

This article is a hodgepodge, a collection of sediments left at the bottom of the wine glass (or coffee cup, if you so desire). I’ll jump from the on-the-field identification and evaluation of the speed tool, discuss my definition of makeup and how it influences the developmental process, and I’ll put a bow on the baby with a brief criticism of those that misuse scouting terminology. It’s a pastiche of subordinate thoughts, but I would be remiss to let them float in the ether. Potpourri Prospectus!

The Need for Speed
Speed is the preferred tool of the baseball pest: a player that uses a specific physical attribute to affect the chemistry of the on-field action. Speed can propel a player into professional baseball, and can disguise the overall effectiveness of that player while in the throes of the developmental process. Speed is not required for major-league success, but that isn’t to say speed is detrimental to a skill set; obviously, speed is a tool that is beneficial to possess. But speed is a secondary tool, a catalytic tool, and the evaluation of that tool, while tangible and painless to scout, often clouds the painting of the prospect in question. Speed is a tool with psychotropic properties.

When scouting speed, a tangible measure of the tool is collected by timing the journey a hitter takes from the batter’s box to the bag at first. Upon contact with the ball, the watch is plunged and the time starts as the batter starts his transformation from hitter to runner, making his way down the line in an effort to avoid termination. The second plunge occurs when the foot of said runner makes initial contact with the base at first, leaving the scout with a time (in seconds) of the action.

The context of the action is very important, as you want to get an accurate representation of the executed speed. Ground balls with double-play implications create my preferred environment, but any ball that encourages “hustle” should do the trick. Caveat: Jailbreak bunts (that is, bunts that occur when the batter is already breaking for first base), make for exaggerated times and therefore are not good representations of the baseline speed being displayed. Here’s the scouting chart for speed based on times to first base:

Speed (Left/Right)


3.9 (L)/ 4.0 (R)

80; elite; bacon

4.0 (L)/ 4.1 (R)

70; well above average; plus-plus

4.1 (L)/ 4.2 (R)

60; above average; plus

4.2 (L)/ 4.3 (R)

50; average

4.3 (L)/ 4.4 (R)

40; below average

4.4 (L)/ 4.5 (R)

30; well below average

4.5 (L)/ 4.6 (R)

20; poor; tofu

*Fun fact about speed and the 20/80 scouting scale: The average major leaguer does not possess what the chart identifies as average speed. Based on the chart, the average major leaguer (50) can reach first base in 4.3 seconds from the right side. Based on my observations, this is grossly inaccurate. The scale, as it pertains to speed, is flawed. Moving on.

Let’s not make this more complicated than it needs to be. You don’t really need to use a stopwatch to recognize speed. I enjoy the process, and I love timing actions on the field, but it’s arbitrary when trying to evaluate the speed tool. Is the player fast? Yes? OK, make a determination of how fast “fast” is by comparing that player to other players on the field. Times to first base can help give you context, but speed is speed, and you don’t have to be a scout to understand the difference between fast and “Seriously? That guy can’t be that fast?” fast.

One final note on speed: As I said, it’s a catalytic tool, one that will can enhance your defensive ability (range, recovery) and expand your presence as an offensive weapon. But a player can lack what scouts identify as “speed” and still possess the necessary athleticism (coordination, quickness, agility) to achieve at the highest professional level. Speed is like the random nudity in a Paul Verhoeven movie. It’s not really necessary, as the movie/player can perform at a high level without the involvement, but its existence makes the product more appealing, even if the specific function doesn’t have much application in the overall equation. As is the case, some scouts/prognosticators turn into teenaged boys watching Porky’s when evaluating speed, which is provocative in the moment, but the reality and significance always fade. I like speed, just like I enjoy random nudity, but if it’s not there, it’s not the end of the world.

Makeup Issues: When is it an Issue?
Much is made of makeup and how it can influence the developmental process. I believe makeup, as I define it, is the hidden hand of the process, pushing or pulling a player to the heights suggested by his physical tools. Definitions will vary, as any emotional component will be heavily flavored with subjectivity, but I define makeup as the personal responsibility a player accepts as it pertains to his ability to translate his physical actions into on-the-field production. Great. But what does that mean?

