---
author:
- 'Lydie Koch-Miramond'
- Péter Ábrahám
- Yaël Fuchs
- |
    \
    Jean-Marc Bonnet-Bidaud
- Arnaud Claret
bibliography:
- 'biblio.bib'
date: 'Received 5 June 2002; Accepted 28 June 2002'
title: 'A 2.4 - 12 $\mu$m spectrophotometric study with ISO of CygnusX-3 in quiescence [^1]'
---

Introduction
============

CygnusX-3 has been known as a binary system since its discovery by @gia67, but there is still debate about the masses of the two stars and the morphology of the system (for a review see @bon88). The distance of the object is 8-12.5kpc with an absorption on the line of sight A$_V$ $\sim$ 20 mag [@ker96]. The flux modulation at a period of 4.8 hours, first discovered in X-rays [@par72], then at near infrared wavelengths [@bec73], and observed simultaneously at X-ray and near-IR wavelengths by @mas86, is believed to be the orbital period of the binary system. Following infrared spectroscopic measurements [@ker92], where WR-like features have been detected in I and K band spectra, the nature of the mass-donating star is suggested to be a Wolf-Rayet-like star, but an unambiguous classification, similar to the other WR stars, is still lacking. @mit96 and @van98 pointed out that it is not possible to find a model that meets all the observed properties of CygnusX-3 where the companion star is a normal Population I Wolf-Rayet star with a spherically symmetric stellar wind. In the evolution model originally proposed by @heu73 a final period of the order of 4.8 h may result from a system with initial masses M${_1^0}$=15[[M$_{\odot}$]{}]{}, M${_2^0}$=1[[M$_{\odot}$]{}]{}, P$^0$=5d, the final system being a neutron star accreting at a limited rate of $\sim$ 10$^{-7}$ [[M$_{\odot}$]{}]{}.yr$^{-1}$, from the wind of a core He burning star of about 3.8[[M$_{\odot}$]{}]{}. @van98 proposed that the progenitor of Cygnus X-3 is a 50[[M$_{\odot}$]{}]{}+10[[M$_{\odot}$]{}]{} system with P$^0$=6d; after spiral-in of the black hole into the envelope of the companion, the hydrogen reach layers are removed, and a 2-2.5 [[M$_{\odot}$]{}]{} Wolf-Rayet like star remains with P=0.2d. A system containing a black hole and an He core burning star is also favored by @erg98. In addition, CygnusX-3 undergoes giant radio bursts and there is evidence of jet-like structures moving away from CygnusX-3 at 0.3-0.9 c [@mio98; @mio01; @mar01].\
The main objective of the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) spectrophotometric measurements in the 2.4-12 $\mu$m range was to constrain further the nature of the companion star to the compact object: the expected strong He lines as well as the metallic lines in different ionization states are important clues, together with the spectral shape of the continuum in a wavelength range as large as possible. An additional motivation for the imaging photometry with ISOCAM was to provide spatial resolution to a possible extended emission feature as a remnant of the expected high mass loss from the system. The paper is laid out as follows. In Section 2 observational aspects are reviewed. Section 3 summarizes the results on the continuum and line emissions from Cygnus X-3 and four Wolf-Rayet stars of WN6, 7 and 8 types. Section 4 reviews the constraints set by the present observations on the wind and on the nature of the companion to the compact object in Cygnux X-3. Finally, Section 5 summarizes the conclusions of this paper.

  -------------- ---------- ---------------- ---------- ---------- ------------
  Instrument     TDTNUM     Wavelength       Aperture              
                            range ($\mu$m)   arcsec     time (s)   TU (start)
  ISOCAM-LW10    14200701   8-15             1.5        1134       6:57:09
  ISOPHOT-SS                2.4-4.9          24x24                 
  ISOPHOT-SL                5.9-11.7         24x24                 
  ISOPHOT-P3.6              2.9-4.1          10                    
  ISOPHOT-P10               9-10.9           23                    
  ISOPHOT-P25               20-29            52                    
  ISOPHOT-P60               48-73            99                    
  -------------- ---------- ---------------- ---------- ---------- ------------

Observations and data reduction\[sobserv\]
==========================================

