The language that will light up your Web

Java turns pages into all-singing, all-dancing events. Charles Arthur on the program that gives the Net a mind
If you have been surfing around new Web sites recently, you will probably have noticed a new word: Java. About 100,000 pages contain it right now. And they may be the key to making the Web a truly interesting, useful place. Why? If you use an older browser, you may have seen this note: "If you were using a Java-enabled browser, you would see an animated ...", followed by a text description of what you're missing: dancing coffee cups, stock market prices, flags waving in an electronic breeze (at the White House site), spinning globes. You name it, someone's beavering away at animating it, or turning it into a sound file.

If you are using Netscape 2.0, you won't have to read the words - you can see the pictures or hear the sounds for yourself, always assuming you have the patience for them to be downloaded over your data link. Even quite small animations can require 50 kilobytes of data, which - given the sluggishness of many links - can mean a minute's thumb-twiddling.

But to have reached 100,000 sites is not bad for a product that was released only last summer. Its widespread success resembles that of Netscape, in that its creator, Sun Microsystems, has been distributing it for free over the Internet, letting word of mouth (or e-mail) do much of the job of publicity.

Unlike Netscape's browser, which is a program, Java is a programming language, developed in 1990 by James Gosling, a programmer at Sun Microsystems. Originally called "Oak", it was intended to be used in domestic products such as toasters, videos and car alarms. In a world where toasters, like microwave ovens, have inbuilt software (and that's not far off), you could send a Java program down the telephone line to upgrade your toaster. Gosling never lost sight of the idea that Java should be bug-proof and easy to develop but hard to tamper with. So the toaster would not catch fire because of an error in transmission or a bug.

But before that became reality, the World Wide Web happened. The trouble with the Web to date has been that while you could have titles that blinked (which were annoying to the eyes) and you could download motion or sound files to play in your own time, the actual pages themselves were dull. As George Gilder, a writer and futurist, puts it: "Content today is dead, static." But with Java, he says, "content wins".

The reason is that Web pages come to life when your browser connects to a Java-enabled site. Part of the page's contents, besides the usual HTML text, will be a small program, called an "applet", written in Java. This is sent to your computer, where it runs: dancing, singing coffee cups and so on.

You don't even have to specify what operating system (Mac, DOS, Sun) you are using: the browser picks up the code and transfers it over to your Java-enabled browser, which reads and interprets it and follows its instructions. If your browser can't handle Java, nothing happens: it simply ignores the Java instructions.

Is the applet not like a virus? How do you know it does not have an instruction such as "Wipe clean the hard disk" in it?

Mr Gosling and his associates at Sun thought of that. The applet runs inside a "virtual machine" on your computer: in essence, it ropes off an area of electronic memory (RAM) and allows the applet to create and change data only there. The applet is not allowed to access the machine's peripherals but instead passes its data back to your browser, which then passes them to the screen or disc. (Though someone did discover a way to get the applet to bypass the browser earlier this year - a flaw that was quickly fixed by Sun.)

However, the applet's resemblance to a virus means that occasionally "firewalls" - machines installed to prevent viruses and hackers getting into a private network from the Internet - won't let them past. This problem is gradually being tackled.

If you are in an excitable mood, like Danny Hillis, adjunct professor of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, you will agree that, "Java allows the network to have a `mind'. This is revolutionary. Communication takes place between computers that is meaningful to them."

Eric Schmidt, Sun's chief technology officer, believes that Java has a key similarity to an earlier, and fantastically successful, bit of software. "Java is going to be the DOS of the 1990s," he says. "It may not be perfect but neither was DOS at first. Its chief benefit is its ubiquity. It has shortcomings, but it's everywhere."

And, who knows, in time you might be able to download cool Java programs from the Net to upgrade your toaster or microwave.

For more information about Java, including a (rather technical) introduction, visit To get a browser capable of running Java programs, try Netscape 2.0, available at

A huge list of Java applets, with reviews, can be found via