ဆေတန် ၅ ဒုံးပျံ

ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား မှ
အခြား အသုံးအနှုန်းများ အတွက် ဆေတန် ၅ ဒုံးပျံ (disambiguation) ကို ကြည့်ပါ။

Template:Infobox rocket/PayloadTemplate:Infobox rocket/StageTemplate:Infobox rocket/StageTemplate:Infobox rocket/Stage

Saturn V
Apollo 17 The Last Moon Shot Edit1.jpg
The final crewed Saturn V, AS-512, before the launch of Apollo 17
လုပ်ငန်းဆောင်တာ Crewed LEO and Lunar launch vehicle
ထုတ်လုပ်သူ Boeing (S-IC)
North American (S-II)
Douglas (S-IVB)
မူလနိုင်ငံ United States
အမြင့် ၃၆၃.၀ feet (၁၁၀.၆ m)
အချင်း ၃၃.၀ feet (၁၀.၁ m)
ထုထည် ၆,၂၀၀,၀၀၀ pounds (၂,၈၀၀,၀၀၀ kg)[၁]
အဆင့်များ 3
Payload to LEO ၂၆၀,၀၀၀ pounds (၁၂၀,၀၀၀ kg)[၁]
Associated rockets
မိသားစု Saturn
အပြောင်းအလဲများ Saturn INT-21
နှိုင်းယှဉ်စရာများ N1 rocket
Launch history
အခြေနေ Decommissioned
ပစ်လွှတ်နေရာ LC-39, Kennedy Space Center
Total launches 13 (including INT-21)[၂]
အောင်မြင်မှုများ 11
ကျရှုံးမှုများ 0
တစိတ်တပိုင်း ကျရှုံးမှုများ 2 (Apollo 6 and Apollo 13)
ပထမဆုံး ပျံသန်းခြင်း November 9, 1967 (SA-501)
နောက်ဆုံး ပျံသန်းမှု December 6, 1972
(May 14, 1973 - INT-21)[၂]



To date, the Saturn V is the only launch vehicle to transport human beings beyond low Earth orbit. A total of 24 astronauts were launched to the Moon, three of them more than once, in the four years spanning December 1968 through December 1972.


The origins of the Saturn V rocket begin with the US government choosing Wernher von Braun to be one of about seven hundred German scientists in Operation Paperclip, a program created by President Truman in September 1946.[ကိုးကားချက်လိုသည်] It was intended to bring these scientists and their expertise to the United States, thereby giving America an edge in the Cold War.

Von Braun was put into the rocket design division of the Army due to his direct involvement in the creation of the V-2 rocket.[၃] Between 1945 and 1958, his work was restricted to conveying the ideas and methods behind the V-2 to the American engineers.[ကိုးကားချက်လိုသည်] Despite Von Braun's many articles on the future of space rocketry, the US Government continued funding Air Force and Naval rocket programs to test their Vanguard missiles despite numerous costly failures. It was not until the 1957 Soviet launch of Sputnik atop an R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) capable of carrying a thermonuclear warhead to the US,[၄][၅] that the Army and the government started taking serious steps towards putting Americans in space.[၆] Finally, they turned to von Braun and his team, who during these years created and experimented with the Jupiter series of rockets. The Juno I was the rocket that launched the first American satellite in January 1958, and part of the last-ditch plan for NACA (the predecessor of NASA) to get its foot in the Space Race.[၇] The Jupiter series was one more step in von Braun's journey to the Saturn V, later calling that first series "an infant Saturn".[၆]

Saturn development[ပြင်​ဆင်​ရန်​]

အကျယ်တဝင့် ဖော်ပြထားသောဆောင်းပါး - Saturn (rocket family)


C-1 to C-4[ပြင်​ဆင်​ရန်​]

Between 1960 and 1962, the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) designed a series of Saturn rockets that could be used for various Earth orbit or lunar missions.

The C-1 was developed into the Saturn I, and the C-2 rocket was dropped early in the design process in favor of the C-3, which was intended to use two F-1 engines on its first stage, four J-2 engines for its second stage, and an S-IV stage, using six RL-10 engines.

NASA planned to use the C-3 as part of the Earth Orbit Rendezvous (EOR) concept, with at least four or five launches needed for a single lunar mission.[ကိုးကားချက်လိုသည်] But MSFC was already planning an even bigger rocket, the C-4, which would use four F-1 engines on its first stage, an enlarged C-3 second stage, and the S-IVB, a stage with a single J-2 engine, as its third stage. The C-4 would need only two launches to carry out an EOR lunar mission.[ကိုးကားချက်လိုသည်]


On January 10, 1962, NASA announced plans to build the C-5. The three-stage rocket would consist of five F-1 engines for the first stage, five J-2 engines for the second stage, and a single, additional J-2 engine for the third stage.[၈] The C-5 was designed for the higher payload capacity necessary for a lunar mission, and could carry up to ၉၀,၀၀၀ pounds (၄၁,၀၀၀ kg) to the Moon.[၈]

The C-5 would undergo component testing even before the first model was constructed. The rocket's third stage would be utilized as the second stage for the C-IB, which would serve both to demonstrate proof of concept and feasibility for the C-5, but would also provide flight data critical to the continued development of the C-5.[၈] Rather than undergoing testing for each major component, the C-5 would be tested in an "all-up" fashion, meaning that the first test flight of the rocket would include complete versions of all three stages. By testing all components at once, far fewer test flights would be required before a manned launch.[၉]

The C-5 was confirmed as NASA's choice for the Apollo Program in early 1963, and was given a new name—the Saturn V.[၈]

The C-1 became the Saturn I, and C-1B became Saturn IB. Von Braun headed a team at the Marshall Space Flight Center in building a vehicle capable of launching a crewed spacecraft on a trajectory to the moon.[၆] Before they moved under NASA's jurisdiction, von Braun's team had already begun work on improving the thrust, creating a less complex operating system, and designing better mechanical systems.[၆] It was during these revisions that the decision to reject the single engine of the V-2's design came about, and the team moved to a multiple-engine design. The Saturn I and IB reflected these changes, but still did not have the potential to send a crewed spacecraft to the moon.[၆] These designs, however, provided a basis for which NASA could determine its best method towards landing a man on the moon.

