Triune brain

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Reptilian complex[edit]


Paleomammalian complex[edit]


Neomammalian complex[edit]


Status of the model[edit]

MacLean originally formulated the triune brain hypothesis in the 1960s, drawing on comparative neuroanatomical work done by Ludwig Edinger, Elizabeth C. Crosby and C. J. Herrick early in the twentieth century.[3][4] The 1980s saw a rebirth of interest in comparative neuroanatomy, motivated in part by the availability of a variety of new neuroanatomical techniques for charting the circuitry of animal brains. Subsequent findings have refined the traditional neuroanatomical ideas upon which MacLean based his hypothesis.



Finally, recent studies based on paleontological data or comparative anatomical evidence strongly suggest that the neocortex was already present in the earliest emerging mammals.[4] In addition, although non-mammals do not have a neocortex in the true sense (that is, a structure comprising part of the forebrain roof, or pallium, consisting of six characteristic layers of neurons), they possess pallial regions, and some parts of the pallium are considered homologous to the mammalian neocortex. While these areas lack the characteristic six neocortical layers, birds and reptiles generally possess three layers in the dorsal pallium (the homolog of the mammalian neocortex).[4][6] The telencephalon of birds and mammals makes neuroanatomical connections with other telecencephalic structures[4] like those made by neocortex. It mediates similar functions such as perception, learning and memory, decision making, motor control, conceptual thinking, and tool use.

Lay interest[edit]




  1. ^ Kazlev, M. Alan et al. (2003-10-19). "The Triune Brain.". KHEPER. Retrieved 2007-05-25. 
  3. ^ Reiner, A. (1990). "An Explanation of Behavior". Science 250 (4978): 303–305. doi:10.1126/science.250.4978.303-a. PMID 17797318. 
  7. ^ Smith CU., 2010, The triune brain in antiquity: Plato, Aristotle, Erasistratus. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 19:1-14. doi:10.1080/09647040802601605

[1][2][3][4][5][6]==Further reading==

  • Nomura, Tadashi; Kawaguchi, Masahumi; Ono, Katsuhiko; Murakami, Yasunori (2013). "Reptiles: A New Model for Brain Evo-Devo Research". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 320 (2): 57–73. doi:10.1002/jez.b.22484. PMID 23319423. 
  • MacLean, PD (1985). "Brain evolution relating to family, play, and the separation call". Archives of general psychiatry 42 (4): 405–17. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790270095011. PMID 3977559. 
  1. ^ Buzzell, Keith (2014). The Third Striving. Salt Lake City, UT: Fifth Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-9763579-5-7. 
  2. ^ Buzzell, Keith (2013). A New Conception of God: Further Reflections on Gurdjieff's Whim. Salt Lake City, UT: Fifth Press. p. 311. ISBN 978-0-9763579-4-0. 
  3. ^ Buzzell, Keith (2012). Reflections on Gurdjieff's Whim. Salt Lake City, UT: Fifth Press. p. 265. ISBN 0-976-3579-3-3. 
  4. ^ Buzzell, Keith (2007). Man—A Three-brained Being. Salt Lake City, UT: Fifth Press. p. 139. ISBN 0-9763579-2-5. 
  5. ^ Buzzell, Keith (2006). Explorations in Active Mentation. Salt Lake City, UT: Fifth Press. p. 297. ISBN 0-9763579-1-7. 
  6. ^ Buzzell, Keith (2014) [2005]. Perspectives on Beelzebub's Tales. Salt Lake City, UT: Fifth Press. p. 228. ISBN 0-9763579-0-9.