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Lincoln and McClellan at Antietam

President Abraham Lincoln visiting the Union camp at Antietam with General George B. McClellan and his staff after the battle. Not long after this photo was taken, Lincoln removed McClellan from his position and issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. Mathew Brady photo courtesy of NARA.

Burnside Bridge, Antietam


Antietam. Sharpsburg. The bloodiest day of the four arduous years of the Civil War, in fact, the bloodiest one-day battle in American history. For historians of the American Civil War, there is no debate about its importance. For others, Antietam sometimes gets lost between other battles, including Gettysburg to its north. It was not the high water mark of the Confederacy, although it did prevent General Robert E. Lee from making his planned major foray into northern territory in the fall of 1862, instead of the summer of 1863 when Gettysburg would occur. Photo above: Lithograph of the Antietam battle at Burnside Bridge, Photo courtesy Library of Congress.

  • Dunker Church at Antietam

    It did not provide Abraham Lincoln with a reason to promote General Grant from the western theatre, even though his displeasure after the battle of Antietam would lead to his final removal of Union General George McClellan from commander of the army and spur his election rival in the presidential election of 1864. There would be several commanders in between before the ascension of Grant after Vicksburg. What made Antietam important, beyond the terrible fighting that occurred all over its cornfields, sunken roads, fords, bridges, woods, and hillsides, was the rationale. The northern victory at Antietam, no matter how marginal it may have been, gave President Abraham Lincoln the right time to announce to all nations on earth that the rationale for this war was finally going to change. He issued the Emancipation Proclamation in response to the Union victory on these Maryland fields, changing forever the idea that the Civil War was mostly about states rights, and yes, the idea about whether new states entering into the Union would be free or slave. It changed the rationale to that of a war that was about human dignity, and whether slavery should end, at some time in the future, altogether. Once the Emancipation Proclamation was issued, even before its enactment the next year, and in years to come, it would predominantly halt the idea in the European capitals of London and Paris that recognition of the Confederacy would come, once a victory on northern soil was achieved. They were not hesitant to be seen as backers of a fight for slavery. Once General Robert E. Lee would finally move into northern territory again in June of 1863, he had lost one main rationale for northern victory. Antietam had cost him that.

    The day of September 17, 1862, was an infamous day. The armies of both North and South had gathered on these verdant farm fields of Maryland over the several days before. Fighting had begun on the north end of the field the day before, but it had been nothing like the terrible slaughter that was about to begin. It was a foggy and damp morning as the troops began to mass for battle. For twelve hours they would fight, from the initial section of the battle in the north with Union General Hooker advancing into the Cornfield, East, and West Woods. As the day advanced, fighting continued around the Dunker Church (historic photo left with battle damage, by Alexander Gardner, September 1862, courtesy LOC), then into the center of the battlefield at the Sunken Road, and later at Burnside Bridge, where General Ambrose Burnside's men would attack the Confederate right. The small force of Confederates on the steep hillside above the bridge would hold steady for three hours, before finally relenting at 1:00 p.m. At that point, the Union army was winning the day, despite its terrible toll in men, but a delay by Burnside to continue pushing the battle allowed Confederate troops approaching the Harper's Ferry to get into position, and stem the advance of the Union army.

    One day later, the Confederate army retreated, allowing the Union to claim victory, and Lincoln to have a victory that would allow the Proclamation to emancipate. Antietam, the creek in Sharpsburg, Maryland, and the battlefield that would forever hold its name, would now take its place in American history as one of the most important landscapes, a symbol of the day that would change the face of the the United States forever.

    Photo above: Dunker Church and Maryland monument today.

  • Sunken Road at Antietam

    Antietam Then

    Dunker Church - The small white church was the site of a good part of the major fighting and sustained damage from the shot and shells of the troops. (Lithograph below)

    The Cornfield - The bloody sight of a massive conflict between Union and Confederate troops that saw waves and men within its stalks cut down with one hour. This was the site of most of the heavy casualties of the day, 23,000 killed, wounded, and missing, making this the bloodiest day in Civil War history.

