A Physicist’s Formula





Edward Tsyganov believes so.




Gran Sasso





JET Energy model of palladium metallic lattice infused with deuterium.




















Q&A with Edward Tsyganov










CFN Thank you Dr. Tsyganov.

Tsyganov My pleasure.




17 thoughts on “A Physicist’s Formula”

  1. Perhaps because I’m a chemist, I always think of what else is in my reaction vessel and what sort of unexpected side reactions might be taking place if I don’t get my expected product. The Coulomb barrier between deuterium and the nuclei of palladium (which also has a large cross section to fusion) would also be reduced. This is not taking place in a vacuum. Although the deuteron is being repelled by a palladium, there is an adjacent palladium that is preventing it from retreating to far from the other palladium nuclei (it’s being braced). The Coulomb barrier between deuterium and the nuclei of Cesium would also be reduced which may help explain the Mitsubishi transmutations. It may not necessarily be deuterium deuterium fusion. http://indico.cern.ch/getFile.py/access?resId=5&materialId=slides&confId=177379

    Cs(133) + 4D > Pr(141)

    1. Hey A, I emailed him, and this was his reply:

      “Alan proposed a fuse between Deuterium nucleus and Palladium nucleus of the lattice.

      A contaminant atom of deuterium is taking place in the center of the lattice, where repelling is minimized (just zero repelling, an equilibrium). Then the distance between palladium atom and deuterium atom is about of atomic distance (roughly, all atoms is about the same size, within factor of two). In this case Deuterium-Palladium distance is still of a size of the normal atom, and penetration through the barrier is very-very low.

      I have no data (no numerical formula) for Deuterium-Palladium Coulomb barrier permeability. I do not believe these data exist at all. I believe the permeability is negligible. I do not want to speculate.

      Palladium has charge 46, and only a part of outermost electrons are free to move.

      It is in fact very interesting topic. Piantelli recently got some measurable hit release in H+Ni reaction. In my view, it is possible when special dislocations in Ni crystals exist, namely, a single (extra) Ni atom is sitting in the center of normal cell of Ni crystalline. A parasite Ni atom in a normal Ni crystal cell. Then, electron shells in this parasite Ni atom are distorted (elongated). And then, later, a hydrogen atom arrives in that cell and H+Ni fusion happen.

      Rossi put both, Ni and H in platinum cell (attached). How he is doing this, it is his secret.”


      1. Thanks Ruby,

        I was just thinking that although palladium has a bigger charge than another deuteron its thermal neutron cross section is much larger. This may allow the deuteron to react with palladium by what may start out as an Oppenheimer-Phillips reaction where the neutron of the elongated deuterium nucleus penetrates the Coulomb barrier but instead of the proton popping off as it usually does, the whole deuteron gets sucked into the palladium nucleus to form silver (Ag) in an excited state. Then I start to think like a chemist again. Silver is a “soft acid” that will form a strong chemical bond with a “soft base” like deuteride (D-) This may allow it to undergo the set of nuclear reactions to form helium that I mentioned before. https://coldfusionnow.wordpress.com/2012/01/17/rumpelstiltskin-reaction/

          1. PS
            If the thermal neutron cross section is an indication of the size of the target a deuteron would see, it would be much easier for a deuteron to find a Pd nucleus rather than another tiny deuteron.

            Thermal Neutron Cross section (Barns)
            Pd-102 3.4+/-0.3

            Pd-104 0.6+/-0.3

            Pd-105 21.0+/-1.5

            Pd-106 0.315+/-0.029

            Pd-108 7.6+/-0.4

            Pd-110 0.227+/-0.032

            H-2 0.000519+/- 0.000007

        1. Hi JohnExactly. Once two-way laser/plasma beam bases are set up one can retire the fousin main engines and use fousin thrusters for manoeuvring. With enough focussing lenses and beam-power the maximum practical laser-pushed speed is Forward’s 0.5c from his two-way laser sail concept. That means a ship-time of 40 years gets you ~23 ly.I’m not over convinced that 0.7c is really feasible for a laser-sail, contra Avatar . Mass-beams might manage it. Of course the limiting speed depends on interstellar dust and the means available to mitigate the proton-storm as the gammas pile up. I think everything under ~0.999999c should be OK, which is enough to get to the Core in 40 years ship-time.

