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Seafood includes products from water-living animals, such as fish, crustaceans, and mollusks.

Meat from cetaceans (whales and dolphins) might or might not be regarded to be seafood. By a stretch of the definition, swimming land animals such as beaver or otter have been regarded to be seafood by some Christian congregations, to be eaten during lent. They are not usually included with the concept.


Travellers might want to avoid certain endangered species; see animal ethics.


Unagi (eel) kabayaki, a classic Japanese dish

Many aquatic animals are called "fish" in English, such as jellyfish or starfish.

However, animals known to common man as "fish" are paraphyletic; they are no more closely related to each other than they are to humans or other mammals. Nevertheless, the vast majority of species known as "fish", including most culinary fish, are ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii). Cartilaginous fish include sharks and rays, and lobe-finned fish include coelacanths and lungfish.

In culinary terms, there is a difference between fatty fish (salmon, trout, mackerel, eel, herring) and lean fish (pike, perch, cod, etc).

Probably the best place to get wild-caught salmon is the Pacific Northwest, especially Alaska and adjoining parts of Canada.

Eel is much prized in Japan and very well-cooked there, so if you like eel, make sure to get some when you're there. Historically eel was also commonly eaten in Europe, but overfishing and habitat destruction have critically depleted stocks.

Herrings are probably most commonly eaten either lightly pickled (called maatjes in Dutch) or full-on pickled, and are specialties of Northern European countries including the Netherlands for maatjes herrings and the Nordic countries and those with a Baltic coast for pickled herring.

Fish are often preserved by smoking and/or salting, and use of preserved fish is integral to many cuisines. Famous examples include lox and gravlax, similar types of smoked salmon which are prized by Ashkenazic Jews and many Northern Europeans, respectively; anchovies, which are salted and preserved in olive oil in Italy and Spain; bacalá/bacalao/bacalhau, the Italian, Spanish and Portuguese names for dried, salted cod, used in cuisines throughout most parts of the world that speak those three languages and then some; and ikan bilis, the Malay word that is translated as "anchovies" and is a related small fish, are salted and used to add flavor to many dishes including fried rice.

Some places ferment fish, including Sweden and Norway, which produce surströmming and lutefisk, and Isaan, Thailand. Fermented fish is infamous for its foul smell and is an acquired taste.

A more mild application of fish fermentation is its use in fish sauce, a staple of Thai and Vietnamese cooking. If used in moderation, fish sauce is no more nor less foul than Italian-style anchovy paste.

Fish is also eaten raw. One type of preparation is ceviche, a specialty of Peru, in which raw fish is cured in lime or lemon juice. Others are traditional to Korea, and more famously, Japan. Japan is the land of sushi — preparations, especially raw fish, with vinegared rice — and sashimi — pieces of raw fish (and also a wide variety of seafood and, less commonly, land meats) themselves. If you would like to try raw fish, you may be safest doing so in Japan, as it is central to their cuisine and also popular, guaranteeing quick turnover of stock. In any case, Japanese people do not tolerate fish that's too old, so short of catching your own fish or buying fish direct from a fisherman's boat, you probably won't get fresher fish in any other country.

Roe or caviar are fish eggs, and when taken from beluga sturgeon and other scarce (and endangered) fishes, are a very expensive delicacy. Fisheries in the Caspian Sea produce much caviar thanks to the large sturgeon population inhabiting the inland sea. Therefore in most regions on the Caspian, including those of Russia, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan, caviar is in abundance and is relatively cheap.


Chili crabs

Lobster, shrimp and crabs are classical delicacies. The price varies a lot.

Lobsters are a specialty in coastal New England, from Rhode Island to Maine, and are usually steamed and then buttered and served with steamed corn in season.

Blue crabs are a specialty of the Chesapeake Bay area, especially Maryland. Hard-shell crabs are served in Singapore's national dish, chili crabs.

In Malaysia, while chili crabs are available, you should look for chili jumbo prawns. Called udang galah in Malay, so-called "jumbo prawns" can be close to the size of a lobster (though, sadly, usually not anymore, probably mostly due to overfishing) and are delicious.

Central Thailand famous produces tom yam goong, a spicy, complexly delicious soup featuring shrimp.

Shrimp paste is also used widely in Southeast and East Asia, but above all in Malaysia, where it is called belacan and features in almost every savory dish even when you can't taste it separately, and Indonesia, where it is called terasi.


Octopus, squid, oysters, clams, mussels, conchs and snails might disgust some people and tempt others.

Linguine con frutti di mare

Naples is a great place to eat seafood of most of these kinds. If you'd like a wide selection, order linguine con frutti di mare. "Frutti di mare" literally means "fruit of the sea". Items you are likely to get in this pasta dish could include squid or cuttlefish, clams, mussels, scungilli (a kind of large snail that doesn't taste like more typical snails) and shrimp, usually in a spicy red sauce. Squid is also a traditional component of frito misto (literally, "mixed fries"), along with perhaps some kind of fish and some vegetables such as zucchini and potatoes, or you can also get fried squid by itself. Linguine con vongole (linguine with clams) is another traditional Neapolitan dish.

In Indonesia, Makassarese food features fish and seafood as well as goat and other land meats. Makassarese food tends to be fiery with chilis.

New England is a traditional place for clambakes and also steamed clams.

Jamaica is well known for its conch fritters and other dishes made with conch.

Snails are prized in France and Vietnam, but while many people consider them a delicacy, others find that even when they're completely fresh, they have a strong taste that can be disagreeable.


Fishing is the catching of fish and other moving water animals. Foraging might a more appropriate term for catching of immobile animals, such as clams. In most countries, fishing and foraging are restricted, if allowed at all.


Most fish is cooked, but sashimi is eaten raw; pictured: red: maguro (tuna); white: ika (cuttlefish); red and white combination: tai (sea bream)

In contrast to meat, which needs to be properly hung before consumption, seafood should be eaten as fresh as possible. Even though a supermarket or a restaurant is at the waterfront, there is no guarantee that the fish is fresh.

Fish should be properly cooked, for taste and food safety, except in sushi or sashimi specialist restaurants that you trust. For many fish, there is no "rare" or "well done", but upscale restaurants in Europe and the Americas often sear fishes like tuna so that they are cooked on the outside and rare on the inside.

The exception is cured fish, which has been taken care of by chemicals, instead of heat. Fish gets more tender with sour condiments, such as citrus fruit or vinegar.

Stay safe[edit]

In the case of fish, rotting is not the only danger to health. Fish very commonly carry parasites that can be passed on to you when you eat them. The parasites are killed by cooking, but sushi/sashimi specialists and other restaurants serving raw fish (sometimes called "crudo" in Italian restaurants) have to be extra careful to have reliable suppliers and to inspect and remove any parasites from the fish before they serve it.

Another issue with some fishes is mercury contamination. This is a problem especially in the case of large fishes like tuna that are higher in the food chain. Particularly if you are pregnant or lactating, it is a good idea to limit your intake of fishes that tend to carry relatively high levels of mercury.

In the case of bivalves (e.g., mussels and clams), be mindful of the fact that they are filter feeders that filter their food out of very large quantities of water that pass through their bodies. As a result, they concentrate any pollution in the water by a very large factor. So you may want to limit your intake of bivalves or restrict yourself to eating those which come from areas of very low pollution.

Destinations and cuisine[edit]

Most coastal destinations are known for seafood. For instance, Nordic and Japanese cuisines have very different interpretations of rather similar ingredients.


See animal ethics.

See also[edit]

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