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Research Ideas / How to write a research methodology
« on: July 10, 2019, 12:41:52 PM »

The type of research you did
How you collected and/or selected your data
How you analyzed your data
Any tools or materials you used in the research
Your rationale for choosing these methods
The methodology section should generally be written in the past tense.
Step 1: Explain your methodological approach
Begin by introducing your overall approach to the research. What research problem or question did you investigate, and what kind of data did you need to answer it?


Was your aim to address a practical or a theoretical research problem?
Were there any ethical or philosophical considerations?
What are the criteria for validity and reliability in this type of research?
In a quantitative experimental study, you might aim to produce generalizable knowledge about the causes of a phenomenon. Valid research requires a carefully designed study with controlled variables that can be replicated by other researchers.

In a qualitative ethnographic case study, you might aim to produce contextual real-world knowledge about the behaviors, social structures and shared beliefs of a specific group of people. As this methodology is less controlled and more interpretive, you will need to reflect on your position as researcher, taking into account how your participation and perception might have influenced the results.

Step 2: Describe your methods of data collection

Quantitative methods
Describe where, when and how the survey was conducted.

How did you find and select participants?
What was the sample size and response rate?


How did you find and select participants?
What tools or technologies did you use in the experiment?

 Existing data
Explain how you gathered and selected material (such as publications or archival data) for inclusion in your analysis.

Where did you source the material?
How was the data originally produced?
What criteria did you use to select material (e.g. date range)?
Quantitative methods example
The survey consisted of 5 multiple-choice questions and 10 questions that the respondents had to answer with a 7-point Lickert scale. The aim was to conduct the survey with 350 customers of Company X on the company premises in The Hague from 4-8 July 2017 between 11:00 and 15:00. A customer was defined as a person who had purchased a product from Company X on the day of questioning. Participants were given 5 minutes to fill in the survey anonymously, and 408 customers responded. Because not all surveys were fully completed, 371 survey results were included in the analysis.

Qualitative methods
 Interviews or focus groups
Describe where, when and how the interviews were conducted.

How did you find and select participants?
How many people took part?
How long were the interviews and how were they recorded?
 Participant observation
Describe where, when and how you conducted the observation.

How long did you spend conducting the research and where was it located?
How did you record your data (e.g. audiovisual recordings, note-taking)?
 Existing data
Explain how you selected case study materials (such as texts or images) for the focus of your analysis.

What type of materials did you analyze?
How did you collect and select them?
Qualitative methods example
In order to gain a better insight into the possibilities for improvement of the product range, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 8 returning customers from the main target group of Company X. A returning customer was defined as someone who usually bought products at least twice a week from Company X. The surveys were used to select participants who belonged to the target group (20-45 years old). Interviews were conducted in a small office next to the cash register, and lasted approximately 20 minutes each. Answers were recorded by note-taking, and seven interviews were also filmed with consent. One interviewee preferred not to be filmed.
source :

Clinical Pharmacy / Are We Closer to Curing the Common Cold?
« on: January 22, 2019, 09:31:16 AM »

Imagine if the common cold, something that affects billions of people every year, could be cured.

Perhaps we are a step closer to that dream.

Scientists say they’ve made a breakthrough by analyzing a ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome of the human parechovirus (HPeV), a virus that causes the common cold and polio, along with hand, foot, and mouth disease.

Experts say the news is promising, but curing the common cold is nothing to sneeze at.Cracking the code
Scientists from the University of York, University of Leeds, and University of Helsinki, announced their findings in the journal Nature Communications.

“The common cold infects more than two billion people annually, making it one of the most successful viral pathogens, so we are excited to make this crucial step forward,” Professor Reidun Twarock, a mathematical biologist at the University of York’s Departments of Mathematics and Biology, and the York Centre for Complex Systems Analysis, said in a release.

The breakthrough stems from the discovery of a “hidden code” found within HPeV that is responsible for formation of the virus.

Perhaps we are a step closer to that dream.


Experts say the news is promising, but curing the common cold is nothing to sneeze at.

Read more: Get the facts on the common cold »

Cracking the code



Now that the code has been found, the research team is trying to figure out what drugs to use to target and destroy it.

