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In the Roman times the word for word translation was exactly what it said, so, the

replacement of each individual word of the source text (Greek) with its equivalent in Latin.

St Jerome, one of the most important translators, disparaged the word for word translation

because it cloaking the sense of the original. The sense for sense translation allowed the sense

or content of the source language to be translated.

We have the same problems of type of translation in Arab world, were in Baghdad was created

the great centre of translation. It translate from Arabic to Greek. They prefer sense for sense


Martin Luther

With Luther we enter in a very important area of translation because in this period in the

Church there was preoccupation for the addition the correct sense at the words of the Bible or

Testaments (new and old). St Jerome and Martin Luther was been the translator for these very

hard assignments.

M. Luther had been criticized by the Church for the addition to the word “allein” (alone/only)

because there was no equivalent Latin word.

Luther follows St Jerome to reject the word for word translation strategy. In this type of text

(religion) we have the problem of the paramount of the concept.

Flora Amos

She notes that early translator often differed considerably in the meaning they gave such as

“faithfulness”, “accuracy” and even the word “translation” itself. She introduced the concept of

“truth” and “spirit” in the area of translation.


He reduces all translation in 3 categories:

1 Metaphrase (word by word)

2 Paraphrase (the word has not strictly followed by the sense)

3 Imitation (forsaking to word and sense)


We have 2 different type of text:

1 Commercial text

2 Scholarly and artistic text

Chapter 3

Equivalence and equivalent effect

After the period of “fight” between free Vs literal we can talk about the meaning of a particular

issue like for example “equivalence”

Roman Jakobson was maybe the first to talk about equivalence in his opera “The nature of

linguistic meaning and equivalence”. We could say that translation is a game to equivalence,

because a word in the source language correspond to a word (with the same sense) in the

target language. But translation is more complicated.

Jakobson follows the idea (Seassure) that the signifier and the signified, together, for the

linguistic sign, but the sign is arbitrary.

For the message to be “equivalent” in source and target language, the code units will be

different since they belong to two different sign systems (languages) which partition reality


Ex. house : Is feminine in Romances languages and neuter in German.

Only in poetry Jakobson talk about “untranslatable” and requires a creative transposition.




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Esame: Inglese 3
Corso di laurea: Corso di laurea magistrale in studi letterari, linguistici e traduttivi
A.A.: 2007-2008

I contenuti di questa pagina costituiscono rielaborazioni personali del Publisher Exxodus di informazioni apprese con la frequenza delle lezioni di Inglese 3 e studio autonomo di eventuali libri di riferimento in preparazione dell'esame finale o della tesi. Non devono intendersi come materiale ufficiale dell'università La Sapienza - Uniroma1 o del prof Scienze letterarie Prof.

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