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  • 日本国
  • Nippon-koku
  • Nihon-koku
Flag Imperial Seal

Government Seal of Japan
  • 五七桐 (Go-Shichi no Kiri?)
Capital Tokyo
Official languages None[1]
Recognised regional languages
National language Japanese
Ethnic groups (2011[2])
Demonym Japanese
Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
 -  Emperor Akihito
 -  Prime Minister Shinzō Abe
 -  Deputy Prime Minister Tarō Asō
Legislature National Diet
 -  Upper house House of Councillors
 -  Lower house House of Representatives
 -  National Foundation Day 11 February 660 BC[3] 
 -  Meiji Constitution 29 November 1890 
 -  Current constitution 3 May 1947 
 -  San Francisco
Peace Treaty
28 April 1952 
 -  Total 377,944 km2[4] (62nd)
145,925 sq mi
 -  Water (%) 0.8
 -  2014 estimate 126,434,964[5] (10th)
 -  2010 census 128,056,026[6]
 -  Density 337.1/km2 (36th)
873.1/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2014 estimate
 -  Total $4.788 trillion[7] (4th)
 -  Per capita $37,683[7] (28th)
GDP (nominal) 2014 estimate
 -  Total $4.770 trillion[7] (3rd)
 -  Per capita $37,540[7] (26th)
Gini (2008) 37.6[8]
medium · 76th
HDI (2013) Decrease 0.890[9]
very high · 17th
Currency Yen (¥) / En (JPY)
Time zone JST (UTC+9)
 -  Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+9)
Date format
  • yyyy-mm-dd
  • yyyy年m月d日
Drives on the left
Calling code +81
ISO 3166 code JP
Internet TLD .jp




Japan is a member of the UN, the G7, the G8, the G20. A major economic and political power,[2] Japan is a developed country and has the world's third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the world's fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the world's fifth-largest exporter and fifth-largest importer. Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the world's eighth largest military budget,[10] used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan ranks high in metrics of prosperity such as the Human Development Index, with the Japanese population enjoying the highest life expectancy of any country in the world and the infant mortality rate being the third lowest globally.[11][12][13]


Main article: Names of Japan



Japanese people refer to themselves as Nihonjin (日本人?) and to their language as Nihongo (日本語?). Both Nippon and Nihon mean "sun-origin" and are often translated as Land of the Rising Sun. The term comes from Japanese missions to Imperial China and refers to Japan's eastward position relative to China. Before Nihon came into official use, Japan was known as Wa (?) or Wakoku (倭国?).[14]

The English word for Japan came to the West via early trade routes. The Old Mandarin or possibly early Wu Chinese (吳語) pronunciation of Japan was recorded by Marco Polo as Cipangu. In modern Shanghainese, a Wu dialect, the pronunciation of characters 日本 'Japan' is Zeppen [zəʔpən]. The old Malay word for Japan, Jepang, was borrowed from a southern coastal Chinese dialect, probably Fukienese or Ningpo,[15] and this Malay word was encountered by Portuguese traders in Malacca in the 16th century. Portuguese traders were the first to bring the word to Europe.[16] An early record of the word in English is in a 1565 letter, spelled Giapan.[17]


Main article: History of Japan

Prehistory and ancient history


A Paleolithic culture around 30,000 BC constitutes the first known habitation of the Japanese archipelago. This was followed from around 14,000 BC (the start of the Jōmon period) by a Mesolithic to Neolithic semi-sedentary hunter-gatherer culture, who include ancestors of both the contemporary Ainu people and Yamato people,[18][19] characterized by pit dwelling and rudimentary agriculture.[20] Decorated clay vessels from this period are some of the oldest surviving examples of pottery in the world. Around 300 BC, the Yayoi people began to enter the Japanese islands, intermingling with the Jōmon.[21] The Yayoi period, starting around 500 BC, saw the introduction of practices like wet-rice farming,[22] a new style of pottery,[23] and metallurgy, introduced from China and Korea.[24]

Japan first appears in written history in the Chinese Book of Han.[25] According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, the most powerful kingdom on the archipelago during the 3rd century was called Yamataikoku. Buddhism was first introduced to Japan from Baekje of Korea, but the subsequent development of Japanese Buddhism was primarily influenced by China.[26] Despite early resistance, Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class and gained widespread acceptance beginning in the Asuka period (592–710).[27]

The Nara period (710–784) of the 8th century marked the emergence of a strong Japanese state, centered on an imperial court in Heijō-kyō (modern Nara). The Nara period is characterized by the appearance of a nascent literature as well as the development of Buddhist-inspired art and architecture.[28] The smallpox epidemic of 735–737 is believed to have killed as much as one-third of Japan's population.[29] In 784, Emperor Kammu moved the capital from Nara to Nagaoka-kyō before relocating it to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto) in 794.




