Which of the following are true statements ?   a)   The biological effects of radiation per rad or gray differ with the kind of radiation that is absorbed.   b)   When calculating the effective dose of radiation in units of rems, the quality factor for alpha particles is much smaller than that for beta and gamma radiation.   c)   Humans are constantly exposed to background radiation from both natural and artificial sources. It is estimated that most people are exposed to an amount of background radiation well above the federal government's standard of 500 millirems (mrem) per year.   d)   About 82 percent of background radiation comes from natural sources, while the remaining 18 percent coming from artificial sources.   e)   Only about 1 percent of our total exposure to radiation comes from sources such as testing nuclear explosives in the atmosphere, nuclear weapons manufacture, nuclear power plants and their wastes, and nuclear fuel processing.

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