{"action":"opened","issue":{"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/motnoiorg/motnoi/issues/47","labels_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/motnoiorg/motnoi/issues/47/labels{/name}","comments_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/motnoiorg/motnoi/issues/47/comments","events_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/motnoiorg/motnoi/issues/47/events","html_url":"https://github.com/motnoiorg/motnoi/issues/47","id":113285345,"number":47,"title":"Ung thư có bị di truyền","user":{"login":"motnoiorg","id":15266882,"avatar_url":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/15266882?v=3","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/motnoiorg","html_url":"https://github.com/motnoiorg","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/motnoiorg/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/motnoiorg/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/motnoiorg/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/motnoiorg/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/motnoiorg/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/motnoiorg/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/motnoiorg/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/motnoiorg/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/motnoiorg/received_events","type":"User","site_admin":false},"labels":[],"state":"open","locked":false,"assignee":null,"milestone":null,"comments":0,"created_at":"2015-10-26T04:55:44Z","updated_at":"2015-10-26T04:55:44Z","closed_at":null,"body":"<p>Ung th&#432; l&agrave; m&#7897;t c&#259;n b&#7879;nh ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n nh&#432; v&#7853;y m&agrave; n&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; g&igrave; ng&#7841;c nhi&ecirc;n khi nhi&#7873;u gia &#273;&igrave;nh c&oacute; &iacute;t nh&#7845;t m&#7897;t v&agrave;i th&agrave;nh vi&ecirc;n &#273;&atilde; b&#7883; ung th&#432;. &#272;&ocirc;i khi, m&#7897;t s&#7889; lo&#7841;i ung th&#432; d&#432;&#7901;ng nh&#432; ch&#7841;y trong m&#7897;t s&#7889; gia &#273;&igrave;nh. &#272;&ocirc;i khi, &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y l&agrave; b&#7903;i v&igrave; c&aacute;c th&agrave;nh vi&ecirc;n trong gia &#273;&igrave;nh c&oacute; y&#7871;u t&#7889; nguy c&#417; chung nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh, ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432; h&uacute;t thu&#7889;c l&aacute;, m&agrave; c&oacute; th&#7875; g&acirc;y ra nhi&#7873;u lo&#7841;i b&#7879;nh ung th&#432;. N&oacute; c&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n l&agrave; do c&aacute;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; kh&aacute;c, nh&#432; b&eacute;o ph&igrave;, m&agrave; c&oacute; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng ch&#7841;y trong gia &#273;&igrave;nh v&agrave; nguy c&#417; ung th&#432; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng.</p>\n<p>Nh&#432;ng trong m&#7897;t s&#7889; tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p ung th&#432; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&acirc;y ra b&#7903;i m&#7897;t gen b&#7845;t th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;ang &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&ocirc;ng qua c&ugrave;ng t&#7915; th&#7871; h&#7879; n&agrave;y sang th&#7871; h&#7879; kh&aacute;c. M&#7863;c d&ugrave; &#273;i&#7873;u n&agrave;y th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&agrave; <i>th&#7915;a k&#7871;</i> c&#259;n b&#7879;nh ung th&#432;, c&aacute;c gen b&#7845;t th&#432;&#7901;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n ung th&#432;, kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; ung th&#432; t&#7921; nh&#7919;ng g&igrave; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7915;a k&#7871; l&agrave;. Ch&#7881; c&oacute; kho&#7843;ng 5% &#273;&#7871;n 10% c&#7911;a t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&aacute;c