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This article is about the Jain logician. For the Buddhist author of Abhisamayalankara commentary, see Haribhadra (Buddhist philosopher).

Haribhadra Suri was a Svetambara mendicant Jain leader and author. There are multiple contradictory dates assigned to his birth. According to tradition, he lived c. 459–529 CE. However, in 1919, a Jain monk named Jinavijayi pointed out that given his familiarity with Dharmakirti, a more likely choice would be sometime after 650.[1] In his writings, Haribhadra identifies himself as a student of Jinabhadra and Jinadatta of the Vidyadhara Kula. There are several, somewhat contradictory, accounts of his life.

Life story[edit]

The earlier stories of life of Haribhadra, which dates to the 12th century, says that he was an educated Brahmin who made the boast that he would become a pupil of anyone who stated a sentence which he could not understand. After hearing a Jain nun named Yākinī Mahattarā recite a verse that he could not understand, he was sent to her teacher Jinabhaṭa, who promised Haribhadra that he would instruct him if Haribhadra accepted initiation into Jainism. Haribhadra agreed, and took the name Yākinīputra (Spiritual Son of Yākinī).[2]

The second account, which bears similarities to the story of Akalanka Digambara, also shows the state of relations between Buddhist and Jain mendicants at the time. In this story, Haribhadra was teaching two of his nephews. These nephews went to secretly study logic at a Buddhist temple, and fled after being discovered there. One of them was killed by the Buddhists, and the other died of grief later. Haribhadra engaged the monks of this monastery in a philosophical debate, and emerged victorious. He then ordered the losing monks to jump into a vat of hot oil. When Haribhadra's own teacher heard of this, he ordered Haribhadra to undertake severe penances for his unseemly display of anger and attachment. Haribhadra did so, and took the title "Virahānka", which means "having separation (or viraha, from his nephews) as a distinguishing characteristic".[citation needed]

Tradition ascribes some 1440 different works to him. A more creditable number is in the vicinity of 100, some of which are among the most highly regarded works in Jainism. Scholar H.R. Kapadia attributes eighty-seven works to Haribhadra, Jinavijaya attributes twenty-six and Sukh lal Sanghvi attributes forty-seven.[3] Some have even suggested that, based on the language and subject material of the books ascribed to Haribhadra, there were two Haribhadras, the first of which, Haribhadra Virahānka, may have lived around the sixth century, and the second, Haribhadra Yākinīputra, was a monk who lived in a temple around the eighth century. Scholars of the Svetambara community itself tend to hold with the belief that there was only one Haribhadra.[citation needed] Among his important teachings were tolerance for other traditions, and that ultimate reality can be grasped from multiple different perspectives.[citation needed]

Philosophy and Influence[edit]

With his writings, he established that Sanskrit, rather than Prakrit, would be the language of Jain study. He used his only familiarity with the techniques of brahminical study and wrote in the same style. He is also noted for the great respect he displays toward other religious traditions. He even did what few other Jain scholars have done, and wrote a commentary on the Nyāyapraveśa, a text by Śaṅkarasvāmin on the form of Indian logic formulated by the Buddhist scholar Dignāga.[4] He does however ultimately support Jain thought, arguing that the other beliefs tend to display only a one-sided view of the greater reality.[5] He tried to combine the good points of various religious philosophies that existed in his times for spiritual liberation in his work yogadrstiamuccaya.[6]


Among his other works are:

  • Ashtakaprakarana (The Eightfold Explanation)
  • Dhūrtākhyāna (The Rogue's Stories) - a satire of Hinduism
  • Pañcāśaka - a Prakrit work on rituals and spiritual matters
  • Sāstravārtāsamuccaya (The Array of Explanatory Teachings)
  • Sanmatti Prakaran

See also[edit]


  1. ^ Chapple 2003, pp. 1–2
  2. ^ Dundas 2002, p. 12
  3. ^ Chapple 2003, p. 5
  4. ^ Tachikawa 1970
  5. ^ Chapple 2003, p. 8
  6. ^ Chapple 2003, p. 1