The C# Station Tutorial

by Joe Mayo
created 8/27/00, updated 10/6/01, 3/12/03, 1/22/05, 2/21/08, 4/29/08, 8/16/08, 10/11/08, 1/12/09, 9/2/11

Lesson 2: Operators, Types, and Variables

This lesson introduces C# operators, types, and variables. Its goal is to meet the following objectives:

  • Understand what a variable is.
  • Familiarization with C# built-in types.
  • Get an introduction to C# operators.
  • Learn how to use Arrays.

Variables and Types


C# is a "Strongly Typed" language. Thus all operations on variables are performed with consideration of what the variable's "Type" is. There are rules that define what operations are legal in order to maintain the integrity of the data you put in a variable.


The Boolean Type


Listing 2-1. Displaying Boolean Values: Boolean.cs
using System;

    public static void Main()
        bool content = true;
        bool noContent = false;


In Listing 2-1, the boolean values are written to the console as a part of a sentence. The only legal values for the bool type are either true or false, as shown by the assignment of true to content and false to noContent. When run, this program produces the following output:

The statement above is not False. 

Integral Types


Type Size (in bits) Range
sbyte 8 -128 to 127
byte 8 0 to 255
short 16 -32768 to 32767
ushort 16 0 to 65535
int 32 -2147483648 to 2147483647
uint 32 0 to 4294967295
long 64 -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807
ulong 64 0 to 18446744073709551615
char 16 0 to 65535


Floating Point and Decimal Types


Table 2-2. The Floating Point and Decimal Types with Size, precision, and Range
Type Size (in bits) precision Range
double 64 15-16 digits 5.0 x 10-324 to 1.7 x 10308
decimal 128 28-29 decimal places 1.0 x 10-28 to 7.9 x 1028


The string Type

A string is a sequence of text characters. You typically create a string with a string literal, enclosed in quotes: "This is an example of a string." You've seen strings being used in Lesson 1, where we used the Console.WriteLine method to send output to the console.

Some characters aren't printable, but you still need to use them in strings. Therefore, C# has a special syntax where characters can be escaped to represent non-printable characters. For example, it is common to use newlines in text, which is represented by the '\n' char. The backslash, '\', represents the escape. When preceded by the escape character, the 'n' is no longer interpreted as an alphabetical character, but now represents a newline.

You may be now wondering how you could represent a backslash character in your code. We have to escape that too by typing two backslashes, as in '\\'. table 2-3 shows a list of common escape sequences.

Table 2-3. C# Character Escape Sequences
Escape Sequence Meaning
\' Single Quote
\" Double Quote
\\ Backslash
\0 Null, not the same as the C# null value
\a Bell
\b Backspace
\f form Feed
\n Newline
\r Carriage Return
\t Horizontal Tab
\v Vertical Tab

Another useful feature of C# strings is the verbatim literal, which is a string with a @ symbol prefix, as in @"Some string". Verbatim literals make escape sequences translate as normal characters to enhance readability. To appreciate the value of verbatim literals, consider a path statement such as "c:\\topdir\\subdir\\subdir\\myapp.exe". As you can see, the backslashes are escaped, causing the string to be less readable. You can improve the string with a verbatim literal, like this: @"c:\topdir\subdir\subdir\myapp.exe".

That is fine, but now you have the problem where quoting text is not as easy. In that case, you would specify double double quotes. For example, the string "copy \"c:\\source file name with spaces.txt\" c:\\newfilename.txt" would be written as the verbatim literal @"copy ""c:\source file name with spaces.txt"" c:\newfilename.txt".

C# Operators


Table 2-4. Operators with their precedence and Associativity
Category (by precedence) Operator(s) Associativity
Primary x.y  f(x)  a[x]  x++  x--  new  typeof  default  checked  unchecked delegate left
Unary +  -  !  ~  ++x  --x  (T)x right
Multiplicative *  /  % left
Additive +  - left
Shift <<  >> left
Relational <  >  <=  >=  is as left
Equality ==  != right
Logical AND & left
Logical XOR ^ left
Logical OR | left
Conditional AND && left
Conditional OR || left
Null Coalescing ?? left
Ternary ?: right


Most operators are either unary or binary. Unary operators form expressions on a single variable, but binary operators form expressions with two variables. Listing 2-2 demonstrates how unary operators are used.