“The coding works like the cogwheels in a Swiss watch,” Professor Peter Stockley from the Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology at the University of Leeds, said in a release. “We now need a drug that has the same effect as pouring sand into the watch. Every part of the viral mechanism could be disabled.”

Dr. Andrew Nye, DO, of the Orlando Health Physicians Family Medicine Group, says the research is fascinating.

“The common cold is actually not just one virus, but a whole host of many different viruses,” he told Healthline. “One of the largest groups is the coronavirus, and there’s a number of different subviruses that belong to that family. So the researchers have identified a structural weak point, if you will, in terms of how all of these viruses package and assemble the shield around themselves. It’s very promising because if a medication could be developed to attack those specific sites, you would ideally be able to attack that whole family of viruses — not just one species, but many different species.”

Nye said it appears the researchers have identified some valuable targets.

“A medication or class of medications that attack these sites would likely be effective for a good amount of time, so that’s pretty exciting,” he said. “The more basic level you can attack a virus on, its basic level of construction, the more success you’re going to have.”

“Being able to target the cold virus would be brilliant,” Dr. Hilary Hawkins, of the Orlando Health Physician Associates, told Healthline. “I’m not sure if it’s possible because there are so many variants of the cold virus. It’s exciting that they’re looking into this as a possibility, but it’s very early.”

Read more: Flu shots and the 2017 vaccine »

A persistent ailment
The common cold certainly lives up to its name. It’s very common.

The average adult gets two to four colds per year, while children typically get more. It’s the most frequent infectious disease in humans.

It’s a challenging illness because it presents differently depending on the individual patient, says Hawkins.

“It’s not just one discrete thing like strep throat or pneumonia,” she says. “A cold can manifest itself as coughing and sneezing, or congestion, or a sore throat. The duration is different in everybody. It seems to target the immune system differently, to the point where it’s difficult to tease out exactly whether it’s a cold or something else.”

The common cold’s diversity is one of the factors that makes it difficult to find a cure. Nye says realistically it’s unlikely that the common cold will ever be fully eradicated.

“The cold is not just one virus, it’s dozens and dozens of different viruses,” he says. “Even if this medication or class of medications was successful against the host family of coronaviruses, you’re still going to have other viruses that this will not be effective for. And at some point, likely, the coronaviruses will have some mutation that will benefit them to resist this medication or class of medications. Short-term, I think there’s a lot of benefit. In terms of elimination, no, that’s not really realistic, I don’t think, just because these viruses are so pervasive that you have to eliminate them on a global scale pretty much simultaneously, which is not going to happen.”

Get Answers from a Doctor in Minutes, Anytime

Read more: Lower your risk of getting the flu »

Giving it the cold shoulder
While everybody catches a cold now and then, there are precautions that can be taken to avoid it.

Hawkins says that washing your hands with soap and water is key, pointing out that the virus lives on surfaces that people are likely to be touching.

“I would say that most people seem to get sick when they travel,” she says. “Part of that is because you’re exposed to a whole new set of germs that you’re normally not exposed to. Also, people don’t realize the nastiness of planes. There have been studies done that show that the places where viruses — the cold virus especially — will stay is the tray tables. Wiping down your tray table, washing your hands before you eat if you can, and turning your body away from someone who’s coughing next to you are all key.”

If you do catch a cold, it’s important to monitor your symptoms so you can not only get healthy again, but avoid infecting those close to you.

Hawkins says that anyone who works with children or elderly people should exercise extra caution when it comes to returning to work.

“Certainly, if anyone has a fever, they should not be at work — and they shouldn’t be at work for at least a 24-hour period, until their fever has broken,” says Hawkins. “If you’ve been sick for two or three days, make sure to get rest and get plenty of fluids, but if you can work, you’re not necessarily putting anyone at danger.”

Business Administration / What is a Green Bank?
« on: July 29, 2018, 03:56:23 PM »
A Green Bank is dedicated public or non-profit finance entity designed to drive private capital into market gaps.

