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EREF Releases Analysis of State Recycling Definitions

EREF Releases Analysis of State Recycling Definitions

The Environmental Research & Education Foundation highlights the various ways states define recycling.

The Environmental Research & Education Foundation (EREF) has identified and analyzed recycling definitions used by state agencies in an effort to document the various ways states define recycling. Based on EREF’s research, there are at least 18 distinct ways that recycling is defined throughout the U.S.

Definitions for "recycle," "recycling" and/or similar terms were identified through a search of state codes. Definitions were identified for 49 of 50 states; a definition could not be found for North Dakota. Definitions were analyzed based on various components, including:

  • the activities considered to be part of recycling (e.g. collection, sorting, separating, processing, etc.)
  • the end product of recycling (e.g. raw material, product, commodity, substitute for commercial product)
  • the end uses considered as recycling (e.g. reuse, remanufacturing, composting, waste-to-energy)
  • any special wastes specifically included in the definition (e.g. waste oil, household hazardous)
  • whether recycling occurs to waste materials or materials prior to becoming waste

The most common activities described as part of recycling included separation or sortation (29 states); collection (25 states); processing (21 states); and the sale or return to the economic stream (14 states).

Additionally, most states include possible outputs of the recycling process in their definition. The most commonly referenced outputs were: raw materials (28 states); ingredients or inputs for manufacturing (10 states); commodities (three states); and as products themselves (23 states).

While there are some differences in wording among the definitions, recycling generally describes the activities within the traditional curbside municipal solid waste (MSW) recycling system where haulers, materials recovery facilities, reclaimers, brokers and processors facilitate the recovery and return of useable or saleable materials to the marketplace. Differences in definition become more pronounced when considering the other MSW management techniques (e.g. reuse, composting) and materials (e.g. hazardous household waste) that may fit within the activities mentioned above.

One of the most prevalent points of confusion in defining and measuring recycling is whether recycling includes composting. While recycling traditional curbside materials (i.e. paper, plastic, metal, glass) describes the physical processing of waste materials for remanufacturing (e.g. re-smelting aluminum for new cans, grinding and re-melting plastic to make new bottles, pulping recovered paper to make new paper), composting describes a biological process of breaking down organic materials and producing a nutrient-rich soil amendment (e.g., compost, fertilizer).

Based on EREF’s analysis, 11 states reference composting in their recycling definitions, with nine states including composting in the definition and two states explicitly excluding it. An additional 13 states don’t reference composting directly, but the definitions could be interpreted to include composting as a product returning to the marketplace.

EREF Releases Analysis of State Recycling Definitions

In some cases, the production of energy is also considered part of recycling. This is the case in two states (Florida and Kentucky), though to differing extents. Florida’s definition broadly defines recycling to include waste materials used to produce “crude oil, fuels and fuel substitutes” (Fla. Stat. § 403.703 (2017)).

As a result, recycling rates for Florida counties include many additional activities in recycling. Recycling in these counties includes the amount of yard waste used as alternative daily cover or disposed of in landfills with beneficial landfill gas use (e.g. vehicle fuel, heat), the amount of MSW used as process fuel and a 1 ton recycling credit for every 1 megawatt hour of electricity produced from MSW incineration or landfill gas-to-electricity (Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 2017). In contrast, while Kentucky’s recycling definition includes the production of energy, it does not include traditional waste-to-energy “incineration or combustion for the recovery of energy” (Ky. Rev. Stat. Ann. §224.1-010(21) (2017)).

Recycling definitions and measurement may also include activities that bypass the traditional recycling or waste management system. For example, reuse is included in 58 percent of recycling definitions (29 states).

Are recyclable materials waste or something else? Additionally, recycling definitions and regulations vary based on whether the bottles, cans and other materials suitable for recycling are classified as solid waste. Once discarded into a recycling bin, these materials may be considered waste or as something that otherwise would have become waste (i.e. non-waste). The distinction between waste and non-waste classification can be important in some states due to factors such as applicable regulations and permitting requirements. It can also expand recycling to include activities outside the scope of waste management, such as pre-consumer reuse.

In 18 definitions, the materials to be recycled are part of the solid waste stream, while 11 specify these are non-waste materials. An additional six definitions indicate that recycling can occur to both solid wastes and materials that would have otherwise become waste. The remaining 14 of definitions do not specify within the definition itself.

EREF Releases Analysis of State Recycling Definitions

Read EREF's "Analysis of State Recycling Definitions" in its entirety here.

EREF Releases Analysis of State Recycling Definitions

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