The early 80s was an interesting time when a new and exciting branch of drilling began to emerge and evolve. The discovery and environmental impact of hydrocarbons, metals, pesticides and other contaminants in soil and groundwater formed a new specialized industry. Over the years stringent government requirements have been implemented for site investigations, monitoring, remediation, and eventual closures. But the fundamental concepts are the same, to produce accurate undisturbed soil and groundwater samples and to construct wells for monitoring and remediation efficiently and with as little impact to the site as possible. The idea is to keep the downhole tools and equipment clean and noncontaminated between sampling intervals. This can be done in one of two ways, by providing enough equipment and tooling to complete a job, or to provide a means of decontaminating equipment onsite. In either case, prior to terminating drilling operations the site needs to be restored to its original condition.