Solar Sponge

Low-tech device turns sunlight into steam.

MIT engineers have invented a bubble-wrapped, spongelike device that soaks up natural sunlight and heats water to boiling temperatures, generating steam through its pores.

The solar vapor generator requires no expensive mirrors or lenses to concentrate the sunlight. Instead, it relies on low-tech materials to capture sunlight and concentrate it as heat. The heat is then directed toward the pores of the sponge, which draw water up and release it as steam.

From their experiments—including one in which they placed the solar sponge on the roof of MIT’s Building 3—the researchers found that the structure heated water to its boiling temperature of 100 °C. The sponge can generate steam in a matter of minutes (and sometimes just seconds), even on relatively cool, overcast days.

Bubble wrap helps the solar vapor generator trap the sun’s heat.

The design may provide inexpensive alternatives for desalination, residential water heating, wastewater treatment, and medical tool sterilization.

The research was led by George Ni, an MIT graduate student, and Gang Chen, a professor of power engineering and head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering.

One key component of the design is a spectrally selective absorber—a blue, metallic-like film that is commonly used in solar water heaters. The material absorbs radiation in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum, but it does not radiate in the infrared range, meaning that it both absorbs sunlight and traps heat, minimizing heat loss.

Since copper conducts heat efficiently, the researchers mounted a thin sheet of copper coated with the spectrally selective absorber onto a thermally insulating piece of floating foam. However, they found that even though the structure did not radiate much heat back out to the environment, heat was still escaping through convection, in which moving air molecules such as wind would naturally cool the surface.

A solution to this problem came from Chen’s 16-year-old daughter, who was then working on a science fair project—a makeshift greenhouse made from simple materials, including bubble wrap.

“She was able to heat it to 160 °F, in winter!” Chen says. “It was very effective.”

Chen proposed to Ni that the packing material could be used to prevent heat loss by convection. Covering the sponge with it would let sunlight in through the material’s transparent wrapping while trapping air in its insulating bubbles.

“I was very skeptical of the idea at first,” Ni recalls. “I thought it was not a high-performance material. But we tried the clearer bubble wrap with bigger bubbles for more air trapping effect, and it turns out it works. Now because of this bubble wrap, we don’t need mirrors to concentrate the sun.”

While the prototype converted just 20 percent of the incoming sunlight to steam, the researchers plan to explore other materials, including different configurations of bubble wrap, to improve performance of the low-cost device.