AP BIOLOGY OUTLINE FOR PLANT REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT PLANT REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT: 1. Alternation of generations in moss, fern, pine, and flowering plants a. Spore and gamete formation b. Fertilization and sporophyte formation 2. Seed structure and germination 3. Growth and development: hormonal control ESSAY QUESTIONS 1960: The seed is the organ having great survival value. Discuss: a) the structure of seeds from this point of view; b) the phenomenon and biological importance of dormancy of seeds. 1961: Trace the evolutionary trends shown by the gametophyte generation in a bryophyte (a liverwort or moss), a fern, and a pine with respect to: a) origin and structure b) mode of nutrition c) structure and mode of transport of the sperm d) relative size and longevity compared to the sporophyte generation 1962: A. Compare the nutrition of bread mold (Rhizopus) with that of the gametophyte generation of a fern. B. Compare the conduction of food materials, water, and salts in the sporophyte generation of a fern. C. Compare sexual reproduction in an alga (such as Spirogyra or Oedogonium) with that in a moss. 1964: During its development from zygote to maturity, a bean plant forms the following structures: 1. stem 2. secondary roots 3. vascular cambium 4. embryo sac 5. cotyledons A. Describe briefly the development origin of each of the five. B. Describe briefly the functions of each of the five. 1965: Discuss trends in the evolution of the sporophytes and gametophytes, using a moss, fern, and a flowering plant, as examples emphasizing: a. structure or morphology b. mode of nutrition 1965: The diagram below represents a longitudinal section of a complete flower. This is one of the most highly evolved structures in the plant kingdom and is at least partially responsible for the degree of success that these organisms have achieved in our present environment. a. Name the numbered parts and give the function of each in the life cycle of the plant. b. Tell in what way each of these parts has improved the chances of survival of this plant compared with a fern. 1967: Asexual reproduction is common among plants, including the fungi. Explain four methods of asexual reproduction (either natural or artificial) and give an example of each. 1968: Flowering plants have become the predominant, widespread plants of the land whereas ferns are more restricted in their distribution. Explain the features of flowering plants that have made them more successful than the ferns. 1969: For plants, adaptations to a land environment are different from adaptations to a fresh water environment. Using your knowledge about anatomy, development, and physiology of angiosperms, discuss the problems in a land existence and adaptations of angiosperms that have evolved as solutions to these problems. 1975: Most flowering plants live on land. Describe and discuss the evolutionary adaptations that make flowering plants better adapted to life on land than mosses. 1977: Discuss the reproduction of a flowering plant, including pollination, fertilization, fruit formation, and seed development. 1982: In the life cycles of a fern and a flowering plant, compare and contrast each of the following: a. The gametophyte generation b. Sperm transport and fertilization c. Embryo protection 1985: Describe the structure of a bean seed and discuss its germination to the seedling stage. Include in your essay hormonal controls, structural changes, and tissue differentiation. 1990: Discuss the adaptations that have enabled flowering plants to overcome the following problems associated with life on land. a. The absence of an aquatic environment for reproduction b. The absence of an aquatic environment to support the plant body c. Dehydration of the plant 1992: Survival depends on the ability of an organism to respond to changes in its environment. Some plants flower in response to changes in day length. Some mammals may run or fight when frightened. For both of these examples, describe the physiological mechanism involved in the response.