Conscious and Unconscious Cognitive Processing: The Priming affect of Semantic Relatedness and Emotional Valance

by Michelle Kennedy for Cognitive Psychology

This study explored conscious and unconscious processing in relation to word valence and mental

health (anxiety and happiness). A sample of 144 English speaking University students participated in the experiment. Batches of 20 students, grouped by valence, were administered three tasks (1) Semantic decision task on word pairs that included a positive, negative or neutral word plus a control; (2) Spielberg State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (SSTAI; Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg,& Jacobs, 1983); (3)The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ; Hills & Argyle, 2002). The Prime Relatedness main effect and Prime Relatedness by Word Type interaction were both significant, but the Word Type main effect was not significant. No significant effect sizes were found between mental health and reaction times. This study found both positive and negative valence do increase our unconscious processing speed especially when prime related, however neutral words resulted in little effect to priming. Further research is required to establish a link between mental health and cognitive performance.


Research into cognitive psychology has challenged traditional notions on perception, as studies conclude information processing can be unconscious (Merikle, Smilek & Eastwood, 2001). Yet as a rule, the extent to which stimuli is given attentive space depends on the importance of the message, which is considered a conscious process (Deutsch & Deutsch, 1963). Cognition relies on memory, perception, emotion, attention, associations and an individual lexicon (Deutsch & Deutsch, 1963; Eysenck & Keane, 2015; Okubo & Ogawa, 2013; Reisberg, 2013, Sass, Habel, Sachs, Huber, Gauggel & Kircher, 2012). Although some degree of cognitive arousal is essential for attention to operate, many believe processing occurs largely with conscious stimuli rather than unconscious stimuli and is a matter of selective attention (Deutsch & Deutsch, 1963). Despite this selective attention, no matter how alert we are there is a limit to the number of stimuli to which we consciously attend (Deutsch & Deutsch, 1963).

The question is to what extent do we process a subliminal stimulus, and how does emotion facilitate or hinder this process? Past research indicates that negative emotional arousal interferes with semantic processing and cognitive ability in subsequent tasks, which we will discuss (Sakaki, Gorlick & Mather, 2011). Studies using affective priming have successfully examined unconscious processing by masking semantically related primes (Okubo & Ogawa, 2013). Semantic priming is a well-known technique whereby a related word presented before a target word enhances processing of the subsequent target word (Heyman, Rensbergen, Storms, Hutchinson & DeDeyne, 2015), typically linked to a spreading activation process; masking thus renders the emotional valence of a word subliminal (Bodner & Masson, 2003). This priming effect has been proven to occur for word pairs that are associatively related, categorically related or simply look or sound similar (Okubo & Ogawa, 2013). The consensus of the research literature suggests that priming can be used in a variety of situations, including lexical decision-making and word labelling (Bodner & Masson, 2003). It will be argued that emotions play a vital role in cognition, with positive emotions enhancing cognitive abilities and that negative arousal is detrimental to cognitive processing as it reduces activation in the prefrontal cortex where perception, working memory, decision making and executive functioning is thought to reside (Itkes & Mashal, 2016).

Okubo and Ogawa (2013) conducted a study using affective priming to evaluate emotional valance (i.e., negative and positive) on target stimulus and observed RTs were faster when the prime and the target had the same valence. According to the Automatic Vigilance Hypothesis valence is automatic evaluated (Itkes & Marshal, 2016). A series of studies on unconscious processing, or perception without awareness found that information is perceived without attending or awareness of perceiving (Merikle, et al., 2001; Okubo & Ogawa, 2013), and adds further weight to an automatic processes. This defies common logic that we must perceive in order for information to affect thoughts, feelings and behaviour. Moreover, neuroscience has mapped the brain and found two pathways, which underlie emotional experience (Okubo & Ogawa, 2013), one of which may hold the secret to this unconscious processing. The cortical pathway (from the thalamus, through the cortex to the amygdala) is known as the conscious route and is evoked by attended stimuli. Whereas the subcortical pathway (direct thalamus-amygdala connection) may be evoked by subliminal stimuli and the emotional meaning appraised even if the stimuli has not been identified (Okubo & Ogawa, 2013). The studies conducted by Mack and Rock (1998; as cited in Merikle, et al., 2001), found unattended stimuli which participants claimed not to have observed, displayed measurable behavioural patterns associated with perception and thus concluded stimuli was perceived without awareness.

Deutsch and Deutsch (1963) assert that discrimination is required when attending, because as humans we find it difficult to attend to two stimuli simultaneously, such as talking on the phone and listening to a lecture. However, they found that unwanted messages were first processed before they were rejected or ignored, meaning that the two messages were first analysed for importance before one of them was discarded. Merikle et al., (2001) did a study to find out the difference, if any, in the consequences of conscious versus unconscious processing and found there were indeed qualitatively different consequences. The evidence supported perception without awareness under many conditions.

Implications for behaviour change from things, which arouse emotions, are huge; money for instance is highly emotive. Vohs, Mead, and Goode (2008) conducted a study on money and found merely activating the concept of money can change behaviour, for example participants subtly reminded of money preferred solitary tasks and were less helpful than those who were not reminded of money. Perception of a stimulus is personal and may be linked to ones mental health or valance of a stimuli; Yuan et al., (2011) completed studies on mood influence on brain functioning and found pleasant mood increases brain processing of cognitive control. In other words, it improved performance when the participants were required to inhibit task irrelevant activities from distracting them to achieve a goal. Further empirical evidence (Gray, 2001; as cited in Yuan et al., 2011) reveals mood acts as a modulating effect on the processes of cognitive control.

It is thought that due to the reduction in prefrontal cortex activation, negative valence captures attention automatically, more than positive words. Neuroimaging of the brain showed a reduced level of activation in the prefrontal cortex whilst conducting an automatic task. Sakaki et al., (2011) concluded that due to the considerable cognitive processing required for semantic connections, it is plausible that negative emotional states, such as anxiety which reduces activity in the prefrontal cortex, may interfere with semantic processing.

Against this background the aim of the present study was to examine whether the size of the priming effect in conscious and unconscious processing relates to word valence and if individual differences in happiness and anxiety play a role in the information we process. Therefore, it was hypothesised that prime related words with a positive valence will have faster reaction times (RTs) than control positive words. It was also hypothesised that prime related words with a negative valence will have slower RTs than control negative words. It was further hypothesised that prime related words with a neutral valence will have faster RTs than control neutral words. It was also hypothesised that participants scoring high on the OHQ and SSTAI will have faster RTs to negatively valence words than to positive or neutrally valence words.


