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Essentially, when the Haitian Revolution commences in 1791, there are three distinct groups vying for control of the island: the whites (blancs), free people of color and mulattoes (Affranchis), and the enslaved and escaped (maroon) Africans of the island.
The literary historian Leon-Francois Hoffmann has probably provided the most ardent of these biographical readings, however, when he implies that "Georges can be considered at once a biographical document that illustrates the attitude of Dumas towards his 'negritude' and as a historical document that illustrates the attitude of many mulattoes in the middle of the nineteenth century." (8) Yet while Hoffmann argues that Dumas wrote Georges as a diatribe against the color prejudice that the author himself had experienced in France, I am much more interested in reading the implications of Dumas's cooptation of the trope of the "inspired mulatto" vis-a-vis a transatlantic print culture of the Haitian Revolution.
What's in it for us is a more in-depth understanding of the tastes and values of young mulattoes.
(7) With these ideas in mind, Part I of this Article begins by focusing on race in the American antebellum South, detailing both the cultural factors that resulted in mulattoes joining the disfavored racial category and the legal means by which a binary racial hierarchy was established.
Many caboclos must have been classified as mulattoes, and some as whites or blacks, depending on skin tone.
5 ballot seeks voters' permission to erase these vestigial references to "free Negroes," "mulattoes" and the state's "white population."
Nevertheless, the catalogue of treacherous Creoles or mixed-bloods or mixed-races or half-breeds or mulattoes (7) in New World African literature is so long as to be almost convincing.
For example, Alabama's code stated that "all negroes, mulattoes, Indians and all persons of mixed blood, to the third generation inclusive, though one ancestor of each generation may have been a white person, whether bond or free; shall be taken, and deemed incapable in law, to be witnesses....
Dominicans still form a mulatto society, while Haitians divide blacks from mulattoes using class as much as color as a criterion.
Unilever's hair care innovation center in Buenos Aires found its own unattended segment in mulattoes, people of mixed European and African descent.
Complicating the distinction between whiteness and blackness, however, was the position of biracial individuals, then called mulattoes. It was common a century ago to distinguish between Negroes of "pure" African descent and those who had some white ancestry.
There were in all three cities "nominal slaves"; those who hired their own time and lived away from the control of their masters in "a middle ground between slavery and freedom"; mulattoes who usually married mulattoes; and free African Americans who were required to have white guardians with whom they became apparently so closely identified that, when the Civil War erupted, some supported the Confederacy, which indicated deep division--not harmony--within the African American community.