    A finance institution dedicated to increasing and accelerating investment in clean power goods and services.
    Its mission is to use finance tools to mitigate climate change.
    Unlike typical “banks” it does not take deposits, and its operations can be funded by governments or charitable contributions or both.
    It may deploy capital from public or private sources, invest on its own or in conjunction with private sector investors.
As focused institutions with specialized market and financing know-how, Green Banks are able to spark greater public and private clean energy investment. Green Banks use a range of techniques and approaches to engage market actors and capital providers, bridging market gaps that allow capital to flow at scale.


The Definition of Fasting


In place of three square meals a day or a handful of smaller meals throughout the day, you’ll have a specific window of time when you’re eating, whether it’s a few hours a day or certain days of the week. During that time, you can eat whatever you want. Of course, I say that within reason.


The beauty of fasting is that there isn’t one “right” way to do it. In fact, there are several types that are popular.
Different Types of Fasting
Intermittent Fasting

Time-Restricted Eating


16/8 Fasting

Alternate Day Fasting

5:2 Diet

It’s very similar to alternate day fasting except here, you eat normally for five days of the week. On the other two, calories are restricted to about 500–600 calories a day.
The Warrior Diet

Here, you’ll stick to fruits and veggies during the day and then eat a well-rounded, larger meal in the evenings.
The Daniel Fast


Business Administration / THE SEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (2016-2020)
« on: June 02, 2018, 09:18:25 AM »
Over the past few decades, Bangladesh has made remarkable progress in raising incomes, reducing poverty and improving social indicators. The economy faced numerous challenges on various fronts: the global economic downturn of 2008-09 and a series of natural disasters to which Bangladesh is regularly susceptible that caused disruptions to economic activity. Owing to the exemplary resilience of its hardworking population, the country continues to make significant strides even under heavy odds, and, in 2015, Bangladesh was classified by the World Bank as a lower middle income country.


The Government’s Vision 2021 defines several economic and social outcomes for Bangladesh to achieve by 2021. To convert this Vision into long-term development targets, a Perspective Plan 2010-2021 was prepared.  The targets of Vision 2021 and the associated Perspective Plan 2010-2021 were to be achieved through the implementation of two five-year plans, the Sixth Five Year Plan (2011-15) and the Seventh Five Year Plan (2016-2020). The 6th FYP made solid progress in increasing per capita income and reducing poverty through a strategy of pro-poor economic growth.

Without deviating from the main thrust of the 6th FYP, the 7th FYP articulates new strategies, institutions and policies, while strengthening existing ones, to complete the remaining agenda of achieving the social and economic outcomes of the Vision 2021 and the Perspective Plan. The Government recognizes that in a market economy like Bangladesh, where the bulk of the economy is privately owned and managed, the role of planning is essentially indicative and strategic in nature, aimed at stimulating the private sector.  Nevertheless, there is an important complementary role for public investment programmes, particularly in areas where private investment will not happen. The planning process therefore involves focus on policies and programmes to support the private sector and to also formulate a strong medium-term public investment programme.

Badminton / history of badminton
« on: May 26, 2018, 09:52:00 AM »


About five centuries later, a game named Battledore and Shuttlecock was played in china, Japan, India and Greece. This is a game where you use the Battledore (a paddle) to hit the Shuttlecock back and forth. By the 16th century, it has become a popular game among children in England. In Europe this game was known as jeu de volant to them. In the 1860s, a game named Poona was played in India. This game is much like the Battledore and Shuttlecock but with an added net. The British army learned this game in India and took the equipments back to England during the 1870s.

In 1873, the Duke of Beaufort held a lawn party in his country place, Badminton. A game of Poona was played on that day and became popular among the British society's elite. The new party sport became known as "the Badminton game". In 1877, the Bath Badminton Club was formed and developed the first official set of rules.

The International Badminton Federation (IBF) was formed in 1934 with 9 founding members.
- Ireland
- Scotland
- Wales
- Denmark
- Holland
- Canada
- New Zealand
- France

Since then, major international tournaments like the Thomas Cup (Men) and Uber Cup (Women) were held. Badminton was officially granted Olympic status in the 1992 Barcelona Games. From 9 founding members, IBF now have over 150 member countries. The future of Badminton looks bright indeed.

