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In this effort, the GPIO driver is the first I touched.\r\n\r\nThe main motivation behind this is to allow for more efficient implementation through more control on a platform to platform level. The most important difference is, that CPUs have now to define the peripheral device types (i.e. `gpio_t`, `spi_t`, etc.). This allows platforms for example to use base register addresses as peripheral identifiers directly, making these very ugly (and huge) swith-case structures superfluous in many times.\r\n\r\nAnother important change for the GPIO driver: Now are all pins accessible and it is not needed anymore to define them in the `periph_conf.h`. \r\n\r\nSummarized the changes tot he GPIO peripheral driver interface:\r\n\r\n- all CPU pins are accessible\r\n- `gpio_t` type must be defined by the CPU\r\n- `gpio_init_out()` and `gpio_init_in()` are merged into a single function\r\n- `gpio_init_int()` is renamed to `gpio_init_exti()` (I regularly read `in` instead of `int` -> this won't happy with this change...)\r\n- a new function for configuration the internal pin multiplexing, `gpio_init_mux()` for internal use only was added. This will make other peripheral drivers easier to implement/make their code easier to read\r\n\r\nTo make the migration to this change interface easier, I added a compatibility header, that still allows for the known `gpio_t` type. To make all existing code work with the new interface, these steps have to be done:\r\n\r\n- rename `gpio_init_int()` to `gpio_init_exti()`\r\n- join `gpio_init_out` and `gpio_init_int()`\r\n- add a file called `periph_cpu.h` to `CPU/include/` and add `#include \"periph/compat.h\" to this file\r\n\r\n\r\nThe plan is to agree on the interface and make all CPUs work with the new interface through the compatiblity layer as first step. As second step we would need to improve all GPIO implementations, but this can then be done step-by-step.\r\n\r\nContents of this PR so far:\r\n\r\n- the changed gpio interface (`drivers/include/periph/gpio.h`)\r\n- the compatiblity header (`drivers/include/periph/compat.h`)\r\n- new improved, slimmer and better GPIO implementations for the `samd21`, `nrf51822`, and the `stm32f4`\r\n- the `iot-lab_M3` (`stm32f1`) works already through the compat header\r\n- all device drivers are adjusted\r\n- a new GPIO test application\r\n\r\nAs you can see, the code is much much much more easy to read and way smaller (~1kB on the `stm32f4`) by offering more functionality...\r\n\r\nI will adapt all effected CPUs once the new Interface is ACKed (and help with this is very 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