Lithuanian flag

Lithuania, officially known as the Republic of Lithuania, is a country situated in Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, between Latvia and Russia. With a total surface of 25,212 square miles, Lithuania is slightly larger than West Virginia. By land mass, Lithuania is 123rd largest country in the world. Lithuania’s population in 2013 is approximately 3,500,000 people and it has a density of 141.2 inhabitants per square mile, making it the 132nd most populated nation on Earth. Vilnius is the capital and the largest city in Lithuania, with a population of about 838,000 people and a density of 3,605 inhabitants per square mile.

Basic History of Lithuania

Lithuania_mapEven though present day Lithuania is not one of Europe’s largest countries, by the end of the 14th century it was the continent’s largest country and included present-day Belarus and Ukraine. In 1386, Lithuania and Poland were ruled by the same person and in 1560 the two nations united into a single dual state, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which lasted until 1795. On 11 March 1990, Lithuania was the first of the Soviet republics to declare its independence. On the other hand, Moscow recognized Lithuania’s independence only on September 1991 and the last Russian troops withdrew from the country in 1993.

The ties between Russia and Lithuania were irrevocably cut in the spring of 2004, when the Baltic country joined both The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU). Today, Lithuania is a parliamentary democracy, ruled by President Dalia Grybauskaite and by Prime Minister Algirdas Butkevicius.

Geography of Lithuania

Lithuania_geographyWith a total surface of 25,212 square miles, Lithuania is the largest of the three Baltic states – Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Bordering Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the southwest, Lithuania is divided into 10 counties. The climate is transitional, between maritime and continental, with wet, moderate winters and summers. The terrain consists mainly of lowland, many scattered small lakes and fertile soil. The fertile central plains are separated by hilly uplands that are ancient glacial deposits. The lowest point in Lithuania is the Nemunas delta (−4.3 feet), in the Baltic Sea, and the highest peak is Aukstojas (965 feet). Lithuania’s natural resources are peat, arable land, and amber. However, it has a dangerous environmental issue: the soil and the groundwater are contaminated with petroleum products and chemicals at military bases. Due to this problem, Lithuania is party to several international agreements intended to help with  Desertification, Air Pollution, Environmental Modification, Endangered Species, Biodiversity, Law of the Sea, the Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Ozone Layer Protection and Hazardous Wastes.

Population of Lithuania

Lithuania_populationLithuania has a total population of 3,515,858 people and a density of 141.2 inhabitants per square mile, according to an August 2013 estimate provided by CIA World Factbook. By population, Lithuania is the 132nd most populated country on Earth. The last census of the Lithuanian population took place in 2011 and showed a total population of 3,043,429 people. This means that between 2011 and 2013 the number of people increased with 472,429 people. As of 2013, the Lithuania’s population growth rate is negative (-0.28%). As stated as well by the CIA, the degree of major infectious diseases is intermediate. However, vector borne disease like tick-borne encephalitis is thought to be a problem in Lithuania. Life expectancy of the total population is of 75.77 years, 70.96 years for males and 80.84 years for females. Birth rate is of 9.36 births/1,000 population, death rate is of 11.48 deaths/1,000 population, and sex ratio of the total population is 0.89 male(s)/female. In accordance to a Eurostat projection, Lithuania’s population will reach 2,977 in 2035 and 2,676 in 2060.

Largest city in Lithuania

Lithuania_largest cityLithuania’s capital and largest city is Vilnius, with a total population of 838,852 people and an area of 155 square miles. The first record of Vilnius as the Lithuanian capital dates from 1323, from Gediminas’ letters. The name of the city, Vilnius, means “to surge” or “a surge”. The second largest city in Lithuania is Kaunas – 673,706 people, followed by Klaipeda – 177,812 people, by Siauliai – 120,969 people, and Panevezys – 109,028 people.

Ethnicity in Lithuania

Lithuania_ethnicityLithuanians are the dominant ethnic group in Lithuania, accounting for 84.1% of the total population, according to a 2011 census. Other important ethnic groups are Poles (6.6%), Russians (5.8%), Belarusians (1.2%), Ukrainians (0.5%), Jews (0.1%), Tatars (0.1%), Germans (0.1%), Romani (0.1%), Latvians (0.1%), and others/unspecified (1.3%). Another census that took place in 2009, states that there were 84% Lithuanians, 6.1% Polish, 4.9% Russians, 1.1% Belarusians, and 3.9% other or unspecified. Moldovans, Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijani, Estonians, and Karaites are other ethnic minority groups. However, there is another ethnic group in Lithuania, the Samogitians, which doesn’t appear in the census results because people did not have the option to choose for the Samogitian ethnicity.

Religion in Lithuania

Lithuania_religionAlthough Lithuania was the last pagan country in Europe, Christianity is now the dominant religion in Lithuania. As of the 2001 census, 77.2% of the total population is Roman Catholic, 4% is Orthodox Believer, 0.77% is Old Believer, 0.56% is Evangelical, 0.2% is Evangelical Reformed, 0.1% are Jehovah’s Witnesses, and 0.8% is Sunni Muslim. 9.5% of the Lithuanians don’t have a religion, while 5.4% did not indicate a religion. On the other hand, a 2005 Eurobarometer Poll revealed that 49% of the Lithuanians “believe there is a God”, 36% “believe there is some sort of spirit or life-force”, while 12% “do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life-force”.

Language in Lithuania

Lithuania_languageThe official and the dominant language in Lithuania is Lithuanian, one of only two living languages (aside from Latvian) from the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family. Lithuanian is spoken by 82% of the total population, as stated by the 2001 census. The next most used languages are Russian, spoken by 8% of the Lithuanians, Polish, spoken by 5.6%, and other languages, which are spoken by 4.4% of the population, including Yiddish. English is the first foreign language taught in Lithuanians school, followed by German and, in some schools, French, Polish or Russian.

Economy in Lithuania

Lithuania_economyWith an economy based mainly on services (68.4%), but also on industry (28.4%) and agriculture (3.3%), Lithuania’s GDP in 2012 was of $66.08 billion, bigger in comparison to 2011 ($63.78 billion) and to 2010 ($60.24 billion). Also, even though the economic growth rate was in 2012 (3.6%) inferior to the one in 2011 (5.9%), Lithuania’s economy is among the fastest growing economies in the European Union. The government from Vilnius manages to achieve this by attracting foreign investment, by developing export markets, and by pursuing broad economic reforms. With a GDP per capita of $22,000, only 4% of the Lithuanians live below World Bank’s poverty line. Moreover, unemployment rate is also high – at 13.2% in 2012. Nevertheless, Lithuania’s short term challenge is to meet the Maastricht criteria and join the euro zone by 2015.