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209 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Government where the power of the crown is unchecked.
Absolute Monarchy
Another name for the Age of Monarchs.
Age of Absolutism
Strongest nation in Europe during the 1500s and early 1600s.
Was both the Holy Roman Emperor and the king of Spain.
Charles V
Dynasty of Charles V and Philip II became _______.
When Charles V divided his empire his son Phillip II became _______.
Divine Right
Strongest monarch during Spanish supremacy.
Philip II
Phillip II and other absolute monarchs believed they were kings by _______.
Divine Right
The idea that royal power is granted by GOD.
Divine Right of Kings
Phillip II
Phillip II saw Spain as the defender of the ________.
Catholic Faith
He involved Spain in wars against the enemies of Catholicism. (Protestants, Muslims etc.)
Philip II
Philip II attempted to force all non-Catholics to __________.
convert or leave Spain
Was used as a reign of terror to extract all non-catholic elements from Spain.
Spanish Inquisition
This source of wealth enabled Spain to become the strongest nation in Europe.
American Colonies
Philip II sent it to invade England.
Spanish Armada
Its defeat in 1588 was the beginning of Spain's decline as the leading European power.
Spanish Armada
In the late 1500s, France was torn by religious conflict between ________.
Catholics & Huguenots
French Protestant Calvinists
First Bourbon King
Henry of Navarre/Henry IV
Established the Edict Nantes
Henry IV
Gave French Protestants religious freedom in 1598.
Edict of Nantes
Real Ruler during the reign of Louis XIII.
Cardinal Richelieu
Involved Catholic France in the 30 years war on the side of the protestants.
Cardinal Richelieu
Was triggered by a rebellion of Bohemian protestants.
Thirty Years War
Started over religion ended up over the balance of power.
Thirty Years War
Ended the 30 years war.
Peace of Westphalia
Made France the strongest country in Europe
Peace of Westphalia
Louis XIV Minister of Finance
A tax on imports
Protective tariff
Sun King ruled France from 1643 to 1715.
Louis XIV
Louis XIV
Strongest French Monarch.
Louis XIV
In 1685 Louix XIV revoked the ________.
Edict of Nantes
Strongest nation in Europe during the 1600's.
Small nations band together to keep a strong nation from dominating.
Balance of Power
War of Spanish Succession
Broke French Treasury and military power.
War of Spanish Succession
Prevented the alliance of France and Spain
Treaty of Utrecht
His policies brought France near financial ruin and created class conflict.
Louis XIV
Philip II's English rival.
Elizabeth I
Ruled England from 1558 to 1603.
Elizabeth I
English captains that captured Spanish Treasure ships and defeated the Spanish Armada.
Sea Dogs
Ruled England from 1558 to 1603, last Tudor.
Elizabeth I
Broke French Treasury and military power.
War of Spanish Succession
First Stuart Monarch believed in the Divine Right of Kings.
James I
Those who believed in the Divine Right of Kings believed Monarchs were only answerable to _____.
Succeeded James I as King of England.
Charles I
His reign ended in England's civil war.
Charles I
It was fought over who should rule England: Monarch or Parliament.
English Civil War
Those who supported Charles I in the English Civil War
Those who supported Parliament in the English Civil war.
Roundheads were mainly ______.(religion)
Led parliament's army to victory in the English Civil War.
Oliver Cromwell
The English Parliament tried and executed _______.
Charles I
The House of Commons abolished monarchy and declared England a republic called the ______.
Cromwell drove out Parliament and set up a _______.
military dictatorship
Name for Cromwell's military dictatorship
Cromwell's dictatorship enforced a _______.
Puritan moral code
Cromwell did not tolerate open worship for_____.
Richard Cromwell succeeded his father as Lord Protector of England, but when England tired of strict Puritan ways he was deposed by a _____.
Military coup
he was invited by Parliament to come back from exile and become king.
Charles II
The return of Charles II as King of England
Restoration date
AD 1660
The Restoration gave England a _______.
Constitutional Monarchy
Catholic brother and successor to Charles II.
James II
English feared that James II would make Catholicism the ______.
State Religion
Name for the bloodless deposing of James II.
Glorious Revolution
William & Mary were given joint rule of England after the Glorious Revolution but they first had to accept the ________.
English Bill of Rights
The English Bill of Rights made sure Parliament had more power than the ruler and established ______.
limited monarchy
Date of the Glorious Revolution
AD 1688
Was selected by leading German princes but in reality did not have much power.