Feudal era





Re-engraved map of Japan

Tokugawa Ieyasu served as regent for Hideyoshi's son and used his position to gain political and military support. When open war broke out, he defeated rival clans in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Ieyasu was appointed shogun in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate at Edo (modern Tokyo).[34] The Tokugawa shogunate enacted measures including buke shohatto, as a code of conduct to control the autonomous daimyo;[35] and in 1639, the isolationist sakoku ("closed country") policy that spanned the two and a half centuries of tenuous political unity known as the Edo period (1603–1868).[36] The study of Western sciences, known as rangaku, continued through contact with the Dutch enclave at Dejima in Nagasaki. The Edo period also gave rise to kokugaku ("national studies"), the study of Japan by the Japanese.[37]

Modern era






Japanese officials surrendering to the Allies on Sept 2, 1945 in Tokyo Bay, ending World War II

The Empire of Japan invaded other parts of China in 1937, precipitating the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). The Imperial Japanese Army swiftly captured the capital Nanjing and conducted the Nanking Massacre.[43] In 1940, the Empire then invaded French Indochina, after which the United States placed an oil embargo on Japan.[44] On December 7–8, 1941, Japanese forces carried out surprise attacks on Pearl Harbor, attacks on British forces in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong and declared war, bringing the US and the UK into World War II in the Pacific.[45][46] After the Soviet invasion of Manchuria and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, Japan agreed to an unconditional surrender on August 15.[47] The war cost Japan and the rest of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere millions of lives and left much of the nation's industry and infrastructure destroyed. The Allies (led by the US) repatriated millions of ethnic Japanese from colonies and military camps throughout Asia, largely eliminating the Japanese empire and restoring the independence of its conquered territories.[48] The Allies also convened the International Military Tribunal for the Far East on May 3, 1946 to prosecute some Japanese leaders for war crimes. However, the bacteriological research units and members of the imperial family involved in the war were exonerated from criminal prosecutions by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers despite calls for trials for both groups.[49]


Government and politics

Main article: Government of Japan


Japan's legislative organ is the National Diet, a bicameral parliament. The Diet consists of a House of Representatives with 480 seats, elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved, and a House of Councillors of 242 seats, whose popularly elected members serve six-year terms. There is universal suffrage for adults over 20 years of age,[2] with a secret ballot for all elected offices.[53] The Diet is dominated by the social liberal Democratic Party of Japan and the conservative Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). The LDP has enjoyed near continuous electoral success since 1955, except for a brief 11 month period between 1993 and 1994, and from 2009 to 2012. It holds 294 seats in the lower house and 83 seats in the upper house.


Historically influenced by Chinese law, the Japanese legal system developed independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki.[55] However, since the late 19th century the judicial system has been largely based on the civil law of Europe, notably Germany. For example, in 1896, the Japanese government established a civil code based on a draft of the German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch; with post–World War II modifications, the code remains in effect.[56] Statutory law originates in Japan's legislature and has the rubber stamp of the Emperor. The Constitution requires that the Emperor promulgate legislation passed by the Diet, without specifically giving him the power to oppose legislation.[53] Japan's court system is divided into four basic tiers: the Supreme Court and three levels of lower courts.[57] The main body of Japanese statutory law is called the Six Codes.[58]

Foreign relations and military

Japan is a member of the G8, APEC, and "ASEAN Plus Three", and is a participant in the East Asia Summit. Japan signed a security pact with Australia in March 2007[59] and with India in October 2008.[60] It is the world's third largest donor of official development assistance after the United States and France, donating US$9.48 billion in 2009.[61]

Japan has close economic and military relations with the United States; the US-Japan security alliance acts as the cornerstone of the nation's foreign policy.[62] A member state of the United Nations since 1956, Japan has served as a non-permanent Security Council member for a total of 20 years, most recently for 2009 and 2010. It is one of the G4 nations seeking permanent membership in the Security Council.[63]

