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From Wikipedia

Vision loss


Ranges of vision loss

Various scales have been developed to describe the extent of vision and vision loss based on visual acuity. Early editions of the World Health Organization's ICD described a simple distinction between "legally sighted" and "legally blind". The ICD-9 released in 1979 introduced the smallest continuous scale which consisted of three tiers: normal vision, low vision, and blindness.

Acute visual loss

Acute visual loss may be dramatic in presentation. It may be caused by media opacities, retinal disease, optic nerve disease, visual pathway disorders, or functional disorders, or it may be in fact an acute discovery of chronic visual loss.

Media opacity



Retinal disease


Optic nerve disease





Visual pathway disorder


Also traumatic causes can lead to Acute Vision Loss.

Functional disorder

The term functional disorder is now used where hysterical and malingering were historically used. This shift recognizes the inherent inability of the physician to identify the subjective experience of a patient (and thus whether that patient can truly see or not).

From Encyclopedia

Abdominal Wall Defect Repair

Abdominal wall defect repair is a surgery performed to correct one of two birth defects of the abdominal wall: gastroschisis or omphalocele. Depending on the defect treated, the procedure is also known as omphalocele repair/closure or gastroschisis repair/closure. For some unknown reason, while in utero, the abdominal wall muscles do not form correctly. And, when the abdominal wall is incompletely formed at birth, the internal organs of the infant can either protrude into the umbilical cord (omphalocele) or to the side of the navel (gastroschisis). The size of an omphalocele variesâ€”some are very small, about the size of a ping pong ball, while others may be as big as a grapefruit. Omphalocele repair is performed to repair the omphalocele defect in which all or part of the bowel and other internal organs lie on the outside of the abdomen in a hernia (sac). Gastroschisis repair is performed to repair the other abdominal wall defect through which the bowel thrusts out with no protective sac present. Gastroschisis is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical intervention. Surgery for abdominal wall defects aims to return the abdominal organs back to the abdominal cavity, and to repair the defect if possible. It can also be performed to create a pouch to protect the intestines until they are inserted back into the abdomen. Abdominal wall defects occurs in the United States at a rate of one case per 2,000 births, which means that some 2,360 cases are diagnosed per year. Mothers below the age of 20 are four times as likely as mothers in their late twenties to give birth to affected babies. Abdominal wall defect surgery is performed soon after birth. The protruding organs are covered with dressings, and a tube is inserted into the stomach to prevent the baby from choking or breathing in the contents of the stomach into the lungs. The surgery is performed under general anesthesia so that the baby will not feel pain. First, the pediatric surgeon enlarges the hole in the abdominal wall in order to examine the bowel for damage or other birth defects. Damaged portions of the bowel are removed and the healthy bowel is reconnected with stitches. The exposed organs are replaced within the abdominal cavity, and the opening is closed. Sometimes closure of the opening is not possible, for example when the abdominal cavity is too small or when the organs are too large or swollen to close the skin. In such cases, the surgeon will place a plastic covering pouch, commonly called a silo because of its shape, over the abdominal organs on the outside of the infant to protect the organs. Gradually, the organs are squeezed through the pouch into the opening and returned to the body. This procedure can take up to a week, and final closure may be performed a few weeks later. More surgery may be required to repair the abdominal muscles at a later time. Prenatal screening can detect approximately 85% of abdominal wall defects. Gastroschisis and omphalocele are usually diagnosed by ultrasound examinations before birth. These tests can determine the size of the abdominal wall defect and identify the affected organs. The surgery is performed immediately after delivery, as soon as the newborn is stable. After surgery, the infant is transferred to an intensive care unit (ICU) and placed in an incubator to keep warm and prevent infection. Oxygen is provided. When organs are placed back into the abdominal cavity, this may increase pressure on the abdomen and make breathing difficult. In such cases, the infant is