(1885–1946). Japanese General Yamashita Tomoyuki led successful attacks on Malaya and Singapore during World War II. With these victories he became known as the Tiger of Malaya. Following Japan’s ultimate defeat, however, he was executed as a war criminal.

Yamashita Tomoyuki (also called Yamashita Hobun) was born in Kochi, Japan, on November 8, 1885. After graduating from the Army Academy in 1905 and the Army War College in 1916, he was an officer for the Army General Staff Office. He rose rapidly through the ranks of the Japanese Imperial Army, eventually becoming the highest-ranking general of its air force.

An able strategist, Yamashita trained Japanese soldiers in the techniques of jungle warfare and helped create the military plan for the Japanese invasion of the Thai and Malay peninsulas in 1941–42. In the course of a 10-week campaign, Yamashita’s 25th Army overran all of Malaya (now part of Malaysia) and obtained the surrender of the huge British naval base at Singapore on February 15, 1942. Soon afterward Prime Minister Tojo Hideki, who considered Yamashita to be a rival, removed him to an army training command in Manchuria. Yamashita did not see active service again until after Tojo’s fall in 1944, when he was sent to command the defense of the Philippines. His forces were badly defeated in both the Leyte and the Luzon campaigns, but he held out until after the general surrender was announced from Tokyo in August 1945.

After World War II ended, Yamashita was tried for war crimes. Although he denied knowing of atrocities committed under his command, he was convicted and eventually hanged on February 23, 1946, in Manila, Philippines.