Green-winged teal

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Green-winged teal
Green-Winged Teal.jpg
Anas carolinensis FWS.jpg
A pair, male in nuptial plumage at rear
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Anseriformes
Family: Anatidae
Subfamily: Anatinae
Genus: Anas
Species: A. carolinensis, see text
Binomial name
Anas carolinensis
Gmelin, 1789
Anas carolinensis dis.png
     Nesting range     Year-round range     Wintering range

Anas crecca carolinensis
Nettion carolinensis

The green-winged teal (Anas carolinensis or Anas crecca carolinensis) is a common and widespread duck that breeds in the northern areas of North America except on the Aleutian Islands. It was considered conspecific with the common teal (A. crecca) for some time but the issue is still being reviewed by the American Ornithologists' Union;[1] based on this the IUCN and BirdLife International[2] do not accept it as a separate species at present. However, nearly all other authorities consider it distinct based on behavioral,[3] morphological,[4] and molecular evidence.[5][6]

This dabbling duck is strongly migratory and winters far south of its breeding range. It is highly gregarious outside of the breeding season and will form large flocks. In flight, the fast, twisting flocks resemble waders.

This is the smallest North American dabbling duck. The breeding male has grey flanks and back, with a yellow rear end and a white-edged green speculum, obvious in flight or at rest. It has a chestnut head with a green eye patch. It is distinguished from drake common teals (the Eurasian relative of this bird) by a vertical white stripe on side of breast, the lack of both a horizontal white scapular stripe and the lack of thin buff lines on its head.

The females are light brown, with plumage much like a female mallard. They can be distinguished from most ducks on size, shape, and the speculum. Separation from female common teal is problematic.

In non-breeding (eclipse) plumage, the drake looks more like the female.

It is a common duck of sheltered wetlands, such as taiga bogs, and usually feeds by dabbling for plant food or grazing. It nests on the ground, near water and under cover. While its conservation status is not evaluated by IUCN at present due to non-recognition of the taxon, it is plentiful enough to make it a species of Least Concern if it were; it is far more plentiful than the common teal.[7] It can be seen in vast numbers in the Marismas Nacionales of western Mexico, a main wintering area.

This is a noisy species. The male has a clear whistle, whereas the female has a feeble quack.


All three green-winged teal subspecies occur in the northern hemisphere during summer and in winter extend to northern South America, central Africa, southern India, Burma, and the Philippines. In North America, ssp. carolinensis occurs across the continent and is joined in the Aleutian Islands by ssp. nimia, which remains there throughout the year. Anas crecca breeds in Iceland, Europe, and Asia. It is also seen occasionally during the winter in North America along the Atlantic Coast.[8][9]

The American green-winged teal breeds from the Aleutian Islands, northern Alaska, Mackenzie River delta, northern Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and Labrador south to central California, central Nebraska, central Kansas, southern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland, and the Maritime Provinces.[8][10]

The American green-winged teal winters from southern Alaska and southern British Columbia east to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia and south to Central America. It also winters in Hawaii.[10]

Plant communities[edit]

Green-winged teal are abundant in wetlands of the Canadian parkland and northern boreal forest associations. They occur more often in mixed-prairie associations than in shortgrass associations. They also inhabit arctic tundra and semidesert communities.[8][9]

Within the above associations, green-winged teal commonly inhabit wetland communities dominated by bulrushes (Scirpus spp.), cattails (Typha spp.), sedges (Carex spp.), pondweeds (Potamogeton spp.) and other emergent and aquatic vegetation.[8][10] Green-winged teal frequently nest in grasses, sedge meadows, or on dry hillsides having brush or aspen (Populus spp.) cover.[9] Near Brooks, Alberta, green-winged teal nests were found most often in beds of rushes (Juncus spp.), and in western Montana most nests were located under greasewood (Sarcobatus spp.).[8]

Major life events[edit]

Nesting chronology varies geographically. In North Dakota, green-winged teal generally begin nesting in late April. In the Northwest Territories, Canada, green-winged teal begin nesting between late May and early July. At Minto Lakes, Alaska, green-winged teal initiate nesting as early as June 1 and as late as July 20.[8]

Green-winged teal become sexually mature their first winter.[8] They lay 5 to 16 eggs. The incubation period is 21 to 23 days.[8][11]

Green-winged teals often fledge 34 to 35 days after hatching or usually before 6 weeks of age.[8][9] Young green-winged teal have the fastest growth rate of all ducks.[8]