b&#7879;nh ung th&#432; d&#7851;n tr&#7921;c ti&#7871;p t&#7915; c&aacute;c khi&#7871;m khuy&#7871;t gen (g&#7885;i l&agrave; <i>&#273;&#7897;t</i> bi&#7871;n) &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7915;a h&#432;&#7903;ng t&#7915; cha m&#7865;. B&#7841;n c&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#7885;c th&ecirc;m t&agrave;i li&#7879;u v&#7873;&nbsp;C&aacute;c d&#7845;u hi&#7879;u v&agrave; tri&#7879;u ch&#7913;ng c&#7911;a ung th&#432;&nbsp;&#273;&#7875; hi&#7875;u th&ecirc;m v&#7873; v&#7845;n &#273;&#7873; n&agrave;y</p>\n<h1>DNA, gen, v&agrave; nhi&#7877;m s&#7855;c th&#7875;</h1>\n<p>Ung th&#432; l&agrave; m&#7897;t c&#259;n b&#7879;nh v&#7873; ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng c&#7911;a gen b&#7845;t th&#432;&#7901;ng. Gien l&agrave; m&#7843;nh <i>DNA</i> (deoxyribonucleic acid). Ch&uacute;ng ch&#7913;a c&aacute;c h&#432;&#7899;ng d&#7851;n v&#7873; c&aacute;ch l&agrave;m cho c&aacute;c protein m&agrave; c&#417; th&#7875; c&#7847;n &#273;&#7875; ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng, &#273;&#7875; ti&ecirc;u di&#7879;t c&aacute;c t&#7871; b&agrave;o b&#7883; h&#432; h&#7887;ng, v&agrave; l&agrave;m th&#7871; n&agrave;o &#273;&#7875; gi&#7919; cho c&aacute;c t&#7871; b&agrave;o trong s&#7921; c&acirc;n b&#7857;ng. Gen c&#7911;a b&#7841;n ki&#7875;m so&aacute;t nh&#7919;ng th&#7913; nh&#432; m&agrave;u t&oacute;c, m&agrave;u m&#7855;t, v&agrave; chi&#7873;u cao.</p>\n<p>M&#7895;i t&#7871; b&agrave;o trong c&#417; th&#7875; c&#7911;a b&#7841;n c&oacute; t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&aacute;c gen con &#273;&#432;&#7907;c sinh ra. M&#7863;c d&ugrave; t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&aacute;c t&#7871; b&agrave;o c&oacute; gen gi&#7889;ng nhau v&agrave; nhi&#7877;m s&#7855;c th&#7875;, c&aacute;c t&#7871; b&agrave;o kh&aacute;c nhau (ho&#7863;c c&aacute;c lo&#7841;i c&#7911;a c&aacute;c t&#7871; b&agrave;o) c&oacute; th&#7875; s&#7917; d&#7909;ng nh&#7919;ng gen kh&aacute;c nhau. V&iacute; d&#7909;, c&aacute;c t&#7871; b&agrave;o c&#417; b&#7855;p s&#7917; d&#7909;ng m&#7897;t t&#7853;p h&#7907;p kh&aacute;c nhau c&#7911;a c&aacute;c gen h&#417;n c&aacute;c t&#7871; b&agrave;o da s&#7917; d&#7909;ng.</p>\n<p>M&#7897;t s&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i b&#7845;t th&#432;&#7901;ng trong m&#7897;t gene &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&agrave; <i>&#273;&#7897;t</i> bi&#7871;n. 2 lo&#7841;i &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c <i>th&#7915;a h&#432;&#7903;ng</i> v&agrave; <i>nh&#7853;n l&#7841;i</i></p>\n<ul>\n<li>M&#7897;t &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n gen di truy&#7873;n c&oacute; m&#7863;t trong tr&#7913;ng ho&#7863;c tinh tr&ugrave;ng h&igrave;nh th&agrave;nh n&ecirc;n con. Sau khi tr&#7913;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7909; tinh b&#7857;ng tinh tr&ugrave;ng, n&oacute; t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t t&#7871; b&agrave;o &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&agrave; m&#7897;t h&#7907;p t&#7917; sau &#273;&oacute; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chia &#273;&#7875; t&#7841;o ra m&#7897;t b&agrave;o thai (m&agrave; &#273;&atilde; tr&#7903; th&agrave;nh m&#7897;t em b&eacute;). V&igrave; t&#7845;t c&#7843; c&aacute;c t&#7871; b&agrave;o trong c&#417; th&#7875; &#273;&#7871;n t&#7915; t&#7871; b&agrave;o &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n n&agrave;y, lo&#7841;i &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n l&agrave; trong m&#7885;i t&#7871; b&agrave;o trong c&#417; th&#7875; (bao g&#7891;m c&#7843; tr&#7913;ng ho&#7863;c tinh tr&ugrave;ng) v&agrave; nh&#432; v&#7853;y c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c truy&#7873;n l&#7841;i cho th&#7871; h&#7879; ti&#7871;p theo.