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Randomized phase II clinical trials of wellmune WGP[R] for immune support during cold and flu season.


The common cold, typically caused by human parainfluenza viruses, remains one of the most frustrating of medical illnesses, given its incidence and prevalence. The common cold has significant effects on health, well-being, and productivity. Each cold experienced by a working adult results in an average of 8.7 lost work hours, and 1.2 lost work hours due to attending to sick children. (1) The economic burden of lost productivity due to colds is approximately $25 billion annually, with lost productivity from missed work days comprising the majority of the financial burden. (2) There are no reliable interventions currently available that significantly protect against influenza infections or prevent the occurrence of this illness. There have been several clinical trials evaluating a variety of dietary supplements for the prevention and treatment of both experimentally induced and naturally occurring colds. Many of those interventions included Echinacea, (3-13) vitamin C, (14-18) probiotics, (19) ginseng, (20) vitamin E, (21,22) and zinc. (20,23-36) Other studies indicate no dietary supplement consistently reduces the risk of the common cold. Some studies suggest vitamin E and ginseng may reduce the incidence of common colds, (20,21) while other investigations report no favorable effects of vitamin E on upper respiratory tract infection. (22) Zinc, from zinc acetate, is reported to reduce the symptom and severity of common colds in healthy adults, (21) while other reports suggest the absence of any effect. (32,33) These apparent discrepancies are due to various study limitations across the literature, such as potential differences in product identity and dose, and small sample size and low statistical power, or lack of a clinical effect. Another possibility may be genetic variations and immunocompetencies among study subjects.

Biological response modifiers such as beta-glucan, enhance the innate immune response without inducing damaging pro-inflammatory cytokines, and may represent a novel approach to protect against cold and flu pathogens. (37,38) Beta-glucans are glucose polymers derived from yeast, fungi, or from oats. In vivo studies suggest beta-glucans may enhance the immune system responses to infectious organisms without eliciting a pro-inflammatory cytokine response. (37,39-43) Other in vivo investigations report that oat-derived beta-glucan can decrease increased risk of upper respiratory tract infection as a result of stressful exercise in mice. (44, 45)

In clinical trials, beta-glucan reduces postoperative infection rates and shortens intensive care unit stay duration. (46-48) One study also reported that increasing doses of beta-glucan resulted in fewer infections after surgery. (46)

Beta-glucan from a variety of dietary sources has immunomodulatory properties. The potential immunomodulatory effect of beta-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has not been evaluated in a structured clinical trial that assesses its efficacy on the prevention and/or treatment of the common cold in a healthy adult population. The current study aimed to determine whether the proprietary beta-glucan extract Wellmune WGP[R] (WGP) can reduce the incidence and/or duration/severity of respiratory illnesses in a healthy population during peak cold/flu season.



A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial compared beta-glucan extract Wellmune WGP[R] (WGP) and placebo in healthy community-dwelling subjects. Wellmune WGP, a registered trademark of Biothera, is a functional ingredient for foods, beverages and supplements that is derived from a proprietary strain of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) . The entire study was conducted at the Miami Research Associates (Miami, FL) facilities. This study was approved by the Copernicus Group, an Independent Review Board located in Cary, North Carolina.

All subjects who were taking immune-modifying dietary supplements prior to enrollement underwent a 4-week washout phase prior to randomization. Subjects were then randomly assigned to trail groups in which they were blinded to intervention. During the 90-day intervention period, subjects consumed 500 mg/d of beta-glucan or a rice-flour placebo. Subjects were evaluated by the medical staff within 24 hours of cold onset.

Endpoints were measured at the onset of symptoms of a respiratory infection, and twice daily for seven days. Endpoints measured were changes from baseline in: number of symptomatic respiratory infections (SRIs) that each subject had during the study, total days of duration of each subject's SRIs, average days of duration of each subject's SRIs, symptom-days total for each SRI symptom based on a self-report daily diary, and average symptom-day total for each subject that included categories SRIs into Colds, Flu, or Pharyngitis. Other endpoints included safety data through laboratory (CBC, kidney, and liver function) and physical testing.


Subjects were screened in January and February of 2006. Subjects were recruited from existing patient populations, physician referrals, subject databases, and community-based local advertising. Approximately 65 potential candidates were telephone screened and 42 were called in for a screening visit (Figure 1). Exclusion and inclusion criteria are provided in Table 1. Out of the 42 potential subjects, two screened subjects did not meet the inclusion/exclusion criteria: one subject had abnormal laboratory results, and another was listed as ineligible in the database.