The Saturn V's final design had several key design features. Engineers determined that the best engines were the F-1s coupled with the new liquid hydrogen propulsion system called J-2, which made the Saturn C-5 configuration optimal.[၆] By 1962, NASA had finalized its plans to proceed with von Braun's Saturn designs, and the Apollo space program gained speed.[၁၀]

With the configuration finalized, NASA turned its attention to mission profiles. Despite some controversy, a lunar orbit rendezvous for the lunar module was chosen over an Earth orbital rendezvous.[၆] Issues such as type of fuel injections, the needed amount of fuel for such a trip, and rocket manufacturing processes were ironed out, and the designs for the Saturn V were selected. The rocket was to be built in three sections from the bottom up: SI-C, S-II, and S-IVB. Each section was designed by von Braun in Huntsville and built by outside contractors such as Boeing, North American Aviation, Douglas Aircraft, and IBM.[၁၀]


Project Apollo#Choosing a mission mode ကိုလည်းကြည့်။

စီမံကိန်းအစောပိုင်းကာလများတွင် နာဆာသည် လသွားခရီးအတွက် ကမ္ဘာပတ်လမ်းမှချိန်၍ပစ်လွှတ်ခြင်း၊ တိုက်ရိုက်ဆင်းသက်ခြင်းနှင့် လပတ်လမ်းမှချိန်၍ပစ်လွှတ်ခြင်းဟူ၍ အစီအစဉ်သုံးမျိုးစဉ်းစားခဲ့သည်။ တိုက်ရိုက်ဆင်းသက်ခြင်းအတွက်မူ လမျက်နှာပြင်ပေါ်တိုက်ရိုက်ဆင်းသက်မည့် ဒုံးပျံကြီးကြီးတစ်ခုလိုသည်။ ကမ္ဘာပတ်လမ်းမှပစ်လွှတ်ရန်အတွက်မူ သေးငယ်သောအာကာသယာဉ်နှစ်စင်းပစ်လွှတ်ပြီး ကမ္ဘာပတ်လမ်းတွင်ချိတ်ဆက်စေနိုင်သည်။ လပတ်လမ်းမှပစ်လွှတ်ခြင်းအတွက်မူ အာကာသယာဉ်တစ်ခုနှင့်ယင်းအားတွန်းအားပေးမည့်ဒုံးပျံတစ်ခုသာလိုပြီး အာကာသယာဉ်၏အစိတ်အပိုင်းငယ်တစ်ခုကသာလျှင်လပေါ်ဆင်းသက်မည်ဖြစ်သည်။ ထိုလဆင်းယာဉ်က ပင်မယာဉ်နှင့်ပြန်လည်ချိတ်ဆက်ပြီး အာကာသသူရဲများကမ္ဘာသို့ပြန်လာနိုင်မည်ဖြစ်သည်။

NASA at first dismissed LOR as a riskier option, given that an orbital rendezvous had yet to be performed in Earth orbit, much less in lunar orbit. Several NASA officials, including Langley Research Center engineer John Houbolt and NASA Administrator George Low, argued that a Lunar Orbit Rendezvous provided the simplest landing on the moon, the most cost–efficient launch vehicle and, perhaps most importantly, the best chance to accomplish a lunar landing within the decade.[၈] Other NASA officials were convinced, and LOR was officially selected as the mission configuration for the Apollo program on 7 November 1962.[၈]


ဆေတန် ၅ ပုံ

ဆေတန် ၅ ၏အရွယ်အစားနှင့်တင်ဆောင်နိုင်သည့်ဝန်တို့သည် ထိုအချိန်ကပျံသန်းနေသည့်ဒုံးပျံများထက်များစွာကြီးမားသည်။ အပိုလိုအာကာသယာဉ်ကိုထိပ်ဖူးတွင်ထည့်သွင်းထားပြီးနောက် ဒုံးပျံကိုထောင်ထားချိန်တွင် ၃၆၃ feet (၁၁၁ m) မြင့်ပြီး အမေရိကန်လွတ်လပ်ရေးရုပ်တုထက် ၅၈ပေပိုမြင့်သည်။ တောင်ပံများမပါဘဲနှင့်အချင်း၃၃ feet (၁၀ m)ရှိသည်။ လောင်စာဖြည့်တင်းပြီးချိန်တွင် အလေးချိန် in diameter. Fully fueled it had a total mass of 6.5 million pounds (3,000 metric tons) ရှိသည်။ တင်ဆောင်နိုင်သည့်ဝန်မှာ ကမ္ဘာပတ်လမ်းနိမ့် သို့၂၆၀,၀၀၀ pounds (၁၂၀,၀၀၀ kg) ပို့နိုင်သည်။

In contrast, the Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle used on Freedom 7, the first manned American spaceflight, was just under ၁၁ feet (၃.၄ m) longer than the S-IVB stage, and delivered less sea level thrust (၇၈,၀၀၀ pounds-force (၃၅၀ kN)) than the Launch Escape System rocket (၁၄၇,၀၀၀ pounds-force (၆၅၀ kN) sea level thrust) mounted atop the Apollo command module.[၁၁]

The Saturn V was principally designed by the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, although numerous major systems, including propulsion, were designed by subcontractors. It used the powerful new F-1 and J-2 rocket engines for propulsion. When tested, these engines shattered the windows of nearby houses.[၁၂] Designers decided early on to attempt to use as much technology from the Saturn I program as possible. Consequently, the S-IVB-500 third stage of the Saturn V was based on the S-IVB-200 second stage of the Saturn IB. The Instrument Unit that controlled the Saturn V shared characteristics with that carried by the Saturn IB.

Blueprints and other Saturn V plans are available on microfilm at the Marshall Space Flight Center.[၁၃]


The Saturn V consisted of three stages—the S-IC first stage, S-II second stage and the S-IVB third stage—and the instrument unit. All three stages used liquid oxygen (LOX) as an oxidizer. The first stage used RP-1 for fuel, while the second and third stages used liquid hydrogen (LH2). The upper stages also used small solid-fueled ullage motors that helped to separate the stages during the launch, and to ensure that the liquid propellants were in a proper position to be drawn into the pumps.

