by Trungles



Discourses on appropriation are sometimes inclined to water it down to who can or can’t do what, which isn’t entirely the point. Cultures interact and exchange ideas all the time. Cultural appropriation is necessarily about levying the power of a prevailing culture to repurpose, subsume, and profit from the material elements of another while divorcing them from their intended context. This is a lot to swallow, understandably, but it’s an important distinction. To get a fuller picture of how that applies in the context of this film, Jon Tsuei explained the inherent Japanese context of Ghost in the Shell that would be lost in the American film back in May. I recommend giving it a read.

When questions about cultural politics arise, I always ask, “Who is the aggrieved party?” In the case of Ghost in the Shell, the quick response would be Japanese people. We’ve repurposed the material elements of a product from a particular Japanese context. That’s easily misappropriation, right?

Yet Japanese folks aren’t especially bothered by a white American actress playing Major Kusanagi, which confounds the discussion. If Japanese people are indifferent to this whitewashing, then what’s the problem? This is a failure, on our part, to draw a meaningful distinction between Japanese nationals, people who live within the context of a different prevailing culture and non-white hegemony, and Japanese Americans. The shallow end of the discussion on cultural appropriation tends to carelessly presume a racial and cultural essentialism which does not hold up when we pause to consider diasporic experiences.

The problem of whitewashing Asian roles in American cinema is particular to Asian Americans because the issue is deeper than just “seeing Asian faces.” If we simply wanted to see Asian faces on screen, we could turn to Asian media. In fact, recommending that we turn to Asian cinema to alleviate our criticisms of whitewashing in American film is the off-brand equivalent of “go back to your country.” Additionally, Asian nations have had long and contentious histories with each other to which a lot of Asian Americans aren’t always privy because, well, we’re Americans.

The issue is that Asian Americans have seen few opportunities to participate in American narratives because we are still regarded as Other. An Asian face still exists in the American visual lexicon as shorthand for “foreigner.” Never mind that a lot of Asian American families have lived in the States for generations, and we don’t entirely relate to media from Asian countries. Most of us aren’t at all proficient in the languages of our respective cultures of origin. Asian Americans are relegated to outsider status here in the States and in the countries we’re goaded to “go back to,” which makes the argument that Danny Rand must be white in order to be portrayed as an outsider in Asia a load of bunk, by the way.

From left: Daniel Dae Kim, Aziz Ansari, Constance Wu and BD Wong. Credit: Todd Heisler/The New York Times

Asian Americans are sort of stuck with the sense that we don’t really entirely belong anywhere. We’re not nationals of Asian countries, and as Americans we find ourselves Othered by a prevailing culture where whiteness is the default experience. Claimed by neither shore, we are continually forced into the sisyphean challenge of asserting and reasserting that we are a part of an American narrative with stories and experiences all our own. After generations of toiling to find our legs, we are now tasked with finding our voices. We can’t rest on the assumption that our experiences belong neither here nor there. Diasporic stories are valid.

If the point of contention is deeper than Asian faces on western screens, then I suggest that we find ways to meaningfully support Asian American narratives and creators past just cinema. While we continue to look to film and television as an easy means of access to visibility and cultural legitimacy, there are stories to be told beyond the glint of a screen.

trunglesparthenonTrungles is an Asian American comic book artist living and working in Minnesota. His starter Pokemon is Popplio this time around. Find him on Twitter, Tumblr, and Facebook.


14 thoughts on “Ghost in the Shell and the Complexity of Cultural Appropriation

  1. the sad part is ive been trying to find asian america characters in marvel that i identify with, and the only one that even comes close is ms marvel because her story actually gets into being a second gen immigrant, even though it does it in probably the most generalizable ways possible

    Liked by 1 person

  2. A great piece, and I certaily hadn’t considered the watching Asian media to be another form of “Go back to your country!” That was definitely an eye opener for me here.

    I feel people miss when it comes to issues like this, especially with Kodansha being all in favour of ScarJo as The Majour (notice how they never call her Motoko in the trailer? I think that’s pretty telling) is like you said, context.

    It’s erasure and cultural appropriation here because this was a role meant for an Asian woman, but in Japan? It’s unique and different and huge because a well known American actress is in the lead role. That and, as you pointed out, Japanese people have ALL the roles over there.

    Yellow here has racial connotations because of the history of how Asian people were depicted in racist cartoons with yellow skin and buck teeth, but in Japan? Yellow Rangers galore in the various sentai shows. It’s just another primary colour and doesn’t carry the same history as it does here.


  3. Great article! I agree with 99.9 percent of it.

    I’ve always been fascinated by the immigrant story. Some of my favorite immigrant stories are Joy Luck Club, an excellent piece and the Godfather which the main characters struggle to be part of the prevailing culture instead of the old world culture their parents brought with them. Every great power throughout history has been multicultural from the Ottomans to the Ancient Romans.


  4. To all those people complaining about GITS being “white-washed”: Can we talk about how the original anime is set in “futuristic Hong Kong” but all the main characters are Japanese?!

    Portraying China as Asian, unchanging and backward vs. Japan as Western, modern and dynamic is a classic trope of the ideology that underpinned Japanese Imperialism. It’s a bit hypocritical to accuse the US remake of “orientalism” while ignoring the orientalism of the original anime.


    1. There is nothing to talk about because the 1995 movie does not take place in Hong Kong. It takes place in Japan. You, like many others who don’t know Ghost in the Shell but act like you do, confuse the director of that 1995 movie creating a fictional Chinatown in future Japan with it actually being Hong Kong. It’s not Hong Kong. It’s Japan but with a fake Chinatown.


  5. Thanks for writing about this point! I the fact that inclusivity in Western cinema isn’t a big deal for countries like Japan, China etc, but IS a big deal for minorities living in the West. Afterall, Japanese people have their own media which they see themselves represented in, and their own version of GITS, while they probably see Western theater as kind of exotic (kind of like how we wouldn’t mind a Japanese film with a Japanese Indiana Jones- and now I said that I want that to become a thing!)

    It’s also important to note that merely having an Asian person playing an Asian role isn’t the entire story either- a Japanese seeing a Chinese person playing a Japanese role is complicated by the complex history between the two countries. So yeah, thanks for tackling this issue in a complex way!


  6. ‘The problem of whitewashing Asian roles in American cinema is particular to Asian Americans because the issue is deeper than just “seeing Asian faces.”’

    Isn’t the notion of “Asian roles” inherently problematic? Doesn’t it just contribute to ongoing stereotyping of Asians, and to the false identification of Asian-Americans with Asians in Asia? In the case of foreign works like GITS, it also imposes an American worldview onto non-American media: From a Japanese perspective, if anything Major Kusanagi is likely to be regarded as a Japanese role, not an “Asian” one.


  7. it is important to talk about who can and can’t do what.
    also, it’s worth questioning and indicting why Japanese ppl don’t seem to care. they have a terrible history with America but after WWII constantly include white ppl in their shit including anime, manga, and games. even as main characters. they’ll say characters are racially ambiguous but anyone darker and/or Black will be negatively portrayed. i have yet to see a Black or LatinX person portrayed well and don’t need to give them the benefit of the doubt. the way Japanese ppl uphold white supremacy is unique and not ok.
    so idgaf if they don’t care.


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