Basically, I don’t care if a player is a sinner or a saint. I don’t care if an adolescent male displays the emotional maturity of an adolescent male, as long as the adolescent behavior doesn’t affect the business on the field. It’s foolish to assume that underdeveloped humans can transition to a professional environment without displaying the behavior of an underdeveloped human. I’m not expecting flash-boiled maturity, and from a moral perspective, I don’t care what floats your boat as long as your waves don’t affect the buoyancy of others. But I do want to see a player take ownership of his trajectory.

In my eyes, this ownership comes in different forms, and as I said, it’s subjective, but I’m encouraged when a player appears to give a crap. Not a refined statement, so please forgive the 20-grade sophistication, but that’s what it really comes down to, right? We want to see people with physical traits that we (fans/regular humans) can only image possessing, to recognize and appreciate the discrepancy between those that watch and those that play, and to give a crap about the opportunity.

I could spend the rest of this article going over the evaluation of makeup and what it means to the developmental process, but the truth is, what I think doesn’t matter. What you think matters. If you see a connection between a player that gets behind the wheel of a car while over the legal blood-alcohol limit and a player that won’t live up to his on-the-field potential as a result of such an indiscretion, that’s your scene and I respect that. If you see makeup as a character issue, something that needs to exist both on and off the field, I understand that point of view, and I’m sure there are numerous teams in baseball that share that opinion. For me, it’s pretty simple: I want to see the work ethic that will aid in the adjustment process and the perceived mental strength to overcome failure.

Failure, or more specifically, the ability to fail and then to recover, can open a window to a player’s makeup. Baseball is a game of adjustment; it’s intrinsically a game of failure. I would wager a guess that most prospects in the low minors were among the best in their amateur peer groups before signing a professional contract. As a result, I would also assume that their baseball career (to this point) featured more athletic highs than lows.

Once thrown into the professional soup, players often receive their first personal introduction to failure, and it can destroy an athlete’s emotional psyche. Once failure occurs, it’s important to note how the player responds. If the failure is specific to one event, or tied to one deficiency in their skill set, how does the player attack the problem? How does the player carry himself after a professional disappointment shines a light on his inadequacies? You don’t have to be in the clubhouse to witness the adjustment process, as the end result of the process will be on display on the field.

Adjustment does not occur without effort. A player has to make a conscious effort to put in the wrench work to make the necessary adjustments and find success. The ability to make adjustments and to rebound and respond to failure is as mental as it is physical. Again, this goes to my point of taking responsibility for your on-the-field trajectory.

When it comes to makeup and how I define and evaluate the quality, I just want to see the desire to make the most of the physical tools. Off-field character issues often find a way to influence the on-field effort, but they aren’t mutually exclusive, so you have to look at each case individually. I do not care if you are of questionable moral fiber, but I do care if you don’t care. Does that make any sense? I think it does. I want it to make sense. Anyway, makeup is the vehicle that can take the tools beyond their physical range, but it can also suppress that range if the necessary work ethic isn’t present. It’s a big part of the developmental process, but the weight assigned to the abstract component is up for debate.

A Few Words About Words
Scouting is about looking at a player and setting the parameters for what is possible in the future based on what is presently available in the present. These observations are usually documented or expressed in “scout speak,” which is a language preferred by grown men who get a kick out of speaking in code in the same way kids get a kick out of protecting the sanctity of a fort.

As is often the case when you find yourself in the atmosphere of the scout section, the parlance is so thick it requires a Drogan’s Decoder Wheel to translate. Seriously. It’s like listening to Wall Street people discuss Wall Street things, only, you know, interesting and soulful. I’m kidding.

The problem with “scout speak,” specifically, the appropriation of the lingo by the mainstream without comprehension of its true meaning, is you get a world where the lines blur between an educated reality and a misinformed fantasy. This is a minor pet peeve, but with prospects growing in popularity, and more beat writers and conventional media types dipping their toes into the minor-league waters, the need for coherence is paramount.

