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Fennec fox

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Fennec fox
Fennec Foxes.jpg
Two fennec foxes.
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Caniformia
Family: Canidae
Genus: Vulpes
Species: V. zerda
Binomial name
Vulpes zerda
(Zimmermann, 1780)
Fennec area.png
Fennec range

The fennec fox or fennec (Vulpes zerda) is a small nocturnal fox found in the Sahara of North Africa. Its most distinctive feature is its unusually large ears, which also serve to dissipate heat. Its name comes from the Arabic word فنك (fanak), which means fox, and the species name zerda comes from the Greek word xeros which means dry, referring to the fox's habitat.[2] The fennec is the smallest species of canid. Its coat, ears, and kidney functions have adapted to high-temperature, low-water, desert environments. In addition, its hearing is sensitive enough to hear prey moving underground. It mainly eats insects, small mammals, and birds.

The fennec has a life span of up to 14 years in captivity. Its main predators are the African varieties of eagle owl. Families of fennecs dig out dens in sand for habitation and protection, which can be as large as 120 m2 (1,292 sq ft) and adjoin the dens of other families. Precise population figures are not known but are estimated from the frequency of sightings; these indicate that the animal is currently not threatened by extinction. Knowledge of social interactions is limited to information gathered from captive animals. The species is usually assigned to the genus Vulpes; however, this is debated due to differences between the fennec fox and other fox species. The fennec's fur is prized by the indigenous peoples of North Africa, and in some parts of the world, the animal is considered an exotic pet.


The fennec fox weighs about 1.5–3.5 lb (0.68–1.59 kg), with a body length of between 24–41 cm (9–16 in); it is around 20.3 cm (8 in) tall.[3] It is the smallest species of canid in the world.[4] The tail has a black tip and is 18–31 cm (7–12 in) long, while the ears can be between 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) long.[5][6][7]

The coat is often a cream color and fluffy, which deflects heat during the day and keeps the fox warm at night.[3] The fennec's characteristic ears are the largest among all foxes relative to body size,[3] and serve to dissipate heat, as they have many blood vessels close to the skin.[8] The ears of a fennec are sensitive enough to hear prey that may be underground;[5] the soles of its feet are protected from the hot desert sand by thick fur.[3]


In captivity

The species was previously classified in the genus Fennecus, but has since been reclassified to the genus Vulpes which includes a variety of other types of foxes.[2] Scientists have noted that while there are similarities, there are many differences that set the fennec fox apart from other fox species, including both physical and social traits.[9] This has led to two conflicting classifications: Vulpes zerda, implying that the fennec fox is a true fox, and Fennecus zerda, implying that the fennec fox belongs to its own genus.[10]

Physically, the fennec lacks the musk glands of other fox species,[9] and has only 32 chromosome pairs, while other fox species have between 35 and 39.[11] The species also displays behaviors uncharacteristic of foxes, such as living in packs while most other fox species are solitary.[9]

Arctic fox

Kit fox

Corsac fox

Rüppell's fox

Red fox

Cape fox

Blanford's fox

Fennec fox[12](Fig. 10)

Raccoon dog

Bat-eared fox


Social behavior

"A greyscale sketch of a group of long eared foxes on a rocky outcrop in a desert. There is a crumbling brick building to the left and two of the foxes are on lookout."
An 1876 sketch of a pack of fennec foxes

Information on fennec fox social behavior is mainly based on captive animals. The basic social unit is thought to be a mated pair and their offspring, and the young of the previous year are believed to remain in the family even after a new litter is born. Playing behavior is common, including among adults of the species.[13] Fennec foxes make a variety of sounds, including barking, a purring sound similar to that of a domestic cat, and a snarl if threatened.[14]

Captive animals engage in highly social behavior, typically resting while in contact with each other. Males tend to show more aggression and urine-marking around the time of the females' estrous cycle. They have been seen to bury feces by pushing soil with their noses or hind feet when in captivity. Much remains unknown of their basic ecology and behavior in the wild, and a 2004 report by the International Union for Conservation of Nature stated that "in-depth study of the species, with particular emphasis on habitat use and population dynamics in the wild, is overdue."[13]

