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The free autografting of entire limb muscles in the catMorphology.

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The Free Autografting of Entire Limb Muscles
in the Cat: Morphology 1
Departments ofAnatomy and Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
Michigan 48109
Normal or pre-denervated extensor digitorum longus (EDL)
muscles were successfully grafted in place of the contralateral EDL muscles in
cats. Histological preparations of 57 grafts were examined a t intervals from 4 to
170 days after transplantation. The morphological sequence of events in a cat
muscle graft is similar to that in the rat except that the time course of regeneration is considerably slower. Surviving original muscle fibers form a thin rim a t
the periphery of the graft. Beneath this rim, the original muscle fibers undergo
fragmentation, starting near the periphery and progressing toward the center.
Regenerating muscle fibers take the place of the degenerated muscle fibers. In
pre-denervated grafts, the last of the original muscle fibers in the center of the
graft have broken down by 41 days whereas in normal muscle grafts the original
muscle fibers in the central region persist until 50 days. The main difference between grafts of normal and pre-denervated muscles is the rate of breakdown of
the original muscle fibers. Long term grafts of both groups are morphologically
very similar.
The successful free autografting of entire
skeletal muscles was first performed on the
gastrocnemius muscle in rats by Bosova (‘62)
and Studitsky and Bosova (‘60). Free grafts of
the normal gastrocnemius were not successful, but if the muscle was pre-denervated several weeks prior to grafting, the graft was successful. These investigators hypothesized that
pre-denervation reduces the muscle to a
“plastic condition,” which enables the muscle
to withstand the unfavorable environmental
conditions that occur during the early days
after it is grafted. The adaptive changes
brought about by pre-denervation are poorly
In 1971, Thompson independently rediscovered the pre-denervation technique and
soon performed the first successful free muscle grafts in humans. Since then the free
autografting of human skeletal skeletal muscles has come into increasingly widespread
use for the clinical treatment of conditions in
which there is a functional deficit of a muscle
or group of muscles (Thompson, ’71a, ’74;
Hakelius, ’74, ’75). Progress in further application of this technique is hindered by
insufficient knowledge of the factors that
account for the success of free muscle grafts.
ANAT. REC., 188: 417-430
Major questions a t this point are: (1) What
do the muscle fibers in a mature free graft
represent -surviving original muscle fibers,
regenerating muscle fibers, of both? (2) What
changes effected by pre-denervation are relevant to the survival and functioning of a muscle graft? (3) What is the most convenient
and effective form of pretreatment of a muscle
that is to be grafted? and (4) To what extent
does a freely grafted muscle approach normal
structure and function?
In the present study we have examined the
reactions of the extensor digitorum longus
(EDL) muscles of the cat after free autografting into the limbs. This report describes the
histological changes in these grafts.
Operative technique
In 30 cats, both left and right EDL muscles
(3.3 +- 0.2 gm) were transplanted heterotopically. Each cat received a ketamine preanesthetic (25 mg/kg, I.M.) and pentobarbital
Received May 17, ’76. Accepted Mar. 7, ’17.
Supported by grants by the Muscular Dystrophy Association tu
BMC and JAF and an MDA Postdoctoral Fellowship to SAM.
Present address: Department of Zoology, University of the pun^
Jab, New Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
Send reprint requests to BMC.
anesthetic (10-15 mg/kg I.V.) Anesthesia was
maintained by supplementary doses of pentobarbital. Surgery was performed under sterile
conditions. A curved incision was made on the
lateral side of the lower leg from the origin t o
the insertion of the EDL muscle. The muscle,
wrapped in gauze moistened with warm physiological saline, was elevated and fascial connections were cut or removed by blunt dissection. All vascular connections were ligated
and cut, and the muscle was removed and
weighed under sterile conditions. The contralateral EDL was removed, and the EDL
graft was placed into the bed of the removed
muscle. The tendon ends were sutured in
place and the fascia and skin were sutured
closed. No attempt was made to restore the
nervous or vascular connections.
Two types of autotransplants were made.
