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Hearing Loss

by John K. Niparko, MD

Overall, about 10% of people in the United States have some degree of hearing loss. The incidence increases with age. Although less than 2% of children under 18 have a permanent hearing loss (see see Hearing Impairment in Children), hearing loss during infancy and early childhood can be detrimental to language and social development. Over one third of people over 65 years and over half of people over age 75 are affected.

Most hearing loss develops slowly over time. However, sudden deafness (see Sudden Deafness) occurs in about 1 in 5,000 people each year in the United States.


Hearing loss has many causes (see Some Causes and Features of Hearing Loss). Different parts of the hearing pathway can be affected, and loss is classified as conductive, sensorineural, or mixed, depending on the part of the pathway that is affected.

Conductive hearing loss occurs when something blocks sound from reaching the sensory structures in the inner ear. The problem may involve the external ear canal, the eardrum (tympanic membrane—TM), or the middle ear.

Sensorineural hearing loss occurs when sound reaches the inner ear, but either sound cannot be translated into nerve impulses (sensory loss) or nerve impulses are not carried to the brain (neural loss). The distinction between sensory and neural loss is important because sensory hearing loss is sometimes reversible and is seldom life threatening. A neural hearing loss rarely goes away and may be due to a potentially life-threatening brain tumor—commonly a cerebellopontine angle tumor.

Mixed loss involves both conductive and sensorineural loss. It may be caused by severe head injury, chronic infection, or one of many rare genetic disorders.

Common causes

The most common causes overall are

  • Earwax (cerumen) accumulation

  • Noise

  • Aging

  • Ear infections (particularly among children and young adults)

Earwax accumulation is the most common cause of treatable hearing loss, especially among older people.

Noise can cause sudden or gradual sensorineural hearing loss. Exposure to a single, extreme noise (such as a nearby gunshot or explosion) can cause a sudden hearing loss referred to as acoustic trauma. Some people with acoustic trauma also have ringing or buzzing in the ears (tinnitus). Hearing loss from acoustic trauma usually goes away within a day (unless there is also blast damage to the eardrum or middle ear). However, long-term exposure to noise causes most noise-induced hearing loss. Noise louder than about 85 decibels (dB) can cause hearing loss if exposure continues long enough. Although people vary somewhat in susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss, nearly everyone loses some hearing if they are exposed to sufficiently intense noise for a long enough time.

Ear infections are a common cause of temporary mild to moderate hearing loss (mainly in children). Most children regain normal hearing in 3 to 4 weeks after an ear infection resolves, but a few have persistent hearing loss. Hearing loss is more likely in children who have recurring ear infections.

Less common causes

Less common causes include the following:

  • Autoimmune disorders

  • Congenital disorders

  • Drugs that damage the ear (ototoxic drugs)

  • Injuries

  • Tumors


The following information can help people decide when to see a doctor and know what to expect during the evaluation.

Warning signs

In people with hearing loss, certain symptoms and characteristics are cause for concern. They include

  • Hearing loss in only one ear

  • Any neurologic abnormalities (such as difficulty chewing or speaking, numbness of the face, dizziness, or loss of balance)

When to see a doctor

People with warning signs should see a doctor right away. People with hearing loss and no warning signs should see their doctor at some point, but a delay of a week or so is not harmful.

Because people may not notice gradual hearing loss, doctors recommend routine screening hearing tests for children and older people. Childhood screening should begin at birth so that hearing deficits can be found and treated before they interfere with language development. Screening of older people should be done routinely by asking questions that seek evidence of impaired communication (see Screening). Such screening is important because some older people who might benefit from treatment do not realize or even deny they have a hearing problem.

What the doctor does

Doctors first ask questions about the person's symptoms and medical history. Doctors then do a physical examination. What they find during the history and physical examination may suggest a cause of the hearing loss and the tests that may need to be done (see Some Causes and Features of Hearing Loss).

Doctors ask how long people have noticed hearing loss, whether the loss is in one or both ears, and whether the loss followed any sudden event (for example, a head injury, sudden change in pressure, or starting of a drug). It is also important for them to note

  • Ear symptoms such as pain or fullness, tinnitus, or discharge

  • Balance symptoms such as disorientation in the dark or a false sensation of spinning or moving (vertigo)

  • Neurologic symptoms such as headache, weakness of the face, or an abnormal sense of taste

In children, important associated symptoms include delays in speech or language development and delayed motor development.

