Lean burn

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Lean burn refers to the burning of fuel with an excess of air in an internal combustion engine. In lean burn engines the air:fuel ratio may be as lean as 65:1 (by mass). The air:fuel ratio needed to stoichiometrically combust petrol, by contrast, is 14.64:1. The excess of air in a lean burn engine combusts more of the fuel and emits fewer hydrocarbons. High air–fuel ratios can also be used to reduce losses caused by other engine power management systems such as throttling losses.


A lean burn mode is a way to reduce throttling losses. An engine in a typical vehicle is sized for providing the power desired for acceleration, but must operate well below that point in normal steady-speed operation. Ordinarily, the power is cut by partially closing a throttle. However, the extra work done in pumping air through the throttle reduces efficiency. If the fuel/air ratio is reduced, then lower power can be achieved with the throttle closer to fully open, and the efficiency during normal driving (below the maximum torque capability of the engine) can be higher.

The engines designed for lean burning can employ higher compression ratios and thus provide better performance, efficient fuel use and low exhaust hydrocarbon emissions than those found in conventional petrol engines. Ultra lean mixtures with very high air–fuel ratios can only be achieved by direct injection engines.

The main drawback of lean burning is that a complex catalytic converter system is required to reduce NOx emissions. Lean burn engines do not work well with modern 3-way catalytic converter—which require a pollutant balance at the exhaust port so they can carry out oxidation and reduction reactions—so most modern engines run at or near the stoichiometric point. Alternatively, ultra-lean ratios can decrease NOx emissions[citation needed].

Chrysler Electronic Lean Burn[edit]

From 1976 through 1989, Chrysler equipped many vehicles with their Electronic Lean Burn (ELB) system, which consisted of a spark control computer and various sensors and transducers. The computer adjusted spark timing based on manifold vacuum, engine speed, engine temperature, throttle position over time, and incoming air temperature. Engines equipped with ELB used fixed-timing distributors without the traditional vacuum and centrifugal timing advance mechanisms. The ELB computer also directly drove the ignition coil, eliminating the need for a separate ignition module.

ELB was produced in both open-loop and closed-loop variants; the open-loop systems produced exhaust clean enough for many vehicle variants so equipped to pass 1976 and 1977 US Federal emissions regulations, and Canadian emissions regulations through 1980, without a catalytic converter. The closed-loop version of ELB used an Oxygen sensor and a feedback carburetor, and was phased into production as emissions regulations grew more stringent starting in 1981, but open-loop ELB was used as late as 1990 in markets with lax emissions regulations, on vehicles such as the Mexican Chrysler Spirit. The spark control and engine parameter sensing and transduction strategies introduced with ELB remained in use through 1995 on Chrysler vehicles equipped with throttle-body fuel injection[citation needed].

Heavy-duty gas engines[edit]

Lean burn concepts are often used for the design of heavy-duty natural gas, biogas, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fuelled engines. These engines can either be full-time lean burn, where the engine runs with a weak air–fuel mixture regardless of load and engine speed, or part-time lean burn (also known as "lean mix" or "mixed lean"), where the engine runs lean only during low load and at high engine speeds, reverting to a stoichiometric air–fuel mixture in other cases.

Heavy-duty lean burn gas engines admit twice as much[1] air than theoretically needed for complete combustion into the combustion chambers. The extremely weak air–fuel mixtures lead to lower combustion temperatures and therefore lower NOx formation. While lean-burn gas engines offer higher theoretical thermal efficiencies, transient response and performance may be compromised in certain situations. Lean burn gas engines are almost always turbocharged, resulting high power and torque figures not achieveable with stoichiometric engines due to high combustion temperatures.

Heavy duty gas engines may employ precombustion chambers in the cylinder head. A lean gas and air mixture is first highly compressed in the main chamber by the piston. A much richer, though much lesser volume gas/air mixture is introduced to the precombustion chamber and ignited by spark plug. The flame front spreads to the lean gas air mixture in the cylinder.

This two stage lean burn combustion produces low NOx and no particulate emissions. Thermal efficiency is better as higher compression ratios are achieved.

Manufacturers of heavy-duty lean burn gas engines include Cummins Inc., Caterpillar, MWM, GE Jenbacher, MAN Diesel & Turbo, Wärtsilä, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Rolls-Royce plc.

Honda lean burn systems[edit]

One of the newest lean-burn technologies available in automobiles currently in production uses very precise control of fuel injection, a strong air–fuel swirl created in the combustion chamber, a new linear air–fuel sensor (LAF type O2 sensor) and a lean-burn NOx catalyst to further reduce the resulting NOx emissions that increase under "lean-burn" conditions and meet NOx emissions requirements.