Holy Roman Emperor
Allowed Maria Theresa to inherit the Throne of Austria.
Pragmatic Sanction
Maria Theresa' dynasty
Dynasty that ruled Prussia during the Age of Monarchs.
Centralized Prussian Government. Made Pruissian army the most efficient fighting force in Europe.
Frederick willaim I
Most powerful ruler in Prussian History
Frederick II (The Great)
He rejected the Pragmatic Sanction and started the war of Austrian Succession
Frederick II (The Great)
Maria Theresa keeps the throne of Austria, Asutrai loses Silesia.
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Starts as a struggle between Austria & Prussia becomes a struggle between England & France.
Seven Years War
Name of the Seven Years war in America
French and Indian War
In 1650 Russia was an isolated and ______.
backward country
Title of the Russian ruler.
Czar who worked to modernize/Westernize Russia
Peter the Great
Peter the Great was an ________.
absolute monarch
Peter fought the Swedes and the Turks to gain a _______.
warm water port
Peter the Great built the new capital of Russia _______.
St. Petersburg
She followed the lead of Peter the Great in embracing Western ideas and expanding Russia's borders.
Catherine the Great
Intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries.
The Enlightenment celebrated the powers of _________.
Enlightenment thinkers promoted religious _________.
Enlightenment thinkers sought to construct government free of ___________.
Enlightenment was prompted by the _______(1500s & 1600s).
Scientific Revolution
Sun is the center of the Solar System.
Helicentric Theory
He is developed the Helicentric theory.
He developed a telescope and supported the Helicentric theory.
Probably more responsible for the development of scientific method than any other individual.
Galileo Galilei
Galileo was forced to recant by the ________.
Catholic Church
Demonstrated that planets move in ellipses/ovals.
Johannes Kepler
His discoveries changed the view of the universe more than anyone else's.
Isaac Newton
He laid the foundations for the scientific theories that subsequently revolutionized the world.
Isaac Newton
Newton developed the theory of ________.
Newton discovered that the universe is governed by ________.
natural laws
Newton's discoveries led people to view the universe as ________.
Enlightenment thinkers believed all problems could be solved with ________.
He developed Calculus.
Isaac Newton
Hobbes, Locke & Rousseau were all considered _________.
social contract theorists
Because Thomas Hobbes believed; governments were created to protect people from their own selfishness, he believed they _______.
never had the right to revolt
Form of Government advocated by Thomas Hobbes.
Absolute Monarchy
John Locke
John Locke believed the foundation of Government was a ________.
Social Contract
John Locke believed that if people's natural rights were NOT protected, they had the ________.
Right to revolt
John Locke wrote in defense of the ________.
Glorious Revolution
French Thinkers of the enlightenment.
Philosophes (not philosophers)
Philosophe who campaigned against intolerance. (wrote Candide)
He combined enlightenment thinking into an Encyclopedia.
Catholic Church
Diderot was ________ for his writings in the Encyclopedia.
Advocated a free market economy in the Wealth of Nations.
Adam Smith
Name for complete free market economy (leave it alone).
Laissez Faire
He combined enlightenment thinking into an Encyclopedia.
Meetings for the discussion of ideas.
He believed you should set aside traditional beliefs and rely on observation and experiment. Early proponent of the scientific method.
Francis Bacon
Rene Descartes
The only thing Descartes found that he could not doubt was his _________.
own existence
"I think therefore I am."
Rene Descartes
Doubt and question all ideas.
A denial of the possibility of knowledge
Total skeptic.
David Hume
He denied that there was any logical basis for knowing that one thing caused another. Denied knowledge of cause & effect.
David Hume
Immanuel Kant
Tries to answer ultimate and universal questions.
Kant believed that things that cannot be perceived in _______ cannot be known.
John Locke believed the mind to be a ________.
Tabula rasa(blank state)
Religion based on reason and natural law, the Enlightenment's religion.
Belief that God started the universe like a perfect clock and then left it alone.
Some people reacted to the Enlightenment and did not believe that _________ could explain the universe.
reason alone
Monarchs who used their power to bring about positive political and social changes.
Enlightened Despots
When Britain tried to tighten its control over the colonies after the French and Indian War, the colonies ________.