We observed CygnusX-3 with the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO, see @kes96) on April7, 1996 corresponding to JD 2450180.8033 to 2450180.8519. The subsequent observing modes were: ISOCAM imaging photometry at 11.5$\mu$m (LW10 filter, bandwith 8 to 15$\mu$m), ISOPHOT-S spectrophotometry in the range 2.4-12$\mu$m, for 4096s, covering the orbital phases 0.83 to 1.04 (according to the parabolic ephemeris of @kit92); ISOPHOT multi-filter photometry at central wavelengths 3.6, 10, 25 and 60$\mu$m. Observing modes and observation times are summarized in Table 1. Preliminary results were presented in @koc01.\

ISOPHOT-S data reduction
------------------------

A low resolution mid-infrared spectrum of CygnusX-3 was obtained with the ISOPHOT-S sub-instrument. The spectrum covered the 2.4-4.9 and 5.9-11.7$\mu$m wavelength ranges simultaneously with a spectral resolution of about 0.04 and 0.1$\mu$m, respectively. The observation was performed in the triangular chopped mode with two background positions located at $\pm$120$''$, and with a dwelling time of 128s per chopper position. The field of view is 24[”]{}x24[”]{}. The whole measurement consisted of 8 OFF1–ON–OFF2–ON cycles and lasted 4096s.

The ISOPHOT-S data were reduced in three steps. We first used the Phot Interactive Analysis (PIA[^2], @gab97) software (Version 8.2) to filter out cosmic glitches in the raw data and to determine signals by performing linear fits to the integration ramps. After a second deglitching step, performed on the signals, a dark current value appropriate to the satellite orbital position of the individual signal was subtracted. Finally we averaged all non-discarded (typically 3) signals in order to derive a signal per chopper step. Due to detector transient effects, at the beginning of the observation the derived signals were systematically lower than those in the consolidated part of the measurement. We then discarded the first $\sim$800sec (3 OFF-ON transitions), and determined an average \[ON–OFF\] signal for the whole measurement by applying a 1-dimensional Fast Fourier Transformation algorithm (for the application of FFT methods for ISOPHOT data reduction see @haa00). The \[ON–OFF\] difference signals were finally calibrated by applying a signal-dependent spectral response function dedicated to chopped ISOPHOT-S observations [@aco01], also implemented in PIA.

In order to verify our data reduction scheme (which is not completely standard due to the application of the FFT algorithm) and to estimate the level of calibration uncertainties, we reduced HD184400, an ISOPHOT standard star observed in a similar way as CygnusX-3. The results were very consistent with the model prediction of the star, and we estimate that the systematic uncertainty of our calibration is less than 10$\%$.

ISOPHOT spectral energy distribution
------------------------------------

![image](figCygX3specobsseul.ps){width="13.cm"}

The observed spectral energy distribution is shown on Fig. 1. The observed (not dereddened) continuum flux in the range 2.4-7$\mu$m is 20$\pm10$mJy in good agreement with that observed by @ogl01 with ISOCAM on the same day (the dereddened fluxes are shown on Fig. 2) ; the observed flux decreases to about 10$\pm8$mJy around 9$\mu$m.

An unresolved line is observed at about 4.3 $\mu$m peaking at 57$\pm$10 mJy. The linewidth is 0.04$\mu$m, consistent with the instrumental response and corresponding to $\sim$2500 km.s$^{-1}$. Note that the measured line flux might be underestimated because the ISOPHOT-S pixels are separated by small gaps, and a narrow line might falls into a gap.

ISOPHOT-P data analysis and results
-----------------------------------

The data reduction in the multi-filter mode was performed using the Phot Interactive Analysis [@gab97] software. After corrections for non-linearities of the integration ramps, the signal was transformed to a standard reset interval. Then an orbital dependent dark current was subtracted and cosmic ray hits were removed. In case the signal did not fully stabilize during the measurement time due to the detector transients, only the last part of the data stream was used. The derived flux densities were corrected for the finite size of the aperture by using the standard correction values as stated in the ISOPHOT Observer’s Manual [@kla94]. The flux detected at 3.6$\mu$m (bandwidth 1$\mu$m) in the $10''$ diameter aperture is 8.1$\pm$3.3 mJy at a confidence level of 2.4$\sigma$. No detection above the galactic noise was obtained at 10, 25 and 60$\mu$m with $23''$, $52''$ and $99''$ diameter aperture, respectively.