The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the size of the priming affect depends on word valence and if individual differences in happiness and anxiety affect information processing. We did find significant effect sizes for both positive words and negative words but not for neutral words. Analysis showed the direction of the reaction was negative for the emotionally valence words (positive and negative), indicating participants were indeed quicker on the primed words compared to the control words. The neutral word results were unexpectedly reversed; participants were quicker on the control pair than the prime pair. Although a weak positive correlation was found for individual differences of mental health the results were not significant as only 10% of the priming affect could be attributed to anxiety and only 8% to happiness. There is insufficient evidence to draw any conclusions.

The results of this study supported the hypotheses that prime related words with a positive valence did have faster RTs than control positive words. As discussed earlier there have been many studies, which show improvement in cognitive performance due to pleasant moods and positive valence (Sakaki et al., 2011) so this result is not surprising. An essential component of strong cognitive performance is the ability to organize information and inhibit task irrelevant thoughts. Spreading activation is notable, in that faster RTs are common with related concepts (Sass et al.,2012) perhaps positivity was used as a cognitive link. Research on attention is another possible explanation as results on positive moods indicate a broadening of attentive scope while a narrowing of attention occurs with negative moods (Sakaki et al., 2011). Therefore, our results for negative valence words are surprising.

Contrary to expectations, prime related words with a negative valence actually had faster RTs than control negative words. Furthermore, the negative primed pair resulted in even faster RTs than the neutral primed pair words. A likely culprit for this could be the link between the reduction in prefrontal cortex activity and automatic responding (Merikle et al., 2001). By shutting down the executive functioning, the individual was able to react in an instinctual manner rather than respond. Studies, which have monitored brain activity, found negative stimuli are given priority over neutral and positive stimuli (Itkes & Mashal, 2016). Deutsch and Deutsch’s theory of learning (1963, p. 85) predicts an inverse correlation where stimuli with high importance can be mistakenly perceived, therefore the increased RTs we obtained may simply be from link- analyser units in the brain making a mistake or allocating it as higher importance than other messages they were receiving at the time.

Our hypothesis, that prime related words with a neutral valence will have faster RTs than control neutral words was not supported. A possible explanation for these results could lie in the effects emotions have on our attention. Emotions are an essential component of human survival therefore it makes sense that emotional stimuli arouses attention faster and stronger than neutral stimuli, it has also been assessed as being more accurate and detected quicker than neutral stimuli (Sakaki et al., 2011). Spreading activation which assume that semantic activation spreads along the connections in long-term memory networks and makes associations which are fast and automatic (Bodner & Masson, 2003) fits this concept well.

Our final hypothesis, that participants scoring high on the OHQ and SSTAI will have faster RTs to negatively valence words than to positive or neutrally valence words was not supported. We didn’t find a significant connection to individual mental health over the relatedness of the prime.

As mentioned earlier the percentages than could be attributed to these emotional states were minimal.

Masked priming in the form of pre- and postmasking, prevented most subjects from perceiving their semantic properties, this was done to study unconscious affects of valence, however controversy around emotional arousal on cognition remains high. Our studies support the research thus cited even though a review by Mitchell and Phillips (2007; as cited in Yuan et al., 2011) on executive function and mood found opposing results, where positive mood inhibited performance during an Eriksen flanker task and negative mood had little effect on cognitive control. Rossell and Nobre (2004; as cited in Sass et al., 2012) who analysed affect on semantic priming also found no effect or inhibition for negative stimuli. They did however find a priming effect for positive and neutral stimuli. They postulated that neutral and positive stimuli might share some semantic properties therefore activating neural networks that weren’t available for negative stimuli.

This then brings up the limitations of this study; our research was confined to semantic stimuli and not procedural processing or cognitive control, which has found to have different outcomes for positive and negative stimuli compared with semantic results. Another limitation was that we used behavioural measures alone (e.g., response time) to discover the impacts of affective priming without neurophysiological measures. Therefore, we still don’t know what happens in the brain when confronted with emotional stimuli. Further research using both measures would be helpful to fully understand the complex processing that occurs when we perceive a stimuli whether it’s conscious or unconscious.

Despite these findings we lean towards the results our study found, that it is, emotions have a profound affect on our cognitive abilities and there is considerable difference in outcomes whether we consciously attend to something or perceive it subliminally. Positive emotions broaden our attentive scoop, tighten our semantic organization and generally enhance our cognitive performance. While negative emotions bypass our conscious and seem to be processed by our automatic response system. Negative arousal does disrupt some brain functions however it is usually noticed quickly and accurately over neutral and even positive stimuli. Our brain requires memory, attention, associations, and perception to process information but this can be an unconscious process just as easily as a conscious process. The implications of these findings for the general populous are substantial; first subliminal messages can create behaviour change and second negative stimuli is processed before neutral or positive stimuli and may decrease our executive functioning. The media is full of disturbing news and simply having it on in the background may seep into our brains and distort our behaviour. We need to be vigilant with what we allow into our lives and keep the tone upbeat for our own mental health and well-being if nothing else.

Some other theories which may be responsible for the priming effect are the spreading- activation theory, which assume that semantic activation spreads along the connections in long-term memory networks and makes associations which are fast and automatic (Bodner & Masson, 2003).


Bodner, G., & Masson, M. E. J. (2003). Beyond spreading activation: An influence of relatedness proportion on masked semantic priming. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 10(3), 645-652.


Eysenck, M. W. & Keane, M. T. (2015). Cognitive psychology: A student's handbook (7th ed.). Hove, Sussex: Psychology Press.

Hills, P., & Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford happiness questionnaire: A compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 1073- 1082.

Itkes, O. & Mashal, N. (2016). Processing negative valence of words pairs that include a positive word. Cognition and Emotion, 30(6), 1180-1187, Doi: 10.1080/02699931.2015.1039934

Merikle, P. M., Smilek, D., & Eastwood, J. D. (2001). Perception without awareness: perspectives from cognitive psychology. Cognition, 79, 115-134.

