Lipid sythesis

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Lipid sythesis

Lipid digestion[ edit ] Digestion is the first step to lipid metabolism, and it is the process of breaking the triglycerides down into smaller monoglyceride units with the help of lipase enzymes.

Lipid sythesis

Digestion of fats begin in the mouth through chemical digestion by lingual lipase. Ingested cholesterol is not broken down by the lipases and stays intact until it enters the epithelium cells of small intestine.

Lipids then continue to the stomach where chemical digestion continues by gastric lipase and mechanical digestion begins Peristalsis. The majority of lipid digestion and absorption, however, occurs once the fats reach the small intestines. Lipid absorption[ edit Lipid sythesis The second step in lipid metabolism is the absorption of fats.

Absorption of fats occurs only in the small intestines. Once the triglycerides are broken down into individual fatty acids and glycerolsalong with cholesterol, they Lipid sythesis aggregate into structures called micelles.

Fatty acids and monoglycerides leave the micelles and diffuse across the membrane to enter the intestinal epithelial cells. In the cytosol of epithelial cells, fatty acids and monoglycerides are recombined back into triglycerides.

In the cytosol of epithelial cells, triglycerides and cholesterol are packaged into bigger particles called chilomicrons which are amphipathic structures that transport digested lipids. Chilomicrons are one sub-group of lipoproteins which carry the digested lipids from small intestine to the rest of the body.

The varying densities between the types of lipoproteins are characteristic to what type of fats they transport. However, the main steps of fatty acids catabolism occur in the mitochondria. The overall net reaction, using palmitoyl CoA Membrane lipid biosynthesis[ edit ] There are two major classes of membrane lipids: Although many different membrane lipids are synthesized in our body, pathways share the same pattern.

The first step is synthesizing the backbone sphingosine or glycerolthe second step is addition of fatty acids to the back bone to make phosphatidic acid. Phosphatidic acid is further modified with the attachment of different hydrophilic head groups to the back bone.

Membrane lipid biosynthesis occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Phosphatidic acid phosphotase catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidic acid to diacylglyceride, which will be converted to triacylglyceride by acyltransferase. Tryglyceride biosynthesis occurs in the cytosol.

Lipid metabolism disorders[ edit ] Lipid Metabolism Disorders are illnesses where trouble occurs in breaking down or synthesizing fats or fat-like substances. Phospholipids are major component of lipid bilayer of cell membrane and are found in many parts of the body.

Sphingolipids are mostly found in the cell membrane of neural tissue. The main role of glycolipids is to maintain lipid bilayer stability and facilitate cell recognition. Neural tissue including the brain contains high amounts of glycerophospholipids. Cholesterols are main precursors for different hormones in our body such as progesterone and testosterone.

The main function of cholesterol itself is controlling the cell membrane fluidity. Steroids are one of the important cell signalling molecules. Triacylglycerides are the major form of energy storage in human body.

Fatty acids are one of the precursors used for lipid membrane and cholesterol biosynthesis.


They are also used for energy. Bile salts are secreted from liver and they facilitate lipid digestion in the small intestine. Eicosanoids are made from fatty acids in the body and they are used for cell signaling. Ketone bodies are made from fatty acids in the liver.

Their function is to produce energy during periods of starvation or low food intake.When glycogen stores are maximal in the liver, excess glucose is diverted into the lipid synthesis pathway. Glucose is catabolized to acetyl-CoA and the acetyl .

Membrane phospholipid synthesis and endoplasmic reticulum function

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Synthesis of bile acids is a major route of cholesterol metabolism in most species other than humans. The body produces about mg of cholesterol per day and about half of that is used for bile acid synthesis.

In total about grams of bile acids are secreted into the intestine daily. Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells, involving the break down or storage of fats for energy.

Lipid sythesis

These fats are obtained from consuming food and absorbing them or they are synthesized by an animal's liver. Lipogenesis is the process of synthesizing these fats. Chapter 20 Lipid Biosynthesis. Lipids play a variety of cellular roles, including some only recently recognized.

They are the principal form of stored energy in most organisms, as well as major constituents of cell membranes.

Chapter 20 : Lipid Biosynthesis