Category Archives: Privacy

When is a hack a hack?

This was cross-posted from LinkedIn.



The recent kerfuffle around Ethereum and the #DAO “hack” is just another in a long list of events which illustrate the difficultly in defining the term “hacking.”  For those unfamiliar with Ethereum and the DAO, a little background. Ethereum is a blockchain technology which expanded on the idea of Bitcoin, to allow for a more programmable blockchain. For simplicity sake, think of Ethereum as a giant distributed virtual computer running on thousands or millions of other computers. Incentive to run this computer is paid in the form of ether (which can be traded for Bitcoin or other forms of money, directly or indirectly). The DAO is a program that was created to run on this computer, that acted like a giant venture capital firm, but without any partners, or anybody else running the helm. Anybody who contributed ether to the DAO was able to help determine the investments the DAO made. All of this was done through code, snippets of computer programs running Ethereum language of choice, golang. The DAO is actually a specific instance of a generic form of DAO or Decentralized Autonomous Organization (Ethereum refers to them as Democratic Autonomous Organization). In the height of hubris, the first DAO called itself the DAO, something akin to the first Corporation calling itself “The Corporation.”

Don’t worry if your head is spinning, it’s a lot to take in and a paradigm shift for sure. I’ve left audiences in a collective coma talking about the future of DAOs. Suffice to say, if half the words in the preceding paragraph were befuddling, you should start learning and fast. This is the future and it’s coming faster than you think. Regardless, what happened next in the story of the DAO is nothing short of extraordinary. People starting throwing money at the DAO: millions of dollars, something north of $150 million at one point. Then, disaster struck. Remember the DAO is just a computer program running on a distributed computer. Someone realized they could send some instructions to the computer program and simply direct all that money to them. It was eloquent and simple. Poof. $60 million dollars in ether was drained from the DAO. The Ethereum crowd was in shock. Their shining example of the future had just been hacked. Or had it?  The hacker claimed the program acted as it was programmed to do. He was just able to interact with that program in such a way that earned him $60 million. Now Ethereum is facing an existential crisis. The whole point of a DAO is an unstoppable immutable program, but now that all this money went bye-bye, they want to stop that program and can fork the Ethereum blockchain to do so (or make a change to the underlying infrastructure to do so). But Ethereum’s crisis is not the subject of this article. The subject is hacking. You see this is the first case where hacking may not really be hacking. In fact, every case maybe the same.

Computers do what you tell them to do

In the United States, the principle anti-hacking law is the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA). However, much has been made about the ambiguity of the law. The law makes criminal someone who “intentionally accesses a computer without authorization or exceeds authorized access, and thereby obtains … (C) information from any protected computer.” A protected computer is broadly defined in a way that means just about any computer attached to the internet. The act was used in the prosecution of Aaron Swartz who downloaded massive numbers of articles from JSTOR. As a Harvard researcher, he was entitled to access those files though not in the manner he did (a potential violation of the JSTOR terms of service). While it has been surmised that his intent was to upload all the articles for free access, he never did so, having been arrested prior to that. Regardless, that would have been a violation of copyright law, not the CFAA. The question here is whether violating a sites terms of service “exceeds authorized access” and is a federal felony.

Another notorious example is Lori Drew. She was prosecuted for creating a fake MySpace page and using that page to court then taunt a teenage girl, who later committed suicide. Again, a violation of MySpace’s terms of service and again, a federal felony.

Finally, there is the case of Andrew “Weev” Augheimer. Weev accessed an AT&T website used by iPads users to register their iPads. When the website was accessed with a user’s ID number, if they had previously registered, it displayed their email address that they registered with. Weev wrote a script that cycled through ID numbers and grabbed email addresses. In other words, he accessed a publically facing website (of the form and simply incremented the ID numbers.

None of the people in the previous two cases are shining examples of model citizens. Swartz is more of a Robin Hood character than swashbuckling criminal. But the question remains, is what they did (on a technical basis) so heinous? If I were to create a website with a link on the front page that says “You are not authorized to click this button” and you did, and it provided information on a second page; you’re now a criminal. Does this seem right?

While hacking is defined on a technical basis, the unauthorized access or exceeding authorized access of a computer, the criminality seems more based on the results, motives or intent. Clearly a case for prosecutorial discretion. No sane prosecutor would contemplate your trial for clicking that button, but Weev was a “bad” person. The prosecutor is that case said “His entire adult life has been dedicated to taking advantage of others, using his computer expertise to violate others’ privacy, to embarrass others, to build his reputation on the backs of those less skilled than he.”  In this case, Weev wasn’t trying to spam the email addresses or gain financially, he was out to embarrass AT&T for their bad security.

You don’t have to be a jerk to be scared of the law

But what about security researchers? White hat hackers whose job it is to expose security vulnerabilities with the aim of benefiting society by making it more security. They are scared. Scared of prosecution by an overzealous prosecutor or overly defensive company making a federal case out a genuine desire to do good. Rather than shore up their security, many companies would choose to hide behind the law, going after security researchers rather than improve their own products or spend the resources up front to build security in.

