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Flag of Italy.svg
Total population
c. 130 million (Italian citizens: c. 55 million; Italian ancestry: c. 75 million)
Regions with significant populations
 Italy        55,818,099[1]
 Brazil 23,047,494[2]
 Argentina 20,500,000[2]
 United States 17,250,211[3]
 Venezuela 1,736,766[4]
 France 1,530,563[2]
 Canada 1,488,425[5]
 Peru 1,400,000[6]
 Uruguay 1,055,220[2]
 Australia 916,121[7]
 Germany 830,000[8]
  Switzerland 545,274[9]
 Belgium 451.825[10]
 Chile 184,997[2]
 United Kingdom 130,000[11]
 Mexico 85,000[12]
 South Africa 77,400[2]
 Spain 38,694[2]
 Austria 29.287[13]
 Albania 19,000[14]
 Croatia 17,807[15]
 Czech Republic 3,503[16]
 Romania 3,203[17]
Italian and other languages (Sicilian · Istriot · Neapolitan · Corsican · Sardinian · Ladin · Piedmontese · Ligurian · Emilian-Romagnol · Lombard · Venetian · Friulan · Romansh)
Roman Catholic (predominantly)
Related ethnic groups
other Romance peoples · Swiss people · Austrians · Greeks

Italians (Italian: italiani [itaˈljaːni]) are a nation and ethnic group native to Italy who share a common Italian culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a mother tongue.[18][19][20] Legally, Italians are citizens of the Italian Republic, regardless of ancestry or country of residence (though the principle of jus sanguinis is used extensively and arguably more favourably in the Italian nationality law), and are distinguished from people of Italian descent and from ethnic Italians living in territories adjacent to the Italian Peninsula.[21][22]

In 2014, in addition to about 55 million Italians in Italy (91.00% of Italian population),[23] Italian-speaking autonomous groups are found in neighbouring countries: about half a million in Switzerland, a large population in France,[24] and smaller groups in Slovenia and Croatia, primarily in Istria and Dalmatia. Because of wide-ranging diaspora, about 5 million Italian citizens[25] and nearly 80 million people of full or part Italian ancestry[26] live outside of Italy, most notably in South America, North America, Australia and parts of Europe.

Italians have greatly influenced and contributed to science, arts, technology, cuisine, sports, jurisprudence and banking[27] both abroad and worldwide.[28] Italian people are generally known for their localism, both regionalist and municipalist,[29] attention to clothing and family values.[30]


The term Italian is at least three thousand years old and has a history that goes back to pre-Roman Italy. According to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin: Italia,[31] was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning "land of young cattle" (cf. Lat vitulus "calf", Umb vitlo "calf").[32] The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus,[33] mentioned also by Aristotle[34] and Thucydides.[35]


Roman era

Unification of Italy in Roman times.






The Middle Ages




Rise of the city-states and the Renaissance

Amerigo Vespucci, the notable geographer and traveller from whose name the word America is derived.
Christopher Columbus, an early European explorer of the New World.




The French Revolution and Napoleon




The Kingdom of Italy




The Italian Republic



Italian women dance the tarantella, 1846

From the Roman period to the 17th century, the inhabitants of the Italian peninsula were at the forefront of Western culture, being the fulcrum and origin of Ancient Rome, the Roman Catholic Church, Humanism and the Renaissance.

Italy also became a seat of great formal learning in 1088 with the establishment of the University of Bologna, the first university in the Western World.[39] Many other Italian universities soon followed. For example, the Schola Medica Salernitana, in southern Italy, was the first medical school in Europe.[40] These great centres of learning presaged the Rinascimento: the European Renaissance began in Italy and was fueled throughout Europe by Italian painters, sculptors, architects, scientists, literature masters and music composers. Italy continued its leading cultural role through the Baroque period and into the Romantic period, when its dominance in painting and sculpture diminished but the Italians re-established a strong presence in music.




Giordano Bruno, one of the major figures of early western world as well as one of the least understood (left). Niccolò Machiavelli, the founder of modern political science and political ethics (right).


