MoluccasIndonesian Maluku, also known as Spice IslandsIndonesian islands of the Malay Archipelago, lying between the islands of Celebes on to the west , and New Guinea on to the east. The Philippines, the Arafura Philippine Sea and Timor on the south, and the Philippines, Philippine Sea, and Pacific Ocean on are to the north. Their combined area is about 28,767 square miles (74,505 square km). The islands constitute the Indonesian provinsi (province) of Maluku (q.v.), which is subdivided as follows: (1) Maluku Utara kabupaten (regency), comprising Ternate; the Arafura Sea and the island of Timor are to the south.

The islands comprise the two Indonesian propinsi (or provinsi; provinces) of North Maluku (Maluku Utara) and Maluku. The principal islands of North Maluku are Halmahera, Obi, Morotai, Bacan, and the main islands of the Sula archipelago (Taliabu,

and Obi islands and the northern and southern portions of Halmahera island; (2) Halmahera Tengah regency, which includes the islands of Tidore and Gebe and the central and eastern parts of Halmahera; (3) Maluku Tengah regency, which includes Ceram, Baru, Haruku, Saparua, the Ceram Sea, the Banda Sea islands, and the island of Ambon outside the kotamadya (municipality) of Ambon; (4) the municipality, or city, of Ambon, which is the capital of Maluku provinsi; and (5) Maluku Tenggara regency, embracing the Kai, Aru, and Tanimbar islands, the islands of Wetar and Barbar, and the other small islands between these.

The cloves of the northern Moluccas and the nutmeg of the central islands were traded in Asia long before Europeans heard of the Spice Islands. The Portuguese arrived in 1511, beginning many decades of conflict, first with the reigning sultans of Ternate and Tidore, later among the Spanish, English, and Dutch, with the latter eventually triumphing. The struggles for control of the region caused great losses of life during this period. The victorious Dutch earned large profits, but by the end of the 18th century, the spice trade had greatly diminished, and the Moluccas became an economic backwater. The islands were incorporated into the state of East Indonesia set up by the Dutch as they attempted to reestablish themselves in the East Indies after World War II. It was incorporated into the Republic of Indonesia in 1949. In 1950 the Christian Ambonese led the southern Moluccas in a temporary revolt against the new republic.

Earthquakes are frequent in the Moluccas, and most of the islands are mountainous. Several islandsMangole, and Sulabesi); significant smaller islands include Ternate and Tidore. To the south, the province of Maluku encompasses, most notably, the islands of Ceram (Seram), Buru, and Ambon, as well as the Banda, Wetar, Babar, Tanimbar, Kai, and Aru archipelagos. Area 33,710 square miles (87,310 square km). Pop. (2009 est.) 2,314,500.


Most of the Moluccas are mountainous, although the Tanimbar and Aru island groups are low and swampy. Earthquakes are frequent, and several islands, especially Ternate and Banda, have active volcanoes. The


climate of the Moluccas is tropical, with rainfall varying from 80 to 150 inches (2,000 to 3,800 mm) annually in various locations.

In some areas the evergreen rain forest, formerly covering most

Some of the

islands, has been leveled and the land cultivated

land has been cleared for cultivation, but other areas remain covered with evergreen rainforest. There are patches of open savanna, and the coasts are often fringed with mangrove swamps. The Moluccas are a transition zone between Asian and Australian fauna and flora, and the animal life and vegetation of the islands include many

locally unique species.Because the area is a human transition zone between the west (Malays) and the east (Papuans), and because of intermarriage with Dutch, Portuguese, and Javanese, there is great diversity of population in the Moluccas. Christianity and Islām are dominant faiths in the coastal areas, but in the interior most people are animists. Except in north Halmahera, Tidore, Ternate, and Morotai, all languages used

species that are unique to the region.

The population of the islands is diverse, with the Ambonese, Butonese (people from the island of Buton in Southeast Sulawesi), and Kai peoples together constituting roughly one-third of the islands’ residents in relatively equal numbers. Most of the remainder of the population consists of scores of smaller groups, many living in sparsely settled inland regions, as well a notable minority of Chinese descent, concentrated primarily in larger towns and urban areas. The principal cities of the Moluccas include Ambon (on the island of Ambon), in the central region, and Ternate (on the island of Ternate), in the north.

Dozens of languages are spoken in the Moluccas, although Malay (of which the national language, Indonesian, is a dialect) has for centuries been used as a lingua franca; in many areas, Malay has eclipsed local languages. Christianity (mostly Protestant) and Islam are the dominant religions. A small but notable minority practices Hinduism or Buddhism, and some communities in the interior regions follow local religions. Except in northern Halmahera, Morotai, Ternate, Tidore, and several other areas of the northern Moluccas—where West Papuan languages are spoken—all languages spoken in the islands belong to the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) family.

Food is obtained by hunting

Most residents are engaged in agriculture, fishing, and

collecting the starch sago. Coconuts

forestry. Rice, coconuts, and cocoa are widely grown, and

the main exports are copra

fish, forest products, copra, and spices are among the most significant exports. Petroleum is mined in limited quantities,

and fish. Ceram island contains an oil field. Pop. (1988 est.) 1,741,800.

primarily on Ceram.


The cloves of the northern Moluccas and the nutmeg of the central islands were traded in Asia long before Europeans heard of the so-called Spice Islands. The Portuguese established themselves on the islands in 1512, beginning many decades of conflict that caused great losses of life. The first major confrontation was between the Portuguese and the reigning sultans of Ternate and Tidore; later, the Spanish, English, and Dutch wrestled for control of the islands. Eventually, the Dutch emerged victorious, and they earned large profits from their enterprise in the Moluccas. By the end of the 18th century, however, the spice trade had greatly diminished, and the islands had become an economic backwater.

After World War II, in 1945, Indonesia declared its independence, and the Moluccas joined the new republic. The Dutch, however, recognized neither Indonesia’s sovereignty nor its inclusion of the eastern islands. Rather, in an attempt to reestablish authority in the region, the Dutch incorporated the Moluccas into the temporary autonomous state of East Indonesia. In 1949 the Dutch officially granted independence to Indonesia, including the Moluccas. In the following year Christian Ambonese led a revolt against the new republic and subsequently formed the short-lived Republic of South Moluccas. Near the end of the 20th century, tensions between Christians and the large Muslim population of the region escalated into violence that not only killed several thousand people but displaced tens of thousands more. Owing largely to the frequency of such conflicts, the islands were divided administratively into the provinces of North Maluku and Maluku in 1999.