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Modules 24-32

Constructivist views of learning are grounded in the research of

many psychologists and educators

Sociological constructivists are concerned primarily with how

public knowledge is created


Both externally and internally directed

Piaget's approach to learning is an example of what type of constructivism?


Vygotsky's notion that learning is inherently social and embedded in a particular cultural setting is
consistent with


Which one of the following ways of learning an applied skill is most consistent with a constructivist

Use realistic materials and a group format to provide support for individuals

The principal characteristics of constructivist teaching are complex, real-life learning environments

social negotiation and shared responsibility

A structure for teaching, developed by Jerome Bruner, that introduces the fundamental structure of al l
subjects during the early school years and then revisits the subjects in increasingly more complex forms
over time, is called what type of curriculum?


should be most appropriate for this purpose?


The guided inquiry morel developed by Magnusson, Palincsar, and their colleagues involves both firsthand investigations and

secondhand investigations



Which one of the following factors is an element of the instructional aspect of instructional

Promotion of complex language and expressions

Which one of the following behaviors is one of the teacher's roles in problem-based learning?

Help students to reflect on their investigations

Which one of the following elements does NOT define a true cooperative learning group?

Homogenous grouping

In organizing cooperative learning groups, Woolfolk suggests that it is best to

balance the number of boys and girls in each group.

Cooperative learning involves the following:

Elaboration, interpretation, and argumentation

Research findings suggest that students who tend to benefit most from cooperative learning
experiences are those who

are active in explaining things to others.

In cooperative learning groups, the role of the student who makes certain no one dominates the group
is called the


Marible was assigned the role of making sure her group understands the learning task. Her role is
referred to as the


The five elements of cooperative learning listed by David and Roger Johnson (1994) include positive
interdependence, individual accountability, group processing, collaborative skills and

face-to-face interactions

Which one of the following students is playing the role of reflector in a cooperative learning group?

Gary makes sure that the group is aware of its progress or lack of progress toward the group goal.

In a cooperative learning situation, the role of the encourager is to

encourage all students to participate.

type of cooperative learning structure?


In using cooperative learning, it is recommended that teachers

use the assignment of roles as a way to encourage participation.


High interdependence

Bandura suggested that the main limitation of traditional views of learning is that these views are


Bandura challenged and expanded his early work on behavioral conceptions of learning by focusing

social learning theory

According to Bandura's theory of self-efficacy, the most important and influential source of self efficacy information comes from

mastery experiences

Ms. Jackson's perception of her capabilities to effectively deal with a particular task is her sense of


When failure does occur, self-regulated learners are LESS likely to

get defensive

The following statement is true about the relation between self-efficacy and self-esteem

There is no relationship between self-efficacy and self-esteem for academic tasks.

In addition to academic learning skills, self-regulated learners have

good self-control abilities

In Bandura's social cognitive learning theory, the interaction among personal factors, environmental
events, and behaviors is called

reciprocal causality.


Personal factors

Mr. Snow, the math teacher, asks parents to facilitate their child's self-regulation by

modeling how to set specific goals.

Which one of the following teaching approaches does Lynn Fuch (2003) recommend for incorporating self-regulated learning strategies into math-problem solving?

At the beginning of each session, students should set new goals based on their previous math

Woolfolk suggests the following strategy for teachers in an effort to involve parents in supporting
self-regulation within their child:

Ask families to keep records in support of the students' self-evaluation of progress

What are the steps involved in self-regulated learning?

Analyzing the task, setting goals, devising plans, enacting strategies

Mr. Jacoby is very effective at encouraging his students to become self-regulated learners because he includes the following in his teaching:

Direct instruction on the aspects of self-regulated learning



Erin is a fifth-grade teacher who has a high degree of efficacy in teaching. Consequently, Erin will
most likely

have a high sense of "withitness."

Research on self-efficacy and achievement suggests that school achievement is improved and self-efficacy is increased when students

receive rewards or other reinforcements based on the quality of their performances.

students can learn from observing others complete a task?

Social cognitive theory

According to Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory, peers

can serve as important models and facilitiate student learning.

Zimmerman's model of self-regulated learning ends the cycle with

the individual reflecting upon what has been learned and thinking about his or her performance.

In Roger Azevedo's research a self-regulation "coach" is

someone who helps students plan their learning and monitor their understanding.

Which one of the following is NOT an essential component of emotional self-regulation?

Solving problems independently rather than asking for help when needed.

The behavior of which one of the following students best describes the fifth motivation question,
which pertains to what the individual is thinking and feeling during an activity?