S-IC ပထမအဆင့်[ပြင်​ဆင်​ရန်​]

အကျယ်တဝင့် ဖော်ပြထားသောဆောင်းပါး - S-IC

The S-IC was built by The Boeing Company at the Michoud Assembly Facility, New Orleans, where Space Shuttle External Tanks would later be built by Lockheed Martin. Most of its mass of over two thousand metric tonnes at launch was propellant, in this case RP-1 rocket fuel and liquid oxygen oxidizer with a fuel efficiency of just under 5 inches per US gallon (just under 4 cm per liter) overall.[၁၄] It was ၄၂ metres (၁၃၈ ft) tall and ၁၀ metres (၃၃ ft) in diameter, and provided over ၃၄ meganewtons (၇,၆၀၀,၀၀၀ lbf) of thrust to get the rocket through the first ၆၇ kilometres (၂၂၀,၀၀၀ ft) of ascent. The S-IC stage had a dry weight of about ၁၃၁ tonnes (၂၈၉,၀၀၀ lb) and fully fueled at launch had a total weight of ၂,၃၀၀ tonnes (၅,၁၀၀,၀၀၀ lb). The initial design included four F-1 engines, which provided just enough force to lift the spacecraft and rocket. A fifth F-1 engine was added in the center of a cross pattern to provide additional thrust to accommodate the growing weight of the Apollo payload.[၈] That center engine was fixed, while the four outer engines could be hydraulically turned ("gimballed") to control the rocket.[၁၄] In flight, the center engine was turned off about 26 seconds earlier than the outboard engines to limit acceleration. During launch, the S-IC fired its engines for 168 seconds (ignition occurred about 7 seconds before liftoff) and at engine cutoff, the vehicle was at an altitude of about ၆၇ kilometres (၄၂ mi), was downrange about ၉၃ kilometres (၅၈ mi), and was moving about ၂,၃၀၀ metres per second (၇,၅၀၀ ft/s).[၁၅]

S-II ဒုတိယဆင့်[ပြင်​ဆင်​ရန်​]

အကျယ်တဝင့် ဖော်ပြထားသောဆောင်းပါး - S-II

The S-II was built by North American Aviation at Seal Beach, California. Using liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen, it had five J-2 engines in a similar arrangement to the S-IC, also using the outer engines for control. The S-II was ၈၁ feet ၇ inches (၂၄.၈၇ m) tall with a diameter of ၃၃ feet (၁၀ m), identical to the S-IC, and thus was the largest cryogenic stage until the launch of the STS. The S-II had a dry weight of about ၈၀,၀၀၀ pounds (၃၆,၀၀၀ kg) and fully fueled, weighed ၁,၀၆၀,၀၀၀ pounds (၄၈၀,၀၀၀ kg). The second stage accelerated the Saturn V through the upper atmosphere with ၅.၁ meganewtons (၁,၁၀၀,၀၀၀ lbf) of thrust (in vacuum). When loaded, significantly more than 90 percent of the mass of the stage was propellant; however, the ultra-lightweight design had led to two failures in structural testing. Instead of having an intertank structure to separate the two fuel tanks as was done in the S-IC, the S-II used a common bulkhead that was constructed from both the top of the LOX tank and bottom of the LH2 tank. It consisted of two aluminum sheets separated by a honeycomb structure made of phenolic resin. This bulkhead had to insulate against the ၇၀ °C (၁၅၈ °F) temperature difference between the two tanks. The use of a common bulkhead saved ၃.၆ tonnes (၇,၉၀၀ lb). Like the S-IC, the S-II was transported by sea.

S-IVB တတိယဆင့်[ပြင်​ဆင်​ရန်​]

အကျယ်တဝင့် ဖော်ပြထားသောဆောင်းပါး - S-IVB
Cutaway drawing of the Saturn V S-IVB

The S-IVB was built by the Douglas Aircraft Company at Huntington Beach, California. It had one J-2 engine and used the same fuel as the S-II. The S-IVB used a common bulkhead to insulate the two tanks. It was ၅၈ feet ၇ inches (၁၇.၈၆ m) tall with a diameter of ၂၁ feet ၈ inches (၆.၆၀၄ m) and was also designed with high mass efficiency, though not quite as aggressively as the S-II. The S-IVB had a dry weight of about ၂၃,၀၀၀ pounds (၁၀,၀၀၀ kg) and, fully fueled, weighed about ၂၆၂,၀၀၀ pounds (၁၁၉,၀၀၀ kg).[၁၆]

The S-IVB-500 model used on the Saturn V differed from the S-IVB-200 used as the second stage of the Saturn IB, in that the engine was restartable once per mission. This was necessary as the stage would be used twice during a lunar mission: first in a 2.5 min burn for the orbit insertion after second stage cutoff, and later for the trans-lunar injection (TLI) burn, lasting about 6 min. Two liquid-fueled Auxiliary Propulsion System (APS) units mounted at the aft end of the stage were used for attitude control during the parking orbit and the trans-lunar phases of the mission. The two APSs were also used as ullage engines to settle the propellants in the aft tank engine feed lines prior to the trans-lunar injection burn.

The S-IVB was the only rocket stage of the Saturn V small enough to be transported by plane, in this case the Pregnant Guppy.

Instrument Unit[ပြင်​ဆင်​ရန်​]

အကျယ်တဝင့် ဖော်ပြထားသောဆောင်းပါး - Saturn V Instrument Unit
The Instrument Unit for the Apollo 4 Saturn V


Range safety[ပြင်​ဆင်​ရန်​]

In the event of an abort requiring the destruction of the rocket, the range safety officer would remotely shut down the engines and after several seconds send another command for the shaped explosive charges attached to the outer surfaces of the rocket to detonate. These would make cuts in fuel and oxidizer tanks to disperse the fuel quickly and to minimize mixing. The pause between these actions would give time for the crew to escape using the Launch Escape Tower or (in the later stages of the flight) the propulsion system of the Service module. A third command, "safe", was used after the S-IVB stage reached orbit to irreversibly deactivate the self-destruct system. The system was also inactive as long as the rocket was still on the launch pad.[၁၇]


အမေရိကန် ဆေတန် ၅ ဒုံးပျံနှင့်ဆိုဗီယက် N1 ဒုံးပျံတိုးအားနှိုင်းယှဉ်ပြထားပုံ၊ စကေးကိုက်မဟုတ်ပါ၊ N1ကပိုနိမ့်သည်။

ဆေတန် ၅ နှင့်ယှဉ်ပြိုင် ဆိုဗီယက်အာကာသစီမံကိန်းမှာ N1ဒုံးပျံဖြစ်သည်။ ဆေတန်ဒုံးပျံကပိုမြင့်၊ ပိုလေးပြီး ဝန်ပိုမိုသယ်ဆောင်နိုင်သည်။[၁၈] while the N-1 had more liftoff thrust and a larger first stage diameter.[၁၉] The N1 never became operational; four test launches each resulted in catastrophic vehicle failure early in flight, and the program was canceled. The first stage of Saturn V used five powerful engines rather than the 30 smaller engines of the N-1. During two launches, Apollo 6 and Apollo 13, the Saturn V was able to recover from engine loss incidents. The N-1 likewise was designed to compensate for engine loss, but the system never successfully saved a launch from failure.