  2. Thanks for the clarification… I now know a lot more about nuclear reactive processes and the cold fusion nuclear reactive environment.

    Does excitation increase when more than one frequency is introduced to the lattice? Would harmonic waves bouncing back and forth through the container create standing waves and peaks where vibration energy is increased at points within the lattice?

    I’d assume that Dennis Bushnell and his team at NASA are following all cold fusion research, including Dr. Tsyganov’s work. (thanks Doc!) I wonder if they are, or plan to collaborate together to improve the devices “being engineered in real time” that Dennis Bushnell speaks of.

  3. I appreciate Dr. Tsyganov’s interest, but he is not describing cold fusion. The studies he cites bombarded materials with high energy deuterons and used the production of neutrons as a measure of the fusion rate, such as produced by the hot fusion process. The measured rate was then compared to the rate expected using typical plasma to show that the lattice produced a greater effect than would be expected in the absence of a lattice. This enhanced effect caused by the lattice is still 10 orders of magnitude below that possible using cold fusion.

    Neutrons are not produced by the cold fusion mechanism. Instead He4 is produced, which is not produced by the hot fusion process. Therefore, the studies apply to a mechanism typical of hot fusion. Dr Tsyganov is trying to describe an apple using the characteristics of an orange. We need to talk about the same reality before we can communicate.

    1. Hey Dr. Storms, Thank you for responding.

      What elements, if any, of hot fusion are common to both hot fusion and cold fusion.

      Is there any?

      Obvisously it’s the same particles, (or not?), but is there any process at all that is common to both hot fusion and cold fusion in spite of all the differences?

      1. Storms’ reply:

        “Hot fusion requires deuterium because hydrogen cannot fuse by the hot-fusion processes. The hot fusion process can occur in any material if the deuterons are given enough energy. Consequently, deuterons have been used to bombard various metals and compounds including liquid Li. The results have shown that the fusion rate can be increased slightly at low applied energy by the electron concentration in the target. However, the rate is very small compared to a typical CF process. Furthermore, hot fusion can not explain how energy can be obtained using H with the cold fusion conditions.”

      2. Adam,Biostasis is a deeper form of hitnerabion, yes? We still have large adult humans to accelerate to high speeds. So we need mastery of fusion and hence a large space-based infrastructure. We still have to deal with radiation issues. So you still think that this will be the first method of interstellar travel?As for uploading, there are two ways of looking at this. One is me being transported by radio broadcast in which we have the identity issues. And I agree with you re: me vs copy issues. But one could also spread humanity by broadcasting copies so that my identical twin is now in a robotic body on some exoplanet. In this case you don’t have to use massive amounts of energy to accelerate full-sized humans you just have to use large amounts of energy to accelerate fabricators.

    2. Dr. Tsyganov responds:


      I agree with Ed Storms: electron screening potentials in metallic palladium crystals were measured in Gran Sasso using hot fusion process and hot fusion products. I use these data as an “instrument” to understand what is really happening inside the crystal.

      However, these screening potentials characterize the shape of the target deuterium atom embedded in metallic crystal, as also the shape of the incoming deuterium atom moving in crystal. (To bombard the target deuterium atoms embedded in metallic crystals, physicists used accelerated ionized deuteron beams, not atoms, but at the very low energies of deuterons, in a solid state, deuterons esquire the orbital electron, if the speed of the deuteron nuclei is less than the Bohr velocity. It happen when incoming energy of deuterons is less than 50 keV).

      Yes, I suppose that two deuterium implanted atoms in the same crystalline cell, at the rest (i.e. at thermal energies) have the same elongated shape that was measured in Gran Sasso. It is definitely true for the target deuterium atom implanted in advance in palladium.

      How fast the bullet deuterium atom esquires elongated shape in the cell, is not known, but all the electronic processes in crystals are very fast and the speed of the bullet deuterium atom is low. If the bullet atom shape elongates not fast enough, cold screening potentials for cold fusion should be even larger.

