Writing Expert Blog » Essay Examples http://www.writing-expert.com/blog Writing Expert blog provides students with essay writing tips, help and guidelines on how to write good essays, term papers, research papers and dissertations. Wed, 27 Aug 2014 14:18:17 +0000 en-US hourly 1 http://wordpress.org/?v=4.0 5-Page Essay on Bullying http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/essay-examples/5-page-essay-on-bullying.html http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/essay-examples/5-page-essay-on-bullying.html#comments Wed, 27 Aug 2014 14:18:17 +0000 http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/?p=723 Bullying can be described or defined in a number of ways. Many perceive bullying to be incidents of peer victimization or harassment, mostly among children and adolescents. However, bullying also takes place among adults, in the workplace and within the neighborhood. Bullying can entail interactions between a single bully and his victim, a single bully and several victims, multiple bullies and a single victim, and multiple bullies and multiple victims.



Bullying occurs in a number of ways. Some incidents involve name-calling, intimidation, vandalizing of personal property, and coercion. Studies have shown that some individuals are more prone to being bullied than others. For instance, children with learning disabilities tend to attract bullies who ridicule them. In addition, people who are noticeably different from the others in his community will attract the attention of bullies.

Even though school authorities have always been aware of issues connected with bullying, it is only recently that schools have started taking measures to discourage bullying within their institutions. Children who are bullied need to be provided with support and protection.

The issue of addressing bullying should not be left to teachers and school administrators. Parents, family members, and friends must be proactive in discouraging bullying and in helping victims of bullying. All individuals in society should educate themselves about the different forms bullying takes, what to do if they witness an incident or are themselves targeted, and how to avoid becoming a victim of bullying.

Bullies can be categorized into several groups, one of which is the social bully. He or she is an individual who spreads rumors, taunts, teases and gives people the silent treatment. Social bullies first appear friendly but eventually torment victims until they get what they want. The other type is the confident bully who is always loud and displays a lot of attitude. This kind of bully enjoys having power over his or her victims. A third type of bully is the hyperactive bully who is impulsive and easily loses his temper. He rarely makes friends.

5-page essay writing tips:
Given that the issue of bullying is very complex, one cannot adequately discuss all issues within a five-page essay. So, if one is expected to write a five-page essay on the topic, one should chose three to five main ideas to explore and discuss. Of course, every essay should begin with an introductory paragraph in which one defines bullying either from a personal perspective or from the perspective of other individuals. One could also explore how it occurs, who it involves, and the different kinds of bullying.

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Research Essay on Depression http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/essay-examples/research-essay-on-depression.html http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/essay-examples/research-essay-on-depression.html#comments Thu, 14 Aug 2014 15:00:57 +0000 http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/?p=715 In America alone, it is estimated that over 19 million people suffer from acute or chronic depression. These figures are disconcerting and call for more attention to be paid to this condition, especially the factors that cause it and suggestion on how it can be prevented.



Treatments for depression include taking medication such as antidepressants. Antidepressants basically function by working on neurotransmitters, a type of brain cell, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. Basically, these are the brain cells that are responsible for regulating one’s mood; the medication acts on them to lift one’s mood. The other category of medicines commonly given to depressed individuals includes tricyclics.

They are powerful antidepressants that are currently not being used because of their powerful and serious side effects. This particular medication has been known to affect people with heart conditions and has been also been connected to weight gain, dry mouths, and dizziness. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors are another type of medication that is used to treat depression and is, in fact, the oldest known type of antidepressants. It is very effective when used to treat atypical depression such as when the patient experiences an increased appetite, the need to sleep more, and feelings of anxiety. Patients being treated with monoamine oxidase inhibitors must, however, avoid certain beverages and foods that contain Tyra mine. Wine is an example of one such beverage. Certain medications such as birth control pills and cold and allergy medications should also be avoided.

Research essay writing tips:
To help the reader to fully concentrate on this research paper, it is a good idea to begin the essay with an interesting fact or statistic such as the number of people who are affected by depression. Afterwards, one should provide a definition of depression and a list of its symptoms so the reader can better understand what is really meant by depression. When explaining the symptoms, one might also explain the characteristics that are exhibited by a depressed individual. It would also be helpful to explain the available treatment options, as well.

