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Marketing is an integrated process through which companies build strong customer relationships and create value for their customers and for themselves. It deals with the business of promoting and selling of products or services.

(i) Intangibility
(ii) Inseparability
(iii) Perishability
(iv) Variability






Mass Marketing: This is a market strategy in which a firm decides to ignore market segment differences and appeal the whole market with one offer or one strategy, which supports the idea of broadcasting a message that will reach the largest number of people possible.

Ambush marketing: This is a marketing strategy in which an advertiser "ambushes" an event to compete for exposure against other advertisers. In other words is a marketing technique that raises awareness of a brand in covert ways.

Referral marketing: This is the method of promoting products or services to new customers through referrals, usually word of mouth. In other words such referrals often happen spontaneously but businesses can influence this through appropriate strategies.

Green marketing: This is the process of selling products and/or services based on their environmental benefits. In other words such a product or service may be environmentally friendly in itself or produced in an environmentally friendly way, such as: Being manufactured in a sustainable fashion.

SMS marketing: This is a technique that uses permission-based text messaging to spread promotional messages. In other word is to receive text message specials, new product updates or more information, customers are usually required to opt in to an automated system by texting an initial shortcode.


Product design is the process of efficient and effective idea generation and development with the goal of creating new products.

(i)Idea Generation.
(ii)Screening Ideas.
(iii)Feasibility Study.
(iv)Preliminary Design.

(i) Idea Generation: The design process begins with understanding the customers and their needs. Ideas for new products can come from a variety of sources both within and outside the firm. Internal sources include employees, research and development, market research sales force and reverse engineering.

(ii) Screening Ideas: The purpose of screening ideas is to eliminate those ideas that do not appear to have high potential and so avoid the costs incurred at subsequent stages.

(iii) Feasibility Study: Initial screening of the ideas is designed to stop the ideas, which are unsuitable for further considerations. In other words feasibility study consists of a market analysis, an economic analysis, and technical and strategic analysis.

(iv) Preliminary Design: design engineers take general performance specifications and translate them in to technical specifications. In other words the process of preliminary design involves building a prototype, testing the prototype, revising the design, retesting and so on until a viable design is determined.


Organisation chat: Is a diagram that visually conveys a company's internal structure by detailing the roles, responsibilities, and relationships between individuals within an entity. In other words organisation chat either broadly depict an enterprise company-wide or drill down to a specific department or unit.

(i) Marketing manager
(ii) Product manager
(iii) Social media manager
(iv) Communications manager

(i) Communications managers: Are responsible for promoting a company’s products, services or overall mission to the public. Duties may include identifying press opportunities, publishing press releases, crafting newsletters, creating social media strategies or serving as a spokesperson on behalf of a company.

(ii) Marketing managers: Help create and implement marketing strategies to help achieve business goals. This might include overseeing market research, competitive analysis, budgets, timelines and a team of marketing professionals.

(iii) Social media manager: Marketers help manage their companies’ social media accounts, such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram or LinkedIn. They help devise and oversee the social strategy in order to attract new customers and engage with existing ones.


(i)Derived Demand
(ii)Geographical Concentration
(iii)Few Buyers And Large Volume
(iv)More Direct Channel Of Distribution
(v)Rational Buying

(i) Derived Demand: Organizational buying is based on derived demand. Demand made by the ultimate consumers creates demand for industrial goods or services. For instance, demand of electricity generator is determined according to the demand made by the consumers. Demand of organizational buyer changes in keeping with the changes in consumers' demand.

(ii) Geographical Concentration: Organizational buyers remain concentrated in certain geographical area whereas consumers'
market remains scattered all around. Producers want to establish industry near by supply source. Mostly, industrial market is determined considering transport facilities and cost.

(iii) Few Buyers And Large Volume: The number of organizational buyers remains small but volume of sale is large. So, organizational marketers focus on their efforts on very small number of main buyers who buy goods or services in large volume paying bug amount of price.

(iv) More Direct Channel Of Distribution: High quantity of consumer goods or services is sold out through complex structure of wholesalers and retailers. This structure keeps producers and consumers separate or it works as the bridge between them. but in organizational selling, direct contact is established between buyers and sellers.

(v) Rational Buying: Organizational buyers use rational in buying goods or services compared to the ultimate consumers. They want to take more information about the features, quality, technical use, utility etc of products. Organizational buyers become aware of quality, services, delivery, price etc. of any products.


