Spacecraft dockings improve car assembly

On the assembly line
20 January 2010

The next car comes down the conveyor belt ready for the dashboard to be added. Speed and position are controlled as if it were a spacecraft docking automatically with the International Space Station. Invented by entrepreneurs at ESA’s Business Incubation Centre, a new system using similar docking technology precisely fits the dashboard into the car.

Car assembly lines have come a long way since the first production line was introduced in 1914 by Henry Ford at his plant in Michigan, USA.

Ford Model A assembly line in 1928
Ford Model A assembly line in 1928

Now Volkswagen’s Autoeuropa factory in Palmela, Portugal, is using space technology to control its assembly line.

Developed by MDUSpace at ESA’s Business Incubation Centre in the Netherlands, the system is based on the object recognition and tracking concepts used for the automated docking of ESA’s Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) spacecraft to the International Space Station (ISS). It was installed at the Palmela factory last year and is now being evaluated.

Space technology applied to automobile production

Robotic part-positioner mounts an item on car on a conveyor belt
Robotic part-positioner

“Automotive assembly lines are based on moving conveyor belts that transport the cars to be assembled at a steady, but not constant, speed. The car is assembled by workers or robotic machines at each assembly station along the way,” explained Miguel Brito, business developer of MDUSpace.

“When you have to attach a module to the car, for instance the car’s dashboard, the mounting is done by a manipulator – a large manually controlled robotic part-positioner. As the cars move along the belt, the manipulator needs to move at the exact same speed. If it goes any slower or faster than the car, it could scratch or damage it.”

MDUSpace automatic docking system for car manufacturing
Automatic docking system for car manufacturing

The traditional methods of solving this problem are either to place the manipulator on the car during the assembly process, which can stress the vehicle’s structure, or to synchronise their speeds, which often requires costly and complicated control and wiring systems.

The new system provides a novel solution to synchronise the manipulators with the car. It combines a live camera feed with software for object recognition, derived from spacecraft docking systems, to make sure the manipulator and the car go at exactly the same speed and are in the same position with respect to each other at all times.

ATV docks autonomously with ISS
ATV docks autonomously with ISS

It works like ATV docking with the ISS. For the final approach and docking, ATV uses a camera to identify light pulses reflected from a set of special targets on the ISS.

By analysing the reflected patterns, the control software determines the precise distance and angle to the docking port.

In the car assembly process, the operator chooses reference points on the car as targets for the object-recognition system. It then calculates continuously the distance from the car to the manipulator with the item to be mounted, and automatically controls precisely the distance during the mounting process.

ESA Business Incubation Centres


ESA’s Technology Transfer Programme Office


ESA’s Technology Transfer Programme Office
European Space Agency
Keplerlaan 1
2200 AG, Noordwijk ZH
The Netherlands
Tel: +31 71 565 6208
