Anatomy and Physiology: Pancreatic Panacea?

Pancreatic Panacea?

The pancreas is my favorite organ, if only because mine doesn't work so well (see Figure 14.8). Beyond the endocrine role as a result of the release of insulin and glucagon (which, ironically, control the products of digestion), the pancreas is also an accessory digestive organ. Many of the enzymes used in digestion are produced here. A listing of them can be found in the following section.

Figure 14.8The layout of the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. (LifeART©1989-2001, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins)

In order to prevent wasteful production of enzymes, the pancreas needs to know what to produce, and when. This is due to the hormonal control of pancreatic secretions. These secretions are exocrine in nature, traveling to the small intestine through the pancreatic duct, which joins up with the common bile duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla.

Given that these pancreatic juices go to the duodenum, it only makes sense that the duodenum should be sending the message to make the enzymes. This chemical message is the duodenal hormone cholecystokinin, which causes the release of pancreatic enzymes. In a similar fashion, the duodenum's release of the hormone secretin causes the pancreas to release a buffer solution (pH 7.5 to 8.8) to counteract the acidity of the chyme from the stomach.

Tear 'Em Up!

Remember monomers and polymers? Well, what follows is a table of the basic enzymes produced by each of the major organs of the body, the location where that enzyme is used, the polymers they break down, and the monomers that are produced.

Digestive Enzymes—Their Production, Use, and Effects
Organ Enzyme Produced Enzyme Used Substrate Products Organic Molecule
Mouth Salivary amylase Mouth and stomach Starch Maltose Carbohydrates
Mouth Lingual lipase Mouth and stomach Fats Monoglyceride 2 fatty acids Lipids
Stomach Pepsin Stomach Proteins Polypeptides Protein
Stomach Gastric lipase Stomach Fats Monoglyceride 2 fatty acids Lipids
Liver Bile Gallbladder Fat globs Globules (More SA/V) Lipids
Pancreas Pancreatic amylase Small int. Starch Maltose Carbohydrates
Pancreas Trypsin Small int. Polypeptides Peptides Proteins
Pancreas Chymotrypsin Small int. Polypeptides Peptides Proteins
Pancreas Carboxypeptidase Small int. Peptides Terminal amino acids Proteins
Pancreas Cholest. esterase Small int. Cholest. esters Cholesterol and fatty acid Lipids
Pancreas Pancreatic lipase Small int. Fats Monoglyceride 2 fatty acids Lipids
Pancreas Deoxyribonuclease Small int. DNA DNA nucleotides Nucleic acids
Pancreas Ribonuclease Small int. RNA RNA nucleotides Nucleic acids
Small int. Maltase Small int. Maltose 2 Glucoses Carbohydrates
Small int. Sucrase Small int. Sucrose Glucose, fructose Carbohydrates
Small int. Lactase Small int. Lactose Glucose, galactose Carbohydrates
Small int. Aminopeptidase Small int. Peptides Amino acids Proteins
Small int. Dipeptidase Small int. Dipeptides Amino acids Proteins
Small int. Nucleotidase Small int. Nucleotides (Phosphate, Sugar, and Base) Separates Nitrogenous Base and Sugar Nucleic acids
Small int. Phosphatase Small int. Nucleotides Removes Phosphate Nucleic acids

You might remember that enzymes are basically large proteins with an active site where the substrate, or molecule to be digested, fits. The way an enzyme functions is by changing its shape, and, in the case of digestive enzymes, separating polymers into either monomers or smaller polymers. In the first case, sucrase breaks down sucrose, or table sugar, into glucose and fructose, which are both monomers. Larger polymers, such as starch, are digested in a multistep process; they need to first be broken down by either salivary or pancreatic amylase into small polymers (disaccharides) of maltose, and then the maltose is broken down by what else, maltase, into two molecules of glucose. This is yet another example of the division of labor.

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