Twenty EDL muscles were transplanted as
described, without denervation prior to the
actual transplantation. These are termed normal transplants. Forty EDL muscles were
transplanted 14 to 28 days after the three
nerves to the EDL muscles had been severed.
Preliminary experimentation revealed minor
differences, at most, in muscles grafted after
two to four weeks of pre-denervation. Three
weeks was then chosen as the standard predenervation period. The nerves were cut approximately 2 mm from the point of entry into
the muscle. These are termed pre-denervated
Gross observations
At the time of grafting the mean weight of
21 normal extensor digitorum longus muscles
was 3.84 -C 0.19 (S.E.) gm. The mean weight
of 39 predenervated muscles was 2.81 0.14
gm. At the time of grafting, the mean body
weight of all cats was 4.16 0.16 kg.
Of the 60 EDL muscles transplanted, two
normal and two pre-denervated grafts in four
different cats were unsuccessful. In the unsuccessful cases, no tissue was present in the
bed of the graft. In two early cases (8 days)
the grafts had liquefied. The fluid was cultured and found to be sterile. The cause of the
liquefaction remains unknown. This reaction
occurred only in the first series of operations.
Four days after transplantation, grafts of
normal muscle were larger than normal in diameter and were pale in color. This is due to a
temporary edema (Maxwell et al., '77). The
tendon sutures were intact, but no tendinous
connections were established. There were no
tissue or vascular connections to surrounding
tissue. By eight days many diffuse small vascular connections were observed between the
graft and surrounding tissues, particularly
along the proximal third of the grafts. The reestablishment of anatomical continuity between the ends of the graft and the tendon
stumps to which they were sutured was noted
by 14 days. These tendon connections were
still weak, and their gross morphology resembled the fine, fibrous outgrowths seen in
Histological tech,niques
t h e regeneration of tendons in the r a t
Histological preparations were made from (Carlson, '72). When directly stimulated with
57 grafts in 30 animals. Animals were sac- a square wave electrical pulse (0.2 msec durarificed a t irregular postoperative intervals (4, tion, stimulus strength up t o 8 mv) applied
8, 14, 16, 26, 28, 41, 49, 51, 57, 70, 71, 77, 90, through stainless steel needle electrodes, the
122,133,135,140,153,158,162,180,200and grafts did not contract. The larger masses of
207 days), Representative portions of each the grafts (4-5 gm) persisted up to 16 days,
graft were fixed in Bouin's solution. From but by 26 days the mean mass of grafts had
each graft paraffin sections, cut a t 7 pm, were decreased to less than 0.5 gm. Except for their
stained in Ehrlich's hematoxylin and eosin smaller cross-sectional area, pre-denervated
and in Heidenhain's aniline blue connective grafts differed little from normal grafts in
tissue stain (Armed Forces Institute of Pa- their gross appearance and rate of establishthology, '60). Fifteen p m sections were ing neurovascular and tendinous connections
stained by the Palmgren silver method with the surrounding limb tissues.
(Palmgren, '60) for nerve fibers. In addition,
Grafts removed between 30 and 170 days
frozen sections of grafts taken at 51, 71, 90, after transplantation had many fascial and
122,133,135,140,153,158,162,180,200and vascular connections to adjacent tissues. The
207 days postoperatively were stained by the grafts had regained normal color, and portions
Gomori acetylthiocholine method for motor of the graft contracted when stimulated directly. Contractions were observed earliest in
end plates (Pearse, '72).
the proximal third of the graft. The mass
varied greatly, with a range from 0.92-3.0gm
and a mean of 1.9 & 0.5 gm. In these later
grafts, the tendons appeared normal except
for two in which the distal tendons had become attached to the anterior tibia1 muscle.
tions stained for connective tissue. In addition
to lacking any structural abnormalities a t the
histological level, the viable muscle fibers
were red, whereas the necrotic muscle fibers
of the central zone were stained a deep purple.
