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Swedish people
Regions with significant populations

 Sweden:      c. 8,000,000 (the number does not include ethnic Swedes born outside Sweden but now living in Sweden, nor does it include Finland Swedes now living in Sweden; 2015)[1]

Other significant population centers:
Swedish-speaking ethnic minorities

c. 280,000 [2]

Swedish citizens[3]
outside Sweden

c. 546,000

People with Swedish ancestry
 United States 4,325,000[4]
 Canada 334,765[5]
 Argentina 200,000[6]
 United Kingdom 100,000[7]
 Spain 90,000[8][9][10][11]
 Norway 36,887[12]-90,000[13]
 Brazil 32,975
 Australia 30,375[14]
 France 30,000
 Germany 23,000[15]
 New Zealand 1,257[16]
 Estonia 380
Mainly Christian:
majority Lutheranism, minority Catholicism
Historically Catholicism
and Norse paganism before Christianization
See also: Religion in Sweden
Related ethnic groups
Danes, Norwegians, Dutch, Germans,[17] Finns, Faroese, Icelanders
Other Germanic peoples

Swedes (Swedish: svenskar) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Sweden.[18][19] They mostly inhabit Sweden and the other Nordic countries, in particular Finland, with a substantial diaspora in other countries, especially the United States.


Further information: Name of Sweden

The English term "Swede" has been attested in English since the late 16th century and is of Middle Dutch or Middle Low German origin.[20] In Swedish, the term is svensk, which is believed to have been derived from the name of svear (or Swedes), the people who inhabited Svealand in eastern central Sweden,[21][22] and were listed as Suiones in Tacitus' history Germania from the 1st century AD. The term is believed to have been derived from the Proto-Indo-European reflexive pronominal root, *s(w)e, as the Latin suus. The word must have meant "one's own (tribesmen)". The same root and original meaning is found in the ethnonym of the Germanic tribe Suebi, preserved to this day in the name Swabia.[23][24][25]


Further information: History of Sweden


Sweden in the 9th century. Svealand in yellow, Götaland in blue and Gotland in green.


In the 6th century Jordanes named two tribes, which he calls the Suehans and the Suetidi, who lived in Scandza. These two names are both considered[by whom?] to refer to the same tribe. The Suehans, he says, has very fine horses just as the "Thyringi" tribe (alia vero gens ibi moratur Suehans, quae velud Thyringi equis utuntur eximiis). The Icelander Snorri Sturluson (1179-1241) wrote of the 6th-century Swedish king Adils (Eadgils) that he had the finest horses of his days. The Suehans supplied black fox-skins for the Roman market. Then Jordanes names the Suetidi which is considered to be the Latin form of Svitjod. He writes that the Suetidi are the tallest of men - together with the Dani, who were of the same stock. Later he mentions other Scandinavian tribes as being of the same height.

Originating in semi-legendary Scandza (believed to be somewhere in modern Götaland, Sweden), a Gothic population had crossed the Baltic Sea before the 2nd century AD. They reaching Scythia on the coast of the Black Sea in modern Ukraine, where Goths left their archaeological traces in the Chernyakhov culture. In the 5th and 6th centuries, they became divided as the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, and established powerful successor-states of the Roman Empire in the Iberian peninsula and Italy respectively.[26] Crimean Gothic communities appear to have survived intact in the Crimea until the late 18th century.[27]

Viking and Middle Ages[edit]

Eric the Victorious praying to Odin, Eric was the first king to rule over both the Swedes and the Goths; 1895 illustration by Jenny Nyström.

The Swedish Viking Age lasted roughly between the 8th and 11th centuries. During this period, it is believed that the Swedes expanded from eastern Sweden and incorporated the Geats to the south.[28] It is believed that Swedish Vikings and Gutar mainly travelled east and south, going to Finland, the Baltic countries, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine the Black Sea and further as far as Baghdad. Their routes passed through the Dnieper down south to Constantinople, on which they did numerous raids. The Byzantine Emperor Theophilos noticed their great skills in war and invited them to serve as his personal bodyguard, known as the varangian guard. The Swedish Vikings, called "Rus" are also believed to be the founding fathers of Kievan Rus. The Arabic traveller "Ibn Fadlan" described these Vikings as following:


— [29]


Kingdom of Sweden[edit]

It is not known when and how the 'kingdom of Sweden' was born, but the list of Swedish monarchs is drawn from the first kings who ruled both Svealand (Sweden) and Götaland (Gothia) as one province with Erik the Victorious. Sweden and Gothia were two separate nations long before that into antiquity. It is not known how long they existed, Beowulf described semi-legendary Swedish-Geatish wars in the 6th century.