Listing 2-2. Unary Operators: Unary.cs
using System;

class Unary
    public static void Main()
        int unary = 0;
        int preIncrement;
        int preDecrement;
        int postIncrement;
        int postDecrement;
        int positive;
        int negative;
        sbyte bitNot;
        bool logNot;

        preIncrement = ++unary;
        Console.WriteLine("pre-Increment: {0}", preIncrement);

        preDecrement = --unary;
        Console.WriteLine("pre-Decrement: {0}", preDecrement);

        postDecrement = unary--;
        Console.WriteLine("Post-Decrement: {0}", postDecrement);

        postIncrement = unary++;
        Console.WriteLine("Post-Increment: {0}", postIncrement);

        Console.WriteLine("Final Value of Unary: {0}", unary);

        positive = -postIncrement;
        Console.WriteLine("Positive: {0}", positive);

        negative = +postIncrement;
        Console.WriteLine("Negative: {0}", negative);

        bitNot = 0;
        bitNot = (
        Console.WriteLine("Bitwise Not: {0}", bitNot);

        logNot =
        logNot = !logNot;
        Console.WriteLine("Logical Not: {0}", logNot);

When evaluating expressions, post-increment (x++) and post-decrement (x--) operators return their current value and then apply the operators. However, when using pre-increment (++x) and pre-decrement (--x) operators, the operator is applied to the variable prior to returning the final value.

In Listing 2-2, the unary variable is initialized to zero. When the pre-increment (++x) operator is used, unary is incremented to 1 and the value 1 is assigned to the preIncrement variable. The pre-decrement (--x) operator turns unary back to a 0 and then assigns the value to the preDecrement variable.

When the post-decrement (x--) operator is used, the value of unary, 0, is placed into the postDecrement variable and then unary is decremented to -1. Next the post-increment (x++) operator moves the current value of unary, -1, to the postIncrement variable and then increments unary to 0.

The variable bitNot is initialized to 0 and the bitwise not (~) operator is applied. The bitwise not (~) operator flips the bits in the variable. In this case, the binary representation of 0, "00000000", was transformed into -1, "11111111".

While the (~) operator works by flipping bits, the logical negation operator (!) is a logical operator that works on bool values, changing true to false or false to true. In the case of the logNot variable in Listing 2-2, the value is initialized to false, and the next line applies the logical negation operator, (!), which returns true and reassigns the new value, true, to logNot. Essentially, it is toggling the value of the bool variable, logNot.

The setting of positive is a little tricky. At the time that it is set, the postIncrement variable is equal to -1. Applying the minus (-) operator to a negative number results in a positive number, meaning that positive will equal 1, instead of -1. The minus operator (-), which is not the same as the pre-decrement operator (--), doesn't change the value of postInc - it just applies a sign negation. The plus operator (+) doesn't affect the value of a number, assigning negative with the same value as postIncrement, -1.

Notice the expression (sbyte)(~bitNot). Any operation performed on types sbyte, byte, short, or ushort return int values. To assign the result into the bitNot variable we had to use a cast, (Type), operator, where Type is the type you wish to convert to (in this case - sbyte). The cast operator is shown as the Unary operator, (T)x, in table 2-4. Cast operators must be performed explicity when you go from a larger type to a smaller type because of the potential for lost data. Generally speaking, assigning a smaller type to a larger type is no problem, since the larger type has room to hold the entire value. Also be aware of the dangers of casting between signed and unsigned types. You want to be sure to preserve the integrity of your data. Many basic programming texts contain good descriptions of bit representations of variables and the dangers of explicit casting.

Here's the output from the Listing 2-2:

pre-Increment: 1
pre-Decrement 0
Post-Decrement: 0
Post-Increment: -1
Final Value of Unary: 0
Positive: 1
Negative: -1
Bitwise Not: -1
Logical Not: true 

In addition to unary operators, C# has binary operators that form expressions of two variables. Listing 2-3 shows how to use the binary operators.

