]> Gateway Auto-Discovery and Route Advertisement for Segment Routing Enabled Domain Interconnection Old Dog Consulting
Juniper Networks
Juniper Networks
Arrcus, Inc.
Routing BESS Working Group SR GW BGP Data centers are critical components of the infrastructure used by network operators to provide services to their customers. Data centers are attached to the Internet or a backbone network by gateway routers. One data center typically has more than one gateway for commercial, load balancing, and resiliency reasons. Segment Routing is a protocol mechanism that can be used within a data center, and also for steering traffic that flows between two data center sites. In order that one data center site may load balance the traffic it sends to another data center site, it needs to know the complete set of gateway routers at the remote data center, the points of connection from those gateways to the backbone network, and the connectivity across the backbone network. Segment Routing may also be operated in other domains, such as access networks. Those domains also need to be connected across backbone networks through gateways. This document defines a mechanism using the BGP Tunnel Encapsulation attribute to allow each gateway router to advertise the routes to the prefixes in the Segment Routing domains to which it provides access, and also to advertise on behalf of each other gateway to the same Segment Routing domain.
Data centers (DCs) are critical components of the infrastructure used by network operators to provide services to their customers. DCs are attached to the Internet or a backbone network by gateway routers (GWs). One DC typically has more than one GW for various reasons including commercial preferences, load balancing, or resiliency against connection of device failure. Segment Routing (SR) is a protocol mechanism that can be used within a DC, and also for steering traffic that flows between two DC sites. In order for a source (ingress) DC that uses SR to load balance the flows it sends to a destination (egress) DC, it needs to know the complete set of entry nodes (i.e., GWs) for that egress DC from the backbone network connecting the two DCs. Note that it is assumed that the connected set of DCs and the backbone network connecting them are part of the same SR BGP Link State (LS) instance ( and ) so that traffic engineering using SR may be used for these flows. SR may also be operated in other domains, such as access networks. Those domains also need to be connected across backbone networks through gateways. For illustrative purposes, consider the Ingress and Egress SR Domains shown in as separate ASes. The various ASes that provide connectivity between the Ingress and Egress Domains could each be constructed differently and use different technologies such as IP, MPLS with global table routing native BGP to the edge, MPLS IP VPN, SR-MPLS IP VPN, or SRv6 IP VPN. Suppose that there are two gateways, GW1 and GW2 as shown in , for a given egress SR domain and that they each advertise a route to prefix X which is located within the egress SR domain with each setting itself as next hop. One might think that the GWs for X could be inferred from the routes' next hop fields, but typically it is not the case that both routes get distributed across the backbone: rather only the best route, as selected by BGP, is distributed. This precludes load balancing flows across both GWs.
The obvious solution to this problem is to use the BGP feature that allows the advertisement of multiple paths in BGP (known as Add-Paths) to ensure that all routes to X get advertised by BGP. However, even if this is done, the identity of the GWs will be lost as soon as the routes get distributed through an Autonomous System Border Router (ASBR) that will set itself to be the next hop. And if there are multiple Autonomous Systems (ASes) in the backbone, not only will the next hop change several times, but the Add-Paths technique will experience scaling issues. This all means that the Add-Paths approach is limited to SR domains connected over a single AS. This document defines a solution that overcomes this limitation and works equally well with a backbone constructed from one or more ASes using the Tunnel Encapsulation attribute as follows: When a GW to a given SR domain advertises a route to a prefix X within that SR domain, it will include a Tunnel Encapsulation attribute that contains the union of the Tunnel Encapsulation attributes advertised by each of the GWs to that SR domain, including itself. In other words, each route advertised by a GW identifies all of the GWs to the same SR domain (see for a discussion of how GWs discover each other). Therefore, even if only one of the routes is distributed to other ASes, it will not matter how many times the next hop changes, as the Tunnel Encapsulation attribute (and its remote endpoint sub-TLVs identifying the GWs) will remain unchanged. To put this in the context of , GW1 and GW2 discover each other as gateways for the egress SR domain. Both GW1 and GW2 advertise themselves as having routes to prefix X. Furthermore, GW1 includes a Tunnel Encapsulation attribute which is the union of its Tunnel Encapsulation attribute and GW2's Tunnel Encapsulation attribute. Similarly, GW2 includes a Tunnel Encapsulation which is the union of its Tunnel Encapsulation attribute and GW1's Tunnel encapsulation attribute. The gateway in the ingress SR domain can now see all possible paths to the egress SR domain regardless of which route is propagated to it, and it can choose one, or balance traffic flows as it sees fit. The solution defined in this document can be seen in the broader context of SR domain interconnection in . That document shows how other existing protocol elements may be combined with the solution defined in this document to provide a full system, but is not a necessary reference for understanding this document.
