VCE Chemistry/Stoichiometry

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Particles and the Mole[edit]


Matter: anything that posseses mass, and takes up space.
Particle: molecules, electrons, protons, neutrons and the like.
Atom: the smallest piece of a chemical element that retains its unique chemical properties.
Molecule: at least two atoms, held together by chemical bonds.

You may remember that the matter of which the universe is composed is itself made up of particles. Chemistry deals with many particles: all molecules and the atoms that make them up are specific types of particle, we may also need to understand the behaviour of smaller subatomic particles, such as the electron or proton.

In general, the particles which we will encounter will all be of miniscule size and mass, and in vast numbers - a single carbon atom weighs and there are more than 5×1022 of them in a single gram of graphite.

The Mole[edit]

Problems with Size[edit]

It can become very cumbersome to deal with such large and small numbers, especially during calculations. To overcome this impracticality, chemests deal with multiples of particles, instead of individually. A chemist will avoid calculating directly the number particles in a given sample - if the sample is of everyday proportions and the particles are on a molecular scale, then the number of particles will be immense whilst the mass of each particle will be infintesimal. If instead the chemist calculated the number of multiples of a large, fixed number of particles, then, with clever selection of the specific number, the number of multiples present and the mass of each multiple would be much simpler and managable numbers. This can be compared to the sale of tiny items: if for instance, a grain merchent was to sell kernals of grain individualy, then the price of each kernel would be frustratingly small and the merchant would need to painstakingly count out each kernel in order to make a sale. It is much more practical for the merchant to sell the kernals in intervals of some enormus number (by the kilogram, or even the ton) as they would be both easier to price and mesure.

Atomic and Molecular Mass, The Mole[edit]

Theoretically, scientists could have chosen any large number and used it as a standard multiple. It would seem convinient to select a power of ten, like 1023 or 1024 as this would simplify calculations. Instead, scientists have chosen the mole, which is defined as approximately 6.02252×1023 particles of the specific type in question.

Why 6.02×1023? From first glance, this additional number seems to complicate rather than simplify matters. This number was however selected carefully aand deliberately. The secret to its advantage lies in the mass of the particles under scrutiny.

Recall that each atom of a single chemical element has a specific atomic mass that is unique to that element, and measured in atomic mass units (AMU). Each AMU is defined as one twelth the mass of a specific isotope of carbon, but an AMU can also be expressed in grams - it is about