Commedia dell'arte

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Someone dressed as Pierrot at a carnival in Limoux


The title is difficult to translate. A close translation is “comedy of craft”. This is shortened from commedia dell’arte all’improvviso, or “comedy of the creative ability of improvisation”.

The plays of Commedia dell'Arte were often performed by a small group of actors who travelled around and performed in town squares. The actors would pass a hat round for people to put money in. The words of the plays were mostly never written down.

The earliest known company was in Padua in 1545. By the turn of the seventeenth century there were several troupes (group of actors) such as the Gelosi, Confidenti, and Fedeli. Some troupes were popular at foreign courts, especially in France, where images from the commedia became a favorite theme of well-known artists.

The actors often wore masks. The stories were often about people being cunning. Hunger, love and money were important in the stories. There were several characters who often appeared in lots of the stories. These are called "stock characters". Examples of stock characters from Commedia dell'Arte are: Harlequin, Pantalone, Arlecchino, Colombina, Pulcinella, Pierrot, Scaramuccia.

Commedia dell'Arte had a lot of influence on theatre plays in many countries. Punch and Judy shows, popular with children in Britain and other countries, are similar to Commedia dell'Arte. They also have stock characters: Punch, Judy, the crocodile, the policeman etc.