Market segmentation is the breakdown of a large target audience into smaller, more homogenous groups of customers while Product differentiation refers to the basic need to have product-related qualities that set your brand apart from the competition.

-Advantages of Market Segmentation-
(i)Proper choice of target market
(ii)Tapping a particular market

(i)Proper choice of target market: The market for any product is made up of several segments. A market is the aggregate of consumers of a given product. Consumers are not a homogeneous lot. They differ a lot in their characters and buying behavior.

(ii)Tapping a particular market: Segmentation enables the marketer to understand the needs of the customers and serve them well. Prediction of the likely response from each segment is possible. With homogeneous responses from each segment, marketer finds it easy to develop an appropriate marketing programme.

-Disadvantages of Market Segmentation:
(i) Expensive proposition
(ii) Promotional expenses

(i) Expensive proposition; marketer experiences considerable difficulties, as he has to develop different marketing mixes for different segments. Moreover, mass production is much cheaper than making a variety of products.

(ii) Promotional expenses; costs of keeping adequate inventory of each variety of goods etc., also go up, eroding profitability. In other words Since the marketer has to implement varying marketing programmes suiting to the different segments, administrative expenses increase.




Normalization is the process of structuring a relational database in accordance with a series of so-called normal forms in order to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity.

(i) It helps in reduction of redundant data.
(ii) It help maintain data consistency within the database.
(iii)A better handle on database security.

Digital Marketer

(i) Hootsuite 
(ii) Content Studio

(i) A solid layout 
(ii) Effective typography 
(iii) The right color scheme
(iv) Appropriate design elements


A wand is a handheld optical reader that is used to read barcodes as well as typewritten, printed and OCR fonts. Wand are used to capture product information for detail and warehouse application. 

Total HD 500GB

Operating System used 20GB and 1.536GB (converting MB to GB) .

Packages used 150 GB

Documents used 150.5GB

Therefore, the total space used is 322.04(approximately) 

Therefore, total HD - total used space = 500 - 322.04 = 177.96GB. 

The total space left on the HD is 177.96GB


(i) Unique and non-unique index
(ii) Clustered and non-clustered index
(iii) Partitioned and non-partitioned index

(i) Unique Index: These are indexes that helped maintain data integrity by ensuring that no two rows of data in a table have identical key values.


Information processing is the manipulation of data to produce useful information; it involves the capture of information in a format that is retrievable and analyzable. ... Information processing provides individuals with basic skills to use the computer to process many types of information effectively and efficiently

(i) MS DOS
(ii) DOS

(ii) LINUX
(iv) UNIX

(i) Ms- Dos is based on plain interface While Android os is based on Graphical user interface (GUI).
(ii) Ms Dos is difficult to learn and understand While Android os is easy to learn and understand.

Data model (or data modelling ) is an abstract model that organizes elements of data and standardizes how they relate to one another and to properties of the real world entities.

(i) Flat File Model.
(ii) Hierarchical Model.
(iii) Network Model.
(iv) Two tables with a relationship.
(v) Object-Oriented Model.


(i)Analysis; Starts at the last checkpoint in transaction log. This pass determines and constructs a dirty page table (DPT) consisting of pages that might be dirty at the time SQL Server stopped. An active transaction table is built of the uncommitted transactions at the time of the SQL Server stopped also.

(ii)Redo; This phase returns the database to the state at the time the SQL service stopped. Starting point for this forward passbeing the oldest uncommitted transaction. The mininum Log Sequence name (each log record is labelled with an LSN) in the DPT is the first time SQL Server expects to have to redo an operation on a page, redoing the logged operations starting right back at the oldest open transaction so that the neccessary locks can be aquired.

(iii)Undo: Here the list of active transaction (uncommitted at the time SQL Server stoopped) which where indentified in Phase 1 are rolled back individually. SQL Server follows the links between entries in the transaction log for each transaction. Any transaction that was not committed at the time SQL Server stopped is undone.

spreadsheet packages; they are designed to work on specific operating systems, some can be used cross-platform. In other words spreadsheet packages are designed to emulate. Before Excel reached the pinnacle of popularity.

(i)Simple (or “Gray Cell”) Tables, which I've used since Excel 2.0.
(ii)Excel Tables, introduced in Excel 2007.
(iii)PivotTables with a Tabular Report Layout, introduced in Excel 2010.


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