The three-stage Saturn V had a peak thrust of at least ၇,၆၅၀,၀၀၀ pounds-force (၃၄.၀၂ MN) (SA-510 and subsequent)[၂၀] and a lift capacity of 118,000 kg to LEO. The SA-510 mission (Apollo 15) had a liftoff thrust of ၇,၈၂၃,၀၀၀ pounds-force (၃၄.၈၀ MN). The SA-513 mission (Skylab) had slightly greater liftoff thrust of ၇,၈၉၁,၀၀၀ pounds-force (၃၅.၁၀ MN). By comparison, the N-1 had a sea-level liftoff thrust of about ၉,၉၀၀,၀၀၀ pounds-force (၄၄ MN). No other operational launch vehicle has ever surpassed the Saturn V in height, weight, or payload capability. The closest contenders were the US Space Shuttle and the Soviet Energia.

The Space Shuttle generated a peak thrust of ၃၀.၁ meganewtons (၆,၈၀၀,၀၀၀ lbf),[၂၁] and payload capacity to LEO (excluding the Orbiter itself) was ၂၈,၈၀၀ kilograms (၆၃,၅၀၀ lb), which was about 25 percent of the Saturn V's payload. Total mass in orbit, including the Orbiter, was about ၁၁၂,၀၀၀ kilograms (၂၄၇,၀၀၀ lb), compared to the Apollo 15 total orbital mass of the S-IVB third stage and Apollo spacecraft, of ၁၄၀,၉၇၆ kilograms (၃၁၀,၇၉၉ lb).

Energia had the same liftoff thrust as SA-513, ၇,၉၀၀,၀၀၀ pounds-force (၃၅.၁ MN). The Energia had two test flights: one failure in 1987, and one successful launch of an unmanned Buran shuttle to orbit in 1988. The Energia and Buran programs were cancelled in 1993. Hypothetical future versions might have been significantly more powerful than the Saturn V, delivering ၄၆ meganewtons (၁၀,၀၀၀,၀၀၀ lbf) of thrust and able to deliver up to ၁၇၅ tonnes (၃၈၆,၀၀၀ lb) to LEO in the "Vulkan" configuration. Planned uprated versions of the Saturn V using F-1A engines would have had about 18 percent more thrust and ၁၃၇,၂၅၀ kilograms (၃၀၂,၅၈၀ lb) payload.[၂၂] NASA contemplated building larger members of the Saturn family, such as the Saturn C-8, and also unrelated rockets, such as Nova, but these were never produced.

Some other recent launch vehicles have a small fraction of the Saturn V's payload capacity: the European Ariane 5 with the newest versions Ariane 5 ECA delivers up to 10,000 kg to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). The US Delta 4 Heavy, which launched a dummy satellite on December 21, 2004, has a capacity of 13,100 kg to geosynchronous transfer orbit. The yet to be flown Atlas V Heavy (using engines based on a Russian design) delivers up to 29,400 kg to LEO and 8,900 kg to GTO. The yet to be flown SpaceX Falcon Heavy delivers up to 53,000 kg to LEO and 12,000 kg to GTO.

S-IC thrust comparisons[ပြင်​ဆင်​ရန်​]

Typical acceleration curve

Because of its large size, attention is often focused on the S-IC thrust and how this compares to other large rockets. However, several factors make such comparisons more complex than first appears:

  • Commonly referenced thrust numbers are a specification, not an actual measurement. Individual stages and engines may fall short or exceed the specification, sometimes significantly.
  • The F-1 thrust specification was uprated beginning with Apollo 15 (SA-510) from 1.5 million lbf (6.67 MN) to 1.522 million lbf (6.77 MN), or 7.61 million lbf (33.85 MN) for the S-IC stage. The higher thrust was achieved via a redesign of the injector orifices and a slightly higher propellant mass flow rate. However, comparing the specified number to the actual measured thrust of 7.823 million lbf (34.8 MN) on Apollo 15 shows a significant difference.
  • There is no "bathroom scale" way to directly measure thrust of a rocket in flight. Rather a mathematical calculation is made from combustion chamber pressure, turbopump speed, calculated propellant density and flow rate, nozzle design, and atmospheric conditions, in particular, external pressure.
  • Thrust varies greatly with external pressure and thus with altitude, even for a non-throttled engine. For example on Apollo 15, the calculated total liftoff thrust (based on actual measurements) was about 7.823 million lbf (34.8 MN), which increased to 9.18 million lbf (40.8 MN) at T+135 seconds, just before center engine cutoff (CECO), at which time the jet was heavily underexpanded.
  • Thrust specifications are often given as vacuum thrust (for upper stages) or sea level thrust (for lower stages or boosters), sometimes without qualifying which one. This can lead to incorrect comparisons.
  • Thrust specifications are often given as average thrust or peak thrust, sometimes without qualifying which one. Even for a non-throttled engine at a fixed altitude, thrust can often vary somewhat over the firing period due to several factors. These include intentional or unintentional mixture ratio changes, slight propellant density changes over the firing period, and variations in turbopump, nozzle and injector performance over the firing period.

Without knowing the exact measurement technique and mathematical method used to determine thrust for each different rocket, comparisons are often inexact. As the above shows, the specified thrust often differs significantly from actual flight thrust calculated from direct measurements. The thrust stated in various references is often not adequately qualified as to vacuum vs sea level, or peak vs average thrust.

Similarly, payload increases are often achieved in later missions independent of engine thrust. This is by weight reduction or trajectory reshaping.

The result is there is no single absolute figure for engine thrust, stage thrust or vehicle payload. There are specified values and actual flight values, and various ways of measuring and deriving those actual flight values.



The Apollo 10 Saturn V during rollout

After the construction and ground testing of a stage was completed, it was then shipped to the Kennedy Space Center. The first two stages were so large that the only way to transport them was by barge. The S-IC, constructed in New Orleans, was transported down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. After rounding Florida, it was then transported up the Intra-Coastal Waterway to the Vertical Assembly Building (now called the Vehicle Assembly Building). This is in essence the same route which was used by NASA to ship Space Shuttle External Tanks. The S-II was constructed in California and so traveled via the Panama Canal. The third stage and Instrument Unit could be carried by the Aero Spacelines Pregnant Guppy and Super Guppy, but could also have been carried by barge if warranted.

