
Dr. Richard Packard, left, and graduate student Emile Hoskinson, right, are shown with the cryostat insert, where the experiment was performed.
+ Play audio of whistle

Why the big fuss about an odd sound? It seems this breakthrough might eventually lead to enhanced earthquake studies and more accurate navigation systems, including the Global Positioning System (GPS).

It all starts with one slippery liquid helium-4. Ultra-cold helium-4 becomes a superfluid, meaning it flows without friction. The scientists squashed it through an array of apertures 1,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair. The liquid whooshed faster and faster, until it reached a critical velocity. At that point, in a strange phenomenon, a microscopic quantum whirlpool dashed across each aperture, carrying away some of the helium-4's flow energy. This abruptly slowed the flow. The fluid repeatedly sped up and slowed down, creating vibrations that produced a whistling sound going from high to low.

A recording of the sound, called a quantum whistle, is available online at:

"This whistle caught us by surprise," said UC Berkeley physics professor Dr. Richard Packard. "It turns out a single aperture will not make the whistle, because of random speed fluctuations. Our experiment shows all the flows through the holes are acting together, coherently, producing the whistle. We suspect it's like hearing thousands of crickets chirping in unison on a summer night."

Packard said this new phenomenon might lead to improved whistling superfluid navigation gyroscopes that detect extremely small rotational motion. As their motion changes, the whistle's volume would change. This would be especially useful on submarines or airplanes in regions where GPS signals are unavailable.

The GPS navigation system relies on knowing the state of Earth's rotation. Because weather and other factors affect Earth's rotation, the GPS system needs constant updating for accuracy. GPS gets its Earth rotation data from an array of radio telescopes distributed around the world. A very sensitive rotation sensor might complement the existing telescope array, providing data quickly and inexpensively.

Superfluid gyroscopes are devices that detect very small rotational motion. They use a specially-shaped, superfluid-filled vessel containing two aperture arrays; when the vessel rotates, the sound of the quantum whistle changes. This provides a telltale clue and allows for sensitive measures of the movements.

"This phenomenon may also permit scientists to develop very sensitive rotation sensors to measure small surface twisting signals created when an earthquake's vibrations travel through irregularities in the Earth's crust," Packard said. "In fact, we can take this concept even further. If seismologists can measure rotation signals from seismic activity on Mars, they might learn a lot about martian structure."

Packard and his colleagues have a history of hearing whistles while they work. Their experiments in 1997 and 2001, using liquid helium-3, produced a whistle. But the temperatures needed in those experiments were extremely low, just a few thousandths of a degree above absolute zero, which is almost one million times colder than average room temperature. Very few people are trained to work with such ultra-cold technology, which limits its potential applications.

Packard and graduate student Emile Hoskinson were especially excited because this latest phenomenon occurs at a relatively high temperature of 2 Kelvin, which is 2,000 times warmer than the previous helium-3 studies. This might make the technology available to more users with off-the-shelf cryocoolers.

This research was conducted under a grant from NASA and the National Science Foundation. The findings appeared in the January 27 issue of Nature. More information about Packard's research is online at

JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif., manages the Quantum Technology in Life Support and Habitation Program for NASA's Exploration Systems Mission Directorate.

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