To allow a given SR domain's GWs to auto-discover each other and to coordinate their operations, the following procedures are implemented: Each GW is configured with an identifier for the SR domain. That identifier is common across all GWs to the domain (i.e., the same identifier is used by all GWs to the same SR domain), and unique across all SR domains that are connected (i.e., across all GWs to all SR domains that are interconnected). A route target () is attached to each GW's auto-discovery route and has its value set to the SR domain identifier. Each GW constructs an import filtering rule to import any route that carries a route target with the same SR domain identifier that the GW itself uses. This means that only these GWs will import those routes, and that all GWs to the same SR domain will import each other's routes and will learn (auto-discover) the current set of active GWs for the SR domain. The auto-discovery route that each GW advertises consists of the following: An IPv4 or IPv6 NLRI containing one of the GW's loopback addresses (that is, with an AFI/SAFI pair that is one of 1/1, 2/1, 1/4, or 2/4). A Tunnel Encapsulation attribute containing the GW's encapsulation information. To avoid the side effect of applying the Tunnel Encapsulation attribute to any packet that is addressed to the GW itself, the GW SHOULD use a different loopback address for the two cases. As described in , each GW will include a Tunnel Encapsulation attribute with the GW encapsulation information for each of the SR domain's active GWs (including itself) in every route advertised externally to that SR domain. As the current set of active GWs changes (due to the addition of a new GW or the failure/removal of an existing GW) each externally advertised route will be re-advertised with a new Tunnel Encapsulation attribute which reflects current set of active GWs. If a gateway becomes disconnected from the backbone network, or if the SR domain operator decides to terminate the gateway's activity, it withdraws the advertisements described above. This means that remote gateways at other sites will stop seeing advertisements from this gateway. Note that if a GW is (mis)configured with a different SR domain identifier from the other GWs to the same domain then it will not be auto-discovered by the other GWs (and will not auto-discover the other GWs). This would result in a GW for another SR domain receiving only the Tunnel Encapsulation attribute included in the BGP best route; i.e., the Tunnel Encapsulation attribute of the (mis)configured GW or that of the other GWs.
When a remote GW receives a route to a prefix X it can use the SR tunnel instances within the contained Tunnel Encapsulation attribute to identify the GWs through which X can be reached. It uses this information to compute SR Traffic Engineering (SR TE) paths across the backbone network looking at the information advertised to it in SR BGP Link State (BGP-LS) and correlated using the SR domain identity. SR Egress Peer Engineering (EPE) can be used to supplement the information advertised in BGP-LS.
When a packet destined for prefix X is sent on an SR TE path to a GW for the SR domain containing X (that is, the packet is sent in the Ingress Domain on an SR TE path that describes the path including within the Egress Domain), it needs to carry the receiving GW's label for X such that this label rises to the top of the stack before the GW completes its processing of the packet. To achieve this, we place a Prefix SID sub-TLV for X in each SR tunnel instance in the Tunnel Encapsulation attribute in the externally advertised route for X. Alternatively, if the GWs for a given SR domain are configured to allow remote GWs to perform SR TE through that SR domain for a prefix X, then each GW computes an SR TE path through that SR domain to X from each of the currently active GWs, and places each in an MPLS label stack sub-TLV in the SR tunnel instance for that GW. Please refer to Section 7 of for worked examples of how the label stack is constructed in this case, and how the advertisements would work.