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Cause and Effect Essay on Smartphones http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/essay-examples/cause-and-effect-essay-on-smartphones.html http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/essay-examples/cause-and-effect-essay-on-smartphones.html#comments Fri, 11 Jul 2014 16:09:27 +0000 http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/?p=673 Alexander Bell spoke “Mr. Watson – Come here – I want to see you.” And thus, the telephone was born. It went through stages of development until certain other technologies converged, namely computers, wireless, satellites, video, and internet. This resulted in first a cellular mobile phone using wireless. As these developed they became small handheld computers. This opened the way for internet access and video streaming. Today million people use smartphones. This technology is in fact shaping man’s needs. What are the economic effects of this technology?




Businessmen and women use them to aid them in their work. This happens in many ways but primarily due to instant communication, direct access to company databases, and visual abilities.

Companies can instantly contact and direct their sales force. A new inquiry can have a salesperson heading immediately to a meeting. A cancelled appointment can be instantly communicated, saving time and transport costs by redirecting the representative. Salespersons can directly access their company’s database. This means they can check stock availability and instantly order what the client needs online. No traveling back to the office and processing paperwork. This adds to increased customer service, and profitability, less staff and resultant increase in profitability.

Further, if required a video or a picture of products are instantly available to interested potential customers. With live video streaming on site issues can be shown and discussed in real time to experts in another location and advice given.

Apart from business persons, using smartphones to economic advantage the personal user also contributes to economic activity. When you consider that 49% of Americans between the ages 18 to 44 are the primary users of smartphones, you have a massive market. Many people run internet businesses and with payment systems like PayPal being formed, millions are shopping on internet via smartphones. Of the 49%, owners of smartphones 79% have them with them 22 hours a day. So they do not need to sit at a desktop and shop. They can browse and shop commuting to work, having a coffee break, waiting for a flight. Google’s revenue over 3 months is $15 billion.

U.S. Internet advertising revenue is now more than that spent on TV advertizing. This is because of smartphone users. They are more easily reached via their smartphone than their TV. All this spending on advertizing is to attract this economically empowered age group to spend their cash online.

Today you can buy almost any product you want. And not only can you shop around in your own country; you can make your purchases around the world, and have it delivered to your door. Whatever your viewpoint, smartphones have manufactured change in the lives of millions of people.

Tips for writing:

  1. To write a cause and effect essay, you need to select an event that resulted in various effects.
  2. Explain what the event was, and why it happened.
  3. You may need to narrow a broad topic. Do this by choosing a category that interests you.
  4. Do your research and once you have gathered your material analyze it. Divide it into two sections, the cause and effect.
  5. Create a simple thesis statement and the start by introducing the cause.
  6. Once you have clearly explained it, then start to explain the effects in a logical manner.
  7. Wrap it up with a simple summary of your points.

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Informal Essay on Drug Addiction http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/essay-examples/informal-essay-on-drug-addiction.html http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/essay-examples/informal-essay-on-drug-addiction.html#comments Fri, 27 Jun 2014 12:49:33 +0000 http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/?p=663 Unregulated and excessive use of drugs is popularly referred to as drug addiction and even drug abuse.

In recent decades, drug addiction has emerged as one of the major problems facing society. Drug addiction essentially refers to a condition in which one is physically dependent on a drug. It is characterized by the development of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. When an individual begins to develop tolerance of a drug, the individual will realize that he or she needs more of the drug to achieve a desired level of pleasure or satisfaction. Additionally, when an individual who is addicted to drugs does not get access to the desired drugs, he begins to suffer from uncontrollable and painful convulsions, depression, vomiting, headaches, and many other maladies.

Drug addiction not only affects the individual who is addicted to the drug, but it also affects the families of that individual, as well as the society at large. The individual who is addicted to the drug often realizes that he cannot function well without the drug. This can cause problems both at work and at home. The drug addiction causes the individual to develop feelings of frustration and anger, inadequacy, and emotional insecurity. Once an individual begins experiencing these symptoms, those close to him, especially family members, also begin to be negatively affected since they find it difficult to relate to the individual in the same way as they used to before the individual became addicted to the drugs. Moreover, the drug addict may not also be able to function well at the workplace, resulting in a demotion or even the loss of a job.

