The 2 Types of Seizures in Dogs

Seizures in dogs can be very scary for an owner. Understanding the different types of canine seizures and their causes can help owners better care for their dogs.

Seizures are defined as involuntary muscle movements and contractions that are caused by electrical storms in the brain. Seizures occur in two forms: generalized and partial. In a generalized seizure, the electrical storm is seen everywhere at one time. A partial seizure occurs in a specific part of the brain.

1. Generalized Canine Seizures (Grand Mal seizures)

The first sign of a generalized seizure is a loss of consciousness as the muscles begin to contract. When a generalized seizure occurs, the dog will often fall down or stretch out, and even vocalize. Vocalizations are a result of the muscle movement and are not voluntary. As the seizure continues, the dog may defecate, urinate and express his anal glads. When the seizure enters the clonic portion, the dog may begin to jerk his legs, clamp his jaw, and his muscles will begin rhythmic contractions. This phase typically lasts longer than the initial phase in which symptoms are first seen. After the seizure has occurred, the dog may take time to get back to his feet and may suffer from blindness, disorientation or pacing that can last up to several days.

2. Partial Seizures

A partial seizure begins in a small part of the brain. Since the seizure begins in a specific part of the brain, it is usually cause by an undiagnosed illness or injury. Unlike generalized seizures, during a partial seizure the dog remains conscious. The main area affected is the part of the brain where the seizure is taking place. Other areas of the body may also be affected. A sign of partial seizure is the twitching of the face, which most commonly takes place on one side. Other parts of the body may show slight movements or twitches as well. 

Another type of partial seizures is called a complex partial seizure. While the physical symptoms remain similar to a regular partial seizure, the dog will exhibit strange behaviors. Signs of a complex partial seizure may include aggression, extreme fear, out of control movements or running, or biting at the air around him.

Treating Seizures

A dog who suffers from chronic seizures is diagnosed with canine epilepsy. The first seizures can occur anywhere from age one to five. Certain breeds, such as labs, retrievers, collies and dachshunds are genetically susceptible to canine epilepsy. Veterinarians can diagnose the type of seizure affecting your dog and administer necessary treatments. Prescription medications such as Phenobarbital and Potassium Bromide are the most commonly used.

Other medications new to the market include Gabapentin and Felbamate. The veterinarian may run tests to examine your dog's thyroid since there is often a connection between the thyroid and the occurrence of seizures. Your veterinarian may also recommend extra vaccinations to boost your dog's immune system or a specialized diet to ensure your dog's health.