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Do you mean advantage in an evolutionary context? –  Poshpaws Jan 19 '12 at 6:33
That reminds me about the sickle-cell disease where the malformed red blood cells show much higher resistance against the malaria plasmodium. –  Alexander Galkin Jan 19 '12 at 9:56
Sickle cell is considered autosomal regressive in classical genetics, but this malarial resistance only applies to the heterozygous case (in which blood cells are also normal). The altered cell morphology occurs only in the homozygous recessive genotype. –  leonardo Mar 3 '12 at 4:40
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For searching purposes: the general condition in neonates (whether brought about by ABO, Rhesus, or other factors) is termed hemolytic disease of the newborn or erythroblastosis fetalis. –  user132 Jan 19 '12 at 9:30
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http://books.google.com/books?id=YRcAVvmE6eMC&pg=PA40&lpg=PA40&dq=type+o+blood+are+more+resistant+to+syphilis&source=bl&ots=o7PjHip_kh&sig=m3q9yz-tSu4TlxL37sAaYthKIEM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-eVhUufrOo-K9ASZ3IEY&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=type%20o%20blood%20are%20more%20resistant%20to%20syphilis&f=false " people with blood type O are more resistant to malaria and syphilis than those with the A and/or B proteins. " fromm the ENCYCLOPEDIA OF EVILUTION , STANLEY A RICE PG 40

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