Basketball / history of basketball
« on: May 16, 2018, 11:54:05 AM »








Meditation / 10 benefits of meditation for students
1. Rise in IQ levels

2. Academic stress goes down

six benefits of meditation for students_w

. Improved academic achievement

4. Better focus


5. Brain integrity & efficiency

6. Reduction in depression and anxiety


7. Reduction in destructive addiction (drugs, alcohol)



8. Lower absenteeism, better behaviour
First step to academic glory: don’t miss a class!


students meditation happiness less stress anxiety

9. Lower risk of cardiovascular diseases


10. Happier, more confident students
Source :

Chess / Rules of playing Chess
« on: May 03, 2018, 01:13:27 PM »
Basic Moves
Almost everyone has a general idea of what chess is, even if they don't know how to play. Common questions for both beginners and non-players alike include "What chess pieces can jump?" (knights), "What pieces can become a queen?" (pawns), "What pieces only move diagonally?" (bishops), "What chess piece is next to the knight?" (bishop on one side, and rook on the other), and so forth. Beginners want to know what chess pieces can move where, and how to get them there without losing the game.

Each side starts out with 16 pieces, consisting of 8 pawns, 2 rooks, 2 knights, 2 bishops, and a king and a queen, all in the same color.

One important thing to note, as it is one of the most commonly asked question in regard to playing chess: Who goes first? White always goes first in chess.

In this section, we will cover each individual chess piece, how it moves and captures your opponent's pieces, and tips and tricks that apply specifically to that piece. If you have a good grasp on individual pieces but don't know how to set up the board or where each chess piece starts, you may want to head over to our board setup section.

 Chess Pawn

The pawn chess piece is often the most overlooked of all of the chess pieces. The piece itself is very simple. On most chess sets, the pawn chess piece is the smallest piece on the board. Each player begins a chess game with eight pawns, standing in front of their other eight chess pieces.

How A Pawn Chess Piece Moves
Pawns are both simple and complex in their movements. The pawn piece has the fewest options of any chess piece on the board in where it can move and it can only move forward until it reaches the other side of the board. Here are a few things to know about how a pawn chess piece moves:

Pawn chess pieces can only directly forward one square, with two exceptions.
Pawns can move directly forward two squares on their first move only.
Pawns can move diagonally forward when capturing an opponent's chess piece.
Once a pawn chess piece reaches the other side of the chess board, the player may "trade" the pawn in for any other chess piece if they choose, except another king.
How a Pawn Moves
Pawn Names & Terms
Not all pawns are created equal. Each pawn is named after the piece behind it. For example, the two outer pawns are called "Rook Pawns", while the pawns in front of the King and Queen at the start of a game are called "King Pawn" and "Queen Pawn" respectively. In addition, pawns on each side of the board are named. This is to help clarify which pawn is which, when referring to a Bishop Pawn, Knight Pawn or Rook Pawn. The pawns on the Queen's side of the board are called Queen side and the pawns on the King's side of the board are called King side. For example, at the start of the game, the pawn on the far left side would be called the QR-pawn (Queen Rook Pawn). The pawn second from the right at the start of the game would be called the KN-pawn (King Knight Pawn). Often, pawns are referenced as opposition. Your opponent's pawn directly across the board from your own pawn is called the "Counterpawn". Each pawn on your board begins the game with its own counterpawn. At the start of the game, all pawns are considered "unfree", or not able to reach the opposite side of the board because of its counterpawn. Once its counterpawn has been captured, the pawn is then considered "half-free". Each pawn on the board also has opposing pawns called "sentries". Sentries are the opponent's pawn chess pieces that sit directly across from it, but are to the left and right by one square. These pawns are the pieces your opponent could use to capture your pawn. While sentries can make it difficult for your pawn to cross the board, their obstruction of your piece is not absolute. Each of your own pawn chess pieces has "helpers". These are its neighboring pawn pieces that can be used to help the pawn chess piece cross the board. When trying to reach the other side of a board, a pawn piece is known as a "candidate". In most cases, your candidate piece would advance first, followed by its helper pieces, trying to ensure its safety. Once the sentries of a pawn piece have been captured, the pawn is now considered "free". This means it no longer has any opposing pawns in its path to reaching the other side of the board.