Cultural advances[edit]



Feudal institutions in Sweden[edit]

Except for the province of Skane, on the southernmost tip of Sweden which was under Danish control during this time, feudalism never developed in Sweden as it did in the rest of Europe.[32] Therefore, the peasantry remained largely a class of free farmers throughout most of Swedish history. Slavery (also called thralldom) was not common in Sweden,[33] and what slavery there was tended to be driven out of existence by the spread of Christianity, the difficulty in obtaining slaves from the lands east of the Baltic Sea, and by the development of cities before the 16th century[34] Indeed, both slavery and serfdom were abolished altogether by a decree of King Magnus Erickson in 1335. Former slaves tended to be absorbed into the peasantry and some became laborers in the towns. Still, Sweden remained a poor and economically backward country in which barter was the means of exchange. For instance, the farmers of the province of Dalsland would transport their butter to the mining districts of Sweden and exchange it there for iron, which they would then take down to the coast and trade the iron for fish they needed for food while the iron would be shipped abroad.[35]

Gustav Vasa starts a revolution in Dalarna. After the Swedish War of Liberation Sweden is a free nation in 1523 after 126 years of the Danish-dominated Kalmar Union; idealized depiction by Johan Gustaf Sandberg, 1836
The Plague in Sweden


Minors and Regents


The Hanseatic League had been officially formed at Lübeck on the sea coast of Northern Germany in 1356. The Hanseatic League sought civil and commercial privileges from the princes and royalty of the countries and cities along the coasts of the Baltic Sea.[39] In exchange they offered a certain amount of protection. Having their own navy the Hansa were able to sweep the Baltic Sea free of pirates.[40] The privileges obtained by the Hansa included assurances that only Hansa citizens would be allowed to trade from the ports where they were located. They also sought agreement to be free of all customs and taxes. With these concessions, Lübeck merchants flocked to Stockholm, Sweden and soon came to dominate the economic life of that city and made the port city of Stockholm into the leading commercial and industrial city of Sweden.[41] Under the Hanseatic trade 2/3 of Stockholm's imports consisted of textiles and 1/3 of salt. Exports from Sweden consisted of iron and copper.[42]

However, the Swedes began to resent the monopoly trading position of the Hansa (mostly German citizens) and to resent the income they felt they lost to the Hansa. Consequently, when Gustav Vasa or Gustav I broke the monopoly power of the Hanseatic League he was regarded as a hero to the Swedish people. History now views Gustav I as the father of the modern Swedish nation. The foundations laid by Gustave would take time to develop. Furthermore, when Sweden did develop and freed itself from the Hanseatic League and entered its golden era, the fact that the peasantry had traditionally been free meant that more of the economic benefits flowed back to them rather than going to a feudal landowning class.[43] This was not the case in other countries of Europe like Poland were the peasantry was still bound by serfdom and a strong feudalistic land owning system.

Swedish Empire[edit]

The Swedish Empire between 1560 and 1815



In the middle of the 17th century Sweden was the third largest country in Europe by land area, only surpassed by Russia and Spain. Sweden reached its largest territorial extent under the rule of Charles X after the treaty of Roskilde in 1658.[45][46] The foundation of Sweden's success during this period is credited to Gustav I's major changes on the Swedish economy in the 16th century, and his introduction of Protestantism.[47] In the 17th century, Sweden was engaged in many wars, for example with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with both sides competing for territories of today's Baltic states, with the disastrous Battle of Kircholm being one of the highlights.[48] One-third of the Finnish population died in the devastating famine that struck the country in 1696.[49] Famine also hit Sweden, killing roughly 10% of Sweden's population.[50]



After the success of invading Poland, Charles decided to make an invasion attempt of Russia which ended in a decisive Russian victory at the Battle of Poltava in 1709. After a long march exposed to cossack raids, Russian Tsar Peter the Great's scorched-earth techniques and the extremely cold winter of 1709, the Swedes stood weakened with a shattered morale and enormously outnumbered against the Russian army at Poltava. The defeat meant the beginning of the end for the Swedish Empire.






