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The BBC's Sumit Bose reports
"Annually, there are 50 volcanic eruptions worldwide"
 real 28k

Prof Chris Wilson, Geological Society
Supervolcanoes are a lurking threat
 real 28k

Thursday, 3 February, 2000, 10:34 GMT
Supervolcanoes could trigger global freeze

Heat Heat rises from under Yellowstone Park

By environment correspondent Alex Kirby




Yellowstone has gone off roughly once every 600,000 years. Its last eruption was 640,000 years ago.

Professor Bill McGuire, of the Benfield Greig Hazard Research Centre at University College, London, told BBC News Online: "We're getting ready for another eruption, unless the system has blown itself out.

"But the ground surface deformation and other signs measured by satellite suggest it's still active, and on the move."

Molten rock

Typically, supervolcanoes are not mountains but depressions, huge collapsed craters called calderas, which are hard to detect.

The Yellowstone caldera is 70 kilometres long and 30 km wide. Eight km beneath the Earth's surface lies a huge magma chamber, containing vast amounts of molten rock.

As pressure rises in the chamber, the surface is also rising and there is a measurable increase in heat. But vulcanologists do not know when Yellowstone will blow.

Supervolcanoes are related to giant calderas Supervolcanoes are related to giant calderas

Professor McGuire, whose book, Apocalypse! A natural history of global disasters, portrays a possible Yellowstone explosion in 2074, says there have been two such events every 100,000 years for the last two million years.

The areas where supervolcanoes are most likely to be found, he says, are subduction zones, where the Earth's plates are dipping below one another. The Pacific Rim and southeast Asia are especially vulnerable.

But there is a caldera in the Phlegraean Fields near Naples in southern Italy. Dr Ted Nield, of the Geological Society of London, told BBC News Online: "It could do the same as Yellowstone, though on a smaller scale".

Nuclear winter

"When a supervolcano goes off, it is an order of magnitude greater than a normal eruption. It produces energy equivalent to an impact with a comet or an asteroid.

"You can try diverting an asteroid. But there is nothing at all you can do about a supervolcano.

"The eruption throws cubic kilometres of rock, ash, dust, sulphur dioxide and so on into the upper atmosphere, where they reflect incoming solar radiation, forcing down temperatures on the Earth's surface. It's just like a nuclear winter.

Animal Animals not caught in the eruption would face major climate change

"The effects could last four or five years, with crops failing and the whole ecosystem breaking down. And it is going to happen again some day."

Ice-core records show that the eruption of Toba in Sumatra about 74,000 years ago may have caused global cooling of from three to five degrees Celsius, and perhaps as much as 10 degC during growing seasons in middle to high latitudes.

Even ordinary volcanoes can affect the climate. When another Indonesian volcano, Tambora, erupted in 1815, several years of globally cold weather followed, with the annual global mean surface temperature about one degree Celsius below normal.

The Geological Society, in evidence to the UK Parliament, is urging more research into the risk from supervolcanoes and their probable climatic effects.

Horizon is on BBC Two at 2130 GMT on Thursday, 3 February.

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See also:
29 Oct 99 |  Sci/Tech
Scientists improve volcano prediction
11 May 99 |  Sci/Tech
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19 Feb 99 |  Sci/Tech
Volcano teaches deadly lessons

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