ဒေါင်လိုက်တပ်ဆင်ရေးအဆောက်အအုံသို့ရောက်သောအခါ အဆင့်တိုင်းအား ဒေါင်လိုက်မတပ်ဆင်မီ အလျားလိုက်ချထားကာစစ်ဆေးသည်။ NASA also constructed large spool-shaped structures that could be used in place of stages if a particular stage was late. These spools had the same height and mass and contained the same electrical connections as the actual stages.

NASA stacked or assembled the Saturn V on a Mobile Launcher Platform (MLP), which consisted of a Launch Umbilical Tower (LUT) with nine swing arms (including the crew access arm), a "hammerhead" crane, and a water suppression system which was activated prior to launch. After assembly was completed, the entire stack was moved from the VAB to the launch pad using the Crawler Transporter (CT). Built by the Marion Power Shovel company (and later used for transporting the smaller and lighter Space Shuttle), the CT ran on four double-tracked treads, each with 57 'shoes'. Each shoe weighed 900 kg (2,000 lb). This transporter was also required to keep the rocket level as it traveled the ၃ miles (၄.၈ km) to the launch site, especially at the 3 percent grade encountered at the launch pad. The CT also carried the Mobile Service Structure (MSS), which allowed technicians access to the rocket until eight hours before launch, when it was moved to the "halfway" point on the Crawlerway (the junction between the VAB and the two launch pads).


Liftoff of Apollo 11, the first mission to land humans on the Moon, July 16, 1969

The Saturn V carried all Apollo lunar missions. All Saturn V missions launched from Launch Complex 39 at the John F. Kennedy Space Center in Florida. After the rocket cleared the launch tower, flight control transferred to Johnson Space Center's Mission Control in Houston, Texas.

An average mission used the rocket for a total of just 20 minutes. Although Apollo 6 and Apollo 13 experienced engine failures, the onboard computers were able to compensate by burning the remaining engines longer, and none of the Apollo launches resulted in a payload loss.

S-IC sequence[ပြင်​ဆင်​ရန်​]

A condensation cloud surrounds the Apollo 11 Saturn V as it works its way through the dense lower atmosphere. See max Q.

The first stage burned for about 2 minutes and 41 seconds, lifting the rocket to an altitude of ၄၂ miles (၆၈ km) and a speed of ၆,၁၆၄ miles per hour (၂,၇၅၆ m/s) and burning ၄,၇၀၀,၀၀၀ pounds (၂,၁၀၀,၀၀၀ kg) of propellant.[၂၄]

At 8.9 seconds before launch, the first stage ignition sequence started. The center engine ignited first, followed by opposing outboard pairs at 300-millisecond intervals to reduce the structural loads on the rocket. When thrust had been confirmed by the onboard computers, the rocket was "soft-released" in two stages: first, the hold-down arms released the rocket, and second, as the rocket began to accelerate upwards, it was slowed by tapered metal pins pulled through dies for half a second. Once the rocket had lifted off, it could not safely settle back down onto the pad if the engines failed. The astronauts considered this one of the tensest moments in riding the Saturn V, for if the rocket did fail to lift off after release they had a low chance of survival given the large amounts of propellant. A fully fueled Saturn V exploding on the pad would have released two kilotons of energy and been near impossible to survive with the Launch Escape System.[ကိုးကားချက်လိုသည်] To improve the odds, the Saturn Emergency Detection System (EDS) inhibited engine shutdown for the first 30 seconds of flight. (See Saturn V Instrument Unit)

It took about 12 seconds for the rocket to clear the tower. During this time, it yawed 1.25 degrees away from the tower to ensure adequate clearance despite adverse winds. (This yaw, although small, can be seen in launch photos taken from the east or west.) At an altitude of ၄၃၀ feet (၁၃၀ m) the rocket rolled to the correct flight azimuth and then gradually pitched down until 38 seconds after second stage ignition. This pitch program was set according to the prevailing winds during the launch month. The four outboard engines also tilted toward the outside so that in the event of a premature outboard engine shutdown the remaining engines would thrust through the rocket's center of gravity. The Saturn V reached ၄၀၀ feet per second (၁၂၀ m/s) at over ၁ mile (၁,၆၀၀ m) in altitude. Much of the early portion of the flight was spent gaining altitude, with the required velocity coming later. The Saturn V broke the sound barrier at just over 1 minute at an altitude of between 3 and 4 nautical miles. At this point, shock collars, or condensation clouds, could be seen forming around the bottom of the command module and around the top of the second stage.

အပိုလို ၁၁ S-IC ခွဲထွက်ခြင်း

At about 80 seconds, the rocket experienced maximum dynamic pressure (max Q). The dynamic pressure on a rocket varies with air density and the square of relative velocity. Although velocity continues to increase, air density decreases so quickly with altitude that dynamic pressure falls below max Q.

Acceleration increased during S-IC flight for two reasons: decreasing propellant mass, and increasing thrust as F-1 engine efficiency improved in the thinner air at altitude. At 135 seconds, the inboard (center) engine shut down to limit acceleration to 4 g (39.2 m/s2). The other engines continued to burn until either oxidizer or fuel depletion is detected by sensors in the suction assemblies. First stage separation was a little less than one second after cutoff to allow for F-1 thrust tail-off. Eight small solid fuel separation motors backed the S-IC from the interstage at an altitude of about ၆၇ kilometers (၄၂ mi). The first stage continued ballistically to an altitude of about ၁၀၉ kilometers (၆၈ mi) and then fell in the Atlantic Ocean about ၅၆၀ kilometers (၃၅၀ mi) downrange.

S-II sequence[ပြင်​ဆင်​ရန်​]

Still from film footage of Apollo 6's interstage falling away (NASA)

After S-IC separation, the S-II second stage burned for 6 minutes and propelled the craft to ၁၀၉ miles (၁၇၅ km) and 15,647 mph (25,182 km/h– 7.00 km/s), close to orbital velocity.

For the first two unmanned launches, eight solid-fuel ullage motors ignited for four seconds to give positive acceleration to the S-II stage, followed by start of the five J-2 engines. For the first seven manned Apollo missions only four ullage motors were used on the S-II, and they were eliminated completely for the final four launches. About 30 seconds after first stage separation, the interstage ring dropped from the second stage. This was done with an inertially fixed attitude so that the interstage, only 1 meter from the outboard J-2 engines, would fall cleanly without contacting them. Shortly after interstage separation the Launch Escape System was also jettisoned. See Apollo abort modes for more information about the various abort modes that could have been used during a launch.

Apollo 6 interstage falling away. The engine exhaust from the SII-C stage is clearly shown impacting the falling stage.

