Solve (-1)^x=1

  1. Ok. So the answer to finding the solution of
    is clear.

    But say we didnt know it and wanted to solve it. One approach is to take the log of both sides

    [itex]x\cdot log(-1)=log(1)=0[/itex]

    But now the right hand side is defined where as the left is not!

    What am I missing?
  2. jcsd
  3. Stephen Tashi

    Stephen Tashi 4,411
    Science Advisor
    2014 Award

    You're missing the fact that there is no mathematical principle that says you can always solve an equation by "doing the same thing to both sides".

    For example, you can't solve the equation [itex] \frac{x}{(x-1)} = \frac{1}{(x-1)} [/itex] by multiplying both sides by [itex] x-1 [/itex].

    Mathematical manipulations are intended as a way to abbreviate thinking, not as a way of eliminating it.

    When we have an equation of the form [itex] f(x) = g(x) [/itex] and do some manipulation on it to produce another equation [itex] h(x) = r(x) [/itex] then we are suppose to ask if the manipulation may have created an equation that has more or fewer solutions than the original equation.
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  4. You need a logarithm that's defined for complex numbers. :wink:
  5. You're missing the point. It's not a matter of solving the equation, its the fact that by performing a completely legitimate operation we now have an equation where the RHS does not equal the LHS.
  6. Olivermsun, I believe in complex terms we have [itex]log(-1)=i\pi[/itex]. But again we face the same dilemma as
    [itex]i\pi\ne 0[/itex]
  7. Maybe let me ask this way: what are the complex logs of 1?
  8. Stephen Tashi

    Stephen Tashi 4,411
    Science Advisor
    2014 Award

    What do you mean by "a completely legitimate operation"?

    You aren't using the proper terminology for talking about equations. An equation in a variable x is a statement that two functions of x are equal. A solution to the equation is a value of x that makes the statement true. The set of all solutions to the equation is called "the solution set". The left hand side of an equation may not equal the right hand side of the equation for some , or for any values of the variable x.

    I think what you are trying to say is that taking the log of both sides of the equation [itex] (-1)^x = 1 [/itex] transforms it to another equation, which has a different solution set (namely the null set since the transformed equation has no solutions).

    There is no mathematical principle that says applying the natural logarithm function to both sides of an equation will transform it to a new equation that has the same solution set as the original equation.

    If you define a complex logarithm such that [itex] log(-1) = i \pi [/itex] and transform the new equation to [itex] x (i \pi) = 0 [/itex] then [itex] x = 0 [/itex] is a solution to the transformed equation.
  9. Vanadium 50

    Vanadium 50 18,144
    Staff Emeritus
    Science Advisor
    Education Advisor

    Best. Statement. Ever.
  10. For real numbers a and b, log (a^b) = a log(b) is not valid if a<0.
  11. Seconded. That's going on the board tomorrow.
  12. [tex]\\(-1)^x=1 \\ \\x=\log_{-1}(1) \\ \\x=\frac{\ln(1)}{\ln(-1)} \\ \\x=\frac{0}{i \pi} \\ \\x=0[/tex]
  13. you cannot add log because log(-1) is not defined.
  14. (-1)^2y = (-1)^ ( even integer) = 1

    (-2)^(2y+1) = (-1)^(odd integer) = -1

    since 2y and (2y+1) form all N ( natural number) then you can say the only solution will be if x is even, i.e x= 2y , and y belongs to N
  15. lurflurf

    lurflurf 2,327
    Homework Helper

    consider the equivalent equation
    $$e^{x \, \log(-1)}=e^0
    e^{x \, \pi \imath}=e^0$$

    In general we cannot conclude

    In this case exp is a periodic function with period 2π i

    so from
    $$e^{x \, \pi \imath}=e^0
    \\ \text{we conclude}\\
    x \, \pi \imath=2n \, \pi \imath
    \\ \text{for some $n \in \mathbb{Z}$} $$

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