provided with a breathing tube and ventilator until the swelling of the abdominal organs has decreased. Intravenous fluids, antibiotics , and pain medication are also administered. A tube is also placed in the stomach to empty gastric secretions. Feedings are started very slowly, using a nasal tube as soon as bowel function starts. Babies born with omphaloceles can stay in the hospital from one week to one month after surgery, depending on the size of the defect. Babies are discharged from the hospital when they are taking all their feedings by mouth and gaining weight. The risks of abdominal wall repair surgery include peritonitis and temporary paralysis of the small bowel. If a large segment of the small intestine is damaged, the baby may develop short bowel syndrome and have digestive problems. In most cases, the defect can be corrected with surgery. The outcome depends on the amount of damage to the bowel. The size of the abdominal wall defect, the extent to which organs protrude out of the abdomen, and the presence of other birth defects influence the outcome of the surgery. The occurrence of other birth defects is uncommon in infants with gastroschisis, and 85% survive. Approximately half of the babies diagnosed with omphalocele have heart defects or other birth defects, and approximately 60% survive to age one. Gastroschisis is a life-threatening condition requiring immediate surgical intervention. There is no alternative to surgery for both gastroschisis and omphalocele. iannucci, lisa. birth defects. berkeley heights: enslow publishers inc., 2000. Kurchubasche, Arlet G. "The fetus with an abdominal wall defect." Medicine & Health/Rhode Island 84 (2001): 159â€“161. Lenke, R. "Benefits of term delivery in infants with antenatally diagnosed gastroschisis." Obstetrics and Gynecology 101 (February 2003): 418â€“419. Sydorak, R. M., A. Nijagal, L. Sbragia, et al. "Gastroschisis: small hole, big cost." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 37 (December 2002): 1669â€“1672. White, J. J. "Morbidity in infants with antenatally-diagnosed anterior abdominal wall defects." Pediatric Surgery International 17 (September 2001): 587â€“591. American Academy of Pediatrics. 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007-1098. (847) 434-4000. . "Abdominal Defects." Medical and Scientific Information Online, Inc. [cited April 8, 2003]. . National Birth Defects Prevention Network. January 27, 2003 [cited April 8, 2003]. . Monique Laberge, Ph.D. Abdominal wall defect surgery is performed by a pediatric surgeon. A pediatric surgeon is specialized in the surgical care of children. He or she must have graduated from medical school, and completed five years of postgraduate general surgery training in an accredited training program. A pediatric surgeon must complete an additional accredited two-year fellowship program in pediatric surgery and be board-eligible or board-certified in general surgery. (Board certification is granted when a fully trained surgeon has taken and passed first a written, then an oral examination.) Once the general surgery boards are passed, a fellowship-trained pediatric surgeon becomes eligible to take the Pediatric Surgery examination. Other credentials may include membership in the American College of Surgeons, the American Pediatric Surgical Association, and/or the American Academy of Pediatrics. Each of these organizations require that fellows meet well-established standards of training, clinical knowledge, and professional conduct. If prenatal screening indicates that abdominal wall defects are present in the fetus, delivery should occur at a hospital with an intensive care nursery (NICU) and a pediatric surgeon on staff.

From Yahoo Answers

Question:I failed the first vision test because my vision was not corrected to 20/20. I was given a vision verification form to take to an optomitrist. If my optomitrist signs the form and mails it in saying that my vision is correctable to 20/20, will the department of corrections make me take another vision test?

Answers:would there be a problem if they wanted you to take another test? the reality is probably YES...they will want to make sure that your vision has been corrected..... you know you need to always be sure of what you see and hear in this position. good luck

Question:Can I run a chi-square test to prove that the defects found in manufacturing are just by chance? Suppose I produce 60 units and I expect zero defects. But actually I observe 3 defective units. Can I use chi-square test to test whether this is significant or not? I tried calculating: X^2 = (0-3)^2 / 60 + (57-60)^2 / 60 = 0.3 How do I interpret this? Since defects are rare events, should I be using a different distribution to test my hypothesis?

