2014年12月26日 星期五

何鳳山 (Feng-Shan Ho)；潘均順 (Pan Jun-Shun)。令計劃、周永康、梁振英

Righteous Among the Nations

此後，何鳳山又先後擔任中華民國駐外大使，他退休後於一九七三年移居美國。一九九七年以九十六歲高齡在三藩市去世。生前他幫助猶太人的事迹並不為世人知曉，他去世後家人在《波士頓環球報》（The Boston Glob'）刊登了一則訃告，提及他為猶太人頒發簽證之事，這則訃告被美國一個猶太歷史學家注意到，於是開始搜集何鳳山的資料，並聯繫曾經被何鳳山救助過的倖存者或其後裔。二〇〇一年一月二十三日以色列政府在耶路撒冷猶太大屠殺紀念館舉行儀式，授予何鳳山「國際義人」（Righteous Among the Nations）稱號。之後何鳳山的事迹為世所知，並被譽為「中國的舒特拉」。 (李怡)

Feng-Shan Ho (simplified Chinese何凤山traditional Chinese何鳳山pinyinHé Fèngshān, sometimes translated as He Fengshan[1]), born in YiyangHunan September 10, 1901 (some sources give 1904) – died in San Francisco, September 28, 1995, was aChinese diplomat who saved hundreds, probably thousands of Jews during the early years of World War II. He is known as “China’sSchindler”.


Ho Feng Shan came from a poor family, and his father died when Ho was 7 years old. A diligent and hard-working student, he managed to enter the Yiyang middle school in the provincial capital of Changsha, and later Yale-in-China University. In 1926 he entered Munich University, where he in 1932 earned a Ph.D. in political economics and graduated Magna cum laude.
In 1935, Ho Feng Shan started his diplomatic career within the Foreign Ministry of the Republic of China. His first posting was inTurkey. He was appointed First Secretary at the Chinese legation in Vienna in 1937, and when Austria was annexed by Nazi Germanyin 1938 and the legation was turned into a consulate, Ho was assigned the post as Consul-General.
After the "Kristallnacht" in 1938, the situation for the almost 200,000 Austrian Jews got rapidly more difficult, but in order to leave the country they had to provide proof of emigration, usually a visa from a foreign nation or a valid boat ticket. This, however, was difficult and the Evian Conference, in 1938, where 32 countries had failed to take a stand against Nazi Germany, made this even more complicated. Acting against orders of his superior Chen Jie(陳介), the Chinese ambassador to Berlin, Ho, for humanitarian reasons, started to issue visas to Shanghai. At the time it was not necessary to have a visa to enter Shanghai, but it allowed the Jews to leave Austria. Indeed many Jewish families left for Shanghai, whence most of them would later leave for Hong Kong and Australia. He continued to issue these visas until he was ordered to return to China in May 1940.
How many Jews were saved is unknown, but given that Ho issued close to 2,000 visas only during his first half year at his post, claims in the thousands could well be correct.
Later, Ho Feng Shan served as the Republic of China's ambassador to other countries, including EgyptMexicoBolivia, and Colombia. After retirement in 1973, Ho settled in San Francisco in the United States, where he wrote his memoirs, 40 Years of my Diplomatic Life (外交生涯四十年) published in 1990.
After his retirement in 1973, Taiwan denied Ho his pension on the grounds that he had "not properly accounted for" the equivalent of $US300 in embassy expenses. These charges are widely believed to have been politically motivated. Despite repeated appeals, the Taiwanese government has not exonerated him.
In the 1980s, he returned several times to Mainland China and also visited his alma mater in Changsha during its 80th anniversary in 1986. He was, perhaps wrongly, impeached for embezzlement (said to have taken place in 1970) in 1985 by the Taiwanese government.
Ho Feng Shan died in San Francisco at the age of 96.
Ho's actions in Vienna went unnoticed during his life (save for a black mark in his act for disobeying orders), but were recognized posthumously when he was awarded the title Righteous Among the Nations by the Israeli organization Yad Vashem in 2001. He is the second of only two Chinese to be given this honor; the first was Pan Jun Shun.


  1. Pan Junshun - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


    Pan Junshun (traditional Chinese: 潘均順; simplified Chinese: 潘均顺; pinyin: Pān Jūnshùn; 1889 – 1974), was the first Chinese national to be awarded the title ...

Pan Jun-Shun[edit]

Pan Jun-Shun (1889 – 1974), was the first Chinese national to be awarded the title Righteous Among the Nations for hiding and sheltering a Ukrainian Jewish girl during the occupation of part of the Soviet Union during World War II.
Pan Jun Shun moved to Russia in 1916 looking for work. He settled in Moscow where he found work as a laborer. He was unable to return to China due to events surrounding the Russian Revolution of 1917 and subsequent civil war. He married and had two sons while living in Moscow, after which he moved to KharkovUkraine in 1936. His wife died before the outbreak of World War II. This loss was further compounded when his two sons were drafted into the Soviet Army at the beginning of the war, they never returned home and were presumed to have been killed during the war.
He survived the war and continued to live there until his death in 1974.

Reason for Righteous award[edit]

Pan Jun Shun provided shelter and hiding for a Ukrainian Jewish girl who had escaped from a detention area set up by the occupyingGerman Army. She escaped through the efforts of her father who realized that his children were likely to be killed as they were being transferred to another town.