The Indonesian island Flores lies between Australia and Asia. Scientists suggest that the new species of tiny humans may have descended from large-body Homo erectus humans who made it across the sea to colonize Flores. Once on Flores, the ancient humans could have

Scientists have found skeletons of a hobbit-like species of human that grew no larger than a three-year-old modern child. The tiny humans, who had skulls about the size of grapefruits, lived with pygmy elephants and Komodo dragons on a remote island in Indonesia 18,000 years ago.

Australian and Indonesian researchers discovered bones of the miniature humans in a cave on Flores, an island east of Bali and midway between Asia and Australia.

Scientists have determined that the first skeleton they found belongs to a species of human completely new to science. Named Homo floresiensis, after the island on which it was found, the tiny human has also been dubbed by dig workers as the “hobbit,” after the tiny creatures from the Lord of the Rings books.


The skeleton was found in the same sediment deposits on Flores that have also been found to contain stone tools and the bones of dwarf elephants, giant rodents, and Komodo dragons, lizards that can grow to 10 feet (3 meters) and that still live today.

Homo floresienses has been described as one of the most spectacular discoveries in paleoanthropology in half a century-and the most extreme human ever discovered.

The species inhabited Flores as recently as 13,000 years ago, which means it would have lived at the same time as modern humans, scientists say.

“To find that as recently as perhaps 13,000 years ago, there was another upright, bipedal-although small-brained-creature walking the planet at the same time as modern humans is as exciting as it was unexpected,” said Peter Brown, a paleoanthropologist at the University of New England in New South Wales, Australia.

Brown is a co-author of the study describing the findings, which appears in the October 28 issue of the science journal Nature. The National Geographic Society’s Committee for Research and Exploration has sponsored research related to the discovery. The find will be covered in greater detail in a documentary airing early next year on the National Geographic Channel.

“It is totally unexpected,” said Chris Stringer, director of the Human Origins program at the Natural History Museum in London. “To have early humans on the remote island of Flores is surprising enough. That some are only about a meter tall with a chimp-size brain is even more remarkable. That they were still there less than 20,000 years ago, and [that] modern humans must have met them, is astonishing.”

The researchers estimate that the tiny people lived on Flores from about 95,000 years ago until at least 13,000 years ago. The scientists base their theory on charred bones and stone tools found on the island. The blades, perforators, points, and other cutting and chopping utensils were apparently used to hunt big game.

In an accompanying Nature commentary, Marta Miraz?n Lahr and Robert Foley, both with the Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies at the University of Cambridge, England, describe Homo floresiensis as changing our understanding of late human evolutionary geography, biology, and culture.

The discovery shows that the genus Homo is more varied and more flexible in its ability to adapt than previously thought. (The genus Homo also includes modern humans, Homo erectus, Homo habilis, and Neandertals-all of which are marked by relatively large braincases, erect posture, opposable thumbs, and the ability to make tools.)


Lost World of Tiny People

“Physically, they were about the size of a three-year old Homo sapiens [modern human] child, but with a braincase only one-third as large,” said Richard Roberts, a geochronologist at the University of Wollongong, Australia, and one on the co-authors of the research paper. “They had slightly longer arms than us. More conspicuously, they had hard, thicker eyebrow ridges than us, a sharply sloping forehead, and no chin.”

“While they don’t look like modern humans, some of their behaviors were surprisingly human,” said Brown, the study co-author.


Almost all of the stegodon bones associated with the human artifacts are of juveniles, suggesting the tiny humans selectively hunted the smallest stegodons. The Flores humans’ diets also included fish, frogs, snakes, tortoises, birds, and rodents.

“The hobbit was nobody’s fool,” Roberts said. “They survived alongside us [Homo sapiens] for at least 30,000 years, and we’re not known for being very amiable eco-companions. And the hobbits were managing some extraordinary things-manufacturing sophisticated stone tools, hunting pygmy elephants, and crossing at least two water barriers to reach Flores from mainland Asia-with a brain only one-third the size of ours.



Mingling of the Human Tribes

Still, rumors, myths, and legends of tiny creatures have swirled around the isolated island for centuries. It’s certainly possible that they interacted with modern humans, according to the researchers.

“Looked at from a regional perspective, we definitely have modern humans in Australia from at least 40,000 years ago, and in Borneo from at least 43,000 years ago,” Roberts said. “So there was temporal overlap between the hobbits and ourselves from at least 40,000 years ago until at least 18,000 years ago-more than 20,000 years minimum. What was the nature of their interaction? We have absolutely no idea. We need more sites and more hard evidence, and that’s the next phase of our investigation.”

Island Dwarfing

“H. floresiensis presents an intriguing problem in evolutionary biology,” Brown said.



“While there are stone tools dated as far back as 840,000 years ago, no fossils of large-bodied ancestors have ever been found” on Flores, Brown said. “There is some possibility [Homo floresiensis] arrived on the island small-bodied.”

“I could not have predicted such a discovery in a million years,” said Stringer, of London’s Natural History Museum. “This find shows us how much we still have to learn about human evolution, particularly in Southeast Asia.”

An Outline of the Human Family Tree
From the time the genus Homo evolved about two million years ago, four or five different human species have emerged. Several of the species lived at the same times.

Modern humans emerged in Africa about 160,000 years ago and were contemporaries of the Neandertals, who became extinct only about 30,000 years ago. Both modern humans and Neandertals are considered Homo sapiens.

Genus Homo, compared with earlier species, is recognized by a range of characteristics, including a larger brain size, a prominent nose, smaller back teeth, and human body proportions, including longer legs. Behavioral characteristics include tool making and a diet with a heavy emphasis on meat, obtained by both scavenging and hunting.

Modern humans, compared with Homo erectus, have a very large brain in a high, rounded braincase, small brow ridges, a flexed cranial base, a retracted face, a chin on the lower jaw, a modern shaped pelvis, and a lightly built skeleton. Behaviorally, modern humans are noted for complex tools, complex societies and wide social networks, art and symbolism, religious systems, and complex language.

Although considerably smaller, the form of Homo floresiensis most closely resembles Homo erectus, a species of humans that populated Asia and Africa from roughly 1.8 to 0.2 million years ago. Homo erectus has been classified as archaic humans with brains ranging from 650 to 1,250 centimeters, and ranging in height from1.55 to 1.78 meters tall.

The smaller body and brain size of Homo floresiensis call into question a range of assumptions that will keep evolutionary biologists busy for years to come.

Original story: National Geographic

Homo floresiensis alongside Homo sapiens. The new species of human's adult size was about that of a three-year-old modern-human child. The skull of H. floresienses was the size of a grapefruit.