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Where Are the Women?



Films like Pitch Perfect 2 feature strong female characters while others, including Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse, use women as merely decorative objects.

A saintly wife who stands by her screw-up of a husband. A girlfriend kidnapped in order to spur her boyfriend into rescuing her. A gorgeous dream girl who motivates an ordinary schmoe into climbing a mountain, making art or saving the world. Movies — from mainstream blockbusters to arty indies to foreign-language imports — are dominated by stories about men, perhaps supported by female-shaped cardboard cutouts at their side.

As a lifelong movie lover and woman, I've had it with this state of affairs. I wanted a way to quantify the problem that improved on the useful but limited "Bechdel Test": Does a movie include at least two women who talk to each other about something other than a man? So I developed a deeper way to examine the depiction of women onscreen with my Where Are the Women? test. WATW asks big-picture questions, such as "Is there a female protagonist?" but also more granular ones, such as "Is there a scene set in a strip club for no good reason?" The criteria were designed to sniff out whether the women in any given film are shown to be flawed, complex human beings with full lives and desires of their own, or whether they exist only in terms of what they can do for men. (All WATW rating criteria and data can be found at

From January 2015 through April 2016, I applied these criteria to 295 films released in the U.S., Canada and the UK. WATW scores ranged from a high of +50 for The Divergent Series: Insurgent (a well-rounded female protagonist; numerous female supporting characters in positions of authority) to a low of -120 for Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse (women regularly used as decorative objects; sexualized abuse of women played for comedic effect). Then, I looked more closely at every one of the 153 movies released widely in the U.S. between Dec. 25, 2014 and Dec. 18, 2015. Of those, only 22 percent had a female protagonist, or a predominantly female ensemble (e.g. Pitch Perfect 2). A further 15 percent had female and male co-protagonists, or an ensemble that was reasonably gender-mixed. That left 63 percent of films entirely focused on men.

Now, a movie with a male protagonist can still represent women well, and similarly, a movie with a female protagonist can still depict women poorly, if it reduces them to stereotypes. But the median WATW score of these 153 movies was -13, meaning that mainstream movies are, overall, not very good at treating women like people. Only 31 percent of those 153 films earned a positive WATW score.

Now, invariably the first response that comes when the poor showing of women on-screen is mentioned is: "But Hollywood is a business! There'd be more movies about women if they made money!" But Where Are the Women? has proven that this nebulous notion — movies about women are risky financial prospects — is not the case at all.

CinemaScores are generated via polls of U.S. multiplex audiences on opening night for new films in wide release; scores can range from A+ to F, but most scores fall in the A-to-C range. Comparing CinemaScores to WATW scores shows that mainstream moviegoers are just as likely to give a high rating to movies about women as they are to movies about men. Audiences are not turned off by women's stories — which contradicts the typical Hollywood "argument" that audiences do not respond to women's stories.

We find much the same result when we compare global box-office results to WATW scores: Filmgoers are just as happy to pay for a movie that treats women well as they are to pay for one that ignores women or treats women badly.

Profitability is the factor that Hollywood-as-a-business supposedly cares about most, and it's the one with the strongest argument for making more movies about women. Movies about women have a median budget almost 24 percent less than the median budget of movies with male protagonists. Yet movies that represent women well are just as likely to turn a profit as movies that don't. Since movies about women cost less to produce and are just as likely to be profitable, movies about women are actually less risky, as business propositions, than movies about men.

So, seriously, where are the women? If Hollywood really were primarily concerned with making money, we would have a movie environment overflowing with movies about women. We would be hearing men complain that they cannot find a movie that features people who look like them, and who share their concerns, worries and fantasies. And yet we see the exact opposite. Why? As the famous detective Ms. Shirley Holmes once said, when you eliminate the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable — Hollywood? Sexist? Never! — must be the truth. ♦