Japan is engaged in several territorial disputes with its neighbors: with Russia over the South Kuril Islands, with South Korea over the Liancourt Rocks, with China and Taiwan over the Senkaku Islands, and with China over the EEZ around Okinotorishima.[64] Japan also faces an ongoing dispute with North Korea over the latter's abduction of Japanese citizens and its nuclear weapons and missile program (see also Six-party talks).[65]

Japan maintains one of the largest military budgets of any country in the world.[66] Japan contributed non-combatant troops to the Iraq War but subsequently withdrew its forces.[67] The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) is a regular participant in RIMPAC maritime exercises.[68]

Japan's military (the Japan Self-Defense Forces) is restricted by Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, which renounces Japan's right to declare war or use military force in international disputes. Accordingly Japan's Self-Defence force is a usual military that has never fired shots outside Japan.[69] It is governed by the Ministry of Defense, and primarily consists of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF), the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) and the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF). The forces have been recently used in peacekeeping operations; the deployment of troops to Iraq marked the first overseas use of Japan's military since World War II.[67] Japan Business Federation has called on the government to lift the ban on arms exports so that Japan can join multinational projects such as the Joint Strike Fighter.[70]


Administrative divisions

Japan consists of forty-seven prefectures, each overseen by an elected governor, legislature and administrative bureaucracy. Each prefecture is further divided into cities, towns and villages.[72] The nation is currently undergoing administrative reorganization by merging many of the cities, towns and villages with each other. This process will reduce the number of sub-prefecture administrative regions and is expected to cut administrative costs.[73]

Hokkaido Aomori Prefecture Akita Prefecture Iwate Prefecture Yamagata Prefecture Miyagi Prefecture Fukushima Prefecture Niigata Prefecture Tochigi Prefecture Gunma Prefecture Ibaraki Prefecture Nagano Prefecture Saitama Prefecture Chiba Prefecture Tōkyō Metropolis Kanagawa Prefecture Toyama Prefecture Ishikawa Prefecture Gifu Prefecture Fukui Prefecture Yamanashi Prefecture Shizuoka Prefecture Aichi Prefecture Shiga Prefecture Kyoto Prefecture Mie Prefecture Nara Prefecture Hyōgo Prefecture Ōsaka Prefecture Wakayama Prefecture Tottori Prefecture Okayama Prefecture Shimane Prefecture Hiroshima Prefecture Yamaguchi Prefecture Kagawa Prefecture Tokushima Prefecture Ehime Prefecture Kochi Prefecture Fukuoka Prefecture Ōita Prefecture Saga Prefecture Nagasaki Prefecture Kumamoto Prefecture Miyazaki Prefecture Kagoshima Prefecture Okinawa Prefecture Tōkyō Metropolis Kanagawa Prefecture Ōsaka Prefecture Wakayama PrefectureRegions and Prefectures of Japan 2.svg
About this image


Topographic map of the Japanese archipelago


About 73 percent of Japan is forested, mountainous, and unsuitable for agricultural, industrial, or residential use.[2][75] As a result, the habitable zones, mainly located in coastal areas, have extremely high population densities. Japan is one of the most densely populated countries in the world.[76]


Japan has 108 active volcanoes. Destructive earthquakes, often resulting in tsunami, occur several times each century.[78] The 1923 Tokyo earthquake killed over 140,000 people.[79] More recent major quakes are the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, a 9.0-magnitude[80] quake which hit Japan on March 11, 2011, and triggered a large tsunami.[52] Due to its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire, Japan is substantially prone to earthquakes and tsunami, having the highest natural disaster risk in the developed world.[81]


Main article: Climate of Japan
Cherry blossoms of Mount Yoshino has been the subject of many plays and waka poetry.