ISOCAM data reduction and results
---------------------------------

The LW10 filter centered at 11.5$\mu$m was used with the highest spatial resolution of $1.5''\times1.5''$ per pixel. The ISOCAM data were reduced with the Cam Interactive Analysis software (CIA[^3]) version 3.0, following the standard processing outlined in @sta99. First a dark correction was applied, then a de-glitching to remove cosmic ray hits, followed by a transient correction to take into account memory effects, using the inversion algorithm of @abe96, and a flat-field correction. Then individual images were combined into the final raster map, whose pixel values were converted into milli-Jansky flux densities. No colour correction was applied. A point source is clearly visible at the Cygnus X-3 position on the ISOCAM map at 11.5$\mu$m. The measured flux is 7.0$\pm$2.0mJy above a uniform background at a level of about 1.2mJy, in good agreement with our ISOPHOT result. This flux is lower than the 15.2$\pm$1.6mJy (at 11.5 $\mu$m) measured by @ogl01, on the same day, using ISOCAM/LW10 with a $6''\times 6''$ aperture. The high resolution configuration of the ISOCAM camera has been used to constrain the spatial extension of the infrared source. The measured FWHM for the source is 3.90$\pm$0.45arcsec (mean value of the four individual images composing the final raster map). This can be compared to the ISOCAM catalogued point spread functions at these energy and configuration which show a FWHM mean value of 3.44$\pm$0.45 arcsec, including the effects of the satellite jitter and of the pixel sampling. The slightly larger value for Cygnus X-3, though only marginally significant, might therefore indicate an extended source. The deconvolved extension would be 1.84 $\pm$ 0.64 arcsec which at a distance of 10 kpc corresponds to a linear extension of $\sim$ $2.7\times10^{17}$cm. The extended infrared source may be the result of the heating of the surrounding medium by the radio jets whose existence have been now clearly demonstrated both at arcsec [@mar00; @mar01] and sub-arcsec [@mio01] scales, but it clearly deserves confirmation.

Results and discussion\[sresult\]
=================================

Continuum spectral energy distribution:model fitting and comparison with four Wolf-Rayet stars
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

![image](figCyg_spectr_draine.ps){height="5.5cm"} ![image](figCyg_spectr_lutz.ps){height="5.5cm"}

![image](figfitcontCygX3Draine.ps){width="8cm"} ![image](figfitcontCygX3Lutz.ps){width="8cm"}

The dereddening of the Cygnus X-3 spectrum is made using either @lut96 or @dra89 laws, and using an absorption value of A$_V$= 20 mag [@ker96]; the two dereddened spectra are shown in Fig. 2. They have clearly different shapes, but since the molecular composition of the absorbing material on the line of sight to CygnusX-3 is unknown, we cannot choose between these two laws.\
The spectral fitting of the dereddened spectra is shown in Fig. 3 and the results are given in Table 2. With the @lut96 law the best fit is obtained with a unique power law $S_\nu$$\propto$$\lambda$$^{-0.6\pm}$$^{0.3}_{0.4}$ with a reduced $\chi^2$=4.3 in the 2.4-12$\mu$m range, in good agreement with the Ogley et al (2001) result. With the @dra89 law the best fit is obtained with the sum of two components: a power law with slope $\lambda$$^{-1.6\pm}$$^{0.2}$ and a black body at T=250 K with a radius of 5000[[R$_{\odot}$]{}]{} at a distance of 10kpc, (reduced $\chi^2$=4.2 between 2.4 and 12$\mu$m), a hint of the presence of circumstellar dust. The power law part of the continuum spectrum ($S_\nu$$\propto$$\lambda$$^{-\alpha}$) can be explained by free-free emission of an expanding wind in the intermediate case between optically thick ($\alpha$=2) and optically thin ($\alpha$$\sim$0) regimes [@wri75].

  ----------- -------------------- -------------------------- ------------------------
  Object      PL slope[^4]         PL slope[^5]               Flux at 4.7$\mu$m (Jy)
  CygnusX-3   1.6 $\pm$ 0.2 [^6]   0.6 $\pm$ $^{0.3}_{0.4}$   0.079 $\pm$ 0.011
  WR78        1.4 $\pm$ 0.2 [^7]   1.4 $\pm$ 0.2              0.114 $\pm$ 0.008
  WR134       0.2 $\pm$ 0.2 $^d$   0.2 $\pm$ 0.2              0.081 $\pm$ 0.006
  WR136       1.0 $\pm$ 0.2 [^8]   1.0 $\pm$ 0.2              0.076 $\pm$ 0.006
  WR147       1.6 $\pm$ 0.1 $^c$   1.0 $\pm$ 0.1              0.085 $\pm$ 0.005
  ----------- -------------------- -------------------------- ------------------------