Okubo, C. & Ogawa, T. (2013). Unconscious and conscious processing of negative emotions examined through effective priming. Psychological Reports: Relationships & Communications, 112(2), 607-625. Doi:10.2466/21.07.PR0.112.2.607-625 I

Residerg, D. (2103). Two types of priming. Cognition: Exploring the Science of the Mind, (5th Ed.). New York: Norton, 130-135.

Robinson, M. D.,& Kirkeby, B. S. (2005). Happiness as a belief system: Individual differences and priming in emotion judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(8), Doi: 10.1177/0146167204274081


Sakaki, M., Gorlick, M.A. & Mather, M. (2011). Differential interference effects of negative emotional states on subsequent semantic and perceptual processing. Emotion, 11(6), Dec 2011, 1263-1278.

Sass, K., Habel, U., Sachs, O., Huber, W., Gauggel, S. & Kircher, T. (2012) The influence of emotional associations on the neural correlates of semantic priming. Human Brain Mapping, 33(3), 676-694. Doi: 10.1002/hbm.21241

Vohs, K.D., Mead, N.L., Goode, M.R. (2008). Merely activating the concept of money changes personal and interpersonal behavior. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(3), 208-212

Yuan,J., Xu,S., Yang, J., Liu, Q., Chen, A., Zhu,L., Chen, J., Li, H. (2011). Pleasant mood intensifies brain processing of cognitive control: ERP correlates. Biological Psychology, 87, 17–24. Doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.01.004

Donald Trump, who supports him?

Donald Trump scored an impressive Electoral College victory Nov. 8 2016 and became 45th president of the United States of America after a campaign that revealed deep divisions – by race, gender and education.   I have never seen a presidential race with so much propaganda both before AND after the election.  This one is monotonous.  We are living in historically important times.

Before we go any further, let's just put it out there and say Clinton would have been a disaster for America and Trump is just the better of the choices- which weren't great to start with, he's the lesser of the two evils per se.  Ok now onto our analysis.

The dry statistics reveal, Trump won white voters by a margin almost identical to that of Mitt Romney, who lost the popular vote to Barack Obama in 2012. However, although Trump fared little better among blacks and Hispanics than Romney did four years ago, Hillary Clinton did not run as strongly among these core Democratic groups as Obama did in 2012.Women supported Clinton over Trump by 54% to 42%. This is about the same as the Democratic advantage among women in 2012 (55% Obama vs. 44% Romney) and 2008 (56% Obama vs. 43% McCain). By 53% to 41%, more men supported Trump than Clinton (the 12-point margin is identical to the margin by which women supported Clinton). The advantage for Trump among men is larger than the 7-point advantage Romney had in 2012 and much different than in 2008, when men preferred Obama over McCain by a single point.

Apparently the average Trump supporter is :

  • less educated than the average Republican  (So? College degrees don't give people the right to look down their noses at others wanting better for their family- which is what Trump promised).
  • poorer than the average Republican (How much does the average Republican earn and where is the stats on income per Trump voter?  Where is this information from????)
  • authoritarian (Compared with who?  The maniacs in the street beating them for supporting Trump?  hmmm not sure about this one)
  • populist (member of a political party seeking to represent the interests of ordinary people. Nothing wrong with that)
  • less likely to have a good credit score (Now where did they get this load of BS from.  There are plenty of wealthy men and women who support Trump)

Yada,yada, yada...

New research reveals  that his supporters, on average, do not have lower incomes than other Americans, nor are they more likely to be unemployed.  The Gallup analysis is the most comprehensive statistical profile of Trump's supporters so far. Jonathan Rothwell, the economist at Gallup who conducted the analysis.   Five findings in particular from Rothwell's work are noteworthy: those related to economic factors such as income, manufacturing and opportunity, as well as his conclusions about health and racial diversity.

  1. From polls, it is clear that Trump's supporters tend to be blue-collar men with lower levels of education.  Among people who had similar educations, lived in similar places, belonged to the same religion and so on, those with greater incomes were modestly more likely to favor Trump. They were just as likely to be either working or looking for work as others.
  2. Trump's supporters do live and work in economies reliant on manufacturing that have been exposed to intense competition from China. They themselves believe their personal finances have been negatively affected by trade: A poll by the Pew Research Center during the primary found that 60 percent of Trump's supporters said trade had hurt their family's finances, compared with 42 percent of Ohio Gov. John Kasich's supporters and 36 percent of those supporting Sen. Ted Cruz (R-Tex.).
  3. Trump supporters might not be experiencing acute economic distress, but they are living in places that lack economic opportunity for the next generation.   Trump has found success playing up economic grievances, stoking anxieties about immigrants, and complaining about Chinese competition. How is it then, that so many of his supporters seem to be economically secure?
  4. Among Americans who were similar in terms of income, age, education and other factors, those who lived in places where people were less healthy had more favorable views of Trump.  In other words, between two people who earn the same amount of money and have the same amount of schooling, the person who comes from a place with bad health is more likely to support Trump. It's hard to say what is causing this bad health, but at least some of this probably has roots in cultural practices — diet and exercise habits, patterns of drinking and smoking, and more.
  5. Although Trump voters tend to be the most skeptical about immigration, they are also the least likely to actually encounter an immigrant in their neighborhood. A study from 2006 found that native-born Americans living in Zip codes with lots of immigrants tended to hold immigrants in higher esteem. For instance, they were about twice as likely to say that immigrants “strengthen the US with their hard work and talents.”

Really though, does any of this matter now. He's in office and will be for the next four years. Given the unpredictable nature of Trump, it’s hard to see what he will do. So let's look at this policies, what he stands for and what he has or has not done to date with this power as the President of the United States or 'POTUS' as his twitter handle is now.

He has promised his supporters radical change.

  1. New Jobs- Increased building of infrastructure to get the economy moving again. It is not enough to “buy American.” It is also important to “hire American,” which means curtailing corporate abuse of the H-1B visa program that gives our good jobs to foreigners.
  2. Halt on immigration for the betterment of American jobs
  3. Building a wall on the US-Mexico border to stop illegal immigrants coming into the country, bringing crime and drugs with them and taking jobs from Americans.
  4. Health-  The promise: Trump pledged to repeal Obamacare, the Affordable Health Care Act. This complex legislation may be Obama's proudest achievement and is designed to fill the gap in healthcare for the poor that dogs the American private system. However it is a noose around the necks of many. (Which was passed today, the 4th May 2017)
  5. Initially he said he would appoint a special prosecutor to investigate Hillary Clinton's use of a private email serve and "lock her up" if needed.  Since then, he has suggested that investigating Clinton would not be a top priority.
  6.   Trump pledged to "move criminal aliens out [on] day one". He told 60 Minutes on CBS he will aim to jail or deport between two and three million illegal immigrants, focusing on criminals, gang members and drug dealers.
  7. Trump signed an Executive Order on improving accountability & whistleblower protection

On 29 May, it will be 100 days since Donald Trump shocked the US and the world by defeating Hillary Clinton to become the 45th President of the United States.  These 100 days have been plagued with snitches, spies and back stabbing.  It's been all out war for Trump as the opposition want nothing better than to see him fail. 