Modern history[edit]

Swedish emigrants boarding ship in Gothenburg in 1905

There was a significant population increase during the 18th and 19th centuries, which the writer Esaias Tegnér in 1833 attributed to "peace, vaccine, and potatoes".[52] Between 1750 and 1850, the population in Sweden doubled. Sweden was hit by the last natural caused famine in Europe, the Famine of 1866-68 killed thousands in Sweden. According to some scholars, mass emigration to America became the only way to prevent famine and rebellion; over 1% of the population emigrated annually during the 1880s.[53] Nevertheless, Sweden remained poor, retaining a nearly entirely agricultural economy even as Denmark and Western European countries began to industrialize.[53][54]

Many looked towards America for a better life during this time. It is believed that between 1850 and 1910 more than one million Swedes moved to the United States.[55] In the early 20th century, more Swedes lived in Chicago than in Gothenburg (Sweden's second largest city).[56] Most Swedish immigrants moved to the Midwestern United States, with a large population in Minnesota, with a few others moving to other parts of the United States and Canada.

Despite the slow rate of industrialization into the 19th century, many important changes were taking place in the agrarian economy because of innovations and the large population growth.[57] These innovations included government-sponsored programs of enclosure, aggressive exploitation of agricultural lands, and the introduction of new crops such as the potato.[57] Because the Swedish peasantry had never been enserfed as elsewhere in Europe,[58] the Swedish farming culture began to take on a critical role in the Swedish political process, which has continued through modern times with modern Agrarian party (now called the Centre Party).[59] Between 1870 and 1914, Sweden began developing the industrialized economy that exists today.[60]

Strong grassroots movements sprung up in Sweden during the latter half of the 19th century (trade unions, temperance groups, and independent religious groups), creating a strong foundation of democratic principles. In 1889 The Swedish Social Democratic Party was founded. These movements precipitated Sweden's migration into a modern parliamentary democracy, achieved by the time of World War I. As the Industrial Revolution progressed during the 20th century, people gradually began moving into cities to work in factories and became involved in socialist unions. A communist revolution was avoided in 1917, following the re-introduction of parliamentarism, and the country saw comprehensive democratic reforms under the joint Liberal-Social Democrat cabinet of Nils Edén and Hjalmar Branting, with universal and equal suffrage to both houses of parliament enacted for men in 1918 and for women in 1919. The reforms were widely accepted by King Gustaf V, who had previously ousted Karl Staaff's elected Liberal government in the Courtyard Crisis because of differences in defence policy. It is possible that the Monarchy of Sweden survived because of the breakout of World War One, which saw a major shift in public sentiment towards the king's more pro-military views.

World Wars[edit]

Swedish soldier during World War II
Oskar Friberg is the last male Estonian Swede on the island of Vormsi who outlived the Soviet Occupation of Estonia

Sweden remained officially neutral during World War I and World War II, although its neutrality during World War II has been disputed.[61][62] Sweden was under German influence for much of the war, as ties to the rest of the world were cut off through blockades.[61] The Swedish government felt that it was in no position to openly contest Germany,[63] and therefore made some concessions.[64] Sweden also supplied steel and machined parts to Germany throughout the war. However, Sweden supported Norwegian resistance, and in 1943 helped rescue Danish Jews from deportation to Nazi concentration camps. Sweden also supported Finland in the Winter War and the Continuation War with volunteers and materiel.

Toward the end of the war, Sweden began to play a role in humanitarian efforts and many refugees, among them many Jews from Nazi-occupied Europe, were saved partly because of the Swedish involvement in rescue missions at the internment camps and partly because Sweden served as a haven for refugees, primarily from the Nordic countries and the Baltic states.[63] Nevertheless, internal and external critics have argued that Sweden could have done more to resist the Nazi war effort, even if risking occupation although doing so would likely have resulted in even greater number of casulties and prevented many humanitarian efforts.[63]

Post-war era[edit]



Sweden, like countries around the globe, entered a period of economic decline and upheaval, following the oil embargoes of 1973–74 and 1978–79.[67] In the 1980s pillars of Swedish industry were massively restructured. Shipbuilding was discontinued, wood pulp was integrated into modernized paper production, the steel industry was concentrated and specialized, and mechanical engineering was robotized.[68]