There are many factors that are thought to greatly contribute to drug addiction. Among these is the ever changing structure and functions of the family. Fifty percent of marriages end in divorce. Often, these marriages include children. Mothers of young children in particular have great difficulty providing for their children. They often work more than one job, leaving their children unchaperoned. These children easily fall victim to influences outside the home, and too often those influences involve illegal drugs. Additionally, unscrupulous individuals looking for an easy way to make money will traffic in illegal drugs, hooking anybody they can into taking small amounts without charge and then waiting for them to become hooked so that the drug dealers can charge them significant amounts of money. Another way of becoming addicted to drugs involves trying to relieve feelings of stress, whether from the workplace or from the home environment.

The problem of drug addiction may be growing, but there are several ways of tackling the problem from a social context. This involves making parents and young people aware of places close to home that may be housing drug dealers, counseling, education, and guidance on how one can recover from drug addiction. Family members, teachers, peers, councilors, churches, and other influential groups can play an active role.

Informal essay writing tips:
Since this is an informal essay, one does not have to write it like a formal essay which has a defined format and facts or information gleaned from credible sources. However, this is not to imply that the essay should not be written without care. An informal essay might begin with a definition of a specified topic, such as drug addiction, so the reader will know exactly what is being explored in the essay. Then, the writer can follow with the effects of the illness, as well as what causes it and possible treatments.

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5-Page Essay on Global Warming http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/essay-examples/5-page-essay-on-global-warming.html http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/essay-examples/5-page-essay-on-global-warming.html#comments Tue, 17 Jun 2014 15:40:53 +0000 http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/?p=657 Very few people will argue against the fact that the earth is getting increasingly warmer given the way summers are becoming hotter, the evidence that glaciers are melting, the sea levels are rising, and the way the weather in many parts of the world is increasingly becoming unpredictable.

All these characteristics of the weather can be summed up into one term, and that is global warming. It is only in recent decades that the idea of global warming is caused by humans has emerged. Environmental groups and governments worldwide began to take notice after scientists theorized that mankind, through certain activities, are actually changing the earth’s environment and climate. Even though the changes are taking place slowly, scientists warn that it could accelerate soon. They have even stated that in the present century, the 21 century, the earth will become warmer than it has been during the last four centuries.

Another cause of global warming is due to factors such as the relationship between the earth’s position, axis, revolution around the sun and rotation on its own axis.

Major volcanic eruptions have also been linked to natural global warming. The gradual changes that occur due to natural events are considered to take place very slowly, over several centuries. Most animal species survive these changes by migrating from one geographic location to another.

The rapid increase of global warming, especially during the last century, is one of the main factors that have led scientists to conclude that human activity has more to do with the rapid changes than natural causes. Man’s activities, which include burning fossil fuels and massive deforestation, have been suspected of causing global warming at a very alarming rate. Scientists even believe that in the near future, the human induced damage on the atmosphere will result in a series of serious problems related to the distribution of species and their critical habitats, significant increase in the levels of the oceans, severe weather events, and the onset of issues that will negatively impact the quality of life for every living organism on earth.

The issues identified by scientists are serious, which is why it is important for every single human-being to take action that will not only reduce the effects of global warming but will also help stop human contributions to it. It is definitely the time for mankind to reduce and even stop using fossil fuels and reduce deforestation.

Instead, organizations and governments should work to embrace forestation and reforestation, and generally reduce using anything that has been linked to rapid climatic change or global warming.

Essay writing tips:
Global warming is without doubt one of the most complex topics that one could ever explore; so, when asked to write about it in only five pages, one should select a few main ideas about the phenomenon that can be comprehensively explored in a short paper rather than try to cover all the issues in a brief amount of space. In this case, a limited overview of what entails global warming was explored to inform the reader that it is actually taking place. Following that, two main causes of global warming were explored, along with suggestions on how it can be reduced.

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]]> http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/essay-examples/5-page-essay-on-global-warming.html/feed 0 Descriptive Essay on My Classroom http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/essay-examples/descriptive-essay-on-my-classroom.html http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/essay-examples/descriptive-essay-on-my-classroom.html#comments Thu, 05 Jun 2014 11:59:16 +0000 http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/?p=643 My classroom is tidy, clean, and airy. This is because it is regularly cleaned by the school custodial staff. Every morning, the school custodians open the windows of the class, clean the floor and then arrange the students’ desks so everything in the class is tidy before my classmates and I come to class. In order to maintain the classroom in a clean state, our teachers discourage us from eating or drinking anything when in class. Whenever someone breaks this rule and eats or drinks anything in the classroom, that student is punished by being asked to sweep and clean the whole classroom alone.

