Carlisleborough (town), seat (1751) of Cumberland county, southern Pennsylvania, U.S., in the Cumberland Valley, 18 miles (29 km) southwest of Harrisburg. James Le Tort, a French-Swiss Indian trader, settled with an Indian tribe near the site about 1720. The town, laid out in 1751, was named for Carlisle, Cumberland, England. It was the setting for continuous conflict with the Iroquois Confederacy until Benjamin Franklin negotiated a treaty in 1753. The peace failed, however, with the start of the French and Indian War the following year. A provincial fort was built there in 1756, and Carlisle was the starting point for many American colonial military expeditions during the war.

Carlisle became a munitions supply point during the American Revolution. Molly Pitcher, Revolutionary War heroine, and other colonial notables are buried in the Old Graveyard. In 1794 Carlisle served as the staging area for federal troops during the Whiskey Rebellion. It was linked (1837) with Chambersburg by the Cumberland Valley Railroad. Carlisle was a major station on the Underground Railroad prior to the American Civil War. During the war it was briefly occupied (June 27–30, 1863) by Confederate troops who bombarded it (July 1) as they left for the Battle of Gettysburg.

Light manufacturing (carpets, shoes, electronic equipment, paper products, clothing, quartz crystals, manganese steel, glass, and rubber products) dominates its economy. Dickinson College was founded there as a grammar school on land donated by Thomas and John Penn in 1773, and Dickinson School of Law, now part of the Pennsylvania State University system, was founded there in 1834. Carlisle Barracks, seat of the U.S. Army War College, formerly housed the Carlisle Indian Industrial School (1879–1918), where Olympic champion Jim Thorpe began his athletic training. Pop. (19902000) borough17, 18,419970; Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle MSAMetro Area, 587509,986074; (20002010) borough18, 17,970682; Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle MSAMetro Area, 629549,401475.