This stratified-charge approach to lean-burn combustion means that the air–fuel ratio isn't equal throughout the cylinder. Instead, precise control over fuel injection and intake flow dynamics allows a greater concentration of fuel closer to the spark plug tip (richer), which is required for successful ignition and flame spread for complete combustion. The remainder of the cylinders' intake charge is progressively leaner with an overall average air:fuel ratio falling into the lean-burn category of up to 22:1.

The older Honda engines that used lean burn (not all did) accomplished this by having a parallel fuel and intake system that fed a pre-chamber the "ideal" ratio for initial combustion. This burning mixture was then opened to the main chamber where a much larger and leaner mix then ignited to provide sufficient power. During the time this design was in production this system (CVCC, Compound Vortex Controlled Combustion) primarily allowed lower emissions without the need for a catalytic converter. These were carbureted engines and the relative "imprecise" nature of such limited the MPG abilities of the concept that now under MPI (Multi-Port fuel Injection) allows for higher MPG too.

The newer Honda stratified charge (lean burn engines) operate on air–fuel ratios as high as 22:1. The amount of fuel drawn into the engine is much lower than a typical gasoline engine, which operates at 14.7:1—the chemical stoichiometric ideal for complete combustion when averaging gasoline to the petrochemical industries' accepted standard of C6H8.

This lean-burn ability by the necessity of the limits of physics, and the chemistry of combustion as it applies to a current gasoline engine must be limited to light load and lower RPM conditions. A "top" speed cut-off point is required since leaner gasoline fuel mixtures burn slower and for power to be produced combustion must be "complete" by the time the exhaust valve opens.


Honda lean burn engine applications
Unladen weightFuel consumption, Japan 10-15 modeFuel tank capacityRange
YearsModelEnginekglbsL/100 kmkm/Lmpg UKmpg USLgal UKgal USkmmileNotes
1991–95Civic ETiD15B93020504.820.85949459.911.99385835spd manual, 3dr hatch, VTEC-E[2]
1995–2000Civic VTiD15B101022265.020.05647459.911.99005595spd manual, 3dr hatch, 3 stage VTEC[3]
1995–2000Civic ViD15B103022265.318.95344459.911.98495285spd manual, 5dr sedan, 3 stage VTEC[4]

Toyota lean burn engines[edit]

In 1984, Toyota released the 4A-E engine. This was the first engine in the world to use a lean burn combustion control system with a lean mixture sensor, Toyota called "TTC-L" (Toyota Total Clean-Lean Burn). It was used in Japan on Toyota Carina T150 replacing the TTC-V (Vortex) exhaust gas recirculation approach used earlier, Toyota Corolla E80, and Toyota Sprinter. The lean mixture sensor was provided in the exhaust system to detect air–fuel ratios leaner than the theoretical air–fuel ratio. The fuel injection volume was then accurately controlled by a computer using this detection signal to achieve lean air–fuel ratio feedback. For optimal combustion, the following items were applied: program independent injection that accurately changed the injection volume and timing for individual cylinders, platinum plugs for improving ignition performance with lean mixtures, and high performance igniters.[5]

The lean burn versions of the 1587cc 4A-FE and 1762cc 7A-FE 4-cylinder engines have 2 inlet and 2 exhaust valves per cylinder. Toyota uses a set of butterflies to restrict flow in every second inlet runner during lean burn operation. This creates a large amount of swirl in the combustion chamber. Injectors are mounted in the head, rather than conventionally in the intake manifold. Compression ratio 9.5:1.[6] The 1998cc 3S-FSE engine is a direct injection petrol lean burn engine. Compression ratio 10:1.[7]


Toyota lean burn engine applications
Unladen weightFuel consumption, Japan 10-15 modeFuel tank capacityRange
YearsModelEnginekglbsL/100 kmkm/Lmpg UKmpg USLgal UKgal USkmmileNotes
1984–88Carina T1504A-E95021005.617.050416013.215.910566565spd manual[5]
1994–96Carina SG-i SX-i4A-FE104022925.617.650416013.215.910566565spd manual[8]
1994–96Carina SG-i SX-i7A-FE104022925.617.650416013.215.910566565spd manual[8]
1996–2001Carina Si7A-FE112024685.518.051426013.215.910806715spd manual[8]
1996–2000Corona Premio E7A-FE112024685.518.051426013.215.910806715spd manual[9]
1998–2000Corona Premio G3S-FSE120026455.817.249416013.215.91034643Auto[10]
1996–97Caldina FZ CZ7A-FE114025135.617.650416013.215.910566565spd manual[11]
1997–2002Caldina E7A-FE120026455.617.650416013.215.910566565spd manual[12]

Nissan lean burn engines[edit]

Nissan QG engines are a lean-burn aluminum DOHC 4-valve design with variable valve timing and optional NEO Di direct injection. The 1497cc QG15DE has a Compression ratio of 9.9:1[14] and 1769cc QG18DE 9.5:1.[15]