Doctors explore people's medical history for disorders that might cause hearing loss, including repeated ear infections, chronic exposure to loud noise, head injury, and autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Doctors note whether people have a family history of hearing loss. Doctors also ask people whether they are taking drugs that can damage the ear (ototoxic drugs—see Some Causes and Features of Hearing Loss).

The physical examination focuses on the ears and hearing and the neurologic examination. Doctors inspect the external ear for obstruction, infection, malformations that are present at birth (congenital), and other visible abnormalities. The eardrum is examined for tears (perforations), drainage, and signs of acute or chronic infection. Doctors often do several tests using a tuning fork to differentiate conductive from sensorineural hearing loss.

Some Causes and Features of Hearing Loss


Common Features


External ear (conductive loss)

Obstruction (as caused by wax, a foreign body [object], an outer ear infection, or, rarely, a tumor)

Visible during a doctor's examination

A doctor's examination

Middle ear (conductive loss)

Middle ear infection (acute or chronic)

Sometimes dizziness, pain or fullness in the ear, or a discharge from the ear

Usually an eardrum that looks abnormal (seen during a doctor's examination)

Often many previous ear infections

A doctor's examination

Ear trauma §

Often visible perforation of the eardrum, blood behind the eardrum, or both

In a person with an obvious recent injury

A doctor's examination

Tumors (cancerous or not)

Often visible tumor during a doctor's examination

Hearing loss in only one ear


Inner ear (sensory loss)

Genetic disorders

Often family members with similar hearing loss

Sometimes a white forelock of hair or different colored eyes (as occurs in Waardenburg syndrome)

A doctor's examination

Genetic testing

CT of the inner ear

Noise exposure

Usually apparent by history

Possibly temporary hearing loss

A doctor's examination


Older age (over 55 in men and over 65 in women)

Progressive loss of hearing in both ears

Normal neurologic examination (see Physical Examination)

A doctor's examination

Drugs that can damage the ear (ototoxic drugs), such as

  • Aspirin

  • Aminoglycosides

  • Vancomycin

  • Cisplatin

  • Furosemide

  • Ethacrynic acid

  • Quinine

In a person who recently used a causative drug

Hearing loss in both ears

Sometimes dizziness and loss of balance

A doctor's examination

Infections, such as

  • Meningitis

  • An inner ear infection that produces pus

Obvious history of infection

Hearing loss during or shortly after an infection

A doctor's examination

Autoimmune disorders such as

  • Rheumatoid arthritis

  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus)

Joint pains and a rash

Sometimes a sudden change in vision or eye irritation

Often in a person known to have the disorder

Blood tests

Meniere disease

Episodes of hearing loss (typically in only one ear)

Sometimes ringing or buzzing in the ear (tinnitus) and/or a false sensation of spinning or moving (vertigo)

MRI using a contrast agent (gadolinium)

Pressure changes (as may occur during diving) §

Occurring during an activity that causes abrupt changes in pressure or after a blow to the ear

Sometimes severe ear pain or vertigo

Tympanometry and balance testing

If vertigo persists, surgery to look for the cause

Head injury (often with fracture of the base of the skull) §

In a person with an obvious recent severe injury

Possibly dizziness or drooping facial muscles

Sometimes fluid (bloody, blood-tinged, or clear) coming from the affected ear or blood behind the eardrum


Nervous system (neural loss)

Tumors, such as

  • Acoustic neuroma (an auditory nerve tumor)

  • Meningioma (a spinal cord tumor)

Hearing loss in only one ear, often with tinnitus

Often dizziness or vertigo, trouble with balance

Sometimes drooping facial muscles and/or numbness of the face and taste abnormalities

MRI using a contrast agent

Demyelinating disorders, such as multiple sclerosis

Hearing loss in only one ear

Sometimes weakness or numbness that comes and goes and that occurs in different parts of the body

MRI using a contrast agent

Sometimes a spinal tap (lumbar puncture)

*Each group is listed in approximate order of frequency.


All patients should have audiologic testing.

§ Mixed conductive and sensorineural loss may be present.

CT = computed tomography; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging.


Testing includes

  • Audiologic tests

  • Sometimes MRI or CT

Doctors perform audiologic tests on all people who have hearing loss. Audiologic tests help doctors understand the type of hearing loss and determine what other testing may be needed.

Audiometry is the first step in hearing testing. In this test, a person wears headphones that play tones of different frequency (pitch) and loudness into one ear or the other. The person signals when a tone is heard, usually by raising the corresponding hand. For each pitch, the test identifies the quietest tone the person can hear in each ear. The results are presented in comparison to what is considered normal hearing. Because loud tones presented to one ear may also be heard by the other ear, a sound other than the test tone (usually white noise) is presented to the ear not being tested.

