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The Estates

1st Estate- Clergy 2nd Estate- Nobility 3rd Estate- everyone else. the French social class system whose unfairness triggered the French Revolution.


A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.

Continental System


Louis XVI


Reign of Terror


Congress of Vienna


Tennis Court Oath





the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat, Located in Belgium, the place where the british army and the prussian army forces attacked the french. Napoleon's final defeat against the British and Prussians

James Watt


Why I.R. in Britain

Britain had the advantage of natural resources such as natural ports and navigable rivers. Britain also had skilled mechanics who were eager to meet the growing demands for new, practical inventions



Abraham Darby

In 1709, ___ used coal to smelt iron, or separate iron from its ore. When he discovered that coal gave off impurities that damaged the iron, __ found a way to remove the impurities from coal, leading to better quality/ cheaper iron.


the growth of cities and the migration of people into them



Eli Whitney





An economic system in which all wealth and property is owned by the community as a whole


The idea that governments should obtain what they need in a realistic, non-Utopian manner. Bismark was the ideal practioner of this.

Kaiser William II

Shocked Europe by asking the dominating Bismark to resign.


(1815-1898) Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule. Delivers "blood and iron" speech.


The prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia during the movement toward Italian unification. He is considered the architect of the Italian Unification.


Bismark's policy to make Catholics put loyalty in the state rather than in the Church


Italian nationalist
recruits 1,000 Red Shirt volunteers who conquer Sicily and Napels
gives his won land to Cavour

Rotten Burroughs

rural town in England that sent members to Parliament despite having few or no voters

Irish Home Rule

Ireland was ruled by britain, The desire for a self rule/goverment

Dreyfus Affair




Suez Canal


King Leopold II


Sepoy Rebellion

(1857) The Sepoys were a military group allied with the British in India. They were Hindu and Muslim. The British made gun caps that had to be bitten off that contained animal fat (pork AND cow) which went against both religions. The soldiers rebelled and fought against the British, which led to reforms in the army and distribution of different religions throughout the army.

Armenian Genocide

the Muslim Turks distrusted the Christian Armenians and accused them of supporting Russian plans against the Ottoman Empire and when the Armenians protested repressive Ottoman policies, the sultan had tens of thousands of them slaughtered

Alsace and Lorraine

Border regions of France with German speaking peoples; Bismark annexed them following Franco-Prussian war.


A deadlock in which neither side is able to defeat the other.

Fourteen Points



the policy of building up strong armed forces to prepare for war

Western Front


Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was the product of the Paris Peace Conference, although none of the Allies was happy with it. Germany was forced to sign the treaty, which was very harsh. Germany had to accept all responsibility for the war, pay the Allies huge reparations; including pensions, severely weaken the size of her army, return Alsace-Lorraine to France, and give up overseas colonies.

Franz Ferdinand


New Weapons of WWI

Poison Gas, Gas powered engine, Armored Tank, Zeppelins, U -Boats, Rapid Fire machine Gun, Long Range Artillery


"Father of the Turks" who helped to create Republic of Turkey and wanted to modernize [westernize] Turkey as well as separate religion and government


Indian nationalist and spiritual leader who developed the practice of nonviolent disobedience that forced Great Britain to grant independence to India (1947). He was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic.

Balfour Declaration



Hindu belief in nonviolence & reverence for all


Reform movement that banned the sale and consumption of alcohol. It also increased organized crime.

Kellogg- Briand Pact

international treaty "providing for the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy." It failed in its purpose but was significant for later developments in international law.


any centralized, authoritarian government that is not communist whose policies glorify the state over the individual and are destructive to basic human rights

Terror Famine

Stalin's use of fear tactics. When peasents refused to give up crops he had the government seize all of their grain to meet industrial goals, purposely leaving the peasants to starve.

Nuremburg Laws

laws approved by the Nazi Party in 1935, depriving Jews of German citizenship and taking some rights away from them

Harlem Renaissance

Period of artistic development of african american writers, artists, actors, and musicians in the 1920s

Great Depression





leader of Nazi's, organize his supporters into fighting squads, had an obsession with extreme nationalism, racism and antisemitism, promised to end reparations, create jobs and defy the Versailles treaty

Mein Kampf

Book writen by Hitler where he outlines his beliefs: Germans are a superior race, The Treaty of Versailles treated Germany unfairly and that a crowed Germany needed the lands of Eastern Europe and Russia





Great Purge




Munich Conference


El Alamein

Turning point of the war in North Africa. German General Rommel's forces were defeated by General Bernard Montgomery in Oct 1942 in Egypt and as a result retreated to Tunasia.


site of a meeting between the Big Three—Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill; decided that Eastern European countries could have freely elected governments, but these governments had to be friendly towards Russia; this agreement was impossible in places such as Poland; also decided that Germany would be divided into 4 occupational zones

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations. (p. 833)



Nazi Soviet Pact

nonaggression treaty between russia( Stalin) and germany(Hitler) This was done so that germany did not have to fight a two front war. Once Germany was no longer in fear of a two front war they broke the treaty.

Final Solution


Manhattan Project

Code name given to the development of the US atomic bomb during World War II. Work on the bomb was carried out in great secrecy by a team including US physicists Enrico Fermi and J. Robert Oppenheimer. The first test took place on July 16, 1945, near Alamogordo, New Mexico, and the next month the US Air Force dropped bombs on Japan.

Marshall Plan


Warsaw Pact

To counter the NATO buildup, the Soviets formed this military organization with the nations of Eastern Europe. Also gave Russia an excuse for garrisoning troops in these countries.


Hitler's use of "lightening warfare" in which he used aerial bombardment first followed by ground troops to surprise his enemies

D Day

June 6, 1944....the date the Allied drive to liberate France began, with the largest invasion by sea in history. On this day, British, Canadian, and US forces under the command of General Eisenhower secured several beachheads on the Normandy coast.



Truman Doctrine

President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology. If you dont become Communist, we will give you aid.

Berlin Airlift

In 1948, in response to a Soviet land blockade of Berlin, the United States carried out a more massive effort to supply the two million Berlin citizens with food, fuel, and other goods by air for more than six months. The airlift forced the Soviets to end the blockade in 1949.

Cold War


Berlin Wall


Cuban Missile Crisis??

In October 1962, the United States and the Soviet Union came close to nuclear war when President Kennedy insisted that Nikita Khrushchev remove the 42 missiles he had secretly deployed in Cuba. The Soviets eventually did so, nuclear war was averted, and the crisisended.

Slobodan Milosevic

President of Serbia; oppressed all non- serbs; responsible for genocide

Saddam Hussein

(1937-2006) President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003; he established a brutal dictatorship, suppressed all dissent, and led Iraq into wars with Iran (1980-1990) and Kuwait (1991). He was removed from power in 2003 by U. S.-led forces.

Nelson Mandela


FW de Klerk

White President of South Africa who ended apartheid and lifted the ban on ANC. Also freed Nelson Mandella

Green Revolution


Tienanmen Square

1989, Chinesse students protested in Tienanmen square against the government and China ordered a slaughter that killed thousands. Importaint because it shocked the world and created anti-china sentiments.

One-Child Policy

China's solution to decrease the overpopulation, limiting each family to one child

European Union



biological,nuclear or chemical weapons;imposed economic sanctions

Vladimir Putin


Al Qaeda

international group formed by Osama bin Laden. late 1980's that has vowed to fight against US and over throw what he calls corrupted muslim overnments


Sending work to the developing world in order to save money or increase efficiency

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