The remaining 40 healthy community-dwelling adults (28 females, 12 males) between the ages of 18 and 65 were enrolled into the study. There were 12 early terminations: one subject withdrew consent, and 11 subjects were lost to follow-up. The remaining 28 subjects finished the study without protocol deviations. One subject completed all scheduled visits, but was excluded because of inadequate compliance. Subject baseline characteristics are displayed in Table 2. Subjects who qualified based on their screening visit, received $50 for the screening visit, and $50 for completion of each study visit. Total compensation was up to $300 per subject.

Products Tested

Forty subjects were randomly assigned to WGP (Wellmune WGPI beta-glucan) derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (250 mg) or a sensory-identical placebo containing rice flour. The intervention subjects consumed two capsules (total=500mg beta-glucan) once daily, 30 minutes before breakfast. The Intent-to-Treat (ITT) population consisted of 33 subjects (17 in the WGP group, and 16 in the placebo group) and defined as only those who received at least one dose of investigational product and returned for at least one visit after baseline. The Per-Protocol (PP) population consisted of 27 subjects (14 in the WGP 3-6 group, and 13 in the placebo group) who completed all visits, and had 80% compliance with the prescribed amount of product.


At Visit 1 (Screening), subjects provided informed consent. Assessments at this visit were demographic and anthropomorphic, physical examination, vital signs, urine pregnancy test (females) medical history, current medication history, Quality of Life via the SF36v-2 questionnaire, and standard blood panel (CBC, kidney, and liver function).

Supplementation and Follow-up

At Visit 2 (Randomization, Day 0), subjects who met the inclusion/exclusion criteria were randomized and dispensed a 4-week supply of study product or placebo. Randomization was determined by atmospheric noise entropy (www.Random. org). Block randomization was utilized to insure uniform allocation of WGP and placebo. At Visit 3 (Day 30), subjects returned for blood draws, vital signs measurements, Quality of Life via the SF36v-2 questionnaire, interim medical history, compliance assessment, and adverse events review. Participants were then dispensed another 4-week supply of study product or placebo. These same procedures were completed at Visit 4 (Day 60) and Visit 5 (Day 90).

All subjects were contacted by phone at weeks 2, 6, and 10 to assess compliance. In addition, subjects' compliance with the prescribed amount of product was determined by the returned pill-count method at the 30-, 60-, and 90-day visits, and expressed as a fraction.

Subjects were instructed to page a member of the study team as soon as they felt symptoms of a respiratory illness. Subjects were examined by a qualified member of the study team within 24 hours of the onset of any SRI. The examination focused on SRI history, physical examination, standardized diagnosis (Clinical Diagnostic Criteria), baseline symptoms, and blood analysis. These subjects were provided symptom diaries, and instructed on their use. At 7 to 10 days following the SRI baseline visit, subjects returned for the following evaluations: SRI history, physical examination, collection of symptom diaries, and blood analysis.

Adverse Events

Self-report adverse events (AEs) were listed, Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) encoded, grouped by general type of event (e.g., gastrointestinal, neurological, cardiac, or dermatologic), and cross-tabulated by event type and product dosing level. Potential differences in AE patterns between products were tested by the Fisher's Exact test. Significance was assigned at p <0.05.

Sample Size

There appears to be a dearth of information on the prevention or treatment of upper respiratory tract infections that included 1-3,1-6 beta glucan. Limited information on the use of dietary supplements directed to cold/flu prevention indicated that community-based trials had sample sizes ranging from 126 to 668 subjects. The duration of these studies ranged from 30 days to several years. Inoculation and severity trials tended to have smaller sample sizes. Given the lack of data to calculate an effect size, the current investigation was undertaken as a pilot study intended to provide critical data for future studies. Power calculations based on the cold/flu literature supported a sample size of 40.

Statistical Analysis

The primary endpoint changes from baseline values were analyzed using a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Two approaches to the analysis were performed. Analysis of the primary efficacy endpoints were performed in Intent-to-Treat (ITT) patients as well as Per-Protocol (PP) patients. The Intent-to-Treat analysis was considered primary. All data were transferred into the 'R' statistical system version 2.5.1 (R foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, for subsequent statistical analysis. Specially-created R programs were used to generate the descriptive tables and statistical tests. For the Intent-to-Treat efficacy analysis, missing efficacy endpoints were imputed with the last available value (last observation carried forward (LOCF) imputation). All descriptive data are expressed as mean [+ or -] SD. Significance level was set at p < 0.05.