Speech threshold audiometry measures how loudly words have to be spoken to be understood. A person listens to a series of two-syllable, equally accented words (spondees), such as "railroad," "stairway," and "baseball," presented at different volumes. The volume at which the person can correctly repeat half of the words (spondee threshold) is recorded.

Discrimination, the ability to hear differences between words that sound similar, is tested by presenting pairs of similar one-syllable words. The percentage of words correctly repeated is the discrimination score. People with a conductive hearing loss usually have a normal discrimination score, although at a higher volume. People with sensorineural hearing loss may have abnormal discrimination at all volumes. Doctors sometimes test people's ability to recognize words within full sentences. This test helps decide which people who do not have acceptable results with a hearing aid might benefit from an implanted device.

Tympanometry tests how well sound can pass through the eardrum and middle ear. This test does not require the active participation of the person being tested and is commonly used in children. A device containing a microphone and a sound source is placed snugly in the ear canal, and sound waves are bounced off the eardrum as the device varies the pressure in the ear canal. Abnormal tympanometry results suggest a conductive type of hearing loss.

Tuning fork tests can help distinguish between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. The Rinne test compares how well a person hears sounds conducted by air with how well the person hears sounds conducted by the skull bones. To test hearing by air conduction, the tuning fork is placed near the ear. To test hearing by bone conduction, the base of a vibrating tuning fork is placed against the head so the sound bypasses the middle ear and goes directly to the nerve cells of the inner ear. If hearing by air conduction is reduced but hearing by bone conduction is normal, the hearing loss is conductive. If both air and bone conduction hearing are reduced, the hearing loss is sensorineural or mixed. People with sensorineural hearing loss may need further evaluation to look for other conditions, such as Meniere disease or brain tumors. In the Weber test, the stem of a vibrating tuning fork is placed on the top of the head in the middle. The person indicates in which ear the tone is louder. In one-sided conductive hearing loss, the tone is louder in the ear with hearing loss. In one-sided sensorineural hearing loss, the tone is louder in the normal ear because the tuning fork stimulates both inner ears equally and the person hears the stimulus with the unaffected ear.

Auditory brain stem response is a test that measures nerve impulses in the brain stem resulting from sound signals in the ears. The information helps determine what kind of signals the brain is receiving from the ears. Test results are abnormal in people with some sensorineural types of hearing loss and in people with many types of brain tumors. Auditory brain stem response is used to test infants and also can be used to monitor certain brain functions in people who are comatose or undergoing brain surgery.

Electrocochleography measures the activity of the cochlea and the auditory nerve by means of an electrode placed on, or through, the eardrum. This test and the auditory brain stem response can be used to measure hearing in people who cannot or will not respond voluntarily to sound. For example, these tests are used to find out whether infants and very young children have profound hearing loss (deafness) and whether a person is faking or exaggerating hearing loss (psychogenic hypacusis).

Otoacoustic emissions testing uses sound to stimulate the inner ear (cochlea). The ear itself then generates a very low-intensity sound that matches the stimulus. These cochlear emissions are recorded using sophisticated electronics and are used routinely in many nurseries to screen newborns for congenital hearing loss and to monitor the hearing of people who are using ototoxic drugs. This test is also used in adults to help determine the reason for a hearing loss.

Other tests can measure the ability to interpret and understand distorted speech, understand a message presented to one ear when a competing message is presented to the other ear, fuse incomplete messages to each ear into a meaningful message, and determine where a sound is coming from when it is presented to both ears at the same time. People who have an abnormal neurologic examination or who have certain findings on audiologic tests also need a gadolinium-enhanced MRI of the head. This type of MRI can help doctors detect certain disorders of the inner ear, brain tumors near the ear, or tumors in the nerves coming from the ear.


Limiting exposure to loud noise can help prevent hearing loss. Both the duration and intensity of noise should be limited. People regularly exposed to loud noise must wear ear protectors (such as plastic plugs in the ear canals or glycerin-filled muffs over the ears). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) of the U.S. Department of Labor and similar agencies in many other countries have standards regarding the length of time that people can be exposed to noise. The louder the noise, the shorter is the permissible time of exposure.


Any cause of hearing loss is treated. For example, doctors remove benign or cancerous growths. When possible, they stop giving ototoxic drugs (unless the need for the drug outweighs the risk of additional hearing loss).

