancer will send each user request to the specified primary server, and any local changes to session state will be copied to the backup server. If the primary server fails, the next request will be rerouted to the backup server, and the user's session state will be unaffected. While this is a very efficient approach (among other things, it ensures that the cluster is not overwhelmed with replication activity after a server failure), there are a few drawbacks. Because session state is copied when the session is updated, failure (or cycling) of both the primary and backup servers between session updates will result in a loss of session state. To avoid this problem, wait thirty minutes between each server restart when cycling a cluster of server instances. The thirty-minute interval increases the odds of a return visit from a user, which can trigger session replication. Additionally, if the interval is at least as long as the session timeout, the session state will be discarded anyway if the user has not returned.

This cycling interval is not required with Coherence*Web, which will automatically redistribute session data when a server fails or is cycled. Coherence's "location transparency" ensures that node failure does not affect data visibility. However, node failure does impact redundancy, and therefore fresh backup copies must be created. With most Coherence*Web configurations, two machines (primary and backup) are responsible for managing each piece of session data, regardless of cluster size. With this configuration, Coherence can handle one failover transition at any time. When a server fails, no data will be lost if the next server failure occurs after the completion of the current failover process. The worst-case scenario is a small cluster with large amounts of session data on each server, which may require a minute or two to rebalance. Increasing the cluster size, or reducing the amount of data storage per server, will improve failover performance. In a large cluster of commodity servers, the failover process may require less than a second to complete. For particularly critical applications, increasing the number of backup machines will increase the number of simultaneous failures that Coherence can manage.

The need for serialization in clustered applications introduces a new opportunity for failure. Serialization failure of a single session attribute will ordinarily prevent the remaining session attributes from being copied to the backup server and can result in the loss of the entire session. Coherence*Web works around this by replicating only serializable objects, while maintaining non-serializable objects in the local server instance.

One last issue to be aware of is that under heavy load, a server can lose session attribute modifications due to network congestion. The log will contain information about lost attributes, which brings up the most critical aspect of high-availability planning: Be sure to test all of your application components under full load to ensure that failover and failback operate as expected. While many applications will see no difficulties even at 99-percent load, the real test of application availability occurs when the system is fully saturated.

22.4 Scalability and Performance

Moving to a clustered environment makes session size a critical consideration. Memory usage is a factor regardless of whether an application is clustered or not, but clustered applications also need to consider the increased CPU and network load that larger sessions introduce. While non-clustered applications using in-memory sessions do not need to serialize-deserialize session state, clustered applications must do this every time session state is updated. Serializing session state and then transmitting it over the network becomes a critical factor in application performance. For this reason and others, a server should generally limit session size to no more than a few kilobytes.

While the Traditional and Monolithic session models for Coherence*Web have the same limiting factor, the Split session model was explicitly designed to efficiently support large HTTP sessions. Using a single clustered cache entry to contain all of the small session attributes means that network traffic is minimized when accessing and updating the session or any of its smaller attributes. Independently deserializing each attribute means that CPU usage is minimized. By splitting out larger session attributes into separate clustered cache entries, Coherence*Web ensures that the application only pays the cost for those attributes when they are actually accessed or updated. Additionally, because Coherence*Web leverages the data management features of Coherence, all of the underlying features are available for managing session attributes, such as near caching, NIO buffer caching, and disk-based overflow.

Figure 22-3 illustrates performance as a function of session size. Each session consists of ten 10-character Strings and from zero to four 10,000-character Strings. Each HTTP request reads a single small attribute and a single large attribute (for cases where there are any in the session), and 50 percent of requests update those attributes. Tests were performed on a two-server cluster. Note the similar performance between the Traditional and Monolithic models; serializing-deserializing Strings consumes minimal CPU resources, so there is little performance gain from deserializing only the attributes that are actually used. The performance gain of the Split model increases to over 37:1 by the time session size reaches one megabyte (100 large Strings). In a clustered environment, it is particularly true that application requests that access only essential data have the opportunity to scale and perform better; this is part of the reason that sessions should be kept to a reasonable size.

Figure 22-3 Performance as a Function of Session Size

Description of Figure 22-3 follows
Description of "Figure 22-3 Performance as a Function of Session Size"

Another optimization is the use of transient data members in session attribute classes. Because Java serialization routines ignore transient fields, they provide a very convenient means of controlling whether session attributes are clustered or isolated to a single cluster member. These are useful in situations where data can be "lazy loaded" from other data sources (and therefore recalculated in the event of a server failover process), and also in scenarios where absolute reliability is not critical. If an application can withstand the loss of a portion of its session state with zero (or acceptably minimal) impact on the user, then the performance benefit may be worth considering. In a similar vein, it is not uncommon for high-scale applications to treat session loss as a session timeout, requiring the user to log back in to the application (which has the implicit benefit of properly setting user expectations regarding the state of their application session).

Sticky load balancing plays a critical role because session state is not globally visible across the cluster. For high-scale clusters, user requests normally enter the application tier through a set of stateless load balancers, which redistribute (more or less randomly) these requests across a set of sticky load balancers, such as Microsoft IIS or Apache HTTP Server. These sticky load balancers are responsible for the more computationally intense act of parsing the HTTP headers to determine which server instance will be processing the request (based on the server ID specified by the session cookie). If requests are misrouted for any reason, session integrity will be lost. For example, some load balancers may not parse HTTP headers for requests with large amounts of POST data (for example, more than 64KB), so these requests will not be routed to the appropriate server instance. Other causes of routing failure include corrupted or malformed server IDs in the session cookie. Most of these issues can be handled with proper selection of a load balancer and designing tolerance into the application whenever possible (for example, ensuring that all large POST requests avoid accessing or modifying session state).

Sticky load balancing aids the performance of Coherence*Web but is not required. Because Coherence*Web is built on the Coherence data management platform, all session data is globally visible across the cluster. A typical Coherence*Web deployment places session data in a near cache topology, which uses a partitioned cache to manage huge amounts of data in a scalable and fault-tolerant manner, combined with local caches in each application server JVM to provide instant access to commonly used session state. While a sticky load balancer is not required when Coherence*Web is used, there are two key benefits to using one. Due to the use of near cache technology, read access to session attributes will be instant if user requests are consistently routed to the same server, as using the local cache avoids the cost of deserialization and network transfer of session attributes. Additionally, sticky load balancing allows Coherence to manage concurrency locally, transferring session locks only when a user request is rebalanced to another server.

22.5 Conclusion

Clustering can boost scalability and availability for applications. Clustering solutions such as Coherence*Web solve many problems for developers, but successful developers must be aware of the limitations of the underlying technology, and how to manage those limitations. Understanding what the platform provides, and what users require, gives developers the ability to eliminate the gap between the two.