There were no significant differences between the treatment and placebo groups in the number of SRI episodes (6 vs. 5, WGP and placebo, respectively, p = 1.00), number of SRI's per subject (0.41 WGP vs. 0.44 placebo, p = 0.948), or number of subjects with SRI (Table 3). There were no significant differences between the groups in the duration of SRI episodes, or in the total daily symptom score of SRI's for seven days after the onset of symptoms. None of the WGP subjects missed work or school due to colds, while subjects in the placebo group with colds missed an average of 1.38 days. This was statistically significant in both the ITT and PP populations (p = 0.026 and p = 0.042, respectively).

SRI symptoms are shown in Table 4. None of the WGP subjects presented a fever, whereas the subjects in the control group became febrile (2.0 [+ or -] 4.8) in the PP group (p = 0.068). There was no significant effect of WGP on fever in the ITT analysis (0.6 [+ or -] 2.4 in WGP subjects and 1.6 [+ or -] 4.3 in the placebo group; p = 0.295). There were no other apparent trends or significant differences in any other SRI symptom between the two treatment groups (Table 4).

The WGP group exhibited a significantly greater "General Health" summary score over the 90 days (58.7 [+ or -] 7.0 vs. 52.0 [+ or -] 14.6; p = 0.038) with a concomitant significant comparative improvement in the Physical Component Summary (WGP: 57.5 [+ or -] 4.5; Placebo: 55.5 [+ or -] 3.5; p = 0.029). There were no other significant differences between the two groups for any other 'quality of life' measures from the SF-36v2 questionnaire.

Compliance and Side Effects

Overall compliance was nearly 90% in the ITT population, and approximately 95% in the PP population. One subject who had completed all scheduled visits was excluded from the PP population because of inadequate compliance.


A total of 43 adverse events (AEs) were reported by 20 subjects during this study. Twenty-two events were recorded by 11 subjects in the WGP group, whereas 21 events among 9 control subjects were documented. All events were of mild to moderate severity. All were judged by the principal investigator to be probably not related to each other or as a consequence of the study product. None of the events contributed the subject's self-discontinuance or withdrawal from the study. The number and types of adverse events were distributed evenly between WGP and placebo groups. There was no tendency for AEs to occur more frequently in one study group vs the other (p = 0.728). There were no safety concerns in the study (Table 5).


This is the first clinical study to assess the efficacy of Saccharomyces cerevisiae derived beta-glucan on incidence, duration, and severity of SRI in a healthy, adult, community-dwelling population. Importantly, none of the subjects from the WGP group missed work or school during the 90-day study. In addition, the WGP group's physical component summary score improved more than the placebo group, and the WGP group had a significantly lower fever score. However, there were no significant differences between WGP and placebo on SRI incidence.

Beta-glucan from other sources appears to improve immune function in a variety of animal models, without increasing pro-inflammatory cytokines or inducing a febrile response. (37,42,49,50) Other in vivo models indicate that oat-derived beta-glucan, a linear molecule, can prevent increased risk of URTI as a result of stressful exercise in mice. (44,45) It appears that beta-glucan may be a powerful immune stimulator, as evidenced by its ability to activate macrophages and stimulate positive immune actions on B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and suppressor T cells in the immune system. (51-53) Many in vitro studies have shown that beta-glucan significantly increases microbiocidal activity of human neutrophils and macrophages against a variety of pathogens without directly stimulating synthesis of the cytokines, IL-1 or TNF. The exact pathway through which beta-glucans interact with the immune system is unknown. One proposed mechanism is the activation of dectin-1 pattern recognition receptor on blood peripheral mononuclear cells. (54,55)