The Pawn Ram
When two pawns meet at squares directly in front of each other, they are considered part of a "ram". In basic terms, a ram occurs when two pawn pieces are blocking each other's movements across the board. When helper pawns get involved, a ram can be broken, allowing the pawn chess piece to move forward. Avoiding rams is important when attacking an opponent as it eliminates your ability to use the pawn in the attack. Pawns can be very useful tools as you play the game of chess. Gaining a more in-depth understanding of how to use pawns in chess is crucial to becoming a better chess player. Here are some great books we recommend for studying pawn play in chess:
The straight piece. That's the easiest way to describe the rook chess piece. In traditional sets, the piece looks kind of like a castle tower and begins each chess game as the outside corner pieces. Each player has two rook pieces to begin.

How A Rook Chess Piece Moves
The rooks are the most simple-moving chess pieces on the board. Their movements are only straight, moving forward, backward or side to side. At any point in the game, the piece can move in any direction that is straight ahead, behind or to the side. Here are a few things to know about how the Rook chess piece moves:

The rook piece can move forward, backward, left or right at any time.
The rook piece can move anywhere from 1 to 7 squares in any direction, so long as it is not obstructed by any other piece.
The rook piece is the only piece on the board that can participate in a "castling" move with the King piece. This is a move where the King piece and the rook piece work together, allowing the player to move two pieces at the same time. We'll discuss castling later.
When it comes to your chess set, the Knight chess piece is often the defining piece in the set. This piece offers the most chance for variety and uniqueness in a chess set and it is often the piece with the most detail. When it comes to the game of chess, the Knight chess piece is often the favorite piece and most unpredictable piece in the game. Many a game has been ended because of the make-or-break tactics with the Knight.

How A Knight Chess Piece Moves
The Knight chess piece moves in a very mysterious way. Unlike Rooks, Bishops or Queens, the Knight is limited in the number of squares it can move across. In fact, its movement is a very specific movement. The piece moves in a shape similar to the uppercase "L". Here are the specifics:

The Knight piece can move forward, backward, left or right two squares and must then move one square in either perpendicular direction.
The Knight piece can only move to one of up to eight positions on the board.
The Knight piece can move to any position not already inhabited by another piece of the same color.
The Knight piece can skip over any other pieces to reach its destination position.
Basic Tactics
Most experts prefer their Knight pieces to be "close to the action". Because of their strange movement, they can often cover weaknesses that other pieces leave. Knight pieces are also best employed near the center of the board and they are often one of the first pieces to reach the center area of the board. The Knight also has a unique ability to attack another piece without risking being attacked by the same piece (aside from other Knights, of course).
The Bishop chess piece is easily the most forgotten piece of all the chess pieces. From the beginners' perspective, the piece cannot do a whole lot to help out your game, considering each piece can only cover half of the board at a time and is quite vulnerable to attacks from straight on. But the bishop does have his place in the game of chess. In most chess sets, the piece is very traditional. It is a tall, slender piece with a pointed tip that has a strange cut made into it. Usually, the design doesn't change much, unlike the Knight piece, which has a lot of flair in its design.

How A Bishop Chess Piece Moves
The bishop chess piece is stuck moving in diagonals. Each player starts out with two bishop pieces, each one residing on its own color of square. Between both pieces, you can cover the entire board, but one piece can only cover one half of the board, only the colors of squares it started the game on.


Life Science / Food-based dietary guidelines - Bangladesh

Food guide



Consume moderate amounts of oils and fats.
Limit salt intake and condiments and use only iodized salt.
Consume less sugar, sweets or sweetened drinks.
Drink plenty of water daily.
Consume safe and clean foods and beverages.
Practise a healthy lifestyle with right cooking and healthy eating.
Eat additional food during pregnancy and lactation.

Peace of Mind / It’s the habit of being mindful.
« on: May 01, 2018, 11:13:44 AM »




Increased resilience to stress
Improved decision making
Improved emotional intelligence



Happiness / Happiness
« on: May 01, 2018, 10:17:16 AM »
Different definitions of happiness
Happiness can be defined in many different ways:

Three levels of happiness
Momentary feelings of joy and pleasure
Judgements about feelings
A higher meaning of life, flourishing and fulfilling one’s potential
Read more about the three levels.

