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V'etchanan(Deuteronomy 3:23-7:11)

Why Is the Jewish People So Small?

Near the end of Va-etchanan, so inconspicuously that we can sometimes miss it, is a statement with such far reaching implications that it challenges the impression that has prevailed thus far in the Torah, giving an entirely new complexion to the biblical image of the people Israel:


This is not what we have heard thus far. In Bereishit God promises the patriarchs that their descendants will be like the stars of the heaven, the sand on the sea shore, the dust of the earth, uncountable. Abraham will be the father, not just of one nation but of many. At the beginning of Exodus we read of how the covenantal family, numbering a mere seventy when they went down to Egypt, were "fertile and prolific, and their population increased. They became so numerous that the land was filled with them" (Ex. 1:7).

Three times in the book of Deuteronomy Moses describes the Israelites as being "as many as the stars of the sky" (1:10, 10:22, 28:62). King Solomon speaks of himself as set among "the people you have chosen, a great people, too numerous to count or number" (1 Kings 3:8). The prophet Hosea says that "The Israelites will be like the sand on the seashore, which cannot be measured or counted" (Hos. 2:1).

In all these texts and others it is the size, the numerical greatness, of the people that is emphasized. What then are we to make of Moses' words that speak of its smallness? Targum Yonatan interprets it not to be about numbers at all but about self-image. He translates it not as "the fewest of peoples" but as "the most lowly and humble of peoples." Rashi gives a similar reading, citing Abraham's words "I am but dust and ashes," and Moses and Aaron's, "Who are we?"


Rabbenu Bachya quotes Maimonides, who says that we would have expected God, King of the universe, to have chosen the most numerous nation in the world as His people, since "The glory of the king is in the multitude of people" (Prov. 14:28). God did not do so. Thus Israel should count itself extraordinarily blessed that God chose it, despite its smallness, to be His am segulah, His special treasure.

Rabbenu Bachya finds himself forced to give a more complex reading to resolve the contradiction of Moses, in Deuteronomy, saying both that Israel is the smallest of peoples and "as many as the stars of the sky." He turns it into a hypothetical subjunctive, meaning: God would still have chosen you, even if you had been the smallest of the peoples.

Sforno gives a simple and straightforward reading: God did not choose a nation for the sake of His honour. Had He done so He would undoubtedly have chosen a mighty and numerous people. His choice had nothing to do with honour and everything to do with love. He loved the patriarchs for their willingness to heed His voice; therefore He loves their children.

Yet there is something in this verse that resonates throughout much of Jewish history. Historically Jews were and are a small people: today less than a fifth of one per cent of the population of the world. There were two reasons for this. First is the heavy toll taken through the ages by exile and persecution, directly by Jews killed in massacres and pogroms, indirectly by those who converted - in fifteenth century Spain and nineteenth century Europe - in order to avoid persecution (tragically, even conversion did not work; racial anti-Semitism persisted in both cases). The Jewish population is a mere fraction of what it might have been had there been no Hadrian, no crusades and no anti-Semitism.

The second reason is that Jews did not seek to convert others. Had they done so they would have been closer in numbers to Christianity (2.2 billion) or Islam (1.3 billion). In fact Malbim reads something like this into our verse. The previous verses have said that the Israelites are about to enter a land with seven nations, Hittites, Girgashites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites and Jebusites. Moses warns them against intermarriage with them, not for racial but for religious reasons: "they will turn your children away from following Me to serve other gods." Malbim interprets our verse as Moses saying to the Israelites, Don't justify intermarriage on the grounds that it will increase the number of Jews. God is not interested in numbers.

There was a moment when Jews might have sought to convert others (to be sure, there was one instance when they did. The Hasmonean priest-king John Hyrcanus I forcibly converted the Edomites, known as the Idumeneans. Herod was one of their number). The period in question was the Roman Empire in the first century. Jews numbered some 10 per cent of the empire, and there were many Romans who admired aspects of their faith and way of life. The pagan deities of the Hellenistic world were losing their appeal and plausibility, and throughout the centres of the Mediterranean, individuals were adopting Jewish practices. Two aspects of Judaism stood in their way: the commandments and circumcision. In the end, Jews chose not to compromise their way of life for the sake of making converts. The Hellenistic people who sympathized with Judaism mostly adopted Pauline Christianity instead. Consistently throughout history, Jews have chosen to be true to themselves and to stay small rather than make concessions for the sake of increasing numbers.

Why have Divine providence or human choice or both, eventuated in the sheer smallness of the Jewish people? Could it be, quite simply, that through the Jewish people God is telling humankind that you do not need to be numerous to be great. Nations are not judged by their size but by their contribution to the human heritage. Of this the most compelling proof is that a nation as small as the Jews could produce an ever-renewed flow of prophets, priests, poets, philosophers, sages, saints, halakhists, aggadists, codifiers, commentators, rebbes and roshei yeshivot; that they could also yield some of the world's greatest writers, artists, musicians, film-makers, academics, intellectuals, doctors, lawyers, businesspeople and technological innovators. Out of all proportion to their numbers Jews could and can be found working as lawyers fighting injustice, economists fighting poverty, doctors fighting disease, and teachers fighting ignorance.

