Sudwala Caves (

In the South African province of Mpumalanga, near the city of Nelspruit (also called Mbombela), are the Sudwala Caves. Formed from three-billion-year-old rock, they are among the oldest known caves on Earth.

The Sudwala Caves are in the Mankelexele Mountains. These mountains are part of the Drakensberg range. The cave system is more than 18 miles (30 kilometers) long. Tourists can only visit about 2,000 feet (600 meters) of the caves. Parts remain unexplored, and the source of the fresh air that ventilates the system has not yet been found.

Sudwala Caves (

Sudwala consists of a series of passages that end in huge rooms. One of the larger rooms is the P.R. Owen Hall, named for the man who bought the surrounding land in the 1960s and opened the caves to tourists. The hall is nearly round, with a diameter of 230 feet (70 meters). It is 121 feet (37 meters) high.

Some of Sudwala’s rooms contain mineral formations that are many millions of years old. Some of the formations hang from the ceiling and are called stalactites. Others stand on the floor and are called stalagmites. Many formations resemble strange sculptures. They have been given fanciful names like the Screaming Monster and the Weeping Woman. One formation is called Somquba’s Gong because it reverberates when struck.

Homo habilis, the most ancient human species, sheltered in the caves about 1.8 million years ago. In more recent times, the caves provided refuge for followers of the 19th-century Swazi prince Somquba during his rebellion against his brother, King Mswati II. An induna, or captain, named Sudwala guarded the cave entrance during this time. The caves now carry his name.

During the South African War (1899–1902) the Boer (Afrikaner) side stored ammunition in the Sudwala Caves. A legend arose that the Boers also hid a fortune in gold bullion there, but no gold was ever found. In the early 20th century the caves did yield profits to a company that mined bat guano (droppings) for use as fertilizer.