(1833–87). A major Russian nationalist composer of the 19th century, Aleksandr Borodin was also a scientist notable for his research on aldehydes. Although his scientific work was his main focus, his music placed him in the front rank of Russian composers.

The illegitimate son of a Georgian prince and of the wife of an army doctor, Aleksandr Porfirevich Borodin was born on Nov. 12 (Oct. 31 according to the calendar in use at the time), 1833, in St. Petersburg, Russia, and was reared in comfortable circumstances. He showed marked gifts for languages and music, and as a schoolboy he learned to play the piano, flute, and cello and began composing music. From 1850 to 1856 he studied at the Medico-Surgical Academy, specializing in chemistry. He received his doctorate in 1858. From 1859 to 1862 he studied in Western Europe. On his return to Russia he taught chemistry at the Medico-Surgical Academy; he became a full professor there in 1864. From this period dates his first major work, the Symphony No. 1 in E-flat Major (1862–67), written as a result of his acquaintance with Mili Balakirev, of whose circle (known as The Five) he was a member, along with Nikolai Rimski-Korsakov, Modest Musorgski, and César Cui. Borodin began his Symphony No. 2 in B Minor in 1869, when he also began work on his operatic masterpiece, Prince Igor (completed posthumously by Rimski-Korsakov and Aleksandr Glazunov). Act II of Prince Igor contains the often-played “Polovtsian Dances.” He also found time to write two string quartets, a dozen remarkable songs, the unfinished Symphony No. 3 in A Minor, and his tone poem In the Steppes of Central Asia.

Borodin’s musical work was never more than relaxation from his scientific work. In addition to his research and teaching, he helped found medical courses for women in 1872. In the 1880s pressures of work and ill health left him little time for composition. He died suddenly while at a ball on Feb. 27 (Feb. 15), 1887, in St. Petersburg.

In his music Borodin displayed a strong lyric vein, but he also was noted for his handling of heroic subjects. He had an unusually fine rhythmic sense and excelled in the use of orchestral color and in the evocation of distant places. His symphonies and string quartets are considered among the finest of the Romantic era. His melodies reflect the character of Russian folk melodies, and like other composers of the Russian national school he used striking harmonies not heard in Western European music.