From eight days until early in the third
week, there was relatively slow progression
Microscopic observations
inward of the intermediate zone of degeneraPre-denervated grafts
tion and regeneration. Within the intermediAlmost the entire cross-sectional area of ate zone the regenerating muscle fibers conearly grafts was occupied by ischemic mus- tinued to mature, leading to a more procle fibers, whose fascicular organization re- nounced gradient of maturational changes
mained unchanged from that of a normal mus- than was seen in %day grafts. At the end of
cle (fig. 1). The muscle fibers demonstrated the first month (fig. 31, however, the central
the typical histological features of early zone had shrunk considerably. The zone of reischemic necrosis. The staining reaction of generation was much larger than before, with
the sarcoplasm was less intense than that of the spectrum from myoblasts and early
normal muscle fibers, and the fibers took on a myotubes to young muscle fibers being reprehyaline appearance. Scattered discoid degen- sented in the gradient (fig. 4). The regenerateration was also present. Pycnosis of subsar- ing muscle fibers were already becoming orgacolemmal nuclei was common. Despite these nized into well defined fascicles (fig. 3).
In pre-denervated grafts the central zone of
degenerative changes, phagocytic cells were
not yet found in the degenerating sarcoplasm necrotic muscle fibers had disappeared by the
and sarcolysis had not yet begun. In the 4-day end of the sixth week, leaving a small focus of
graft, the periphery of the graft was the site loose connective tissue, phagocytic cells and
of an acute inflammatory response in which early stages of muscle fiber regeneration. The
neutrophils were the predominant cells. The remainder of the grafts was occupied prininflammatory reaction appeared to penetrate cipally by new muscle fibers (fig. 5 ) .
Grafts older than six weeks consisted of
into the graft along the fascia1 planes of the
proportions of muscle fibers and
perimysium and then spread into the endomysial spaces. In the most peripheral areas, bands of connective tissue (fig. 6). The main
there was fragmentation of the sarcoplasm of developmental activity was the continued
some muscle fibers, but macrophages were not maturation of muscle fibers, particularly
seen within the sarcoplasm and there was lit- those toward the centers of the grafts (figs. 7,
tle or no sarcoplasmic removal. At the light 8). Older grafts were composed of large
microscopic level, there was no evidence that masses of muscle fibers, organized into distinct fascicles and surrounded by normal or
muscle regeneration had begun.
By eight days, the grafts could be subdi- greater than normal amounts of dense convided into three zones (1) a thin outer zone nective tissue (fig. 6).
The presence of nerve fibers among the
containing surviving muscle fibers, (2) a thin
intermediate zone containing fragmented muscle fibers in the grafts was shown by silver
original muscle fibers and regenerating new staining. Motor end plates were demonstrated
ones and (3) a very large central zone of origi- histochemically in a 51-day graft and in later
nal muscle fibers that had undergone early de- grafts.
generative changes, but minimal cytoplasmic Normal grafts
removal (fig. 2). Already in the intermediate
At eight days the periphery was occupied
zone, a radial gradient of maturity of regener- by a thin basophilic zone containing degenating muscle, ranging from myoblasts near erating old muscle and regenerating new musthe center to early myotubes toward the pe- cle fibers (fig. 9). A t the outer border of the
riphery, could be seen. The distinction be- central zone, the cytoplasm of old muscle
tween surviving peripheral and regenerating fibers was being removed by invading macromuscle fibers, on the one hand, and the degen- phages in a characteristic pattern that began
erating muscle fibers of the central zone, on in the center of the muscle fiber and then exthe other, was particularly apparent in sec- panded toward the sarcolemma (fig. 10).
From the second through the sixth week,
the principal difference between normal and
pre-denervated grafts was the relative size of
the central zone of necrotic original muscle
fibers. In all normal muscle grafts older than
eight days the central zones were relatively
and absolutely larger than in their pre-denervated counterparts. In our specimens the central zone had disappeared in pre-denervated
grafts by day 41 whereas in grafts of normal
muscle they lasted longer, up to 49 days. The
major difference between grafts of normal and
pre-denervated muscle was the length of time
required to eliminate the necrotic original
muscle fibers from the central zone of the
grafts and the consistently larger cross-sectional areas of normal grafts was a reflection
of this.
the normal directions for the muscles in question, but occasionally bundles of muscle fibers
with abnormal orientations were present.
