Justice for the Dead, by Tony Platt

BERKLEY indian skull and bones LIFE MAGAZINEIn 1974, Berkeley’s distinguished anthropologist, Robert Heizer, issued a public mea culpa for the practices of his profession in treating “California Indians as though they were objects.” In particular, he apologized for the “continued digging up of the graves of their ancestors.”
In 1999, the Department of Anthropology at Berkeley issued an apology to the cultural descendants of Ishi for sending his brain to the Smithsonian in 1916. “We regret our department’s role in what happened to Ishi, a man who had already lost all that was dear to him.”
This was a good beginning to a journey of accountability and reconciliation. But since then, the University of California has been publicly silent about its role as the legal owner of a vast collection of native body parts stashed in basements in campuses throughout the state. It owes at the very least 10,000 more apologies.
What happened to Ishi was by no means an anomaly. Between the late 18th century, when Thomas Jefferson dug up a thousand skeletons buried near his home, and the 1960s, when the Red Power movement challenged the right of archaeologists and scientists to treat their dead as specimens, hundreds of thousands of native bodies were excavated throughout the United States.
During the first half of the 20th century, California’s anthropologists played a leading role in the exhumation of graves and trade in funerary artifacts. Ralph Glidden, a self-styled archaeologist, filled and decorated the Catalina Museum of Island Indians with hundreds of crania and bones taken from Tongva and other graves. Two hundred human remains collected by Glidden are currently housed at UCLA.
At Berkeley, archaeologist Edward Gifford tested his eugenic theories of racial difference on the skulls of native peoples sent to the university by collectors all over the state. By 1948, Berkeley was boasting to Life magazine that its Native American collection included “more than 10,000 Indian skeletons, many of them complete.” A full-page photograph depicted a room full of human remains and a graduate student using a “craniometer to measure an ancient Indian skull.” A colleague recalls seeing human bones displayed in the landmark Campanile in the early 1960s.
In 1990 Congress passed legislation (Native American Graves and Repatriation Action or NAGPRA) that requires federally funded museums and universities to repatriate human remains to recognized tribes. While most institutions comply with the letter of the law, the pace of repatriation is glacially slow. By 2011 the Smithsonian had repatriated only one-third of its collection of human remains.
The University of California is the main repository of Native remains in this region. Here too repatriation is stalled. UC Davis retains more than 90 percent of its collection. “There are more dead Indians on the Davis campus than alive,” says a Native American activist working on a film about the anthropology department’s morgue of “Uneasy Remains.” As of June 2013, Berkeley has repatriated only 315 of its 10,000 remains. Why so little progress?
First, the process is slow and expensive, as claimants must make their ponderous way through faculty, campus, and university committees. Second, until recently tribes unrecognized by the federal government did not have a legal right to make a direct claim. Third, and most significantly, due to unscientific methods of work, the majority of the collection is unidentifiable as to provenance or tribal affiliation.
The burden for this impasse should be shouldered by the university. Throughout the 20th century, anthropologists from Berkeley and other UC campuses abused their scientific privilege by digging up graves without respect for the descendants of the dead; encouraging amateur archaeologists all over the state to send skeletal remains to the nearest university; failing in many cases to document the sites of excavation; indiscriminately mixing up body parts; and promoting racist ideas about Native inferiority.
The Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology, which serves as curator of Berkeley’s collection of human remains, is currently closed down for a “profound transformation” of its galleries, educational programs, and storage facilities. According to a Hearst staff member, the collection of body parts will be moved from a dank basement in the Hearst Gym to “new and improved storage” in Kroeber Hall; there will be a visitors’ room for Native groups to hold ceremonies; and a Native American advisory committee (albeit selected by the university) will be established.
These are small steps in the right direction. But in addition to these mostly cosmetic changes and to complying with the bureaucratic procedures of NAGPRA, the University should take institutional responsibility for, in Heizer’s words, “a human ethical” issue, namely how so many well educated, well meaning professors and administrators eagerly violated the rights of the dead and tormented the living.
If the University wants to profoundly transform its relations with tribal and native groups, it needs to take bold action, such as issuing public apologies for decades of malpractice, accelerating the repatriation process, and offering land or compensation for reburials.

(This was published in a slightly edited form as “UC and Native Americans: Unsettled Remains,” Los Angeles Times, 18 June 2013.)

Sociologist, Tony Platt is the author of ten books,150 essays and articles dealing with issues of race, inequality, and social justice in American history. Platt taught at the University of Chicago, University of California (Berkeley), and California State University (Sacramento). He is a Visiting Professor in Department of Justice Studies, San José State University, California. His publications have been translated into German, Spanish, Italian, and Japanese. His latest book – Grave Matters: Excavating California’s Buried Past – was published by Heyday in 2011. He lives in Berkeley and Big Lagoon, California, and serves as secretary of the Coalition to Protect Yurok Cultural Legacies at O-pyuweg (Big Lagoon). Platt blogs on history and memory at http://GoodToGo.typepad.com

Présentation de notre programme à la conférence de l’INOG à San Francisco (2012)

Dans le cadre de notre programme de recherche, nous avons organisé un panel à la 3rd Global Conference on Genocide de l’International Network of Genocide Scholars, intitulée « Genocide: Knowing the Past, Safeguarding the Future », qui s’est tenue à la San Francisco State University (San Francisco, California) du 28 Juin au 1er Juillet 2012, auquel ont participé Elisabeth Anstett, Caroline Fournet, Jon Shute, Michael Salter et Jean-Marc Dreyfus.

Une quarantaine de personnes ont assisté aux présentations et les discussions qui ont suivi ont  été l’occasion d’échanges fructueux. Les questions ont particulièrement pointé le caractère novateur de notre recherche et les difficultés inhérentes au travail sur la matérialité des corps, sachant que les « Genocide Studies » sont aujourd’hui très théorisées. La discussion a aussi porté sur les limites de notre recherche et particulièrement sur le champ juridique. La présentation de Caroline Fournet a été l’objet de questions, qui nous aideront autant à poursuivre notre réflexion.

Le panel a été l’occasion de montrer l’avancée des travaux du projet de recherche. Nombreux ont été les contacts avec les collègues étrangers. Assister aux différents panels de la conférence nous a permis également de constater :
- l’état du champ des « Genocide Studies » au sein duquel la question des cadavres dans les violences de masse et les génocides est encore peu considérée (quelques rares interventions, en dehors de notre panel, ont traité cette question des corps).
- les questions posées dans le champ, en particulier la catégorisation des violences de masse et la définition même des génocides. Ce dernier point semble faire particulièrement problème à certains chercheurs qui questionnent les limites imposées par la définition juridique face à la multiplicité des cas étudiés.
- la faible présence des recherches sur l’Holocauste dans le champ des « Genocide Studies » ; la très faible présence des recherches sur la violence stalinienne dans ce même champ ; l’absence presque complète d’interrogation en criminologie.
- la grande attention portée par nos collègues aux différents tribunaux pénaux internationaux.

Au-delà de contacts nombreux, nous avons particulièrement noué des liens avec trois chercheurs que nous souhaiterions voir se joindre à nos travaux : David Deutsch (Université du Negev, Ben Gourion, Israel) qui travaille sur le rapport au corps des bourreaux de l’Holocauste, Shannon Scully (Strassker Family Centre for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Clark University, USA) qui étudie le traitement patrimonial des restes humains au Rwanda et Toni Platt (University Berkeley, USA) qui enquête sur les exhumations massives des cimetières amérindiens en Californie.