The classroom has very wide windows that let in plenty of light which then makes it easier for students to read their books. The wide windows also reduce the need to use artificial light. This is why the electric lights are only switched on early in the morning or late in the evening when it becomes dark. The wide windows of my classroom all have window panes that enable us to close and open the windows whenever we need to. For instance, when it starts raining, we use the panes to close the windows. My classroom has a front door that is green in color. The green color of the door matches my green cardigan, which is part of my school uniform.

My classroom also has a big blackboard on the front wall and a red notice board at the back of the classroom. The blackboard is used by our teachers during classes. Normally, the teachers write class notes on the blackboard so my classmates and I can copy them into our exercise books. Whenever the blackboard is full of notes, the teachers erase the notes that have already been copied, using a blackboard duster. Sometimes students help the teachers to erase the writings on the blackboard, especially at the beginning of a new lesson before the teacher comes to class to teach.

The notice board at the back of the classroom is mostly used for pinning notices and memorandums that are important to the class. For instance, when test results come out, the class teacher usually pins the results on the notice board so students can compare their performance with those of others and also take note of all the areas that they need to improve on. Also, on the notice board of my classroom are stickers and charts that contain information that is important or is commonly used in class. This information is placed on the notice board to make it easier for the students to memorize the notes and apply them in class appropriately.

Some writing tips:
Since this is a descriptive essay, the main point is to describe as many objects as one can see in the classroom. One could begin by describing the things that one easily observes whenever one enters into the classroom. These might include the blackboard, notice board, cupboard, tables, chairs, and desks, just to mention but a few. If the classroom contains numerous items, it is not a must that one describes everything that one sees. One should select a few items and give a detailed description of each one.

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Expository Essay on Compassion http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/essay-examples/expository-essay-on-compassion.html http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/essay-examples/expository-essay-on-compassion.html#comments Tue, 13 May 2014 14:08:01 +0000 http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/?p=633 Every major religion gives compassion a high place as a virtue in human nature. The Dalai Lama said “compassion is a necessity, not a luxury, and that without it humanity cannot survive.” This moves it from a divine attribute to a practical human necessity for the survival of humanity. Compassion is to be desired and we will examine the reasons.

Compassion is an emotion similar to love; however, it is uniquely related to suffering. Compassion is the feeling of empathy we have toward the suffering of others, and the desire to help.

Within compassion, there is an aspect of quantity and quality. It can be seen to be deep and passionate and motivate vigorous action. The root of the word compassion is “co suffering”, hence, it co shares the suffering, and motivates action to help.

Compassion is desirable as a key motivator of people. In particular, it motivates them not only to feel the pain of those suffering, but also drives their motivation to do something to alleviate it.

It identifies with others in an empathetic way. This is the opposite reaction to people that those who cause suffering have. They are callous, ruthless and cruel. The compassionate person will respond to the humanity of others, not their ethnicity or religion. The person motivated with compassion will seek to help the suffering. This is the opposite of the attitude that causes war, terrorism, human trafficking, drug dealing and such evils, which cause suffering to many. A lack of compassion can lead to such atrocities as the Nazi Holocaust, the Bosnian Serb ethnic cleansing, and the Rwanda genocide. An individual who cannot empathize with the suffering of another human being will not only ignore the suffering of others, but may even contribute to it.

Compassion is needed whenever there is a person suffering, because only compassion will provide the empathy to co suffer, and the motivation to try and alleviate it.

Suffering is always personal, and unique to the sufferer. In addition, no one can feel the others exact pain, even if they are in the same situation. Each will experience their own unique level of suffering. Empathy will, however, enter into that unique experience, and identify with the individual, and have a perception of the pain of the sufferer. Suffering can come from different sources. It can be psychological, physical or social and at different levels. Many who suffer psychologically and emotionally may not be easily recognized as suffering. Physical suffering is easier to see and recognize. However, many feel disconnected emotionally especially in families, and are suffering. Others feel rejected by their family, friends, and peers and are suffering. Today suicide is a leading cause of death in teens. Their suffering is not identified.

Compassion will recognize it, co suffer and be motivated to help alleviate it.

Compassion is not a luxury but a necessity needed not in lofty realms of idealism, but in the pain of suffering. Whether it is in a national acceptance of others and a perception of their pain, or in the home, between husband and wife, siblings, parents and their children, in the neighborhood between neighbors, it is a necessity for strong healthy communities. Compassion will give motivation to relieve the suffering of others.

