History of Charles Dickens: 200 years


Today marks the 200th birthdate of Charles Dickens, considered by many the greatest English writer since Shakespeare — at least he was during his lifetime in the Victorian age. He enjoyed the distinction of fame and a measure of financial success during his lifetime, starting in his 20s. Many of his novels were published serially in newspapers or 3 pence pamphlets. Think of them as early Twitter novels. And like Twitter, they’re forever: his novels are still in print.


Although he was born at Portsmouth on February 7, 1812, and he often spent his holidays in later years on the shores of Kent, he is most known for his intimate knowledge of London which is the setting of so many of his books. Indeed, presently London is having a “Dickens of a time,” with special events and exhibits all over town. In December I went to no less than three: the exhibit of his books at the British Library, the immersive Dickens exhibit at the Museum of London, and his only remaining residence in London at 48 Doughty Street now known as the Charles Dickens Museum which houses thousands of his personal effects.


When he was still young his family moved to Camden Town, London, around with he lived most of his life. Though he received an education as a child and was a voracious reader, his father’s profligate spending habits eventually landed him in debtor’s prison, and young Charles at 12 had to leave school and take work in a boot-blacking factory near Covent Garden. Living as a border, on weekends he would visit his family who lived with his father in Marshalsea debtor’s prison in Southwark, south of the City and across the Thames. His painful recollections of his experiences during this time — and he had a phenomenal memory for detail — would provide motivation and content for many of his later novels: Little Dorrit, Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, and especially David Copperfield.


He took an early job as a law clerk and eventually as a freelance reporter, later acting as a court reporter where he witnessed important debates in Parliament. He never took to the law, though he later wrote about its foibles in Bleak House. And he never cared much for what he saw in government circles, either in England nor when he crossed over to America, declining a dinner invitation from President Tyler. He furthered his craft through journalism, editing, and publishing — having edited a number of periodicals — though his mature career was spent mostly in writing stories and novels.

As a young man, he enjoyed the theatre, attending every night when he could and became friends with actors and stage managers. Though he toyed with the idea of performing when young, an illness during an audition delayed for many years a life of performance, but did not altogether put it out of mind.


Because of his affection for plays, his stories and their characters were dramatically drawn, larger than life, and his plottings were melodramatic. This easily lent his stories to theatrical adaptation, some were performed almost immediately after publication. Even in our day, we have adaptions of A Christmas Carol by Mr. Magoo, Mickey Mouse, Bill Murray, and the Muppets.

Dickens’ writings were immensely popular even during his lifetime, and their serialization and cliff-hanger nature added even more to the drama. One such popular story was inspired by a particular event in his own life. In The Old Curiosity Shop, the character of Little Nell becomes iller and appears to be upon the point of death. Many of Dickens’ readers wrote to him imploring him to spare the life of the character Little Nell, but her death in his mind was inevitable.

Nevertheless, the death of this imaginary character deeply affected him, taking days for him to recover. In his own life, when he was living at 48 Doughty Street while writing The Pickwick Papers and Oliver Twist, his wife’s sister Mary Hogarth lived with them. He became very attached to her.

When Mary died suddenly at the age of 17, Dickens was devastated and never really got over it, even years later.

Night Walks

As Dickens grew older he found himself subject to bouts do insomnia and would walk the streets of London at night, sometimes 10-12 miles a night. He’d see parts of the city not always viewable by day, the rough parts, the scary parts. He once wrote of walking at night by Bedlam (Bethlehem Mental Hospital) and wondering if in sleep we dream the same things as the insane do. Dickens would go on to say that no one knew the streets and back alleys of London better than he did.


Dickens was an early adopter of some advanced technologies of his day and took advantage of the growing rail system, steam-powered ships, and the telegraph. He even used the telegraph to send coded messages to his mistress while abroad. On his first trip to the United States, he boarded The Britannia, the first Cunard wooden paddle-steamer ship built to sail from Liverpool to Boston. This was to be his first trip to an appreciative America.

A Christmas Carol

The telling of melodramatic ghost stories especially around Christmas time was a popular practice during the Victorian period. Dickens’ fascination with ghost stories, mesmerism, and spiritualism led him to include ghostly apparitions in his other works as well, but in A Christmas Carol, as he called his “Ghostly little book” Dickens, according to G.K. Chesterton, succeeded in transforming Christmas from a sacred festival into a family feast.

The Ghost Club

Dickens was interested in the extraordinary in his teenage years and had an early interest in mesmerism (which later became known as hypnotism) along with the growing appreciation of spiritualism, which he often sought to find rooted in scientific fact. While he did not become as fascinated with spiritualism and seances as other authors like Sir Arthur Conan Doyle he often included accurately reported stories of ghostly apparitions in magazines he edited.

In his teens, one of Dickens’ favorites was The Terrific Register, a penny weekly magazine which dealt with murder, ghost, and cannibalism. He related that it would “make myself unspeakably miserable, and frightening my very wits out of my head…which, considering that there was an illustration to every number in which there was always a pool of blood, and at least one body, was cheap.”

Dickens became one of the earliest members of The Ghost Club when the Cambridge group organized in London in 1862. Two decades later, the author of Sherlock Holmes, Conan Doyle was a member.


Later in his life, Dickens would, as part of his speaking tours, do dramatic readings from his works. A Christmas Carol was one of the most popular and was included in his first public reading in 1853. But one of his favorites was a passage from Oliver Twist that describes the murder of Nancy by Bill Sikes. Dickens would stand at a small table that had a raised platform upon which he’d rest his hand that held his annotated book, where he’d read the underlined passage with DRAMA, as he wrote in the margin. He would deliver this reading often, though each delivery would take a lot out of him. He died in 1870 about a month after his last public reading of A Christmas Carol, at the age of 58.

Bill Petro, your friendly neighborhood historian


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