Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American writer and lecturer. He led a movement in the United States called Transcendentalism. The Transcendentalists questioned the rules of society and stressed the importance of nature and individual freedom. Many of Emerson’s poems and essays, including the essay “Self-Reliance,” continue to be widely read and discussed today.

Emerson was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on May 25, 1803. He was one of six children. Ralph began to read before age three. His father was a pastor who died when Ralph was seven years old. Ralph’s mother supported the family by renting out rooms in the house. At age 14 Ralph went to Harvard University. He graduated four years later.

In 1829 Emerson became a Unitarian minister. That same year he got married. In 1831 his wife died. The next year he resigned from the ministry and went to Europe. There he met great thinkers of the time, including William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Stuart Mill, and Thomas Carlyle.

In 1833 Emerson returned to the United States and began to lecture and write. Readers and audiences were drawn in by his powerful style as a writer and speaker. Emerson published a book called Nature in 1836. The book introduced the ideas that became the new philosophy of Transcendentalism. His later works extended on the ideas that he presented in Nature.

In 1834 Emerson moved to Concord, Massachusetts. There he befriended Henry David Thoreau, who was another remarkable thinker and writer of the time. Emerson married again in 1835. In 1840 he helped launch the Transcendentalist literary magazine called The Dial. In 1841 he published the first volume of his collected Essays. One of his most famous essays is called “Self-Reliance.” The essay stresses the importance of following what one believes is right, rather than following only what one is told to do.

Emerson’s later writing expressed more acceptance of society than his earlier works had. He spent the rest of his life with his family in Concord. He died there on April 27, 1882.

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