The average winter temperature in Japan is 5.1 °C (41.2 °F) and the average summer temperature is 25.2 °C (77.4 °F).[83] The highest temperature ever measured in Japan—40.9 °C (105.6 °F)—was recorded on August 16, 2007.[84] The main rainy season begins in early May in Okinawa, and the rain front gradually moves north until reaching Hokkaido in late July. In most of Honshu, the rainy season begins before the middle of June and lasts about six weeks. In late summer and early autumn, typhoons often bring heavy rain.[85]



Japan has nine forest ecoregions which reflect the climate and geography of the islands. They range from subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Ryūkyū and Bonin Islands, to temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the mild climate regions of the main islands, to temperate coniferous forests in the cold, winter portions of the northern islands.[86] Japan has over 90,000 species of wildlife, including the brown bear, the Japanese macaque, the Japanese raccoon dog, and the Japanese giant salamander.[87] A large network of national parks has been established to protect important areas of flora and fauna as well as thirty-seven Ramsar wetland sites.[88][89] Four sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for their outstanding natural value.[90]


In the period of rapid economic growth after World War II, environmental policies were downplayed by the government and industrial corporations; as a result, environmental pollution was widespread in the 1950s and 1960s. Responding to rising concern about the problem, the government introduced several environmental protection laws in 1970.[91] The oil crisis in 1973 also encouraged the efficient use of energy because of Japan's lack of natural resources.[92] Current environmental issues include urban air pollution (NOx, suspended particulate matter, and toxics), waste management, water eutrophication, nature conservation, climate change, chemical management and international co-operation for conservation.[93]

Japan is a world leader in developing and implementing new environmentally-friendly technologies, subsequently ranking 26th in the 2014 Environmental Performance Index, which measures a nation's commitment to environmental sustainability.[94] As a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol, and host of the 1997 conference that created it, Japan is under treaty obligation to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps to curb climate change.[95]


Main article: Economy of Japan
The Tokyo Stock Exchange, the largest stock exchange in Asia[96]

Economic history

Some of the structural features for Japan's economic growth developed in the Edo period, such as the network of transport routes, by road and water, and the futures contracts, banking and insurance of the Osaka rice brokers.[97] During the Meiji period from 1868, Japan expanded economically with the embrace of the market economy.[98] Many of today's enterprises were founded at the time, and Japan emerged as the most developed nation in Asia.[99] The period of overall real economic growth from the 1960s to the 1980s has been called the Japanese post-war economic miracle: it averaged 7.5 percent in the 1960s and 1970s, and 3.2 percent in the 1980s and early 1990s.[100]


As of 2012, Japan is the third largest national economy in the world, after the United States and China, in terms of nominal GDP,[102] and the fourth largest national economy in the world, after the United States, China and India, in terms of purchasing power parity.[7] As of December 2013, Japan's public debt was more than 200 percent of its annual gross domestic product, the second largest of any nation in the world. In August 2011, Moody's rating has cut Japan's long-term sovereign debt rating one notch from Aa3 to Aa2 inline with the size of the country's deficit and borrowing level. The large budget deficits and government debt since the 2009 global recession and followed by earthquake and tsunami in March 2011 made the rating downgrade.[103] The service sector accounts for three quarters of the gross domestic product.[104]



Japan has a large industrial capacity, and is home to some of the largest and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles, electronics, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemical substances, textiles, and processed foods. Agricultural businesses in Japan cultivate 13 percent of Japan's land, and Japan accounts for nearly 15 percent of the global fish catch, second only to China.[2] As of 2010, Japan's labor force consisted of some 65.9 million workers.[106] Japan has a low unemployment rate of around four percent. Some 20 million people, around 17 per cent of the population, were below the poverty line in 2007.[107] Housing in Japan is characterized by limited land supply in urban areas.[108]



Japan's main imports are machinery and equipment, fossil fuels, foodstuffs (in particular beef), chemicals, textiles and raw materials for its industries. By market share measures, domestic markets are the least open of any OECD country.[109] Junichiro Koizumi's administration began some pro-competition reforms, and foreign investment in Japan has soared.[110]

Japan ranks 27th of 189 countries in the 2014 Ease of doing business index and has one of the smallest tax revenues of the developed world. The Japanese variant of capitalism has many distinct features: keiretsu enterprises are influential, and lifetime employment and seniority-based career advancement are relatively common in the Japanese work environment.[109][111] Japanese companies are known for management methods like "The Toyota Way", and shareholder activism is rare.[112]