      I recommend Ed to read my paper. Everything is explained there.

      I did not understand Ed’s statement:




      1. Dr. Storms responds:

        A useful explanation must acknowledge that cold fusion and hot fusion are two separate process that have no relationship to each other. Without this understanding, we are not discussing the same reality. Dr. Tsyganov wants to apply the understanding that comes from studies of hot fusion. While this understanding is correct and accepted by physics, it simply can not be applied to cold fusion and still explain observed behavior.

        This effort to use hot-fusion to explain cold fusion was the source of the initial rejection and now has resulted in complete failure to explain the phenomenon. A successful explanation must be based on what has been observed. A very large amount of observation has been published. This information must be known, understood, and used in any theory. Dr. Tsyganov needs to master this knowledge before a discussion of his theory is worthwhile. This information can be obtained at http://www.LENR.org.

        As for the statement that a 10 orders of magnitude difference exists between CF and HF, CF is able to generate tens of watts of power at an energy equal to room temperature. Hot fusion requires energy 10 orders of magnitude greater to do the same thing.

        1. Edward Tsyganov replied:

          There is no doubt in my mind that quantum physics of Coulomb barrier penetration is the same for such different processes as hot fusion, muon catalysis or cold fusion. The only differences are arising with such “unimportant” circumstance as multiplicity of attempts. In hot fusion it is a single particle-to-particle interaction. “Yes” or “No” cases. In the case of “Yes” an intermediate excited nuclei is created. In the “No” case particles go away and (probably) never meet again. In muon catalysis attempts to penetrate Coulomb barrier are repeated again and again with frequency of about 10^17 per second, due to quantum oscillations in the “box”, until succeed. Similar story is with cold fusion, too. Remember quantum vibration of lattice atoms in a crystal at the absolute zero temperature. Therefore, hot fusion, muon catalysis and cold fusion are quite different processes, but with basically the same core physics.

  4. Looking at this mostly from a “hot” fusion perspective, I don’t see what the fuss is about. Any condition that increases the cross section of a particular reaction is worthy of note. The fact that such a condition is also similar to the conditions of “cold” fusion is suggestive. If what happens in “cold” fusion is actually fusion, I think work such as Tsyganov’s may help shed additional light on the conditions under which fusion in general may happen. In my opinion, Julian Schwinger’s words, though they may be true, are not terribly useful. They only serve as a stop-gap until a mechanism for cold fusion can be demonstrated, and the precise conditions required for such a reaction can be specified.

    Slightly off topic, I recently came across an abstract that looked interesting to me:


    Alas, I don’t have access to the full paper.

  5. Before any understanding of LENR is possible, a person has to acknowledge exactly what happens as a result of the process. Then a person has to explain how such behavior is possible using what is known in physics. When this is done, they will discover that the total behavior cannot be explained without making implausible assumptions or having logical conflicts with what is observed. A new insight is required. Simply concluding that the Coulomb barrier needs to be lowered by a process based on how hot fusion behaves is only a small part of the required mechanism. This lowering process must be much different from how the process operates during hot fusion to account for all behavior. I have obtained these conclusions and insights by reading all of the papers available on the subject, over 4000, and applying an understanding of hot fusion and chemical principles. If a person wants to make a useful contribution, they need to do at least this much study. Casual conclusions based on ignorance are not useful. LENR is a new phenomenon and needs to be viewed as such. So, please do your homework before you try to advance understanding. The required information is easily available.

  6. Dear Sirs,

    Do you know that in the program of coming Channeling 2012 meeting, 5th International Conference “Charged & Neutral Particles Channeling Phenomena” (Alghero, Italy, September 23-28, 2012 – http://www.lnf.infn.it/conference/channeling2012/) we have fixed a round table discussion based on the presentation of Prof. E. Tsyganov “Cold Fusion Now”. The discussion will take place in the meeting room of hotel Calabona (Alghero).
    It’s of my pleasure inviting you to take part in the discussion.
    For any details, please, do not hesitate to contact us directly via e-mail: channeling2012@lists.lnf.infn.it.

    Sincerely, Sultan Dabagov, chairman of the Channeling series

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