Monday, 29 April 2013


Reasons for the Hajj
  1. Can the Hajj be for other reasons?

Early Imperial trade and commerical nature attached to the Hajj
  1. Was there a commercial dimension of the Hajj?
  8. Was there colonial intervention into the Hajj? Yes.


When did the Saudi engage in commerce?
When were the Hajj facilities improved?
Who funded the improvements of the Hajj facilities?
Have the improved facilities helped the Hajj pilgrims? How?
    conferred status and international leadership upon the Saudi kingdom and dynasty.

Is the Hajj a commercial venture?
  1. Is the Hajj for monetary gains?

Role of the guides or mutawwifin

Transportation during the Hajj
  1. What modes of transportation were available for the Hajj?
  2. Muslim companies introduced motor transport in the mid 1920s.
    (29 Aug. 1938).

Is the Hajj a form of migration?

Colonial intervention into the Hajj
  3. Faroqhi, Herrscher über Mekka, 234–7.

Makkah dominates as a centre of trade in the Hijaz

Which city was the centre of trade in the Hijaz?
Was it Arafah or Mina?
Was it Jiddah or Makkah?
Was Makkah a significant trading post?
Is Makkah still a significant trading post?
Was trade in Jiddah independent of Makkah or the Hajj?
Was business in Jiddah compatible with the Hajj in Makkah?
  4. Peters, Hajj, 31.
  7. Pearson, Pious Passengers, 130–84.

Indonesian pilgrims

Singapore pilgrims

Malaysian pilgrims

  2. Peters, Hajj. On the modern period,

British Foreign Office records of the Asian Hajj
  5. Vredenbregt, ‘Haddj’, 93, 121;

The Business of the Hajj

Pilgrims’ Progress: The Business of The Hajj
Miller, Michael Barry, 1945-
Past & Present, Number 191, May 2006, pp. 189-228 (Article)
Published by Oxford University Press

For additional information about this article
Access Provided by Bangladesh University of Professionals at 05/11/11 8:21AM GMT

  1. Alfred Holt & Co. was also known as Blue Funnel or Ocean Steam Ship. It was the premier British shipping company sailing east to China, Malaya and the Straits Settlements. It was involved in the pilgrim trade in the post-WWII period even though the shipping company was suffering from wartime losses. It faced competition from rising Asian shipping business.
  2. Since the nineteenth century (1800s), Holts steamers had carried Malay and Indonesian Muslims to and from Jiddah during the Hajj season.
  3. In fact, until the Second World War nearly all Holts ships had been equipped to carry pilgrims if necessary, in order to accommodate a traffic with uneven scheduling.
  4. Profits from paying passengers had largely been made on the eastbound voyage, where freight coming from Europe was usually light in volume; but, with respect to the westbound voyage, Hobhouse noted, ‘it would almost always have been possible to fill the space more profitably with cargo’.
  5. In 1948, John Hobhouse, a senior manager of Alfred Holt & Co. began to wonder whether it any longer made good business sense to engage in the pilgrim trade.
  6. In the late 1940s, with Holts still reeling from wartime losses, enjoying a better balance in outbound and homeward cargo volumes, and facing pressure from fading colonial governments to provide superior accommodation and safety facilities, Hobhouse wondered whether ‘the economics of this trade’ did not warrant disengagement altogether.
  7. Advised that this would place the shipping company in very bad odour in the region, especially as Asian shipping would be a far more competitive force in the future, he compromised.
  8. Holts would continue to transport hajjis, but numbers would be limited. ‘The maximum will be fixed from season to season.
  9. Hobhouse’s exchanges highlight two broad themes in the history of the Hajj that are addressed in this article. First, migration in modern times, whether long-term or short, has always been a
    business as well as a movement of peoples.
  10. Steamship companies, railway companies, agents, brokers and labour recruiters turned all forms of migration into big business, and in so doing they provided the organization, means and often initiatives, by which the great transoceanic flows of humanity occurred. Historians of the Hajj have noted the central importance of the steamship, and the creation of better lines of communication, in the development of mass pilgrimage to Makkah during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
  11. Other factors — changing imperial policies, rising commodity prices, questions of Islamic identity, the prestige and self-justification attached to pilgrimage, and the advance of orthodox forms of Islam — were equally influential in promoting an event that was of immense significance to the cultural identity of its participants and to the unifying processes.