There are surprisingly few differences between the histological events occurring in
freely grafted EDL muscles of cats and those
occurring in free grafts of the EDL muscles in
rats (Carlson and Gutmann, '75a). The overall
patterns of histological reactions to grafting
in both species are similar. The primary
differences are the slower rate of these reactions and the lesser degree of synchrony of
stages in regenerating cat muscle.
Within two to three days in the rat and one
to two weeks in the cat, free muscle grafts can
be subdivided into three major zones (Carlson
and Gutmann, '75a; Schiaffino et al., '75). The
Abnormalities in free muscle grafts
outer zone is a thin peripheral rim that conSeveral abnormalities in the restorative tains a few layers of intact muscle fibers that
process were commonly encountered in the have obviously survived the early avascular
grafts. One was the presence of regenerating period after grafting and have become
muscle fibers that were obviously degenerat- revascularized before irreversible damage to
ing. Such muscle fibers were seen in varying them has occurred. The intermediate, or midnumbers in virtually all grafts, both normal dle, zone is an area of intense cellular activand predenervated, from 16 days to four ity, involving primarily the degeneration of
months after transplantation. They were old and the regeneration of new muscle fibers.
always found in the zone of regeneration, The central zone contains original muscle
either among healthy looking regenerating fibers in a state of ischemic necrosis. There
muscle fibers or in areas with greater than are abundant signs of nuclear and cytoplasnormal amounts of connective tissue. The de- mic damage, but sarcoplasmic removal has
generating muscle fibers were characterized not yet begun.
by nuclear pycnosis, and by clumping and
A recognition of the cellular activities in
flattening of the nuclei perpendicular to the the intermediate zone of free grafts is the key
long axis of the muscle fiber. The intensity of to understanding the overall success of the
sarcoplasmic staining was increased and some free grafting procedures. An early free muscle
sarcoplasmic fragmentation was seen (fig. 11). graft can be divided into two regions. Around
These changes are similar to those seen in the periphery is a thin zone in which sufficient
muscle fibers regenerating in denervated oxygen and substrates are available to prelimbs (Mong, '75).
serve the muscle fibers in their original state.
Another abnormality was the presence of The remainder of the graft (internal to the
fascicles or groups of muscle fibers having a thin peripheral zone) consists of muscle fibers
much smaller diameter than normal (fig. 7). that have been damaged to such an extent
Although the proportion varied from graft t o that they cannot survive as intact entities.
graft, virtually every graft contained some of These muscle fibers, isolated from a blood supthese small muscle fibers. No motor end plates ply, undergo both nuclear and sarcoplasmic
were found on the thin muscle fibers. In addi- degeneration. Sarcoplasmic removal begins
tion, a heterogeneous staining pattern was when macrophages, apparently provided by
not found when these muscle fibers were the vasculature growing into the graft, enter
stained for SDH and ATPase activity (Max- the muscle fibers and engulf sarcoplasmic
well et al., '77).
fragments. In the devascularized state, there
Central nuclei were commonly encountered appears to be the selective survival of monoin cross sections of muscle fibers of mature nucleated (satellite?) cells situated beneath
grafts in cats. Most of the muscle fibers in free the basement membrane of the muscle fiber
grafts of entire muscles were oriented along (Snow, '73).
While cytoplasmic fragmentation is underway, myoblastic cells beneath the basement
membrane of the muscle fiber becomes activated, and ultimately myotubes form. In free
grafts, the region in which both the degeneration of old and the regeneration of new muscle
fibers is taking place is called the intermediate zone (Schiaffino et al., '75). This zone in
free grafts of both cat and rat muscle includes
the zones that have been called the peripheral
and transitional zones in minced muscle regenerates (Carlson, '72). Minced muscle regenerates do not have an outer zone of surviving muscle fibers.
