Chinese folk religion

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Chinese folk religion is a religion that has been practiced in China, and in areas inhabited by Chinese people. It is difficult to make a clear distinction between Chinese folk religion and other beliefs, because Chinese folk religion has elements of veneration of the dead, local spirits, clan spirits and traditional Eastern religions, such as Taoism, Confucianism, but also superstition, geomancy and Feng shui. There is no standarized mythology or clergy: rites are often performed by the father of a family. Since the 1950s, the term Shenism is sometimes used to refer to Chinese folk religion.(pinyin: Shénjiào, 神教),[1][2][3] In this context, shen refers to a spirit or a deity. The term Shenism was first used by A. J. A Elliot in 1955.[4] The term Chinese folk religion is not used inside China.

Sometimes it is classified with Taoism: Over the centuries, Taoism became institutionalised. During that time it tried to use local customs, and to become similar to local religions and beliefs. It would however be more accurate to say that Taoism developed from Shenism, since Shenism was there before. Taoism also developed from Chinese philosophy. With around 454 million adherents, or about 6.6% of the world population,[5] Chinese folk religion is one of the major religious traditions in the world. In China more than 30% of the population adheres to Shenism or Taoism.[6]

During the last 200 years, religion has been heavily suppressed in China, with rebellions such as the Taiping Movement or Cultural Revolution. Today, Chinese folk religion is experiencing a major revival in both Mainland China and Taiwan.[7][8]

The government of Mainland China has officially supported different forms of Shenism, such as Mazuism in Southern China (officially about 160 million Chinese are Mazuists),[9] Huangdi worship,[10][11] Black Dragon worship in Shaanxi,[12][13][14] and Caishen worship.[15]

References[change | change source]

  1. "Reinventing Chinese Syncretic Religion: Shenism". 2007-02-23. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  2. "How we came to 'pai shen'". 2009-09-07. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  3. "Religious Diversity in Singapore". 2001-09-11. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  5. Religion. (2011). In Encyclopædia Britannica.
  6. ChartsBin (2009-09-16). "Chinese Folk Religion Adherents by Country". Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  7. "Roundtable before the Congressional-Executive Commission on China" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  8. "The Upsurge of Religion in China" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  9. "China's Leaders Harness Folk Religion For Their Aims". 2010-07-23. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  10. "Over 10,000 Chinese Worship Huangdi in Henan". 2006-04-01. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  11. Compatriots across the strait honor their ancestry
  12. "Return to folk religions brings about renewal in rural China". 2001-09-14. Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  14. "Miraculous response: doing popular religion in contemporary China". Retrieved 2011-11-20. 
  15. "苍南金乡玄坛庙成华夏第八财神庙". Retrieved 2011-11-20.