Other dietary supplements are reported to reduce upper respiratory tract infection symptoms in humans. (14) For example, zinc acetate treatment (12.8 mg q3h 12d) reduced severity and duration of cold symptoms. (30) A highly purified beta-glucan (0.1-1.0 mg/kg bw) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae helped to reduce post-surgical infections and decrease intensive care unit stay length. (46-48) A more recent study reported no change in self-reported upper respiratory tract infection symptoms or the average number of sick days in endurance athletes given a beta-glucan supplement for 18 days. (56) In this report, beta-glucan was administered at 5.6 g/day in a 600 ml beverage containing Gatorade[R] and Oatvantage[R], a 54% oat beta-glucan concentrate. Subjects ingested the supplements in two 300 mL doses each day before their first and last meals on an empty stomach. Nieman et al (56) also reported no changes in natural killer cell activity, polymorphonuclear respiratory burst activity, phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation, plasma interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-10, IL-1 receptor agonist (IL-1ra), and IL-8, and blood leukocyte IL10, IL-8, and IL-Ira mRNA expression. This study is different from our current study in several aspects. The study reported here included both male and female healthy community dwelling adults, while Nieman et al (56) studied male endurance athletes. The chemical composition of the beta-glucan and its dosage differed between the two studies, thus making direct comparisons difficult. Soluble and insoluble beta-glucans may stimulate the immune system differently [53]. Higher doses of oat-derived beta-glucan may also be required to see any effects on SRI incidence such as those reported in rodent studies [44,45].

The current pilot study reported results from 27 participants who reported 11 colds. The small sample size may be insufficient to detect possible therapeutic or prophylactic effects of betaglucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Given the economic burden of the common cold, alternative approaches that can lessen the financial impact on society and health burden on individuals should be investigated. Further research in larger groups is needed to determine if this type of beta-glucan, (1-3,1-6) linked from Saccharomyces cerevisiae can modulate the immune system to reduce the risk of developing seasonal cold and flu illness in healthy people across the age spectrum


This study was funded by a research grant from Biothera. Authors Feldman, Schwartz, Kalman, Mayers, Kohrman, and Krieger do not have any additional conflicts of interest to report. Author Clemens is the consulting scientific advisor to ETHorn, distributor of the Biothera product.




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Samantha Feldman

Howard I. Schwartz (2)

Douglas S. Kalman (1)

Athena Mayers (1)

Hannah M. Kohrman

Roger Clemens (3)

Diane R. Krieger (1)

Affiliation: Miami Research Associates, Department of Nutrition & Endocrinology, South Miami, FL 33143

(2) Affiliation: Miami Research Associates Department of Gastroenterology, South Miami, FL 33143
Table 1. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Inclusion criteria Age [greater than or equal to] 18 and [less than
 or equal to] 65
 Generally healthy
 BMI > 25 kg/m2 and < 40 kg/m2 at screening
 Agree to all study visits and visit procedures
 Females must agree to use appropriate birth
 control methods during the study
 Community dwelling
 At least 1 self-reported cold in the last 12
 months prior to screening
Exclusion criteria Cigarette smoking
 Current respiratory illness
 Temperature > 38.3[degrees]C at screening
 Immune modifying medications: Anti-inflammatory
 agents, Antibiotics, Steroids
 Subjects with any history of immune system
 disorder or auto-immune disorder including
 but not limited to the following:
 * Ankylosing Spondylitis, Chronic Fatigue
 Syndrome, CREST Syndrome, Crohn's Disease,
 Dermatomyositis, Fibromyalgia, Grave's
 Disease, Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, Lupus,
 Myasthenia Gravis, Pernicious Anemia,
 Polyarteritis Nodosa, Primary Biliary
 Cirrhosis, Psoriasis, Reynaud's Disease,
 Rheumatoid Arthritis, Sarcoidosis,
 Scleroderma, Sjogren's Syndrome, Temporal
 Arthritis, Ulcerative Colitis, and
 Use of any immunosuppressive drugs in the last
 5 years (Steroids, Biologics, etc.)
 History of Splenectomy
 History of Tuberculosis
 Diabetes (Type I and II)
 Untreated Hypothyroidism
 Active Liver Disease with liver function tests
 > 2X upper limit of normal (ULN)
 Active Renal Disease with Cr > 1.5 ULN
 Active Asthma requiring ongoing treatment
 Weight loss of ? 20 pounds in the last 3 months
 Untreated or unstable Hypothyroidism
 Abnormal physical examination
 Subjects with active eating disorder including
 anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and/or obsessive
 compulsive eating disorders

Table 2. Baseline Characteristics

 Subject Demographics

Variables WGP 3-6 (n=21) Placebo (n= 19)
 Total (%) Total (%)

Age (years) 30.3 [+ or -] 11.4 36.4 [+ or -] 16.2
 Female 14 (67) 14(74
 Male 7(33) 5 (26)
 Asian 1(5) 0 (0)
 Caucasian 18(86) 19 (100)
 Other 1 (5) 0 (0)
 Unknown 1 (5) 0 (0)
 No 5 (24) 6 (32)
 Yes 16 (76) 13 (68)
Consent Language:
 English 21 (100) 19 (100)