After the intermediate zone of a free graft
is initially established, i t expands centripetally a t the expense of the central zone. This
inward expansion appears to be correlated
with increasing penetration of new vascular
channels into the interior of the graft, but
this has not been directly demonstrated in
free grafts of any species. The net result of
this progressive inward expansion of the
intermediate zone is the establishment of a
radial gradient of maturity of regenerating
muscle fibers, with the most mature ones a t
the periphery and the least mature along the
inner border of this zone (figs. 4,5). In the cat,
as opposed to the rat, the intermediate zone
appears to contain an unknown percentage of
greatly atrophied original muscle fibers
(Schiaffino et al., '75). In our cat preparations,
i t was not possible to make any quantitative
assessments of the presence or number of
original muscle fibers surviving in the peripheral and intermediate zones because the temporal and spatial separations between degenerating, regenerating, and surviving muscle
fibers are not so clear as they are in the rat
(Carlson, '76).
The relative success of free grafts of normal
muscle was an unexpected finding in our experiments. I t is well established that in the
rat there is little difference between long
term free grafts of normal and pre-denervated
EDL or soleus muscles although there are
some distinct differences in both morphology
and contractile properties during the first
week (Carlson and Gutmann, '75a,b; VyskoEil
et al., '73). However, free grafts of large muscles (e.g., the gastrocnemius) in the rat are
much less successful if the muscle is not predenervated (Bosova, '62; Zhenevskaya, '68).
In the cat, the most obvious difference between normal and pre-denervated grafts is
that normal grafts require a longer time for
42 1
the disappearance of the central zone of original muscle fibers. Compared with normal muscle, pre-denervated muscles of frogs (Hsu,
'741, mice (Yeasting, '69) and rats (Carlson
and Gutmann, '75a) show a pronounced
acceleration of the earliest (pre-myotube)
stages of regeneration. This is presumably
due to the increase in numbers and activation
of potentially myogenic cells before the muscle fibers are traumatized by grafting. The
origin of these cells remains in question.
Ontell ('74) has discussed a number of possible models that would account for changes in
the number of satellite cells following denervation. More recently Cardasis and Cooper
('75) have demonstrated that the total number of nuclei per muscle fiber (myonuclei plus
satellite cell nuclei) does not change after
denervation. Little is known about the effects
of denervation upon nuclear populations in
cat muscle, and the prolonged and irregular
course of muscle fiber regeneration in the
present experiment makes it difficult to determine whether or not there is an acceleration
of the early stages in muscle fiber regeneration in pre-denervated cat muscle.
Mature muscle grafts always possess some
morphologically abnormal elements. Scattered regenerating muscle fibers that are secondarily degenerating and small muscle fibers
among normal appearing ones are found consistently in mature grafts. Muscle fibers with
these characteristics may result because certain areas of the grafts do not become reinnervated. This conclusion is strengthened
by the absence of heterogenous staining of the
thin muscle fibers when stained for myofibrillar ATPase and succinic dehydrogenase activity (Maxwell et al., '77). In rats, the lack of
differentiation of muscle fiber types is one of
the chief abnormalities seen in muscle regenerating in the absence of nerves (Mong, '75;
Carlson and Gutmann, '76).
Muscle spindles were not seen in several
hundred complete cross sections of muscle
grafts in this series. Yet occasional spindles
have been seen in recent grafts over six
months of age (unpublished observation).
Hakelius et al. ('75) did not find muscle spindles in early grafts of cat peroneus muscles
transplanted into tunnels in the intercostal
region, but they also found spindles in older
grafts. Muscle spindles are commonly seen in
freely grafted rat muscles (Carlson and Gutmann, '75a).
Other abnormalities, such as increased
amounts of connective tissue and bundles of
irregularly oriented muscle fibers, could contribute to the deviation from normal of contractile properties of muscle grafts in the cat.
No satisfactory explanation can be offered for
the frequent persistence of central nuclei in
muscle fibers in mature free grafts of cat muscle. Central nuclei are also commonly found in
long term (4-month) muscle grafts in the rat
(Carlson and Gutmann, '75a). In both cat and
rat muscle grafts, central nuclei persist for a
much longer period than they do during normal ontogenesis. The presence of central nuclei is a good marker for distinguishing
grafted from normal muscle in microscopic
Despite some morphological and functional
abnormalities, mature free grafts of both normal and pre-denervated EDL muscles in the
cat possess a significant number of normal
muscle fibers. Because of the similarity in size
of cat muscle grafts to muscles that are currently being transplanted in humans, analysis of grafted muscles in the cat may provide a
better understanding of the optimal preparation of human muscles for grafting as well as
the course o f events that results in a return of
function to human muscle grafts.
