Texas A&M graduate student and National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship recipient Luis De Jesús (left), working with Texas A&M chemist Sarbajit Banerjee to develop potential new materials for all sorts of purposes, including more efficient batteries.


Forget mousetraps -- today's scientists will get the cheese if they manage to build a better battery.

An international team led by Texas A&M University chemist Sarbajit Banerjee is one step closer, thanks to new research published today (June 28) in the journal Nature Communications that has the potential to create more efficient batteries by shedding light on the cause of one of their biggest problems -- a "traffic jam" of ions that slows down their charging and discharging process.


"Fundamentally, when you have a battery, every time you use it, it starts to die a little bit," Banerjee said. "The more you use it, the more it dies. Eventually, it becomes unusable. Theoretically speaking, you expect a certain performance from a battery, and you rarely ever get there. People have been at a loss to understand all the factors that contribute to this lack of full capacity. This study points us in that direction."

Using one of the world's most powerful soft X-ray microscopes -- the Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscope (STXM) -- at the Canadian Light Source (CLS) in tandem with decades of combined experience in materials science, Banerjee and collaborators from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Binghamton University and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) were able to image a traffic jam of lithium ions chemically driven through the nanowire-based channels of a simulated battery.

"For a battery to function properly, you need to get lithium ions in, and you need to be able to pull them out," Banerjee said. "Once our lithium ions got in, we were seeing that they sort of stop at some point along the way."

Banerjee points to this interruption as a veritable ghost in the machine that not only slows everything down but also sometimes prevents the device -- be it a cell phone or a laptop computer -- from exploiting its full battery potential. He says the devil is in the details, which in this case clearly show that the electrons, once coupled with the lithium ions, appear content to sit instead of moving freely, thereby distorting the electronic structure and, in essence, trapping or stranding the flow of energy.

Two of Banerjee's graduate students, Luis De Jesús and Gregory Horrocks, are joint first authors on the Nature paper detailing the team's National Science Foundation-funded research, which also features a third Texas A&M graduate student, Abhishek Parija. Berkeley Lab staff scientist David Prendergast and postdoctoral fellow Yufeng Liang at Berkeley Lab's Molecular Foundry, a U.S. Department of Energy National User Facility for Nanoscale Science Research, helped the Texas A&M team design and implement their calculations, which were experimentally verified by colleagues at Binghamton and using NIST National Synchrotron Light Source beamlines at Brookhaven National Laboratory supervised by Daniel Fischer. Calculations were conducted using Molecular Foundry as well as Texas A&M computing resources.

Berkeley Lab's Prendergast notes that the team's work demonstrates how X-rays can "see" small polarons -- the combination of a charged particle (electron) and an associated structural distortion -- through their impact on electronic structure around the oxygen atoms in the cathode. Small polarons previously have been proposed to be present in transport within Li-ion cathodes but have not been "seen" directly until now.

In order to make way for additional lithium to enter the structure, Prendergast says, the lithium ions need to diffuse, bringing their electrons in tow. But as a small polaron, it also has to carry along the structural distortion -- a real drag for transport of charge in a material.

"Imagine wanting to move a house to a different site," Prendergast said. "A wooden house can be transported in one piece, but a brick or stone house might have to be dismantled or demolished first."


Once the lithium gets in, Banerjee notes there's a very slight distortion that causes the electrons to get trapped in a plane, where they form what he describes as "puddles of charge" that are unable to link up and move as they should through the material.

"You can always draw an analogy between water and electrons," Banerjee said. "They are making these little puddles, but until the puddles are connected, they can't flow. Once you have enough electrons coming in, they can all link up and start flowing. But until that happens, they're all stranded, and they can't move to charge or discharge something. And so they go out and hang in different areas of the particle. They're all sort of sitting, defining different regions, and they aren't able to move easily."


"One of the things we look at is, why do devices like cell phones and computers use up so much energy?" Banerjee said. "We're trying to develop new materials to make better circuits that are less energy guzzling. This work hones in on the problem, and it's a really good measurement. In the end, we were able to get to the bottom of the problem."


"Jian Wang was greatly instrumental, because the reviewers pushed us really hard on making 100 percent sure that what we were seeing was real," Banerjee said. "The Binghamton group helped us verify some of the predictions in theory. We had an observation; we calculated and matched that in models and then from there the models predicted some other things. They basically said, 'Well, if you're filling an electron into these certain states and they're no longer visible to you by X-ray imaging in a particular region of the spectrum, that means they're already full, so you should be looking for them somewhere else.' So the Binghamton group helped us look elsewhere, and we saw that, too. Once again, that really brings home the entire story."


"The STXM is spatially-resolving but looks at empty states," Piper said. "In my opinion, the STXM shows the spatial effects of the polarons, which is very exciting, while the HAXPES confirmed the energies. The combination meant that we could use the calculations to artificially 'zoom in' with the model.


Ultimately, Horrocks and Banerjee agree that building a better battery boils down to figuring out a better way to move electrons -- a feat in which size matters and everything points to material.

"There are two ways to solve the problem of moving electrons through cathode material better," Banerjee says. "One, you can make the stuff smaller or design architectures. Two, you can come up with entirely new materials, which is what we're trying to do. Basically, you prevent the electron from getting stranded because you design the material in such a way that it doesn't have orbitals where they would get stranded. You force them to always be de-localized. We have several materials in mind and are trying to get that research published."

To learn more about the study, see the team's complete paper, Mapping Polaronic States and Lithiation Gradients in Individual V2O5 Nanowires.

For additional information on Banerjee and his research, visit http://www.chem.tamu.edu/rgroup/banerjee/.

See the related entry in the Texas A&M Science blog and a feature story in the Bryan-College Station Eagle.

Also see Berkeley Lab's feature on this research.

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Contact: Shana K. Hutchins, (979) 862-1237 or shutchins@science.tamu.edu or Dr. Sarbajit Banerjee, (979) 862-3102 or banerjee@chem.tamu.edu

Hutchins Shana

  • Mapping electron density in order of increasing lithiation levels using spectral imaging. Each colored region corresponds to sites where electron density is localized, which also corresponds to high concentrations of Li-ions. "The stripes mark regions that have been extensively lithiated and reduced," Banerjee notes. (Credit: Luis De Jesús / Texas A&M University.)

  • The Canadian Light Source's ambient Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscope (left) alongside the facility's new cryogenic version. (Credit: Canadian Light Source.)

  • Dr. Sarbajit Banerjee

  • De Jesús, running a variety of simulations (above and below) in the Banerjee Lab.

  • Banerjee, testing a polymer.


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