Many causes of hearing loss have no cure, and treatment involves compensating for the hearing loss with hearing aids (see Management of Hearing Loss) and various coping mechanisms.

Coping mechanisms ( see Other Means of Coping With Hearing Loss )


People with profound hearing loss often communicate by using sign language. American Sign Language (ASL) is the most common version in the United States. Other forms include Signed English, Signing Exact English, and Cued Speech.

Treatment in children

In addition to having any cause treated and hearing aids provided, children with hearing loss require support of language development with appropriate therapy. Because children must be able to hear language to learn it spontaneously, most deaf children develop language only with special training. Ideally, this training begins as soon as the hearing loss is identified. An exception would be a deaf child growing up with deaf parents who are fluent sign language users. Deaf infants also need a way to communicate before they learn to speak. For example, a sign language that is tailored to infants can provide a foundation for later development of spoken language if a cochlear implant is not available. However, for children, there is no substitute for access to the sounds of speech (phonemes) to enable a refined and nuanced understanding of speech and language.

A cochlear implant may be helpful for infants as young as 1 month of age who have profound hearing loss in both ears and who cannot hear sounds with a hearing aid. Although cochlear implants help many children with either congenital or acquired deafness hear, they are more effective in children who already have developed language. Sometimes the inner ear hardens into bone (ossifies) in children who become deaf after having meningitis. In such cases, cochlear implants should be used early to maximize effectiveness. Children whose acoustic nerves have been destroyed by tumors may be helped by having electrodes implanted in the base of the brain (brain stem) as well. Children with cochlear implants may have a slightly greater risk of meningitis than children without cochlear implants or adults with cochlear implants.

Children who are deaf in only one ear should be allowed to use a special system in the classroom, such as an FM auditory trainer. With these systems, the teacher speaks into a microphone that sends signals to a hearing aid in the child’s normal ear. This process improves the child’s greatly impaired ability to hear speech against a noisy background.

Essentials for Older People

Older people typically have a progressive decrease in hearing, called presbycusis. Hearing impairment is present in over one third of people over 65 and in over half of those over 75. Even so, doctors should evaluate older people with hearing loss because the cause may not be aging. Some people may have a tumor, a neurologic or autoimmune disorder, or an easily correctable cause of hearing loss.

Even mild hearing loss makes understanding speech difficult and causes older people with hearing loss to exhibit certain common behaviors. An older person with mild hearing loss may avoid conversations. Understanding speech may be particularly difficult if there is background noise or more than one person is talking, such as in a restaurant or at a family gathering. Constantly asking others to talk louder can frustrate both the listener and the speaker. People with hearing loss may misunderstand a question and give an apparently bizarre answer, leading others to believe they are confused. They may misjudge the loudness of their own speech and thus shout, discouraging others from conversing with them. Thus, hearing loss can lead to social isolation, inactivity, loss of social support, and depression. In a person with dementia, hearing loss can make communicating even more difficult. For people affected by dementia, correcting a hearing loss makes dementia easier to cope with. Correcting hearing loss has clear physical and psychosocial health benefits.


Presbycusis is age-related hearing loss. It probably results from a combination of age-related deterioration and the effects of a lifetime of noise exposure.

Hearing loss usually affects the highest sound frequencies first, usually beginning at about age 55 to 65 (sometimes sooner). The loss of high-frequency hearing makes speech particularly hard to understand, even when the overall loudness of speech seems normal. That is because certain consonants (such as C, D, K, P, S, T) are high-frequency sounds. These consonant sounds are the most important for speech recognition. For example, when the words “shoe,” “blue,” “true,” “too,” or “new” are spoken, many people with presbycusis can hear the “oo” sound, but they cannot recognize which word has been spoken because they cannot distinguish the consonants. Affected people typically think the speaker is mumbling. A speaker attempting to speak louder usually accentuates vowel sounds (which are low frequency), doing little to improve speech recognition. Excessive background noise makes speech comprehension particularly difficult.


Screening older people for hearing loss is important because many do not notice it themselves. Family members or doctors can ask the person a series of questions:



  • Do you have difficulty hearing when someone whispers?

  • Do you feel handicapped by a hearing problem?







For each question, a “no” answer = 0 points, “sometimes” = 2 points, and “yes” = 4 points. A score over 10 suggests significant hearing loss, and follow up with a hearing specialist is recommended.

Key Points

  • Earwax, infections, aging, and noise exposure are the most common causes of hearing loss.

  • All people with hearing loss should have audiologic testing.

  • People with neurologic symptoms (such as dizziness or vertigo) usually should undergo imaging tests.

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