</li>\n<li>&#272;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n x&#7843;y ra trong m&#7897;t t&#7871; b&agrave;o, v&agrave; sau &#273;&oacute; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c chuy&#7875;n &#273;&#7871;n b&#7845;t k&#7923; t&#7871; b&agrave;o m&#7899;i m&agrave; l&agrave; con ch&aacute;u c&#7911;a t&#7871; b&agrave;o &#273;&oacute;. Lo&#7841;i &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n n&agrave;y kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; m&#7863;t trong tr&#7913;ng ho&#7863;c tinh tr&ugrave;ng, v&agrave; do &#273;&oacute; kh&ocirc;ng th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c truy&#7873;n l&#7841;i cho th&#7871; h&#7879; ti&#7871;p theo. &#272;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n soma l&agrave; ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n h&#417;n nhi&#7873;u so v&#7899;i c&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n di truy&#7873;n. H&#7847;u h&#7871;t c&aacute;c b&#7879;nh ung th&#432; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&acirc;y ra b&#7903;i &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n soma .</li>\n</ul><p>B&#7841;n c&oacute; 2 b&#7843;n sao c&#7911;a h&#7847;u h&#7871;t c&aacute;c gen &ndash; m&#7897;t t&#7915; b&#7889; m&#7865;. Khi m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i n&agrave;o &#273;&oacute; &#273;&atilde; th&#7915;a k&#7871; m&#7897;t b&#7843;n sao c&#7911;a m&#7897;t gen b&#7845;t th&#432;&#7901;ng, c&aacute;c t&#7871; b&agrave;o c&#7911;a h&#7885; &#273;&atilde; b&#7855;t &#273;&#7847;u v&#7899;i m&#7897;t s&#7921; &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n. N&#7871;u c&aacute;c b&#7843;n sao kh&aacute;c c&#7911;a gen ng&#7915;ng ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng (do m&#7897;t &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n c&oacute; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c), gen c&oacute; th&#7875; ng&#7915;ng ho&#7841;t &#273;&#7897;ng ho&agrave;n to&agrave;n. Khi gen m&agrave; d&#7915;ng l&#7841;i l&agrave;m vi&#7879;c l&agrave; m&#7897;t <i>gen nh&#7841;y c&#7843;m ung</i> th&#432;, ung th&#432; c&oacute; th&#7875; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n. M&#7897;t s&#7889; gen nh&#7841;y c&#7843;m ung th&#432; c&oacute; ch&#7913;c n&#259;ng nh&#432; <i>c&aacute;c gen &#7913;c ch&#7871; kh&#7889;i</i> u.Gen &#7913;c ch&#7871; kh&#7889;i u l&agrave; gen b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng m&agrave; l&agrave;m ch&#7853;m ph&acirc;n chia t&#7871; b&agrave;o, s&#7917;a ch&#7919;a sai l&#7847;m DNA. Khi gen &#7913;c ch&#7871; kh&#7889;i u kh&ocirc;ng l&agrave;m vi&#7879;c &#273;&uacute;ng c&aacute;ch, c&aacute;c t&#7871; b&agrave;o c&oacute; th&#7875; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n ra kh&#7887;i ki&#7875;m so&aacute;t, c&oacute; th&#7875; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n ung th&#432;. Nhi&#7873;u h&#7897;i ch&#7913;ng ung th&#432; trong gia &#273;&igrave;nh &#273;&#7873;u do c&aacute;c khi&#7871;m khuy&#7871;t di truy&#7873;n c&#7911;a gen &#7913;c ch&#7871; kh&#7889;i u.</p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://motnoi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Ung-th%C6%B0-c%C3%B3-b%E1%BB%8B-di-truy%E1%BB%81n.jpg\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-237\" src=\"http://motnoi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Ung-th%C6%B0-c%C3%B3-b%E1%BB%8B-di-truy%E1%BB%81n.jpg\" alt=\"Ung th&#432; c&oacute; b&#7883; di truy&#7873;n\" width=\"500\" height=\"313\"></a></p>\n<h1>Ung th&#432; trong gia &#273;&igrave;nh c&oacute; di truy&#7873;n&nbsp;?