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For other uses, see Labia (disambiguation).
Human Labia (pubic hair has been removed from the labia majora in these pictures):
Top: Woman in standing position, labia minora partly covered
Bottom: Exposing labia minora by spreading labia majora

The labia are anatomical structures that are part of the female genitalia; they are the major externally visible portions of the vulva. In humans, there are two pairs of labia: the outer labia, or labia majora are larger and fattier, while the labia minora are folds of skin between the outer labia. The labia surround and protect the clitoris and the openings of the vagina and urethra.


Labium (plural labia) is a Latin-derived term meaning "Lip". Labium and its derivatives (including labial, labrum) are used to describe any lip-like structure, but in the English language, labium often specifically refers to parts of the vulva.


Left: In their resting state, the labia protect the inner areas of the vulva.
Right: Spreading the labia apart exposes inner areas of the vulva.
A) Anterior commissure of labia majora
B) Clitoral hood
C) Labia minora
D) Labia majora
E) Posterior commissure of labia majora
F) Clitoral glans
G) Inner surface of labia majora
H) Vulvar vestibule
I) Urethra
J) Vaginal orifice
K) Fourchette

The labia majora, also commonly called outer labia or outer lips, are lip-like structures consisting mostly of skin and adipose (fatty) tissue, which extend on either side of the vulva to form the pudendal cleft through the middle. The labia majora often have a plump appearance, and are thicker towards the anterior.[1] The anterior junction of the labia majora is called the anterior commissure, which is below the mons pubis and above the clitoris. To the posterior, the labia majora join at the posterior commissure, which is above the perineum and below the frenulum of the labia minora.

When standing or with the legs together, they usually entirely or partially cover the moist, sensitive inner surfaces of the vulva, which indirectly protects the vagina and urethra,[1] much like the lips protect the mouth.

The outer surface of the labia majora is pigmented skin, and develops pubic hair during puberty. The inner surface is smooth, hairless skin, which resembles a mucous membrane, and is only visible when the inner and outer labia are drawn apart. Both the inner and outer surfaces contain sebaceous glands (oil glands), apocrine sweat glands, and eccrine sweat glands. The labia majora have fewer superficial nerve endings than the rest of the vulva, but the skin is highly vascularized.[2]

The labia minora (obsolete: nymphae), also called inner labia or inner lips, are two soft folds of fat-free, hairless skin between the labia majora. They enclose and protect the vulvar vestibule, urethra and vagina. The upper portion of each labium minora splits to join with both the clitoral glans, and the clitoral hood. The labia minora meet posterially at the frenulum of the labia minora (also known as the fourchette), which is a fold of skin below the vaginal orifice. The fourchette is more prominent in younger women, and often recedes after sexual activity[2] and childbirth.[1]

The internal surface of the labia minora is a thin moist skin, with the appearance of a mucous membrane. They contain many sebaceous glands, and occasionally have eccrine sweat glands. The labia minora have many sensory nerve endings, and have a core of erectile tissue.[1]


Variation in the appearance of women's labia

The coloration, size, length, and shape of the inner labia can vary extensively from woman to woman.[3] In some women the labia minora are almost non-existent, and in others they can be fleshy and protuberant. They can range in color from a light pink in some women to brownish black in others,[4] and texturally can vary between smooth and very rugose.[5] Symmetry varies greatly also, and some women only have one labium minora. Some differences are purely personal, while others may be genetically linked; a striking example of the latter is the elongated labia minora of the Khoisan peoples, whose "khoikhoi aprons" can hang down up to 10 cm (four inches) past their labia majora when they are standing.

Embryonic development and homology[edit]

The biological sex of an individual is determined at conception, which is the moment a sperm fertilizes an ovum,[3] creating a zygote.[6] The chromosome type contained in the sperm determines the sex of the zygote. A Y chromosome results in a male, and an X chromosome results in a female. A male zygote will later grow into an embryo and form testes, which produce androgens (primarily male hormones), usually causing male genitals to be formed. Female genitals will usually be formed in the absence of significant androgen exposure.