Some of the largest enterprises in Japan include Toyota, Nintendo, NTT DoCoMo, Canon, Honda, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Sony, Panasonic, Toshiba, Sharp, Nippon Steel, Nippon Oil, and Seven & I Holdings Co..[113] It has some of the world's largest banks, and the Tokyo Stock Exchange (known for its Nikkei 225 and TOPIX indices) stands as the second largest in the world by market capitalization.[114] As of 2006, Japan was home to 326 companies from the Forbes Global 2000 or 16.3 percent.[115] In 2013, it was announced that Japan would be importing shale natural gas.[116]

Science and technology

Japan is a leading nation in scientific research, particularly technology, machinery and biomedical research. Nearly 700,000 researchers share a US$130 billion research and development budget, the third largest in the world.[117] Japan is a world leader in fundamental scientific research, having produced nineteen Nobel laureates in either physics, chemistry or medicine,[118] three Fields medalists,[119] and one Gauss Prize laureate.[120] Some of Japan's more prominent technological contributions are in the fields of electronics, automobiles, machinery, earthquake engineering, industrial robotics, optics, chemicals, semiconductors and metals. Japan leads the world in robotics production and use, possessing more than 20% (300,000 of 1.3 million) of the world's industrial robots as of 2013[121]—though their share was historically even higher, representing one-half of all industrial robots worldwide in 2000.[122]

The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is Japan's space agency; it conducts space, planetary, and aviation research, and leads development of rockets and satellites. It is a participant in the International Space Station: the Japanese Experiment Module (Kibo) was added to the station during Space Shuttle assembly flights in 2008.[123] Japan's plans in space exploration include: launching a space probe to Venus, Akatsuki;[124][125] developing the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter to be launched in 2016;[126] and building a moon base by 2030.[127]

On September 14, 2007, it launched lunar explorer "SELENE" (Selenological and Engineering Explorer) on an H-IIA (Model H2A2022) carrier rocket from Tanegashima Space Center. SELENE is also known as Kaguya, after the lunar princess of The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter.[128] Kaguya is the largest lunar mission since the Apollo program. Its purpose is to gather data on the moon's origin and evolution. It entered a lunar orbit on October 4,[129][130] flying at an altitude of about 100 km (62 mi).[131] The probe's mission was ended when it was deliberately crashed by JAXA into the Moon on June 11, 2009.[132]


A high-speed Shinkansen "Bullet train"

As of 2011, 46.1 percent of energy in Japan was produced from petroleum, 21.3 percent from coal, 21.4 percent from natural gas, 4.0 percent from nuclear power, and 3.3 percent from hydropower. Nuclear power produced 9.2 percent of Japan's electricity, as of 2011, down from 24.9 percent the previous year.[133] However, by May 2012 all of the country's nuclear power plants had been taken offline because of ongoing public opposition following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in March 2011, though government officials continued to try to sway public opinion in favor of returning at least some of Japan's 50 nuclear reactors to service.[134] As of November 2014, two reactors at Sendai are likely to restart in early 2015.[135] Given its heavy dependence on imported energy,[136] Japan has aimed to diversify its sources and maintain high levels of energy efficiency.[137]

Japan's road spending has been extensive.[138] Its 1.2 million kilometers of paved road are the main means of transportation.[139] A single network of high-speed, divided, limited-access toll roads connects major cities and is operated by toll-collecting enterprises. New and used cars are inexpensive; car ownership fees and fuel levies are used to promote energy efficiency. However, at just 50 percent of all distance traveled, car usage is the lowest of all G8 countries.[140]

Dozens of Japanese railway companies compete in regional and local passenger transportation markets; major companies include seven JR enterprises, Kintetsu Corporation, Seibu Railway and Keio Corporation. Some 250 high-speed Shinkansen trains connect major cities and Japanese trains are known for their safety and punctuality.[141][142] Proposals for a new Maglev route between Tokyo and Osaka are at an advanced stage.[143] There are 175 airports in Japan;[2] the largest domestic airport, Haneda Airport, is Asia's second-busiest airport.[144] The largest international gateways are Narita International Airport, Kansai International Airport and Chūbu Centrair International Airport.[145] Nagoya Port is the country's largest and busiest port, accounting for 10 percent of Japan's trade value.[146]


Ainu, an ethnic minority people from Japan
A Japanese wedding at the Meiji Shrine