  : Comparison of the infrared continuum spectra of CygnusX-3 and four WR stars: power law slopes $\alpha$ such as S$_\nu$ $\propto$ $\lambda$$^{-\alpha}$ and 4.7 $\mu$m flux densities rescaled at 10 kpc

  ------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------- ----------- ------------------- ----------
  Star    Type                 Binarity             Distance        A$_V$[^9]   Reference           TDTNUM
  WR78    WN7h$^a$ WNL         No                   2.0kpc          1.48-1.87   @cro95II            45800705
  WR134   WN6                  possible             $\sim$ 2.1kpc   1.22-1.99   @more99             17601108
  WR136   WN6b(h) WNE-s[^10]   possible             1.8kpc          1.35-2.25   @ste99              38102211
  WR147   WN8(h) WNL           B0.5V at 0.554$''$   630 $\pm70$pc   11.2        @morr99 [@morr00]   33800415
  ------- -------------------- -------------------- --------------- ----------- ------------------- ----------

![image](figCygWRspectra_obs.ps){width="10cm"}

Using the ISO archive data we have analysed the SWS spectra of four Wolf-Rayet stars: WR147 (WN8+B0.5), WR136 (WN6b), WR134 (WN6) and WR78 (WN7) whose main characteristics are given in Table3. We compare them to the Cygnus X-3 spectrum, after smoothing the SWS spectra to the resolution of the ISOPHOT-S instrument (using an IDL routine of B. Schulz dowloaded from the Home Page of the ISO Data Centre at Vilspa). The observed WR spectra are shown on Fig. 4 on top of the observed CygnusX-3 spectrum; the identification of the emission lines is from @morr00.

The dereddened spectra of the Wolf-Rayet stars, using either the @dra89 law or the @lut96 law with the A$_V$ shown in Table3, have been fitted with power law slopes given in Table 2. Wolf-Rayet stars emit free-free continuum radiation from their extended ionized stellar wind envelopes and the different slopes reflect different conditions in the wind [@wil97]. It is noticeable that the mean continuum flux density of is the same (within a factor 1.5 at 4.7$\mu$m as seen in Table 2) as that of the four WR stars when their flux density is rescaled to a CygnusX-3 distance of 10kpc.

The comparison between the CygnusX-3 spectrum and that of the Wolf-Rayet WR147 at 10kpc is shown in Fig. 5 after dereddening with the @dra89 law (left) and with the @lut96 law (right). The WR147 spectrum appears as the closest WR one to the CygnusX-3 spectrum, with almost the same mean flux density at 10kpc and the same power law slope (whithin the statistical errors).

![image](figCygX3Draine-WR147Draine-lin.ps){width="8cm"} ![image](figCygX3Lutz-WR147Lutz-lin.ps){width="8cm"}

We note that WR147 is known as a colliding-wind binary that has been spatially resolved [@wil97; @ski99], with a separation on the sky large enough for the wind-wind collision zone between the stars to be resolved at near-infrared and radio [@wil97], and X-ray energies [@pit02]. The spectral energy distribution of WR147 in the 0.5$\mu$m to 2mm wavelength range (including all components) shown by @wil97 is dominated by the free-free emission from the stellar wind of the WN8 star; in the 2 to 10$\mu$m range these authors find $\alpha$=1.0, in good agreement with our ISOPHOT-S measurement (when dereddened with the @lut96 law); and in the mid-infrared to radio range they find $\alpha$=0.66.

Emission lines; comparison with four Wolf-Rayet stars
-----------------------------------------------------

The measured 4.3$\mu$m line flux above the continuum in the CygnusX-3 spectrum is 58$\pm$11mJy (dereddening with the @dra89 law), and 126$\pm$25mJy (dereddening with the @lut96 law), using respectively $\alpha$=1.6 and $\alpha$=0.6, the best fitted continuum slopes as given in Table 3, both detections being at more than 4.3$\sigma$. This line is interpreted as the HeI (3p-3s) line at 4.295$\mu$m, a prominent line in the WR147 (WN8+B0.5) spectrum as seen in @morr00 and in Fig.4. Again WR 147 appears as the closest WR to Cygnus X-3 as being the only WR in our sample with a HeI emission line at 4.3$\mu$m, the only line clearly seen in our CygnusX-3 data. The other expected He lines at 2.62, 3.73, 4.05, 7.46 and 10.5$\mu$m are not detected, probably due to the faintness of the object, at the limits of the instrument’s sensitivity. We note (Fig. 4) that the second highest peak in the SS-part of the CygX-3 spectrum is at 3.73$\mu$m, and there are also local maxima at 4.05 and 10.5$\mu$m. These expected lines are all blended with H lines and the absence of H observed by @ker96 in the I and K band spectra of CygnusX-3 could explain the weakness or absence of these lines in our data.

