Draft History of Qing

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The Draft History of Qing (Chinese: 清史稿; pinyin: Qīng Shǐ Gǎo) is a draft of the official history of the Chinese Qing dynasty compiled and written under Zhao Erxun by a team of more than 100 historians hired by the Beiyang government of the Republic of China. The draft was published in 1928, but the Chinese Civil War caused a lack of funding for the project and it was put to an end in 1930.[1] Both of the current regimes claiming Greater China have attempted to complete it.


The Qing court had long established a Bureau of State Historiography and precompiled its own dynastic history.[1] The massive book was started in 1914, and the rough copy was finished in about 1927. 1,100 copies of the Books were published. The Republic Government moved 400 of the original Draft into the northern provinces, where it re-edited the content twice, thus creating three different copies of the book. It was banned by the Nationalist government in 1930. A historian writes in retrospect: "Not only will the Qingshi gao live forever, but also Qing history as such will forever remain in draft."[1]


The draft contains 529 chapters. It attempts to follow the format of previous official histories, containing four sections:

  • 纪 (Ji), containing information about relevant emperors
  • 志 (Zhi), containing events that happened, i.e. astronomical events
  • 表 (Biao), containing lists of people who held important posts or were royalty
  • 传 (Zhuan), containing information concerning notable figures.

Shortcomings of draft[edit]

Because of the lack of funding, the authors were forced to publish quickly, and consequently this project was never finished, remaining in the draft stages. The authors openly acknowledged this, and admitted there may have been factual or superficial errors.[2]

The draft was later criticized for being biased and against the Republican government's Xinhai Revolution. Notably, it does not have records of historical figures in the revolution, even those that had been born before the end of the Qing dynasty, although it includes biographies of various others who were born after the collapse of the Qing dynasty. The historians were Qing loyalists and treated the revolutionaries as bandits.[3] In fact the draft completely avoided the use of the Minguo calendar, which was unacceptable for an official history meant to endorse the rise of a new regime.[1]

Modern attempts[edit]

In 1961, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the declaration of the Republic of China, the ROC government in Taiwan published their own History of Qing, adding 21 supplementary chapters to the Draft History of Qing and revising many existing chapters to denounce the Communist Party as an illegitimate, impostor regime. It also removed the passages that were derogatory towards the Xinhai Revolution.[4] This edition has not been accepted as the official History of Qing because it is recognized that it was a rushed job published for political purposes. It does not correct most of the many errors known to exist in the Draft History.[1]

An additional project, attempting to actually write a New History of Qing incorporating new materials and improvements in historiography, lasted from 1988 to 2000 and only published 33 chapters out of the over 500 projected.[1] The New History was abandoned because of the rise of the Pan-Green Coalition, which saw Taiwan as a separate entity from China and therefore not as the new Chinese regime that would be responsible for writing the official history of the previous dynasty.

In 1961 the People's Republic of China also attempted to complete the History of Qing, but the historians were prevented from doing so by the Cultural Revolution.[3]

In 2002 the PRC once again announced that it would complete the History of Qing. As of December 2013, the project has been delayed twice and will not be completed until 2016.[5]

See also[edit]


  1. ^ a b c d e f Hsi-yuan Chen, 'Last chapter unfinished. The making of the official Qing History and the crisis of Traditional Chinese Historiography', in: Historiography East and West, 2 (2004), pp. 173-204. (Abstract)
  2. ^ Preface, The Draft History of Qing Revised Edition, 1977, 中华书局.
  3. ^ a b Wilkinson, Endymion (2012). Chinese history : a new manual. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 834–5. ISBN 0674067150. 
  4. ^ http://big5.huaxia.com/zhwh/sslh/2007698.html
  5. ^ http://www.bj.xinhuanet.com/jyyf/2013-12/18/c_118606338.htm

External links[edit]