Japan's population is estimated at around 127.1 million,[2] with 80% of the population living on Honshū. Japanese society is linguistically and culturally homogeneous,[147] composed of 98.5% ethnic Japanese,[148] with small populations of foreign workers.[147] Zainichi Koreans,[149] Zainichi Chinese, Filipinos, Brazilians mostly of Japanese descent,[150] and Peruvians mostly of Japanese descent are among the small minority groups in Japan.[151] In 2003, there were about 134,700 non-Latin American Western and 345,500 Latin American expatriates, 274,700 of whom were Brazilians (said to be primarily Japanese descendants, or nikkeijin, along with their spouses),[150] the largest community of Westerners.[152]

The most dominant native ethnic group is the Yamato people; primary minority groups include the indigenous Ainu[153] and Ryukyuan peoples, as well as social minority groups like the burakumin.[154] There are persons of mixed ancestry incorporated among the Yamato, such as those from Ogasawara Archipelago.[155] In spite of the widespread belief that Japan is ethnically homogeneous (in 2009, foreign-born non-naturalized workers made up only 1.7% of the total population),[156] also because of the absence of ethnicity and/or race statistics for Japanese nationals, at least one analysis describes Japan as a multiethnic society, for example, John Lie.[157] However, this statement is refused by many sectors of Japanese society, who still tend to preserve the idea of Japan being a monocultural society and with this ideology of homogeneity, has traditionally rejected any need to recognize ethnic differences in Japan, even as such claims have been rejected by such ethnic minorities as the Ainu and Ryukyuan people. Former Japanese Prime Minister Tarō Asō has once described Japan as being a nation of "one race, one civilization, one language and one culture".[158]

Japan has the second longest overall life expectancy at birth of any country in the world: 83.5 years for persons born in the period 2010–2015.[12][13] The Japanese population is rapidly aging as a result of a post–World War II baby boom followed by a decrease in birth rates. In 2012, about 24.1 percent of the population was over 65, and the proportion is projected to rise to almost 40 percent by 2050.[159]

The changes in demographic structure have created a number of social issues, particularly a potential decline in workforce population and increase in the cost of social security benefits like the public pension plan.[160] A growing number of younger Japanese are not marrying or remain childless.[161] In 2011, Japan's population dropped for a fifth year, falling by 204,000 people to 126.24 million people. This was the greatest decline since at least 1947, when comparable figures were first compiled.[162] This decline was made worse by the March 11 earthquake and tsunami which killed nearly 16,000 people with approximately another 3,000 still listed as missing.[163]

Japan's population is expected to drop to 95 million by 2050,[159][164] demographers and government planners are currently in a heated debate over how to cope with this problem.[161] Immigration and birth incentives are sometimes suggested as a solution to provide younger workers to support the nation's aging population.[165][166] Japan accepts a steady flow of 15,000 new Japanese citizens by naturalization (帰化) per year.[167] According to the UNHCR, in 2012 Japan accepted just 18 refugees for resettlement,[168] while the US took in 76,000.[169]

Japan suffers from a high suicide rate.[170][171] In 2009, the number of suicides exceeded 30,000 for the twelfth straight year.[172] Suicide is the leading cause of death for people under 30.[173]


Main article: Religion in Japan
The Torii of Itsukushima Shrine near Hiroshima, one of the Three Views of Japan and a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Japan enjoys full religious freedom based on Article 20 of its Constitution. Upper estimates suggest that 84–96 percent of the Japanese population subscribe to Buddhism or Shinto, including a large number of followers of a syncretism of both religions.[2][174] However, these estimates are based on people affiliated with a temple, rather than the number of true believers. Other studies have suggested that only 30 percent of the population identify themselves as belonging to a religion.[175] According to Edwin Reischauer and Marius Jansen, some 70–80% of the Japanese do not consider themselves believers in any religion.[176]

Nevertheless, the level of participation remains high, especially during festivals and occasions such as the first shrine visit of the New Year. Taoism and Confucianism from China have also influenced Japanese beliefs and customs.[177] Japanese streets are decorated on Tanabata, Obon and Christmas. Fewer than one percent of Japanese are Christian.[178] Other minority religions include Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, and Judaism, and since the mid-19th century numerous new religious movements have emerged in Japan.[179]



