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The training of most painters up until the 19th century was based on the relationship between a master - an experienced and legally recognised painter - and an apprentice, the pupil.

The pupil trained within the studio or workshop of the master, probably with other apprentices, learning the craft of painting and often being profoundly influenced in his own work by the style of the master. Apprenticeships usually lasted for a fixed period of time depending on the rules of the local guild. The guild also decided when a pupil could become a master in his own right.