While I don’t have a good suggestion for codification of a law that punishes evil-doers while not punishing saints, I do know that the current state is not sustainable. The criminality should be in the results not the mechanism.

Which brings us back to Ethereum and the DAO. Ethereum is an experiment. It portends a future state of truly revolutionary computing. The DAO was an experiment. As with any start-up, its hard to spend money on security when you’re trying to build your product. But as the DAO shows, security can’t be an afterthought, even when you’re just experimenting.




Agency Information Collection Activities: Arrival and Departure Record (Forms I-94 and I-94W) and Electronic System for Travel Authorization

June 5th, 2016

U.S. Customs and Border Protection
Attn: Paperwork Reduction Act Officer
Regulations and Rulings
Office of Trade
90 K Street NE.
10th Floor
Washington, DC 20229-1177.

I am writing in response to the notice published in Federal Register on 6/23/2016 entitled “Agency Information Collection Activities: Arrival and Departure Record (Forms I-94 and I-94W) and Electronic System for Travel Authorization

I am responding to the question of “whether the collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of the agency, including whether the information shall have practical utility.”

The proposed changes to the I-94W and I-94 forms, albeit small, have potentially grave ramifications to the fundamental ideals upon which the United States is founded and practically will result in no net improvement to the security of the country.

Constitutional Problems – Chilling effect on speech

In 1996, a three judge panel from the Eastern District of Pennsylvania declared the Communications Decency Act unconstitutional. Judge Dalzell, writing the opinion of court, declared: “[T]he Internet may fairly be regarded as a never-ending worldwide conversation. The Government may not, through the CDA, interrupt that conversation. As the most participatory form of mass speech yet developed, the Internet deserves the highest protection from governmental intrusion (emphasis added).”
The Internet, in its present form, is used by billions of individuals around the world to communicate with each other. Whether it is for business, pleasure, entertainment, enlightenment or political discourse, social media on the Internet is perhaps the principle forum today by which people of diverse cultures, countries and mindsets interact on a daily basis. Ostentatiously, the objective of the form change, is to identify social media profiles of visitors to the United States. The social media profiles will be reviewed and analyzed, whether by automated or manual means. Potentially, individuals whose social media profiles indicate they are in some way threatening to the United States, will be prohibited from entry, or their entry will be more closely scrutinized.
What is more likely the outcome is that
(1) Individuals with controversial writings will choose not to visit the United States, reducing the diversity of ideas and discussion on those topics (within the geographic United States).
(2) Individuals with controversial thoughts will scrutinize their social media presence and avoid discussions on those thoughts on what Judge Dalzell called “a never-ending worldwide conversation.” This will reduce the diversity of ideas and discussions on those topics (on the Internet).

The chilling effect is not just on foreign nationals but negatively affects the ability of United States citizens to listen to and discuss controversial topics with foreigners abroad. In 1965, the Supreme Court in Lamont v. Postmaster General, 381. U.S. 301 struck down section 305 of the Postal Service and Federal Employees Salary Act because it required the Postmaster General to detain foreign mailings of communist political propaganda unless the addressee affirmatively acknowledge their acceptance and desire to receive such material. The Supreme Court recognized that this would reduce the recipient’s unfettered access to constitutionally protected speech, and thus the act was unconstitutional. The courts have consistently ruled that acts of government, even when they do not have a direct prohibition on speech, but have a chilling effect, are never the less, unconstitutional. This change to form I-94 and I-94W will have a similar effect.

As to the necessity of the proposed change to the function of the agency, an unconstitutional act can never be necessary.

Practical Utility of the proposed change

Selection bias is defined as “selection of individuals, groups or data for analysis in such a way that proper randomization is not achieved, thereby ensuring that the sample obtained is not representative of the population intended to be analyzed.” The simple fact is that those attempting to enter the United States to perform terrorist acts are simply not going to list their Jihadi forum screennames on the I-94 forms. Those filling out this optional section are most likely to be people who believe the mundanity of their social presences leaves them immune from any issue with entering the U.S. This will result in three practical problems:
(1) While Facebook, Twitter and a few others constitute the biggest players in social media, there are thousands upon thousands of smaller social media sites catering to every niche, minority and social group. Further, many people maintain multiple identities on different platforms. Any collection of information will, no doubt, be incomplete.
(2) Large amounts of data from visitors who pose no threat will be collected, resulting in wasted effort and resources by the government to review that data, whether by automated or manual means.
(3) Since many of the most threatening visitors or potential visitors will provide no or sanitized information only, the most likely people that this is going to stop are those whose social media posts or connections are taken out of context or who, while not representing a threat to the U.S., have controversial views. This will result in investigatory efforts into and dealing with appeals from individuals who have wrongly denied entry. Additionally, for those that are denied entry, it will result a chilling effect and inability for those in the U.S. to interact, learn from and discuss topics with the denied party.

The net result is the proposed change is likely subject to a claim of unconstitutionality and practically will not achieved the desired ends.


R. Jason Cronk, Esq.
Florida Bar #90009