The genitals begin to develop after approximately 4 to 6 weeks of gestation.[6] Initially, the external genitals develop the same way regardless of the sex of the embryo, and this period of development is called the sexually indifferent stage.[4] The embroyo develops three distinct external genital structures: a genital tubercle; two urogenital folds, one on either side of the tubercle; and two labioscrotal swellings, each bounding one of the urogenital folds.[2]

Sexual differentiation starts on the internal sex organs at about 5 weeks of gestation, resulting in the formation of either testes in males, or ovaries in females. If testes are formed, they begin to secrete androgens that affect the external genital development at about week 8 or 9 of gestation.[6] The urogenital folds form the labia minora in females, or penile shaft in males. The labioscrotal swellings become the labia majora and mons pubis in females, or fuse to become the scrotum in males. Because the male and female parts develop from the same tissues, this makes them homologous (different versions of the same structure). Sexual differentiation is complete at around 12 weeks of gestation.[3][6]

Changes over time[edit]

Illustration of the Tanner scale for females, which is a scale for tracking physical changes that occur during puberty. Progression of pubic hair growth can be seen on the right.

The genital tissues are greatly influenced by natural fluctuations in hormone levels, which lead to changes in labia size, appearance, and elasticity at various life stages. At birth, the labia minora are well-developed, and the labia majora appear plump due to being exposed to maternal hormones in the womb. The labia majora have the same color as the surrounding skin. Labial adhesions can occur between the ages of 3 months and 2 years, and may make the vulva look flat. These adhesions are not usually a cause for concern, and usually disappear without treatment. Treatment options may include estrogen cream, manual separation with local anesthesia, or surgical separation under sedation.[2]

During early childhood, the labia majora look flat and smooth because of decreasing levels of body fat, and the diminished effects of maternal hormones. The labia minora become less prominent.

During puberty, increased hormone levels often significantly change the appearance of the labia. The labia minora become more elastic, prominent, and wrinkled. The labia majora regain fat, and begin growing pubic hair close to the pudendal cleft. Hair is initially sparse and straight, but gradually becomes darker, denser, and curlier as growth spreads outward and upward toward the thighs and mons pubis. At the end of puberty, pubic hair will be coarse, curly, and fairly thick. The patch of pubic hair covering the genitals will eventually often form a triangle shape.[4]

By adulthood, the outer surface of the labia majora may be darker than the surrounding skin, and may have wrinkles similar to those on a male's scrotum. During the reproductive years, if a woman delivers a child, the fourchette will flatten. Pregnancy may cause the labia minora to darken in color.[3]

Later in life, the labia majora once again gradually lose fat, becoming flatter and more wrinkled, and pubic hair turns grey. Following menopause, falling hormone levels cause further changes to the labia. The labia minora atrophy, making them become less elastic, and pubic hair on the labia majora becomes more sparse.[2]

Sexual arousal and response[edit]

Left: A vulva in the resting, unaroused state.
Right: The woman is sexually aroused, causing the inner and outer labia to swell, the labia majora to recede slightly, and the vulva to become lubricated.

The labia are one of a woman's erogenous zones. The labia minora are sexually responsive,[7] and sensitivity varies greatly between women. In some women, they are so sensitive that anything other than light touch may be uncomfortable, whereas stimulation may elicit no sexual response in others. The labia may be sexually stimulated as part of masturbation or with a sex partner, such as by fingering or oral sex. Moving the labia minora can also stimulate the extremely sensitive clitoris.

During sexual arousal, the labia majora swell due to increased blood flow to the region,[6] and draw back,[3] opening the vulva slightly. The labia minora become engorged with blood, causing them to expand in diameter by two to three times, and darken or redden in color.[6] Because pregnancy and childbirth increase genital vascularity, the inner and outer labia will engorge faster in women who have had children.[6]

After a period of sexual stimulation, the labia minora will become further engorged with blood approximately 30 seconds to 3 minutes before orgasm,[6] causing them to redden further.[6][8] In women who have had children, the labia majora may also swell significantly during this period, becoming a dark red. Continued stimulation can result in an orgasm, and the orgasmic contractions help remove blood trapped in the inner and outer labia, as well as the clitoris and other parts of the vulva, which causes pleasurable orgasmic sensations.

