Công nghệ CNC

What is CNC Technology?

CNC Defined
CNC technology was developed in the United States in the 1950′s for the US Air Force by metalworking machine tool builders. It was a major advance in the ability of machines to faithfully reproduce complex part machining steps more accurately without human intervention or variability.

CNC stands for Computer Numerically Controlled. CNC always refers to how a machine operates, that is, its basic method of controlling movement. Put another way, a CNC machine uses a stream of digital information (code) from a computer to move motors and other positioning systems in order to guide a spindle over raw material.

A CNC machine uses mathematics and coordinate systems to understand and process information about what to move, to where, and how fast. Most CNC machines are able to move in three controlled directions at once. These directions are called axes (pronounced ax-ees). The axes are given simple names such as X, Y and Z (based on the Cartesian Coordinate System). The X axis is always the longest distance a machine or a part of a machine must travel. X may be the movement from front to back, Y the movement from left to right, and the Z is almost always vertical movement (normally the spindle’s positioning movement up and down).

A CNC machine must be able to communicate with itself to operate. A computer numeric control unit sends position commands to motors. The motors must talk back to the control that, indeed, they have acted correctly to move the machine a given distance. The ability of CNC machines to move in three (or more) directions at once allows them to create almost any desired pattern or shape. All of this processing happens very fast.

Advantages of CNC Production

Lower Labor Requirements

A CNC machine can eliminate several processing steps. Where once a sheet of material would move from one production machine step to another, the CNC machine can do more operations in one set-up. Full sheets of material may be used, rather than “pre-blanking” on a saw or other machine. One operator can do the jobs of several people.

CNC machines require good operators to make good parts. But once the company’s part programming information (knowledge) is contained in electronic files, the craftsmanship of the company resides in the machine, not in human operators. Training for new employees relates to how the machine operates and what the company expects for finished part quality, not in teaching the operator information about basic trade skills.

Better Production Parts

No human could hope to control the movements of a machine as precisely as a CNC. These machines work with very small units of measure. A CNC is able to drill a hole at one end of the worktable, move to the far corner and return to make the same hole again with only a few ten-thousandths of an inch error. The accuracy of a CNC can be explained this way: take a hair off your head and slice it the long way six times. The sliver you have left is about the margin of error with the machine.

Increased Productivity

A CNC may also be programmed to allow for wood grain, material type and special cutter requirements. Humans are not able to balance all of these factors in a repeated way over extended periods of time. Machines may work two or three shifts per day without shut-down. The only limiting factors in CNC production relate to material availability and cutter wear.

CNC machines used to be associated with high-volume production due to the time involved in machine programming. New computer technologies, along with software advances, now allow easy programming of CNC machines for custom or one-of parts. In fact, the ability of a CNC to accept precise mathematic information to create custom parts reduces production costs by reducing potential errors.

Better, Safer Production

A CNC machine does not require any positioning of the spindle to be made by hand during production. The operator’s main job is to monitor the machining process and make any needed corrections. Most machines feature at least one emergency stop button to instantly halt production should a part processing error occur.

An Overview Of 3 + 2 Machining

You don’t have to use all five axes of a five-axis machine at the same time to get great benefits. Here’s what 3 + 2 can do for you.

Article From: 10/4/2006 Modern Machine Shop, Mark Albert, Editor-in-Chief

Click Image to Enlarge

Corner finishing

Corner finishing benefits from 3 + 2. This toolpath simulation shows how the angled tool can machine a corner that might otherwise require EDM. Image courtesy of Delcam.

Large workpieces


For DACMAC, a shop in the UK, 3 + 2 allows large workpieces, such as this bumper mold, to be machined with shorter cutting tools at faster speeds and better surface finish. The shop uses PowerMill by Delcam to program its DMU 50 Evolution five-axis machining center.

Three + 2 machining is a technique whereby a three-axis milling program is executed with the cutting tool locked in a tilted position using the five-axis machine’s two rotational axes, hence the name, 3 + 2 machining. It is also called “positional five-axis machining” because the fourth and fifth axes are used to orient the cutting tool in a fixed position rather than to manipulate the tool continuously during the machining process. This distinguishes 3 + 2 machining from continuous or simultaneous five-axis machining. Other names that appear are inclined, fixed or tilted machining, in reference to the characteristic angle of the cutting tool.

The main advantage of 3 + 2 machining is that it allows for the use of a shorter, more rigid cutting tool than would be permissible with conventional three-axis machining. With 3 + 2, the spindle head can be lowered closer to the workpiece with the tool angled toward the surface. Using a shorter tool, in turn, permits faster feeds and speeds with less tool deflection. This means that a good surface finish and more accurate dimensional results can be achieved at a lower cycle time. Other benefits include shorter tool movements, fewer lines of program code and fewer machine setups.

This technique is growing in popularity with mold shops because it helps with deep cavities in complex molds that would otherwise have to be machined with long, slender tools or with tool extensions. Long, slender tools increase the risk of deflection or chatter and tool extensions can create clearance problems. Using 3 + 2 machining also allows undercuts in cavities and steep walls on standing mold cores to be machined directly. This strategy might reduce or eliminate operations for electrical discharge machining (EDM).