Here’s my point: Because most fans aren’t able to watch their favorite team’s prospects in person, the sketch they receive of a player is drawn by hands other than their own. As a result, their expectations are gifted to them, and the means of transport for those expectations are the words used to describe the attributes and projections of that player. When you suggest a tool is “plus,” rather than possessing “plus-potential,” it changes the reality of the present and the expectations for the future. A plus distinction implies the tool or skill in question would rate as above-average at the major-league level. This is important. Aside from speed and arm, how many low-level minor leaguers really own tools that would rate as above average at the major-league level? Do they own plus projections? Yes. Do they own present tools that would rate as above average at the major-league level? Not as many you as would think.

Again, just a pet peeve, but I wanted to make mention of it, regardless of how insignificant it might appear. Over the last year, I’ve seen the word “plus” applied liberally, and warranted or not, it often made me second-guess the validity of the claim. It depends on the source, of course, but as “scout speak” grows in fashion, we will no doubt have to scrutinize the information being delivered, as the specifics might be lost in translation.

And Finally…
As we head into the twilight of this neurotic dissertation, I find myself on an emotional fence, straddling the polar floors of elation (I completed the series!) and despair (I completed the series! Now what?).

Before joining Baseball Prospectus, I didn’t know the sound of my own voice; in my mind, I sounded like a muddled version of Nicholson Baker reinventing Patrick Bateman while listening to Bill Hicks converse with the cast of “Diff’rent Strokes.” I was both conceited and insecure, scared to write for a living, yet confident that I would eventually find my footing in the unfamiliar world. I’m not sure that I’ve found the desired comfort in my station, but the 15,000 steps I’ve taken so far in this series have helped me undress some of the characteristics of my identity.

 I love scouting. I love talking about scouting. I love talking about the process of talking about scouting. I find application for the scouting scale in my everyday life, assigning grades to everything from the mundanity of daily procedure, to the chill held by alcohol, to the attractiveness of people in my universe. I use my stopwatch to time not only the play on the field, but the time (in seconds) it takes to navigate the path to my neighborhood coffee dealer, to hear a human voice while calling for customer service, for a “Law and Order: SVU” detective to cross an ethical boundary while interrogating a suspect. Generations in the future, my bloodline will enter the world with a stopwatch naturally formed in the right hand. It’s my life. I hope I was able to sell some of this passion with my words. It was a challenge.  

Thank you for reading


Subscribe now
You need to be logged in to comment. Login or Subscribe
A challenge for you maybe, but a joy to read. Thanks!
Jason: Great article, great series. Question about "makeup." Should I use a lighter foundation if I plan to wear a particularly bold blush?

Kidding. My real question: you & Kevin seem agnostic about makeup in terms of a player's off-field actions, mindset, and beliefs, i.e. they only matter inasmuch as they affect what happens on the field. Is this pretty much universal among scouts? And is there ever tension between scouts who just want to find, grade & recommend players to the org ("morals" be damned) and an org (*cough* Rockies *cough*) that has a preference for "upstanding" "good citizen" "Christian"-type players? Or do organizations vet their scouts with these considerations in mind, so that the scouts are in line with the larger organizational "moral philosophy"?
I've heard a few scouts champion a player's "Christian values," but the majority of makeup comments I've heard stem from work ethic observations, etc. Because of my (more) extreme affiliations, I try to keep my opinions on religion and politics out of normal discourse, as baseball is conservative and I don't want to start a holy war.

I can't speak to the specific interactions between organizations and the scouts they employ. Every front office has talent/makeup preferences, and as a result, every scouting department will adjust accordingly. If team A requires detailed notes on makeup, the scouts for that org will no doubt provide detailed notes on a player's makeup, regardless of the weight they might give to the component. I think makeup is very important, but like I suggested, I don't define makeup as character, as much as I define it as giving a damn.
Great series. Since we're talking about the words/shards that help (de)form fans' expectations for prospects that they've never seen, could you say a few words about "bloodlines"? How seriously do scouts, and front offices, take "bloodlines"? What difference does "he's been around baseball all his life" make? Does anyone believe that a young man's "makeup" will be like his father's?
I briefly touched on bloodlines when discussing physical projection in the first article in this series, but yes, teams pay attention to bloodlines. I know I do. Every player is unique, of course, but if the player comes from a family known for makeup, one can assume (at least initially) that the player will possess the same qualities. Of course, it could always go the other direction, with entitlement creeping into the equation.

