BIO 201 Ch 01

Card Set Information

BIO 201 Ch 01
2013-01-30 18:25:41
bio anatomy phys

Anatomy and Physiology Ch 01
Show Answers:

  1. Define anatomy:
    Anatomy is the study of structure.
  2. Define physiology:
    Physiology is the study of function.
  3. Define auscultation:
    Auscultation is listening to the body's natural sounds (heartbeat, breathing).
  4. Define percussion:
    Percussion is when the practitioner taps on the body to feel for abnormal resistance, and listens to the emitted sound for pockets of air or fluid.
  5. Define comparative anatomy:
    Comparative anatomy examines multiple species for structural commonalities and differences.
  6. Define radiology:
    Radiology is the branch of medicine concerned with imaging.
  7. Define gross anatomy:
    Gross anatomy are those structures we can see through inspection, dissection, and imaging.
  8. Define histology (microscopic anatomy):
    Histology is when we view sliced and stained tissue samples via microscope.
  9. Define histopathology:
    Histopathology is the microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease.
  10. Define cytology:
    Cytology is the study of the structure and function of individual cells.
  11. Define ultrastructure:
    Ultrastructure refers to fine detail, down to the molecular level, revealed by the electron microscope.
  12. Who was Galen?
    Galen was physician to the Roman gladiators.  He wrote the first medical text, and warned against dogmatic thinking.
  13. Who was Robert Hooke?
    Robert Hooke improved the compound microscope by adding an ocular lens and an objective lens.  He was the first to see cells.
  14. How did philosophers Bacon and Descartes help the scientific method?
    Bacon and Descartes, fighting philosophers, both argued for science to be a public, cooperative enterprise, without secrets.
  15. What is the inductive method?
    Bacon said the inductive method was to make numerous observations until confident enough to draw generalizations and predictions.
  16. Is anatomy inductive or deductive?
    Anatomy is inductive, since we describe a "normal" structure based on the observation of many bodies.
  17. Define theory:
    A theory is an explanatory statement derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses.
  18. Who were Schleiden and Schwann?
    Schleiden and Schwann proposed Cell Theory, that all things are made of cells.
  19. What are selection pressures?
    Selection pressures are natural forces which favor some individuals reproductively (climate, predators, disease, competition).
  20. What are vestigial organs?
    Vestigial organs (Darwin) are evolutionary leftovers.  We get goosebumps because our ape ancestors would get fluffy to keep warm.
  21. Explain reductionism vs. holism:
    Reductionism (Aristotle) says you can understand complex things by breaking them down.  Holism states organisms have "emergent properties" which make the whole more than the sum of their parts.
  22. Name organs on the patient's left:
    Organs on the patient's left usually include the spleen, pancreas, sigmoid colon, and most of the heart.
  23. Name organs on the patient's right:
    Organs on the patient's right usually include the appendix, gallbladder, and most of the liver.
  24. Describe situs inversus:
    Situs inversus means organs usually on the right are on the left.  This is safe only when situs inversus is complete. 
  25. Describe dextrocardia:
    Dextrocardia is a selective right-left reversal of the heart.  This is safe if no (other) situs inversus exists.
  26. What is situs perversus?
    Situs perversus is when a single organ occupies an atypical position (ex., kidney in pelvic cavity).
  27. Name some characteristics of life:
    • Characteristics of life include:
    • 1. Organization
    • 2. Cellular composition
    • 3. Metabolism
    • 4. Responsiveness
    • 5. Homeostasis
    • 6. Development
    • 7. Reproduction
    • 8. Evolution
  28. Name the two actions of metabolism:
    Metabolism includes anabolism (synthesis), and also catabolism (digestion/desynthesis).
  29. What two processes occur in development?
    Development includes both differentiation (generalized cells become specialized), and also growth (increase in cell size).
  30. The generic reference man and reference woman have what characteristics?
    Reference man is a healthy male, age 22, 70kg living at 20c temp, eating 2800 kcal daily. 

    Reference woman is healthy female, age 22, 58kg living at 20c temp, eating 2000kcal daily.
  31. Define homeostasis:
    Homeostasis is the body's ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions.
  32. Explain dynamic equilibrium:
    Internal states (ex,. temp) have some set point (body temp avg 30 c), but is actually always higher or lower.
  33. Explain negative feedback:
    Negative feedback is the mechanism which brings internal states back towards the set point of homeostasis. 

    A feedback loop occurs when the negative feedback changes what triggered it in the first place.
  34. What is vasoconstriction?
    Vasoconstriction is narrowing of the blood cells in the skin, which serves to retain warm blood deeper in your body and reduce heat loss.
  35. p18