 Morphometry and Vital Signs

 Total (%) Total (%)

Height (cm) 167.4 [+ or -] 9.7 166.8 [+ or -] 10.1
Weight (kg) 66.3 [+ or -] 11.8 70.2 [+ or -] 14.9
BMI (kg/[m.sup.2]) 23.6 [+ or -] 2.5 25.1 [+ or -] 4.3
Body temperature ([degrees]F) 98.16 [+ or -] 0.48 98.22 [+ or -] 0.60
Heart Rate
 (beats/minute) 81.7 [+ or -] 16.6 72.5 [+ or -] 10.7
SBP (mm Hg) 112.3 [+ or -] 12.9 112.7 [+ or -] 8.0
DBP (mm Hg) 71.8 [+ or -] 10.8 74.1 [+ or -] 6.2
Flu Vaccine:
 No 14 (67) 15 (79)
 Yes 7 (33) 4 (21)

 Subject Demographics

Variables p-value

Age (years) 0.248
 Female 0.736
 Asian 1.000
 No 0.727
Consent Language:

 Morphometry and Vital Signs


Height (cm) 0.851
Weight (kg) 0.486
BMI (kg/[m.sup.2]) 0.258
Body temperature ([degrees]F) 0.531
Heart Rate
 (beats/minute) 0.098
SBP (mm Hg) 0.919
DBP (mm Hg) 0.433
Flu Vaccine:
 No 0.488

BMI: Body Mass Index. SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure. DBP: Diastolic
Blood Pressure

Table 3. Symptomatic Respiratory Episodes

 Intent-to-Treat Population

 WGP 3-6 Placebo p-value
 (n=17) (n=16)
 Total % Total % Total %
Any Colds During
 the Study?
 No 11 (65) 11 (69) 1.000
 Yes 6 (35) 5 (31)
Number of Colds 0.41 [+ or -] 0.62 0.44 [+ or -] 0.73 0.948
Average Duration
 of a Cold 12.9 [+ or -] 12.4 7.5 [+ or -] 2.0 0.592
Average Number
 of Missed
 Days of
 School or
 Work per Cold 0.00 [+ or -] 0.00 * 1.38 [+ or -] 1.25 0.026
Number of SRI
 Episodes 0.41 [+ or -] 0.62 0.44 [+ or -] 0.73 0.948
Number of Cold
 Episodes 0.29 [+ or -] 0.59 0.38 [+ or -] 0.72 0.866
Number of Flu
 Episodes 0.059 [+ or -] 0.243 0.000 [+ or -] 0.00 0.363
Number of
Number of URI
 Episodes 0.00 [+ or -] 0.00 0.063 [+ or -] 0.250 0.332
Total Duration
 of SRI
 Episodes 5.1 [+ or -] 9.9 3.0 [+ or -] 6.2 0.580
Total Missed
 Days of
 School or
 Work per
 Subject 0.00 [+ or -] 0.00 0.50 [+ or -] 1.10 0.071

 Per-Protocol Population

 WGP 3-6 Placebo p-value
 (n=14) (n=13)
 Total % Total
Any Colds During
 the Study?
 No 9 (64) 9 (69) 1.000
 Yes 5 (36) 4 (31)
Number of Colds 0.43 [+ or -] 0.65 0.46 [+ or -] 0.78 0.953
Average Duration
 of a Cold 13.5 [+ or -] 13.8 7.5 [+ or -] 2.0 0.902
Average Number
 of Missed
 Days of
 School or
Number of SRI
 Episodes 0.43 [+ or -] 0.65 0.46 [+ or -] 0.78 0.953
Number of Cold
 Episodes 0.36 [+ or -] 0.63 0.46 [+ or -] 0.78 0.832
Number of Flu
 Episodes 0.00 [+ or -] 0.00 0.00 [+ or -] 0.00
Number of
 Episodes 0.071 [+ or -] 0.02670.00 [+ or -] 0.00 0.374
Number of URI
Total Duration
 of SRI
 Episodes 5.4 [+ or -] 10.7 3.7 [+ or -] 6.8 0.862
Total Missed
 Days of
 School or
 Work per
 Subject 0.00 [+ or -] 0.00 0.62 [+ or -] 1.19 0.068