Male green-winged teal leave females at the start of incubation and congregate on safe waters to molt. Some populations undergo an extensive molt migration while others remain on or near breeding grounds. Females molt on breeding grounds.[12]

Green-winged teal are among the earliest spring migrants. They arrive on nesting areas almost as soon as the snow melts.[9] In early February, green-winged teal begin to depart their winter grounds, and continue through April. In central regions green-winged teal begin to arrive early in March with peak numbers in early April.[8]

In northern areas of the United States, green-winged teal migrating to wintering grounds appear in early September through mid-December. They begin migrating into most central regions during September and often remain through December. On their more southerly winter areas, green-winged teal arrive as early as late September, but most do not appear until late November.[8]

Preferred habitat[edit]

Green-winged teal inhabit inland lakes, marshes, ponds, pools, and shallow streams with dense emergent and aquatic vegetation.[8][9][10][11] They prefer shallow waters and small ponds and pools during the breeding season.[12] Green-winged teal are often found resting on mudbanks or stumps, or perching on low limbs of dead trees. These ducks nest in depressions on dry ground located at the base of shrubs, under a log, or in dense grass. The nests are usually 2 to 300 ft (0.61 to 91.44 m) from water. Green-winged teal avoid treeless or brushless habitats. Green-winged teal winter in both freshwater or brackish marshes, ponds, streams, and estuaries.[9][10] As they are smaller birds, they tend to stay in the calmer water.

Cover requirements[edit]

Green-winged teal nests are usually concealed both from the side and from above in heavy grass, weeds, or brushy cover.[9] Cattails, bulrushes, smartweeds (Polygonum spp.), and other emergent vegetation provide hiding cover for ducks on water.[13]

Food habits[edit]

Green-winged teal, more than any other species of duck, prefer to seek food on mud flats. Where mud flats are lacking, they prefer shallow marshes or temporarily flooded agricultural lands.[8][10] They usually eat vegetative matter consisting of seeds, stems, and leaves of aquatic and emergent vegetation. Green-winged teal appear to prefer the small seeds of nutgrasses (Cyperus spp.), millets (Panicum spp.), and sedges to larger seeds, but they also consume corn, wheat, barley, and buttonbush (Cephalanthus spp.) seeds.[8] In marshes, sloughs, and ponds, green-winged teal select the seeds of bulrushes, pondweeds, and spikerushes (Eleocharis spp.). To a lesser extent they feed upon the vegetative parts of muskgrass (Chara spp.), pondweeds, widgeongrass (Ruppia maritima), and duckweeds (Lemna spp.).[8] They will occasionally eat insects, mollusks, and crustaceans.[8][10] Occasionally during spring months, green-winged teal will gorge on maggots of decaying fish which are found around ponds.[11]


Common predators of green-winged teal include humans, skunks (Mephitis and Spilogale spp.), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), raccoons (Pryon lotor), crows, and magpies (Pica spp.).[8]


mtDNA data-wise, this species is more closely related to the speckled teal than to the common teal.[5] This would require that sexual dimorphism either was lost in the speckled teal or that it evolved in near-identical forms in the green-winged and common teal after the divergence of the green-winged and speckled teal lineages.

Both hypotheses seem rather spurious initially, with the green-winged teal and common teal's male nuptial plumage being unique and very complex, and the tendency to gain, not lose, strong sexual dimorphism overwhelming in the dabbling ducks. An alternative explanation given the high frequency of hybridisation in ducks[7] would be that the mtDNA of the present-day green-winged teal is originally derived from spotted teal females by introgression and thus the molecular data gives a misleading picture of the species' true relationships. This is supported by the observation that in mallard × American black duck hybrids, females of both taxa prefer the sexually dimorphic mallard drakes over the dull-plumaged black duck drakes;[14][15] that the green-winged teal is in some aspects—such as the less contrasting nuptial plumage—intermediate between the common and speckled teal is also interesting to note.

Alternatively, the common teal might be derived from the green-winged teal, with the molecular difference being due to genetic drift or a founder effect in the latter and possibly speckled teal introgression in the former. The three teals certainly belong to a superspecies in the teals ("Nettion"); the ancestors of this group were most likely sexually monomorphic Southern Hemisphere forms (Johnson & Sorenson, 1999;[5] note that their "African" distribution includes Bernier's teal taxa which like many Madagascar taxa is of Indo-Australian origin).