</h1>\n<p>Khi nhi&#7873;u tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p ung th&#432; x&#7843;y ra trong m&#7897;t gia &#273;&igrave;nh, h&#7847;u h&#7871;t th&#432;&#7901;ng l&agrave; do c&#417; h&#7897;i ho&#7863;c v&igrave; c&aacute;c th&agrave;nh vi&ecirc;n trong gia &#273;&igrave;nh &#273;&atilde; ti&#7871;p x&uacute;c v&#7899;i m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i &#273;&#7897;c t&#7889; ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n, ch&#7859;ng h&#7841;n nh&#432; h&uacute;t thu&#7889;c l&aacute;. &Iacute;t th&#432;&#7901;ng xuy&ecirc;n h&#417;n, c&aacute;c b&#7879;nh ung th&#432; c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&acirc;y ra b&#7903;i m&#7897;t &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n gen di truy&#7873;n g&acirc;y ra m&#7897;t h&#7897;i ch&#7913;ng b&#7879;nh ung th&#432; gia &#273;&igrave;nh.</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nhi&#7873;u tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p c&#7911;a m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i hi&#7871;m ho&#7863;c ung th&#432; hi&#7871;m g&#7863;p (nh&#432; ung th&#432; th&#7853;n).</li>\n<li>Ung th&#432; x&#7843;y ra &#7903; l&#7913;a tu&#7893;i tr&#7867; h&#417;n so v&#7899;i b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng (nh&#432; ung th&#432; ru&#7897;t k&#7871;t trong m&#7897;t 20 tu&#7893;i)</li>\n<li>Nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i ung th&#432; &#7903; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i duy nh&#7845;t (nh&#432; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; v&#7899;i c&#7843; hai v&uacute; v&agrave; ung th&#432; bu&#7891;ng&nbsp;tr&#7913;ng)</li>\n<li>Ung th&#432; x&#7843;y ra &#7903; c&#7843; c&#7911;a m&#7897;t c&#7863;p c&#417; quan (c&#7843; hai m&#7855;t, c&#7843; hai qu&#7843; th&#7853;n, c&#7843; hai b&ecirc;n v&uacute;)</li>\n<li>H&#417;n m&#7897;t b&#7879;nh ung th&#432; &#7903; tr&#7867; em trong m&#7897;t t&#7853;p h&#7907;p c&aacute;c anh ch&#7883; em ru&#7897;t (nh&#432; sarcoma trong c&#7843; m&#7897;t anh trai v&agrave; m&#7897;t em g&aacute;i)</li>\n<li>Ung th&#432; x&#7843;y ra trong quan h&#7879; t&igrave;nh d&#7909;c th&#432;&#7901;ng kh&ocirc;ng b&#7883; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng (nh&#432; ung th&#432; v&uacute; &#7903; m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&agrave;n &ocirc;ng)</li>\n</ul><p>Tr&#432;&#7899;c khi b&#7841;n quy&#7871;t &#273;&#7883;nh r&#7857;ng ung th&#432; c&oacute; trong gia &#273;&igrave;nh c&#7911;a b&#7841;n, &#273;&#7847;u ti&ecirc;n thu th&#7853;p m&#7897;t s&#7889; th&ocirc;ng tin. &#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i m&#7895;i tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p ung th&#432;, xem t&#7841;i:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ai b&#7883; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng? L&agrave;m sao ch&uacute;ng ta c&oacute; li&ecirc;n quan?</li>\n<li>Lo&#7841;i ung th&#432; n&agrave;y l&agrave;? L&agrave; n&oacute; hi&#7871;m?</li>\n<li>Ng&#432;&#7901;i n&agrave;y &#273;&atilde; nh&#7853;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i ung th&#432; kh&ocirc;ng?</li>\n<li>Hay h&#7885; &#273;&atilde; h&uacute;t thu&#7889;c ho&#7863;c c&oacute; c&aacute;c y&#7871;u t&#7889; nguy c&#417; kh&aacute;c &#273;&#432;&#7907;c bi&#7871;t &#273;&#7871;n?</li>\n</ul><p>Ung th&#432; trong m&#7897;t t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i g&#7847;n, gi&#7889;ng nh&#432; cha m&#7865; ho&#7863;c anh ch&#7883; em ru&#7897;t (anh ch&#7883; em), l&agrave; nguy&ecirc;n nh&acirc;n g&acirc;y ra nhi&#7873;u lo ng&#7841;i h&#417;n ung th&#432; trong m&#7897;t h&#7885; h&agrave;ng xa h&#417;n. Ngay c&#7843; khi ung th&#432; &#273;&atilde; t&#7915; m&#7897;t &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n gen, c&aacute;c c&#417; h&#7897;i c&#7911;a n&oacute; truy&#7873;n l&#7841;i cho b&#7841;n &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7845;p h&#417;n v&#7899;i ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n &#7903; xa h&#417;n.