Italy was also affected by the enlightenment, a movement which was a consequence of the Renaissance and changed the road of Italian philosophy.[42] Followers of the group often met to discuss in private salons and coffeehouses, notably in the cities of Milan, Rome and Venice. Cities with important universities such as Padua, Bologna and Naples, however, also remained great centres of scholarship and the intellect, with several philosophers such as Giambattista Vico (1668–1744) (who is widely regarded as being the founder of modern Italian philosophy)[43] and Antonio Genovesi.[42] Italian society also dramatically changed during the Enlightenment, with rulers such as Leopold II of Tuscany abolishing the death penalty. The church's power was significantly reduced, and it was a period of great thought and invention, with scientists such as Alessandro Volta and Luigi Galvani discovering new things and greatly contributing to Western science.[42] Cesare Beccaria was also one of the greatest Italian Enlightenment writers, who was famous for his masterpiece Of Crimes and Punishments (1764), which was later translated into 22 languages.[42]

Italy's philosophy from the 1920s to the 1940s was mainly Fascist. Giovanni Gentile was one of the greatest 20th-century Idealist/Fascist philosophers, who greatly supported Benito Mussolini. He had great a number of developments within his thought and career which defined his philosophy.



Law and justice

Since the Roman Empire, most western contributions to Western legal culture was the emergence of a class of Roman jurists. During the Middle Ages, St. Thomas Aquinas, the most influential western legal scholar of the period, crushed[clarify] his theory of natural law in the notion of an eternal and biblical law.[46] During the Renaissance, Prof. Alberico Gentili, the founder of the science of international law, transcribed the first scripture on public international law and separated secularism from canon law and Roman Catholic theology. Enlightenment's greatest legal theorists, Cesare Beccaria, Giambattista Vico and Francesco Mario Pagano, are well remembered for their legal mechanisms, particularly on criminal law. Francesco Carrara was one of the foremost European death penalty abolition and criminal lawyers of the 19th century. During the last periods, numerous Italians have been recognised as the most triumphant prosecutor magistrates.

Science and technology









History's most successful tenors, Enrico Caruso (left) and Luciano Pavarotti (right)



Italians are amply known as the mothers of opera.[56] Italian opera was believed to have been founded in the early 17th century, in Italian cities such as Mantua and Venice.[56] Later, works and pieces composed by native Italian composers of the 19th and early 20th centuries, such as Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, Verdi and Puccini, are among the most famous operas ever written and today are performed in opera houses across the world. La Scala operahouse in Milan is also renowned as one of the best in the world. Famous Italian opera singers include Enrico Caruso and Alessandro Bonci.




Some of the most influential people in cinema.


Following the Fascist era, characterized by the Telefoni Bianchi genre, they got international critical acclaim through the Neorealist genre, and starting from the 1960s through the Commedia all'italiana genre as well as through a number of auteurs such as Federico Fellini, Luchino Visconti, Michelangelo Antonioni and Pier Paolo Pasolini.[57]

Since the early 1960s they also popularized a large number of genres and subgenres, such as Peplum, Macaroni Combat, Giallo, Spaghetti Western, Musicarello, Poliziotteschi and Commedia sexy all'italiana.[57]



Greatest motorcycle racer Giacomo Agostini
Gianluigi Buffon, the highest-priced goalkeeper, the most capped player for the Italian national team and one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time.

Italians have a long tradition in sport. In numerous sports, both individual and team, Italians have excellent representation and many successes. Football is the most popular sport in Italy. Italy's greatest footballers include Giuseppe Meazza, Dino Zoff, Roberto Baggio, Gianni Rivera, Luigi Riva, Gianluigi Buffon, Paolo Maldini, Fabio Cannavaro, and Francesco Totti. The Italian national football team is one of the most successful footballing nations, with having won a total of four FIFA World Cups. Motorcycle racers such as Giacomo Agostini and Valentino Rossi are recognized as some of the greatest sportstars of all time. Federica Pellegrini, one of the few female swimmers to have set world records in more than one event has been one of the world's most successful swimmers. Italian athletes have won 549 medals at the Summer Olympic Games, and another 114 medals at the Winter Olympic Games. Jessica Rossi scored a Shooting sport world record of 75 in the qualification and a world record of 99.As for Olympic games, 663 Italians won medals, particularly in Swordsmanship, which makes them the 6th most successful ethnic group in Olympic history. There more than 2,000,000 Italian skiers in the world, most of them in the north and in the centre. Italian skiers received good results in the Winter Olympic Games, World Cup, and World Championships. Italians have won the World Cycling Championship more than any other country, except Belgium. The Giro d'Italia is a world famous long distance cycling race held every May, and constitutes one of the three Grand Tours, along with the Tour de France and the Vuelta a España, each of which last approximately three weeks. Tennis has a significant following near courts and on television. Italian professional tennis players are almost always in the top 100 world ranking of male and female players. Beach tennis with paddle racquet was invented by Italians, and is practised by many people across the country. Volleyball is played by a lot of amateur players and professional players compete in the Italian Volleyball League, regarded as the best and most difficult volleyball league in the world. The male and female national teams are often in the top 4 ranking of teams in the world. Athletics is a popular sport for Italians, as the Italian World and Olympic champions are very celebrated people. In Wrestling, one of the most remarkable wrestlers is Bruno Sammartino, who held the record of the WWWF (World) Heavyweight Championship for over 11 years across two reigns, the first of which is the longest single reign in the promotion's history.


