Physiotherapy Assessment/Respiratory

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Cyanosis is when areas of the body take on a blue-ish tinge. This occurs mainly around the lips but can also be seen in the fingers.

Chest shape
Breathing rate and depth


It's important to auscultate both before your treatment and after. This is so that you can tell if your treatment has made a difference. Obviously, if the patient is coughing up loads of purulent sputum after you've gone through the Active Cycle of Breathing, then you know that you're been effective. However, when the results aren't that apparent, it would help to listen and hear improved air entry throughout, substantially decreased added sounds, etc.


Spirometry (meaning the measuring of breath) is the most common of the Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs), measuring lung function, specifically the measurement of the amount (volume) and/or speed (flow) of air that can be inhaled and exhaled. Spirometry is an important tool used for assessing conditions such as asthma, cystic fibrosis, and COPD.

Spirometric maneuvers include slow vital capacity (SVC), forced vital capacity (FVC), tidal volume (TV) and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV). The measurement of forced vital capacity is the most commonly performed maneuver, sometimes in conjunction with slow vital capacity and/or tidal volume. A plethysmograph can be used to measure functional residual capacity (FRC).


The spirometry test is performed using a device called a spirometer, which comes in several different varieties. Most spirometers display a volume-time curve, showing volume (liters) along the Y-axis and time (seconds) along the X-axis. Some spirometers also produce a graph called a flow-volume loop, which graphically depicts the flow of air compared to the total volume inspired or expired. Flow is listed along the Y-axis and volume along the X-axis.

Flow-Volume loop showing successful FVC maneuver. Positive values represent expiration, negative values represent inspiration. The trace moves clockwise for expiration followed by inspiration. (Note the FEV1, FEV1/2 and FEV3 values are arbitrary in this graph and just shown for illustrative purposes, they must be recorded as part of the experiment).

The basic FVC test varies slightly depending on the equipment used. Generally, the patient is asked to take the deepest breath they can, and then exhale into the sensor as hard as possible, for as long as possible. It is sometimes directly followed by a rapid inhalation (inspiration), in particular when assessing possible inspiratory obstruction or restriction. Sometimes, the test will be preceded by a period of quiet breathing in and out from the sensor (tidal volume), or the rapid breath in (forced inspiratory part) will come before the forced exhalation. During the test, soft nose clips may be used to prevent air escaping through the nose. Filter mouthpieces may be used to prevent the spread of germs, particularly for inspiratory maneuvers.

The maneuver is highly dependent on patient cooperation and effort, and is normally repeated at least three times to ensure reproducibility. Since results are dependent on patient cooperation, FEV1 and FVC can only be underestimated, never overestimated.

Sometimes, to assess the reversibility of a particular condition, a bronchodilator is administered before performing another round of tests for comparison. This is commonly referred to as a reversibility test, or a post bronchodilation test (Post BD), and is an important part in diagnosing asthma versus COPD.