Yet as the cat and mouse game continues, who is really in charge.  Trump at first coy with the media and political unrest has now taken his gloves off and it appears he's here for the long haul.  Peace talks with Putin, not going after Cuban banks, and now chatting with north Korea - one of the few countries to refuse Rothschild banks may actually become allies to the US if Trumps discourse fairs the weather of media interference.  In March the new executive order prohibits foreign nationals of six predominantly Muslim nations from entering the US for 90 days.  However states and nationals protested against the ban and the courts over turned the executive order.  Both Obama and Clinton did a similar short term ban and the media supported them.  It is wrong now just because it's Trump???

Conservative commentator Kayleigh McEnany in The Hill, says that Trump has amassed a "significant resume of accomplishments" considering that the Democrats have been obstructing his administration every step of the way.   The work being done behind the scenes that the media is not reporting on is where the real action is.  It appears the only media outlets talking about the good things Trump is doing are the so called 'alternative media' with the likes of Alex Jones leading the way.   In his own words "Alex Jones is a unique voice that sifts through the information and exposes the underlying intentions.  Alex has never taken a loan and is not beholden to advertisers, investors or any other group that could censor or influence his position."  

Long before the election Alex Jones was all for Trump.  He interviewed trusted sources who vouched for Trump and after doing his own investigation came to the same conclusions.  So the real question is why do so many main stream media outlets want to destroy him.  What are they being paid to hide or rather what stories do they not want the pubic to know?  Has anyone heard of all the arrests (1,500) of pedophiles going on around America, that he has smashed pizza-gate wide open and is actually doing something about it? Since Trump was sworn in, authorities have arrested more than 1,500 pedophiles in the United States.



As the first 100 days draws to a close one thing is for sure.  Donald Trump is unpredictable and enjoys shocking the media.  He likes keeping everyone guessing on how he'll react to whatever propaganda story they throw at him.    There are things he has done well, there are others he could have handled better, but all in all I'd say he's done well despite the hurricane of events thrown at him to tip him off kilter.  Lets see what the next 100 days bring.

The Physics Behind the Collapse of the Twin Towers

So most people now know 9/11 was not a terrorist attack foreign national who hate Americans and somehow slipped through airport security and hijacked three planes.   Then despite not finding any computers in tact from the rubble they found a passport of one of the hijackers!! -OMG even that makes the original story a farce.  After 15 years the American Government are still using fear tactics and the 9/11 event as an excuse to control us and watch/track our every move. However this has increased public awareness as more people wake up.  Lack of support for the Government is escalating to the November 2016 Presidential election, where Donald Trump is 7 points in the lead.  Another Pearl Harbor  or 9/11 event is needed.  And yes these politicians will murder their own for political gain.

Anyway many you-tubers and serious conspiracy investigators have piece together the video footage and eye witness testimonies to pull apart the official story.   Four, highly educated men got together, did the research and their findings were published in a respectable journal- 'Europhysics'.  Only when information is corroborated will journals accept articles for publication

We'll now it been taken one step further.

the-truth-about-the-collapse-of-the-twin-towersEntitled “15 Years Later: On the Physics of High-Rise Building Collapses,” the investigation was conducted by Steven Jones, a former professor of physics at Brigham Young University;

Robert Korol, a professor emeritus of civil engineering at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada and a fellow of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering and the Engineering Institute of Canada;

Anthony Szamboti, a mechanical design engineer; and

Ted Walter, author of Architects & Engineers for 9/11 Truth’s Beyond Misinformation: “What Science Says About the Destruction of World Trade Center Buildings 1, 2 and 7.”

The science paper has been published in Europhysics News.

Click on the cover image to download a copy to read for yourself.

The official 9/11 story is:

  1. On the morning of September 11th 2001 (1am Sydney time I was 7 months pregnant and couldn't sleep so I watched from bed in horror as the towers collapsed)  four Boeing passenger jets were hijacked within an hour by nineteen Arab terrorists armed with boxcutters.
  2. Pilots among these terrorists took control of the Boeings and changed course toward targets in New York City and Washington D.C.
  3. Two of the Boeings were deliberately crashed into the Twin Towers, causing raging fires within which melted the steel supporting structures, thereby causing the buildings to collapse completely.
  4. A third Boeing was deliberately crashed into the Pentagon.
  6. This was an attack on America and it was planned and directed by Osama bin Laden as the leader of Al-Qa'idah, a previously obscure anti-U.S. international terrorist organization composed mainly of Arabs. (Side Note: Al-Qa'idah, means 'The Database" referring to the list of men the CIA had trained and armed in the Middle East.   Osama bin Laden and the bin Laden family were personal friends of the Bush Family, but Osama bin Laden was dying so he probably agreed to be the face of Terror.  It is theorised he died years before they supposedly killed him and buried him at sea#!@%#!).

Some Quick Facts about 9/11

  • TWO Planes hit the twin tower buildings  WTC1 and WTC2.
  • THREE buildings collapsed  WTC building 7 was NOT  hit by ANYTHING but collapse in 2.5 seconds.  A 47-story steel-framed skyscraper located one block from the Twin Towers collapsed at 5:20 that evening, imploding in the exact manner of a professionally engineered demolition.
  • Fire has never — prior to or after 9/11 — caused any steel frame building to collapse. The sudden, vertical, explosive, and total collapse of the Twin Towers at near freefall speed can only be explained by controlled demolition.
  • Nano Thermite was found in the dust at Ground Zero.
  • The steel used in the World Trade Center construction, which if fully examined, could have revealed the effects of explosives, was quickly shipped overseas and melted down. This was an unprecedented violation of federal crime scene laws.
  • Unidentified insiders made millions on the stocks of American and United Airlines and those of other corporations that were likewise impacted by the attacks. These "put option" bets were made just prior to 9/11.
  • The Secret Service broke established protocols by allowing President Bush to remain in a well-publicized classroom "photo op" long after it was known that the U.S. was under attack and he might well have been a target.
  • The PATRIOT ACT was written before 9/11. Signed into law October 26th, 2001.  Download a copy of "





Dangers of Glyphosate to human health





Glyphosate has unleashed a chemical holocaust across our world




Spirituality as a viable alternative to religion.