Answers:That calculation doesn't work for several reasons. First, it's not even a correct calculation of the chi-square statistic, since the number on the denominator is the EXPECTED for that cell. The expected can't be 0 in the numerator and 60 in the denominator! (The second problem is that the chi-square approximation to the distribution of the test statistic doesn't apply when some expecteds are extremely small (and 0 is as small as you get.) If you use the correct chi-squared calculation (referred to in the first problem) the first term is (0-3)^2/0 ... and we hit the third problem. In the limit as the expected count goes to zero and the observed count doesn't go to zero, the chi-squared statistic goes to infinity... The upshot is, with binomial sampling (the distribution you're assuming your defects come from), an *expected* number of defects = 0 is not consistent with even a single defect. Think about it. If the probability of a defect is exactly zero (the only way to have an expected number of 0), then *any* defects immediately tells you that you're wrong - that the probability IS NOT ZERO. End of story, nothing to test. You need to revisit your assumption that the probability of a defect is exactly zero.

Question:I need to renew my florida dL and dont know if I can pass the vision test. but I am not blind. I just dont want to lose them. Letters for 20/40 would be nice. And I am going to the doctors, I mean more than one doctor to fix my vision. Some people are not listening to me I am seeing doctors to fix my vision

Answers:Get your glasses updated, get new contacts, or considered LASER eye surgery. Sorry, but if you can't even see at a 20/40 level, you are extremely unsafe to have on the road. Get your vision corrected, or start taking public transportation before you hurt someone.

Question:person needs lens of power -5.5D for correcting his distant vision.for correcting near vision he needs +1.5D.what is the focal lenght of the lens required for correcting 1.distant vision 2.near vision please help.i have a physics exam tomorrow and i dont know how to do this sum.

Answers:power = 1/focal length 1.focal lenght for correcting distant vision- 1/f= -5.5 f=1/-5.5 f= -0.181m = -18.1cm 2.focal length for correcting near vision- 1/f=+1.5 f=1/1.5 f= +0.667m

From Youtube

Decapitated - Three-Dimensional Defect :dont have to write huh? lyrics: Blinding void veils colours. All features melt into one vision. All-absorbing and all-swallowing time The singing of the black hole is calling. The shrill silence of universe Blows up all minds from inside. Desire of your own death makes flesh burst into flame. Another moment of senseless reasoning Opens the gate to the real existence That is not for the eyes. Inexpressible pain of the ripped flesh Releases so far unknown senses. No chance for losing consciousness. Suffering in the thickening void. Stop! Human defect is triumphing. The passage into fourth dimension Is passing out of sight.

BMW Vision Efficient Dynamics Concept :For decades, BMW has made the reduction of emissions and fuel consumption a key part of its product development strategy, just as enhancements to the dynamic ability of each BMW have been a lasting, sustained brand value. BMW's EfficientDynamics engineering philosophy - the pursuit of an enhanced, athletic driving experience while simultaneously lowering the consumption and emissions of each vehicle - resulted in the most dramatic drop in fleet consumption of any automaker from 1990 through 2005, according to an Environmental Defense study. Now, the BMW Vision concept car clearly demonstrates that the EfficientDynamics objectives are fully compatible when applied to a sports car. Conceived as a 2+2-seater with plug-in full-hybrid technology, this unique car combines the performance of a BMW M vehicle with a standard of fuel efficiency and emission management that exceeds even the current levels achieved by the latest small cars. This outstanding result is made possible by the combination of BMW ActiveHybrid components with an extremely economical combustion engine, and outstanding aerodynamic qualities. BMW EfficientDynamics Concept is the result of a "clean-sheet" development process to ensure that the correct achievements were made in the areas of efficiency, driving pleasure, technology, and emotional design. BMW EfficientDynamics Concept is the most comprehensive implementation of the EfficientDynamics philosophy seen so far. The powertrain provides a top speed ...