Nissan lean burn engine applications
Unladen weightFuel consumption, Japan 10-15 modeFuel tank capacityRange
YearsModelEnginekglbsL/100 kmkm/Lmpg UKmpg USLgal UKgal USkmmileNotes
1998–2001SunnyQG15DE106028655.318.95344501113.29435865spd manual, 4dr sedan[14]
1998–2001BluebirdQG18DE118026005.817.249416013.215.910356435spd manual, 4dr sedan[16]
1998–2001PrimeraQG18DE118026005.817.249416013.215.910356435565spd manual, 5dr wagon[15]

Mitsubishi Vertical Vortex (MVV)[edit]

In 1991, Mitsubishi developed and began producing the MVV (Mitsubishi Vertical Vortex) lean burn system first used in Mitsubishi's 1.5 L 4G15 straight-4 single-overhead-cam 1,468-cc engine. The vertical vortex engine has an idle speed of 600 rpm and a compression ratio of 9.4:1 compared with respective figures of 700 rpm and 9.2:1 for the conventional version. The lean-burn MVV engine can achieve complete combustion with an air–fuel ratio as high as 25:1, this boasts a 10–20% gain in fuel economy (on the Japanese 10-mode urban cycle) in bench tests compared with its conventional MPI powerplant of the same displacement, which means lower CO2 emissions.[17][18]

The heart of the Mitsubishi's MVV system is the linear air–fuel ratio exhaust gas oxygen sensor. Compared with standard oxygen sensors, which essentially are on-off switches set to a single air/fuel ratio, the lean oxygen sensor is more of a measurement device covering the air/fuel ratio range from about 15:1 to 26:1.[18]

To speed up the otherwise slow combustion of lean mixtures, the MVV engine uses two intake valves and one exhaust valve per cylinder. The separate specially shaped (twin intake port design) intake ports are the same size, but only one port receives fuel from an injector. This creates two vertical vortices of identical size, strength and rotational speed within the combustion chamber during the intake stroke: one vortex of air, the other of an air/fuel mixture. The two vortices also remain independent layers throughout most of the compression stroke.[17][18]

Near the end of the compression stroke, the layers collapse into uniform minute turbulences, which effectively promote lean-burn characteristics. More importantly, ignition occurs in the initial stages of breakdown of the separate layers while substantial amounts of each layer still exist. Because the spark plug is located closer to the vortex consisting of air/fuel mixture, ignition arises in an area of the pentroof-design combustion chamber where fuel density is higher. The flame then spreads through the combustion chamber via the small turbulences. This provides stable combustion even at normal ignition-energy levels, thereby realizing lean burn.[17][18]

The engine computer stores optimum air fuel ratios for all engine-operating conditions—from lean (for normal operation) to richest (for heavy acceleration) and all points in between. Full-range oxygen sensors (used for the first time) provide essential information that allows the computers to properly regulate fuel delivery.[18]

Diesel engines[edit]

All diesel engines can be considered to be lean burning with respect to the total volume, however the fuel and air is not well mixed before the combustion. Most of the combustion occurs in rich zones around small droplets of fuel. Locally rich combustion like this is a source of NOx and particles.

See also[edit]



  1. ^ [1], aConseil Internationaldes Machines A Combustion – Paper.: 167 New Gas Engines – CIMAC Congress 2007, Vienna
  2. ^ "91CivicHatch", auto.vl.ru japanese car specification website
  3. ^ "95CivicHatch", auto.vl.ru japanese car specification website
  4. ^ "95CivicSedan", auto.vl.ru japanese car specification website
  5. ^ a b "Toyota 4A-ELU engine", "240 Landmarks of Japanese Automotive Technology" website
  6. ^ "Toyota Carina Specifications", auto.vl.ru japanese car specification website
  7. ^ "Toyota Corona Premio G", auto.vl.ru japanese car specification website
  8. ^ a b c "Toyota Carina", auto.vl.ru japanese car specification website
  9. ^ "Toyota Corona Premio", auto.vl.ru japanese car specification website
  10. ^ "Toyota Corona Premio G", auto.vl.ru japanese car specification website
  11. ^ "Toyota Caldina", auto.vl.ru japanese car specification website
  12. ^ "Toyota Caldina", Toyota NZ website
  13. ^ "Toyota Spacio", Toyota NZ website
  14. ^ a b "Nissan Sunny", auto.vl.ru japanese car specification website
  15. ^ a b "Nissan Avenir", auto.vl.ru japanese car specification website
  16. ^ "Nissan Bluebird", auto.vl.ru japanese car specification website
  17. ^ a b c "Engine Technology", Mitsubishi Motors South Africa website
  18. ^ a b c d e "Honda can't sell lean-burn in California", Joel D. Pietrangelo & Robert Brooks, Ward's Auto World, September 1991