Tips on how to write a good expository essay on compassion:

If you wish to write an expository essay, you need to apply the following:

  1. This essay is designed to investigate and evaluate an idea.
  2. To do this you need to gather evidence about the topic. This should be an unbiased selection
  3. Then set out your thesis in a clear statement in the first paragraph.
  4. Using the evidence you gathered, expound on your thesis, to prove it, argue against it, compare and contrast
  5. Ensure your paragraphs transition, and each contains and idea.
  6. Sum up your paper in a conclusion, restating your points to prove your thesis.
  7. The five-paragraph format is often useful when writing such an essay, but not mandatory.

If you need professional expository essay writing help on compassion – feel free to contact our custom writing service!

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Reflective Essay on My Childhood http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/essay-examples/reflective-essay-on-my-childhood.html http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/essay-examples/reflective-essay-on-my-childhood.html#comments Thu, 06 Mar 2014 15:59:25 +0000 http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/?p=593 Childhood memories, especially the good and exciting ones, are considered very special because they remind one of the good old days when one had smaller problems to deal with, and exciting times that came and went while leaving exciting memories. One of the most common types of memories that students love to write about are those that involve an exciting trip they had looked forward to for a long time and when it came, it was as exciting or even more exciting than what the reader had imagined it would be. One could begin by writing about the level of difficulty that one may have experienced on the day before the trip, because one was impatiently waiting for the morning to come to commence on the much awaited trip.

One can also write about how exciting it must have been to pack the bags they would take on the trip and how one may have felt like packing every nice, cherished thing, even though the parents may have insisted that he or she only pack a few necessary items. When the morning finally came, one may even note how excited he or she must have been to hear the alarm clock go off, even though they must have woken up several times throughout the night to check if it had reached morning.

When the alarm rang, one may have jumped off the bed, switched off the alarm and gone to check if the other members of the family were also awake and excited to go on the trip. This could also have been the day that one remembers eating their breakfast so fast and getting cleaned up very fast, as not to delay others going on the trip.

Then, once everyone set off on the journey, the car ride to the destination must have been very interesting and memorable as one got to see so many exciting things one many not have seen before. If one had spent the night awake from excitement, then the car ride must have provided the perfect opportunity to catch a nap and rest one’s brain in preparation for the excitement that awaited, once one arrived at the destination.

If the destination was at the grandparents’ place, then one may remember the excitement of being woken up or being told they had finally arrived at the destination. The big smile on the faces of the grandparents must also have been very memorable, given the amount of affection that grandparents tend to have for their grandchildren, especially when they see them after a long time. One may not remember all the details of this trip, but there will certainly be many exciting moments that will continue to linger in the mind for a long time.

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Hard-Rock Cafe and the Starbucks Cafe Essay http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/essay-examples/hard-rock-cafe-and-the-starbucks-cafe-essay.html http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/essay-examples/hard-rock-cafe-and-the-starbucks-cafe-essay.html#comments Tue, 11 Feb 2014 14:13:38 +0000 http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/?p=569 Brief company introduction
Starbucks and Hard Rock café are globally renowned companies in the restaurant sector. Starbucks Corporation was established in 1971 by Gordon Bowker, Jerry Balswin and Zev Siegl (Starbucks, 2013). It is famous American coffeehouse company that operates more than 20,000 stores in the United States and 62 other countries across the world. It has been ranked as the largest coffeehouse company globally. The cafe specializes in hot and cold beverages and snacks. Starbucks’ headquarters are located in Seattle, Washington, United States. On the other hand, Hard Rock Cafe is a renowned restaurant established in 1971 by Perter Moton and Isaac Tigrett (Hard Rock, 2013). It started with a single cafe located in London. Currently, the company operates 167 stores in 56 different countries across the world. It is headquartered in Orlando, Florida, United States, where the largest store is located. This paper compares the operations of Starbucks Cafe with those of Hard-Rock Café in Kuwait.

Comparison of the operations
Starbucks and Hard Rock Cafe have similar attributes in terms of the location of their cafes. Starbucks stores are situated in highly visible places. These include centralized cities. Eventually, the company expands into nearby markets. This explains why Starbucks operates 20,891 cafes in various countries across the world. However, more than half of these cafes are located in the United States. Other countries with more stores include Canada, Japan, China, South Korea, United Kingdom, Mexico , Germany, the Philippines and Turkey. In a similar way, Hard Rock Cafes are located in major cuties. Since most of its customers are tourists, Hard Rock has often targeted locations that are perceived to be destination cities as ideal locations for its cafes. Besides the Hard Rock Cafes in Kuwait, the company has other 166 cafes in major destination cities across 56 counties across the world.