Listing 2-3. Binary Operators: Binary.cs
using System;

class Binary
    public static void Main()
        int x, y, result;
        float floatresult;

        x = 7;
        y = 5;

        result = x+y;
        Console.WriteLine("x+y: {0}", result);

        result = x-y;
        Console.WriteLine("x-y: {0}", result);

        result = x*y;
        Console.WriteLine("x*y: {0}", result);

        result = x/y;
        Console.WriteLine("x/y: {0}", result);

        floatresult = (
        Console.WriteLine("x/y: {0}", floatresult);

        result = x%y;
        Console.WriteLine("x%y: {0}", result);

        result += x;
        Console.WriteLine("result+=x: {0}", result);

And here's the output:

x+y: 12
x-y: 2
x*y: 35
x/y: 1
x/y: 1.4
x%y: 2
result+=x: 9

Listing 2-3 shows several examples of binary operators. As you might expect, the results of addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), and division (/) produce the expected mathematical results.

The floatresult variable is a floating point type. We explicitly cast the integer variables x and y to calculate a floating point value.

There is also an example of the remainder(%) operator. It performs a division operation on two values and returns the remainder.

The last statement shows another form of the assignment with operation (+=) operator. Any time you use the assignment with operation operator, it is the same as applying the binary operator to both the left hand and right hand sides of the operator and putting the results into the left hand side. The example could have been written as result = result + x; and returned the same value.

The Array Type

Another data type is the Array, which can be thought of as a container that has a list of storage locations for a specified type. When declaring an Array, specify the type, name, dimensions, and size.

Listing 2-4. Array Operations: Array.cs
using System;

class Array
    public static void Main()
        int[] myInts = { 5, 10, 15 };
        myBools[0] =
new bool[2];
        myBools[1] =
new bool[1];
        double[,] myDoubles = new double[2, 2];
        string[] myStrings = new string[3];


        myBools[0][0] =
        myBools[0][1] =
        myBools[1][0] =

        myDoubles[0, 0] = 3.147;
        myDoubles[0, 1] = 7.157;
        myDoubles[1, 1] = 2.117;
        myDoubles[1, 0] = 56.00138917;

        myStrings[0] = "Joe";
        myStrings[1] = "Matt";
        myStrings[2] = "Robert";


And here's the output:

myInts[0]: 5, myInts[1]: 10, myInts[2]: 15
myBools[0][0]: true, myBools[1][0]: true
myDoubles[0, 0]: 3.147, myDoubles[1, 0]: 56.00138917
myStrings[0]: Joe, myStrings[1]: Matt, myStrings[2]: Robert

Listing 2-4 shows different implementations of Arrays. The first example is the myInts Array, which is a single-dimension array. It is initialized at declaration time with explicit values.

Next is a jagged array, myBools. It is essentially an array of arrays. We needed to use the new operator to instantiate the size of the primary array and then use the new operator again for each sub-array.

The third example is a two dimensional array, myDoubles. Arrays can be multi-dimensional, with each dimension separated by a comma. It must also be instantiated with the new operator.

One of the differences between jagged arrays, myBools[][], and multi-dimension arrays, myDoubles[,], is that a multi-dimension array will allocate memory for every element of each dimension, whereas a jagged array will only allocate memory for the size of each array in each dimension that you define. Most of the time, you'll be using multi-dimension arrays, if you need multiple dimensions, and will only use jagged arrays in very special circumstances when you are able to save significant memory by explicitly specifying the sizes of the arrays in each dimension.

Finally, we have the single-dimensional array of string types, myStrings.

In each case, you can see that array elements are accessed by identifying the integer index for the item you wish to refer to. Arrays sizes can be any int type value. Their indexes begin at 0.


A variable is an identifier with a type that holds a value of that type. Simple types include the integrals, floating points, decimal, and bool. C# has several mathematical and logical operators that participate in forming expressions. C# also offers the single dimension, multi-dimension and jagged array types.

In this lesson you learned how to write simple statements and code a program that works linearly from start to finish. However, this is not as useful as it can be because you need to be able to make decisions and execute different blocks of code depending on different conditions. I invite you to return for Lesson 3: Control Statements - Selection, where you can learn how to branch your logic for more powerful decision making.

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