Steve Paxton

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Steve Paxton (born 1939, Phoenix, Arizona) is an experimental dancer and choreographer. His early background was in gymnastics while his later training included three years with Merce Cunningham and a year with José Limón. As a founding member of the Judson Dance Theater,[1] he performed works by Yvonne Rainer and Trisha Brown. He was a founding member of the experimental group Grand Union and in 1972 named and began to develop the dance form known as Contact Improvisation,[2] a form of dance that utilizes the physical laws of friction, momentum, gravity, and inertia to explore the relationship between dancers.

Paxton believed that even an untrained dancer could contribute to the dance form, and so began his great interest in pedestrian movement. After working with Cunningham and developing chance choreography, defined as any movement being his generation whose approach has influenced choreography globally. He attempts to remain reclusive, except when performing, teaching and choreographing internationally.

Contact Improvisation[edit]

Paxton was influenced by the experimental arts and performance scene in New York in the 1960s and 1970s, and he was interested in how the body could create a physical playground. Contact Improvisation developed out of an exploration of the human body and under the supervision of Paxton. Its roots trace back to 1972. Contact Improvisation, usually done in duets, pulls elements from martial arts, social dance, sports, and child’s play.[3] Upon entering a Contact Improv structure, two bodies must come together to create a point of contact (i.e., back to wrist, shoulder to thigh, head to foot, back to back, the options are endless), give weight equally to each other, and then create a movement dialog that can last for an undetermined amount of time, as long as both participants are fully engaged.[4]

Contact Improvisation can be done by any person because the emergence of a movement vocabulary depends on a specific touch and the initiation of weight exchange with another person. Paxton in the late 1970s focused on teaching, performing, and writing about Contact Improvisation around the country and in Europe.[5] Now Contact Improvisation is taught around the world by people like Nancy Stark Smith, who worked closely with Paxton, and by others who have been exposed to it by different dancers, choreographers, teachers, and contact improvisers.[6]

Approach to Movement[edit]

Paxton believed that even an untrained dancer could contribute to his experimental dance form. From his work with Merce Cunningham and José Limón, and later his contribution to the formation of the Judson Dance Theater and Grand Union, Paxton was fascinated with the exploration of the human body. His approach to a movement vocabulary included the pedestrian world around him. Paxton describes the body as a physical machine that can be expressive by nature and the culture around it.[7] With the emergence of his first dance Proxy (1961) activities in this piece such as walking, sitting, and eating would preoccupy Paxton’s approach to movement for some time.[citation needed]

Paxton was known for eliminating any outside influences that would prevent the piece from just being accepted how it was.[8] He composed a range of non-dance movement vocabulary that seemed to give him a relaxed but authoritative state of being in performance.[9] Paxton minimized the differences between the audience and the performer. In turn his movement vocabulary became fragments of ‘everyday’ movement mechanics and this held a world of possibilities for individual potential. Another piece that showed his fascination with the pedestrian world was Satisfyin’ Lover (1967). This dance was for a group of thirty-four to eighty-four people and it utilized walking, standing, or sitting according to the score.[10]

Approach to the Body[edit]

Paxton not only utilized the architecture of the human body but he used objects to emphasize how the body could manipulate itself around different objects.[11] He was interested in texture, shape, size, and even how the use of animals influenced or changed his dance vocabulary. This is apparent in such pieces as Jag Ville Gorna Telefonera (1964). In this piece he used three chickens, a full-sized overstuffed chair made of cake and yellow frosting, and clothes with zippers in the seams that could be taken off and put back together in an assortment of ways.[citation needed]

Paxton also challenged the concept of sex and sexuality in dance.[12] Not only was Paxton a revolutionary to the changing world of dance around him but his experimentation with movement and the structure of the human body crafted a different version of what it was to be a dancer. He changed and challenged the aspects of traditional modern dance. Today dancers, performers, choreographers, and teachers from around the world have incorporated some form of his teachings of Contact Improvisation into their studies.[citation needed]


Paxton received a 1994 Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award.[13]In 2014 Paxton was awarded the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement in Dance at the Venice Biennale [14]

Selected Works[edit]

  • 1961: Proxy
  • 1962: Jag Ville Gorma Telefonere
  • 1964: Flat
  • 1967: Satisfyin' Lover
  • 1970: Intravenous Lecture
  • 1986: "Goldberg Variations"
  • 2004: Night Stand

In October, 2013, Paxton, considered 'a titan of the 1960s and ’70s avant-garde,' gave a rare performance of Night Stand with long-time collaborator, Lisa Nelson in a New York gallery; the piece was created in 2004 but had never before been performed in the United States.[15]


  1. ^ Paxton, Steve (24 July 2012). "500 Words: Judson Dance Theater: 50th Anniversary". Artforum. Retrieved 29 July 2014. 
  2. ^ Seibert, Brian (14 October 2013). "Always Alone Together, Even When They’re Apart: ‘Night Stand’ has Its Premiere at Dia:Chelsea". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 November 2013. 
  3. ^ Sally Banes,Terpsichore in Sneakers: Post-Modern Dance(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1979),56.
  4. ^ "About Contact Improvisation (CI)", Contact Quarterly, retrieved 29 July 2014 
  5. ^ Sally Banes, Terpsichore, 56.
  6. ^ Smith, Nancy Stark, "Harvest: One History of Contact Improvisation, a talk given by Nancy Stark Smith at the International Contact Festival Freiburg, Germany, 2005", Contact Quarterly, retrieved 29 July 2014 
  7. ^ Nancy Reynolds and Malcolm McCormick, No Fixed Points: Dance in the Twentieth Century (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003, 409.
  8. ^ Nancy Reynolds and Malcolm McCormick, No Fixed Points,408.
  9. ^ Nancy Reynolds and Malcolm McCormick, No Fixed Points, 408.
  10. ^ Sally Banes, Terpsichore, 71.
  11. ^ Sally Banes, Terpsichore, 61.
  12. ^ Sally Banes, Terpsichore, 64.
  13. ^
  14. ^

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