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Technology Unlocks Mold Genomes to Identify New Drug Candidates

Fungi are rich sources of natural molecules for drug discovery, but numerous challenges have pushed pharmaceutical companies away from tapping into this bounty. Now, scientists have developed technology that uses genomics and data analytics to efficiently screen for molecules produced by molds to find new drug leads — maybe even the next penicillin. The research, from scientists at Northwestern University, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the biotech company Intact Genomics, was published online on June 12, 2017 in Nature Chemical Biology. The article is titled “A Scalable Platform to Identify Fungal Secondary Metabolites and Their Gene Clusters.” “Drug discovery needs to get back to nature, and molds are a gold mine for new drugs,” said Neil Kelleher (photo), PhD, Director of the Proteomics Center of Excellence and a professor in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences and of Medicine in the Division of Hematology and Oncology. “We have established a new platform that can be scaled for industry to provide a veritable fountain of new medicines. Instead of rediscovering penicillin, our method systematically pulls out valuable new chemicals and the genes that make them. They can then be studied in depth.” Scientists believe there are thousands or even millions of fungal molecules waiting to be discovered, with enormous potential health, social, and economic benefits. The new technology systematically identifies powerful bioactive molecules from the microbial world — honed through millennia of evolution — for new drug leads. These small molecules could lead to new antibiotics, immunosuppressant drugs, and treatments for high cholesterol, for example. For four years, Dr. Kelleher has collaborated with Nancy Keller, PhD, the Robert L. Metzenberg and Kenneth B. Raper Professor of Mycology at the UW-Madison, and colleagues at Intact Genomics in St. Louis on developing the technology, called FAC-MS (Fungal Artificial Chromosomes with Metabolomic Scoring). In recent work, the scientists applied their refined method to three diverse fungal species and discovered 17 new natural products from the 56 gene clusters they screened with the new process. That’s a hit rate of 30 percent, which, Dr. Kelleher says, is “absolutely phenomenal.” Drs. Kelleher, Keller, and Chengcang C. Wu of Intact Genomics are the corresponding authors of the paper.

“Fungi make these natural products for a reason, and a lot of them are antimicrobial,” Dr. Keller said. “They’re used as weapons to kill or retard growth of other fungi, bacteria, or any other competing microbe in the area where the fungus wants to grow. Fungal compounds are a major source of diverse drugs.”

Each of the three collaborating institutions has played a key role in developing FAC-MS. The three-step system uses genomics and molecular biology to identify and capture large swaths of fungal DNA, called gene clusters, that are very likely to produce new molecules of interest; then puts the DNA in a model fungus that grows easily in the lab; and then analyzes the chemical products using mass spectrometry and data analytics.

Scientists using fungal species for drug discovery have recently faced a number of problems: the slow rate at which investigators can systematically unlock fungal compounds; the rediscovery of old compounds, such as penicillin; the difference between what a fungus could produce versus what it actually does produce; and the ability to know when you have a new chemical as opposed to the thousands of more mundane known compounds that cells produce.


“Because these molecules are coming from a biological system, they tend to be more complex than a new molecule made in a pharmaceutical lab,” said Kenneth Clevenger, PhD, who is a National Institutes of Health National Research Service Award Postdoctoral Fellow in Dr. Kelleher’s lab at Northwestern and a first author of the study.

“Molecules from fungi are predisposed to interact with cells and proteins, so, in that sense, they have promise. Our hope is that we find useful bioactivities that could lead to new medicines,” Dr. Clevenger said.

The big advance in the current study, the investigators say, is how many gene clusters they were able to work with in a single study. Instead of reporting just one or two, the researchers identified 56 gene clusters and pulled out 17 new natural products and picked one to rigorously characterize in depth. They named this compound valactamide.

“We’ve designed a methodology where we can take all 56 gene clusters from fungi, package them and go through a process where we can try to express all of them,” said Jin Woo Bok, PhD, a senior scientist in Dr. Keller’s lab at UW-Madison and a first author of the study.

Dr. Kelleher is also a member of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University.

[Press release] [Nature Chemical Biology abstract]