Map showing the "roman coloniae" in the second century, after Trajan.

Due to historic demographic shifts in the Italian peninsula, Italians have mixed origins. This includes pre-Indo-European (such as the Etruscans and the Ligures)[58][59] and pre-Roman peoples (such as the Celts), as well as Italic people (such as the Latino-Faliscans, the Osco-Umbrians, the Sicels, and the Veneti). Most Italians originate from these two primary elements, and all share a common Latin heritage and history.



The earliest modern humans inhabiting Italy are believed to have been Paleolithic peoples that may have arrived in the Italian Peninsula as early as 35,000 to 40,000 years ago. Italy is believed to have been a major Ice-age refuge from which Paleolithic humans later colonized Europe. Migrations from what is now Italy during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic, links modern Italians to the populations of much of Western Europe and particularly the British Isles and Atlantic Europe.



Starting in the 4th millennium BC as well as in the Bronze Age, the first wave of migrations into Italy of speakers of Indo-European languages occurred, with the appearance of the Remedello, the Rinaldone and the Gaudo cultures. These were later (from the 18th century BC) followed by others that can be identified as Italo-Celts, with the appearance of the Proto-Celtic Canegrate culture[61] and Proto-Italic Terramare culture,[62] both deriving from the Proto-Italo-Celtic Tumulus and Unetice cultures. Later Celtic La Tène and Halstatt cultures have been documented in Italy as far south as Umbria[63][64] and Latium,[65] inhabited by the Rutuli and the Umbri, closely related to the Ligures.[66]


By the beginning of the Iron Age the Etruscans emerged as the dominant civilization on the Italian peninsula. The Etruscans, whose primary home was in Etruria (modern Tuscany), inhabited a large part of central and northern Italy extending as far north as the Po Valley and as far south as Capua.[67] Traditionally the Etruscans were said to have migrated to Italy from Anatolia, but modern archaeological and genetic research suggests descent from the indigenous Villanovan culture of Italy.[68][69][70]

The Ligures are said to have been one of the oldest populations in Italy and Western Europe,[71] possibly of pre-Indo-European origin.[72] According to Strabo they were not Celts, but later became influenced by the Celtic culture of their neighbours, and thus are sometimes referred to as Celticized Ligurians or Celto-Ligurians.[73] Their language had affinities with both Italic (Latin and the Osco-Umbrian languages) and Celtic (Gaulish). They primarily inhabited the regions of Liguria, Piedmont, northern Tuscany, western Lombardy, western Emilia-Romagna and northern Sardinia, but are believed to have once occupied an even larger portion of ancient Italy as far south as Sicily.[74][75] They were also settled in Corsica and in the Provence region along the southern coast of modern France.

During the Iron Age, prior to Roman rule, the peoples living in the area of modern Italy were:

The bulk of Italy was inhabited by Italic tribes who occupied the modern regions of Lazio, Umbria, Marche, Abruzzo, Molise, Campania, Basilicata, Calabria, Apulia and Sicily. Sicily, in addition to having an Italic population in the Sicels, also was inhabited by the Sicani and the Elymians, of uncertain origin. The Veneti, most often regarded as an Italic tribe,[76] chiefly inhabited the Veneto, but extended as far east as Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Istria, and had colonies as far south as Lazio.[77][78]

Beginning in the 8th century BC Greeks arrived in Italy and founded cities along the coast of southern Italy and eastern Sicily, which became known as Magna Graecia ("Greater Greece"). The Greeks were frequently at war with the native Italic tribes, but nonetheless managed to Hellenize and assimilate a good portion of the indigenous Italian population located along the southern coasts and eastern Sicily.[79][80] According to Beloch the number of Greek citizens in south Italy at its greatest extent reached only 80,000-90,000, while the local people subjected by the Greeks were between 400,000-600,000.[81][82] By the 4th and 3rd century BC Greek power in Italy was challenged and began to decline, and many Greeks were pushed out of peninsular Italy by the native Oscan, Brutti and Lucani tribes.[83]

A portrait of a Roman family, dating to c. 250 AD. It has been considered a depiction of the family of Valentinian III. Valentiniano (to the left), with his sister Justa Grata Honoria and her mother Galla Placidia.

