Reference > World Factbook, 2008
  The World Factbook.  2008.
Flag of Canada                                Map of Canada
Geographic coordinates:60 00 N, 95 00 W
Map references:North America
Area:total: 9,984,670 sq km
land: 9,093,507 sq km
water: 891,163 sq km
Area—comparative:somewhat larger than the US
Land boundaries:total: 8,893 km
Coastline:202,080 km
Maritime claims:territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate:varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north
Terrain:mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast
Elevation extremes:lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Mount Logan 5,959 m
Land use:arable land: 4.57%
permanent crops: 0.65%
other: 94.78% (2005)
Irrigated land:7,850 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:3,300 cu km (1985)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):total: 44.72 cu km/yr (20%/69%/12%)
per capita: 1,386 cu m/yr (1996)
Population:33,390,141 (July 2007 est.)
Age structure:0-14 years: 17.3% (male 2,967,383/female 2,824,189)
15-64 years: 69.2% (male 11,604,723/female 11,490,839)
65 years and over: 13.5% (male 1,927,035/female 2,575,972) (2007 est.)
Median age:total: 39.1 years
male: 38.1 years
female: 40.2 years (2007 est.)
Population growth rate:0.869% (2007 est.)
Birth rate:10.75 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Death rate:7.86 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Net migration rate:5.79 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Sex ratio:at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.051 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.748 male(s)/female
Infant mortality rate:total: 4.63 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.08 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:total population: 80.34 years
male: 76.98 years
female: 83.86 years (2007 est.)
Total fertility rate:1.61 children born/woman (2007 est.)
HIV/AIDS—adult prevalence rate:0.3% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS—people living with HIV/AIDS:56,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS—deaths:1,500 (2003 est.)
Nationality:noun: Canadian(s)
adjective: Canadian
Religions:Roman Catholic 42.6%, Protestant 23.3% (including United Church 9.5%, Anglican 6.8%, Baptist 2.4%, Lutheran 2%), other Christian 4.4%, Muslim 1.9%, other and unspecified 11.8%, none 16% (2001 census)
Languages:English (official) 59.3%, French (official) 23.2%, other 17.5%
Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99%
male: 99%
female: 99% (2003 est.)
Country name:conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Canada
Government type:constitutional monarchy that is also a parliamentary democracy and a federation
Capital:name: Ottawa
geographic coordinates: 45 25 N, 75 42 W
note: Canada is divided into six time zones
National holiday:Canada Day, 1 July (1867)
Legal system:based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system based on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage:18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Michaelle JEAN (since 27 September 2005)
head of government: Prime Minister Stephen HARPER (since 6 February 2006)
elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister for a five-year term; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition in the House of Commons is automatically designated prime minister by the governor general
Legislative branch:bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Senat (105 seats; members appointed by the governor general with the advice of the prime minister and serve until reaching 75 years of age) and the House of Commons or Chambre des Communes (308 seats; members elected by direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms starting in 2009 elections)
elections: House of Commons - last held 23 January 2006 (next to be held in 2009)
election results: House of Commons - percent of vote by party - Conservative Party 36.3%, Liberal Party 30.2%, New Democratic Party 17.5%, Bloc Quebecois 10.5%, Greens 4.5%, other 1%; seats by party - Conservative Party 124, Liberal Party 102, New Democratic Party 29, Bloc Quebecois 51, other 2; seats by party as of November 2007 - Conservative Party 125, Liberal Party 96, New Democratic Party 30, Bloc Quebecois 49, other 4, vacant 4
Judicial branch:Supreme Court of Canada (judges are appointed by the prime minister through the governor general); Federal Court of Canada; Federal Court of Appeal; Provincial Courts (these are named variously Court of Appeal, Court of Queens Bench, Superior Court, Supreme Court, and Court of Justice)
Political parties and leaders:Bloc Quebecois [Gilles DUCEPPE]; Conservative Party of Canada [Stephen HARPER] (a merger of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative Party); Green Party [Elizabeth MAY]; Liberal Party [Stephane DION]; New Democratic Party [Jack LAYTON]
