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Brain Map

Luis A Bezares-Calderón, Gáspár Jékely
The tadpole larva of a sea squirt is only the second animal to have its entire nervous system mapped out, and the results confirm that there is still much to learn from the smallest brains.
December 6, 2016: ELife
Christian Balkenius, Peter Gärdenfors
Spaces in the brain can refer either to psychological spaces, which are derived from similarity judgments, or to neurocognitive spaces, which are based on the activities of neural structures. We want to show how psychological spaces naturally emerge from the underlying neural spaces by dimension reductions that preserve similarity structures and the relevant categorizations. Some neuronal representational formats that may generate the psychological spaces are presented, compared, and discussed in relation to the mathematical principles of monotonicity, continuity, and convexity...
2016: Frontiers in Psychology
L Fornia, V Ferpozzi, M Montagna, M Rossi, M Riva, F Pessina, F Martinelli Boneschi, P Borroni, R N Lemon, L Bello, G Cerri
In monkeys, motor outputs from premotor cortex (PM) involve cortico-cortical connections with primary motor cortex (M1). However, in humans, the functional organization of PM and its relationship with the corticospinal tract (CST) is still uncertain. This study was carried out in 21 patients undergoing intraoperative brain mapping prior to tumor resection. The left ventrolateral premotor cortex (vlPM-BA6) was identified preoperatively by functional magnetic resonance imaging, and then investigated intraoperatively using high frequency direct electrical stimulation (HF-DES) of the convexity of M1 and vlPM-BA6, with simultaneous recording of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) from oro-facial, hand and arm muscles...
December 5, 2016: Cerebral Cortex
Karen Caeyenberghs, Helena Verhelst, Adam Clemente, Peter H Wilson
December 2, 2016: NeuroImage
David Bendetowicz, Marika Urbanski, Clarisse Aichelburg, Richard Levy, Emmanuelle Volle
For complex mental functions such as creative thinking, inter-individual variability is useful to better understand the underlying cognitive components and brain anatomy. Associative theories propose that creative individuals have flexible semantic associations, which allows remote elements to be formed into new combinations. However, the structural brain variability associated with the ability to combine remote associates has not been explored. To address this question, we performed a voxel-based morphometry (VBM) study and explored the anatomical connectivity of significant regions...
Vanessa L Cropley, Paul Klauser, Rhoshel K Lenroot, Jason Bruggemann, Suresh Sundram, Chad Bousman, Avril Pereira, Maria A Di Biase, Thomas W Weickert, Cynthia Shannon Weickert, Christos Pantelis, Andrew Zalesky
OBJECTIVE: Although brain changes in schizophrenia have been proposed to mirror those found with advancing age, the trajectory of gray matter and white matter changes during the disease course remains unclear. The authors sought to measure whether these changes in individuals with schizophrenia remain stable, are accelerated, or are diminished with age. METHOD: Gray matter volume and fractional anisotropy were mapped in 326 individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and in 197 healthy comparison subjects aged 20-65 years...
December 6, 2016: American Journal of Psychiatry
Johanna Piispala, Sara Määttä, Ari Pääkkönen, Risto Bloigu, Mika Kallio, Eira Jansson-Verkasalo
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate inhibitory control by evaluating possible differences in the strength and distribution of the brain activity in a visual Go/Nogo task in children who stutter (CWS) compared to typically developing children (TDC). METHODS: Eleven CWS and 19 TDC participated. Event related potentials (ERP) were recorded using a 64-channel EEG-cap during an equiprobable visual Go/Nogo task. The global field power (GFP) as well as the mean amplitudes in the P3 time frame were compared between groups...
Laurence Loewe, Katherine S Scheuer, Seth A Keel, Vaibhav Vyas, Ben Liblit, Bret Hanlon, Michael C Ferris, John Yin, Inês Dutra, Anthony Pietsch, Christine G Javid, Cecilia L Moog, Jocelyn Meyer, Jerdon Dresel, Brian McLoone, Sonya Loberger, Arezoo Movaghar, Morgaine Gilchrist-Scott, Yazeed Sabri, Dave Sescleifer, Ivan Pereda-Zorrilla, Andrew Zietlow, Rodrigo Smith, Samantha Pietenpol, Jacob Goldfinger, Sarah L Atzen, Erika Freiberg, Noah P Waters, Claire Nusbaum, Erik Nolan, Alyssa Hotz, Richard M Kliman, Ayalew Mentewab, Nathan Fregien, Martha Loewe
Names in programming are vital for understanding the meaning of code and big data. We define code2brain (C2B) interfaces as maps in compilers and brains between meaning and naming syntax, which help to understand executable code. While working toward an Evolvix syntax for general-purpose programming that makes accurate modeling easy for biologists, we observed how names affect C2B quality. To protect learning and coding investments, C2B interfaces require long-term backward compatibility and semantic reproducibility (accurate reproduction of computational meaning from coder-brains to reader-brains by code alone)...
December 5, 2016: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Agnès Trébuchon, Patrick Chauvel
The challenge in epilepsy surgery is to remove the epileptogenic zone without compromising postoperative function. Electrical stimulation (ES) was developed to identify with greater anatomical and physiological precision cortical structures essential to language and motor function. Because the language network is widely distributed in the left (dominant) hemisphere, and often varies among patients, brain mapping should delineate eloquent areas at the individual level. Although ES for language is commonly performed during a presurgical investigation, the procedure remains nonstandardized among centers, and differences between grids and intracerebral depth electrodes (stereoelectroencephalography) should be taken into account when comparing results from different series...