Between 1970 and 1990 the overall tax burden rose by over 10%, and the growth was low compared to other countries in Western Europe. The marginal income tax for workers reached over 80%[citation needed]. Eventually government spent over half of the country's gross domestic product. Sweden GDP per capita ranking declined during this time.[66]

Recent history[edit]


A bursting real estate bubble caused by inadequate controls on lending combined with an international recession and a policy switch from anti-unemployment policies to anti-inflationary policies resulted in a fiscal crisis in the early 1990s.[69] Sweden's GDP declined by around 5%. In 1992, there was a run on the currency, with the central bank briefly increasing interest to 500%.[70][71]



Influence by immigration to Sweden[edit]

The increase in immigration to Sweden in the post-war era has triggered a debate in Sweden about the nature of "Swedishness" and how immigrants can be integrated in Swedish society.[73] In a report by the Swedish government it has been claimed that Swedishness usually is classified by researchers in five different ways: country of birth (i.e. Sweden), citizenship, consanguinity (i.e. perceived kinship), culture or language; and appearance. It also claims that a mix of these ideas is found in more mundane uses of the word Swedish, in media and ordinary speech and that it should be understood in the light of how national stories of Sweden have been formed over a long period of time.[74]

Sweden's main statistics bureau Statistics Sweden (SCB) does not keep any record of ethnicity[75] but about 20% of Sweden's population is of foreign background.[76] Some immigrants in Sweden feel that they experience "betweenship" which arises when others ascribe them an identity that they do not hold.[77]

The increasing proportion of immigrants has coincided with the rise of the anti-immigration political party Sweden Democrats which expresses fear of a demographic threat, especially the rise of Islam in Sweden. Since the 1990s, polls show that people in Sweden have gradually become more positive to asylum refugees.[78] Recently, the Sweden Democrats have become one of the most popular parties in Sweden which has sparked widespread debate about a possible increase of xenophobia and racism in Sweden.[79]


Further information: Swedish language
The present-day distribution of the Germanic languages in Europe:
North Germanic languages
West Germanic languages
Dots indicate areas where multilingualism is common.

The native language of nearly all Swedes is Swedish (About this sound svenska ) a North Germanic language, spoken by approximately 10 million people,[80] predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along its coast and on the Åland islands. It is, to a considerable extent, mutually intelligible with Norwegian and to a lesser extent with Danish (see especially "Classification"). Along with the other North Germanic languages, Swedish is a descendant of Old Norse, the common language of the Germanic peoples living in Scandinavia during the Viking Era. It is the largest of the North Germanic languages by numbers of speakers.



According to recent genetic analysis, both mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms showed a noticeable genetic affinity between Swedes and other Germanic ethnic groups.[17] For the global genetic make-up of the Swedish people and other peoples (see also [81] and [82]).

In Patrilineage through the Y haplogroups of their DNA, the Swedes are most diverse and strongly of Haplogroup I1d1 in over 40% of the population tested in different studies, followed by R1a1a and R1b1a2a1a1 with over 20% each one and haplogroup N1c1 with over 5% at different regional variance. The rest are among haplogroups J and E1b1b1 and other less common ones.[83]

Among Mitochondrial haplogroups the Swedes are in matrilineage strongly of haplogroup H in a 25-30%,followed by haplogroup U at a 10% or more, with haplogroup J and T, K at around 5% each one.

Another detailed nuclear genetic study has also implied that Swedes largely share genetics with Finns.[84]

Geographic distribution[edit]

Further information: Swedish diaspora

The largest area inhabited by Swedes, as well as the earliest known original area inhabited by their linguistic ancestors, is in the country of Sweden, situated on the eastern side of the Scandinavian Peninsula and the islands adjacent to it, situated west of the Baltic Sea in northern Europe. The Swedish-speaking people living in near-coastal areas on the north-eastern and eastern side of the Baltic Sea also have a long history of continuous settlement, which in some of these areas possibly started about a millennium ago[citation needed]. These people include the Swedish-speakers in mainland Finland – speaking Swedish dialect commonly referred as Finland Swedish (finlandssvenska which is part of East-Swedish dialect group) and the almost exclusively Swedish-speaking population of the Åland Islands speaking in a manner closer to the adjacent dialects in Sweden than to adjacent dialects of Finland Swedish. Estonia also had an important Swedish minority which persisted for about 650 years on the coast and isles. Smaller groups of historical descendants of 18th–20th-century Swedish emigrants who still retain varying aspects of Swedish identity to this day can be found in the Americas (especially Minnesota and Wisconsin, see Swedish Americans) and in Ukraine.

