How Safe is AES Encryption?



KryptAll® uses 256-bit AES encryption to secure the calls.  We are often asked, "How secure is AES?"  To answer this question, we refer to the experts...

In the world of embedded and computer security, one of the often debated topics is whether 128-bit symmetric key, used for AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is computationally secure against brute-force attack. Governments and businesses place a great deal of faith in the belief that AES is so secure that its security key can never be broken, despite some of the inherent flaws in AES.

This article describes the strength of the cryptographic system against brute force attacks with different key sizes and the time it takes to successfully mount a brute force attack factoring future advancements in processing speeds.

Any cryptographic algorithm requires multi-bit key to encrypt the data as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Multi-bit key to encrypt data using cryptographic algorithm


Brute-force attack involves systematically checking all possible key combinations until the correct key is found and is one way to attack when it is not possible to take advantage of other weaknesses in an encryption system.

Here is an example of a brute force attack on a 4-bit key:

Figure 2: Brute Force attack on 4-bit key

As shown, it will take a maximum 16 rounds to check every possible key combination starting with "0000." Given sufficient time, a brute force attack is capable of cracking any known algorithm.

The following table just shows the possible number of key combinations with respect to key size:

Figure 3: Key combinations versus Key size

Notice the exponential increase in possible combinations as the key size increases. "DES" is part of a symmetric cryptographic algorithm with a key size of 56 bits that has been cracked in the past using brute force attack.

There is also a physical argument that a 128-bit symmetric key is computationally secure against brute-force attack. Just consider the following:

Faster supercomputer (as per Wikipedia): 10.51 Pentaflops = 10.51 x 1015 Flops [Flops = Floating point operations per second]
No. of combination checks per second = (10.51 x 1015) / 1000 = 10.51 x 1012
                = (0.323 x 1026)/31536000
                = 1.02 x 1018
                = 1 billion billion years

Figure 4: Time to crack Cryptographic Key versus Key size

As shown above, even with a supercomputer, it would take 1 billion billion years to crack the 128-bit AES key using brute force attack. This is more than the age of the universe (13.75 billion years). If one were to assume that a computing system existed that could recover a DES key in a second, it would still take that same machine approximately 149 trillion years to crack a 128-bit AES key.

There are more interesting examples. The following snippet is a snapshot of one the technical papers from Seagate titled "128-bit versus 256-bit AES encryption" to explain why 128-bit AES is sufficient to meet future needs.

If you assume:

    Every person on the planet owns 10 computers.
    There are 7 billion people on the planet.


The bottom line is that if AES could be compromised, the world would come to a standstill. The difference between cracking the AES-128 algorithm and AES-256 algorithm is considered minimal. Whatever breakthrough might crack 128-bit will probably also crack 256-bit.

In the end, AES has never been cracked yet and is safe against any brute force attacks contrary to belief and arguments. However, the key size used for encryption should always be large enough that it could not be cracked by modern computers despite considering advancements in processor speeds based on Moore's law.

About the author
Mohit Arora (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.) is a Sr. Systems engineer and Security Architect at Freescale Semiconductor. He is responsible for product and architecture definition for 32-bit industrial and general-purpose parts. "Embedded Security" is one of his main expertise and focus areas and he also leads the Security IP Asset team in AISG (Automotive Industrial and Solution Group). He holds more than 35 publications and is also the author of the book "The Art of Hardware Architecture."



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