If the GWs for a given SR domain are configured to allow remote GWs to send them a packet in that SR domain's native encapsulation, then each GW will also include multiple instances of a tunnel TLV for that native encapsulation in externally advertised routes: one for each GW and each containing a remote endpoint sub-TLV with that GW's address. A remote GW may then encapsulate a packet according to the rules defined via the sub-TLVs included in each of the tunnel TLV instances.
This document makes no requests for IANA action.
From a protocol point of view, the mechanisms described in this document can leverage the security mechanisms already defined for BGP. Further discussion of security considerations for BGP may be found in the BGP specification itself and in the security analysis for BGP . The original discussion of the use of the TCP MD5 signature option to protect BGP sessions is found in , while includes an analysis of BGP keying and authentication issues. The mechanisms described in this document involve sharing routing or reachability information between domains: that may mean disclosing information that is normally contained within a domain. So it needs to be understood that normal security paradigms based on the boundaries of domains are weakened. Discussion of these issues with respect to VPNs can be found in , while describes many of the issues associated with the exchange of topology or TE information between domains. Particular exposures resulting from this work include: Gateways to a domain will know about all other gateways to the same domain. This feature applies within a domain and so is not a substantial exposure, but it does mean that if the BGP exchanges within a domain can be snooped or if a gateway can be subverted then an attacker may learn the full set of gateways to a domain. This would facilitate more effective attacks on that domain. The existence of multiple gateways to a domain becomes more visible across the backbone and even into remote domains. This means that an attacker is able to prepare a more comprehensive attack than exists when only the locally attached backbone network (e.g., the AS that hosts the domain) can see all of the gateways to a site. For example, a Denial of Service attack on a single GW is mitigated by the existence of other GWs, but if the attacker knows about all the gateways then the whole set can be attacked at once. A node in a domain that does not have external BGP peering (i.e., is not really a domain gateway and cannot speak BGP into the backbone network) may be able to get itself advertised as a gateway by letting other genuine gateways discover it (by speaking BGP to them within the domain) and so may get those genuine gateways to advertise it as a gateway into the backbone network. This would allow the malicious node to attract traffic without having to have secure BGP peerings with out-of-domain nodes. If it is possible to modify a BGP message within the backbone, it may be possible to spoof the existence of a gateway. This could cause traffic to be attracted to a specific node and might result in black-holing of traffic. All of the issues in the list above could cause disruption to domain interconnection, but are not new protocol vulnerabilities so much as new exposures of information that SHOULD be protected against using existing protocol mechanisms. Furthermore, it is a general observation that if these attacks are possible then it is highly likely that far more significant attacks can be made on the routing system. It should be noted that BGP peerings are not discovered, but always arise from explicit configuration.
The principal configuration item added by this solution is the allocation of an SR domain identifier. The same identifier MUST be assigned to every GW to the same domain, and each domain MUST have a different identifier. This requires coordination, probably through a central management agent. It should be noted that BGP peerings are not discovered, but always arise from explicit configuration. This is no different from any other BGP operation.
In order to limit the VPN routing information that is maintained at a given route reflector, suggests the use of "Cooperative Route Filtering" between route reflectors. defines an extension to that mechanism to include support for multiple autonomous systems and asymmetric VPN topologies such as hub-and-spoke. The mechanism in RFC 4684 is known as Route Target Constraint (RTC). An operator would not normally configure RTC by default for any AFI/SAFI combination, and would only enable it after careful consideration. When using the mechanisms defined in this document, the operator should consider carefully the effects of filtering routes. In some cases this may be desirable, and in others it could limit the effectiveness of the procedures.
Thanks to Bruno Rijsman, Stephane Litkowsji, Boris Hassanov, Linda Dunbar, Ravi Singh, and Gyan Mishra for review comments, and to Robert Raszuk for useful discussions.
&RFC2119; &RFC4271; &RFC4360; &RFC5925; &RFC7752; &RFC8174; &RFC4272; &RFC4364; &RFC4684; &RFC5291; &RFC6952; &RFC7911; &RFC7926; &RFC8402;