We note that the Br$\alpha$+HeI-II line at 4.05$\mu$m is not detected in CygnusX-3 in quiescence, but is present in the four Wolf-Rayet stars. Strong HeI and HeII lines have been previously observed in the K-range in during quiescence [@ker92; @fen96; @fen99]. These lines have been interpreted [@ker96; @che94], as emission from the wind of a massive companion star to the compact object, and @fen99 suggest that the best candidate is probably an early WN Wolf-Rayet star. We note that the close match we have found between the mid-infrared luminosity and the spectral energy distribution, the HeI emission line in CygnusX-3 in quiescence, and that of the WR147, is consistent with a Wolf-Rayetlike companion of WN8 type to the compact object in CygnusX-3, a later type than suggested by earlier works [@ker96; @fen99; @han00].

Mass loss rate evaluation
-------------------------

As @ogl01, we evaluated the mass loss rate of this free-free emitting wind, following the @wri75 formula (8) giving the emitted flux density (in Jansky) by a stellar wind assumed to be spherical, homogeneous and at a constant velocity : $$\centering 
        \mathrm{S}_\nu \, =\, 23.2 \, 
          \left(\frac{\dot{\mathrm{M}}}{\mu \mathrm{v}_\infty}\right)^{4/3} 
          \ \frac{\nu^{2/3}}{ \mathrm{D}_ \mathrm{kpc}^2} 
          \  \gamma^{2/3}\,\mathrm{g}^{2/3}\,\mathrm{Z}^{4/3} \quad \mathrm{Jy}$$ where D is the distance to the source in kpc. It gives : $$\centering 
        \dot{\mathrm{M}}\, =\, 5.35.10^{-7} \, \mathrm{S}_\nu^{3/4}\,
                (\nu_ \mathrm{GHz}\, \gamma\, \mathrm{Z^2})^{-1/2} \,
                \mu\,\mathrm{v}_\infty \quad \mathrm{M_\odot .yr^{-1}}$$ (where $\nu$ is in GHz). With an assumed distance D=10kpc, a Gaunt factor g=1, a flux density deduced from the continuum fitting (@lut96 law, Fig. 3) of S$_\nu$=63 mJy at 6.75$\mu$m (4.44$\times 10^{4}$GHz), and for a WN-type wind (where the mean atomic weight per nucleon $\mu$=1.5, the number of free electrons per nucleon $\gamma_e$=1 and the mean ionic charge Z=1), and with a velocity of v$_\infty$= 1500km.s$^{-1}$ (van Kerkwijk 1996), one obtains M=1.2$\times$$10^{-4}$[M$_{\odot}$]{}.yr$^{-1}$. This is in agreement with the mass transfer rate estimated by @ker96 and (within a factor of 2) by @ogl01. This result is in good agreement with the recent revised WN mass-loss rate estimates, which have been lowered by a factor of 2 or 3 due to clumping in the wind [@morr99]. Note that if we assume a flattened disc-like wind as reported by @fen99, who detected double peaked emission lines, the mass loss rate decreases but remains within less than a factor of 2 of that obtained in the spherical case, in all but extreme cases when the ratio of structural length scales exceeds about 10, as shown by @sch82. It is noticeable that @chu92, considering the radio flux from the southern, stellar wind component of WR147, derived a mass-loss rate of M=4.2$\times$$10^{-5}$[M$_{\odot}$]{}.yr$^{-1}$ and @wil97 found a non spherically symetric stellar wind with a mass-loss rate of M=4.6$\times$$10^{-5}$[M$_{\odot}$]{}.yr$^{-1}$.

Orbital modulation
------------------

Since the length of this spectrophotometric measurement was comparable to the 4.8h modulation period seen in the K-band at the level of 5$\%$ [@fen95], we attempted to detect this modulation in our data set. The points in Fig.6 refer to the average for the whole (2-12$\mu$m) spectrum. Although, as shown in Fig.6, the measurement uncertainty of the orbitally phase-resolved spectra was relatively high, the data clearly exclude periodic variations of amplitude higher than 15$\%$.

