Inside an unheated classroom at the Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology here, about 20 young government technicians from Vietnam's incipient nuclear power industry kept on their winter jackets on the first morning of a 10-day workshop on radiation.

The workshop, sponsored by the semigovernmental Japan Atomic Energy Agency, started with Radiation Physics 101. The students then collected radiation samples with the help of Japanese specialists and analysed them in a lab built by Japan.

Nuclear power is important for Vietnam's energy security, but, like fire, it has two sides, said one of the students, Nguyen Xuan Thuy, 27. We have to learn how to take advantage of its good side.

As Vietnam prepares to begin one of the world's most ambitious nuclear power programmes, it is scrambling to raise from scratch a field of experts needed to operate and regulate nuclear power plants. The government, which is beefing up nuclear engineering programmes at its universities and sending increasing numbers of young technicians abroad, says Vietnam will have enough qualified experts to safely manage an industry that is scheduled to grow from one nuclear reactor in 2020 to 10 reactors by 2030.

But some Vietnamese and foreign experts said that was too little time to establish a credible regulatory body, especially in a country with widespread corruption, poor safety standards and a lack of transparency. They said the overly ambitious timetable could lead to the kind of weak regulation, as well as collusive ties between regulators and operators, that contributed to the disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant in Japan last year.

Hien Pham Duy, one of Vietnam's most senior nuclear scientists and an adviser to government agencies overseeing nuclear power, said it had been his dream for many years to bring nuclear power to Vietnam. But he said the government's plans were based on a lack of vigorous assessment of the inherent problems of nuclear power, especially tSTC arising in less developed countries.

Like many Vietnamese, Hien, a former director of the Da Lat Nuclear Research Institute, which houses Vietnam's nuclear research reactor, pointed to the high rates of accidents on Vietnam's roads as the most visible example of a bad safety culture that pervaded every field of activity in the country.

Tran Dai Phuc, a Vietnamese-French nuclear engineer who worked in the French nuclear industry for four decades and is now an adviser to the Vietnamese Ministry of Science and Technology, the ministry in charge of nuclear power, said potential problems were not related to the reactors' technology but to the lack of democracy as well as the responsibility of personnel, a culture of quality assurance and general safety regarding installation and impact on the environment.

The Vietnamese government fears that the country's strong economic growth will be jeopardised without the energy provided by nuclear plants. Vietnam, which relies mostly on hydroelectricity, is expected to become a net importer of energy in 2015.

One of the reasons for the introduction of nuclear power in Vietnam is the shortage of conventional fuel supply sources, including imported, Le Doan Phac, deputy director general of the Vietnam Atomic Energy Agency, the government's main nuclear research and development body, said in an e-mail.

Russia and Japan have won bids to build Vietnam's first two plants; South Korea is expected to be selected for the third.

For Japan, the contract was the fruit of years of high-level lobbying by its government and nuclear industry, which is threatened at home by a strong public reaction against nuclear power after the crisis last year. About 500 Vietnamese have gone through workshops by the Japan Atomic Energy Agency since 2001. Toshiba, a plant manufacturer, has also offered one-month courses since 2006 to win the construction contract.

Like Russia, which has pledged Vietnam loans of $8 billion to $9 billion to finance the first plant's construction, Japan is expected to offer a package of low-interest loans through the Japan Bank of International Cooperation. Japan is expected to use its overseas development assistance to Vietnam to build roads, ports and other infrastructure to support the nuclear plant.

With the memories of the Fukushima disaster still raw in Japan, the Japanese government's active role in selling nuclear plants to developing nations like Vietnam has drawn sharp criticism. Critics say that the government and nuclear industry's joint efforts are reminiscent of the kind of collusive ties that led to the Fukushima disaster. The government's low-interest loans - taxpayers' money - will benefit only politically connected plant manufacturers, they say.

When it comes to selling nuclear plants, it's not a commercially viable business, so you invariably need the injection of public funds, said Kanna Mitsuta, a researcher for both Friends of the Earth Japan and Mekong Watch, a Japanese private organisation.

Critics said that Japan and other nuclear powers were desperate to sell plants to developing nations as dreams of a nuclear renaissance in advanced economies have dried up since the Fukushima disaster.

After the Fukushima disaster, Tokyo abandoned plans to build 14 more reactors in Japan by 2030. Japan had 54 reactors before the disaster, but growing public opposition has now idled all but two.

I don't understand why Japan is striving to export to less developed countries something it's rejected at home, said Hien, the nuclear scientist.

Japanese supporters of exports say that developing nations like Vietnam have the right to choose nuclear power to expand their economies, just as Japan did decades ago.

They'll just buy from another country if Japan decides not to sell them nuclear plants, said Tadashi Maeda, an official at the Japan Bank of International Cooperation and a special adviser to the prime minister's cabinet.

Human error contributed to the Fukushima disaster, Maeda said. But he added that unlike Japan, which was operating aging reactors at Fukushima, Vietnam will be receiving state-of-the art reactors wSTC technological and safety level was completely different.

But Tran, the Vietnamese-French adviser, said he harbored no doubts about Japanese technology. That isn't why we're worried, he said, pointing instead to Vietnam's capacity to manage and regulate one of the world's most complex industries. It's the politics of management. When a nuclear reactor is running, the regulators must be independent and firm and vigilant.

Vietnam will need hundreds of experts with years of experience to regulate its nuclear industry, Tran said. In the Vietnam Agency for Radiation and Nuclear Safety, the main regulatory authority, There are currently only 30 people qualified to analyse safety reports with some assistance of experts, he said.

In Tai An, the village in central Vietnam selected as the site for the Japanese nuclear plant, about half a dozen randomly interviewed residents said they were anxious about plans to relocate the village's 700 households to a spot nearby.

The villagers, most of whom are fishermen or grape growers, said earnings from farming had sharply increased in recent years since Tai An was connected to running water from a new reservoir nearby.

They said they feared that the new location's proximity to a nuclear plant would jeopardise their grape farming and fishing.

I don't know anything about nuclear plants, said Pham Phong, 43, a grape farmer. But I saw Fukushima on television, and I'm worried.

International Herald Tribune - March 3, 2012