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Transclusion means the inclusion of the content of one document in another document by reference. In Wikipedia transclusion, the MediaWiki software will refer to the content of one page, the template, for inclusion into the content of any other page, the target page. Similar to the way any page name can become a link by placing its name in double square brackets, any page name can become a template by placing it in double curly braces, {{Namespace:Pagename}}. Changes made to the template are then automatically reflected on all pages into which that page has been transcluded (though a purge may sometimes be necessary).

If the template's page name does not begin with a namespace, it is assumed to be in the Template namespace. To refer to a page in the "Main" (article) namespace, it is necessary to prefix it with a colon (:). Examples:

What will transclude from a page can be controlled with the tags <noinclude>, <onlyinclude> and <includeonly> placed in the source page wikitext. (See markup, below.) The use of tags enables the template to transclude partially, otherwise the double curly braces will always transclude all content. For selective transclusion the <includeonly> parts of the template are named (with the help of parser functions) and that template is then called with the parameter transcludesection=name.

Transclusion events occur every time the page is loaded, when the template is rendered. Another use of the same mechanism is a one-shot substitution of the template call itself with its transcluded source page. A template call {{fullpagename}} with the "subst:" prefix {{subst:fullpagename}} is transcluded once but never again, because the wikitext of that call is replaced (substituted) when its page is saved. What was a one-time template call becomes the actual wikitext of the template at the time of its call.

How transclusion works

Википедија:Укључивање страница/How Transclusion Works

There are further simple examples at mw:Transclusion.

Basic syntax

The basic syntax for transclusion on Wikipedia is {{Namespace:Pagename}}, where Namespace:Pagename describes the title of a Wikipedia page.

On Wikipedia, non-article pages have titles with a visible Namespace and Pagename: for example, the page Wikipedia:Tips has Wikipedia as the Namespace, and Tips as the Pagename. But encyclopedic articles only have a visible Pagename in their titles: for example, the article Potato has Potato as the Pagename; the Namespace, called Main Namespace, is not visible.

  • Having the wikitext {{Namespace:Pagename}} in a page, will transclude the page titled Namespace:Pagename into that page. For example, if a page has the wiki markup {{Wikipedia:Notability}} in it, it will transclude the page Wikipedia:Notability into it. Please note: {{WP:Notability}} would do the exactly the same thing, as WP: is a namespace alias, which is automatically translated by the Wikipedia servers to Wikipedia:.
  • If the namespace is omitted, but the colon is included, like {{:Pagename}}, the encyclopedic article Pagename will be transcluded. For example, {{:Notability}} will transclude the article Notability.
  • If both namepace and colon are omitted, like {{Pagename}}, the Template:Pagename will be transcluded. For example, {{Notability}}, and also {{Template:Notability}}, will both transclude the Template:Notability.

So, in summary, an example page having the wikitext {{Pagename}} or {{Template:Pagename}} included, will transclude the Template:Pagename into that example page. But {{:Pagename}} will have a different effect: it will transclude the Wikipedia encyclopedic article Pagename. Also, {{Namespace:Pagename}} will transclude the page Namespace:Pagename, for pages with titles of that format.

Template transclusion

The most common application of transclusion is the transclusion of templates. Templates are pages that are written with the prime objective of being included in other pages, either through transclusion or substitution. As shown above, the usual syntax for transcluding a template titled Template:Pagename is {{Pagename}}. However, some templates can also use parameters. Parameters are values (also termed arguments) that can be passed on to certain templates in order for them to work in different ways. Templates can either use no parameters, a fixed number of parameters, or a variable number of parameters. The number of parameters a template can use is from one upwards.

