Logical fallacy summary

A logical fallacy is a statement that is made appearing or claiming to be truthful or accurate, but due to an error in the structure of the claim, is not necessarily truthful nor accurate.

Unfortunately, logical fallacies are rampant in mainstream media. Being aware of the various types of fallacies and how they are structured, can help you identify misleading statements and recognize what is and isn't legitimate information.

Fallacies of Distraction

These fallacies depend upon distracting or confusing the person.

False Dilemma

If you're not with us, then you're with the terrorists

From Ignorance

Have you ever seen a zombie?
'There is no such thing as a black swan because none has ever been observed.'

Slippery Slope

a series of increasingly unacceptable consequences is drawn
If we allow cannabis to be decriminalized, they'll be legalizing heroin next!

Complex Question

two unrelated points are conjoined as a single proposition

Appeals to Motives in Place of Support

These fallacies prey upon peoples' emotions.

Appeal to Force

the reader is persuaded to agree by force

Appeal to Pity

the reader is persuaded to agree by sympathy

"How can you say that ball was out of bounds? It was so close, and I'm down ten games to two"

"You always win these arguments. Can you just let me win once?"


the reader is warned of unacceptable consequences. This is pretty much a constant logical fallacy upon which most religion is based.

This can include concepts such as "they'll move on to much bigger targets than just the twin towers at 9/11 if they're not stopped" to persuade viewers.

Prejudicial Language

value or moral goodness is attached to believing the author


If God wasn't real, why would the vast majority of people believe in God?

Changing the Subject

These fallacies also distract the person by bringing up something not necessarily related to the subject at hand.

Attacking the Person (Ad Hominem)

the person's character is attacked, the person's circumstances are noted, the person does not practise what is preached

Appeal to Authority

the authority is not an expert in the field, experts in the field disagree, the authority was joking, drunk, or in some other way not being serious

Anonymous Authority

the authority in question is not named

Style Over Substance


Inductive Fallacies

A claim is made that is not fully-justified.

Nanci Pelosi responsible for gas prices? False Analogy

Hasty Generalization


Unrepresentative Sample

the sample is unrepresentative of the sample as a whole

False Analogy

the two objects or events being compared are relevantly dissimilar

Slothful Induction


Hugo has had twelve car accidents in the last six months, yet he insists that it is just a coincidence and not his fault. (Inductively, the evidence is overwhelming that it is his fault.)

Fallacy of Exclusion


Fallacies Involving Statistical Syllogisms

A Syllogism is a claim that is based on the combination of two prior claims. Using statistics, one can easily manipulate data to make erroneous claims.



Converse Accident

an exception is applied in circumstances where a generalization should apply

Causal Fallacies

A dubious/erroneous cause-and-effect relationship is claimed.

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc


Joint effect




Wrong Direction

the direction between cause and effect is reversed

Complex Cause


Missing the Point, Distraction

Someone goes off topic, partially as a distraction and partially to cover up the fact that they're injecting something not directly related to the subject at hand, using it as phony "evidence."

Begging the Question

the truth of the conclusion is assumed by the premises

Irrelevant Conclusion

an argument in defense of one conclusion instead proves a different conclusion

Red Herring

the introduction of additional, often unrelated information or commentary as a means of avoiding the principal argument

Straw Man


Fallacies of Ambiguity

These are methods of presenting claims which, due to the nature of their delivery, are misleading or erroneous.


the same term is used with two different meanings


the structure of a sentence allows two different interpretations



Category Errors

These are false claims.





Non Sequitur

These are unsupported and presumptuous conclusions.

Affirming the Consequent

any argument of the form: If A, then B. B; therefore A
All Italians eat spaghetti, so anyone who eats spaghetti is Italian.

Argument By Question

a false assumption is introduced in the form of an interrogative
Have you stopped beating your wife?
(this assumption can't be denied by answering simply "yes" or "no".)

Denying the Antecedent



asserting that contrary or contradictory statements are both true

Syllogistic Errors

Errors in deductive reasoning. Improve use of major and minor premises when trying to make a conclusion.

Fallacy of Four Terms

a syllogism has four terms

Undistributed Middle


Illicit Major


Illicit Minor


Fallacy of Exclusive Premises

a syllogism has two negative premises

Fallacy of Drawing an Affirmative Conclusion From a Negative Premise

as the name implies

Existential Fallacy

a particular conclusion is drawn from universal premises

Fallacies of Explanation

These are clearly subjective and dubious methods of making claims.

Subverted Support

The phenomenon being explained doesn't exist


Evidence for the phenomenon being explained is biased


The theory which explains cannot be tested

Limited Scope

The theory which explains can only explain one thing

Limited Depth

The theory which explains does not appeal to underlying causes

Fallacies of Definition

Using improper technique or evidence in justifying a claim.

Too Broad

The definition includes items which should not be included

Too Narrow

The definition does not include all the items which should be included

Failure to Elucidate


Circular Definition


Conflicting Conditions

The definition is self-contradictory

Last updated by Nelson Mar 5, 2009.


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