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Dispersal of plant disseminules by animals.



the distribution of fruits and seeds by animals. There are three types: epizoochory, the transportation of fruits and seeds on animal surfaces; endozoochory, transportation in animal digestive tracts; and synzoochory, distribution while animals are storing fruits or seeds. Correspondingly, plants are divided into epizoochores, endozoochores, and synzoochores.

The fruits or seeds of epizoochores have catches (small hooks or spines), mucus, or sticky substances—for example, marigold, stickseed, plantain, and mistletoe. Endozoochores have juicy fruits or seeds with fleshy appendages (arils) that when eaten by animals pass through the digestive tract not only unharmed but sometimes with improved germinating capacity—for example, cherries, honeysuckle, pomegranate, and spindle tree. Filberts, pine nuts, and the caryopses of grasses are all synzoochores. Ants frequently distribute fruits and seeds; this is called myrmecochory.


References in periodicals archive ?
Jarvis Phytophysiognomies: CE, Cerradao; SDF, Seasonal Deciduous Forest; Life Form: H, Herbaceous; W, Woody; Climbing Mechanism: AT, Apical Twining; TE, Tendrilling; SC, Scandent; Dispersal syndrome: ANE, Anemochory; AUT, Autochory; ZOO, Zoochory.
According to the last author, there is a defined pattern in the frequency of dispersal syndromes where zoochory is the most frequent form in the species of Neotropical rainforests.
On the other hand, sticky funicular outgrowths (arils) that play a role in zoochory (including myrmecochory) evolved four different times in the Aristolochiaceae, once in Asarum, once in Aristolochia odoratissima, once in A.
For instance, the zoochory dispersal syndrome was equally prevailing among the species in the two areas (Figure 2A), but this predominance considering the individuals of zoochoric species was more conspicuous in the SFA (Figure 2B), suggesting a remarkable contribution of animal seed dispersers for the recovery of the restoration site.
Several of these species have traits commonly found in humid forests, such as zoochoric dispersal and evergreen leaves, then, it is possible to conclude that 15 years undergoing the impacts of a dam were enough to cause several changes to the forest structure, with consequences to vegetations structure, confirming the hypothesis assumed in this paper and also, is probably that the number off zoochory species will, in long-term, influence the associated fauna.
1]) 1,542 2,672 Anemochory (%) 41 23 Autochory (%) 13 15 Zoochory (%) 46 62 Deciduousness (%) 58 39 Evergreen trees (%) 42 61 Parameters T P Richness (S) 1.
The foregoing confirms that zoochory (both mammalochory and ornithochory) is the main dispersal method, although, in general, birds are more attracted by color and mammals by odor.
Considering the species with determined syndromes (123), the zoochory predominated in all habits, corresponding to 69%, followed by autochory with 20% and anemochory with 11% (Figure 2).
Palm dispersal shows a great diversity of mechanisms in relation to the high variability of fruit morphology, but zoochory is the dominant dispersal mode in the palm family (Zona & Henderson, 1989).
Dispersal Syndrome: Barochory was the most common dispersal mode observed among the 23 species (48 % of species), followed by anemochory (39 %) and zoochory (13.
FG2 non-tussock hemicry 6 Perennial plants; NTH ptophytes II (includes the species Ho); Height categories [greater than or equal to] H1 and [less than or equal to] H3 (except Elep hir); the flowers are in classes P2 and P5; dispersion: mainly zoochory.
In tropical forests, zoochory (Howe and Smallwood, 1982) prevails over abiotic syndromes while in less humid habitats, anemochory predominates (Vieira et al.