Because the American colonists believed they were being taxed without their representation and thus denied their natural rights they _______.
declared their independence
US Constitution
Governmental power (sovereignty) is divided between a central government and regional governments.
Inaugurated the liberal and democratic movements of the 19th century.
French Revolution
Name for France's social classes.
King of France at the beginning of the French Revolution.
Louis XVI
Rist Estate.
Catholic Clergy
Second Estate.
Burgeoisie, artisans, and peasants.
Third Estate
Middle Class
Large gap between the rich and the poor, heavy tax burden on the Third Estate, First & Second Estate don't pay taxes, enlightenment ideas of freedom & equality, growth of the middle class, & wide spread.
Causes of the French Revolution
In 1789 Louis XVI called a meeting of the _________ for the first time in over 150 years.
Estates General.
Louis XVI called the Estates General because he needed to ______.
raise money
Upper two estates wanted to vote as _____.
Third Estate wanted to vote as ______.
Louis XVI refused the Third Estate's request for a ______.
Mass Meeting (voting as delegates_
The Third Estate declared itself to be the _______.
National Assembly
Members of the National Assembly swore to remain in session until a constitution was completed.
Tennis court oath.
Ordered all three estates to negotiate in the National Assembly.
Louis XVI
Ordered Swiss troops to Paris.
Louis XVI
Symbolic beginning of the French Revolution
Storming of the Bastille
Voted to end special privileges of Nobility & Clergy (Old Regime).
National Assembly
National Assembly guaranteed freedom of speech, press, and religion. Proclaimed all male citizens were equal but did not grant rights to women.
"Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the citizen."
In 1971 the National Assembly created a _______.
Limited Constitutional Monarchy
Working-class men and women who pushed for more radical action during the French Revolution.
Extreme radicals who demanded "true democracy."
Unpopular Queen of France.
Marie Antoinette
National Assembly declared war on _______.
Seized control of Assembly, removed king from office. (French Revolution)
Jacobins killed people they claimed were _______.
Called by Radicals to rewrite French Constitution.
National Convention
National Convention abolished Monarchy and declared France a ______.
Convicted of Treason and executed by the National Convention.
Louis XVI
During the French Revolution European monarchies fearing the spread of revolution to their countries
allied against France
Because of threats from within, and without, the Convention formed the _______.
Committee of Public Safety
Jacobin because the head of the Committee of Public Safety.
To stop counter-revolution the committee began the ______. (500,000 people arrested, 40,000 guillotined.
Reign of Terror
Used by committee to deal with invading armies.
Mass Mobilization
Whole society helps to defeat enemy.
Mass Mobilization.
Members of the Convention turned on him because they feared for their own safety. He was guillotined along with many of his followers.
Robespierre's death ended the _______.
Reign of Terror
Took control of the Convention after the Reign of Terror.
Conservative Government set up by the Convention after the end of the Reign of Terror.
Put in command of France's armies by the Directory.
Seized power from the Directory in a Coup d' etat.
Quick overthrow of government by a small gorup.
Coup d' etat.
As first Consul of the French Republic Napoleon assumed ______.
Dictatorial Powers.
Used soldiers to restore order to France.
Made the law clear and consistent in France.
Napoleonic code
Bonaparte became Emperor Napoleon I by _______.
The will of the people
Napoleon expanded his empire to include most of _______.
British Admiral who defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar.
Horatio Nelson
Because of his defeat at the battle of Trafalgar, Napoleon gave up on ______.
invading Britain
Napoleon tried to keep British goods out of ______.
European ports
Napoleon invaded IT because IT refused to stop selling goods to Britain.
Was a disaster because of winter conditions.
Napoleon's invasion of Russia
Tactic used by Russians against Napoloeon.
On retreat from Russia Napoleon ________.
4/5 of his troops.
Grand Alliance defeats Napoleon at Leipzig Germany.
Battle of Nations.
After the Battle of Nations the Grand Alliance took Paris and exiled Napoleon to _________.
Napoleon escaped Elba and upon returning to France _______.
won widespread support
Napoloeon's brief comeback
The 100 Days.
Napoleon's final defeat to Britain and Prussia.
After Waterloo Napoleon was exiled to _______.
St. Helena
Date of Waterloo.
AD 1815
Napoleon's lasting influence was that his soldiers spread the ideals of the ________ across Europe.
French Revolution
Congress of Vienna
Leading figure at the Congress of Vienna.