People Organized as Corporations are People Too




There are various other arguments for treating political speech by people organized as corporations differently from that by people using other organizational forms. I’m not going to try to address them all here. We can discuss them more productively if we first dispense with the weak but popular claim that corporations aren’t entitled to freedom of speech because they aren’t people.

UPDATE: I should mention that it’s irrelevant that the First Amendment specifically protects the freedom of “the press.” It does not specifically mention “press” entities organized as corporations. So if you believe that freedom of speech doesn’t apply to corporations because they “aren’t people,” the same point applies to freedom of the press. As co-blogger Eugene explains, “freedom of the press” is not a constitutional right for a particular group of people or organizations. Rather it is a right to engage in a certain class of activities (such as publishing newspapers and pamphlets), whether the person doing so is a professional member of the media or not.

BELATED UPDATE [February 24, 2012]: UPDATE #2: I should acknowledge an error: Contrary to what I previously thought, most unions are not organized as corporations, but have a separate legal status of their own. I very much regret the mistake and apologize for it. I am correcting this post long after the fact because I know it is still occasionally linked and cited by others.

At the same time, it is important to recognize that unions, like corporations were freed from restrictions on independent campaign-related speech by the Citizens United decision, and the Court’s reasoning in both cases was the same. Moreover, the “corporations aren’t people” argument for restricting corporate speech still applies to unions with equal force. Unions are no more “natural” persons than corporations are. Both are legal entities with special rights, obligations, and privileges defined by the government. In some ways, unions actually have more legal privileges than corporations do. For example, unlike business corporations, they are exempt from federal income taxation.