Another possibility[16] is that the American lineage is derived from stray common teals, with the founder effect/genetic drift and/or hybrid introgression phenomena applying as above, only in the reverse direction for the former two. Still, this would require loss of sexual dimorphism in the ancestors of the speckled teal, but while extremely rare in dabbling ducks, it is not per se impossible.

The close relationship of speckeld and green-winged teals suggested by mtDNA data could of course still apply to the taxa in general, not just to sequences in 2 maternally inherited genes in a few individual ducks (for which it without doubt does apply), but the overall failure of Johnson & Sorenson to seriously take hybridization into account and their small sample sizes and obsolete conceptions of Indian Ocean biogeography do not help at all to resolve the issue,[17] but in 1999, the methodology and interpretation were reasonable enough and in fact, the study was pioneering in many respects due to dense taxon-level sampling and still represents one of the default references for interpreting the pyhlogeny of the genus.

The post-copulatory displays of the common and green-winged teal are identical, but those of the speckled teal have some additional elements.[18]

A firm conclusion cannot be reached at present beyond a tentative rejection of the phylogeny suggested by the mtDNA data. Nuclear DNA sequence information is required, but may not be sufficient, to resolve the puzzling relationships in the crecca-carolinensis-flavirostris complex of teals.

References and notes[edit]

 This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Department of Agriculture document "Anas crecca".

  1. ^ A classification of the bird species of South America. South American Classification Committee, American Ornithologists' Union
  2. ^ BirdLife International (2012). Anas crecca. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2.
  3. ^ Laurieahlberg, C; McKinney, F (1979). "The nod-swim display of male green-winged teal (Anas crecca)". Animal Behaviour 27: 165. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(79)90136-2. 
  4. ^ Livezey, B. C. (1991). "A phylogenetic analysis and classification of recent dabbling ducks (Tribe Anatini) based on comparative morphology". Auk 108 (3): 471–507. doi:10.2307/4088089. 
  6. ^ Sangster, George; Knox, Alan G.; Helbig, Andreas J.; Parkin, David T. (2002). "Taxonomic recommendations for European birds". Ibis 144: 153. doi:10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00026.x. 
  7. ^ a b Carboneras, Carles (1992): Family Anatidae (Ducks, Geese and Swans). In: del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (editors): Handbook of Birds of the World, Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks: 536–629. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-10-5
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Bellrose, Frank C. 1980. Ducks, geese and swans of North America. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books ISBN 0811705358.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Johnsgard, Paul A. (1979). A guide to North American waterfowl. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press ISBN 0253127890.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g DeGraaf, Richard M.; Scott, Virgil E.; Hamre, R. H.; et al. (1991). Forest and rangeland birds of the United States: Natural history and habitat use. Agric. Handb. 688. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
  11. ^ a b c Musgrove, Jack W.; Musgrove, Mary R. (1943). Waterfowl in Iowa. Des Moines, IA: State Convservation Committee
  12. ^ a b Madge, Steve; Burn, Hilary. (1988). Waterfowl: An identification guide to the ducks, geese and swans of the world. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company ISBN 0395467268.
  13. ^ Cooperrider, Allen Y.; Boyd, Raymond J.; Stuart, Hanson R., eds. (1986). Inventory and monitoring of wildlife habitat. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Service Center.
  14. ^ Brodsky, L; Ankney, C; Dennis, D (1988). "The influence of male dominance on social interactions in black ducks and mallards". Animal Behaviour 36 (5): 1371. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(88)80206-9. 
  15. ^ Rhymer, Judith M.; Williams, Murray J. & Braun, Michael J. (1994). "Mitochondrial analysis of gene flow between New Zealand Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and Grey Ducks (A. superciliosa)". Auk 111 (4): 970–978. doi:10.2307/4088829. 
  16. ^ The trans-Beringia populations are of the common teal type, which would be odd if the lineage is of South American origin
  17. ^ Note that their study dates from a time when molecular phylogeny was still in its infancy; it would be considered rather sloppy science by today's standards; the hypothesis discussed in this section rests on a sample size of 1 (one) individual of the green-winged teal.
  18. ^ Johnson, Kevin P. McKinney, Frank; Wilson, Robert & Sorenson, Michael D. (2000). "The evolution of postcopulatory displays in dabbling ducks (Anatini): a phylogenetic perspective". Animal Behaviour 59 (5): 953–963. doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1399. PMID 10860522. 

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