Political pressure groups and leaders:NA
International organization participation:ACCT, ADB (nonregional members), AfDB, APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBRD, ESA (cooperating state), FAO, G-7, G-8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAFTA, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), SECI (observer), UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Michael WILSON
chancery: 501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001
telephone: [1] (202) 682-1740
FAX: [1] (202) 682-7701
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, Phoenix, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle, Tucson
consulate(s): Anchorage, Houston, Philadelphia, Princeton (New Jersey), Raleigh, San Jose (California)
Diplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador David H. WILKINS
embassy: 490 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8
mailing address: P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburgh, NY 13669-0430; P.O. Box 866, Station B, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5T1
telephone: [1] (613) 688-5335
FAX: [1] (613) 688-3082
consulate(s) general: Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, Vancouver, Winnipeg
Flag description:two vertical bands of red (hoist and fly side, half width), with white square between them; an 11-pointed red maple leaf is centered in the white square; the official colors of Canada are red and white
Economy—overview:As an affluent, high-tech industrial society in the trillion-dollar class, Canada resembles the US in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and affluent living standards. Since World War II, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. The 1989 US-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (which includes Mexico) touched off a dramatic increase in trade and economic integration with the US. Given its great natural resources, skilled labor force, and modern capital plant, Canada enjoys solid economic prospects. Top-notch fiscal management has produced consecutive balanced budgets since 1997, although public debate continues over the equitable distribution of federal funds to the Canadian provinces. Exports account for roughly a third of GDP. Canada enjoys a substantial trade surplus with its principal trading partner, the US, which absorbs 80% of Canadian exports each year. Canada is the US's largest foreign supplier of energy, including oil, gas, uranium, and electric power. During 2007, Canada enjoyed good economic growth, moderate inflation, and the lowest unemployment rate in more than three decades.
GDP (purchasing power parity):$1.274 trillion (2007 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):$1.406 trillion (2007 est.)
GDP—real growth rate:2.7% (2007 est.)
GDP—per capita (PPP):$38,200 (2007 est.)
GDP—composition by sector:agriculture: 2.1%
industry: 28.8%
services: 69.1% (2007 est.)
Labor force:17.9 million (2007 est.)
Labor force—by occupation:agriculture 2%, manufacturing 13%, construction 6%, services 76%, other 3% (2006)
Unemployment rate:5.9% (2007 est.)
Population below poverty line:10.8%; note - this figure is the Low Income Cut-Off (LICO), a calculation that results in higher figures than found in many comparable economies; Canada does not have an official poverty line (2005)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:lowest 10%: 2.6%
highest 10%: 24.8% (2000)
Distribution of family income—Gini index:32.1 (2005)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):2.4% (2007 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):22% of GDP (2007 est.)
Budget:revenues: $565.8 billion
expenditures: $551.2 billion (2007 est.)
Public debt:64% of GDP (2007 est.)
Agriculture—products:wheat, barley, oilseed, tobacco, fruits, vegetables; dairy products; forest products; fish
Industrial production growth rate:1.6% (2007 est.)
Electricity—production:609.6 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity—consumption:540.2 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity—exports:42.93 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity—imports:19.33 billion kWh (2005)
Oil—production:3.092 million bbl/day (2005)
Oil—consumption:2.29 million bbl/day (2005)
Oil—exports:2.274 million bbl/day (2004)
Oil—imports:1.185 million bbl/day (2004)
Oil—proved reserves:178.8 billion bbl
note: includes oil sands (1 January 2006 est.)
Natural gas—production:178.2 billion cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas—consumption:92.76 billion cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas—exports:101.9 billion cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas—imports:9.403 billion cu m (2005)
Natural gas—proved reserves:1.537 trillion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)
Current account balance:$28.46 billion (2007 est.)
