Bladder stones are caused when minerals build up in the bladder and form into small “stones.” Mostly affecting older males, bladder stones can be uncomfortable,. But there are a number of treatment options available.


Bladder stones also called vesical calculus or cystoliths, are caused by a buildup of minerals. They can occur if the bladder is not completely emptied after urination. Eventually, the left over urine becomes concentrated and minerals within the liquid turn into crystals.

Sometimes, these stones will be passed while they are still very small. Other times, bladder stones can get stuck to the wall of the bladder or ureter (a pipe running from the kidney to the bladder). If this happens, they gradually gather more mineral crystals, becoming larger over time.

Bladder stones can stay in the bladder for some time and do not always cause symptoms. They are often found when an X-ray is carried out for a different medical reason.


Physical exam

A doctor might put his hands on the lower abdomen to feel if the bladder is enlarged. They may examine the rectum to check if the prostate is enlarged.


A urine sample might be tested for signs of blood, bacteria, and crystallized minerals.

Spiral computerized tomography (CT) scan

CT scans combine multiple X-ray images to build up a detailed image of internal organs.


Creates an image by bouncing sound off of internal organs.


Not all types of bladder stone show up on an X-ray.


Bladder stones may not produce symptoms straight away. But, if the stone irritates the bladder, symptoms can include the following:

  • Discomfort or pain in the penis for males
  • Irregular urination or a stop-start flow
  • Starting a stream during urination takes longer
  • Pain and discomfort when urinating
  • Blood in the urine
  • Cloudy or abnormally dark urine


If Surgical treatment is required, a Telescope is put into the bladder through the urethra and stone is removed after breaking it into smaller fragments(Cysto-litho tripsy). Sometimes, in the children a percutaneous tract may be made into the bladder to perform the same procedure(Per-Cutaneous CLT).


Surgery is part of the treatment for most bladder cancers. The type of surgery done depends on the stage (extent) of the cancer.


A transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT), is often performed to determine if someone has bladder cancer and, if so, whether the cancer has invaded the muscle layer of the bladder wall or not.

This is also the most common treatment for early-stage or superficial (non-muscle invasive) bladder cancers. Most patients have superficial cancer when they are first diagnosed, so this is usually their first treatment. Some people might also get a second, more extensive TURBT as part of their treatment.


This surgery is done by putting an instrument through the urethra, so it doesn’t require cutting into the abdomen. You will get either general anesthesia (where you are asleep) or regional anesthesia (where the lower part of your body is numbed). For this operation, a type of rigid cystoscope called a resectoscope is placed into the bladder through the urethra. The resectoscope has a wire loop at its end to remove any abnormal tissues or tumors. The removed tissue is sent to a lab to be looked at by a pathologist for the final diagnosis.

After the tumor is removed, more steps may be taken to try to ensure that it has been destroyed completely. Any remaining cancer may be treated by fulguration (burning the base of the tumor) while looking at it with the cystoscope. Cancer can also be destroyed using a high-energy laser through the cystoscope.


The side effects of TURBT are generally mild and do not usually last long. You might have some bleeding and pain when you urinate after surgery. You can usually return home the same day or the next day and can resume your usual activities within a week or two. Even if the TURBT removes the tumor completely, bladder cancer often comes back (recurs) in other parts of the bladder. This might be treated with another TURBT. But if TURBT needs to be repeated many times, the bladder can become scarred and lose its capacity to hold much urine.

In patients with a long history of recurrent, non-invasive low-grade tumors, the surgeon may sometimes just use fulguration to burn small tumors that are seen during cystoscopy (rather than removing them). This can often be done using local anesthesia (numbing medicine) in the Urologist’s office. It is safe but can be mildly uncomfortable.


When bladder cancer is invasive, all or part of the bladder may need to be removed. This operation is called a cystectomy.

Partial cystectomy: If the cancer(adenocarcinoma/pheochromocytoma) has invaded the muscle layer of the bladder wall but is not very large and only in one place, it can sometimes be removed along with part of the bladder wall without taking out the whole bladder. The hole in the bladder wall is then closed. Nearby lymph nodes are also removed and examined for cancer spread. Only a small portion of people with cancer that has invaded the muscle can have this surgery.