White light meditation  As the age of Enlightenment was and religion once again becomes a political weapon, the world faces a moral dilemma about it’s faith and path to truth.  The question has been raised; is there an alternative to the traditional religious moral codes that will allow humans to transcend the current challenges. Humanist spirituality claims to be a viable alternative to religion in the twenty first century and this essay will discuss why this is true.  ‘Spirituality’, here is defined as a quest to get closer to nature, find the spirit within, reach ones highest potential (Swinburne 2015) and find enlightenment which often involves transcendence (Holmes, Hughes & Julian 2015). By giving meaning to spirituality through an ethical and humanist view we see ‘meaning’ as the relationship between two sorts of things; signs and what they signify.  All religions, according to Durkheim (1858-1917) have two basic qualities which define them as a religion; belief and rites, which consist of “states of opinion” and “determined modes of action”. (Durkheim, 1912 p 137) These are further classified into the ‘sacred’ which is venerated and the ‘profane’ which is everything else. He also believed he found the Sociological evidence for religion in totemism (Durkheim, 1912 p 231) when studying the Australian Aboriginal religion.  He found that almost everything among the aboriginals is sacred to some degree, yet despite this he refused to consider that many totemists might actually experience the world as inherently sacred.  It was actually crucial to Durkheim's theory that they did not. Durkheim states that from his observation of religion anything can be sacred, a rock, tree, word, plant, animal or idea, however he also states that  “neither man nor nature is inherently sacred”.  He goes on to define religion as a “society whose members are united by the fact that they think in the same way in regard to the sacred world and it’s relations with the profane world”, this commonality and practices is what’s known as a ‘church’. He says that throughout history we do not find a single religion without a church (Durkheim, 1912 pp140). Despite Durkheim's explanation of sacred and profane, religion has a number of fundamental flaws which humanist spirituality claims it can resolve.

Throughout history we have seen that art, music, and society was based around religious beliefs.  As the beliefs changed or branched off society changed and the creative arts found new form. Modern technology, science and archeological evidence has destroyed much of the old ways with empirical proof that much of what was believed is untrue.  When the church was ‘defeated’ per say by this scientific and rational thought, secular humanism was seeded as a fundamental pathway to truth (Swinburne 2015).  World views have therefore seen a subtle yet noticeable shift away from the religious institutions to the new form of spiritualism which allows for unrestricted faith, direct connection to source and a blending of beliefs without condemnation from a “Church”.   The reasons people are leaving faith based institutions, (which Durkheim states as needing community or a “Church” in which to exist ) in favour of spirituality are five fold.  Firstly Religions have an ‘us and them’ mentality, where ‘their’ sacred beliefs and rituals are the correct ones and others are wrong therefore if we are to believe the Torah, Koran and Bible, killing the ‘other’ is ok (Tremblay 2010, p 25). Secondly that Humans are the Masters of the Universe and the earth was created for them.  Thus creating a divide between animals, nature, the cosmos and man. (Tremblay 2010, p 25) Thirdly there is a moral dichotomy between the accepted morality of the people and that of the government and leaders, which is one of the main reasons for the number of conflicts on the planet today (Tremblay 2010, pp 25-26). A fourth defect in religious teachings is the concept of hell and the intimidation of non believers by religious authorities. This is immoral as it condemns two-thirds of the population to exclusion, persecution and even genocide. (Tremblay 2010, p 26) The final weakness that spirituality trumps religion, is the religious stance that the human mind and body are separate, and that in order to speak to God we need an intermediary such as a priest or Sharman type person, who themselves have gone through a ritualist process to elevate them into the realm of sacred.

Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955) suggested that “A man’s ethical behaviour should be based effectually on sympathy, education, and social ties and needs; no religious basis is necessary”  (Tremblay 2010, pp 23). Ethics deals with morality; how moral judgement and moral behaviour are practiced and a code of ethics specifies this in detail. Humans intuitively have a moral code which is separate from any god or supernatural existence (Tremblay 2010, pp 28). The pages of history however, are full of religious tyranny, conflict and wars, with many religions giving salvation in the afterlife to those who suffer the most so they won’t fight the oppression of religious doctrine whilst alive.  The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, show that todays power hungry elite are operating in a moral vacuum, thus the humanistic alternative becomes ever more enticing (Tremblay 2010, pp 31).  Karl Marx(1818 -1883) believed that religion was merely another tool in the capitalist arsenal of weapons against the masses (Holmes, Hughes & Julian, 2015). With this view it is no wonder that Marx was a leading thinker of the humanist ideology. At it’s core a humanistic approach to behaviour and an ethical response to environmental and sociological issues is the answer. By taking away the sacred, placing emphasis on personal responsibility and morals, gives hope to humanity that they can succeed and gain liberty.(Holmes, Hughes & Julian 2015)

In his Introduction to the Contribution to the Critique of Hegel s Philosophy of Law (1844),  Marx writes, “Religion is the self-consciousness and self-esteem of man who has either not yet found himself or has already lost himself again. But man is no abstract being encamped outside the world. Man is the world of man, the state and society. This state, this society, produce religion, an inverted world-consciousness, because they are an inverted world. Religion is the general theory of that world, its encyclopaedic compendium, its logic in a popular form, its spiritualistic point d honneur, its enthusiasm, its moral sanction, its solemn complement, its universal source of consolation and justification. It is the fantastic realisation of the human essence because the human essence has no true reality. The struggle against religion is therefore indirectly a fight against the world of which religion is the spiritual aroma” (Gunasekara, V, 2015).   The reason this is so poignant is because it is this ideology that has given humanist spirituality its popularity.  The population today is driving for happiness and fulfilment, not just for themselves but on a global scale.  Religion fails to offer this. Humanistic Spiritually offers connection, love and compassion, with a philosophical world view of humanist code of ethics which affirms the inherent worth of all human beings(Tremblay 2010, p 29).  The core beliefs and approach to humanist spirituality is the notion that all sentient beings life purpose is to attain happiness.  This is attained through high self esteem, personal fulfilment, spiritual growth, personal accomplishments and connection to source or unity consciousness along with moral character development and release from emotional baggage (Tremblay 2010, p 28). Humanist believe that religion is not needed any more as the framework for moral guidance and that perhaps those who deem to be the most pious have be seen to act in the least moral way.  In fact the pursuit of happiness, success and accomplishment is a journey that is far more important to ones growth than the destination.  Staying fluid in one’s beliefs and allowing the psyche to develop as is needed seems to be the way of the world these days.  With more spiritual centres opening across the world and Australia, giving lessons on mediation, healing techniques and a plethora of spiritual tools it’s not wonder the global population is embracing this new form of living.