Four levels of happiness
Happiness from material objects
Happiness from doing good for others and making the world a better place.
Ultimate, perfect happiness - finding your calling
Read more about the four levels.

Five different dimensions of well-being
Positive emotion
Read more about the five dimensions of well-being.

The Benefits of Being Happy
If happiness is a universal goal, then we need to understand its cause and effect. But before we go on to the studies and definitions, we need to know why it’s so important to us. Why are we so hung up on being happy?

Aside from a greater appreciation of life, being happy…

Is good for our health. Happy people have stronger immune systems and have a longer lifespan, than depressed and unhappy people.
Makes you more giving. Since they are happy, they feel more contentment and tend to share their blessings with others.
Helps you handle stress better. Helps you recover from trauma faster.
Is beneficial to your relationships. Compared to discontented people with a lot of hang-ups, happy people have a higher chance of getting married and having successful relationships. They also have a broader and more meaningful network of friends.
Encourages success. Happy people are more creative and energized and this attitude translates to their work performance.
Happy people are reported to live 14% longer, increasing their lives by 7.5 to 10 years.
The Search for Happiness is Universal
The search for happiness is a human endeavor – a universal goal. We all want to be happy, and we empathize with each other’s need for it. We search for it with all our might, our thoughts and actions focused on only one goal in life – to be happy.

But what is happiness, really? Is it that feeling that rushes over you when you achieve a goal, when you have your first child, or when you love someone and they love you back? You know it when you’re happy or not, but can something so intangible really be defined and measured?

The Studies on Happiness
Since the 1960s, scientific disciplines have conducted research on happiness, to determine how humans can live happier lives. The scientific pursuit of positive emotion and happiness is the pillar of positive psychology, first proposed in 1998 by Martin E. P. Seligman.

The studies have come up with varied results and views on the cause of happiness. Here are some of their findings:

One result from the 75-year Grant Study of Harvard undergraduates show that loving relationships, especially with parents, have a great impact on our well-being in our later years.
Based on twin studies, Sonja Lyubomirsky concludes that 50% of our happiness level is determined by our genes, 40% is related to our self-control, and 10% is influenced by personal situations and life circumstances.
Finnish research on 701 individuals showed that happiness activates our whole body, from the head down to the legs.
People are able to extract more pleasure out of ordinary experiences as they age. Younger people defined their happiness more by extraordinary experiences.
Excessive money, beyond what we need to feed, clothe and house ourselves only increases happiness by a fraction.
A Harvard Business School Study found that we are happier when we spend money on others, rather than on ourselves.
Relationships are keys to long-term happiness. The effect is strongest on married couples, but deep meaningful relationships with others have the same impact.
Surveys by Gallup, the National Research Center and the Pew Organisation states that people who are more spiritual tend to be happier than those who are not.
Religious people who benefit from social contact and peer support also showed an increased tendency to be happy and satisfied with their lives. The practice of optimism and service to others are contributing factors.
Research findings show that 8 hugs a day can increase your levels of oxytocin, and result in a happier you. A higher level of oxytocin is attributed to feelings of trust and camaraderie.
People’s moods significantly improve after engaging in exercise. (University of Bristol, 2008)
Acts of kindness make people more well-liked and accepted. This leads to social acceptance and an improved self-image. (University of British Columbia, 2012)
In a significant study by the University of California in 2008, researchers concluded that surrounding yourself with happy people will increase the possibilities of your future happiness. Happiness is said to be contagious.
The experience of being able to buy material things causes happiness, not the possession itself. It satisfies our higher order needs for social connectedness and vitality, and heightens the feeling of being alive. (San Francisco State University, 2009.
What is Happiness? Different definitions of happiness
Happiness means different things to different people.

In her book, “The How of Happiness”, Sonja Lyubomirsky, a professor of psychology at the University of California, defines happiness as, “the experience of joy, contentment, or positive well-being, combined with a sense that one’s life is good, meaningful, and worthwhile.”
The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines happiness as: A state of well-being and contentment A pleasurable or satisfying experience
Author Ayn Rand says: “Happiness is that state of consciousness which proceeds from the achievement of one’s values“.
To psychological researchers, the two components of Subjective Well-Being (SWB) are "feelings of happiness" and "thoughts of satisfaction with life".
Every individual has their own definition of what makes them happy. But the extensive research on happiness have shown that there are certain needs that must be satisfied in order to achieve this emotional state. What we are referring to is long-term happiness and not the momentary feelings of joy we experience in our everyday lives.

