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Figure 20. Influence of a longitudinal static magnetic field (i.e. the Larmor frequency Ω 0) on the creation of the central peak, when the Zeeman CPT effect is considered. Parameters are: = 1, = , crossed polarizations. The central peak disappears as the Zeeman CPT states are destroyed by the magnetic field, but then it comes back due to the optical pumping effect (see section 3.3 ).

In this subsection, we discuss the last physical phenomenon that can contribute to the observation of the high-absorption dip in the center of the absorption profile. This effect can also be understood with the help of a Λ-scheme. As mentioned above, some peculiarities of the optical pumping process can lead to the observation of the peak in cases of figure 17 (black dashed line) or figures 20 (f)–(h).

Let us consider the case of the formation of the peak, in the monochromatic case with crossed polarizations, when the Larmor frequency is large enough to destroy the influence of the CPT phenomenon. We also assume that Ω is larger than the natural linewidth of the transition. In other words, we focus on the case of where the peak effect is strong enough (see figure 20 (h)). Figures Propet TravelLite Ghillie VDOm4S6C8
(a)–(f) are given to describe qualitatively the physical reason for the formation of the peak. We assume Δ to be positive as well as the Larmor frequency Ω (i.e., we consider the right part of the curve in figure 20 (h)). When the vapor is being irradiated by a laser field, only specific velocity groups of atoms are excited due to the Doppler shift. Therefore, we will consider here the contributions from different resonant velocity groups from different cases of frequency detuning. In a first approach, let us compare the cases where (central part of the absorption curve, see figure 21 ) and (background level). In the former case, there are two symmetrical resonant groups with velocities (). Each group interacts simultaneously with the polarization component of one wave and with of the other (counter-propagating) wave. This means that there is a closed system of levels, having the following main features: (1) both ground Zeeman sublevels interact with the field, (2) populations of these sublevels are almost equal, (3) the upper state is also populated and the fluorescence (absorption) is significant. It should be noted that there are CPT-like states that are produced by the counter-propagating waves in this case; however, these states oscillate very fast in space with . Because of this, only the small number of atoms in a gas that have almost zero z -component of velocity can be pumped into such a CPT state. The remaining resonant atoms (the overwhelming majority) cannot follow these spatial phase oscillations adiabatically . Moreover, the second reason why the mentioned zero-velocity group of atoms does not affect the observed signal is that this effect () is almost averaged along the length of the cell, because for a regular cell we have condition (we do not consider a micrometer-length cell here). These rapid spatial variations are the sense of difference between this kind of dark state and the dark states considered in section 3.1 , where two CPT states were created only by the wave E 1 or E 2 and oscillated in space much more slowly (according to the varying term ).




Public transport in Greater Manchester is coordinated by a Passenger Transport Executive, and it relies heavily on an integrated system of bus routes. The system faces private competition, however, especially from flexible minibus services. The city is also served by a dense network of commuter rail services.






For city buses in Buenos Aires you should check BA Cómo Llego (In English, also an app for smartphones) and Omnilineas (in English).

Argentina rail passenger services ( Spring StepFabrizia qmOctzW5

The history of rail transport in Argentina is one of many ups and downs. While in the 19th century the rail network rivaled that of the US or many European countries in density, speed and quality as befitted a nation among the richest in the world, the declining fortunes of Argentina in the 20th century hit the railway, too. The railways were nationalized during Juan Domingo Perón's first term and remained state-owned until they were privatized under the government of Carlos Menem. However, the railways have since made yet another U-turn and a new state-owned railway was created in 2015. The government has promoted the re-establishment of long-distance passenger trains, although most lines still operate at a low frequency (one or two departures weekly). The rail network is very limited, and intercity buses offer better service and faster rides. Train fares are very cheap, often only a quarter of the bus fare. The website is a bit hard to navigate and Spanish only.

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Abstract : Memristors based on a double barrier design have been analysed by various nano spectroscopic methods to unveil details about its microstructure and conduction mechanism. The device consists of an AlOx tunnel barrier and a NbOy/Au Schottky barrier sandwiched between Nb bottom electrode and Au top electrode. As it was anticipated that the local chemical composition of the tunnel barrier, i.e. oxidat… ▽ More Memristors based on a double barrier design have been analysed by various nano spectroscopic methods to unveil details about its microstructure and conduction mechanism. The device consists of an AlOx tunnel barrier and a NbOy/Au Schottky barrier sandwiched between Nb bottom electrode and Au top electrode. As it was anticipated that the local chemical composition of the tunnel barrier, i.e. oxidation state of the metals as well as concentration and distribution of oxygen ions, have a major influence on electronic conduction, these factors were carefully analysed. A combined approach was chosen in order to reliably investigate electronic states of Nb and O by electron energy-loss spectroscopy as well as map elements whose transition edges exhibit a different energy range by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy like Au and Al. The results conclusively demonstrate significant oxidation of the bottom electrode as well as a small oxygen vacancy concentration in the Al oxide tunnel barrier. Possible scenarios to explain this unexpected additional oxide layer are discussed and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations were applied in order to identify its influence on conduction mechanisms in the device. In light of the strong deviations between observed and originally sought layout, this study highlights the robustness in terms of structural deviations of the double barrier memristor device. △ Less

Submitted 20 March, 2017; originally announced March 2017.