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Ars Technica Guide to Virtualization: Part I

Part I of the Ars Technica Guide to Virtualization provides an introduction to …

From buzz to reality

In 2003, Intel announced that it was working on a technology called "Vanderpool" that was aimed at providing hardware-level support for something called "virtualization." With that announcement, the decades-old concept of virtualization had officially arrived on the technology press radar. In spite of its long history in computing, however, as a new buzzword, "virtualization" at first smelled ominously similar to terms like "trusted computing" and "convergence." In other words, many folks had a vague notion of what virtualization was, and from what they could tell it sounded like a decent enough idea, but you got the impression that nobody outside of a few vendors and CIO types was really too excited.

Fast-forward to 2008, and virtualization has gone from a solution in search of a problem, to an explosive market with an array of real implementations on offer, to a word that's often mentioned in the same sentence with terms like "shakeout" and "consolidation." But whatever the state of "virtualization" as a buzzword, virtualization as a technology is definitely here to stay.

Virtualization implementations are so widespread that some are even popular in the consumer market, and some (the really popular ones) even involve gaming. Anyone who uses an emulator like MAME uses virtualization, as does anyone who uses either the Xbox 360 or the Playstation 3. From the server closet to the living room, virtualization is subtly, but radically, changing the relationship between software applications and hardware.

In the present article I'll take a close look at virtualization—what it is, what it does, and how it does what it does.

Abstraction, and the big shifts in computing

Most of the biggest tectonic shifts in computing have been fundamentally about remixing the relationship between hardware and software by inserting a new abstraction layer in between programmers and the processor. The first of these shifts was the instruction set architecture (ISA) revolution, which was kicked off by IBM's invention of the microcode engine. By putting a stable interface—the programming model and the instruction set—in between the programmer and the hardware, IBM and its imitators were able to cut down on software development costs by letting programmers reuse binary code from previous generations of a product, an idea that was novel at the time.

Another major shift in computing came with the introduction of the reduced instruction set computing (RISC) concept, a concept that put compilers and high-level languages in between programmers and the ISA, leading to better performance.

Virtualization is the latest in this progression of moving software further away from hardware, and this time, the benefits have less to do with reducing development costs and increasing raw performance than they do with reducing infrastructure costs by allowing software to take better advantage of existing hardware.

Right now, there are two different technologies being pushed by vendors under the name of "virtualization": OS virtualization, and application virtualization. This article will cover only OS virtualization, but application virtualization is definitely important and deserves its own article.

The hardware/software stack

Figure 1 below shows a typical hardware/software stack. In a typical stack, the operating system runs directly on top of the hardware, while application software runs on top of the operating system. The operating system, then, is accustomed to having exclusive, privileged control of the underlying hardware, hardware that it exposes selectively to applications. To use client/server terminology, the operating system is a server that provides its client applications with access to a multitude of hardware and software services, while hiding from those clients the complexity of the underlying hardware/software stack.

Figure 1: Hardware/OS stack

Because of its special, intermediary position in the hardware/software stack, two of the operating system's most important jobs are isolating the various running applications from one another so that they don't overwrite each other's data, and arbitrating among the applications for the use of shared resources (memory, storage, networking, etc.). In order to carry out these isolation and arbitration duties, the OS must have free and uninterrupted rein to manage every corner of the machine as it sees fit... or, rather, it must think that it has such exclusive latitude. There are a number of situations (described below) where it's helpful to limit the OS's access to the underlying hardware, and that's where virtualization comes in.

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