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51 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What does neoplasm mean?

What are the 2 definitions for neoplasm?
new growth

1. mass of tissue that results from IRREVERSIBLE and INHERITABLE TRANSFORMATION in a somatic cell or cells leading to their uncontrolled proliferation.

The resulting neoplastic tissue is purposeless, preys on the host, and to some extent is autonomous.

A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissue and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli that caused the change
What is the disease process that results from neoplasms?

Is this benign or malignant?

benign OR malignant
What is the disease produced by malignant neoplasms?
What is a tumor?

Currently is it used to define a malignant or benign growth?

What else does the old (clinical) definition refer to as a tumor?
literally means any mass or swelling.

At present this is mostly used to mean malignant OR benign neoplastic growths.

In the old ( clinical ) definition, an abscess or a hematoma, or a non-neoplastic growth are also referred to as tumors.
What are the two basic components of all tumors, benign or malignant?
1. parenchyma - the proliferating neoplastic cells

2. supportive stroma - connective tissue and blood vessels
What are the proliferating neoplastic cells of a tumor known as?
What are the connective tissue and blood vessels of a tumor known as?
supportive stroma
What are the types of supportive stoma in a tumor?
desmoplasia - abundant collagenous stroma

scirrhous - dense, fibrous stroma; stony hard ("harder than hard")
How are neoplasms named?
The cell type or tissue of origin is used to name the tumor.

Ex. for squamous epithelium the neoplasm would begin with squamous cell ______.
What is the prefix for galndular epithelium?
What is the prefix for:

--skeletal muscle
--smooth muscle
--fat cell?
skeletal = ( rhabdomyo )

smooth = ( leiomyo )

fat cell = ( lipo )
What is the prefix for:





cartilage = (chondro)
bone = (osteo)
endothelium =(hemangiopericytoma)
vascular = (angio)
lymphatic = (lymphangio)
What is the USUAL suffix for BENIGN tumors?

Fibroma - from fibroblastic cells
Chondroma - from cartilage
Osteoma - from bone
In addition to the cell type how else might a tumor be classified?
microscopic architecture or macroscopic patterns.
What is an adenoma?

A papilloma?


Papillary cystadenoma?

A tumor with...

Adenoma - glandular pattern

Papillomas - finger-like projections

Cystadenomas - cystic masses

Papillary cystadenoma - papillary patterns that protrude into cystic spaces

Polyp -projection above a mucosal surface
Which type of tumor, benign or malignant, is characterized as being surrounded by a fibrous capsule and having well defined smooth edges?
Gross appearance of a BENIGN tumor
Is a malignant tumor well defined?

What does it mean to be well-differentiated?
On a microscopic level...

No, a benign tumor is well differentiated.

Means their parenchymal cell component resemble closely the normal cell in morphology and function.
What is the usual suffix for a malignant tumor?

Ex. fibrosarcoma - fibrous tissue

liposarcoma - fat tissue

leiomyosarcoma - smooth muscle

rhabdomyosarcoma - striated muscle
What is a carcinoma? Give 2 examples.
Malignant tumors that arise from epithelial cell origin (three germ layers).

Ex. adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas
What is the gross appearance of a malignant tumor?
do NOT have capsules

margins are irregular due to "fingers" or malignant cells growing into adjacent normal tissue.

Hemorrhage, necrosis, and ulceration are usually present. Due to rapid growth
What happens to a malignant tumor on a microscopic level? With respect to the nucleus, staining, nucleoli and mitosis...
Enlargement - increased nucleo:cytoplasmic ratio (N:C ratio)

Hyperchromasia - darkly staining due to increased DNA content

Coarsely clumped chromatin

Nucleoli are prominent, maybe multiple

Increased number of mitoses (not always present)

Abnormal mitotic forms (tripolar, quadripolar)
What happens to the size and shape of a cell in a malignant tumor?

What kind of cells form?
pleomorphism--variation in size and shape of the cells and nuclei.

tumor giant cells are formed
what is a mixed tumor? Is this benign or malignant?
Ex. (pleomorphic adenoma) - tumor contains epithelial components scattered within a myxoid stroma

Could be either benign or malignant
What do you call a tumor that contains contains parenchymal cells of all 3 germ layers?
teratoma--can have hair, sebaceous glands, tooth etc.

could be benign or malignant
What do you call a tumor that is an overgrowth of mature tissue(s)normally present in an organ that results in disorderly histomorphology?

