Viviparity (live birth) has evolved more than 150 times in vertebrates and at least 23 times in fish, but the syngnathid fishes (seahorses and pipefish) are the only ones in which males becomes pregnant. They have evolved special brooding pouches that provide protection, gas exchange, osmoregulation and some nutrients to developing embryos.

A team of Australian researchers examined the genes involved in male pregnancy in the big-belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis) and they found that seahorse pregnancy involves more than 3000 genes. Intriguingly, many of these same genes are involved in female pregnancy in mammals, reptiles and other fish, a striking example of convergent evolution.


Since the challenges of pregnancy are similar across phyla (or indeed sex), evolution has apparently recruited similar genes to carry out the task.

anonymous asked:

I really love your blog and really love dinosaurs. And since when I first learned that birds are in fact dinosaurs gives me a whole new perspective on the house sparrows and crows that sit in the trees and always reminding myself "Wow we live among real dinosaurs." And it really makes sense when I get hissed at by a Canadian goose one time yep that is in fact a dinosaur.

The truth 

has been spoken!


WARNING: ON SEPTEMBER 28, 2015 MANKIND WILL LEAP IN EVOLUTION. HUMAN DNA IS MODIFIED AND A NEW ERA BEGINS Earth moves in a region of the galaxy, which leads to increased cosmic energies affecting our sun and altering human DNA. It is predicted that this will lead to many changes in human society, including the major discoveries of advanced technology, the secret space program and extraterrestrial life. Dr. Simon Atkins, a famous doctor in Bioelectromagnetics prognostication disaster risk specialist, argues that the Earth and humankind will make a leap in evolution, with an episode of solar eruptions to take place in September. An acceleration and an increase in electromagnetic energy from the sun and other cosmic energies that will take place from late August to late September, to cause, or around September 28, which is described as a ” frequency shift “in consciousness. Expected cosmic energy is called “X Wave” (Wave X). We experience a “wave of evolution,” says dr. Simon Atkins. “What we’re about to find out at a high level, unheard of in history, scale, is the real answer to the question” Who are we? “,” How come? “And” What is our goal? “. The planet is going to “take off” in such incredible ways, “says Atkins. He stated that the exercise Jade Helm, which began on 15 July and runs until 15 September, is the true purpose of obtaining information on the effects of cosmic energies received in order to better manage the changes it triggers in humanity. This exercise is very much linked to the change of frequency in which small states in which exercises are performed, will face a higher frequency in the field in July and August – the aim being to learn from them and manage effects the population of the larger states in September. Intelligence Community of the United States is aware of the potential effects of cosmic energy input and take steps to manage it. Simon Atkins believes that US special services are not the only entities in the world, conscious of incoming cosmic energies, and also take steps to manage it. A frequency change will take place in September in the 23-28 range, which is very significant. This will coincide with the meeting between Pope Francis US President Barack Obama at the White House (September 23), following the Pope to address the US Congress (September 24). Atkins claims that there will be an attempt to use the famous Geneva CERN (European Council for Nuclear Research) to divert this massive wave of energy that will come. After visiting Washington, Pope Francis will address the world’s political leaders at the UN General Assembly on 25 September. Vatican Information Service is also aware of this wave of cosmic energies. It’s more than a coincidence that the strongest religious and political leaders of the world meet when these energies invade the planet. Effects of Wave X Incoming cosmic energies have profound effects on human DNA and will trigger major discoveries. Atkins argues that some stellar ambassadors stationed on Earth from the Galactic Federation have been appointed delegates to a group of aliens called Being Sphere Alliance. This group came in 2012-2013 with spheres huge size as Neptune, which formed frequency shields around the Sun and solar system. One of the most important functions of these spheres was to adjust the amount of cosmic energy coming into our solar system and the earth so that mankind can integrate better and to prepare for major changes. Among the amendments that will be triggered by the entry of cosmic energies is the release of information on advanced technologies, the secret space program and extraterrestrial life as Corey Goode, a specialist in advanced technologies, known as an empathetic person intuitively described as event “total disclosure”. Goode recently announced that the huge size spheres are about to leave our solar system because they have fulfilled their purpose.There are certainly quite a few other events that occur before the latter event, then we will be left on their own. Atkins announces that on September 28, at 11:11, wave X bombard the earth with gamma-photon light particles, traveling at light speed and producing an instantaneous change in DNA. Of the people at a frequency in the Schumann resonance of at least 17 Hz will be propelled in the 5th dimension. The number of people projected to have a rise in the rate is a little over 2.3 billion, and the exact number depends on the collective conscience of humanity to manifest changes. Cosmic energies have begun to enter and spheres acted as buffer blocks them increasingly less. All this suggests that, at the end of September could be a peak moment in which cosmic energy will produce significant changes in human physiology, thereby triggering a growing mass of beings of light who raised their frequencies at high levels of love self. September 9, 2015 known as “Event Horizon” and is the most important day in human history, says Simon Atkins, stating that this is not the end but the beginning of an ascent mass worldwide, the beings whose vibration passes from the 4th to the 5th dimension. By Kate Ryna Daring, Zon Staff, 08/30/2015

vaenire asked:

I have had that /exact/ thought process with dinosaurs and if they were allowed to evolve differently

yeah I really do wonder what would have happened to them- i mean apart from those who survived to evolve into modern birds. because i feel like mammals wouldn’t have so easily moved into the dominant position without the asteroid basically mowing dinosaurs down like a thousand nuclear bombs! the changes to the climate must have been catastrophic after the impact.

like dinosaurs weren’t lagging behind biologically, they weren’t evolutionarily outcompeted the way it seems neanderthals were. the chicxulub asteroid was just a complete gamechanger that threw out the normal rules of survival of the fittest for the moment. 




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Year of Pollination: Most Effective Pollinator Principle and Beyond, part one Have you ever considered the diversity of flowers? Why do they come in so many different shapes, sizes, and colors?