![Flux density in the 2.4-12 $\mu$m range versus Cygnus X-3 orbital phase []{data-label="Fig6"}](figCyg_lightcurve.ps){width="5.5cm"}

Radio and X-ray fluxes
----------------------

Figure 7 shows the mean flux density of CygnusX-3 on MJD 50180.3 from radio to hard X-rays. The quiescent state observed in the mid-infrared range with ISO was also seen during monitoring radio observations of CygnusX-3 with the Ryle telescope (Mullard Radio Observatory, Cambridge) shortly before and after the ISO observations, the mean flux density at 15GHz being about 120mJy [@poo99], and with the Green Bank Interferometer (GBI) monitoring program [@mcc99] during a quiescent period before the ISO observations, the mean flux densities being 80$\pm$30mJy at 2.25GHz and 125$\pm$60mJy at 8.3GHz and the spectral index $\alpha$=0.3$\pm$0.1. These flux densities are at least one order of magnitude higher than that observed during the quench periods of very low radio emission preceeding the major flares of Cygnus X-3 [@mcc99]. In fact, this quiescent state was still present in 1996 May, June and July [@fen99].

![Quasi-simultaneous observations of CygnusX-3 in the radio, infrared, soft and hard X-rays on April7, 1996, averaged over the orbital phase; the ISOPHOT-S spectrum is dereddened with the @lut96 law and rebinned to the resolution of 0.3$\mu$m; note that the GBI was dormant after 1996 April 1 till November 1996, and that the given flux densities (in dash lines) are mean values during the quiescent period March 17 to April 1, 1996 []{data-label="Fig7"}](figCygX3radioXnouv.ps){width="8.7cm"}

In the X-ray range, at the same epoch, the $\it{Rossi}$ XTE/All Sky Monitor count rate was $\sim$7.5count.s$^{-1}$ corresponding to a mean flux of $\sim$1 mJy from 2 to 12keV (see XTE archive and @lev96), and the BATSE instrument on board the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory observed a mean photon flux of 0.039count.s$^{-1}$ corresponding to a flux density of 0.04mJy in the 20-100keV range. Thus the mid-infrared continuum spectrum whose shape is explained by thermal free-free emission in an expanding wind has a different origin than the non-thermal radio emission and the hard X-ray emission which are closely coupled [@mio01; @cho02].

Conclusions \[Sconclusion\]
===========================

We have shown that the mid-infrared continuum (between 2.4-12$\mu$m) of CygnusX-3 in quiescence can be explained by the free-free emission of an expanding wind in the intermediate case between optically thick and optically thin regimes. The low quiescent luminosity of the object in the mid-infrared allows only detection of an upper limit of 15 percent on the possible 4.8h orbital modulation. A line at 4.3 $\mu$m is detected at a confidence level of more than 4.3$\sigma$, and is interpreted as the expected HeI (3p-3s) emission line. The close match between the mid-infrared brightness and spectral energy distribution of CygnusX-3 in quiescence, the HeI emission line, the high mass loss rate in the wind and that of the colliding-wind Wolf-Rayet system WR147, is consistent with a Wolf-Rayetlike companion of WN8 type to the compact object in CygnusX-3, a later type than suggested by previous works [@ker96; @fen99; @han00].

We warmly thank the ISO project and the ISOCAM and ISOPHOT Teams in Villafranca, Saclay and Heidelberg. We express our gratitude to R. Ogley and to R. Fender for helpful comments, to G. Pooley for giving us the Ryle telescope data and to J.L. Starck for very useful discussions on data analysis. We thank the referee J. Martí for helpful comments on the manuscript. This research has made use of data from the Green Bank Interferometer, a facility of the National Science Foundation operated by the NRAO in support of NASA High Energy Astrophysics programs, of data which were generated by the CGRO BATSE Instrument Team at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) using the Earth occultation technique, and of quick-look results provided by the ASM/RXTE team. P.A. acknowledges the support of a Hungarian science grant.

+

[^1]: Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries: France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom) and with the participation of ISAS and NASA.

[^2]: PIA is a joint development by the ESA Astrophysics Division and the ISOPHOT consortium led by the Max–Planck–Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg.

[^3]: CIA is a joint development by the ESA Astrophysics Division and the ISOCAM consortium. The ISOCAM consortium was led by the ISOCAM PI, C. Cesarsky, Direction des Sciences de la Matière, C.E.A, France.

[^4]: dereddening with @dra89 law

[^5]: dereddening with @lut96 law; fit between

[^6]: fit between 2.4-6.5 $\mu$m

[^7]: fit between 2.4-12 $\mu$m

[^8]: fit between 2.4-8 $\mu$m

[^9]: from @huc01 except for WR 147

[^10]: from @cro95IV
