Relationship between Anhydrous Ammonia and Natural Gas Prices

Relationship between Anhydrous Ammonia and Natural Gas Prices

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Retail anhydrous ammonia prices again are on the rise. The October 13, 2011 Illinois Production Cost Report by the Agricultural Marketing Service placed the average Illinois price of anhydrous ammonia at $853 per ton, up $52 per ton from the July 7th price of $801 per ton. While anhydrous ammonia prices have been rising, natural gas which is the major cost of producing anhydrous ammonia price has not been rising. This has caused the anhydrous ammonia-to-natural gas price ratio to increase dramatically.

Figure 1 shows wholesale anhydrous ammonia price divided by commercial natural gas prices for each month from January 2001 through June 2011. Anhydrous ammonia prices are stated in dollars per ton and reflect the average wholesale price paid for anhydrous ammonia in the middle corn-belt. Natural gas prices are stated in dollars per thousand cubic feet and represent the price that industrial users pay for natural gas.

The ammonia-to-gas price ratio was relatively stable from January 2001 through December 2006, with a ratio average of 49. This 49 ratio indicated that the anhydrous ammonia price per ton was 49 times the per thousand cubic feet price of natural gas. Since the end of 2006, the ratio has been higher and much more variable. The ratio averaged 61 in 2007, 85 in 2008, 74 in 2009, and 97 in 2010. So far in 2011, the ratio has averaged 128. These higher ratios indicate that anhydrous ammonia prices have increased relative to natural gas prices.

The increase in the ammonia-to-gas ratio occurred roughly at the same time as when commodity prices increased. Between 1975 through 2096, Illinois corn prices average $2.40 per bushel. Since 2006, corn prices have average $4.26 per bushel. The increase in corn prices correspond to an increase in crop production around the world, leading to more demand for fertilizers. Hence, increases in demand may partially explain the ratio increase.

Also note that the ratio has been “spiky” since 2007 (see Figure 1). The ratio reached a high in October 2008 of 123. This high was followed by a decline, corresponding to declines in prices of many assets as the financial crisis became evident in 2008. The ratio has been high again since late 2010 through the first half of 2011, averaging close to 130.

Both of the spikes have been associated with high corn prices. These high corn prices could signal shifts in crop production that could change the demand for nitrogen fertilizers. It could also signal profit taking on the part of manufacturing of fertilizers.

In any case, ammonia-to-gas price relationships have become much more variable since 2007. This suggests that ammonia price variability is not being caused by natural gas prices, but is more likely due to demand factors.

Issued by Gary Schnitkey
Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics
University of Illinois