What Makes Humans Happy?
Psychologist Martin Seligman and the findings from Positive Psychology studies asserts that humans are happiest when they have the following:

Pleasure (delicious food, a warm bed, anything that pleases one of the 5 senses)
Engagement or Flow (the experience of an enjoyable and challenging activity)
Relationships (social ties are an extremely reliable factor of happiness)
Meaning (belonging to something bigger than ourselves)
Accomplishment (the achievement of goals)
Are you Happy?
Psychologists have long distinguished the difference of Life Satisfaction (your thoughts and feelings about your life as a whole) from Subjective Well-Being (your actual feelings of happiness at the moment.) One does not decide the outcome of the other.

If you were asked to rate your happiness right now, it will not be an accurate indicator of your Life Satisfaction. You may be feeling discontented with your work, or having a fight with your loved one – and you will give your state of happiness a low rating. Subjective Well-Being is dependent on current situations.

Maybe you just had a promotion or bought a new car and you’re feeling on top of the world. You’re happy. But if you were asked if you’re satisfied with your life in general, you may rate your Life Satisfaction differently. You probably have more plans for your life that have not come to pass.

This shows that happiness is not equal to Life Satisfaction or feelings of fulfillment, which equates to long-term happiness. Your overall sense of well-being cannot be determined by how happy you are today or last Friday.

Make a difference for others!
The studies suggest that to achieve long-term happiness, you need to see yourself as a person who is making a difference in this life, and improving the well-being of others. Someone who matters. If you focus on these areas, you will have a greater chance of achieving the state of happiness that every human being long for. What about you? What gives you happiness?

Wikipedia: Happiness
Scholarpedia: Psychology of Happiness
Psychology Today: How Should Psychology Define Happiness?
Greater Good: The Science of a Meaningful Life: What is Happiness?
Being Minimalist: 10 Positive Psychology Studies to Change Your View of Happiness
Psyche Central: 5 Reliable Findings from Happiness Research
Psyblog: Happiness: 10 Fascinating New Psychology Studies Everyone Should Know

Business Administration / Aggregate demand and Aggregate supply
Aggregate Demand :
•     is consumption (may also be known as consumer spending
  is investment,
•     is government spending,
•     is net export, where
•     is total exports, and
•     total imports
Aggregate Supply :
DEFINITION of 'Aggregate Supply'
Also known as "total output".
Why AS is vertical ?


What Is Full Employment GDP?
Illustrating Full Employment GDP
Full Employment GDP and Economic Growth

DEFINITION of 'Below Full Employment Equilibrium'


source internet


Are you an entrepreneur or investor? Do you need information on the best business ideas & investment opportunities in Bangladesh for 2018? Then I advice you read on.

Bangladesh happens to be the 8th most populous country in the world with a population that is well over 160 Million. It is located in the southern eastern part of Asia and is bordered by Burma, India and Nepal. The capital city and seat of power of Bangladesh is called Dhaka and its official language is Bengali, with English also widely spoken in the country. It’s important to state that Bangladesh is among the most densely populated countries in the world.

The economy of Bangladesh is a progressive one and it is considered to be among the next eleven emerging economies in the world. It is a fact that Bangladesh is the birth place of microfinance banking with credit to the Noble Peace Prize winner Muhammad Yunus. The economy of Bangladesh revolves basically around the exportation of textile and garments, seafood, jute and fish.

Agriculture is an important contributor to the economy of Bangladesh and the country is rated as one the largest cultivator and exporter of agriculture products such as; banana, mango, potato, tropical fruits, onion, rice, tea, fish, jute, pineapple amongst others.

The Government of Bangladesh is doing all they can to encourage foreign investors; hence the establishment of several export processing zones. If you intend to come into Bangladesh as a social entrepreneur, then you may be coming into a safer environment because the country has a vibrant social enterprise sector and it is noted as one of the most efficient production/manufacturing hub in the world.