Following orgasm or when a woman is no longer sexually aroused, the labia gradually return to their unaroused state.[6] The labia minora return to their original color within 2 minutes, and engorgement dissipates in about 5 to 10 minutes.[4] The labia majora return to their pre-arousal state in approximately 1 hour.[4]

Society and culture[edit]

In many cultures and locations all over the world, the labia, as part of the genitalia, are considered private, or intimate parts, whose exposure (especially in public) is governed by fairly strict socio-cultural mores. In many cases, public exposure is limited, and often prohibited by law.[9][10]

Labia with pubic hair

Views on pubic hair differ between people and between cultures. Some women prefer the look or feel of pubic hair, while others may choose to remove some or all of it for aesthetic or personal reasons. Temporary methods of removal include shaving, trimming, waxing, sugaring and depilatory products while permanent hair removal can be accomplished using electrolysis or laser hair removal.[11] In Korea, pubic hair is considered a sign of fertility, leading some women to have pubic hair transplants.[6]

Some women in western societies are self-conscious about the size, color or asymmetry of their labia. Viewing pornography may influence a woman's view of her genitals.[3][2] Models in pornography frequently have small or non-existent labia minora, and images are often airbrushed,[3][11] so pornographic images frequently do not depict the full range of natural variations of the vulva. This can lead viewers of pornography to have unrealistic expectations about how the labia should look. Similar to how some women develop self-esteem issues from comparing their faces and bodies to airbrushed models in magazines, women who compare their vulvas to idealized pornographic images can sometimes feel like their labia are abnormal. This can have a negative impact on a woman's life, since genital self-consciousness makes it more difficult to enjoy sexual activity, see a gynecologist, or perform a genital self-examination.[3] Developing an awareness for how much the labia truly differ between individuals may help to overcome this self-consciousness.[11]

In some cultures, any of several areas of the female genitals are surgically altered or removed for religious, cultural, perceived hygienic or aesthetic purposes. Terms for these types of procedures include female circumcision, Pharaonic circumcision, intubation, infibulation, and female genital mutilation or cutting.[12][13] In many parts of the world the practice is believed to have ancient origins, but even in countries where it has been widespread in the past, it is now mostly illegal.

Labiaplasty is a controversial plastic surgery procedure that involves the creation or reshaping of the labia.[14] The clinical procedure of labiaplasty alters the appearance of the labia, for cosmetic or medical reasons.

Labia piercing is a cosmetic piercing, usually with a special needle under sterile conditions, of either the inner labia or the outer labia. Jewelry is worn in the resulting opening.

Additional images[edit]

See also[edit]


  1. ^ a b c d Moore, Keith L.; Agur, Anne M. R.; Dalley II, Arthur F. (2010). Essential Clinical Anatomy, Fourth Edition. p. 268. ISBN 9781609131128. 
  2. ^ a b c d e f Farage, Miranda A. (2006). The Vulva - Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology. pp. 1–4, 14, 28–38. ISBN 0-8493-3608-2. 
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Crooks, Robert; Baur, Karla (2014). Our Sexuality. Cengage Learning. pp. 50–54, 113–116, 163–171. ISBN 978-1-133-94336-5. 
  4. ^ a b c d e Jones, Richard E.; Lopez, Kristin H. (2006). Human reproductive biology. Elsevier Science. pp. 55, 133–138, 154, 198–201. 
  5. ^ Lloyd, Jillian et al. (May 2005). "Female genital appearance: ‘normality’ unfolds". British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 112 (5): 643–646. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00517.x. PMID 15842291. 
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Carroll, Janell L. (2011). Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity. Cengage Learning. pp. 86–88, 116–120, 253–256. ISBN 0-495-60274-4. 
  7. ^ Ginger, Van Anh T.; Yang, Claire C. (2011). "Functional Anatomy of the Female Sex Organs" in Cancer and Sexual Health. Humana Press. pp. 13–23. 
  8. ^ Lamanna, Mary Ann; Riedmann, Agnes (2011). Marriages, Families, and Relationships: Making Choices in a Diverse Society. Cengage Learning. pp. A7. 
  9. ^ 617.23, Minnesota Statute
  10. ^ 18-4116 — INDECENT EXPOSURE - Idaho 18-4116 — INDECENT EXPOSURE - Idaho Code :: Justia
  11. ^ a b c Herbenick, Debby; Schick, Vanessa (2011). Read My Lips: A Complete Guide to the Vagina & Vulva. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Inc. pp. 148–158, 165, 233–240. ISBN 978-1-4422-0802-5. 
  12. ^ Health Organization website
  13. ^ Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) - Terminology and the main types of FGM
  14. ^ The Centrefold Project

External links[edit]