Modern Political Economics:

Making sense of the post-2008 world

by Yanis Varoufakis, Joseph Halevi and Nicholas Theocarakis (Cover photo by Danae Stratou)


The book is divided into two parts. The first part delves into every major economic theory, from Aristotle to the present, with a determination to discover clues of what went wrong in 2008. The main finding is that all economic theory is inherently flawed. Any system of ideas whose purpose is to describe capitalism in mathematical or engineering terms leads to inevitable logical inconsistency; an inherent error that stands between us and a decent grasp of capitalist reality. The only scientific truth about capitalism is its radical indeterminacy, a condition which makes it impossible to use science’s tools (e.g. calculus and statistics) to second-guess it. The second part casts an attentive eye on the post-war era; on the breeding ground of the Crash of 2008. It distinguishes between two major post-war phases: The Global Plan (1947-1971) and the Global Minotaur (1971-2008).

This dynamic new book delves into every major economic theory and maps out meticulously the trajectory that global capitalism followed from post-war almost centrally planned stability, to designed disintegration in the 1970s, to an intentional magnification of unsustainable imbalances in the 1980s and, finally, to the most spectacular privatisation of money in the 1990s and beyond. Modern Political Economics is essential reading for Economics students and anyone seeking a better understanding of the 2008 economic crash.



1. Introduction

Seeking clues for 2008 and its aftermath in the economists’ theories

2. Condorcet’s Secret: On the significance of Classical Political Economics
3. The Odd Couple: The struggle to square a theory of value with a theory of
4. The Trouble with Humans: The source of radical indeterminacy and the
touchstone of value
5. Crises: The laboratory of the future
6. Empires of Indifference: Leibniz’s calculus and the ascent of Calvinist
political economics (With an addendum by George Krimpas entitled ‘Leibniz
and the ‘invention’ of General Equilibrium’)
7. Convulsion: 1929’s lasting legacy
8. A Fatal Triumph: 2008’s origins in the stirrings of the Cold War
9. A Most Peculiar Failure: The curious mechanism by which neoclassicism’s
theoretical failures have been reinforcing its dominance since 1950
10. A manifesto for Modern Political Economics: Postscript to Book 1

Theory in action

11. From a Global Plan to a Global Minotaur: The two post-war phases of US
hegemony, 1947-2008
12. Crash: 2008 and its legacy (With an addendum by George Krimpas entitled
‘The Recycling Problem in a Currency Union’)
13. A future for hope: Postscript to Book 2