Summary sheet on mole


Summary sheet on mole

Primary hyperparathyroidism is the unregulated overproduction of parathyroid hormone PTH resulting in abnormal calcium homeostasis.

Frequency US population-based data from Olmsted County, Minn, indicate that the prevalence of primary hyperparathyroidism is slowly decreasing. The mean age at diagnosis has remained between 52 and 56 years, and women have consistently made up the majority of cases with a female-to-male ratio of 3: The etiology of adenomas or hyperplasia remains unknown in most cases.

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism also belong to this category. MEN 2a is caused by a germline mutation of the Ret proto-oncogene on chromosome Pathophysiology In primary hyperparathyroidism due to adenomas, the normal feedback on parathyroid hormone production by extracellular calcium seems to be lost, resulting in a change in the set point.

Summary sheet on mole

However, this is not the case in primary hyperparathyroidism from parathyroid hyperplasia. An increase in the cell numbers is probably the cause. The chronic excessive resorption of calcium from bone caused by excessive parathyroid hormone can result in osteopenia.

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In severe cases, this may result in osteitis fibrosa cystica, which is characterized by subperiosteal resorption of the distal phalanges, tapering of the distal clavicles, salt-and-pepper appearance of the skull, and brown tumors of the long bones.

This is not commonly seen now. In addition, the chronically increased excretion of calcium in the urine can predispose to the formation of renal stones. The other symptoms of hyperparathyroidism are due to the hypercalcemia itself and are not specific to hyperparathyroidism.

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These can include muscle weakness, fatigue, volume depletion, nausea and vomiting, and in severe cases, coma and death. Increased calcium can increase gastric acid secretion, and persons with hyperparathyroidism may have a higher prevalence of peptic ulcer disease. Rare cases of pancreatitis have also been attributed to hypercalcemia.

Clinical presentation History The clinical syndrome of primary hyperparathyroidism can be easily remembered as "bones, stones, abdominal groans, and psychic moans.

Bone and joint pain, pseudogout, and chondrocalcinosis have also been reported. In the early clinical descriptions of primary hyperparathyroidism, some patients developed a peculiar type of bone disease known as osteitis fibrosa cystica, which was characterized by increased generalized osteoclastic bone resorption.

Radiographic plain film changes associated with osteitis fibrosa cystica include subperiosteal resorption in the phalanges and a finding known as salt and pepper skull. This presentation is rarely seen today except in medically underserved populations.

Summary sheet on mole

Renal manifestations include polyuria, kidney stones, hypercalciuria, and rarely nephrocalcinosis. Gastrointestinal manifestations include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, peptic ulcer disease, and acute pancreatitis. Neuromuscular and psychologic manifestations include proximal myopathy, weakness and easy fatigability, depression, inability to concentrate, and memory problems or subtle deficits that are often characterized poorly and may not be noted by the patient.1 mole = molar mass (could be atomic mass from periodic table or molecular mass) 1 mole = L of a gas at STP (You do not need to worry about this yet) Each definition can be written as a set of two conversion factors.

The score sheet has all of the point combinations at the bottom to make it easy for my students to keep score. It also means that they can play by getting six dice out of my dice tub.

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The score sheet has all of the point combinations at the bottom to make it easy for my students to keep score. It also means that they can play by . Ovarian cancer is hard to detect early. Women with ovarian cancer may have no symptoms or mild symptoms until the disease is in an advanced stage.

View Notes - Chapter 7 Summary Sheet from CHEM B at St. Olaf College. Amie Tunheim Chapter 7 Summary Sheet Definition of a Mole 1 mole = x particles = molar mass in g = L of gas at. Kidney disease means kidneys are damaged and can’t filter as well. Learn ways to protect your kidneys, especially if you have diabetes or high blood pressure.

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