The New age movement, which started in the 1980’s and quickly gained popularity, allows for spiritual guidance on connecting with nature, mother earth, human responsibility and social justice.  There is a forward projection of a coming golden age where peace reigns and humans unite through love.  It focuses on the individual and moves away from the community based beliefs, increasing personality responsibility and decreasing victimisation and blame. (Holmes, Hughes & Julian 2015 p 289) Humanist spirituality is an extension of this movement and provides a solution for those who seek an alternative to religion.  Flo Wineriter, President of the Humanist Utah, defines humanism as a progressive philosophy of life, motivated by human hope and compassion, free from superstition but committed to responsible behaviour that will enhance the quality of life on this planet for all. Whilst maintaining “faith in the human capacity to choose good over evil without expectation of reward in another life” (Wineriter, 1996). The values based on what is good for the whole and the depth of resources available based on human stories, on insight and wisdom gained through experience can be understood by all as we share a common biology. Ultimately humanist spirituality teaches that we have the power to resolve life’s problems through rational thought and responsible behaviour; without magic, supernatural beings, sacred totems or dogmatic rules of religious institutions.  We see the humanistic tendencies of humans in times of great tragedy when strangers help strangers and everyone pulls together for the greater good. In saying that, at the same time that the humanist spiritual movement developed as a response to the new age movement, so to has fundamentalists.  Globalisation, impoverished masses and immigration causing denationalisation has had a destabilising factor on a number of areas.  The Fundamentalists have reacted in the opposite way to the Humanists by increasing their faith and placing literal meanings on their specific teachings. (Holmes, Hughes & Julian 2015 pp 293-297)   Marx's view of religion is that of an illusion of the human mind, trying to explain the seemingly unexplainable.  The purpose of religion is primarily used by the elite to conceal reality in a veil of delusion and to justify that which is often unjustifiable to the masses (Gunasekara, V, 2015).  It is quite clear by the number of contentious situations that have risen, fundamentalism is not a way forward, it is certainly not an alternative to traditional religion and the situation needs to be addressed so it doesn’t erupt into a full blown war.

Although Religion would be difficult to irradiate altogether, this essay has clearly shown that there are viable alternatives for humans to liberate their minds, maintain a belief in something greater than themselves yet not succumb to the oppressive doctrines of religion, and that is humanist spirituality.  Durkheim’s manifesto on religion explored one version of how to look at religion in it’s simplest form and that is totemism, focusing on the sacred and profane, with it’s basis surrounding a church like institution. However the key aspect of the new age movement of humanist spiritualism is a movement away from religious institutions to that of a personal fluid expression of spirituality.   Ultimately the responsibility for overcoming the current challenges and creating the kind of world in which we wish live rests with us.  Clearly this essay has demonstrated that ethical and humanist spirituality is not only a viable alternative to religion, it truly is the way forward if we want to save this planet, live with love, be happy and help humanity.


Bouma, G 2006,  Australian soul : religion and spirituality in the 21st century,  Cambridge         University Press, Cambridge , NY pp 162-166

Durkheim, E 1912, The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, trans. J Swain 2008, Dover            Publications, Mineola, NY pp 137-152

Durkheim and Religion, 2015, Sociology guide: a students guide to sociology, viewed 7 May 2015

Gunasekara, V 2015, Karl Marx as a Humanist, viewed 7 May 2015        manussa/MarxHum.htm

Holmes, D, Hughes, K & Julian R 2015, Australian sociology: a changing society, Pearson         Australia, Melbourne, Vic  pp 278-299

Swinburne Online 2015, ‘Week 9, Spirituality’, SOC10004 Sociological Foundations, post on         Learning Materials, Swinburne Online, viewed 30 April 2015

Tremblay, R 2010, The code for global ethics: ten humanist principles, Prometheus Books,         Amherst, NY

Wineriter, F 1996, What is Humanism? Humanists of Utah viewed on 6 May 2015

Which is more important in shaping individual identity: Social Structure or Social Interaction?

IMG_8694Everyday life is made up by our social interaction with others in our society, beginning with our family. School peers and later work colleagues and other outside influences such as media and education also help shape our belief systems; however as Charles Cooley ( 1864 - 1929) suggested what really creates the construct behind individual identity is the social structure of society, not our genes or interaction alone.  The society into which we belong gives us the choice of threads for the fabric into which we are woven.  Changes in social structure throughout history clearly demonstrate how the constraints of a societies structure forms the basis of personal identity; How a person thinks about themselves, and how they feel they can freely express that thought.

According to Auguste Comte (1838) social structure is the stable patterns of social behaviour made up of various components: Culture, class, status, role, and institution to which one belongs. (Holmes, Hughes & Julian, 2015) Whereas social interaction is classified by the acceptable way in which to live with ones fellow man. (Webster &  Sell,  2012)  Components that become important at this level are things like personal space, belief on eye contact and touching as well as semantic meaning behind body language and tonality.  Goffman (1959) introduced dramaturgy to explain the interaction process within societies. He theorised that our role in the world could be likened to that of an actor on stage; Back stage or front stage depending on the strength of our character in that scene and the role we are playing. He also suggested that some roles are incompatible with others, therefore causing conflict or strain within a person.

Social structure has been redefined throughout history with functionalism (Herbert Spencer), Karl Marx’s class structure analysis or structuralist perspectives (Levi-Strauss) among others creating theories from which to draw conclusions. (Henslin, Possamai, & Possamai-Inesedy, 2011)   When one of the 10 main institutions ( family, religion, law, politics, economics, medicine, science, military, media) categorised by Comte, are changed, such as in the industrial revolution, the inquisition  or the digital age, we see change in personal identity as individuals adapt to the new structure, values and ideologies of society (Holmes, Hughes & Julian, 2015).