The Gauls crossed the Alps and invaded northern Italy in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, settling in the area that became known as Cisalpine Gaul ("Gaul on this side of the Alps"). Although named after the Gauls, the region was mostly inhabited by indigenous tribes, namely the Ligures, Etruscans, Veneti and Euganei. Estimates by Beloch and Brunt suggest that in the 3rd century BC the Gaulish settlers of north Italy numbered between 130,000-140,000 out of a total population of about 1.4 million.[82][84][84] According to Pliny and Livy after the invasion of the Gauls some of the Etruscans living in the Po Valley sought refuge in the Alps and became known as the Raeti.[85][86] The Raeti inhabited the region of Trentino-Alto Adige, as well as eastern Switzerland and Tyrol in western Austria. The Ladins of north-eastern Italy and the Romansh people of Switzerland are said to be descended from the Raeti.[87]



After the Roman conquest of Cisalpine Gaul and the widespread confiscations of Gallic territory, much of the Gaulish population was killed or expelled.[90][91] Many colonies were established by the Romans in the former Gallic territory of Cisalpine Gaul, which was then settled by Roman and Italic people. These colonies included Bologna, Modena, Reggio Emilia, Parma, Piacenza, Cremona and Forlì. According to Strabo:



Population movement and exchange among Italians of different regions was not uncommon during the Roman period. Latin colonies were founded at Ariminum in 268 and at Firmum in 264,[93] while large numbers of Picentes, who previously inhabited the region, were moved to Paestum and settled along the river Silarus in Campania. Between 180-179 BC 47,000 Ligures belonging to the Apuani tribe were removed from their home along the modern Ligurian-Tuscan border and deported to Samnium, an area corresponding to inland Campania, while Latin colonies were established in their place at Pisa, Lucca and Luni.[94] Such population movements aided in the rapid Romanization and Latinization of Roman Italy.[95]

Between the two millenniums

Lombard (Northern Italian) colonies of Sicily: in light blue: the cities where gallo-italic language is spoken today. In dark blue: the cities where there is a good influence of the gallo-italic language. In purple: ancient gallo-italic colonies, the influence in these cities is variable, also some districts of Messina were colonized.

A large Germanic confederation of Scirii, Heruli and Rugians, led by Odoacer, invaded and settled Italy in 476.[96] They were preceded by 120,000 Alemanni, including 30,000 warriors with their families, who settled in the Po Valley in 371,[97] and by 100,000 Burgundians who settled between North Western Italy and Southern France in 443.[98] The Germanic tribe of the Ostrogoths led by Theoderic the Great conquered Italy and presented themselves as upholders of Latin culture, mixing Roman culture together with Gothic culture, in order to legitimize their rule amongst Roman subjects who had a long-held belief in the superiority of Roman culture over foreign "barbarian" Germanic culture.[99] The number of Goths under Theodoric has been variously estimated between 200,000 and 250,000.[100] Since Italy had a population of several million, the Goths did not constitute a significant addition to the Italian population.[101] At the height of their power, there were about 200,000 Ostrogoths in a population of 6 or 7 million.[98][102] Before them, Radagaisus led between 200,000 and 400,000 Goths in Italy in 406.[103] After the Gothic War, which devastated the Italian population, the Ostrogoths were defeated. But in the sixth century, another Germanic tribe known as the Longobards invaded Italy, which in the meantime had been reconquered by the East Roman or Byzantine Empire. The Longobards were a small minority compared to the roughly four million people in Italy at the time.[104] They were no more than 500,000 settlers – 10-15% of the total population.[104][105] They were later followed by the Bavarians and the Franks, who conquered and ruled most of Italy. Numerous groups of Slavs and Bulgars, pushed by the Khazars, settled in the Italian peninsula between the 7th and the 8th centuries.[106][107][108]

Following Roman rule, Sicily and Sardinia were conquered by the Vandals, then by the Ostrogoths, and finally by the Byzantines. At one point, Sicily was ruled by Arab peoples (831–1072), a period which was followed by the Norman conquest of southern Italy. In this period the Lombards of Sicily (not to be confused with the Longobards), coming from the Northern Italy, settled the central and eastern part of Sicily. After the marriage between the Norman Roger I of Sicily with Adelaide del Vasto, descendant of Aleramici family, many Northern Italian colonisers (known collectively as Lombards) left their homeland, in the Aleramici's possessions in Piedmont and Liguria (then known as Lombardy), to settle on the island of Sicily.[109][109][110]

Before them, other Lombards arrived in Sicily, with an expedition departed in 1038, led by the Byzantine commander George Maniakes,[111] which for a very short time managed to snatch Messina and Syracuse from the Arabs. The Lombards who arrived with the Byzantines settled in Maniace, Randazzo and Troina, while a group of Genoese and other Lombards of Liguria settled in Caltagirone.[112]

Map of Tuscan settlements in Sicily.

