Revision Total Knee Replacement

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Total knee replacement (TKR) is one of the most successful orthopedic procedures of the twentieth century. This is due to the substantial pain relief and restoration of function after TKR. Improvements in surgical materials and techniques have greatly increased its effectiveness.

With newer implant designs and improved surgical techniques, total knee replacements can be expected to function well for at least 20 to 25 years in more than 85-90% of patients. However, some procedures will fail and require a second surgery, called Revision Knee Replacement.

  • What is revision total knee replacement?
  • Why do implants fail?
  • When do you need revision knee surgery and what are the signs?
  • What do you need to do prior to revision surgery?
  • What happens during surgery?
  • What about after surgery?
  • What are the risks and complications?
  • What should you expect after surgery?
  • What are the alternatives to revision surgery?
  • Conclusion

What is revision total knee replacement?

Revision Total Knee Replacement is the replacement of the previous failed total knee prosthesis with a new prosthesis. It is a complex procedure that requires extensive preoperative planning, specialized implants and tools, prolonged operating times, and mastery of difficult surgical techniques to achieve a good result.

Why do implants fail?

Wear and Loosening

Properly functioning implants depend on their appropriate fixation to the bone; fixation is usually achieved by cementing the implant onto the bone.

Although implants are firmly fixed at the initial knee replacement surgery, they may become loose over time. Friction caused by the joint surfaces rubbing against each other wears away the surfaces of the implant, creating tiny particles that accumulate around the joint. In a process called aseptic (non-infected) loosening, the bond of the implant to the bone is destroyed by the body’s attempt to digest the wear particles. During this process, normal bone is also digested (a condition called- osteolysis), which can weaken or even fracture the bone.

When the prosthesis becomes loose, the patient may experience pain, change in alignment, or instability. Aseptic loosening is the most common mode of failure of knee implants.


Infection is a complication of any surgical procedure. Infection may occur while you are in the hospital or after you go home. It may even occur year’s later. In Total Knee Replacement, the large foreign metal and plastic implants can serve as a surface for the bacteria to latch onto, inaccessible to antibiotics. Even if the implants remain well fixed, the pain, swelling, and drainage from the infection make the revision surgery necessary. With current surgical techniques and antibiotic regimens, the risk of infection from total knee replacement is less than 1%.

Revision surgery of the infected knee takes several forms. Depending on the degree of infection and damage, the decision is made to either perform a simple washout of the knee with component retention or complete exchange of the implants.

In most cases of infected TKR, two separate operations are required: first to remove the old prosthesis and insert a block of cement with antibiotics (known as an antibiotic-impregnated cement spacer) and a second surgery to remove the spacer and insert a new prosthesis. Intravenous antibiotics are given during this period to eradicate the infection.


The type and extent of the fracture will determine if revision surgery is needed. Periprosthetic fractures (fractures around the knee implants) that disrupt the fixation or the stability of the implant may require revision surgery.


Instability occurs when the soft-tissue structures around the knee are unable to provide the stability necessary for adequate function during standing or walking. Instability may be the result of increased soft-tissue laxity (looseness), inadequate flexion of the implants, or improper positioning or alignment of the prosthesis. Pain and/or a sense of “giving away” of the knee may alter knee function and require revision surgery.

Patient-Related Factors

Age, surgical history, and weight can contribute to implant failure. Younger, more active patients have a higher rate of revision than older  patients. Obese patients have a higher incidence of wear and loosening. Patients with previous knee surgeries are at higher risk for infection and implant failure.


A failed knee implant is usually indicated by an increase in pain or a decrease in knee function. Persistent pain and swelling can indicate loosening, wear, or infection, and the location of the pain can be all over the knee (generalized) or in one particular area (localized).

The decline in knee function may result in a limp, stiffness, or instability. Patients who demonstrate these symptoms and signs may require revision joint surgery.

What do you need to do prior to revision surgery?

When the decision for revision knee replacement is made, standard assessments are performed, including X-rays, laboratory tests, and possibly other imaging modalities like bone scans, CT scans, or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) studies. X-rays may demonstrate a change in the position or condition of the components. CT scan and MRI helps to determine the cause, location, and the amount of bone loss and the soft tissue status before surgery. Aspiration of the knee (joint fluid removed with a needle) may be required if infection is suspected. This aspirated fluid will then be sent to a laboratory for analysis to identify the specific type of infection.

What happens during surgery?

Most revision total knee replacements take longer to perform than primary procedures (about two to three hours). The first step is removal of the implant. If there has been significant bone loss, bone grafts may be required to fill the voids. Bone grafts can be either autograft (your own bone taken from another site of your body) or an allograft (bone tissue from another person obtained from a bone bank). In some cases, metal wedges, cones or sleeves ,wires or screws may be used to strengthen the bone. Finally, specialized revision knee implants are inserted. Temporary drains are usually placed to collect any fluids or blood that may remain after surgery.

What about after surgery?


Recovery time after revision knee surgery varies; some patients take longer to recover. In most cases, physical therapy will be initiated within 24 hours of the procedure. In some cases, protective weight bearing, such as Partial Weight Bearing (PWB) or Toe Touch Weight Bearing (TTWB), is needed to promote bone healing. Therapy will usually continued depending upon the progress. Assistive devices, such as a walker or crutches, will be used early in the convalescence period, and patients will progress to a cane or walking without any assistance as their condition improves.

 What are the risks and complications?

Any surgery can have potential complications. The complexity of revision joint surgery increases the chance of surgical complications. Possible complications include:

  • Infection
  • Bleeding
  • Damage to nerves or blood vessels
  • Intra-operative fractures
  • DVT (Deep Venous Thrombosis)or blood clots
  • PE (Pulmonary Embolism)

Infection, bleeding, damage to nerves or blood vessels, and intra-operative fractures can be minimized by using antibiotics before and after surgery, sterile surgical techniques and utilizing well-planned surgical exposures.

Similar to primary TKR, some mild swelling of the knee or ankle may be present after surgery for as long as three to six months. Swelling can be treated by elevating the leg, applying an ice pack, and wearing compression stockings.

Prior medical conditions, such as heart and lung complications, or stroke conditions, can be aggravated by a revision procedure. These conditions may also develop in patients after revision surgery. Very rarely, death can occur. The decision to perform revision joint surgery is made when the benefits of pain relief and functional improvement outweigh the risk of potential complications.

What should you expect after surgery?

Greater than 90% of patients who undergo revision procedures can expect to have good to excellent results. Although expected outcomes include pain relief with increased stability and function, complete pain relief and restoration of function is not always possible. Up to 20% of patients may still experience some pain following revision knee surgery. This can persist for several years after the procedure.

What are the alternatives to revision surgery?

Alternatives to revision knee surgery are rarely used.

Alternative to knee revision is  arthrodesis or knee fusion. Pain may be relieved, but at the expense of keeping the knee in a straight, non-bending position.

Alternative procedures such as amputations may be used in cases of severe joint infections that cannot be eradicated. After weighing the alternatives, considering the higher rate of complications as compared to primary knee replacement, most patients and physicians prefer revision surgery to other surgical options.


Although total knee replacement is a highly successful operation in the majority of patients, some procedures will fail over the long run and some at short term too. Certain signs and symptoms such as an increase in pain or a decrease in knee function may be indicative of joint failure. There are several reasons for the failure of knee implants such as wear, loosening, infection, fracture, or instability.

Nowadays, advanced techniques and materials for revision knee surgery allow for pain relief and improved function. Revision TKR is a complex but established procedure giving good long term results and a new lease of life after a failed primary surgery.



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