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ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA's DOWNFALL, Concepts in White World Terror Domination

ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA's DOWNFALL, Concepts in White World Terror Domination

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New Imperialism refers to the colonial expansion adopted by Europe's powers and, later, Japan during the 19th and

early 20th centuries; expansion took place from the French conquest of Algeria until World War I: approximately

1830 to 1914. The period is distinguished by an unprecedented pursuit of overseas territorial acquisitions.



Rise of New Imperialism

The American Revolution and the collapse of the Spanish Empire in the early 181020s, following the revolutions in










ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA'S DOWNFALL, Concepts in White World Terror Domination

New Imperialism




reappropriate imperial holdings.

During this period, between the 1815

Congress of Vienna (after the defeat of

Napoleonic France) and the end of the

Franco-Prussian War (18701871),

Britain reaped the benefits of being the

world's sole modern, industrial power.

As the "workshop of the world", the

United Kingdom could produce

finished goods so efficiently that they

could usually undersell comparable,

locally manufactured goods in foreign

markets, even supplying a large share

of the manufactured goods consumed

by such nations as Germany, France,

Belgium, and the United States.

The erosion of British hegemony after

the Franco-Prussian War, in which a





1871 to 1914 would be marked by an extremely unstable peace. Frances determination to recover Alsace-Lorraine, a

territory formerly located in France that had been annexed by Germany, and Germanys mounting imperialist

ambitions would keep the two nations constantly poised for conflict.[2]





The Berlin Conference













hosted and planned out the conference.[10]

ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA'S DOWNFALL, Concepts in White World Terror Domination

New Imperialism


Britain during the era of New Imperialism

British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli and Queen Victoria


the period of displacement of industrial capitalism by finance

capitalism. As the country's relative commercial and

industrial lag encouraged the creation of larger corporations

and combines, close association of industry and banks added

to the influence of financiers over the British economy and


Britain's lag in other fields deepened her reliance on invisible

exports (such as banking, insurance and shipping services) to

offset a merchandise trade deficit dating from the beginning

of commercial liberalization in 1813, and thereby keep her

"out of the red." Although it had been official British policy

for years to support such investments, the large expansion of

these investments after about 1860 and the economic and

political instability in many areas of high investment such as

Egypt, brought increased pressure for their systematic




forestall an increase in Russian influence there. The Great Game in Inner Asia ended with a bloody British assault

against Tibet in 1903-1904.


Chamberlain, came to view a formal empire as necessary to arrest Britain's relative decline in world markets.

Britain's adoption of New Imperialism in the 1890s followed by its quick emergence as the front-runner in the

scramble for African territories may be seen as a quest for captive markets or fields for investment of surplus capital,

or (somewhat more cynically) as a primarily strategic or preemptive attempt to protect existing trade links and to

prevent the absorption of its overseas markets into the imperial trading blocs of rival powers. The failure in the

1900s of Chamberlain's campaign for imperial tariffs illustrates the strength of a free trade movement even in the

face of loss of international market share.

The New Imperialism and the newly industrialized countries


would Germany, following its own unification in 1871. Both countries undertook ambitious naval expansion in the

1890s. And just as Germany reacted to economic depression with the adoption of tariff protection in 1879 and

colonial expansion in 1884-85, so would the U.S., the landslide election in 1896 of William McKinley, would soon

be associated with the high McKinley Tariff of 1890.

United States colonial expansionism had its roots in domestic concerns and economic conditions, much like other

newly industrializing nations whose governments sought to accelerate internal development. Advocates of the

imperial system also drew upon a tradition of westward expansion over the course of the previous century. Economic


European counterpartsthat industry and capital had exceeded the capacity of existing markets and needed new



constrained natural resource.

ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA'S DOWNFALL, Concepts in White World Terror Domination

New Imperialism



unemployment, which aggravated the bitter social protests of the "Gilded Age"the Populist movement, the





Whatever the causes, the result of the 1898 Spanish-American War was that the U.S. came into the possession of

Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. Puerto Rico remains a territory of the United States.



formalized in 1904 by the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, would also spur its displacement of Britain

as the predominant investor in Latin America a process largely completed by the end of the Great War.


burdensome and useless), partly because he was under pressure for colonial expansion matching that of the other


Britain into conceding to broader German strategic ambitions.


militarism, enabling her to gain control of Taiwan in 1895, Korea in 1910 and then a sphere of influence in

Manchuria (1905), following the defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War. Japan's colonial boom was in part a



exporter of capital.