About 38 seconds after the second stage ignition the Saturn V switched from a preprogrammed trajectory to a "closed loop" or Iterative Guidance Mode. The Instrument Unit now computed in real time the most fuel-efficient trajectory toward its target orbit. If the Instrument Unit failed, the crew could switch control of the Saturn to the Command Module's computer, take manual control, or abort the flight.

About 90 seconds before the second stage cutoff, the center engine shut down to reduce longitudinal pogo oscillations. At around this time, the LOX flow rate decreased, changing the mix ratio of the two propellants, ensuring that there would be as little propellant as possible left in the tanks at the end of second stage flight. This was done at a predetermined delta-v.



S-IVB sequence[ပြင်​ဆင်​ရန်​]

Unlike the two-plane separation of the S-IC and S-II, the S-II and S-IVB stages separated with a single step. Although it was constructed as part of the third stage, the interstage remained attached to the second stage.

During Apollo 11, a typical lunar mission, the third stage burned for about 2.5 minutes until first cutoff at 11 minutes 40 seconds. At this point it was ၁,၆၄၀ miles (၂,၆၄၀ km)  downrange and in a parking orbit at an altitude of ၁၁၈.၈ miles (၁၉၁.၂ km)  and velocity of 17,432 mph. The third stage remained attached to the spacecraft while it orbited the Earth two and a half times while astronauts and mission controllers prepared for translunar injection (TLI).

Apollo 8 S-IVB rocket stage, shortly after separation


For the final three Apollo flights, the temporary parking orbit was even lower (approximately ၁၇၂ kilometers (၁၀၇ mi)), to increase payload for these missions. The Apollo 9 Earth orbit mission was launched into the nominal orbit consistent with Apollo 11, but the spacecraft were able to use their own engines to raise the perigee high enough to sustain the 10-day mission. The Skylab was launched into a quite different orbit, with a ၄၃၄-kilometer (၂၇၀ mi) perigee which sustained it for six years, and also a higher inclination to the equator (50 degrees versus 32.5 degrees for Apollo).

On Apollo 11, TLI came at 2 hours and 44 minutes after launch. The S-IVB burned for almost six minutes giving the spacecraft a velocity close to the Earth's escape velocity of 11.2 km/s (40,320 km/h; 25,053 mph). This gave an energy-efficient transfer to lunar orbit with the moon helping to capture the spacecraft with a minimum of CSM fuel consumption.

About 40 minutes after TLI the Apollo Command Service Module (CSM) separated from the third stage, turned 180 degrees and docked with the Lunar Module (LM) that rode below the CSM during launch. The CSM and LM separated from the spent third stage 50 minutes later. This process is known as Transposition, docking, and extraction.

If it were to remain on the same trajectory as the spacecraft, the S-IVB could have presented a collision hazard so its remaining propellants were vented and the auxiliary propulsion system fired to move it away. For lunar missions before Apollo 13, the S-IVB was directed toward the moon's trailing edge in its orbit so that the moon would slingshot it beyond earth escape velocity and into solar orbit. From Apollo 13 onwards, controllers directed the S-IVB to hit the Moon.[၂၅] Seismometers left behind by previous missions detected the impacts, and the information helped map the inside of the Moon.

Apollo 9 was a special case; although it was an earth orbital mission, after spacecraft separation its S-IVB was fired out of earth orbit into a solar orbit.

On September 3, 2002, astronomer Bill Yeung discovered a suspected asteroid, which was given the discovery designation J002E3. It appeared to be in orbit around the Earth, and was soon discovered from spectral analysis to be covered in white titanium dioxide paint, the same paint used for the Saturn V. Calculation of orbital parameters identified the apparent asteroid as being the Apollo 12 S-IVB stage. Mission controllers had planned to send Apollo 12's S-IVB into solar orbit, but the burn after separating from the Apollo spacecraft lasted too long, and hence it did not pass close enough to the Moon, remaining in a barely stable orbit around the Earth and Moon. In 1971, through a series of gravitational perturbations, it is believed to have entered in a solar orbit and then returned into weakly captured Earth orbit 31 years later. It left Earth orbit again in June 2003. Another near-earth object, discovered in 2006 and designated 6Q0B44E, may also be part of an Apollo spacecraft.


အကျယ်တဝင့် ဖော်ပြထားသောဆောင်းပါး - Skylab

In 1968, the Apollo Applications Program was created to look into science missions that could be performed with the surplus Apollo hardware. Much of the planning centered on the idea of a space station, which eventually spawned the Skylab program. Skylab was launched using a two-stage Saturn V, similar to the proposed Saturn INT-21.[၂][၂၆] It was the only launch not directly related to the Apollo lunar landing program. The only significant changes to the Saturn V from the Apollo configurations involved some modification to the S-II to act as the terminal stage for inserting the Skylab payload into earth orbit, and to vent excess propellant after engine cutoff so the spent stage would not rupture in orbit. The S-II remained in orbit for almost two years, and made an uncontrolled re-entry on January 11, 1975.

Originally it was planned to use a 'wet workshop' concept, with a rocket stage being launched into orbit by a Saturn 1B and its spent S-IVB outfitted in space, but this was abandoned for the 'dry workshop' concept: An S-IVB stage from a Saturn IB was converted into a space station on the ground and launched on a Saturn V. A backup, constructed from a Saturn V third stage, is now on display at the National Air and Space Museum.


Proposed post-Apollo developments[ပြင်​ဆင်​ရန်​]

After Apollo, the Saturn V was planned to be the prime launch vehicle for Prospector intended to deliver a 330 kg robotic rover on the Moon similar to Lunokhod[၂၇] and the Voyager Mars probes, as well an upscaled version of the Voyager interplanetary probes.[၂၈] It was also to have been the launch vehicle for the nuclear rocket stage RIFT test program and the later NERVA.[ကိုးကားချက်လိုသည်] All of these planned uses of the Saturn V were cancelled, with cost being a major factor. Edgar Cortright, who had been director of NASA Langley, stated decades later that "JPL never liked the big approach. They always argued against it. I probably was the leading proponent in using the Saturn V, and I lost. Probably very wise that I lost."[၂၈]

The (canceled) second production run of Saturn Vs would very likely have used the F-1A engine in its first stage, providing a substantial performance boost.[၂၉] Other likely changes would have been the removal of the fins (which turned out to provide little benefit when compared to their weight); a stretched S-IC first stage to support the more powerful F-1As; and uprated J-2s for the upper stages.


