venerdì 15 aprile 2016

Neural Bypass: the new frontier of trans-humanism

Two days ago Nature published an open access summary dealing with "neural bypass", a new frontier of brain prosthetics. Linda Geddes (13 April 2016) titled: First paralysed person to be 'reanimated' offers neuroscience insights. Technique moves man's arm by decoding his thoughts and electrically stimulating his own muscles. This summary referes to Bouton C.E. et al. letter to Nature "Restoring cortical control offunctional movement in a human with quadriplegia published online on the same day. "Ian Burkhart can make isolated finger movements and perform six different wrist and hand motions.
A quadriplegic man who has become the first person to be implanted with technology that sends signals from the brain to muscles — allowing him to regain some movement in his right arm hand and wrist — is providing novel insights about how the brain reacts to injury...

Previous studies have suggested that after spinal-cord injuries, the brain undergoes 'reorganization' — a rewiring of its connections. But this new work suggests that the degree of reorganization occurring after such injuries may be less than previously assumed. “It gives us a lot of hope that there are perhaps not as many neural changes in the brain as we might have imagined after an injury like this, and we can bypass damaged areas of the spinal cord to regain movement," says Bouton. Previously, such a ‘neural bypass’ had been done in monkeys, and brain signals had been decoded in people and used to animate a robotic prosthetic arm, but this is the first time a person has had their own body part reanimated....

Since then, he has been attending training sessions up to three times a week. As a result, Burkhart is currently able to make isolated finger movements and perform six different wrist and hand motions, enabling him to, among other things, pick up a glass of water, and even play a guitar-based video game.

Brain insights
The study provides insights into the brain’s ability to adapt to and exploit new situations. “It is interesting that, even some years after injury, when these circuits have presumably been sitting there not able to do much, that they still seem to be related to hand movements and haven’t been co-opted by something else,” says Andrew Jackson at Newcastle University, UK, who is separately developing a neural prosthesis to overcome spinal-cord injury.
Burkhart’s brain has also learned to coordinate the activity of his reanimated hand with muscles that he already has some control over. His ability to maintain grip while moving objects has gradually improved, and this has been associated with significant changes in his brain activity. The algorithms developed by Bouton’s team register and adapt to such changes in brain activity — effectively learning with the patient and fine-tuning his movements.
There are limitations on the freedom that the device affords Burkhart. The system can be used only in the laboratory and currently needs to be recalibrated at the start of each session. “This process is time-consuming and relatively technical,” says Jackson. “What we’d really like is neural interfaces that are stable from day-to-day and don’t require recalibration.”...

Burkhart also can’t feel the objects that he’s manipulating; providing the brain with sensory feedback from his hand would enable him to adjust his grip strength more effectively, and to pick up objects that he can’t see.
It's not yet clear whether a neural bypass would work in people who don't have the type of residual elbow and shoulder movement that Burkhart does, or in people whose muscles are always contracted, a relatively common problem. “Being able to combine the recording of brain signals and produce the muscle contractions to make the hand do the correct things is a big step, but we’re still at a point where we’re talking about something that would benefit a small number of people,” says Elizabeth Tyler-Kabara, who directs the Neural Enhancement Laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh...

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