Of course, applications are not limited to die/mold machining. Any workpiece that creates challenging cutting conditions when using simultaneous five-axis machining ought to be considered a candidate for 3 + 2 machining. One example is tube machining. Curved or angled tube shapes within a workpiece such as ports on a cylinder head or ducts on a valve body often can be machined effectively with 3 + 2 if the CAM software supports this application. In addition, 3 + 2 can help with machining certain types of parts from the solid rather than from a complex casting. Prototype work also benefits from this technique.

Drilling holes at compound angles in a single setup is also an important benefit to 3 + 2 machining. Aligning the drill at the correct orientation is accomplished in programming rather than on the shop floor with multiple setups and complex fixturing.

How Could We Do This In Three-Axis?

One way to think about 3 + 2 machining is to visualize how selected workpiece features could be machined on a three-axis VMC if the difficult features fell in the most convenient workplane for effective three-axis machining. In some cases, a workpiece could be positioned on a special fixture or sine plate for three-axis machining at the right orientation; however, 3 + 2 uses the angle of the cutting tool’s fixed position to create the same relative alignment. This is accomplished by creating a virtual workplane that locates the workpiece features so that the angled tool executing the three-axis program has the desired effect. The CAM software makes all of the transformations in the coordinate system to produce these results.

The smart thing about 3 + 2 machining is that workplanes can be established for multiple machining regions on the same workpiece. The user can select these regions wherever 3 + 2 is beneficial and practical, without refixturing the workpiece. Machining undercuts in opposite sides of a cavity is an example.

The 3 + 2 machining operations can occur in succession, with the cutting tool reset at the appropriate angle between operations. (For this reason, this technique has been called “index machining” in some contexts.) The one drawback to indexing is that blends between surfaces created at different tool angles have to be examined carefully to be sure that the desired effect is produced. Blending issues appear to be a function of programming software and its level of development.

CAM Software For 3 + 2

A number of CAM software suppliers have developed special utilities to create tool paths for 3 + 2 machining. Not all five-axis programming software includes provisions for this technique. Like all software capabilities, ease of use and effectiveness of 3 + 2 machining utilities vary from software package to software package.

CAM suppliers that specialize in software especially for moldmaking are likely to include 3 + 2 machining as a product feature in their five-axis machining offerings. Because there is no standard terminology to describe this technique, there might be a tendency to overlook this capability when reviewing CAM software features. In one case, the feature is listed as part of a machining strategies library, and it is described as “five-axis tilting for machining deep cavities with short tools.”

Utilities for 3 + 2 machining also vary according to the level of automation available to facilitate the programming function. Establishing the workplane and machining zones; setting travel limits for cutting tool motion; and controlling the tool angle are some of the steps that might be more or less automated, depending on the system. Automatic definition of the approach and retract movements between machining zones is a capability of some systems.

Almost all CAM software suppliers that offer 3 + 2 machining for five-axis machines emphasize the importance of effective collision avoidance. Although 3 + 2 machining simplifies tool motions because it is essentially three-axis machining with no “twists and turns” of the spindle head to maneuver the cutting tool, it is not without risk. Potential users should evaluate the collision avoidance and program simulation capabilities of the CAM software being considered.

In general, programming for 3 + 2 is not an obstacle. As a matter of fact, the power of available programming utilities for 3 + 2 machining is one reason why this technique is catching on.

A Complement To Full Five-Axis

As a handy technique, 3 + 2 machining is one of the options that makes a five-axis machining center a valuable asset. However, it is not a substitute for simultaneous five-axis machining. For example, simultaneous five-axis is needed to use a flat-nosed end mill for producing sharp corners in cavities. Three + 2 machining generally uses a ballnosed end mill as you would with three-axis machining on a conventional three-axis machining center. Other cutting modes that use cutting tools with conic, lollipop or other special geometries may require full five-axis motion to optimize results.

In some cases, using 3 + 2 machining to perform roughing operations followed by simultaneous five-axis machining for finishing operations is recommended. For roughing, the shorter tool length allowed by 3 + 2 lends itself to aggressive high speed machining techniques. Rest machining (going back with a smaller cutter to “clean up” material left by roughing operations with a larger tool) can be effectively accomplished with 3 + 2 in many cases.

For some shops, 3 + 2 machining eases the transition from three-axis milling to simultaneous five-axis machining. Milling with fixed tool positions builds positive experiences that can be drawn on for five-axis machining. As one software supplier has noted, moving from one fixed tool position to another in succession is just a short step away from the continuous motion of simultaneous five-axis machining.

More Five-Axis Machines In Shops

In the last decade or so, five-axis machines have become smaller and more affordable than they once were. At the same time, programming software for five-axis work has become more powerful, easier to use and lower in price. These trends have promoted the growing use of five-axis machines for die/mold work, medical parts, prototyping and other applications that involve increasingly complex geometries and tight surface quality requirements.

Any shop that is considering a move to five-axis machining should be aware of 3 + 2 machining as an option to enlarge what a five-axis machine can do. Where applicable, 3 + 2 machining will save time and improve operations. Workpieces don’t have to be strictly “five-axis jobs” to make having a five-axis machine worthwhile and profitable.

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