Exports:$440.1 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Exports—partners:US 81.6%, UK 2.3%, Japan 2.1% (2006)
Imports:$394.4 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Imports—commodities:machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, crude oil, chemicals, electricity, durable consumer goods
Imports—partners:US 54.9%, China 8.7%, Mexico 4% (2006)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$39.31 billion (2007 est.)
Debt—external:$758.6 billion (30 June 2007)
Stock of direct foreign investment—at home:$398.4 billion (2006 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment—abroad:$458.1 billion (2006 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:$1.481 trillion (2005)
Economic aid—donor:ODA, $3.9 billion (2007)
Currency (code):Canadian dollar (CAD)
Exchange rates:Canadian dollars per US dollar - 1.0724 (2007), 1.1334 (2006), 1.2118 (2005), 1.301 (2004), 1.4011 (2003)
Fiscal year:1 April - 31 March
Telephones—main lines in use:20.78 million (2005)
Telephones—mobile cellular:17.017 million (2005)
Telephone system:general assessment: excellent service provided by modern technology
domestic: domestic satellite system with about 300 earth stations
international: country code - 1; submarine cables provide links to the US and Europe; satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (4 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) and 2 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region) (2007)
Radio broadcast stations:AM 245, FM 582, shortwave 6 (2004)
Television broadcast stations:80 (plus many repeaters) (1997)
Internet country
Internet hosts:4.196 million (2007)
Internet users:22 million (2005)
Airports:1,343 (2007)
Airports—with paved runways:total: 509
over 3,047 m: 18
2,438 to 3,047 m: 16
1,524 to 2,437 m: 149
914 to 1,523 m: 248
under 914 m: 78 (2007)
Airports—with unpaved runways:total: 834
1,524 to 2,437 m: 68
914 to 1,523 m: 356
under 914 m: 410 (2007)
Heliports:11 (2007)
Pipelines:crude and refined oil 23,564 km; liquid petroleum gas 74,980 km (2006)
Railways:total: 48,068 km
standard gauge: 48,068 km 1.435-m gauge (2006)
Roadways:total: 1,042,300 km
paved: 415,600 km (includes 17,000 km of expressways)
unpaved: 626,700 km (2006)
Waterways:636 km
note: Saint Lawrence Seaway of 3,769 km, including the Saint Lawrence River of 3,058 km, shared with United States (2007)
Merchant marine:total: 171 ships (1000 GRT or over) 2,191,099 GRT/2,815,416 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 60, cargo 10, carrier 1, chemical tanker 9, combination ore/oil 1, container 2, passenger 6, passenger/cargo 64, petroleum tanker 12, roll on/roll off 6
foreign-owned: 8 (Germany 3, Netherlands 1, Norway 1, US 3)
registered in other countries: 130 (Australia 2, Bahamas 13, Barbados 9, Cambodia 6, Cyprus 2, Denmark 1, Honduras 1, Hong Kong 39, Liberia 3, Malta 15, Marshall Islands 4, Panama 17, St Vincent and The Grenadines 6, Taiwan 3, US 4, Vanuatu 5) (2007)
Military branches:Canadian Forces: Land Forces Command (LFC), Maritime Command (MARCOM), Air Command (AIRCOM), Canada Command (homeland security) (2008)
Military service age and obligation:16-34 years of age for voluntary military service; women comprise approximately 11% of Canada's armed forces (2006)
Manpower available for military service:males age 16-49: 8,216,510
females age 16-49: 8,034,939 (2005 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:males age 16-49: 6,740,490
females age 16-49: 6,580,868 (2005 est.)
Manpower reaching military service age annually:males age 18-49: 223,821
females age 16-49: 212,900 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures—percent of GDP:1.1% (2005 est.)
Transnational Issues
Disputes—international:managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and around the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; US works closely with Canada to intensify security measures to monitor and control legal and illegal personnel, transport, and commodities across the international border; sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland

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