The exact syntax for using parameters with templates can vary greatly, depending on the actual template being used. But, for an example template titled Template:Pagename, which happened to use three parameters, the general form would be:


with each parameter being substituted with an actual value, or a parameter name=actual value, when used in practice. Notice that each parameter is separated with a vertical bar. Parameters that take the form value are called unnamed or positional parameters. Parameters that take the form name=value are called named parameters. With unnamed parameters, the first, second, third etc. parameters are equivalent to parameters '1', '2', '3' etc. in template documentation. Unnamed parameters must be in the correct order, and should come before any named parameters. An example of the syntax using the Template:Collapse top:

{{Collapse top|This is the title text|This is a custom warning line|left=true}}

In this particular example, three parameters are used, but it can actually use a variable number of parameters. This is the title text and This is a custom warning line are the values of unnamed parameters '1' and '2'; and true is the value of the named parameter left.

For more details, see Help:Template. Also, see Wikipedia:Template messages for a list of links to available Main Namespace related templates (usually for encyclopedic articles); and other Namespace related templates (usually for non-article pages); there is also a search function.


Substitution has a similar double curly-bracket syntax, and its action is similar to transclusion. For example, {{subst:Like}} would substitute the Template:Like. But transclusion only occurs once, since when you save a page with that wikitext in it, it sustitutes the wikitext {{subst:Like}} with the actual wikitext from the Template:Like. The main difference that this makes is that if an update happened to the wikitext of the Template:Like, it would not update any pages where {{subst:Like}} had already been saved.

Magic words

Some magic words have a similar double curly-bracket syntax, and have a similar action to transclusion. For example, {{FULLPAGENAME}} renders the Fullpagename of any Wikipedia page. Some magic words can also take parameters, which are separated using a colon (:); for example {{FULLPAGENAME:value}}. But they are not examples of transclusion.

Templates do exist for some magic words, for example Template:FULLPAGENAME; but these just invoke the related magic word if passing parameters using a vertical bar (|); for example like {{FULLPAGENAME|value}}. But magic words parameters are best passed directly by using a colon, for example like {{FULLPAGENAME:value}}, which bypasses any templates.

Applications of transclusion


Composite pages

Composite pages consist, wholly or partly, of transcluded component pages. The wikitext of such a page may, partly or fully, consist of tags, for the inclusion of component pages. The component pages are usually not in the template namespace, and are often full pages in their own right. Composite pages are intended to gather them into a central location.

Examples of composite pages:


In general, each component page and the composite page are treated separately. While the actual changes on the component pages will be transcluded onto the composite page, the edit history, recent changes, page-watch settings, page protection, TOC, "what links here" links, and other features of the composite page do not reflect, or affect, the histories, watch settings, protection levels, what links here lists of the component pages. The composite page is a page in its own right. The talk page of a composite page is used to talk about the composition and the page in general, not the component pages; although it in turn could be a composite of the talk pages of the component pages.

Editing a section of a component page can be done directly from the composite page, see editing sections of included templates. After saving, one ends up editing the component page to which the section belongs.

On projects with the interlanguage link feature, the composite page shows the combined interlanguage links of all component pages, hence possibly multiple links for one language or even for one page.

See also Wikipedia talk:Template namespace/Archive 1#transcluding prose.

Pages with a common section


This can be very useful when two disambiguation pages share content, or a list page and a disambiguation page share content (see third example below).


Repetition within a page

On pages where there is a lot of repetitive information — various kinds of lists, usually — it is sometimes useful to make a template that contains the repeating text, and then call that template multiple times. For example, Template:EH listed building row is used repeatedly to construct tables in many articles.


For more information on repetition, see also m:Help:Recursive conversion of wikitext.

For more information on the current template system, see Wikipedia:Template namespace.

Partial transclusion

By using <noinclude>, <onlyinclude> and <includeonly> markup, it is possible to transclude part of a page, rather than all of it. Such partial transclusions can be achieved by transcluding from any pages, including subpages. It is often useful to exclude part of a page in a transclusion, an example being with template documentation.

For an example of how this technique can be applied to simplify the creation of summary articles, see how part of the History of pathology (see the diff here) was transcluded into Pathology (see the diff here) using the {{:History of pathology}} markup. The Pathology article at that time (see here) mainly consisted of transcluded lead paragraphs and other sections from a number of articles. Look at the source to see how this was done. Since then, the Pathology article has been rewritten, and does not include all these transclusions.


