The Role of Histone Deacetylases in Prostate Cancer

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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with the presence of autoreactive CD4

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with the presence of autoreactive CD4 T cells that produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. a Th17 response. DRB1*0401 is LY315920 usually associated with the production of both IL-17 and IFN-γ. Thus both DR4 and DQ8 can clear infections by producing TH1/Th17 cytokines but their presence increases the risk of developing RA. Using transgenic mice expressing human HLA genes we have shown that HLA polymorphism determines the cytokine profile. DRB1*04 molecules modulate the DQ8-restricted response and determine the outcome of arthritis in mice carrying DR4/DQ8 haplotype. Thus conversation between DQ and DR molecules determines the cytokine milieu and propensity of the HLA haplotype to predispose to autoimmunity. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease caused by the inflammatory changes in the immune system. While the causative antigen of RA is usually unknown an infectious etiology has been suggested based on an improvement in patients treated with antibiotics [1]. Many infectious brokers like EBV and parvovirus among others have been implicated in the pathogenesis of RA although the mechanism by which pathogens cause pathology is usually unknown. One proposed mechanism by which infectious brokers and other environmental factors are involved in causing autoreactivity is called “molecular mimicry”. During contamination the body generates a response to clear contamination but a cross reactive response to epitopes of the infectious brokers that are similar to self-protein can cause autoreactive T cells to expand. Even after clearance of contamination this autoreactive response may continue due in part to the availability of the self-protein. Modification of proteins occurs in normal healthy state to generate immune response. However during the process of post translational modifications cryptic epitopes sharing sequences with viral or bacterial proteins may become available. There is some evidence that suggests that certain modified peptides bind the HLA-DR molecules better than na?ve peptides [2]. The HLA molecules are encoded on chromosome 6 LY315920 and LY315920 are crucial in clearing infections by generating an immune response to pathogens. The class I and class II genes are the two major classes of the HLA loci that are involved in fighting infections. HLA genes encoded in the class I- B loci and class II -DRB1 loci are the most polymorphic. The polymorphism of HLA genes is usually attributed to the selective pressures of pathogens. Thus the HLA alleles that generate a response against most pathogens by activating CD4+ T cells and producing cytokines resulting in clearance of infections have been preserved. This is supported by a recent meta-analysis showing association of certain HLA alleles with an effective clearance of infections [3]. According to the paradigm presentation of a peptide via class I molecules activate CD8 T cells while class II molecules activate CD4 T cells. Activated T cells produce cytokines to clear infections. While both class I and class II alleles generate responses to infectious brokers only class II molecules have been associated with a predisposition to autoimmunity. Several hypotheses have been put forth to explain LY315920 the HLA association with autoreactivity however the mechanism by which class II molecules predispose to autoimmunity still remains an enigma. Positive and negative T cell selection in the thymus by the HLA molecules provides one mechanism. The other is the HLA-mediated antigen presentation to Ctsk CD4 T cells and subsequent cytokine production. However the immune response generated via class II molecules may also lead to bystander damage which in certain conditions causes pathology. Cytokines and class II genes in infections The major function of class II molecules is usually to clear infections through the adaptive immune response. Presentation of the MHC-peptide complex by antigen presenting cells to CD4 T cells leads to production of cytokines Th1 Th2 Th9 and Th17. For clearing intracellular bacterial LY315920 and viral infections IFN-γ production by Th1 cells leads to a cellular response differentiation of CD4 T cells into Th1 cells and the activation of macrophages which produce Th1 cytokines. IFN-γ also increases expression of MHC.