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thin, flexible, cell membrane

All cells are surrounded by a _________ and __________ barrier known as the ____________ _____________.

strong, cell wall

Many cells also produce a ____________ supporting layer around the membrane known as the _________ ______________.

what enters and leaves the cell and also provides protection and support.

The cell membrane regulates

a double-layered sheet called a lipid bilayer.

What is the composition of nearly all cell membranes?

flexible, barrier

The lipid bilayer gives cell membranes a _____________ structure that forms a _____________ between the cell and its surroundings.

protein molecules embedded in the lipid bilayer, some of which have carbohydrate molecules attached to them.

What do most cell membranes contain?

to provide support and protection for the cell.

What is the main function of the cell wall?

plants, algae, fungi, and many prokaryotes.

Cell walls are found in


The cell wall lies ________ the cell membrane.


Every living cell exists in a _____________ environment.

cell membrane

The ___________ ____________ regulates movement of dissolved molecules from the liquid on one side of the membranes to the liquid on the other side.

A mixture of two or more substances



The substances dissolved in the solution are called

concentration, mass/volume

The _____________ of a solution is the mass of a solute in a given volume of solution, or ________/_________.

more concentrated, less concentrated

Particles in a solution tend to move from an area where they are _______ ____________ to an area where they are ________ ________________.



the concentration of the solute is the same throughout the system

Equilibrium occurs when

random, energy

Diffusion depends on _________ particle movements. Therefore, substances diffuse across membranes without requiring the cell to use _____________.

the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.


diffuse, concentrated

Water tends to _____________ from a highly ________________ region to a less concentrated region.

is the more concentrated solution when you compare two sulutions.

A "hypertonic" solution

has the same concentration on both sides of a membrane.

A "isotonic" solution

is the more dilute (less concentrated) solution when compared across a membrane.

A "hypotonic" solution

hypertonic, permeable

Osmosis exerts a pressure known as osmotic pressure on the ____________ side of a selectively ________________ membrane.


Because the cell is filled with salts, sugars, proteins, and other molecules, it will almost always be ______________ to fresh water.

pressure, into, volume

If a cell is hypertonic the osmotic ___________ should produce a net movement of water _________ the cell. As a result, the ____________ of the cell will increase until the cell becomes swollen or bursts.

channels, carriers

Cell membranes have protein _____________ that act as _____________, making it easy for certain molecules to cross.

the movement of specific molecules across cell membranes trough protein channels.

Facilitated diffusion is

higher, molecules

Facilitated diffusion will only occur if there is a ____________ concentration of the particular ______________ on one side of a cell membrane as compared to the other side.

when cells move materials in the opposite direction from which the materials would ordinarilly move- or against the concentration difference.

Active transport is


Active transport requires ___________.

ions, proteins

In active transport, small molecules and ________ are carried across membranes by ____________ in the membrane.

Larger, solid

____________ molecules and even __________ clumps of material may undergo active transport by means of the cell membrane.

the process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane.

What is endocytosis?


The pocket breaks loose from the outer portion of the cell membrane and forms a ___________ within the cytoplasm.

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Two examples of endocytosis are:

extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole. The cell then engulfs it.

In phagocytosis

tiny pockets form along the cell membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off to form vacuoles within the cell.

In pinocytosis


The release of large amounts of material from the cell is called

fuses, out

During exocytosis, the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material ______________ with the cell membrane, forcing the contents ____________ of the cell.

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