What controls protein synthesis?

What controls protein synthesis?

A key determinant of the rate of protein synthesis is translation initiation, a process regulated in part through binding of initiator methionyl-tRNA (met-tRNAi) and messenger RNA (mRNA) to a 40S ribosomal subunit. Either the met-tRNAi or mRNA binding step can become limiting for protein synthesis.

Why doesn’t DNA directly control protein synthesis?

DNA cannot be converted into protein directly because there are enzymes available to translate DNA directly into protein.

How does DNA ultimately control the production of proteins?

DNA carries the genetic information for making proteins. The base sequence determines amino acid sequence in protein. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a molecule which carries a copy of the code from the DNA, in the nucleus, to a ribosome, where the protein is assembled from amino acids.

What is the difference between an operator and an enhancer?

In the Operon Model, the operator is the gene segment to which a repressor binds. This prevents the RNA polymerase from transcribing certain genes in the operon unit. Enhancer DNA sequences bind transcription factors called enhancer-binding proteins which increase the rate of transcription.

What is the difference between a strong and a weak promoter?

The strength of a promoter is the rate of transcription of the gene controlled by this promoter. The strong or active promoter means the rate of transcription is high; and the weak or inactive promoter means the rate of transcription is relatively low.

Do repressors bind to enhancers?

Transcriptional repressors can bind to promoter or enhancer regions and block transcription. Like the transcriptional activators, repressors respond to external stimuli to prevent the binding of activating transcription factors.

How do enhancers and silencers work?

Enhancers function as a “turn on” switch in gene expression and will activate the promoter region of a particular gene while silencers act as the “turn off” switch. Though these two regulatory elements work against each other, both sequence types affect the promoter region in very similar ways.

What is enhancer silencer?

Enhancers have the ability to greatly increase the expression of genes in their vicinity. More recently, elements have been identified that decrease transcription of neighboring genes, and these elements have been called silencers.

What is the difference between a silencer and a repressor?

Silencer elements are classical, position-independent elements that direct an active repression mechanism, and NREs are position-dependent elements that direct a passive repression mechanism. In addition, ‘repressors’ are DNA-binding trasncription factors that interact directly with silencers.

How are enhancers activated?

Enhancers are DNA-regulatory elements that activate transcription of a gene or genes to higher levels than would be the case in their absence. These elements function at a distance by forming chromatin loops to bring the enhancer and target gene into proximity23.

What do promoters and enhancers do?

An enhancer is a sequence of DNA that functions to enhance transcription. A promoter is a sequence of DNA that initiates the process of transcription. Both promoters and enhancers help to regulate genetic transcription. Enhancers and promoters can be important in disease.

How do you identify enhancers?

Enhancer elements require protein binding to exert their regulatory functions, and therefore tend to be in nucleosome-free chromatin regions. Thus, assays of chromatin accessibility, which provide an indication of how “open” a region is, can be used to identify enhancer elements.

Does every gene have an enhancer?

Every gene has a promoter, which is the binding site for the basal transcriptional apparatus – RNA polymerase and its co-factors. The enhancer regions are found at a distance from the promoter, to either the5′ or 3′ sides of the gene or within introns.

What happens if GAP genes mutate?

If a gap gene is mutated (inactivated), the corresponding broad region of the embryo does not develop and a “gap” in the pattern results. The Gap genes encode transcription factors of the zinc-finger class.

Does all DNA code for proteins?

Arrayed along the DNA strand are the genes, specific regions whose sequences carry the genetic code for making specific proteins. The genes of bacteria are tightly packed together; virtually all the DNA encodes proteins. It is estimated that only about five percent of human DNA encodes protein.

What binds to the enhancer?

Enhancer sequences are regulatory DNA sequences that, when bound by specific proteins called transcription factors, enhance the transcription of an associated gene.

Do transcription factors bind to DNA?

Transcription factors are proteins involved in the process of converting, or transcribing, DNA into RNA. One distinct feature of transcription factors is that they have DNA-binding domains that give them the ability to bind to specific sequences of DNA called enhancer or promoter sequences.

Who is activator?


What is the difference between a repressor protein and an activator protein?

A regulator protein that turns genes ON when it binds DNA is called an “activator protein,” and a regulator protein that turns genes OFF when it binds DNA is a “repressor protein.”

Do activators bind to operator?

In general, activators bind to the promoter site, while repressors bind to operator regions. Repressors prevent transcription of a gene in response to an external stimulus, whereas activators increase the transcription of a gene in response to an external stimulus.

What is an example of an activator?

One example of an activator is the protein CAP. In the presence of cAMP, CAP binds to the promoter and increases RNA polymerase activity. In the absence of cAMP, CAP does not bind to the promoter. Transcription occurs at a low rate.

Is lactose an activator?

Catabolite activator protein (CAP) When lactose is present, the lac repressor loses its DNA-binding ability. This clears the way for RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter and transcribe the lac operon. The cAMP attaches to CAP, allowing it to bind DNA.

Why are transcriptional activator proteins necessary quizlet?

Why are transcriptional regulator proteins necessary? They are capable of binding DNA at a consensus sequence in the protein-coding part of the gene.