Diet and hunting


The fennec fox is an omnivore. Food sources include plants, rodents, insects, birds, eggs,[5] and rabbits.[15][16] An individual can jump up to 2 ft (61 cm) high and 4 ft (120 cm) forward, which helps it catch prey and escape predators.[3] When hunting, large eared foxes such as the fennec, or the bat-eared fox, can seem to stare at the ground while they rotate their heads from side to side to pinpoint the location of prey, either underground or hidden above ground.[8] There are reports that fennec foxes climb date palms while foraging for fruit; however, some experts consider these reports unlikely unless low branches are available for support.[17]

The species is able to live without free water, as its kidneys are adapted to restrict water loss. A fennec's burrowing can cause the formation of dew. They are also known to absorb water through food consumption; but will drink water if available.[5]


See caption.
Close up of the head of a fennec fox

Fennec foxes are social animals that mate for life, with each pair or family controlling their own territory.[18] Sexual maturity is reached at around nine months old. In the wild, mating usually occurs between January and February for litters to be born between March and April. However, in captivity most litters are born later, between March and July, although births can occur year-round.[13] The species usually breeds only once each year.[19] The copulation tie has been recorded as lasting up to two hours and 45 minutes.[20] Following mating, the male becomes very aggressive and protective of the female, providing her with food during her pregnancy and lactation periods.[13]

Gestation is usually between 50 and 52 days, although there have been 62- and 63-day gestation periods reported from foxes in captivity. The typical litter is between one and four kits, with weaning taking place at around 61 to 70 days.[13] When born, the kit's ears are folded over and its eyes are closed, with the eyes opening at around ten days and the ears lifting soon afterward.[19] The life span of a fennec fox has been recorded as up to 14 years in captivity.[13]


"A light brown fox is held in one hand of a person. It's large ears are sticking out horizontally.
A ten-month-old fennec fox

The species is found in North Africa and Asia. The range is from Morocco through to Egypt, as far south as northern Niger and as far east as the Sinai Peninsula and Kuwait.[21]

A fennec fox's typical den is dug in sand, either in open areas or places sheltered by plants with stable sand dunes considered to be their ideal habitat. In compacted soils, dens can be up to 120 square meters, with up to 15 different entrances. In some cases different families interconnect their dens, or locate them close together. In soft, looser sand, dens tend to be simpler with only one entrance leading to a single chamber.[13]


The fennec fox is classified as "least concern" on the IUCN Red List,[1] and as a CITES Appendix II species: species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but whose trade must be controlled to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival.[22][23] It is often hunted by humans, though it does not cause any direct harm to human interests, such as livestock.[5] Like other foxes, it is prized for its fur by the indigenous people of the Sahara and Sinai.[24]

Current statistics on population are not known, but the population is assumed to be adequate based on observations of traders commonly trapping fennec foxes in Northern Africa for exhibition or sale to tourists. In southern Morocco, the fennec fox is commonly seen in sandy areas away from permanent human settlements.[10]


The fennec fox's main predators are the various African varieties of eagle owl.[19] Other possible predators include caracals, jackals, striped hyenas, and the saluki, a greyhound-like domestic dog local to the area. However, fennec foxes are considered very difficult to capture, and reports of predators other than the eagle owl are considered to be anecdotal and questionable.[13][19][25]

Fennec foxes are commonly trapped for sale to the pet trade and for fur by the human population of Northern Africa. In southern Morocco in particular, their meat is not eaten because it is considered to be foul smelling.[13]

As pets

See caption.
A pet fennec scratching an ear with a hind foot.

The fennec fox is bred commercially as an exotic house pet.[6] Breeders tend to remove the young kits from the mother to hand-rear, as owners prefer tamer and more handleable foxes, thereby making them more expensive.[19]

The species is classified a "small wild/exotic canid" by the United States Department of Agriculture, along with the coyote, dingo, jackal, and Arctic fox,[26] and is considered the only species of fox, other than the Russian domesticated red fox, which can properly be kept as a pet. Although it cannot be considered domesticated, it can be kept in a domestic setting similar to dogs or cats.[27] A breeders' registry has been set up in the United States to avoid any problems associated with inbreeding.[19] The legality of owning a fennec fox varies by jurisdiction, as with many exotic pets.[28][29]

Cultural depictions

The fennec fox is the national animal of Algeria.[30] It also serves as the nickname for the Algeria national football team: "Les Fennecs".[31]

Fennec is the code name for Mozilla's Firefox for mobile project.[32]

