Anthro7:Week 2

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Anthro7:Week 2
2013-02-03 12:49:32

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  1. Population genetics
    -the study of the processes that change the gene frequencies
  2. Allele frequency equation (for a):
    a = freq aa + .5(freq Aa)
  3. Allele frequency equation (for A):
    A = freq AA + .5(freq Aa)
  4. Geneotype frequencies equal
    # of individuals/total population 
  5. Hardy-Weinberg equation
    A2 + 2Aa + a2 = 1

    -calculates mating in one generation and allows the calculation of allele frequencies in the next generation
  6. Examples of continuous traits
    • -Height
    • -Weight
  7. Examples of Discontinuous traits
    • -finger number
    • -tongue rolling
  8. Costs and benefits of mate guarding
    • • Benefit = prevent other males from mating with female and sharing paternity of eggs
    • • Cost = Can’t mate with other females while mate guarding
    • -When females outnumber males,
    • costs>benefits of mate guarding
    • -When males outnumber females,
    • benefits>costs of mate guarding
  9. Constraints on adaption 
    • • Correlated characters
    • • Disequilibrium
    • • Genetic drift
    • • Local vs global optima
    • • External force
  10. Disequilibrium 
    -refers to a difference between the observed and the expected ratios of genotypes within a given population
  11. Correlated Characters
    • -Traits that influence the presence of other traits are correlated, either positively or negatively.
    • -If selection acts on a trait that is correlated with another, it is possible that the second trait may become maladaptive
  12. Genetic drift
    -random changes in allele frequencies
  13. Biological Species concept 
    • -Organisms are classified in the same species if they are potentially capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
    • -Reproductive isolation maintains species boundaries
  14. Ecological Species Concept
    • -organisms adapted to a particular set of resources, called a niche, in the environment.
    • -Natural selection maintains species boundaries
  15. allopatric speciation
    -The formation of a new species as a result of an ancestral population's becoming isolated by a geographic barrier or reproductive isolation 
  16. Parapatric speciation 
    • -populations are not isolated by a physical barrier and are instead "beside" each other
    • -Individuals are more likely to mate with their geographic neighbors than with individuals in a different part of the population’s range. 
    • -population must be continuous
    • -partial isolation
    • -selection leads to speciation 
  17. Sympatric Speciation 
    • -the individuals in the population are not separated at all and all live in the "same place"
    • -no isolation
    • -selection leads to speciation 
  18. Character displacement
    -An outcome of competition in which two species living in the same area have evolved differences in morphology or other characteristics that lessen competition for food resources.
  19. Possibilities of how human bipedalism evolved
    • 1. Humans evolved from knuckle-walker
    • 2. knuckle-walking evolved independently in chimps and gorillas
  20. Phylogeny  
    How things are related to one another
  21. Taxonomy 
    what we call things
  22. Ancestral vs Derived Traits
    • 1. Ancestral traits are those that two species share because of common ancestry.
    • Ex. All birds have wings because their common ancestor did. They are ancestral traits.
    • 2. Derived traits evolved in one species after it branched off from others.
    • Ex. bats' evolved separately from birds' wings. They are derived traits
    • -most useful when comparing very similar species to determine taxonomic relationships. (How closely they are related)
  23. Convergent Evolution/Traits
    • Ex. Birds and bats wings
  24. Homology 
    • -when two species share a structure that arises from the same origin but may have a different function.
    • -For example, hair on mammals is homologous. Porcupine spikes are used for defense and sea otter fur is used for insulation. 
  25. Analogy 
    • -when species share a structure that has evolved independently and may have the same function.
    • -For example, birds and bats’ ability to fly is analogous

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