

January 21, 2011

Acetylation complex fits like a halo over a histone

To understand the emerging science of epigenetics””a field that describes how genes may be regulated without altering the underlying DNA itself””scientists are deciphering the many ways in which enzymes act on the proteins surrounding DNA within cells.


According to the study’s senior author, Ronen Marmorstein, Ph.D., professor and program leader of Wistar’s Gene Expression and Regulation Program, two copies of Rtt109 bind to two copies of a “chaperone” protein to form a ring.

“The ring fits atop a histone much like a halo, and we find that the type of chaperone dictates exactly how the enzyme affects the histone by determining the exact position of acetylation,” said Marmorstein. “The structure represents a nice model system for the regulation of protein acetylation, and teaches us something new about the biology of this enzyme, Rtt109.”

The act of acetylation adds an “acetyl group,” a small chemical structure, to a lysine””one of the amino acids that make up a given protein. Altering one lysine could change the shape of a protein, such as a histone, in a subtle way, perhaps redirecting how it functions. Rtt109, the researchers say, acetylates any of three specific lysines on histones, and exactly which of the histone lysines are modified is determined by which chaperone escorts Rtt109 into place. Since histones are such crucial DNA-associated proteins, altering a single lysine in a single part of the structure can have profound effects on the “behavior” of that histone, such as exposing a particular set of genes to be read, for example.


Their study is the first to show that two Rtt109 enzymes pair up with two Vps75 chaperones to form a ring. The laboratory created crystals of the protein complex and used a technique called X-ray crystallography to “see” the structure of the complex by analyzing the patterns formed when X-rays bounce off the crystals. They used the powerful X-ray source at the Argonne National Laboratory’s Advanced Photon Source, which enabled the team to determine the structure of the protein complex at the atomic scale””at a resolution of 2.8 angstroms (2.8 billionths of a meter), which is smaller than the distance between individual rungs on the DNA ladder.



“In many ways, it seems a lot like what we have seen in recent years with protein kinases and cell signaling,” said Marmorstein. “What we’re learning is that these HATs, and possibly other protein acetyltransferases, are regulated in much the same way. They have these profound effects within cells, but it is still very new to science. How it works is a big black box that we intend to decipher.”

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