What Is Thyroid Cancer?

Your thyroid is shaped like a small butterfly, and is usually found inside the lower front of your neck. It’s a gland that controls your metabolism. It also releases hormones that direct many functions in your body, including how you use energy, how you produce heat, and how you consume oxygen.

Thyroid cancer develops when cells genetically mutate or change. The abnormal cells begin multiplying in your thyroid and, once there are enough of them, they form a tumor.

If it’s caught early, thyroid cancer is one of the most treatable forms of cancer.

Types of Thyroid Cancer


Researchers have identified four main types:

Papillary thyroid cancer. If you have thyroid cancer, you probably have this type. It’s found in up to 80% of all thyroid cancer cases. It tends to grow slowly, but often spreads to the nymph nodes in your neck. Even so, you have a good chance for a full recovery.

Follicular thyroid cancer makes up between 10% and 15% of all thyroid cancers in the United States. It can spread into your lymph nodes and is also more likely to spread into your blood vessels.

Medullary cancer is found in about 10% of all thyroid cancer cases. This type is more likely to run in your family and is linked to problems with other glands. It’s also more likely to be found at an early stage because it produces a hormone called calcitonin, which doctors keep an eye out for in blood test results.

Anaplastic thyroid cancer can be the most severe type because it’s the most advanced and aggressive. It’s also the hardest to treat. But it’s also rare.

\​​​​​​What Are the Symptoms?


But as it grows, you could notice any of the following problems:

  • Neck, throat pain
  • Swollen lymph nodes or enlarged thyroid gland
  • Lump in your neck
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Vocal changes, hoarseness
  • Cough


What Causes It?

There is no clear reason why most people get thyroid cancer. There are certain things, though, that can raise your odds of getting it.

Inherited genetic syndromes. Some conditions, including cancer, come from the DNA you get from your parents. In eight out of 10 cases of medullary thyroid cancer, for example, the cancer is a result of an abnormal gene you’ve inherited.

Iodine deficiency. If you don’t get much of this chemical element in your diet, you could be at more risk for certain types of thyroid cancer. This is rare in the United States because iodine is added to salt and other foods.


Who Gets It?


Follicular thyroid cancer mostly happens to people who are over 50. Anaplastic thyroid cancer usually happens after 60. 

You can still get thyroid cancer if you’re younger. Papillary thyroid cancer, for example, happens most often in people between ages 30 and 50.

Is It Treatable?

Thyroid cancer is usually very treatable, even if you have a more advanced stage of it. That’s because there are effective treatments that give you a great chance for a full recovery. And surgery, when it’s needed, can sometimes cure it.




American Thyroid Association: “Thyroid Cancer.”

MD Anderson Cancer Center: “Thyroid Cancer Facts.”

Davies, L., Morris, L.G., Haymart, M., Chen, A.Y, Goldenberg, D., Morris, J., Ogilvie, J.B., Terris, D.J., Netterville, J., Wong, R.J., Randolph, G., Endocrine Practice, published online June 2015.

Home Health Network: “Thyroid.”

Mayo Clinic: “Thyroid cancer.”

The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons: “Thyroid cancer: Papillary Thyroid Cancer (PTC).”

American Cancer Society: “Thyroid cancer risk factors.”

Columbia University Department of Surgery: “What Causes Thyroid Cancer?”

National Cancer Institute: “Thyroid Cancer-Patient Version.”

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