A fennec fox named Finnick was depicted in Disney's Zootopia as a cute animal that turns out to be a smooth operator who is a partner-in-crime to Nick Wilde, the film's secondary protagonist. As a result of the popularity of the movie, the LA Times reported that Chinese children are begging their parents to procure the animals as pets.[33]


  1. ^ a b Asa CS, Valdespino C, Cuzin F, de Smet K & Jdeidi T (2008). "Vulpes zerda". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 2 December 2008. 
  2. ^ a b "FENNEC FOX (Fennecus zerda a.k.a. Vulpes zerda)". The Animals at Wildworks. Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2009. 
  3. ^ a b c d e Nobleman, Marc Tyler (2007). Foxes. Benchmark Books (NY). pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-0-7614-2237-2. Retrieved 19 December 2009. 
  4. ^ "Small Mammals: Fennec Fox". Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Retrieved 17 December 2009. 
  5. ^ a b c d e "Fennec Fox". Retrieved 19 December 2009. 
  6. ^ a b Roots, Clive (2006). Nocturnal Animals. Greenwood Press. pp. 162–163. ISBN 978-0-313-33546-4. 
  8. ^ a b Rogers, Leslie J. (2003). Spirit of the Wild Dog: The World of Wolves, Coyotes, Foxes, Jackals and Dingoes. Allen & Unwin. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-1-86508-673-6. Retrieved 19 December 2009. 
  9. ^ a b c Waltz, Donna Maria (7 February 2008). "The Desert Fox". Retrieved 21 December 2009. 
  10. ^ a b "Vulpes zerda". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on 20 October 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2009. 
  11. ^ Wrenin, Eddie (24 June 2009). "Gotta catch them all! The Pokémon cubs receive their first public showing at Tokyo Zoo". Daily Mail. Retrieved 21 December 2009. 
  12. ^ Lindblad-Toh, K.; Wade, CM; Mikkelsen, TS; Karlsson, EK; Jaffe, DB; Kamal, M; Clamp, M; Chang, JL; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog" (PDF). Nature. 438 (7069): 803–819. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006. 
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Hoffman, Michael; Mech, Dave (2004). Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. World Conservation Union. pp. 208–209. ISBN 978-2-8317-0786-0. Retrieved 19 December 2009. 
  14. ^ Alderton, p. 146.
  15. ^ Fennec fox.
  16. ^ Alderton, p. 144.
  17. ^ Alderton, pp. 144–5.
  18. ^ "Fennec fox". BBC Science and Nature. July 2008. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2009. 
  19. ^ a b c d e f Roots, Clive (2007). Domestication. Greenwood. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-0-313-33987-5. Retrieved 14 January 2010. 
  20. ^ Valdespino, Carolina, Cheryl S. Asa, and Joan E. Bauman. "Estrous cycles, copulation, and pregnancy in the fennec fox (Vulpes zerda)." Journal of Mammalogy 83.1 (2002): 99-109.
  21. ^ "Fennec Fox". Wildlife at Animal Corner. Retrieved 21 December 2009. 
  22. ^ "Fennec Fox". CITES Species Gallery. Retrieved 21 December 2009. 
  23. ^ "How CITES works". Discover CITES. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2009. 
  24. ^ "Fennec Fox Fennecus Zelda". African Bushmeat Expedition. Retrieved 21 December 2009. 
  25. ^ "Fennec Fox" (PDF). Friends of the Rosamond Gifford Zoo. Rosamond Gifford Zoo. 21 November 2005. Retrieved 27 January 2010. 
  26. ^ "Animal Inventory Sheet" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2009. 
  27. ^ "Fennec Foxes – Introduction". Retrieved 21 December 2009. 
  28. ^ "The Fennec Fox Page". Petit Paws Exotics. Retrieved 21 December 2009. 
  29. ^ "Fennec Fox State Laws". Archived from the original on 15 December 2008. Retrieved 21 December 2009. 
  30. ^ Hodges, Kate. "National Animals of African Countries". Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014. 
  31. ^ "Paris salutes Les Fennecs". Archived from the original on 1 June 2010. 
  32. ^ "Mobile/Fennec". Mozilla Wiki. Mozilla Project. Retrieved 9 December 2015. 
  33. ^ "Inspired by 'Zootopia,' kids in China are begging for rare, protected foxes as pets". 2016-03-30. Retrieved 2016-04-01. 


External links