By Sanjay Rath and P.V.R.Narasimha Rao
The Tajika System of annual horoscopy employs a chart cast for every year of life based on the solar return (i.e. sun’s return to its natal sidereal position). Many scholars of history and Vedic Studies have held a view that this system is primarily not ‘Vedic Astrology’ and might be a borrowed feature from Yavana or Tajika, who interacted with Indian scholars. Notwithstanding the peculiar yoga’s like Iṭṭhasāla, Īhasarpa etc., nor divisional charts like Aṣṭāṁśa (D-8) etc., which are not a part of Parāśara’s available teachings, outstanding scholars like Nīlakaṇṭha and Dr. Raman set a precedent by accepting the Tājaka system as a branch of Vedic astrology.

However, the solar calendar has been widely followed in India only since Varāhamihira started Vikrama Saka. India had been following the Vedic luni-solar calendar for millennia. When Maharṣi’s like Vālmīki and Vyāsa mentioned the timing of events in epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata, they identified events only by the tithi. It may be interesting to note that traditional Hindu’s celebrate their birth days (called Jayanti or Janma tithi) on the Vedic date (Tithi) of the luni-solar calendar instead of the date of Sun’s return. All festivals (except for Saṅkrānti) commemorating the birthdays of deities, Gurus etc. are also based on the luni-solar calendar of Tithi. For example, Hindus celebrate Lord Rama’s birthday on the Śukla Navamī Tithi of Chaitra month every year and Lord Krishna’s birthday on the Krishna Aṣṭamī Tithi of Śravaṇa month. If birthday as per the luni-solar calendar is more important than birthday as per the solar calendar, why do we cast a chart for Varṣa praveśa (commencement of a new year) based on birthday as per the solar calendar? Does it not make sense to cast a chart for the commencement of a new year based on birthday as per the luni-solar calendar of tithis?



Tithi is the Vedic date of the luni-solar calendar and is a measure of the angular displacement of Moon from Sun. It is known that the period between two consecutive full moon’s (i.e. exact 180° displacement of the Moon from the Sun) is about 29.5 civil days. The total movement of 360° of the angle between the Luminaries in transit in a month was divided by 30 to obtain a measure of 12° called ‘Tithi’ (luni-solar day). Tithi is the period in which the angular displacement of Moon from Sun increases by exactly 12º. There are fifteen tithi (15 x 12° = 180°) in the waxing phase (Śukla pakṣa) and fifteen tithi is the waning phase (kṛṣṇa pakṣa). The displacement angle = Longitude of Moon – longitude of sun. When this angle is divided by 12º, we get an index to the tithi, starting from Śukla Pratipada.

The Luminaries


We should be equally careful to ensure that such a definition does not dilute the importance of the sun as it is the representative of the real self/the soul. For this purpose Maharṣi’s have defined the twelve sun signs (or simply signs of the zodiac) called Dvādasa Aditya. These define the boundaries within which the Sun’s placement causes it to have the specific form of a ‘deva’ and a ‘Jyotirliñga’. Thus the longitude of Sun in a sign is not as relevant as its placement in the very sign itself and this fact is taken as an ‘anchor’ for drawing the annual charts. As the soul is the anchor of our existence, Sun’s transit in its natal sign signifies the figurative re-establishment of this anchor, i.e. a new beginning (in fact, it is because of this re-establishment of anchor that marriage is prohibited in the solar month of birth).


Though birthday as per the luni-solar calendar is traditionally celebrated when janma tithi returns in the same lunar month (which is identified based on the signs occupied by Sun and Moon at the beginning of the month), this definition was probably adopted for ease in civil usage. The most astrologically acceptable definition is based on janma tithi and sun sign (sun sign at janma tithi return and not sun sign at the beginning of the month). This is the most perfect method for defining the moment that is the closest in emulating the moment of birth. Hence, this is the ‘truest astrological birthday’ or rather ‘birth moment’.

Tithi Praveśa Chakra

As outlined above, the definition of the annual birth moment is the moment when Sun transits its natal sign and the Moon is at the exact displacement angle from Sun (degrees, minutes &amp; seconds) as at birth.

Praveśa means entry or return and Tithi Praveśa Chakra is the chart drawn for the birth moment of Tithi return every year. If the angle from Sun to Moon matches that in the natal chart, it means that the Tithi running is the same as birth Tithi and also the fraction of Tithi remaining is the same as at birth. If someone was born with Sun in Aries on Chaitra Śukla navamī with 25% of the Tithi remaining, the native’s astrological luni-solar new year will commence every year when Sun is in Aries and śukla navamī is running with 25% of the Tithi remaining. A chart cast for this moment for the longitude and latitude of the birthplace – irrespective of where the native is currently living – will throw light on the events during the coming year. This chart is called “Tithi Praveśa” (TP) chart.