You do not need numbers to enlarge the spiritual and moral horizons of humankind. You need other things altogether: a sense of the worth and dignity of the individual, of the power of human possibility to transform the world, of the importance of giving everyone the best education they can have, of making each of us feel part of a collective responsibility to ameliorate the human condition, and a willingness to take high ideals and enact them in the real world, unswayed by disappointments and defeats.

Nowhere is this more in evidence today than among the people of Israel in the state of Israel: traduced in the media and pilloried by much of the world, yet still, year after year, producing human miracles in medicine, agriculture, technology, the arts, as if the word "impossible" did not exist in the Hebrew language. When, therefore, we feel fearful and depressed about Israel's plight, it is worth returning to Moses' words: "The LORD did not set his affection on you and choose you because you were more numerous than other peoples, for you are the fewest of all peoples."

Small? Yes. Still surrounded, as the Israelites were then, by "nations larger and stronger than you." But that small people, defying the laws of history, outlived all the world's great empires, and still has a message of hope for humanity. You don't have to be large to be great. If you are open to a power greater than yourself, you will become greater than yourself. Israel today still carries that message to the world.

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Visitor Comments: 10

(7) Anonymous, August 7, 2012 1:20 PM

The day is yet to come when we are to be great in number

Rabbi Sacks always writes so brilliantly and gives us a thought provoking message. We are small in number now and, perhaps, the promise of great numbers is simply yet to be fulfilled. Moshe says that we were chosen because if our small numbers and humble. We must remain humble that we not fail in our duty to honor Him and teach His message to the world. We must remain humble and thereby committed to chesed. IMHO, that is essential to bringing Moshiach to the world. Our sages teach that it is only then that we will be joined by all the other nations and become, thereby, more numerous than any people in history. Perhaps that is what Hashem prophesied to Avraham, Yitzchak, V'Yaakov. I am no great Torah scholar, so I wonder. Is it possible that this may be correct?

(6) John Elazar, August 4, 2012 5:51 PM

Stars in the sky

When you count the number of Jews that have come from the loins of Abraham they will indeed be more numerous than the stars in the sky.

(5) Beverly Margolis-Kurtin, August 3, 2012 2:26 AM

Chesed (love) or die?

I am not a prophet, but I do study Torah and history. As a people we are crazy. Why does one group of Jews hate, and I do mean HATE another group? We are echad, one people, yet we constantly HATE our fellow Jew. That is why we lost our second Temple and why, if we're not careful, we could lose (heaven forbid!) our beloved State of Israel again. Why do we quarrel? Why do we fight each other? There is not a single Jew on the face of the planet that I do not love with all my heart. Are they Orthodox? I love them. Are they Conservative, Reformed, Reconstructionist? I love them. Are they Hasids? Are they Chabad? I love them. When a person comes to us and converts to Judaism, I call them fellow Jews, not "gers." Increasingly, people are coming to Judaism because as many have told me, "I have felt drawn to Judaism all my life." I firmly believe that their nefish was at Mt. Sinai when Hashem revealed himself to us. They are just as Jewish as any other Jew. I love them and admire them because by joining us, they have in so many cases had their families turn against them. That takes COURAGE! It takes COMMITMENT that we who were born into Jewish families have never had to face. We have a choice now, one that we must, as a people, take to heart, we can either learn to love and appreciate each other despite our differences or we can have the hand of the Almighty slap us again. Is that what we want? A "filk song," an accidental misspelling of folk song, goes like this: My god's better then YOUR god, My god's better than yours. My god's better 'cuz she wears underwear, My god's better than yours. (Sung to the old Kennel Ration tune) How STUPID is that? Yet we actively hate other Jews as though we had THE truth and nobody else does. Fellow Jews: Either we learn to get along and LOVE one another or we're doomed. Read Torah, especially this week's parasha and take it to heart.

Anonymous, August 8, 2012 5:48 PM

Loving Jewish Differences

Thanks, Beverly for your thoughts. I am a daugher in the 7th generation of intimidated and sometimes silent southern orthodox traditions very strong and strict. It is sad with a more progressive form of Judiam says, a reformation or "change in thought" is our Jewish philosophy so be like us and only us. In areas of Georgia, and Alabama close knit plantation environments created all types of Jewish interracial differences, but the TORAH, and yetzer'tuv and good deeds in our heart remained the same, and precious gleaming for non-Jewish sharecroppers were kiddush Ha-haim, and kiddush Hasheem....but few respect or honor how this is common to all strands of Judiasm....And the anti-semantic fables about racial lines in these Jewish and Zion plantations history tear up the appeal of this time, I have decided to speak. I refused to deny my Jewish identity with interracial skin tones....I think racial anti-semanticism is the worst, and biggest lie projected in our USA Jewish European immgration history.

Beverly Kurtin, July 15, 2013 5:35 AM

I live in Texas

My granddaughters are Jewish and of mixed race. That is one of the reasons I belong to the NAACP. Not only are they beautiful they have great brains! I am so proud of them, I kvell EVERYTIME I get to see them. One already has a full scholarship to UT Austin! , if someone is a Jew, I LOVE them we're all one family.

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