The main advantage of this surgery is that the person keeps his bladder and doesn’t need reconstructive surgery (see below). But the remaining bladder may not hold as much urine, which means they will have to urinate more often. The main concern with this type of surgery is that bladder cancer can still recur in another part of the bladder wall.

Radical cystectomy: If the cancer is larger or is in more than one part of the bladder, a radical cystectomy will be needed. This operation removes the entire bladder and nearby lymph nodes. In men, the prostate and seminal vesicles are also removed. In women, the ovaries, fallopian tubes (tubes that connect the ovaries and uterus), the uterus (womb), cervix, and a small portion of the vagina are often removed along with the bladder.

Typically, these procedures are done through a cut (incision) in the abdomen. You will need to stay in the hospital for about a week after the surgery. You can usually go back to your normal activities after 3 to 4 weeks.

LAPAROSCOPIC OR ROBOTIC ASSISTED RADICAL CYSTECTOMY: In some cases, the surgeon may operate through several smaller incisions using special long, thin instruments, one of which has a tiny video camera on the end to see inside the pelvis. This is known as laparoscopic, or “keyhole” surgery. The surgeon may either hold the instruments directly or may sit at a control panel in the operating room and maneuver robotic arms to do the surgery (sometimes known as a robotic cystectomy). This type of surgery may result in less pain and quicker recovery because of the smaller incisions. But it hasn’t been around as long as the standard type of surgery, so it’s not yet clear if it is equally as effective. It is important that any type of cystectomy be done by a surgeon with experience in treating bladder cancer. If the surgery is not done well, the cancer is more likely to come back.


If your whole bladder is removed, you will need another way to store urine and remove it. Several types of reconstructive surgery can be done depending on your medical situation and personal preferences.

After this procedure, a small bag is placed over the stoma to collect the urine, which comes out continuously in small amounts. The bag then needs to be emptied once it is full. This approach is sometimes called an incontinent diversion, because you no longer control the flow of urine out of the body.

Continent diversion

Another way for urine to drain is called a continent diversion. In this approach, a pouch is made from the piece of intestine that is attached to the ureters. One end of the pouch is connected to an opening (stoma) in the skin on the front of the abdomen. A valve is created in the pouch to allow urine to be stored there. So, you empty the pouch several times a day by putting a drainage tube (catheter) into the stoma through the valve. Some people prefer this method because there is no bag on the outside


A newer method, routes the urine back into the urethra, restoring urination. To do this, the surgeon creates a neobladder – basically a new bladder made of a piece of intestine. As with the incontinent and continent diversions, the ureters are connected to the neobladder. The difference is that the neobladder is also sewn to the urethra. This lets the patient urinate normally. Over several months, most people regain the ability to urinate normally during the day, although many people might still have some incontinence at night.

If the cancer has spread or can’t be removed with surgery, a diversion may be made without removing the bladder. In this case, the purpose of the surgery is to prevent or relieve blockage of urine flow, rather than try to cure the cancer. .


The risks with any type of cystectomy are much like those with any major surgery. Problems during or shortly after the operation can include:

  • Reactions to anesthesia
  • Bleeding from the surgery
  • Blood clots in the legs or lungs
  • Damage to nearby organs
  • Infections at the surgery site

Most people will have at least some pain after the operation, which is usually helped with pain medicines, if needed.

Effects on urination: Bladder surgery can affect how you urinate. If you have had a partial cystectomy, this might be limited to having to go more often (because your bladder can’t hold as much urine).

If you have a radical cystectomy, you will need reconstructive surgery (described above) to create a new way for urine to leave your body. Depending on the type of reconstruction, you might need to learn how to empty your urostomy bag or to put a catheter into your stoma. Aside from these changes, urinary diversion and urostomy can also lead to:

  • Infections
  • Urine leaks
  • Pouch stones
  • Blockage of urine flow

The physical changes that come from removing the bladder and having a urostomy can affect your quality of life as well. Discuss your feelings and concerns with your health care team.