The Space Shuttle was initially conceived of as a cargo transport to be used in concert with the Saturn V, even to the point that a "Saturn-Shuttle," using the orbiter and external tank, but with the tank mounted on a modified, fly-back version of the S-IC, would be used to power the Shuttle during the first two minutes of flight, after which the S-IC would be jettisoned (which would then fly back to KSC for refurbishment) and the Space Shuttle Main Engines would then fire and place the orbiter into orbit. The Shuttle would handle space station logistics, while Saturn V would launch components. Lack of a second Saturn V production run killed this plan and has left the United States without a heavy-lift booster. Some in the U.S. space community have come to lament this situation,[ဘယ်သူကလဲ?] as continued production would have allowed the International Space Station, using a Skylab or Mir configuration with both U.S. and Russian docking ports, to have been lifted with just a handful of launches, with the "Saturn Shuttle" concept possibly eliminating the conditions that caused the Challenger Disaster in 1986.[ကိုးကားချက်လိုသည်]

Proposed successors[ပြင်​ဆင်​ရန်​]


Wernher von Braun and others also had plans for a rocket that would have featured eight F-1 engines in its first stage allowing it to launch a manned spacecraft on a direct ascent flight to the Moon. Other plans for the Saturn V called for using a Centaur as an upper stage or adding strap-on boosters. These enhancements would have increased its ability to send large unmanned spacecraft to the outer planets or manned spacecraft to Mars.

In 2006, as part of the cancelled Constellation Program that would have replaced the Space Shuttle, NASA unveiled plans to construct the heavy-lift Ares V rocket, a Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicle using some existing Space Shuttle and Saturn V infrastructure. Named in homage of the Saturn V, the original design, based on the Space Shuttle External Tank, was ၃၆၀ ft (၁၁၀ m) tall, and powered by five Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) and two uprated five-segment Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters, which a modified variation would be used for the crew-launched Ares I rocket. As the design evolved, the Ares V was slightly modified, with the same ၃၃ ft (၁၀ m) diameter as that of the Saturn V's S-IC and S-II stages, and in place of the five SSMEs, five RS-68 rocket engines, the same engines used on the Delta IV EELV, would be used. The switch from the SSME to the RS-68 was due to the steep price of the SSME, as that it would be thrown away along with the Ares V core stage after each use, while the RS-68 engine, which is expendable, is cheaper, simpler to manufacture, and more powerful than the SSME.

In 2008, NASA again redesigned the Ares V, lengthening and widening the core stage and added an extra RS-68 engine, giving the launch vehicle a total of six engines. The six RS-68B engines, during launch, would have been augmented by two "5.5-segment" SRBs instead of the original five-segment designs, although no decision was made on the number of segments NASA would have used on the final design.[၃၁] If the six RS-68B/5.5-segment SRB variant had been used, the vehicle would have had a total of approximately ၈,၉၀၀,၀၀၀ lbf (၄၀ MN) of thrust at liftoff, making it more powerful than the Saturn V or the Soviet/Russian Energia boosters, but less than 50–43 MN for the Soviet N-1. An upper stage, known as the Earth Departure Stage and based on the S-IVB, would have utilized a more advanced version of the J-2 engine known as the "J-2X," and would have placed the Altair lunar landing vehicle into a low earth orbit. At ၃၈၁ ft (၁၁၆ m) tall and with the capability of placing 180 tons[vague] into low Earth orbit, the Ares V would have surpassed the Saturn V and the two Soviet/Russian superboosters in both height, lift, and launch capability.

The RS-68B engines, based on the current RS-68 and RS-68A engines built by the Rocketdyne Division of Pratt and Whitney (formerly under the ownerships of Boeing and Rockwell International), produce less than half the thrust per engine as the Saturn V's F-1 engines, but are more efficient and can be throttled up or down, much like the SSMEs on the Shuttle. The J-2 engine used on the S-II and S-IVB would have been modified into the improved J-2X engine for use both on the Earth Departure Stage (EDS) as well as on the second stage of the proposed Ares I. Both the EDS and the Ares I second stage would have used a single J-2X motor, although the EDS was originally designed to use two motors until the redesign employing the five (later six) RS-68Bs in place of the five SSMEs.

In September 2011, NASA announced[၃၂] the Space Launch System (SLS) as the United States' new heavy-lift rocket for manned deep-space exploration, and which will be comparable in size and capabilities to the Saturn V. The new SLS has an upper-stage powered by a J2-X engine derived from the Saturn V launch vehicle, the first stage powered by five liquid-fueled rocket engines derived from the Space Shuttle's main engines, along with two strap-on SRBs also derived from the Shuttle program. The initial configuration of the new booster as proposed by NASA could lift approximately 70 metric tons to LEO, with later variants possibly lifting up to 130 metric tons.


From 1964 until 1973, a total of $6.5 billion ($Template:Inflation billion present day) was appropriated for the Saturn V, with the maximum being in 1966 with $1.2 billion ($Template:Inflation billion present day).[၃၃]


Saturn V vehicles and launches[ပြင်​ဆင်​ရန်​]

A montage of all Saturn V launches, 1967–1973.
Mission Launch
SA-500F Facilities integration Used to check precise fits and operations of facilities
before a flight model was ready. First stage scrapped,
second stage converted to S-II-F/D, third stage whereabouts unknown.
SA-500D Dynamic testing Used to evaluate the systems' response to vibrations.
On display at the U.S. Space & Rocket Center, Huntsville, Alabama [၃၅]
SA-501 Apollo 4 November 9, 1967 First test flight (unmanned), complete success
SA-502 Apollo 6 April 4, 1968 Second test flight (unmanned), with some serious
second and third stage problems occurring
SA-503 Apollo 8 December 21, 1968 First manned flight of Saturn V, first manned lunar orbit
SA-504 Apollo 9 March 3, 1969 Earth orbit LM test
SA-505 Apollo 10 May 18, 1969 Lunar orbit LM test
SA-506 Apollo 11 July 16, 1969 First manned lunar landing, at Mare Tranquillitatis
SA-507 Apollo 12 November 14, 1969 Second manned lunar landing, near site of Surveyor 3 at Mare Cognitum.
Vehicle was struck twice by lightning shortly after liftoff with no serious damage.
SA-508 Apollo 13 April 11, 1970 Severe, near catastrophic pogo oscillations in second stage
caused early center engine shutdown. Service Module O2 tank rupture
caused mission abort en route to moon, crew saved.
SA-509 Apollo 14 January 31, 1971 Third manned lunar landing, near Fra Mauro
SA-510 Apollo 15 July 26, 1971 Fourth manned lunar landing, first Lunar Roving Vehicle, at Hadley-Apennine
SA-511 Apollo 16 April 16, 1972 Fifth manned lunar landing, at Descartes
SA-512 Apollo 17 December 6, 1972 Sixth and final manned lunar landing, at Taurus-Littrow.
First and only night launch
SA-513 Skylab 1 May 14, 1973 Two-stage Skylab version (Saturn INT-21).
The third stage (S IV-513) was replaced for flight by the Skylab module
and is on display at Johnson Space Center.[၃၅]
SA-514 Unused Designated but never used for Apollo 18 or 19.
SA-515 Unused Designated but never used as a backup Skylab launch vehicle.
The first stage is on display at Michoud Assembly Facility.
The third stage was converted to a backup Skylab orbital workshop
and is on display at the National Air and Space Museum.[၃၅]

