'This is more than just a landing': China's mission on the far side of the moon should be a wake-up call

Shayanne Gal/Business InsiderChina landing its Chang’e 4 spacecraft on the far side of the moon is an early phase of an ambitious program of space exploration.
  • China landed a spacecraft called Chang’e 4 on the moon’s far side for the first in human history.
  • A rover and lander will study lunar geology, look for water ice, scan the night sky for radio bursts, and even grow silkworms.
  • But Chang’e 4 is just one mission that will lead to a sample return, a crewed lunar landing, and maybe even the construction of permanent moon bases.
  • The moon mission can be seen as yet another sign of the erosion of the US’ standing in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

After several weeks of coasting through the void between Earth and its moon, China landed a space mission called Chang’e 4 on the lunar surface.

However, Chang’e 4 didn’t touch down just anywhere: China parked the car-sized lander and its rover on the moon’s far side – an enigmatic region that, until now, humans have explored from only above.

China’s feat was celebrated around the world by space-exploration enthusiasts and even top-level NASA officials. After all, it could help unlock ancient secrets of the moon’s violent formation, scan a crystal-clear night sky for radio objects billions of light-years from Earth, and even help locate deposits of water ice.

“America’s space program has always set the example for the world. China’s moon landing is a scientific achievement no doubt,” Mark Kelly, a retired NASA astronaut, tweeted on Friday. But he added the mission is “also a reminder that we need to get back to policy over politics” or “the world might leave us behind” – with “we” being the United States of America.

Kelly is an astronaut who’s as patriotic and informed as they come, and he calls developments in space as he sees them. He’s also not alone in believing China may soon blow past the rest of the world in space exploration.

“This is more than just a landing,” Alan Duffy, an astronomer at the Royal Institution of Australia, told the Washington Post after the landing.

Here’s what the Chang’e 4 mission is, why China landed it on the far side of the moon, and why it should be a wake-up call, though not a shocking one, to the US and the rest of the world.

Early in the morning of December 8, 2018, a Chinese rocket launched with Chang’e 4: the first mission ever to touch the far side of the moon.

STR/AFP/Getty ImagesA Long March 3B rocket lifts off from the Xichang launch centre in Xichang in China’s southwestern Sichuan province early on December 8, 2018. China launched a rover early on December 8 destined to land on the far side of the moon, a global first that would boost Beijing’s ambitions to become a space superpower, state media said.

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Lunar satellites and NASA astronauts had photographed the far side, but until January 3, 2019, no spacecraft had ever landed there.

NASA’s Scientific Visualisation StudioA simulated view of the moon from its far side with Earth in the background.

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“Chang’e” is the name of a mythical lunar goddess, and “4” signifies the mission is one of several over the past decade. China’s previous robotic moon landing, called Chang’e 3, put a rover called Yutu or “Jade Rabbit” on the surface in December 2013.

China National Space Administration/Chinese Academy of SciencesThe Yutu rover rolls across the lunar surface in December 2013.

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Chang’e 4 and its rover were initially backup hardware for Chang’e 3, so China decided to use them for the riskier mission to the far side.

(Photo by Wang Xu/China Space News/VCG via Getty Images)A Chang’e-4 lunar probe rover model is on display on the opening day of the Airshow China 2018 on November 6, 2018 in Zhuhai, Guangdong Province of China.

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But first China had to solve a problem: The moon blocks radio waves. When Apollo 8 astronauts flew around the moon for the first time in 1968, for example, they briefly (and expectedly) lost contact with Earth.


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China solved the problem by launching a satellite called Queqiao or “magpie bridge” (another mythological reference) in May 2018. It “sees” the moon’s far side and can relay data signals to and from Earth.

CNSA/CASAn illustration of China’s Queqiao relay satellite near the moon.

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After weeks of travelling through space, Chang’e 4 safely landed on the lunar far side and rolled out its Yutu 2 rover.

China National Space AdministrationChina’s Yutu 2 rover, part of its Chang’e 4 lunar mission, rolls across the far side of the moon in January 2019.

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China was not very forthcoming with details about the mission’s status, but lunar scientists at NASA helped pinpoint the Chang’e 4 landing site. One researcher used images distributed through state media to locate it.

CNSA/Xinhua (inset); NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University (larger image)NASA scientists used Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter imagery and China’s shared images on social media to locate the Chang’e 4 mission’s landing site.

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The coordinates placed the landing zone inside a 111-mile-wide impact site called the Von Kármán Crater.

James Stuby/NASA (CC0 1.0)A view of the moon’s Von Kármán crater, taken by NASA’s Lunar Orbiter 5 spacecraft in the late 1960s.

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The crater is part of the South Pole-Aitken Basin: a 1,550-mile-wide scar made by a collision about 3.9 billion years ago. The event may have splattered deep-down geologic layers of the moon onto its surface.

Shayanne Gal/Business InsiderA map showing the landing site for Chang’e 4.

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The Yutu 2 rover, which is designed to last three months, is recording images while it rolls across the far side. It also has ground-penetrating radar, a rock-analysing spectroscope, and a device to study lunar water ice.

China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC)A rendering of the Yutu 2 lunar rover for China’s Chang’e 4 moon mission.

