(1895–1998). German novelist and essayist Ernst Jünger was one of the most complex and contradictory figures in 20th-century German literature. An ardent militarist early in his career, he later became an equally ardent advocate of peace.

Born on March 29, 1895, in Heidelberg, Germany, Jünger ran away from home in 1912 and joined the French Foreign Legion. After returning home, he volunteered for the German army at the outbreak of World War I and served as an officer on the Western Front throughout the conflict. After the war he published In Stahlgewittern (1920; The Storm of Steel), containing vivid recollections of his life in the trenches and his experiences in combat as a company commander. The book was a success with critics and public alike in Germany and other countries.

Jünger stayed in the army until 1923 and then studied zoology and botany at the universities of Leipzig and Naples for several years. He published further recollections and reflections on his war experiences in Der Kampf als inneres Erlebnis (1922; Combat as an Internal Experience), Das Wäldchen (1925; The Grove), and Feuer und Blut (1925; Fire and Blood). Despite his militarism, Jünger resisted Adolf Hitler’s offers of friendship in the late 1920s and declined to join the Nazi movement even after it came to power in Germany in 1933. Indeed, during Hitler’s chancellorship, he wrote a daring allegory on the barbarian devastation of a peaceful land in the novel Auf den Marmorklippen (1939; On the Marble Cliffs), which, surprisingly, passed the censors and was published in Germany.

Jünger served as an army staff officer in Paris during World War II, but by 1943 he had turned decisively against Nazi totalitarianism and its goal of world conquest, a change manifested in Der Friede (1946; The Peace), dedicated to the memory of his son who died fighting in Italy. Jünger was dismissed from the army in 1944 after he was indirectly implicated with fellow officers who had plotted to kill Hitler.

Jünger’s postwar novels include Heliopolis (1949) and Gläserne Bienen (1957; The Glass Bees), a disturbing story of a jobless former soldier in an overmechanized world symbolized by artificial bees and marionettes. After 1950 Jünger lived in self-imposed isolation in West Germany. In such later books as Aladins Problem (1983; Aladdin’s Problem), he tended to condemn the militaristic attitudes that had led to Germany’s disastrous participation in the world wars. He died on Feb. 16, 1998, in Wilflingen, Germany, at the age of 102.