Ultimately, the individual will show you enough on the field to form an educated (albeit subjective) opinion of makeup, but whatever info you can gather to supplement that opinion is useful.
Keep it coming, Jason. Enjoyed this series as much as anything I've read on BP in quite some time!
Wow. Thanks. I appreciate the compliment.
Loved the series Jason. Thanks for doing this, scouting stuff is fascinating.
Scouting and the draft.

I'd love to see another set of articles that link up scouting reports to how teams draft...not so much for the blue chip prospects but rather for the huge crop of guys drafted in the mid and late rounds. Does a scout basically get to say something like "This kid's got a little projection in his arm but has a great makeup and will be good org depth in A ball." GM: Ok, we'll pick him up in the 12th or so.
good idea, this. seconded.
No amount of nudity could make a Verhoeven film watchable.

Having said that, I loved this series.
I suggest you give RoboCop another chance. It's beautiful.
Starship Troopers too. It's a vastly underrated gem, in my opinion.
It occurs to me that you might have a baseball novel in you. Ever knock that idea around?
I'd love to give it a shot. It might take me three years, take 3,000 pages, and reach an audience of 30, but I'd like to tackle a project like that someday.
I'd be one of the 30
Me Too
In response to speed: How do you take into account a guy's inability to get out of the box. I feel like the time to first is as much about his swing, as it is his speed. I've seen fast players have horrible times to first, simply because they don't get out of the box well (off balance swing, false step). I know running to 1st is the most important 90 feet in the game, but I don't think it truly evaluates someones speed (to many degrees, yes, but just not a flat out grade on a time). Any agreement here? These day's, with the lack of power, speed from 1st to 3rd and 2nd to home can be just as important. Do you have wiggle room for these grades, or is this just the "tangible" thing you mention? Thoughts?
Player specific. Some players just take a longer time to reach full-speed. That's why using times to 1B as your only means of evaluation is flawed. I love timing actions on the field, but like I suggested in the piece, the evaluation of speed doesn't require a stopwatch to identify. I look for speed in different scenarios; sometimes it offers tangible proof (times to 1B), and sometimes it shows up in actions that can't be timed.
Entertaining and interesting - even though I didn't think I would want to get this deep into player scouting.
Great series. When my team of preference drops out of contention (okay, it's the Orioles, so that happens often) I turn to the minor leagues for solace. I look for how the players of the future are doing. I often wonder how some players, who are enjoying significant success in the minors, don't even rate in the Top 30 listings for that team (Kipp Schutz for example). I would love to see a series on each team's scouting approaches, and perhaps on why they succeed or fail.
Good job. Look forward to more. You are a good replacement for some of the wonderful writers we've lost.
You are a gifted writer and a joy to read. You have become the best part of BP for me. Given the quality on this site, that says a lot. Keep it coming.
Exhibit A for the make-up discussion?

"Gary Sanchez was told to leave the Yankees' Low-A affiliate in Charleston, sent back to Tampa for what one source termed "attitude problems."

Two separate sources confirmed the move, as Sanchez had apparently become a malcontent after getting off to a slow start this season and losing playing time to J.R. Murphy, who has been the team's best hitter this season. Sanchez, who is hitting .238 with four home runs and 21 RBI in 32 games this season, has apparently grown frustrated with his poor start during his first year in Low-A ball.

Sanchez declined to enter a game as a .replacement, then refused to catch a pitcher in the bullpen when asked to do so by a coach, the two incidents apparently prompting his banishment from the club. Sanchez will take part in extended spring training games until the Yankees .decide what to do with him."
Wait wait wait - that's all the Professor Parks we get? Nooooo! Seriously, I've loved both the entertaining and readable writing style and the different perspective. A real standout for me and I was hoping that this would be a regular feature....
Thanks! I'm not leaving the site. This is just the last article in the scouting series. I have a new series starting this week, focusing on the top prospects at each position. It's a confusing and subjective look at the talent depth in the minors.
Excellent! Looking forward to reading it.
Thank you Jason. Keep the good work coming!