Is this neoplastic?
Hamartoma (greek for error tumor)

Give 2 examples of a hamartoma.
1. skin hemangiomas 2. lung hamartomas - a mass of tissues mostly consisting of normal cartilage and bronchial epithelium.

These are often present at birth and may regress in time.
What are normal cells or tissues that are present in abnormal places called?

What are synonyms for this?
choristoma AKA aberrant, heterotropc, or ectopic rest

Ex. normal pancreatic tissue present in the intestinal mucosa, adrenal cells present in the kidney or elsewhere.
What is wrong with the following: melanoma, hepatoma, hypernephroma?
All end in -oma meaning benign. But all are malignant conditions. These are based on old terminology and now more specific terminology would be malignant melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma
What is the tissue of origin for the following:

Brenner's tumor

Burkitt's lymphoma

Ewing's Sacrcoma

Grawitz's tumor

Kaposi's sarcoma?
brenner's tumor= ovary

burkitt's lymphoma = lymph node

ewing's sarcoma--bone

Garwitz's tumor--kidney

Kaposi's sarcoma--blood vessels
What is the tissue of origin for the following:

Krukenberg's tumor

Warthin's tumor

Wilm's tumor

Hodgkins disease?
krukenberg's tumor= carcinoma of ovary--usually metastatic from stomach

warthins tumor--salivary gland

wilm's tumor = adenomyosarcoma of kidney

hodgkins disease= lymph nodes
What does leukemia infect? Malignant or benign?
hematopoietic cells--malignant
Is a lymphoma benign or malignant?
malignant of lymph nodes
What is a seminoma? Is it malignant or benign?
malignant of testicular epithelium
What is nevus?
benign tumor of the melanocytes
What is the term for naming a disease by a person's name instead of origin of disease?
What is differentiation?

Which is better differentiated: benign or malignant tumors?
extent to which parenchymal cells resemble comparable normal cells--morphologically AND functionally

benign better differentiated
Is metaplasia reversible?

What is metaplasia?

What is dysplasia?
deranged development. Proliferation and atypical cytologic alterations involving cell size, shape, and organization
What does carcinoma in situ mean?
cancer in site--stuck where it belongs--has not yet metastasized; hasn't penetrated the basal membrane
Are malignant tumors well differentiated or not?

What is a reliable feature of malignancy?

What does this result in?
Range from well differentiated to undifferentiated.

**Invasiveness is a reliable feature of malignancy

Invasiveness results in destruction of the surrounding tissue.
What does anaplasia mean?
lack of differentiation
Which grows more rapidly--malignant or benign tumors?

Why is this?

Factors such as hormone dependence, adequacy of blood supply, “genetics”, all influence growth.
Which type of tumor grow as cohesive expansile masses?
Almost all benign tumors
What do benign tumors often grown around themselves?

Give an example.
They develop a rim of compressed connective tissue, a fibrous capsule, a discrete, easily movable mass.

Wx. Benign fibroadenoma of the breast
What does metastasis imply?

Can ALL cancers metastasize?

What % of newly diagnosed patients with solid tumors (excludes most skin cancer) present with metastases?

yes, with few exceptions

What are the most common way of spreading cancer?

Which is most common?
lymphatic--most common. Follows normal route of drainage

hematogenous--usually thru venous, drains to liver and lung!
Which cancer has the highest incidence in men? women?

Which cancer has the greatest death rate in men? women?
Incidence: men=prostate ; women = breast

Death: men and women: lungq
Which cancers have gone decreased in women since 1930? Which is on the rise?
uterine cancer b/c of pap smear.

stomach cancer down due to warnings about smoked foods.

colon and rectum down due to screening and health habits

Since 1960--lung cancer on the rise due to smoking

Note that breast cancer has remained about the same.
Which cancers have gone decreased in men since 1930? Which is on the rise?
decrease in stomach cancer = to warnings about smoked food.

massive increase in lung cancer since 1930.

All other cancers remain about the same since 1930's
What can lead to stomach cancer?


GI cancer?

Cervical cancer?
stomach cancer--smoked fish (japan esp)

melanomas--fair skinned people and sun exposure

GI tract--alcohol abuse

Cervical cancer--promiscuity and STDs
Besides lung cancer what else can smoking cause?
bladder cancer--toxins sit in bladder for extended periods of time, could cause cancer