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Meanwhile, the car-sized lander is recording its surroundings with cameras and will conduct several other experiments.

China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC)A rendering showing the top of a lunar rover for the Chang’e 4 mission.

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When the 14-day-long lunar night arrives, the lander will scan the skies above for radio waves. It may have the clearest-ever radio-based view of deep space. (The moon will block noisy emissions from both the sun and Earth.)

ESA and the Planck CollaborationA visualisation of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB): the oldest light in our universe, imprinted on the sky when the 13.8-billion-year-old universe was just 380,000 years old. The swirls in the image are polarization, or changes in the orientation of the light waves.

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The data from the far side could help chip away at mysteries surrounding the moon’s violent formation.

NASA; Sarah Stewart/UC DavisAn illustration of a synestia, a giant spinning doughnut of vaporized rock that formed when planet-sized objects collided — forming Earth’s moon.

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Altogether, Chang’e 4 is a stunning achievement, especially since NASA has not soft-landed any mission on the moon’s surface since December 1972. That last US mission was Apollo 17.

NASAApollo 17 astronaut Harrison H. Schmitt next to a flag on the lunar surface in December 1972.

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NASA is working with commercial companies to get experiments on the lunar surface, perhaps this year. It’s also developing a gigantic rocket called Space Launch System to send astronauts to the moon in the late 2020s — but the project is lagging behind.

NASA/Ames/Dominic HartPatrick Shea inspects a 1.3% scale model of the NASA’s Space Launch System in a wind tunnel.

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China is not sitting idly by. Chang’e 4 is just one stage of several in a quest to not only bring back a sample of the moon, perhaps in 2019, but also send people there.

(Photo by VCG/VCG via Getty Images)A 1:8 scale model of the Chang’e-4 lunar probe and astronaut models are on display at a Maisto Tech plant on November 16, 2018 in Dongguan, Guangdong Province of China.

China has been catching up to the US, Europe, and Russia with its own space program. So far it has sent 11 Chinese astronauts, or taikonauts, into orbit around Earth.

STR/AFP/Getty ImagesVisitors admire the spacesuits that Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng, China’s ‘hero taikonauts’ wore during their five days in space in October 2005.

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China is now working on a spaceship, called the New Generation Manned Spacecraft, that could fly four to six people into orbit at once. It’s also developing a new space station.

CNSAAn illustration of China’s New Generation Manned Spacecraft.

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The country’s ultimate goal with its Chang’e program is to establish a crewed moon base. “Odds of the next voice transmission from the moon being in Mandarin are high,” Joan Johnson-Freese, who studies the Chinese space program at the US Naval War College, told CNN in December.

VCG/VCG via Getty ImagesA scale model of the Chang’e 4 lunar probe and taikonaut models.

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China is hoping to land a crew in the early 2030s, if not sooner, and the stakes are high. In addition to slam-dunking US achievements in spaceflight, there may be hundreds of billions of tons of water ice at the moon’s poles.

NASAA map of ‘cold traps’ inside shadowy lunar craters at the moon’s south pole (left) and north pole (right). Blue dots show locations where water ice may be present on or near the surface.

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That water ice could be harvested by people and mining robots, then split into hydrogen and oxygen — the fuel and oxidizer that many rockets use.

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Lunar fuel would take a spaceship a lot farther into the solar system. That’s because it takes many times less energy to leave the moon’s surface compared with the energy required to depart Earth.


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China is exploring how to sustain people on the moon with its Lunar Palace program on Earth. Some experimental runs locked several Chinese students inside a self-contained environment for hundreds of days to see if they could survive in it.

STR/AFP/Getty ImagesStudent volunteers wave from inside the Lunar Palace 1, a laboratory simulating a lunar-like environment, in Beijing on May 10, 2017. Chinese lived in the laboratory simulating a lunar-like environment for up to 200 days as Beijing prepares for its long-term goal of putting humans on the moon.

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NASA does not have any comparable life-support experiment and has no plans to begin one. Meanwhile, China is starting to outpace the US in education of its people in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). For decades, China has awarded more college degrees in STEM than the US, and in recent years more than four times as many. Having an army of skilled researchers has made the Chang’e moon program possible.

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Part of the reason the US has lagged behind is because college degrees have become more expensive. Americans also don’t believe enough federal funding is being spent on education in general. As a result, the disparities between the US and China — and the latter nation’s advantage — are increasing, not just in space exploration, but in other industries and endeavours.

Business Insider/Skye Gould

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While US investment and progress in energy falters, China is using its rapidly maturing and expanding brain trust to develop next-generation-fusion and nuclear-reactor technologies.

(Photo by VCG/VCG via Getty Images)The dome is hoisted onto the reactor building at the construction site of the Fangchenggang Nuclear Power Plant Unit 3 on May 23, 2018 in Fangcheng, China.

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China has even launched a quantum satellite into space that physicists say is “profound” and could help lead to a super-secure, super-fast quantum-internet system for the nation.

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So, while January’s far-side moon landing might seem esoteric, it is a major example of China’s success in boosting its scientific, technological, educational, and economic standing in the world — one that might, as Scott Kelly warned, soon leave the US behind.

Source: Reuters

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