Social implications of the New Imperialism



regardless of whether these "other peoples" wanted this civilization or not. This part of the white mans burden truly

exemplifies Britain's colonization's of other countries, "Take up the White Man's burden, In patience to abide, To










ambitions. Furthermore, "nation building" oftentimes can create cultural sentiments of racism and xenophobia.[6]





Such special interests perpetuate empire building today and throughout history.[6]




ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA'S DOWNFALL, Concepts in White World Terror Domination

New Imperialism





on the social and economic structure of Germany"[7]

In Wehler's opinion, social imperialism was a device that


and political order[8]


fractured society and to maintain popular support for the social status quo[8]

Wehler argued German colonial policy


expanding the German Navy starting in 1897[8]


Navy League are seen as instruments for the government to mobilize public support.[8]

The demands for annexing





European socialist governments and led by them into eventual independence.




known as the British East India Company. The British completely took over most of the country of India, a process






British controlled most of India and began imposing their ideas and ways on India but it wasnt really a kind of take

over. The British were working together with Indian officials. A few of these new impositions were different


taxes and monopolistic control of industry. The different Hindu and Muslim Sepoys triggered the Indian Mutiny

which spread to become the First Indian War of Independence. Following this war administrative functions were


After this revolt was brutally suppressed by the British, India came under the direct control of the British crown.






like cotton and tea causing widespread famines.[9]


for the British in India and began building its irrigation system for increasing agricultural production. When Western

education was introduced in India, Indians were quite influenced by it, but the glaring inequalities between the

British ideals of governance and their treatment of Indians became clear. In response to racist treatment, the educated

Indians and the ones that knew such inequality was occurring decided to establish the Indian National Congress that


ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA'S DOWNFALL, Concepts in White World Terror Domination

New Imperialism










and in 1923 a bill was passed doubling the salt tax.[10]

Malaysia, Singapore and Burma

After taking control of much of India, the British expanded further into Singapore, Burma and Malaya (modern day

Malaysia) and these became further sources of trade and raw materials for British goods. They also went into

Afghanistan and Tibet to counter Russian expansion.


Colonial government official J.Rozet,

a Indo Eurasian, in negotiation with

tribal chiefs (Roti Islanders), Pariti,

Timor, 1896.




principle just another trading power among many, establishing trading posts and


gradually extended their small nations sovereignty over most of the islands in





Indies however fought the British before surrendering the colony. He was

replaced by Raffles.[11]



displacement of the indigenous islanders.[12]










Malay Archipelago"[14]








ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA'S DOWNFALL, Concepts in White World Terror Domination

New Imperialism



superintends the Government plantations."






A shocked mandarin in Manchu robes in the back, with

Queen Victoria (United Kingdom), Wilhelm II


and Emperor Meiji (Japan) discussing how to cut up a


In 1839, China found itself fighting the First Opium War with

Britain. China was defeated, and in 1842 agreed to the provisions


and certain ports, including Shanghai and Guangzhou, were



to the terms of the 1858 Treaty of Tientsin and the 1860

Convention of Peking. The treaty opened new ports to trade and

allowed foreigners to travel in the interior. Missionaries gained the

right to propagate Christianityanother means of Western

penetration. The United States and Russia obtained the same

prerogatives in separate treaties.

Toward the end of the 19th century, China appeared on the way to

territorial dismemberment and economic vassalagethe fate of

India's rulers that played out much earlier. Several provisions of

these treaties caused long-standing bitterness and humiliation

among the Chinese: extraterritoriality (meaning that in a dispute



the right to station foreign warships in Chinese waters.

The rise of Japan since the Meiji Restoration as an imperial power













other southern provinces neighboring its colony in Vietnam.



ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA'S DOWNFALL, Concepts in White World Terror Domination

New Imperialism







had negotiated.















control in 1914 were Liberia and Ethiopia.[15]

British colonies







Cecil Rhodes.









of South Africans, whites and blacks, was the beginning of segregation between the two that lasted until 1989.

Paradoxically, the United Kingdom, a staunch advocate of free trade, emerged in 1914 with not only the largest


reflecting its advantageous position at its inception.

ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA'S DOWNFALL, Concepts in White World Terror Domination

New Imperialism


Belgian colonies


International African Society. Under the façade of being an international scientific and philanthropic association, it

was actually a private holding company of Leopolds. He hired Henry Morton Stanley to explore and colonize the


diamonds, and metals. Up until this point, Africa was known as the Dark Continentbecause rapids on the Congo

River had previously made exploration of this area impossible. Over the next few years, Stanley overpowered and

made treaties with over 450 native tribes, acquiring him over 905000 square miles (unknown operator: u'strong'


) of land, nearly 67 times the size of Belgium, in the sovereignty of King Leopold II.



own personal nation, called the Congo Free State. The other European countries at the conference allowed this to


trade, and encourage missions to Christianize and educate the people of the Congo. However, Leopold IIs primary

focus was to make a large profit on the natural resources, particularly ivory and rubber. In order to make this profit,



returned with enough rubber or ivory to fill their quota, and if they couldnt, their family would be killed. The

workers themselves also might be tortured, flogged, or mutilated. When villages refused, they were burned down, the

children of the village murdered and the men had their hands cut off. These policies led to uprisings that were feeble

compared to the European military and technological might. They opposed the forced labor in other ways, by fleeing



These rebellions were brutally crushed by the FP (Force Publique) which was composed of all whites; a mixture of

Belgian soldiers and mercenaries. They went into the forests where refugees had escaped and killed them

mercilessly. In fact, they would bring back a hand for every man they killed to show they were not wasting

ammunition. If the FP missed a shot or hunted game, they would cut the hands of innocent living people in order to

match the number of bullets used to the number of hands brought back. This genocide was so widespread and

effervescent, that the population of the area actually decreased from approximately 20-30 million people to 9 million

people during his reign. It is estimated that 10-15 million people lost their lives. King Leopold II sure did make his

profits and had a 700% profit ratio for the rubber he took from Congo and exported. He used propaganda to keep the



showing how he was supposedly civilizing and educating the natives of the Congo. After the Belgian government

found out about the atrocities that were being committed in the Congo, they annexed the land and renamed it Belgian

Congo, removing it from the personal power of their king, Leopold II. Of all the colonies that were conquered during

the wave of New Imperialism, the people of the Congo River Basin suffered the worst treatment by their oppressors

compared to other colonized peoples.[16][17][18]

ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA'S DOWNFALL, Concepts in White World Terror Domination

New Imperialism



Dupetit Thouars taking over Tahiti on September

9, 1842.

In Oceania France got a leading position as imperial power after

making Tahiti and New Caledonia protectorates in 1842 and 1853


After navy visits to Easter Island in 1875 and 1887

Chilean navy officer Policarpo Toro managed to negotiate an


occupying Easter Island, Chile joined the imperial nations.[20](p53)



United States, Germany and Chile.[19]

Imperial rivalries





caused a marked cooling of her relations with France.









World War I and II.


The British government (as well as the other European imperialist governments) gave many excuses to the public for












marriage, and other "savage" things. This humanitarian ideal was described in poems such as the "White Man's

Burden" and other literature. Oftentimes, the humanitarianism was sincere, but with misguided choices. Although

some imperialists were trying to be sincere with the notion of humanitarianism, their choices might not have been

best for the areas they were conquering and the natives living there.[21]

ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA'S DOWNFALL, Concepts in White World Terror Domination

New Imperialism


Dutch Ethical Policy

Dutch, Indo-Eurasian and Javanese professors of

law at the opening of the Rechts Hogeschool in


The Dutch Ethical Policy refers to the dominant reformist and liberal

political character of colonial policy in the Dutch East Indies during

the 20th century. In 1901, the Dutch Queen Wilhelmina announced

that the Netherlands accepted an ethical responsibility for the welfare

of their colonial subjects. This announcement was a sharp contrast with

the former official doctrine that Indonesia was mainly a wingewest


policy; whereas other colonial powers usually talked of a civilizing

mission, which mainly involved spreading their culture to colonized


The Dutch Ethical Policy (Dutch: Ethische Politiek) emphasised

improvement in material living conditions. The policy suffered,


establishment, and it had largely ceased to exist by the onset of the Great Depression in 1930.[22][23]

It did however



The accumulation theory adopted by Karl Kautsky, John A. Hobson and popularized by Lenin centered on the





the United States and Russia  which were in fact net borrowers of foreign capital. Also, military and bureaucratic











of being the first to modernize."

ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA'S DOWNFALL, Concepts in White World Terror Domination

New Imperialism


Other Readings

••Ankerl, Guy: Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. INU


•Recent imperial historians: Porter, P.J. Cain and A.G Hopkins contest Hobson's conspiratorial overtones and

"reductionism," but do not reject the influence of "the City's" financial interests.


[1]"Corn Law." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 10 Nov. 2010.


[2]"Franco-German War." Encyclopædia Britannica.2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 10 Nov. 2010


[3]Kindleberger, C. P., (1961), Foreign Trade and Economic Growth: Lessons from Britain and France, 1850-1913, The Economic History


[4]Porter, B., (1996), The Lions Share: A Short History of British Imperialism 1850-1995, (London: Longman), pp.118ff.

[5]Lambert, Tim. England in the 19th Century.Localhistories.org. 2008. 9 Nov. 2010 .

[6]Coyne, Christopher J. and Steve Davies. "Empire: Public Goods and Bads" (Jan 2007). (http:/ / econjwatch. org/ issues/




[9]Late Victorian Holocausts

[10]History of the British salt tax in India

[11]Bongenaar K.E.M. De ontwikkeling van het zelfbesturend landschap in Nederlandsch-Indië.(Publisher: Walburg Press) ISBN


[12]With a notable and dramatic exception in the island of Banda during the VOC era. See: Hanna, Willard A. Indonesian Banda: Colonialism

and its Aftermath in the Nutmeg Islands.(1991).

[13]This strategy was already established by the VOC, which independently acted as a semi-souvereign state within the Dutch state. See: Boxer,

C.R. The Dutch Seaborne Empire: 1600-1800.(London, 1965) and (http:/ / www. colonialvoyage. com/ eng/ voc/ index. html)

[14]Wallace, Alfred Russel (1869) 'The Malay Archipelago', (Publisher: Harper, 1869.) Chapter VII (http:/ / www. papuaweb. org/ dlib/ bk/

wallace/ indo-malay. html#vii)

[15]Historical Map of Africa (http:/ / unimaps. com/ africa1914/ index. html)


University Press 2008. Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World: (e-reference edition). Oxford University Press. 18 November 2010 http:/ /

www. oxford-modernworld. com/ entry?entry=t254. e352



[19]Bernard Eccleston, Michael Dawson. 1998. The Asia-Pacific Profile. Routledge. p. 250.


[21]Winks, Robin W. "Imperialism." Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online, 2010. Web. 18 Nov. 2010.


social welfare: Indonesias experiences under the New Order (Leiden: Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 1993), pp.



ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA'S DOWNFALL, Concepts in White World Terror Domination

New Imperialism


External links

•J.A. Hobson's Imperialism: A Study: A Centennial Retrospective by Professor Peter Cain (http:/ / www. yale. edu/

iss/ Hobson-Imperialism-Yale-ISS-Cain. pdf)

•Extensive information on the British Empire (http:/ / www. britishempire. co. uk)

•British Empire (http:/ / www. btinternet. com/ ~britishempire/ empire/ empire. htm)

•The Empire Strikes Out: The "New Imperialism" and Its Fatal Flaws by Ivan Eland, director of defense policy

studies at the Cato Institute. (http:/ / www. cato. org/ pubs/ pas/ pa-459es. html) (an article comparing

contemporary defense policy with those of New Imperialism (18701914)

•The Martian Chronicles: History Behind the Chronicles New Imperialism 1870-1914 (http:/ / www. angelfire.

com/ nb/ martian/ newimp. htm)

•1- Coyne, Christopher J. and Steve Davies. "Empire: Public Goods and Bads" (Jan 2007). (http:/ / www.

econjournalwatch. org/ pdf/ CoyneDaviesCommentJanuary2007. pdf)

•http:/ / www. fordham. edu/ halsall/ mod/ modsbook34. html

•http:/ / www. columbia. edu/ ~lt95/ altlect14. htm (a course syllabus)

•The 19th Century: The New Imperialism (http:/ / www. gpc. edu/ ~proseman/ Imperialism. htm) Broken Link


econjournalwatch. org/ pdf/ CoyneDaviesCommentJanuary2007. pdf)

ROOT EVILS OF AFRIKA'S DOWNFALL, Concepts in White World Terror Domination

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