Saturn V displays[ပြင်​ဆင်​ရန်​]

  • SA-500D is on horizontal display made up of S-IC-D, S-II-F/D and S-IVB-D. These were all test stages not meant for flight. This vehicle was displayed outdoors from 1969 to 2007 (there is a poignant photo above of Wernher von Braun next to it), was restored, and is now displayed in the Davidson Center for Space Exploration.
  • One at the Johnson Space Center made up of first stage from SA-514, the second stage from SA-515 and the third stage from SA-513 (replaced for flight by the Skylab workshop). With stages arriving between 1977 and 1979, this was displayed in the open until its 2005 restoration when a structure was built around it for protection. This is the only display Saturn consisting entirely of stages intended to be launched.






  1. ၁.၀ ၁.၁ Hitt၊ David (2010)။ What Was The Saturn V??work=Rocketry။ NASA။ Archived from the original on 2012-10-11။ 2012-10-11 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  2. ၂.၀ ၂.၁ ၂.၂ Wade, Mark။ Saturn INT-21Encyclopedia Astronautica။ 2008-01-16 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  3. V-1 and V-2 Rockets။ IEEE Global History Network။ 2010-11-13 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  4. Marov, Welsey T. Huntress, Mikhail Ya. The Soviet Robots in the Solar System.. New York, NY: Gardners Books, 36. ISBN 1441978976. 
  5. The Dawn of the Space Age — Central Intelligence Agency
  6. ၆.၀ ၆.၁ ၆.၂ ၆.၃ ၆.၄ ၆.၅ ၆.၆ Roger E. Bilstein (1996). Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles. NASA SP-4206. ISBN 0-16-048909-1. 
  7. Robin Williams။ Wernher von Braun (1912–1977)။ NASA။ 2010-11-13 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  8. ၈.၀ ၈.၁ ၈.၂ ၈.၃ ၈.၄ ၈.၅ ၈.၆ Bilstein, Roger E. (1999). Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicle. DIANE Publishing, 59–61. ISBN 9780788181863. Retrieved on 2008-02-04. 
  9. Edgar M. Cortright, editor (1975). "3.4", Apollo Expeditions to the Moon. NASA Langley Research Center. ISBN 978-9997398277. Retrieved on 2008-02-11. 
  10. ၁၀.၀ ၁၀.၁ Saturn V Moon Rocket။ Boeing။ 2010-11-14 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  11. The Apollo LES fired for a much shorter time than the Mercury-Redstone (3.2 seconds vs. 143.5 seconds); thus the Redstone still delivered a much greater total impulse of 11,193,000 pound-seconds (50,225 kN-sec), versus 470,400 pound-seconds (2,080 kN-sec) for the Apollo LES.Duncan၊ John (2002)။ Apollo Spacecraft News Reference: Launch Escape SystemThe Apollo Saturn Reference Page
  12. Stennis Space Center Celebrates 40 Years of Rocket Engine TestingNASA (2006-04-20)။ 2008-01-16 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  13. Paine၊ Michael (2000-03-13)။ Saturn 5 Blueprints Safely in StorageSpace.com။ Archived from the original on 2010-08-18။ 2011-11-09 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  14. ၁၄.၀ ၁၄.၁ Lennick, Michael (2006). Launch vehicles : heritage of the space race. Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books, 46. ISBN 1894959280. 
  15. NASA (1968)။ Saturn V Flight Manual - SA-503။ NASA – George C. Marshall Space Flight Center။ February 22, 2011 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။ §4.
  16. Saturn S-IVB။ apollosaturn။ 2011-11-04 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  17. Skylab Saturn IB Flight Manual (PDF)။ NASA Marshall Spaceflight Center။ 2008-01-16 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  18. Wade, Mark။ Saturn VEncyclopedia Astronautica။ 2008-01-16 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  19. Wade, Mark။ N1Encyclopedia Astronautica။ 2008-01-16 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  20. SP-4206 Stages to Saturn p405NASA။ 2008-01-16 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  21. Working Scenario (PDF)။ Columbia Accident Investigation Board။ 2008-01-16 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  22. Wade, Mark။ Saturn MLV-V-1Encyclopedia Astronautica။ 2008-01-16 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  23. InsideKSC။ InsideKSC.com။
  24. Boeing History, Saturn V Moon Rocket, www.boeing.com/history/boeing/saturn.html
  25. NASA GSFC - Lunar Impact SitesNASA။ 2008-01-16 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  26. Young, Anthony (2008). The Saturn V F-1 Engine: Powering Apollo into History. New York: Springer-Praxis, 245. ISBN 978-0-387-09629-2. 
  27. Lunar Exploration, p40
  28. ၂၈.၀ ၂၈.၁ Cortright Oral History (p31)
  29. Wade, Mark။ Saturn GenealogyEncyclopedia Astronautica။ Archived from the original on 2007-12-26။ 2008-01-17 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  30. Wade, Mark။ Saturn V-23(L)Encyclopedia Astronautica။ 2008-01-16 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  31. Phil Sumrall (2008-08-15)။ Ares V Overview (PDF)။
  32. David S. Weaver (2011-09-14)။ NASA SLS Announcement
  33. Apollo Program Budget AppropriationsNASA။ 2008-01-16 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  34. SP-4221 The Space Shuttle Decision- Chapter 6: ECONOMICS AND THE SHUTTLE။ NASA။ 2011-01-15 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။
  35. ၃၅.၀ ၃၅.၁ ၃၅.၂ ၃၅.၃ Three Saturn Vs on Display Teach Lessons in Space History။ NASA။ February 10, 2011 တွင် ပြန်စစ်ပြီး။


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