    The Sunken Road (photo above) - As the battle of September 17 moved forward into the central part of the day, this central area was defined by a sunken farm road, six to eight feet below the surface of the fields. Confederate troops massed there in defense of the middle section of their line. Their fire into approaching Union soldiers was a heinous example of Civil War fighting. Eventually, Union soldiers overtook the Sunken Road. Scores of bodies were strewn along the fence work and depression.

    Burnside Bridge - On the southern end of the field, northern troops were massed in a valley beside Antietam Creek. To join the day's fighting, they were ordered to cross the Burnside Bridge spanning the water and take the hillside filled with Confederate soldiers. This narrow bridge was crossed, and the hill taken, but many casualties ensued.

    Antietam Now

    Antietam and Sharpsburg Today - One of the best examples of an intact battlefield and growing through the last decade and today due to extensive preservation efforts, the almost pristine landscape allows the Civil War visitor to get a sense of the scope of battle and its landscape as well as any of the preserved battlefields across the Virginia theatre. Most of the major sites are intact, including Dunker Church, the Cornfield, the Sunken Road, Burnside Bridge, as well as the Pry House, which served as General McClellan's headquarters.

  • Burnside Bridge at Antietam


    1. The visitor park center film on the battle, a twenty-six minute introduction to what went on here. Once per day, a second film, one hour long, is also shown, for those with enough time.

    2. Take a ranger guided tour. The men and women who interpret the Antietam Battlefield have a breadth of knowledge about the particulars that should not be missed. One particular tour, which starts at the visitor center, then continues with a car and hike tour around the battlefield as you follow the park ranger from site to site, is a special treat. On the annivesary week in September, you can get even more detail by hiking the entire battlefield for three hours at a time with several rangers who describe the fighting as you tred. Crossing the fields on foot gives you a great sense of the landscape and how the soldiers would have seem the battle unfold. Antietam has more hills than the first impression gives you from the visitor center.

    3. Don't miss a walk in the depths of the Sunken Road. Walk the length of the road and imagine the horror of what took place there. After walking its length, climb the tower at the eastern end. There is a great view of the remaining battlefield from there.

    4. Climb down the steep hill above Burnside Bridge, cross Antietam Creek, and look back at the heights that were battled for. Can you imagine facing the fire from that hillside, which Union troops encountered, and actually defeated? How did they possibly defeat that position? Well, one reason was that the Confederates soldiers, only five hundred there, were told to hold as long as possible, then retreat to their second line. They did what they were told, in major part because the Federal force was in the thousands. Photo above: Burnside Bridge today. See the tree to the left; it was there during the battle. The bridge will be closed much of 2016, because of a major renovation project. You will be able to see it from the overlook, but not cross during that time.

    5. A relatively new addition to the Antietam experience, is the opening of the Pry House as a Field Medical Museum. This house was the headquarters of Union General McClellan during the battle. It is about four miles from the visitor center and is open from April to early December.


Visitor FAQ

Antietam, Miller Farm


If you wish to be involved in protecting Antietam National Battlefield, the group Antietam Partners and the Civil War Trust is always looking for assistance. They have been doing a wonderful job over the last decade and one half of expanding the park, including much of the ground on the Final Attack and Reel Farm. Some of this land is still owned by the Trust, but may in the future be transferred to the park.

During the last six months of 2015, an amazing amount of preservation has taken place, including the Miller Farm, a triangle piece of property fought over during the cornfield battle to the Dunker Church, basically the center of the park. Photo above shows the scene during one of the first ever battle walks across that property. The old farm buildings as well as the land itself will be restored over the next couple years to look like it did in 1862.

Two other parcels had also been procured in 2015, including a North Woods parcel bought at the same time of the September Battle Walk in an auction by the Civil War Trust. Photo below: Newly acquired tract in North Woods area at the top of the image.

Antietam Preservation, North Woods