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology 1960 Manual of
Histologic and Special Staining Technics, Second ed.
McGraw-Hill, N. Y., 67.
Bosova, N. N. 1962 Free autoplastic transplantation of
whole muscles (In Russian). Byull. Exp. Biol. Med., 53(3):
Cardasis, C. A., and G. W. Cooper 1975 A method for the
chemical isolation of individual muscle fibers and its application to a study of the effect of denervation on the
number of nuclei per muscle fiber. J. Exp. Zool., 191: 333346.
Carlson, B. M. 1972 The Regeneration of Minced Muscles. Monographs in Devel. Biol. Vol 4. s. Karger AG,
Basel, 128 pp.
1976 A quantitative study of muscle fiber survival and regeneration in normal, pre-denervated and
Marcaine-treatedfree muscle grafts in the rat. Exp. Neurol., 52: 421-432.
Carlson, B. M., and E. Gutmann 1975a Regeneration in
free grafts of normal and denervated muscles in the r a t :
Morphology and histochemistry. Anat. Rec., 183: 47-62.
1975b Regeneration in grafts of normal and
denervated rat muscles: Contractile properties. Pflugers
Arch., 353: 215-225.
1976 Contractile and histochemical properties
of sliced muscle grafts regenerating in normal and
denervated r a t limbs. Exp. Neurol., 50: 319-329.
Hakelius, L. 1974 Transplantation of free autogenous
muscle in the treatment of facial paralysis. Scand. J.
Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 8: 220-230.
1975 Free autogenous muscle transplantation
in two cases of total anal incontinence. Acta Chir. Scand.,
141: 69-75.
Hakelius, L., B. Nystrom amd E. Stalberg 1975 Histochemical and neurophysiological studies of autotransplanted
c a t muscle. Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 9: 15-24.
Hsu, L. 1974 The role of nerves in the regeneration of
minced skeletal muscle in adult anurans. Anat. Rec.,
179: 119-136.
Maxwell, L. C., J. A. Faulkner, S. A. Mufti and A. M.
Turowski 1977 The free autografting of entire limb
muscles in the cat: Histochemistry and biochemistry. J.
Appl. Physiol., in press.
Mong, F. S. F. 1975 Histological and histochemical
studies on the nervous influence on minced muscle regeneration of triceps surae of the rat. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Ontell, M. 1974 Muscle satellite cells: A validated technique for light microscopic identification and a quantitative study of changes in their population following denervation. Anat. Rec., 178: 211-228.
Palmgren, A. 1960 Specific silver staining of' nerve
fibers. I . Technique for vertebrates. Acta Zool., 41: 239265.
Pearse, A. G. E. 1972 Histochemistry-Theoretical and
Applied, Vol. 2. Third ed. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, p. 1312.
Schiaffino, S., M. Sjostrom, L. E. Thornell, B. Nystrom and
L. Hakelius 1975 The process of survival of denervated
and freely autotransplanted skeletal muscle. Experimentia, 31: 1328-1330.
Snow, M. H. 1974 Origin of myoblasts during skeletal
muscle regeneration. J. Cell. Biol., 63: 323a (Abstract).
Studitsky, A. N., and N. N. Bosova 1960 Development of
atrophic muscular tissue in conditions of transplantation
in place of mechanically damaged muscles. Arkh. Anat.
Gist. Embriol., 39 (12): 18-32 (In Russian).
Thompson, N. 1971a Autogenous free grafts of skeletal
muscle. Plastic Reconstr. Surg., 48: 11-27.
1971b Investigation of autogenous skeletal
muscle free grafts in the dog Transplantation, 12: 353363.
1974 A review of autogenous skeletal muscle
grafts and their clinical applications. Clinics in Plastic
Surgery, 1: 349-403.
Vyskoi-il, F., B. Carlson and E. Gutmann 1973 Changes in
resting membrane potential and contractility of innervated and denervated skeletal muscle free grafts in the
rat. Pfldgers Arch., 344: 181-186.