Anxious Amee, whose worry and anxiety may lead her to make poor choices and procrastinate

On Sunday afternoon, Rick spent a couple of hours picking up discarded bottles and cans from a
picturesque section of the wildlife refuge, even though he knew he would not get paid anything for his
efforts. Rick's motivation is best described as being




Ms. Riley tells the class, "If we have a good lesson on fractions, I will credit each of you with a bonus
point." She is trying to stimulate what type of motivation?


Externally imposed reward systems seem particularly appropriate for students who are

not interested in the subject.

A student's reason for acting is called

locus of causality.

In most humanistic theories, motivation is based on

intrinsic needs.



According to behavioral theory of motivation, students are motivated primarily by a(n)

desire to gain reinforcers for their behavior.

The cognitive approach to motivation is illustrated best by people who respond to

their perceptions of events, not the events themselves.

Maria spent many hours trying to complete her geometry proofs. A cognitive interpretation of
Maria's motivation is that Maria

is attempting to acquire understanding of how the different theorems work.

An "expectancy x value" theory would predict that motivation will necessarily be

zero if either expectation to succeed or the perceived value of a goal is zero

In expectancy x value theory, the two sources of motivation are

projected future outcomes and the value of goals.

Fred has wanted to be a chef since he was a little kid, and he used to bake cookies with his mother.
The behavioral view expert would say that Fred is motivated to be a chef because

of his early childhood reinforcement history



A student's motivation for learning is heavily influenced by his or her perceived

task value

Doug's family is very poor, so he often goes to school with no breakfast and a very small lunch packet. According to Maslow, Doug is failing his classes because what type of needs are not being met?

Deficiency needs

Jeremy's interest in history has been decreasing lately. According to Maslow's theory, what should
the teacher do?

Determine whether his deficiency needs are met.

Which one of the following situations is a valid implication of Maslow's hierarchy for education?

Jennifer, who is feeling ill this week, may show little interest in academic performance



Each situation below represents a need in Maslow's hierarchy. Which of the following students
demonstrates the most basic need that must be satisfied before any other?

Chuck has been threatened by a neighborhood gang

Maslow's hierarchy of needs has been criticized because

people frequently attend to needs in different orders than the hierarchy predicts.

According to attribution theory, students who see the causes of their failures as internal and
controllable will react to those failures by

finding strategies to succeed the next time.

actions to

internal causes.

Pat believes that the reason for her success in reading is the effort she puts into it. Pat is reflecting
what type of locus of control?


As Jim looks at his report card, he remarks to Judy, "I got that B because I really didn't work hard in
Mr. Wedel l's calculus class." According to Weiner, Jim is attributing the cause of his grade to causes
that are

internal, stable, controllable.

Sara attributes failures to internal causes. Consequently, she is likely to blame her poor mark in
science on her

lack of effort.

Harry is apathetic and certain that he is not able to do the work. He makes poor marks in school
and is not inclined to seek help. According to attribution theory, Harry is typical of students who
attribute their failures to causes that are

internal, stable, and uncontrollable.

Participation in communities of practice is emphasized by what theory of motivation?


Anthony said, "I did well because I was lucky." The type of attribution being demonstrated is


The type of learning goal that a person will be most motivated to reach is one that is

specific and moderately difficult.

Dennis often cons his best friends into letting him use one of their papers from last semester for his
assignment in psychology this semester. In terms of goals, what type of learner does Dennis appear to


Students with performance goals as opposed to learning goals are concerned primarily with

looking good in front of others.

Individuals are naturally motivated to learn by

feedback and goal acceptance.



An entity view of ability is consistent with what type of goals?



doubts about his ability.

Which one of the following notions is consistent with the idea that "practice makes perfect"?

Incremental view of ability

Cognitive evaluation theory explains how praise, criticism, grade assignments, and other events
can influence students' intrinsic motivation by affecting their sense of competence and


Students who demonstrate "learned helplessness" are likely to

focus on their failures and not seek assistance.

As need for achievement increases in spite of fear of failure, what type of student will be motivated
to learn?


According to Covington and others, which one of the following would be the strongest indicator of
whether an individual will be motivated to accept new challenges and risks?

Drive for achievement and an incremental view of ability

Sally sets unrealistically high goals for herself but is unsure about her abilities. Woolfolk would be
likely to label Sally as


What type of belief do failure-accepting students have?

Expectation of failure

Ms. Kirkendal l wants to help students develop more positive self-perceptions. What approach is
recommended for her to use?

Raising grades based on individual efforts to improve the work assigned







Cindy faces every classroom situation in exactly the same way: she develops sweaty palms and a
rapid heart beat. Cindy is likely to be helped most by

highly-structured lessons

The following sentence is true about the relationship between motivation and cultural diversity.

When minority students have culturally relevant materials they can be more motivated to learn and teachers are more likely to "catch and hold" their situational interest

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