Starbucks and Hard Rock differ in terms of their products and services. On one hand, Starbucks specializes in coffee beverages, food items, and coffer-related products. One remarkable feature about Starbucks is that its coffee beverages are standardized across all its outlets. However, its food offerings vary from one store to another. On the other hand, Hard Rock Cafe varies its products so as to match local menu, tastes and preferences. For example, it emphasizes more on fish and lobsters in its cafes situated in British as opposed to Hamburgers and beef in its American Cafes (Pendergrast, 2001 p. 118). In regard to pricing, Starbucks has a premium pricing. This is based on its commitment towards the provision of quality products as well as its high-level customer service. Hard Rock’s pricing varies from one cafe to another and is significantly affected by economic fluctuations.

Starbucks differs with Hard Rock Café differ in terms of retail strategy. In this regard, Starbucks’ retail strategy is designed with the primary aim of maintaining customer loyalty. As such, it hires competent counter servers who often educate customers regarding the Café’s specify coffee drinks and other products. The company has also invested heavily in increasing its brand awareness. On the other hand, Starbucks has committed itself towards providing exclusive and unique visual and sound experience. In this regard, Hard Rock Cafes serve food and rock music simultaneously.

Starbucks has also established numerous partnerships, which have enabled it to pursue and extensive product line. Besides coffee, Starbucks currently offers flavored ice creams and other products. The company has also established various distribution alliances with companies such as United Airlines, Pepsi-Co, Barnes & Noble bookstores, Holland America Cruise Lines, Capital Records, among others. This is aimed at expanding its products lines as well as distribution portfolios. On the other hand, Hard Rock has opted to pursue differentiation strategy with the aim of increasing its revenues.

Besides selling foods, the company has ventured into other businesses such as casinos and hotels. It also collects musical memoralia.

In conclusion, both Starbucks and Hard Rock are large restaurants that have been in operation since 1971. Besides operating in restaurant sector, these two companies vary in terms of their operations. They differ sharply in their pricing strategies, products and services as well as specialization.

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Travel Narratives from the Age of Discovery Essay http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/essay-examples/travel-narratives-from-the-age-of-discovery-essay.html http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/essay-examples/travel-narratives-from-the-age-of-discovery-essay.html#comments Wed, 30 Oct 2013 14:23:29 +0000 http://www.writing-expert.com/blog/?p=491 Columbus in America
Columbus’ discovery of America was accidental because he initially thought that it would take him a lesser distance and time to discover the way to Asia. His estimations were about twenty four hundred miles, while it was actually over 10,600 miles. This circumstance made him stick in America that let him discover the lands and the islands in the continent. In his letters describing his discoveries, he told about the nature and the status of the people living on this land. From his letters, we also get to know that he sent out his people to look out if there was a city or a king, which may have given a clue whether they had a government or not, and their feedback was negative. This showed that the people were not industrious and that their economic status was low. However, the description of the land showed that it was very fertile and many land segments were still ‘virgin’ because no one had explored them yet and the natives did not reside them either. Besides, according to Columbus’s letter, the trees were so tall that they reached the sky, the weather very pleasant, and the place had many inviting commodities that could be harvested (Mancall 210).

The natives of the American land, according to the letter, had a culture that allowed them to stay naked. However, from the European standards perspective, it was considered primitive. He further said that people lived together in small settlements located on the mainland. Also, the natives did not create settlements along the coastal lines as according to Columbus’s letters there were neither villages nor towns/cities at the coastal regions. He aslo narrated that his men found no king or any other form of government that ruled or organized people (Mancall 211).

In addition, the natives of America neither had religion nor worshiped any idol. Therefore, Columbus initiated the Christian religion after he won their trust by giving them gifts they treasured. The natives believed that the goodness and power came from heaven and that was their only belief and faith (Mancall 211). They also believed that Columbus, his ships, and men came from heaven. What is more, Columbus mentioned that they were not ignorant. Rather, they were kind in the way they treated him and his men. They also gave them precious gifts such as gold and food. However, in the Indies, they encountered man-eating people and Columbus considered this as the only monstrous thing they came across in the region (Mancall 212).