Currently, Swedes tend to emigrate mostly to the Nordic neighbour countries (Norway, Denmark, Finland), English speaking countries (United States, UK), Spain and Germany.[85]

Historically, the Kingdom of Sweden has been much larger than nowadays, especially during "The Era of Great Power" (Swedish Empire) in 1611–1718. Finland belonged to Sweden until 1809. Since there was no separate Finnish nationality at those times, it is not unusual that sources predating 1809 refer both to Swedes and Finns as "Swedes". This is particularly the case with New Sweden, where some of the Swedish settlers were of Finnish origin.

According to a questionnaire survey conducted by Swedes Worldwide, a non-profit organization, Swedish embassies around the world reported figures for a total of 546,000 Swedish citizens living outside of Sweden.[3]

  • United States: 100,000
  • Spain: 90,000
  • United Kingdom: 90 000
  • Norway: 80,000
  • France: 30,000
  • Germany: 17,099
  • Switzerland: 17,000
  • Finland 13,009
  • Denmark 12,933
  • Belgium: 10,000
  • Italy: 10,000
  • Thailand: 10,000
  • Australia: 8,000
  • Canada: 7,000
  • Netherlands: 5,500
  • Ireland: 3,500
  • Greece: 3,000
  • China: 3,000
  • New Zealand: 3,000
  • other regions: 21,504

See also[edit]


