10.8 Low temperature systems

Operating at very low evaporation temperatures (e.g. when providing cooling for a deep-freezer and still using ambient air or similar as a heat sink for the condenser) often requires special system solutions.

Low-temperature evaporation requires low evaporation pressures while the condensing pressure is at normal levels. It is often beneficial, and in some cases necessary, to separate the evaporation and condensing pressure levels by more than one compressor step. This is because when the pressure ratio over the compressor increases, the discharge temperature out of the compressor will also increase. Simultaneously, the compressor efficiency decreases, which increases operating costs. High discharge temperatures may cause both the refrigerant and the lubrication oil to decompose. This in turn will shorten the life of the compressor. Figure 10.15, point (a1), shows the higher discharge temperature of a single-step refrigeration system with low evaporation temperature.

Two-stage systems

Intermediate gas cooling is often used between the two compressor steps. By cooling the refrigerant vapor after the first compressor, the discharge gas leaving the high-stage compressor can be kept at an acceptable temperature level. The intermediate cooling also increases the compressor efficiency, which reduces the compressor power consumption.

A two-stage system is a refrigeration system working with a two-stage compression and mostly also with a two-stage expansion. A schematic system layout and the corresponding process in a log P/h diagram are shown in Figure 10.16. Flash gas is separated from liquid refrigerant in an intermediate receiver between the two expansion valves. The high-stage compressor will then remove the flash gas, as shown in Figure 10.16. The removal of the gas between the expansion stages reduces the quality of the refrigerant vapor that enters the evaporator from the state 'j' (which would be the vapor quality if only one expansion valve were used) to the state 'i', as shown in the log P/h diagram of Figure 10.16.

Due to a lower quality entering vapor, each mass unit of refrigerant passing through the evaporator will be able to absorb more heat, reducing the required refrigerant mass flow rate for a given cooling capacity. This in turn reduces the required low-stage compressor size. Because of the enhanced heat transfer coefficient in the evaporator, the heat transfer area needed is also reduced.

Intercooler system

An intercooler system uses an intermediate evaporation step, similar to the economizer system, to cool the discharge gas from the first compressor step. The two-stage intercooler system is shown together with a corresponding log P/h diagram in Figure 10.17.

The refrigerant liquid leaving the condenser (state 'a' in Figure 10.17) is split into two streams. The smaller part of the liquid (m2) is fed through an intermediate expansion valve ('a' to 'b'), and then allowed to evaporate on one side of the BPHE intercooler ('b' to 'c'). The main flow (m1) is sub-cooled by leading it through the other side of the BPHE intercooler ('a' to 'd'). The sub-cooled refrigerant liquid leaving the intercooler is fed through the main expansion valve ('d' to 'e') and then through the main evaporator ('e' to 'f'). The sub-cooling decreases the inlet vapor quality, which reduces the refrigerant mass flow rate through the evaporator and the required low-stage compressor size for a given cooling capacity. The intermediate refrigerant stream (m2) is not completely vaporized when leaving the intercooler (state 'c'). The remaining liquid is evaporated when it is mixed with the hot discharge gas from the low-stage compressor.

This results in efficient gas cooling ('g' to 'h'). The discharge gas from the high stage compressor can be kept at an acceptable temperature (state 'i'), and the compressor efficiency is increased.

The high efficiency of the SWEP BPHE minimizes the temperature difference between the evaporating stream (m2) and the sub-cooled stream (m1), which increases the overall efficiency of the system.

Cascade systems

The cascade system consists of two separate refrigeration circuits connected only by an intermediate cascade heat exchanger. As shown in Figure 10.18, the high-temperature circuit is cooled by an air condenser (2) at ambient temperature, and uses the cascade heat exchanger (1) as the system evaporator. The low-temperature system produces the low-temperature cooling in the cold evaporator (3), and uses the cascade exchanger as a condenser. The corresponding outline in a log P/h diagram is shown in Figure 10.19. The cascade heat exchanger connects the two refrigerant circuits thermally by acting simultaneously as an evaporator and a condenser.

The primary advantage of a cascade system is that the two stages do not necessarily contain the same refrigerants. A refrigerant with a higher vapor pressure can be used in the low-temperature system, while a refrigerant with a lower vapor pressure is suitable for the high-temperature system.

Multi-stage refrigeration cycles can also achieve very low temperatures efficiently, but there are some major disadvantages compared with the cascade cycle. In multi-stage refrigeration, the same refrigerant must work at the highest and the lowest pressure levels. The selection of refrigerant to avoid excessively large pressures in the ambient condenser, and evaporation pressures below one atmosphere in the cold evaporator, can be difficult. Vacuum should always be avoided, because this increases the risk of air and moisture leaking into the system, leading to reduced system performance and increased wear on components. Because the refrigerant oil has a higher solubility in the refrigerant at higher temperatures, a multi-stage system also has a higher risk of uneven oil distribution, giving lubrication problems in the low-stage compressor.

By contrast, refrigerant selection and oil distribution for a cascade system can be dealt with separately for each circuit. It is important to note that the cascade heat exchanger will be exposed to temperature and pressure fluctuations. In the cascade unit, the evaporating side typically operates at -10 to -20°C. The discharge gas from the low-temperature compressor may very well be 80°C or higher. To avoid the risk of thermal fatigue inside the cascade unit due to the very high temperature differences, the installation of a desuperheater (5) is recommended before the inlet on the condensing side, i.e. in the "cold" circuit.

The desuperheater reduces the inlet gas temperature of the condensing side of the cascade unit, while utilizing the superheating energy to produce high-temperature water (6). The main duty, however, is to reduce the gas temperature. The desuperheater must therefore not be bypassed.
