Volcano Watch: How hot is Kilauea’s summit water lake?

  • This thermal image of the water lake at the summit of Kilauea was taken from the western caldera rim on July 31. Warmer colors (yellow-orange) show higher temperatures, while cooler colors (blue) show lower temperatures. The image indicates that the maximum temperatures on the lake surface at this time are about 82 degrees Celsius (180 degrees Fahrenheit). The cooler zones on the lake surface are patches of rising steam. (USGS photo)

The recent first anniversary of the appearance of water at Kilauea’s summit is a reminder of how much has changed since the end of the 2018 eruption and summit collapse.

Surface water at the summit has highlighted the potential for future hazards at the summit. Magma interacting with near-surface water can, in some circumstances, trigger steam-blast explosions.


The USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory continues to closely monitor the summit region and is keeping a keen eye on the new lake itself, as it may provide another useful “window” into what’s happening beneath the surface.

Lake level is tracked regularly with a laser rangefinder, and visual observations record changes in water color and circulation patterns. Water chemistry has been analyzed in samples collected by two unoccupied aircraft systems (UAS) missions. A continuously operating thermal camera was installed late last year to keep watch on temperature changes in the lake around the clock. We also use a handheld thermal camera during field visits to make more detailed measurements of lake temperature.

But what are those cameras telling us? Just how hot is the water?

It turns out, the lake temperature can be a little difficult to measure. Right away, it was evident that the steam rising from the water surface (and mixing with air) was much cooler than the water, and the steam layer was thick enough that it masked much of the underlying water surface.

Seeing through these gaps in the steam is key. Collecting and analyzing hundreds of images at a time provides the best chance to capture the occasional views through the steam and get an estimate of the hot, underlying water surface. The initial results in late 2019 showed maximum temperatures of 70–75 degrees Celsius (158–167 degrees Fahrenheit).

Later, a higher-resolution thermal camera was used and showed higher values, with maximum temperatures around 80–85 degrees Celsius (176–185 degrees Fahrenheit). The higher resolution seemed to be better at seeing through the gaps in the steam. On numerous occasions we used both the low and high-resolution cameras at the same time to confirm that the higher resolution camera showed systematically higher temperatures — in other words, the comparison between the two cameras rules out a real rise in the lake temperature.

These estimates were confirmed by a UAS flight in January. The UAS carried a tiny thermal camera, and hovered just yards above the surface, where steam is much less of a problem. The maximum temperature in the images was about 85 degrees Celsius (185 degrees Fahrenheit).

The thermal images over the past year show that the temperature isn’t uniform across the surface. Hot zones are observed in several spots along the lake margin, and time-lapse imagery shows that these areas appear to be zones where groundwater enters the lake. The center of the lake is generally the coolest.

However, these values only represent the surface temperature, and it is still unknown how hot the lake is beneath the surface. Future UAS flights may carry a temperature probe to measure this.

How do these temperatures compare to those of other volcanic lakes worldwide? The answer: Kilauea’s summit lake is definitely a hot one.

Globally, only a few volcanic lakes have surface temperatures greater than 80 degrees Celsius (176 degrees Fahrenheit). So why is Kilauea’s water lake so hot? One likely factor is residual heat in the collapse rubble at the base of Halema‘uma‘u, from rock that was heated by the lava column prior to the 2018 collapse. The nearby hot (at least 150 degrees Celsius — 302 degrees Fahrenheit) gas vents (fumaroles) are another potential explanation for the high temperatures.

Why put so much work into measuring the lake temperature? One of the main reasons HVO is closely tracking the lake temperature is to identify any changes that might be precursors to upcoming hazards. For instance, at several other volcanic lakes around the world, changes in lake temperature have preceded explosions. Over the past year, Kilauea’s lake temperatures have stayed in the same range, and we do not yet see any significant or systematic change.

HVO will continue to track the lake temperature, as one of many tools that include seismic, gas, and ground deformation monitoring. This thermal monitoring will help us detect if and when Kilauea decides to turn up the heat.

Volcano activity updates

Kilauea Volcano is not erupting. Its USGS Volcano Alert level remains at NORMAL (https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vhp/about_alerts.html). Kilauea updates are issued monthly.

Kilauea monitoring data for the month of July show variable but typical rates of seismicity and ground deformation, low rates of sulfur dioxide emissions, and only minor geologic changes since the end of eruptive activity in September 2018. The water lake at the bottom of Halema‘uma‘u continues to slowly expand and deepen. For the most current information on the lake, see https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/Kilauea/summit_water_resources.html.

Mauna Loa is not erupting and remains at Volcano Alert Level ADVISORY. This alert level does not mean that an eruption is imminent or that progression to eruption from current level of unrest is certain. Mauna Loa updates are issued weekly.

This past week, about 141 small-magnitude earthquakes were recorded beneath the upper-elevations of Mauna Loa; most of these occurred at shallow depths of less than 8 kilometers (about 5 miles). Global Positioning System measurements show long-term slowly increasing summit inflation, consistent with magma supply to the volcano’s shallow storage system. Gas concentrations and fumarole temperatures as measured at both Sulphur Cone and the summit remain stable. Webcams show no changes to the landscape. For more information on current monitoring of Mauna Loa Volcano, see: https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/volcanoes/mauna_loa/monitoring_summary.html.

There were 4 events with 3 or more felt reports in the Hawaiian Islands during the past week: a M1.8 earthquake 6 km (3 mi) SW of Honokaa at 0 km (0 mi) depth on Aug. 2 at 9:48 p.m. HST, a M1.7 earthquake 8 km (4 mi) ENE of Pahala at 30 km (19 mi) depth on Aug. 1 at 10:28 a.m. HST, a M4.2 earthquake 8 km (4 mi) ENE of Pahala at 31 km (19 mi) depth on Aug. 1 at 10:03 a.m. HST, and a M1.7 earthquake 2 km (1 mi) WSW of Honaunau-Napo‘opo‘o at 6 km (3 mi) depth on July 31 at 1:38 p.m. HST.

HVO continues to closely monitor both Kilauea and Mauna Loa for any signs of increased activity.


Please visit HVO’s website for past Volcano Watch articles,for past Volcano Watch articles, Kilauea and Mauna Loa updates, volcano photos, maps, recent earthquake info, and more. Email questions to askHVO@usgs.gov.


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