In transclusion, a source page is transcluded into a destination page. But with partial transclusion, only part of that source page will be transcluded into a destination page. But in addition, what is transcluded to a destination page does not have to be visible on the source page.

Page rendering of a source page can be defined as the rendering of that source page when it is saved, which will be the same as the preview. We can call this rendering here.

Transclusion rendering of a source page can be defined as the rendering of a destination page that has a source page transcluded into it; but only that part of the destination page that was transcluded from the source page. The preview of the transclusion rendering will again be identical. We can call this rendering there.

There are three pairs of tags involved in cases where page rendering here should differ from transclusion rendering there. As described earlier, these are <noinclude>, <includeonly> and <onlyinclude>. These tags are invisible, but affect both page rendering here and transclusion rendering there. These tags pair-off to demarcate sections that will create differences. Each tag will describe exceptions to transcluding the whole page named.

<noinclude>  This section is visible here; but this section is not visible there. Sections outside of these tags will be visible both here and there. </noinclude>

<onlyinclude> This section is visible here; this section is also visible there. Sections outside of these tags will be visible here, but will not be visible there. </onlyinclude> 

<includeonly> This section is not visible here; but it is visible there. Sections outside of these tags will be visible both here and there. </includeonly>
<noinclude> text1 </noinclude> text2 text1 text2 text2
<onlyinclude> text1 </onlyinclude> text2 text1 text2 text1
<includeonly> text1 </includeonly> text2 text2 text1 text2

An important point to note is that <noinclude> and <onlyinclude> do not affect at all what is page rendered here at all, unlike <includeonly>. The <noinclude> tags stops text inside the tags being transcluded there, while <onlyinclude> has the opposite effect: it stops text outside of the tags from being transcluded there.

Only <includeonly> stops text from being page rendered here. But naturally enough it is transcluded there. Text outside of the tags will both be rendered here and transcluded there.

There can be several such sections. Also, they can be nested. All possible differences between here and there are achievable. One example is a content editor who picks an <onlyinclude> section, and then takes a <noinclude> section out of that; but then picks out yet another <onlyinclude> section to append to there; but none of this affects their article in any way.

The other example is the template programmer, who will <includeonly> the code section and <noinclude> the documentation section of a page.

A mis-example is, on a the user page, to use <includeonly> to "comment out" a section. While it might comment out sections here, such invisible ink may prove to be troublesome; if transcluded, the comments would be revealed. Use <!-- and --> instead.

NoInclude as a name about transcluding is pretty straightforward. A mnemonic for the other two transclusions there is: InclusionONLY; and Yet Another ONLYInclusion.

Selective transclusion

Selective transclusion is the process of partially transcluding one selected section of a document that has more than one transcludable section. As noted above, if only one section of a document is to be transcluded, this can be done by simply surrounding the section of interest with <onlyinclude> … </onlyinclude> tags, and transcluding the whole page. However, to selectively transclude one section from a template or document into one page, and another section from the same template or document into another page, requires a way to:

a) uniquely mark each transcludable section in the source document; and
b) in the target document(s) (those to show the transcluded sections), a way to specify which section is to be transcluded.

This section describes how to accomplish this. There are two ways of doing this: (a) Labeled section transclusion or (b) the more complicated method (does not need the Labeled Section Transclusion Extension).

Using the labeled section method

Labeled-section selective transclusion uses mw:Extension:Labeled Section Transclusion which is enabled on all Wikimedia wikis. See Help:Labeled section transclusion for how it works. The following subsections are about a more complicated way to make selective transclusion without using the extension.