Besides Japanese, the Ryukyuan languages (Amami, Kunigami, Okinawan, Miyako, Yaeyama, Yonaguni), also part of the Japonic language family, are spoken in the Ryukyu Islands chain. Few children learn these languages,[181] but in recent years the local governments have sought to increase awareness of the traditional languages. The Okinawan Japanese dialect is also spoken in the region. The Ainu language, which has no proven relationship to Japanese or any other language, is moribund, with only a few elderly native speakers remaining in Hokkaido.[182] Most public and private schools require students to take courses in both Japanese and English.[183][184]


Main article: Education in Japan


The two top-ranking universities in Japan are the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University.[187][188] The Programme for International Student Assessment coordinated by the OECD currently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of Japanese 15-year-olds as sixth best in the world.[189]




Main article: Culture of Japan

Japanese culture has evolved greatly from its origins. Contemporary culture combines influences from Asia, Europe and North America. Traditional Japanese arts include crafts such as ceramics, textiles, lacquerware, swords and dolls; performances of bunraku, kabuki, noh, dance, and rakugo; and other practices, the tea ceremony, ikebana, martial arts, calligraphy, origami, onsen, Geisha and games. Japan has a developed system for the protection and promotion of both tangible and intangible Cultural Properties and National Treasures.[192] Eighteen sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, fourteen of which are of cultural significance.[90]


19th-century Ukiyo-e woodblock printing The Great Wave off Kanagawa, one of the best recognized works of Japanese art in the world.

The Shrines of Ise have been celebrated as the prototype of Japanese architecture.[193] Largely of wood, traditional housing and many temple buildings see the use of tatami mats and sliding doors that break down the distinction between rooms and indoor and outdoor space.[194] Japanese sculpture, largely of wood, and Japanese painting are among the oldest of the Japanese arts, with early figurative paintings dating back to at least 300 BC. The history of Japanese painting exhibits synthesis and competition between native Japanese aesthetics and adaptation of imported ideas.[195]

The interaction between Japanese and European art has been significant: for example ukiyo-e prints, which began to be exported in the 19th century in the movement known as Japonism, had a significant influence on the development of modern art in the West, most notably on post-Impressionism.[195] Famous ukiyo-e artists include Hokusai and Hiroshige. The fusion of traditional woodblock printing and Western art led to the creation of manga, a comic book format that is now popular within and outside Japan.[196] Manga-influenced animation for television and film is called anime. Japanese-made video game consoles have been popular since the 1980s.[197]


Main article: Music of Japan




The earliest works of Japanese literature include the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki chronicles and the Man'yōshū poetry anthology, all from the 8th century and written in Chinese characters.[202][203] In the early Heian period, the system of phonograms known as kana (Hiragana and Katakana) was developed. The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter is considered the oldest Japanese narrative.[204] An account of Heian court life is given in The Pillow Book by Sei Shōnagon, while The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu is often described as the world's first novel.[205][206]



Breakfast at a ryokan or inn
Main article: Japanese cuisine



Main article: Sport in Japan
Sumo wrestlers form around the referee during the ring-entering ceremony

Traditionally, sumo is considered Japan's national sport.[210] Japanese martial arts such as judo, karate and kendo are also widely practiced and enjoyed by spectators in the country. After the Meiji Restoration, many Western sports were introduced in Japan and began to spread through the education system.[211] Japan hosted the Summer Olympics in Tokyo in 1964. Japan has hosted the Winter Olympics twice: Sapporo in 1972 and Nagano in 1998.[212] Tokyo will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, making Tokyo the first Asian city to host the Olympics twice.[213] Japan is the most successful Asian Rugby Union country, winning the Asian Five Nations a record 6 times and winning the newly formed IRB Pacific Nations Cup in 2011. Japan will host the 2019 IRB Rugby World Cup.[214]

Baseball is currently the most popular spectator sport in the country. Japan's top professional league, Nippon Professional Baseball, was established in 1936.[215] Since the establishment of the Japan Professional Football League in 1992, association football has also gained a wide following.[216] Japan was a venue of the Intercontinental Cup from 1981 to 2004 and co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup with South Korea.[217] Japan has one of the most successful football teams in Asia, winning the Asian Cup four times.[218] Also, Japan recently won the FIFA Women's World Cup in 2011.[219] Golf is also popular in Japan,[220] as are forms of auto racing like the Super GT series and Formula Nippon.[221] The country has produced one NBA player, Yuta Tabuse.[222]

See also


  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "World Factbook: Japan". CIA. Retrieved January 15, 2011. 
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General information