Yeasting, R. A. 1969 The effect of the nerve dupply on
the regeneration of minced skeletal muscle in the mouse.
Ph.D. Thesis, University of Louisville, Louisville.
Zhenevskaya, R. P. I968 Transplantation of skeletal
muscle in animals. Uspech. Sovrem. Biol., 65: 133.143 (In
Zhenevskaya, R. P., 0. N. Rumyantseva, I. L. Novoselova
and E. V. Proshlyakova 1965 Regenerative processes in
a transplant of untreated muscle of young rats. Zhur.
Obsch. Biol., 26: 569~576(In Russian).
1 Four-day graft of pre-denervated EDL muscle. The fascicular architecture of the original muscle remains.
At the top of the section {arrow), inflammatory cells are beginning to occupy the peripheral perimysial connective tissue. There is little sarcolysis of old muscle and no histological evidence of regeneration. H & E.
X 37.1.
2 Eight-day graft of pre-denervated EDL muscle, showing the earliest time a t which the three major zones of
histological activity are present. At the periphery (P) are intact original muscle fibers t h a t have apparently
survived the grafting procedure. In the center (0,still occupying much of the graft, are necrotic muscle
fibers that have undergone degenerative changes, but not extensive loss of sarcoplasm. In addition to the
lighter than normal staining, the degenerating muscle fibers show characteristic transverse fissures
(arrows). Between these two areas is the intermediate zone in which the original muscle fibers have undergone sarcolysis and are replaced by regenerating muscle fibers. H & E. X 112.0.
3 Twenty eight-day graft of pre-denervated EDL muscle. The central zone (C) of necrotic original muscle
fibers has shrunk considerably. This area is surrounded by regenerating muscle fibers t h a t are already
arranged into fasciculi. H & E. X 44.1.
Higher power section through the same 28-day graft as that illustrated in figure 3. This section shows the
radial gradient of more mature regenerating (and possibly some surviving) muscle fibers a t the periphery
(top) and less mature regenerating muscle fibers toward the center of the graft (arrows). At the very bottom
of this figure are a few necrotic original muscle fibers located in the central zone (C). H & E. X 77.0.
S. Mufti, B. Carlson, L. Maxwell and J Faulkner
5 Forty-one-day graft of pre-denervated EDL muscle showing the gradient of maturation of muscle fibers from the periphery (top) to the center (bottom) of the graft. The
old muscle fibers of the central zone have been resorbed, and the center of the graft is
occupied by loose connective tissue, macrophages and some immature muscle fibers. A
dense casing of connective tissue (arrow) surrounds the graft. H & E. X 36.4
6 Six-month graft of pre-denervated EDL muscle. Mature muscle fibers and connective
tissue fill the entire graft. H & E. X 9.9.
7 Six-month graft of pre-denervated EDL muscle showing large numbers of very thin
muscle fibers (arrows) scattered among fascicles of muscle fibers of normal diameter.
H & E. X 84.0
8 Longitudinal section through the same graft as that shown in figure 7. H & E.
S. Mufti, B. Carlson, L. Maxwell and J. Faulkner
9 Eight-day graft of normal EDL muscle, showing a large central area (C) of palestaining original muscle fibers. At the periphery is a thin zone of degeneration of old
muscle fibers and early regeneration of new. H & E. X 42.1
10 High power view throurh the periphery of the graft in figure 9, showing a thin rim of
apparently surviving muscle fibers (S).Immediately beneath them are degenerating
muscle fibers (D), which are penetrated to a varying extent by macrophages engaged
in sarcoplasmic removal. Other muscle fibers (C) of the central area have not yet
been invaded by macrophages. H & E. X 210.0.
11 Twenty six-day graft of pre-denervated EDL showing some of the degenerative
changes seen in regenerating muscle fibers. 1, nuclear pycnosis, 2, increased intensity of cytoplasmic staining; 3, stacking of nuclei and/or nuclear fragments. H & E.
X 175.0.
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limba, muscle, free, autografting, catmorphology, entire
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