Now let us run through some of the business opportunities that are available to investors heading to Bangladesh.
1. Food Processing Company
The food processing sector in Bangladesh is indeed a thriving industry simply because of the cheap labor and cheap raw materials that are available in the country. If you are an accredited investor and are looking for a place to establish a profitable company, then you should consider establishing a food processing company in Bangladesh because of all the positives you stand to gain.

2. Rice Farming

If you are game with farming as an investor, then you may want to consider giving rice farming a shot! Bangladesh is one of the largest producers and exporter of rice globally and the market is still very much open for new investors. If you mean serious business, you should not only engage in rice farming, you should also be involved in rice processing, bagging and exportation as these are ways to generate more profit.

3. Textile and Garment Manufacturing

No doubt Bangladesh is recognized globally as one of the leaders when it comes to the production of textile and garments. This is so because the country can boast of cheap and vibrant labor and also cheap raw materials. Some big – time textile manufacturing companies in developed countries have their textile and garment factory established in Bangladesh because of cost effectiveness. So, even if you don’t intend to live in Bangladesh as an investor, you can consider establishing your own textile and manufacturing company there and you will be sure to continue to reap good returns on your investment.

4. Open a Micro – Finance Bank

Bangladesh is the birth place of micro financing and if you choose to establish your own micro – finance bank, then rest assured that you would sure make profits, because the business concept is well understood and accepted by its citizens. If you intend establishing your own micro finance bank in Bangladesh, you would be required to have certain financial base and pay an amount before you can be granted a license operate.
5. Fruits Plantation

Bangladesh is highly suitable for the cultivation of crops such as banana, mango, tropical fruits, and pineapple amongst others. If you establish your own fruits plantation, you would not only have to supply to the local markets but also to international markets. Bangladesh is one of the largest exporters of tropical fruits simply because it is cheaper compared to what you can get from other countries.

6. Seafood and Fish Business

Another highly thriving business you can establish in Bangladesh is seafood and fish business. With a population of over 160 million people, you can be sure of loads of people patronizing you and if you choose to go into exportation, there will also be a large international market waiting for you.

7. Freight Forwarding Business

Most of the goods produced in Bangladesh are exported to the rest of the world hence a very thriving Freight forwarding industry. All you would need to do to enter into this line of business is to register your company, obtain your operational license from the government, get a good location for your office and then market your services to companies that are into the production of goods.

8. Tea Production Company

The soil composition and climatic condition in Bangladesh is highly suitable for the cultivation of tea. So, if you are thinking of a business to establish in Bangladesh, then you should consider starting your own tea production company. The good thing about this kind of business is that you might not only have the over 160 million people in Bangladesh as your target market, but also the rest of the world. It is a viable business and you won’t have to struggle to market your tea to the global market especially if it is well packaged and branded.

9. Barbing Salon

If you know how to give a good hair cut and you are looking for a business that requires low capital to start in Bangladesh, then you should consider establishing your own barbing salon. All you would need to get started are; a shop, one or more clippers, a big wall mirror, a small power generator, supplies of powder, after shaves, amongst others. Once you rent a shop in any part of town in Bangladesh, you are sure to have loads of people trooping to your barbing salon even without advert.

10. Water Refill Station

Good and portable water is a major requirement by many household and even offices in Bangladesh. If you are looking towards establishing your own business in Bangladesh, then you should consider starting a Water Refill Station. It is indeed a profitable venture.

These are some of the highly profitable and easy to start businesses in Bangladesh. It is important to point that one of the major challenges entrepreneurs face in Bangladesh is power; so if you intend establishing your own business in Bangladesh, then you should create a budget for power generating sets.

Business Administration / Consequences of Unemployment
« on: April 29, 2018, 07:24:05 PM »
Result of Unemployment :
a loss of GDP,
loss of tax revenue,
increased cost of unemployment benefits,
loss of income for individuals, and
greater disparities in the distribution of income.

Syllabus: Discuss possible personal and social consequences of unemployment, including

increased crime rates,
increased stress levels,
increased indebtedness,
homelessness and
family breakdown.




The unemployment rate (see Page 79)
The duration of unemployment





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