Cheng Ho in Wang she cheng (China)
In Chan city, a king ruled the people of the city during the travel of Mann Hu in the 13th and the 14th century (Mancall 116). The people of this country were Buddhists. The city also had a Great Wall with four main gates that were guarded by soldiers appointed by the king. In this culture, the King’s clothes were different from other peoples’ way of dressing with many details such as gold and colored threads. However, the king walked barefoot. Elephants and oxen were used as convoy to transport people and other commodities. The king mounted on an elephant that was pulled in front by two oxen, yellow in color (Mancall 117).

The people in Wang she cheng built houses that had a thatched roof and were low, that was a cultural and traditional requirement. No one would build a house with a height exceeding three ch’ih, and this made people go in and out of the houses with bent bodies and lowered heads. Furthermore, it was an offence to have a house that exceeded three ch’ih. The culture of these people also forbade them from wearing white clothes because only the king had a privilege to dress up in white. In addition, everyone walked barefoot, men with unkempt heads and women with a chignon hairstyle at the back of their heads (Mancall 117).

Their economic reliance revolved around agriculture and fishing. They grew vegetables, fruits, rice and other cereals for their subsistence and engaged in cash crop farming. Men also used to fish for their livelihood. Interestingly, the people had a habit of chewing areca nut and betel-leaf all the time. Traditionally, the man was expected to go to the girl’s house to consummate the marriage. Ten days later, the man’s family and friends would escort the couple to the girl’s paternal house where they would prepare wine, play music, and finalize the marriage. The people in this culture also had no pen or paper to write on, and they would use dried goatskin or smoked tree barks and white chalks to make records. In addition, the traditions of the Wang she cheng people required severe punishment for all mistakes done. For instance, small mistakes were punishable by back thrashing with a rattan stick, robbery by cutting of the nose, adultery by branding a scar on the face, and any heinous offence by death through being set on a sharp stick that pierced a person from the bottom and protrude through the mouth (Mancall 117).

According to Cheng Ho’s inscription on the stone he engraved in the country during his travel, people were generally happy and were united by similar customs (Mancall 121). Country’s population comprised of five classes of people including the Muslim people, the Mu-kua, Nan-k’un, the Ko-ling people, and the che-ti class of people. These classes had their own traditions. That is, the Muslims did not eat pig meat, and the other people in the country refrained from eating ox meat. Moreover, as equality was important, the king ordered that all the wealthy persons in the community and all the chiefs go to the temple every morning to smear fresh dung of yellow oxen over the surface of the ground and walls of the temple (Mancall 121).
The leadership hierarchy was continued through the son of the kings’ sister rather than the king’s son. This is because it was believed that only the offspring from the woman’s blood constituted the legal family (Mancall 125). If the king had no sister, the throne was given to another man in the community with some specific merit, and this ensured succession from one generation to another. This country is home to today’s Mecca (Mancall 126).

Vespucci in Brazil
Vespucci sailed to Brazil to discover the new world. While traveling, he documented some encounters he experienced during the journey. Although he was later fascinated by the travel, he initially complained about the unwelcoming weather that was rainy and stormy for the 45 days of the 65 days he was at sea. Upon reaching Brazil, Vespucci discovered that the communities were united by similar customs. The people were living uncovered and walked barefoot from the time they were born to death. The traditions of the Brazilians included piercing of their bodies for beauty, but, according to Vespucci, it made them look monstrous (Mancall 219).

These people lived freely since they were not ruled by any king and had no administration system. Men married as many women as they wanted. The sons cohabitated with their mothers, the sisters with their brothers, cousins with cousins, and any man with any woman they met. They had no laws regarding marriages, and therefore dissolved their marriages anytime they wanted. The people from Brazil lived for over a hundred years to one hundred and fifty and rarely fell ill. They had people that cured their illnesses using herbs and other medicinal roots (Mancall 120).

During his visit, Vespucci said that the Brazilians had no church or any religion that they associated with for faith or beliefs. He affirmed that they also did not worship any idols, and they mainly lived according to nature laws (Mancall 121). They did not engage in any form of trade because there were no merchants or traders among the people in this community. However, they were involved in lethal battles, and this was the elders that forced the youths into wars. When the captives were brought home, they were killed and their meat was served as a delicacy. They were also known to eat other human beings, and Vespucci even detailed that fathers were witnessed eating their children and wives (Mancall 120).

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