title=Structure of the Internet: Protocols

From Wikibooks, open books for an open world
Jump to navigation Jump to search

UNIT 2 - ⇑ Structure of the Internet ⇑

← Client server model Protocols TCP/IP protocol stack →

Common Standard Protocols[edit]

Protocol - a set of rules governing the way that devices communicate with each other

With networks and the internet, we need to allow computers to talk to each other. To make sure that a computer talks to another in a way that the other understands, there are sets of rules governing modes of communication. These rules are called protocols. There are many different protocols out there, each defining rules for specific communication types.

Port numbers[edit]

Port number - an application or process specific communication endpoint attached to an IP address

When you send and receive data from a client or server, you will be sending lots of different types of data. To make sure that the data is dealt with by the correct program, for example a website request is dealt with by the web server, you need to add a port number. Each application will have a port number associated with it. For example a web server is port 80 and a game of doom is port 666.

Combining an IP address with a port gives us a socket. This is a direct connection to a process or application on a machine. The following example is connecting to a webserver on

There are many well-known ports out there, here are a few of the ones you might need to know:

Port number Protocol that uses it
21 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
80 & 8080 HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
110 Post Office Protocol v3 (POP3)
143 Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
443 HyperText Transfer Protocol over SSL/TLS (HTTPS)
666 Doom Multiplayer game
989 Secure FTP (SFTP)
23 Telnet
25565 Minecraft Multiplayer Default Port
27015 Source Engine Multiplayer Default Port
Exercise: Port Numbers

What is a port number?


A port number is an application or process specific communication endpoint attached to an IP address

What is the port number that a web server would use?


80 & 8080

Combined, what is an IP and port number called?



What sort of servers are the following referencing:



  • (HTTP)
  • (Doom)
  • (FTP)

Non-secure protocols[edit]

Several of the protocols used to transmit data across networks (including the internet) are not secure. This means that if you are one of the routers that is used to get data from one host to another, you can read the data being sent, this technique is called packet sniffing. Normally this isn't a problem as the data being transmitted isn't secret but reading other people's packets without their permission is a crime in the UK.


File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to copy a file from one host to another over a TCP/IP-based network, such as the Internet. FTP is built on a client-server architecture. FTP users may authenticate themselves using a clear-text (unencrypted) sign-in protocol but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it. FTP works on port 21.

Filezilla is a popular FTP Client and Server



The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a networking protocol behind the World Wide Web. HTTP allows for transmission of Hypertext documents and webpages. HTTP works on ports 80 and 8080.

An HTTP request made using telnet. The request, response headers and response body are highlighted.


Telnet is a network protocol used on the Internet or a local area network to provide text-oriented communications between a server and remote clients. A client will connect to the server using a terminal (black and white command line console) and can then deliver commands to the server to perform things like remote software installation or system updates. Telnet works on several different ports.

telnet connections are often plain black and white text


plus pointYou can telnet from simple clients with inexpensive hardware


minus point Telnet doesn't allow you to use graphics
minus point Telnet can be insecure, most remote connections are now handled by SSH

POP3, SMTP[edit]

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an Internet standard for sending electronic mail (e-mail) across Internet Protocol (IP) networks. SMTP is specified for outgoing mail transport and uses TCP port 25. The protocol for receiving mail is called the Post Office Protocol 3 and it uses port 110.

Note that SMTP sends mail and POP3 receives it

Secure protocols[edit]

Sometimes we need to send data securely over networks. There are several protocols that allow you to do this. You can normally tell if a protocol is secure if it has the letter 'S' in its name. Examples include SSH, SFTP and HTTPS (SMTP is NOT secure!)


Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is a combination of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol with the SSL/TLS protocol to provide encrypted communication and secure identification with a network web server.

HTTPS is often used when sensitive information is being sent over the internet, for example on internet banking webpages.

Exercise: Protocols

What is a protocol?


a set of rules which computers use to allow them to communicate with each other

Name the protocols used for the following:

  • sending email
  • loading websites
  • sending files
  • loading secure websites
  • receiving emails


  • sending email (SMTP or POP3)
  • loading websites (HTTP)
  • sending files (FTP)
  • loading secure websites (HTTPS)
  • receiving emails (POP3 or IMAP)

What does Telnet do, and when might it be unsuitable?


Telnet allows you to remotely control other machines through a command line. It is insecure meaning if you use confidential data someone might packet sniff your activity and read your information.