  1. ^ Statistiska Centralbyrån. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  2. ^ Finnish Population Registry Center 31.12.2008
  3. ^ a b Ewa Hedlund (2011) "Utvandrare.nu – Från emigrant till global svensk". Föreningen svenskar i världen. p. 42 ISBN 978-91-979795-0-4
  4. ^ US Census Bureau
  5. ^ Statistics Canada - Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories
  6. ^ Suecia en Argentina
  7. ^ "About us". Londonsvenskar.com. LondonSwedes. Retrieved 2016-12-23. Approximately 100 000 Swedes live in London and the UK, with about 500 000 Swedish tourists visiting the UK capital annually. 
  8. ^ "90.000 svenskar bor i Spanien". CostaBlancaHem. CostaBlancaHem. 2015-06-22. Retrieved 2016-12-23. 
  9. ^ "Resguide Spanien". budgetres.se. BudgetresGuide. Retrieved 2016-12-23. Ca 90 000 svenskar bor i Spanien. 
  10. ^ "Nyhetssvep - september". casa.masamigos.com. Mas Amigos. Retrieved 2016-12-23. Cirka 90.000 svenskar bor i Spanien 
  11. ^ "Fakta om Spanien". Utlandsjobb.nu. Utlandsjobb.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-23. 90 000 svenskar bor i Spanien 
  12. ^ Personer med innvandringsbakgrunn, etter innvandringskategori, landbakgrunn og kjønn SSB, retrieved 13 July 2015
  13. ^ "Fakta om Norge". Utlandsjobb.nu. Utlandsjobb.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-23. 90 000 svenskar bor i Norge 
  14. ^ 2006 Australian Census Reports 30,375 people of Swedish Ancestry
  15. ^ "Fakta om Tyskland". Utlandsjobb.nu. Utlandsjobb.nu. Retrieved 2016-12-23. 23 000 svenskar bor i Tyskland. 
  16. ^ Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand
  17. ^ a b http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/EJHG_2002_v10_521-529.pdf
  20. ^ Swede | Define Swede at Dictionary.com
  21. ^ SVENSK.adj SAOB/OSA - Göteborgs universitet
  22. ^ SVEAR SAOB/OSA - Göteborgs universitet
  24. ^ name = pokorny>Pokorny. Indogermanisches Etymologisches Woerterbuch. 1959
  25. ^ Hellquist, Elof. 1922. Svensk etymologisk ordbok. Svear
  26. ^ Goth (people). Britannica Online Encyclopedia.
  27. ^ Ingemar Nordgren (2004). "The Well Spring of the Goths: About the Gothic Peoples in the Nordic Countries and on the Continent". iUniverse. p. 520 ISBN 0-595-33648-5
  28. ^ "Sweden". The Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth ed.). bartleby.com. 2000. Archived from the original on 11 April 2009. 
  34. ^ Scott, p. 55.
  35. ^ Scott, pp. 55–56.
  36. ^ Scott, pp. 56–57.
  37. ^ Scott, p. 121.
  38. ^ Scott, p. 132.
  41. ^ Scott, p. 52.
  42. ^ Scott
  43. ^ Scott, pp. 156–157.
  44. ^ "Population". History Learningsite. Retrieved 2008-05-24. 
  48. ^ "Battle of Kircholm 1605". Kismeta.com. Retrieved 2010-08-25. 
  49. ^ Finland and the Swedish Empire. Source: U.S. Library of Congress
  51. ^ Losses statistics at Militaria[dead link]. (Swedish)
  52. ^ Magocsi, Paul R.; Multicultural History Society of Ontario (1999), Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples, University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 978-0-8020-2938-6 
  55. ^ Einhorn, Eric and John Logue (1989), p. 8.
  56. ^ Beijbom, Ulf (1996). "European emigration: A Review of Swedish Emigration to America". Americanwest.com (Courtesy The House of Emigrants, Växjö, Sweden). Archived from the original on 5 December 2010. 
  57. ^ a b Koblik, pp. 9–10.
  61. ^ a b Koblik, pp. 303–313.
  63. ^ a b c Nordstrom, pp. 313–319.
  65. ^ Nordstrom, pp. 335–339.
  70. ^ "Sweden's `Crazy' 500% Interest Rate; Fails to Faze Most Citizens, Businesses; Hike Seen as Short-Term Move to Protect Krona From Devaluation". Highbeam.com. 1992-09-18. Retrieved 2010-08-03. 
  71. ^ Lars Jonung; Jaakko Kiander; Pentti Vartia (2009). The Great Financial Crisis in Finland and Sweden. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 1-84844-305-6. 
  72. ^ The Local. "New Swedish weapon in Iraq". Retrieved 2007-06-23. [dead link]
  73. ^ ”Det behövs en ny svenskhet som alla kan vara stolta över” - DN.SE
  74. ^ Intersektionalitet, makt och strukturell diskriminering- 6 Diskrimineringens andra ansikte – svenskhet och ”det vita västerländska” Karina Mattson Statens offentliga utredningar Archived 26 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
  75. ^ "Går det att tala om ”etnisk svenskhet”? Statistiska centralbyrån (SCB) är den myndighet i Sverige som producerar statistik över arbetslösheten. Generaldirektör Stefan Lundgren konstaterar att SCB inte använder sig av begreppet etnicitet.– Vi har uppgifter om var människor är födda, i vilket land man är född, och medborgarskap. Men vi har inga uppgifter om etnicitet och det är inte något vi presenterar i statistik, säger han till SvD."
  76. ^ "Summary of Population Statistics 1960 - 2012". Statistics Sweden. 2013. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. 
  77. ^ urn:nbn:se:su:diva-62236 : Mellanförskap - svenskhet, ursprung och invandrarskap
  78. ^ Demker, Marie, [Svensk migrationspolitisk opinion 1991-2012 http://som.gu.se/digitalAssets/1467/1467499_svensk-migrationspolitisk-opinion-2.pdf]
  79. ^ Yougov: Nu är SD Sveriges största parti – Metro
  80. ^ "Ethnologue report for Swedish". Retrieved 2009-02-09.  gives the number of 8,789,835, but is based on data from 1986. Sweden has currently a population of 9.2 Mio (2008 census), and there are about 290,000 native speakers of Swedish in Finland "Statistics Finland - Population Structure". Retrieved 2009-02-09.  (based on data from 2007), leading to an estimate of about 9 to 10 Mio.
  81. ^ scs.uiuc.edu
  82. ^ nationalgeographic.com Archived 26 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
  83. ^ http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf
  84. ^ "The similarity between Finns and Swedes in allele and haplotype frequencies indicates that these two populations may be descended from the same central European source population—as has been suggested by Sajantila and Pääbo (1995)" [1][dead link]
  85. ^ "Flest svenskar tros bo i USA, Norge och Finland. Därefter följer Danmark, Storbritannien, Spanien och Tyskland." Archived 30 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine.

External links[edit]