Australian values place great emphasis on economic standing and education.  This starts within the family unit, where parents put great pressure on children to live up to their high expectations, or leave them to their own devices, with no guidance and poor role modelling. Our class system, although not as noticeable as some countries, still places the wealthy and educated in prestigious occupations which in turn increase social status. Emilie Durkheim (1858 - 1917) suggested this is how the conscious collective forms cohesion around shared norms. (Webster & Sell, 2012)  Karl Marx (1818-1882) believed the motivation of humans was to overcome alienation and repression.   He refers to todays ‘Retail Therapy’ as an extension of this consumerism based interaction, to fill the void left by alienation. (Holmes et al, 2015)

The framework of a society limit, guide and organise human behaviour. The difference in personal identity via different structure verses interaction alone, can clearly be seen when looking at different nations, cultures and subcultures.  Individuals attach emotional importance to the ideology and values of the society into which they have been brought up.  As Claude Lévi-Strauss's (1908 -2009) structuralists believe, the identity of society comes before the identity of the individual. (Webster et al, 2012) In India arranged marriages are the norm.  Crimes in the name of religion occurred  across many nations and throughout time with little remorse for their actions, which were justified due to the group beliefs to which they belonged.  A woman in Australia can expect respect, no sexual repression, choice of husband and choice of education and occupation.  Yet still in 2015 there are societies into which a woman is born where none of these rights are a given.  In Asia some poor families sell their daughters into the sex trade to survive,. The middle east sees women as second class citizens, if raped they are the accused and sentenced not the violator.  Our societal norms see us outraged by this.

Society changes as it responds to social and economic needs, advances in technology, religion or medicine and cultural dynamics. However the creation of who we are and how we think of ourselves is determined by the structure of the society in which we live, where we are located within it, the class and status of those around us and our peers attitudes and beliefs which have been instilled in tern by their position in the structure. A persons underlying perception of themselves and others is determined by the norms, values, ideologies, behaviours & interaction with the group to which they are brought up.   It is the structure which provides the accepted way of interaction between individuals and therefore the structure in the end is the most important criteria for shaping individual identity.


Brinkerhoff, D. B., Ortega, S. T. & Weitz, R. 2014 Essentials of Sociology, 9th edn., Cengage Learning.

Henslin, J. Possamai, A. & Possamai-Inesedy, A. (2011), Sociology: a down to earth approach, Pearson Australia, Frenchs Forest.

Holmes, D, Hughes, K & Julian R (2015), Australian sociology : a changing society, Pearson Australia, Melbourne.

Lopez, J & Scott, J 2000, Social structure, Open University Press, Buckingham.

Slideshare retrieved 5 April 2015

Structuralism,  (2015) Sociology guide.Com, retrieved 5 April 2015

Webster, Jr. M, & Sell, J  (2012), ‘Group and Institutions, Structures and Processes’, in G Ritzer (ed) The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Sociology, John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, pp. 139-163
retrieved 4 April 2015

Five Steps to Creating Miracles Now

If you want something. I mean really want something, then it's possible to bring it through from the thought world into the physical world. How?? Well that's what this article is all about.

This entire process can be done in five to ten minutes, but if you want to spend longer, you certainly can—and doing so will likely further amplify the power of your intention. Regardless of your physical posture, be sure that your neck and spine are straight, as this will foster alertness and receptivity in the physical and energetic bodies.

1. Ground your energy.

Here's an explanation from the book, "Earthing" by Clinton Ober:

Electrons move from the Earth to the body and vice versa when the body is grounded. This effect is sufficient to maintain the body at the same electrical potential as the Earth. Grounding powerfully reduces alternating current (AC) voltages induced on the body by ambient electromagnetic fields (EMFs).

The best way to "connect" to the Earth is to be barefoot  or sit outside on the ground and be connected to the Earth.

2. Connect with your breath.tongue
They originate externally, ascend the front and back of the torso, and form a small circle when the tip of the tongue touches the upper palate in the mouth and the anal sphincter is squeezed. Not only does this action complete the balance of Fire (Heart) and Water (Kidneys) energy, it also increases the body's protective Wei Qi.  (Chapter 18 of the Ling Shu talks about the formation of wei qi as follows :

"Man's qi is retrieved from grain (gu). Grain enters the stomach and (the refined part) is sent to the lung (on its way to) the five zang and six fu, so they can all receive their portion of qi. The clear (qing) part is ying qi, the turbid (zhuo) is wei qi."  This passage establishes the stomach and the ingested grain therein as the starting point for all qi, both ying and wei, and the lung is simply a transfer point for this qi as it moves along to the other organs.)

Holding the tongue against the roof of the mouth (See diagram) connects the Governing and Conception vessels, and forms what is known as the Small Heavenly Circle, or the Microcosmic Orbit.

3. Open your subtle, energetic body White light meditation

Feel the energy running down your spine.  In your minds eye look at each chakra and see them expanding into balls of radiant light.  Visualize a white light body filling and expanding outward with each inhalation and on each exhalation, slowly seeing the light move past your physical body to fill the room, the house, the country, the world and then out into space.

4. Connect with your heart center.

5. Verbalise your intention.

Allow your intention to emerge organically from your heart; speak it out-loud - Remember all creation stories around the world start with a sound or word. Your voice is powerful so use it.

Characteristics of A Guardian – Do They Resonate With You?

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    So Who is The Guardian Alliance?

