Russian Topol missile test spotted from ISS.



Bad Astronomy
The entire universe in blog form
Oct. 11 2013 11:58 AM


ISS astronaut photo of cloud of light
A cloud of light seen by ISS astronauts, with the Earth below.

Photo by ESA/NASA


Phil Plait Phil Plait


Suddenly, a flash of light: Out of one eye, he catches motion, quickly turns, and to his astonishment sees an expanding cloud of white vapor in the far distance. He grabs a camera with a telephoto and starts snapping. What could this be? he thinks. A launch of some kind? He downloads the shot and innocently tweets it, not knowing what will happen next …


This is not a deleted scene from Gravity. By coincidence it reads very much like the story from the movie, but it’s real.

On Thursday, American astronaut Mike Hopkins tweeted that he saw something weird in the sky and posted a somewhat shaky image of it.* A few hours later Italian astronaut Luca Parmitano posted a sharper shot, the one shown above. The cloud of light is obvious; you can see the curve of the Earth below, a few stars in the sky, and the thin green line caused by airglow, a chemical process that causes air molecules to glow faintly at night.

I knew right away this phenomenon was from a rocket, possibly a fuel dump from a second stage, and went online for info. At first, I found no mention of a rocket launch at that time.

However, Edit Koczó on Twitter (UPDATE: She got her info via ISS101) posted a link to an article from the Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces website, a site that gives the public and politicians information on Russian weapons information. The article claimed a Topol missile had been launched at 13:39 UTC. Russia Today also has an article about it.


This matches. The missile has three stages (like the old Saturn V rockets that took humans to the Moon), and what the astronauts saw may have been a fuel dump from the second stage or the last of the fuel leaking away after the booster phase was complete. In space, the cloud would expand more or less freely, moving rapidly as it traveled along with the booster in its path. In the photo, you can see a slight streaking to the cloud, most likely due to motion. [UPDATE: Matthew Greene on Twitter told me the Topol missile uses solid fuel as propellent (he is correct), so it cannot have been a dump that the astronauts saw. I'm not sure now what caused the cloud, but it's clearly associated with the missile itself. I'll continue to investigate.]

To clinch this, Parmitano also tweeted a picture of the launch itself, or at least the vapor trail from the missile as it went up:

russian missile launch
The vapor trail from the Topol launch, seen by astronaut Luca Parmitano.

Photo by ESA/NASA

I find myself conflicted; the image is lovely, but then, that’s an intercontinental ballistic missile you’re seeing there. Yikes. I’ll note that as far as I can tell, the arc of the missile was much lower than the orbit of the space station, and the astronauts were in no danger from this launch. [UPDATE (Oct. 16, 2013 at 16:30 UTC): My friend and space historian James Oberg has informed me that it's entirely possible the missile got as high or even higher than the ISS; earlier tests have apparently used trajectories that are steep, taking the missile up very high. Wow.]

Still, this isn’t the first time such a launch has caused a fracas. In 2009 a similar launch from Russia created quite a light show when it got into space. It was spinning, and spewed out fuel in a gigantic spiral, like a lawn sprinkler, which lit up and totally freaked people in Norway. That’s understandable, given what they saw:

Norway spiral
Bizarre spiral of light in the skies of Norway from a 2009 Russian rocket launch.

Photo by Jan Petter Jørgensen


I'd lose it too if I saw that. Amazingly, it happened again just days later.

This launch of the Topol seen by the ISS crew was conducted in part to test the extended life of the missile. (Russian military reports it hit its target on the ground in Kazakhstan.) It makes me unutterably sad to know that these things are still happening; I grew up in the Cold War. One of the responsibilities of parents is to try their hardest to make the fears of childhood get left behind when their child grows up. The very fact that we humans still perform launches like this one means we have failed somehow.

The pictures sent to us from the astronauts are eerie and beautiful and a powerful reminder that as a species, we still have a lot of growing up to do.

Correction, Oct. 11, 2013 at 16:30 UTC: This post originally identified astronaut Mike Hopkins as Mike Norton.