Without using the labeled section method

Source document markup

Insert the following line into the "source" document (the one from which text is to be transcluded), immediately preceding the first line of each section to be transcluded, substituting SECTIONNAME (twice) with the unique name of the respective section. The section name can be any identifier and must be unique within that document:


End each such transcludable section with:

Target document markup

To transclude a section marked as above into another page (the "target page"), use the following line on that page, substituting PAGENAME for the "source" document from which text to be transcluded, and SECTIONNAME with the name of the section you want to transclude:


Thus each section enclosed within <onlyinclude> … </onlyinclude> tags will always be rendered when the transcludesection parameter is not set (when the document is viewed ordinarily, or when the document is transcluded without setting the transcludesection parameter as shown below), and will be rendered by transclusion on any page that does set transcludesection to the section's name. It will not be rendered by transclusion that uses the transcludesection parameter but sets it to anything other than the name of the section.

Also, when providing PAGENAME, without providing a Namespace, the wiki will assume that the PAGENAME belongs in the Template Namespace. To transclude from a Mainspace article, use :PAGENAME.


If we want to make the "Principal Criteria" and "Common Name" sections of WP:TITLE be independently transcludable, we edit the WP:TITLE page and enclose the "Principal Criteria" section as follows:

(text of "Principal Criteria" section)

Similarly, we enclose the "Common Name" section with:

(text of "Common Name" section)

Then, to transclude the "Principal Criteria" section into another page, we insert into that page:


To transclude the "Common Name" section into another page, we insert into that page:


Of course, the same page can transclude two or more sections this way by including multiple such lines.

There is no limit to how many selectable sections for transclusion a document can have. The only requirement is that each transcludesection be given a value that is unique within that page.


To transclude a subpage, the general syntax is {{Namespace:Pagename/subpagename}}. If it is a subpage of the page you are editing, then it is the general syntax, or {{/subpagename}}. For an encyclopedic article it is {{:Pagename/subpagename}}, although article subpages are normally disabled. For a template, it is the general syntax, or {{Pagename/subpagename}}. For example, to transclude the Template:Like/doc, it would be either {{Template:Like/doc}} or {{Like/doc}}. Subpages can only allowed in certain namespaces, such as User, Talk or Wikipedia pages; currently, subpages of main article pages cannot be created.

Subpages could be used for a shared discussion on talk pages. For example: you want to discuss the deletion and redirecting of the article Pussycat to the article Cat in both talk pages. First, create the subpage Talk:Pussycat/Let's delete Pussycat!, write your comment into it, then transclude it in Talk:Pussycat and Talk:Cat using the template {{Talk:Pussycat/Let's delete Pussycat!}}. Comments posted in this subpage will be shown in both talk pages. To ease the editing of the subpage, it may be helpful to precede the transcluded talk with {{lat}}; for example the wikitext {{lat|Pussycat/Let's delete Pussycat!}} would produce Šablon:Pussycat/Let's delete Pussycat!. Transcluding in this way will not preserve a fixed record of the discussion at the time of any archiving, so discussions should be closed in conjunction with archiving.

An alternative is not to use subpages at all. You could centralise the discussion, in the normal manner, on a single talk page, and point to it on the other talk page by substituting the {{Please see}} template, as per WP:MULTI. As an example, a discussion could take place at Talk:Pussycat#Let's delete Pussycat!; you could then place the wikitext {{subst:Please see|Talk:Pussycat#Let's delete Pussycat!}} in the Talk:Cat page. When the edit was saved, it would substitute it with the text:

==Discussion at Talk:Pussycat#Let's delete Pussycat!==
[[File:Farm-Fresh eye.png|15px|link=|alt=]] You are invited to join the discussion at [[Talk:Pussycat#Let's delete Pussycat!]]. Thanks. [[User:Example|Example]] ([[User talk:Example|talk]]) 19:03, 20 October 2014 (UTC){{z48}}<!--Template:Please see-->

Special pages


  • {{Special:Recentchanges/5}} – the five most recent changes.

Except for Special:Recentchangeslinked, the slash, and the word or number after the slash, can be omitted, giving a list of pages without a specific starting point, or a list of the default length.

URL parameters can be given like template parameters:

  • {{Special:Recentchanges|namespace=10|limit=5}} – the five most recent changes in the "Template" namespace.


See also

MediaWiki transclusion



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