December 2016: Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology: Official Publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society
Carrie L Wade, Marsida Kallupi, Daniel O Hernandez, Emmanuel Breysse, Giordano de Guglielmo, Elena Crawford, George F Koob, Paul Schweitzer, Christelle Baunez, Olivier George
Opioid addiction, including addiction to heroin, has dramatically increased in the last decade. The cost and pervasiveness of heroin addiction, including resistance to recovery from addiction, provide a compelling basis for developing novel therapeutic strategies. Deep brain stimulation may represent a viable alternative strategy for the treatment of intractable heroin addiction particularly in individuals who are resistant to traditional therapies. Here, we provide preclinical evidence of the therapeutic potential of high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN HFS) for heroin addiction...
December 5, 2016: Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
Jonathan C Ipser, Anne Uhlmann, Paul Taylor, Brian H Harvey, Don Wilson, Dan J Stein
Chronic methamphetamine use is associated with executive functioning deficits that suggest dysfunctional cognitive control networks (CCNs) in the brain. Likewise, abnormal connectivity between intrinsic CCNs and default mode networks (DMNs) has also been associated with poor cognitive function in clinical populations. Accordingly, we tested the extent to which methamphetamine use predicts abnormal connectivity between these networks, and whether, as predicted, these abnormalities are compounded in patients with a history of methamphetamine-associated psychosis (MAP)...
December 5, 2016: Addiction Biology
Rashindra Manniesing, Christoph Brune, Bram van Ginneken, Mathias Prokop
Brain perfusion is of key importance to assess brain function. Modern CT scanners can acquire perfusion maps of the cerebral parenchyma in vivo at submillimeter resolution. These perfusion maps give insights into the hemodynamics of the cerebral parenchyma and are critical for example for treatment decisions in acute stroke. However, the relations between acquisition parameters, tissue attenuation curves, and perfusion values are still poorly understood and cannot be unraveled by studies involving humans because of ethical concerns...
2016: PeerJ
Kandhasamy Sowndhararajan, Songmun Kim
The influence of fragrances such as perfumes and room fresheners on the psychophysiological activities of humans has been known for a long time, and its significance is gradually increasing in the medicinal and cosmetic industries. A fragrance consists of volatile chemicals with a molecular weight of less than 300 Da that humans perceive through the olfactory system. In humans, about 300 active olfactory receptor genes are devoted to detecting thousands of different fragrance molecules through a large family of olfactory receptors of a diverse protein sequence...
November 29, 2016: Scientia Pharmaceutica
PingLei Pan, Hui Zhan, MingXu Xia, Yang Zhang, DeNing Guan, Yun Xu
Studies of abnormal regional homogeneity (ReHo) in Parkinson's disease (PD) have reported inconsistent results. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis using the Seed-based d Mapping software package to identify the most consistent and replicable findings. A systematic literature search was performed to identify eligible whole-brain resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies that had measured differences in ReHo between patients with PD and healthy controls between January 2000 and June 4, 2016...
December 1, 2016: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
Gesthimani Samiotaki, Maria Eleni Karakatsani, Amanda Buch, Stephanos Papadopoulos, Shih Ying Wu, Sachin Jambawalikar, Elisa E Konofagou
PURPOSE: Focused Ultrasound (FUS) in conjunction with systemically administered microbubbles has been shown to open the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) locally, non-invasively and reversibly in rodents and non-human primates (NHP), suggesting the immense potential of this technique. The objective of this study entailed the investigation of the physiologic changes in the brain following the FUS-induced BBB opening and their relationship with the underlying anatomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pharmacokinetic analysis was implemented in NHP's that received FUS at various acoustic pressures...
December 1, 2016: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Annabel Romero-Hernandez, Noriko Simorowski, Erkan Karakas, Hiro Furukawa
Zinc is vastly present in the mammalian brain and controls functions of various cell surface receptors to regulate neurotransmission. A distinctive characteristic of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors containing a GluN2A subunit is that their ion channel activity is allosterically inhibited by a nano-molar concentration of zinc that binds to an extracellular domain called an amino-terminal domain (ATD). Despite physiological importance, the molecular mechanism underlying the high-affinity zinc inhibition has been incomplete because of the lack of a GluN2A ATD structure...
November 21, 2016: Neuron
Hyo Rim Ko, Inwoo Hwang, So Yoon Chang, Yun Sil Kim, Won Soon Park, Jee-Yin Ahn
P48 Ebp1 is expressed in rapidly proliferating cells such as cancer cells and accelerates cell growth and survival. However, its expression pattern and role in central nervous system development have not been studied. Here, we demonstrated the spatiotemporal expression pattern of p48 Ebp1 during embryonic development and the postnatal period. During embryonic development, p48 Ebp1 was highly expressed in the brain. Expression gradually decreased after birth but was still more abundant than p42 expression after birth...
December 5, 2016: BMB Reports
Alan J Stone, Nicholas P Blockley
November 30, 2016: NeuroImage
Liqiong Guo, Peng-Hui Li, Hua Li, Elena Colicino, Silvia Colicino, Yi Wen, Ruiping Zhang, Xiaotian Feng, Timothy M Barrow, Akin Cayir, Andrea A Baccarelli, Hyang-Min Byun
November 30, 2016: Environmental Research
Sigune Kaske, Marc Maegele
BACKGROUND: Volume therapy is a cornerstone of early resuscitation of severely injured trauma patients, but the optimal strategy remains under debate. A recent Cochrane review could not find evidence for or against early volume replacement or large versus small amounts of fluid. METHOD: Current recommendations and guidelines regarding volume therapy in severely injured patients are summarized based upon the updated European Trauma Guideline on the management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma (fourth edition) and the S3-Guideline Polytrauma and combined with a selective review of the literature...
December 2, 2016: Der Unfallchirurg
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