    The Guardian Alliance is the conglomerate of multidimensional Kryst Collective that spans 15 dimensions and beyond.  You can peruse some books written by Anna Hayes at for more information.
  • We have had challenging in-utero experiences
  • We have had unusually difficult childhoods
  • We suffer from frightening experiences with “boogiemen” as children
  • We tend to be the “black sheep” of the family
  • We normally experience hostility from one of our parents
  • We rarely feel like we are a part of the family we are born into
  • We never felt like we fit in socially, especially as children
  • We tend to be loners
  • We rarely felt understood as a child
  • We have been outcast by our peers, especially when young
  • We are typically described as precocious children
  • We may completely walk away from our family of origin and often times need to
  • We  are very independent
  • We are incessant truth seekers
  •  We are all about justice
  • We are strong advocates of all animals
  • Many refer to us as old and ancient souls
  • We hold honor and integrity as crucial characteristics to strive for
  • We are often born into families affiliated with the military
  • We are open to alternative information and will ponder it for hours
  • We allow our belief systems to constantly change
  • We are very protective of our loved ones
  • We are motivated to defend the underdog
  • People naturally trust us and share their deepest secrets with us
  • We naturally find ourselves as peace keepers
  • We can be diplomatic but are typically direct in our approach
  • We are bluntly honest no matter how controversial it is
  • We offer encouragement and support to those that are downtrodden
  • We silently watch the flow of things around us
  • We tend to be untrusting
  • We typically learn painful lessons early on by ignoring our intuition and lack of discernment
  • We observe everything around us naturally
  • We are defenders of the light and of truth
  • We make it known those obstacles which could block the progress of spiritual seekers
  • We have strong memories or sensations of past lives being warriors
  • We can walk into a room and intuitively know immediately who can not be trusted
  • We are constant chameleons and often refer to ourselves as such
  • We respect all paths and beliefs
  • We can be intimidating
  • Our auric fields are sometimes too intense for others to handle
  • We catalyze change within others and this causes us to lose friendships without understanding why
  • Our messages can often go against the grain of what others believe to be true
  • We are often blind-sided by hostile attacks and betrayal from associates
  • Many are jealous of our abilities and we don’t understand it
  • We are bold and upfront
  • We are willing to take the heat for the Greater Good of The All Is
  • We are very connected to our animus
  • We tend to be fearless and adventurous
  • We astral travel to different planets to protect and observe
  • We are targeted by The Dark because we are so powerful



  • Our multi-dimensional selves are special
  • We typically take wonderful evolutionary leaps in consciousness
  • We are continual system busters of reality
  • We ensure that everything remains stable
  • We protect and guard this heaven and earth
  • We perform upgrades
  • We always deal with critical situations
  • We catalyze people to face themselves just by our mere presence
  • We wish to do our work with as little attention as possible
  • We are shape shifters
  • We are described as very tall Light Beings

Challenges for Guardians Today

  • To stay in balance
  • To stay on our path
  • To emit light wherever you go no matter the circumstance
  • To become the Emissaries of Light that we are intended to be
  • To  remain committed to transforming the planet from dark to light
  • To stay aware of our polarities


What is your Soul?

What-is-a-soul-According to:-

The Essenes

The awakening of the life of the soul is primordial in man’s life. According to the teaching of the Essenes, if one does not live accordingly to what was foreseen for its incarnation, the soul sacrifices itself and becomes atrophied into the physical body. This duality creates sufferings and diseases. Since the beginning of time, the Essenes have been celebrated therapists and today they work with the energies of Archangel Gabriel to reconnect man with his eternal soul.
In its essence, the soul is the spouse of the divine spirit. It keeps in memory all the experiences and knowledge that man has acquired on Earth. The soul comes like a guiding Light. It incarnates with man from his first breath and remains very present in the first months of his life. With time, the child’s soul is exposed to all kinds of influences that permeate the etheric water that surrounds it (its aura). The transparency of this water is vital: if it is pure, the soul can connect with man. If man listens to his soul, it allows him to awake in a higher consciousness and brings him happiness and plenitude.
If man’s thoughts, feelings and impressions which he is living at each moment of his life are cloudy, they are printed on the subtle substance of its soul and can go as far as to smother the soul and live in its place. It is very rare these days to reach an adult age while keeping a contact with one’s soul… The soul sacrifices itself and becomes a prisoner of the body. It suffers of not being able to have a conscious contact with man. Being unable to find his place, man is lost and the divine world cannot come on Earth to accomplish the work of Light.


    1. Matter (potentiality)
    2. Form (actuality)
    3. The compound of matter and form



    • Self-nourishment
    • Growth
    • Decay
    • Movement and rest (in respect of place)
    • Perception
    • Intellect
  • Degrees of soul

      1. Growth, nutrition, (reproduction)
      2. Locomotion, perception
      3. Intellect (= thought)
    2. This gives us three corresponding degrees of soul:
      1. Nutritive soul (plants)
      2. Sensitive soul (all animals)
      3. Rational soul (human beings)


    Soul and Body




    2. Aristotle’s picture is not Cartesian:
      1. There is no inner/outer contrast. The soul is not an inner spectator, in direct contact only with its own perceptions and other psychic states, having to infer the existence of a body and an “external” world.There is thus no notion of the privacy of experience, the incorrigibility of the mental, etc., in Aristotle’s picture.

Edgar Cayce

Edgar Cayce (pronounced "Kay-see") was a simple Sunday School teacher who, over the span of his lifetime (1877-1945), had more near-death experiences than anyone ever documented. Cayce learned at a young age that when he was hypnotized, he could leave his body and journey into the afterlife realms. His self-induced out-of-body experiences were identical to near-death experiences. Cayce made over 14,000 otherworldly journeys in his life and the information he gained from these journeys has astounded people all over the world.    Cayce's descriptions of the Essenes of Mount Carmel reveal the religious sect to be an ideal for others who would prepare the way for the Second Coming of Christ. 

According to the Cayce material, Jesus and Adam were different incarnations of the same Christ soul. Eve and the Virgin Mary (Jesus' twin soul) were also different incarnations of the same soul. This karmic connection between Adam and Jesus explains why Jesus was able to pay the "karmic debt" by atoning for the "sin of Adam."   According to Cayce, many other personalities from the Old Testament and history were also incarnations of Jesus. The Cayce material describes the entire Christian Bible as part of the story of Jesus' long struggle to attain "Christhood" and provide humanity a pattern to do the same.   See this article for all the incarnations

The Zohar & Kabalah

"All souls are subject to the trials of transmigration (reincarnation); and men do not know the designs of the Most High with regard to them; they know not how they are being at all times judged, both before coming into this world and when they leave it. They do not know how many transmigrations and mysterious trials they must undergo." (3)


What the bible says about your soul

Matthew 10:28
















Please see here for more reading

Three world wars for a new world order

Another Albert PikeThe following is a letter that speculation claimed that Albert Pike wrote to Giuseppe Mazzini in 1871 regarding a conspiracy involving three world wars that were planned in an attempt to take over the world.


This letter has been claimed by many internet sites to reside in the British Library in London, which denies the letter exists.