* p < 0.05

Table 4. Symptom Severity from Diary

 Intent-to-Treat Population (ITT)

 WGP 3-6 Placebo p-value
 (n=17) (n=16) WGP3-6

Total Tiredness 6.9 [+ or -] 12.3 6.8 [+ or -] 13.2 0.611
Total Stuff Nose 8.8 [+ or -] 15.6 7.6 [+ or -] 15.1 0.642
Total Runny Nose 8.1 [+ or -] 15.5 7.1 [+ or -] 12.9 0.580
Total Scratchy/Sore 8.8 [+ or -] 18.9 7.1 [+ or -] 14.6 0.674
Total Headache 3.1 [+ or -] 5.7 3.9 [+ or -] 7.6 0.963
Total Muscle Ache 3.5 [+ or -] 6.5 2.8 [+ or -] 6.6 0.565
Total Earache 1.12 [+ or -] 3.87 0.38 [+ or -] 1.50 0.357
Total Fever 0.6 [+ or -] 2.4 1.6 [+ or -] 4.3 0.295
Total Sneezing 6.1 [+ or -] 10.9 5.2 [+ or -] 10.1 0.658
Total Hoarse Voice 8.2 [+ or -] 19.3 5.7 [+ or -] 12.0 1.000
Total Cough Frequency 7.7 [+ or -] 15.7 6.3 [+ or -] 11.6 0.783
Total Cough Intensity 6.8 [+ or -] 14.1 6.1 [+ or -] 11.3 0.872
Total Phlegm/Mucous 8.1 [+ or -] 14.1 8.9 [+ or -] 17.9 0.740
Total Sleeplessness 5.3 [+ or -] 9.7 4.6 [+ or -] 9.1 0.854

 Per-Protocol Population (PP)

 WGP 3-6 Placebo p-value
 (n=14) (n=13)

Total Tiredness 6.4 [+ or -] 12.1 8.3 [+ or -] 14.3 0.954
Total Stuff Nose 7.3 [+ or -] 13.2 9.4 [+ or -] 16.4 1.000
Total Runny Nose 6.4 [+ or -] 13.0 8.7 [+ or -] 13.9 0.954
Total Scratchy/Sore 9.2 [+ or -] 20.4 8.8 [+ or -] 15.8 0.954
Total Headache 3.4 [+ or -] 6.2 4.8 [+ or -] 8.2 0.810
Total Muscle Ache 3.6 [+ or -] 6.9 3.4 [+ or -] 7.3 0.850
Total Earache 1.2 [+ or -] 4.3 0.5 [+ or -] 1.7 0.625
Total Fever 0.0 [+ or -] 0.0 2.0 [+ or -] 4.8 0.068
Total Sneezing 4.9 [+ or -] 8.6 6.4 [+ or -] 10.9 0.977
Total Hoarse Voice 8.3 [+ or -] 20.8 7.0 [+ or -] 13.1 0.659
Total Cough Frequency 7.5 [+ or -] 16.3 7.7 [+ or -] 12.5 0.928
Total Cough Intensity 6.9 [+ or -] 15.1 7.5 [+ or -] 12.2 0.928
Total Phlegm/Mucous 7.7 [+ or -] 14.1 11.0 [+ or -] 19.4 0.954
Total Sleeplessness 5.9 [+ or -] 10.5 5.6 [+ or -] 9.9 0.952

Table 5. Adverse Events (MedDRA coded)

 Number of Subjects

 WGP 3-6 Placebo p-value

Ear and lahyrinth disorders 0 1 1.000
Eye disorders 1 0 1.000
Gastrointestinal disorders 1 1 1.000
General disorders and 1 0 1.000
 administration site conditions
Infections and infestations 9 5 0.296
Injury, poisoning and procedural 0 2 0.485
Musculoskeletal and connective 1 0 1.000
 tissue disorders
Nervous system disorders 1 3 0.601
Psychiatric disorders 1 1 1.000
Respiratory, thoracic and 1 1 1.000
 mediastinal disorders
Surgical and medical procedures 1 0 1.000
All Events 11 9 0.728
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Article Details
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Author:Feldman, Samantha; Schwartz, Howard I.; Kalman, Douglas S.; Mayers, Athena; Kohrman, Hannah M.; Clem
Publication:Journal of Applied Research
Article Type:Report
Geographic Code:1USA
Date:Mar 1, 2009
Previous Article:From the editor.
Next Article:Budesonide inhalation suspension in adults with poorly controlled asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
