(1865–1931). Danish violinist and conductor Carl Nielsen was one of his country’s foremost composers. He was particularly admired as a symphonist.

Carl August Nielsen was born on June 9, 1865, in Sortelung, near Norre Lyndelse, Denmark. He studied at the Royal Conservatory in Copenhagen from 1884 to 1886 before working as a violinist in the court orchestra at Copenhagen intermittently from 1886 to 1905. He subsequently served as Kapellmeister at the Royal Theatre from 1908 to 1914 and conductor of the Copenhagen Musical Society from 1915 to 1927. From 1915 he taught at the Royal Conservatory, where he became director in 1931.

Romanticism influenced Nielsen’s early music, but his later style is a powerful fusion of chromatic and often dissonant harmony, solid contrapuntal structure, concentrated motivic treatment, and bold extensions of tonality with frequent polytonal passages. His six symphonies, written between 1890 and 1925, are forceful works that feature decisively articulated tonal progressions. The best known of these symphonies are the second, called The Four Temperaments (1902); the third, called Sinfonia Espansiva (1911); and the fourth, The Inextinguishable (1916). He also wrote three concertos—for violin, for flute, and for clarinet; the operas Saul og David (1902) and Maskarade (1906); four string quartets, two quintets, and choral and keyboard works. His songs based on Danish folk traditions are particularly highly regarded. Nielsen’s writings include Levende musik (1925; Living Music) and Min fynske barndom (1927; My Childhood). He died on October 3, 1931, in Copenhagen.