During the subsequent Swabian rule under the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, who spent most of his life as king of Sicily in his court in Palermo, the Islamic element was progressively eradicated until the massive deportation of the last Muslims of Sicily.[113] As a result of Arab expulsion, many towns across Sicily were left depopulated. By the 12th century, Swabian kings granted immigrants from northern Italy (particularly Piedmont, Lombardy and Liguria), Latium and Tuscany in central Italy, and French regions of Normandy, Provence and Brittany (all collectively known as Lombards.)[114][115] settlement into Sicily, re-establishing the Latin element into the island, a legacy which can be seen in the many Gallo-Italic dialects and towns found in the interior and western parts of Sicily, brought by these settlers.[116] It is believed that the Lombard immigrants in Sicily over a couple of centuries were a total of about 200,000, a figure quite relevant.[117] An estimated 20.000 Swabians and 40.000 Normans settled in the southern half of Italy during this period.[118] Additional Tuscan migrants settled in Sicily after the Florentine conquest of Pisa in 1406.[119]

Some of the expelled Muslims were deported to Lucera (Lugêrah, as it was known in Arabic). Their numbers eventually reached between 15,000 and 20,000,[120] leading Lucera to be called Lucaera Saracenorum because it represented the last stronghold of Islamic presence in Italy. The colony thrived for 75 years until it was sacked in 1300 by Christian forces under the command of the Angevin Charles II of Naples. The city's Muslim inhabitants were exiled or sold into slavery,[121] with many finding asylum in Albania across the Adriatic Sea.[122] After the expulsions of Muslims in Lucera, Charles II replaced Lucera's Saracens with Christians, chiefly Burgundian and Provençal soldiers and farmers,[123] following an initial settlement of 140 Provençal families in 1273.[124] A remnant of the descendants of these Provençal colonists, still speaking a Franco-Provençal dialect, has survived till the present day in the villages of Faeto and Celle di San Vito.

Modern period


Substantial migrations of Lombards to Naples, Rome and Palermo, continued in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, driven by the constant overcrowding in the north.[125][126] Beside that, minor but significant settlements of Slavs (the so-called Schiavoni) and Arbereshe in Italy have been recorded.

The geographical and cultural proximity with S. Italy pushed Albanians to cross the strait of Otranto, especially after Skanderbeg's death and the conquest of the Balkans by the Ottomans. In defense of the Christian religion and in search of soldiers loyal to the Spanish crown, Alfonso I of Aragon, also king of Naples, invited Arbereshe soldiers to move to Italy with their families. In return the king guaranteed to Albanians lots of land and a favourable taxation.

Arbereshe and Schiavoni were used to repopulate abandoned villages or villages whose population had died in earthquakes, plagues and caresties. Albanian soldiers were also used to quell rebellions in Calabria.

Major Slavic colonies were in Friuli,[127] Veneto, Marche, Sicily[128] and throughout the Kingdom of Naples (including Apulia, Molise, Abruzzo, Calabria, Terra di Lavoro and Campania).[129]

According to a consolidated tradition of historical studies, there are eight waves of immigration of Albanians in Italy, to which must be added: the movements within the territory of southern Italy and the latest migration (the ninth) in recent years.[130] A remnant of the descendants of these Albanian colonists, still speaking an Albanian language, has survived till the present day in many areas of Italy. Their numbers are between 80,000[131] and 260,000 people.[132][133]

In this period, large groups of ethnic Bavarians and Swabians settled in the northern half of the country. Most of them were quickly assimilated in the native population. Nevertheless, in 1882, 100.000 German speakers were still living in the Po valley.[134]

Italian diaspora


Strictly defined, the Italian diaspora took place between the unification of the country in 1861 and the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. However, large-scale migrations phenomena did not recede until the late 1920s, well into the Fascist regime, and one last wave can be observed after the end of the Second World War.

Over 80 million people of full or partial Italian descent live outside of Europe, with nearly 40 million living in Latin America (primarily Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, Peru and Uruguay), about 19 million living in North America (United States and Canada) and a million in Australia. Others live in other parts of Europe (primarily France, Germany, and Switzerland). Most Italian citizens living abroad live in other nations of the European Union.

Autochthonous Italian communities outside Italy




See also


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