</p>\n<p>N&oacute; c&#361;ng quan tr&#7885;ng &#273;&#7875; nh&igrave;n v&agrave;o m&#7895;i b&ecirc;n c&#7911;a gia &#273;&igrave;nh ri&ecirc;ng. C&oacute; 2 ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n b&#7883; ung th&#432; l&agrave; quan t&acirc;m nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n n&#7871;u nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; li&ecirc;n quan v&#7899;i nhau (ngh&#297;a l&agrave; c&#7843; hai tr&ecirc;n c&ugrave;ng m&#7897;t b&ecirc;n c&#7911;a gia &#273;&igrave;nh). V&iacute; d&#7909;, n&#7871;u c&#7843; hai ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n l&agrave; anh em c&#7911;a m&#7865; n&oacute; c&oacute; ngh&#297;a h&#417;n nhi&#7873;u n&#7871;u m&#7897;t l&agrave; em trai c&#7911;a cha b&#7841;n v&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i kia l&agrave; anh trai c&#7911;a m&#7865;.</p>\n<p>&#272;&#7889;i v&#7899;i m&#7897;t s&#7889; lo&#7841;i ung th&#432; r&#7845;t hi&#7871;m, nh&#432; ung th&#432; c&#7911;a v&#7887; th&#432;&#7907;ng th&#7853;n, nguy c&#417; c&#7911;a h&#7897;i ch&#7913;ng ung th&#432; gia &#273;&igrave;nh nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh l&agrave; t&#432;&#417;ng &#273;&#7889;i cao v&#7899;i ngay c&#7843; m&#7897;t tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p.</p>\n<p>C&oacute; c&ugrave;ng m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i ung th&#432; &#7903; nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n l&agrave; nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n nh&#7919;ng h&#417;n n&#7871;u n&oacute; l&agrave; m&#7897;t s&#7889; lo&#7841;i ung th&#432; kh&aacute;c nhau. Tuy nhi&ecirc;n, trong m&#7897;t s&#7889; h&#7897;i ch&#7913;ng ung th&#432; gia &#273;&igrave;nh, m&#7897;t s&#7889; lo&#7841;i ung th&#432; c&oacute; v&#7867; &#273;i c&ugrave;ng nhau. V&iacute; d&#7909;, ung th&#432; v&uacute; v&agrave; ung th&#432; bu&#7891;ng tr&#7913;ng ch&#7841;y v&#7899;i nhau trong gia &#273;&igrave;nh c&oacute; di truy&#7873;n v&agrave; h&#7897;i ch&#7913;ng ung th&#432; bu&#7891;ng tr&#7913;ng (HBOC).</p>\n<p>&#272;&#7897; tu&#7893;i c&#7911;a ng&#432;&#7901;i khi ung th&#432; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c ch&#7849;n &#273;o&aacute;n c&#361;ng r&#7845;t quan tr&#7885;ng. V&iacute; d&#7909;, ung th&#432; ru&#7897;t gi&agrave; l&agrave; hi&#7871;m &#7903; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i d&#432;&#7899;i 30. C&oacute; 2 ho&#7863;c nhi&#7873;u tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n d&#432;&#7899;i 30 tu&#7893;i c&oacute; th&#7875; l&agrave; m&#7897;t d&#7845;u hi&#7879;u c&#7911;a h&#7897;i ch&#7913;ng ung th&#432; di truy&#7873;n. M&#7863;t kh&aacute;c, ung th&#432; tuy&#7871;n ti&#7873;n li&#7879;t l&agrave; r&#7845;t ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n &#7903; ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#7899;n tu&#7893;i, do &#273;&oacute;, n&#7871;u c&#7843; cha v&agrave; anh trai c&#7911;a &ocirc;ng &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&igrave;m th&#7845;y c&oacute; ung th&#432; tuy&#7871;n ti&#7873;n li&#7879;t khi h&#7885; &#7903; tu&#7893;i 80 c&#7911;a h&#7885;, &#273;&oacute; l&agrave; &iacute;t c&oacute; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng l&agrave; do s&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i gen di truy&#7873;n.</p>\n<p>M&#7897;t s&#7889; lo&#7841;i u l&agrave;nh t&iacute;nh (kh&ocirc;ng ung th&#432;) c&aacute;c kh&#7889;i u v&agrave; c&aacute;c &#273;i&#7873;u ki&#7879;n y t&#7871; l&agrave; &#273;&ocirc;i khi c&#361;ng l&agrave; m&#7897;t ph&#7847;n c&#7911;a m&#7897;t h&#7897;i ch&#7913;ng b&#7879;nh ung th&#432; gia &#273;&igrave;nh.</p>\n<p>Khi nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n c&oacute; c&ugrave;ng m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i ung th&#432;, &#273;i&#7873;u quan tr&#7885;ng l&agrave; ph&#7843;i ch&uacute; &yacute; n&#7871;u b&#7879;nh ung th&#432; c&oacute; th&#7875; li&ecirc;n quan &#273;&#7871;n thu&#7889;c l&aacute;. V&iacute; d&#7909;, ung th&#432; ph&#7893;i th&#432;&#7901;ng l&agrave; do h&uacute;t thu&#7889;c, r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u tr&#432;&#7901;ng h&#7907;p ung th&#432; ph&#7893;i trong m&#7897;t gia &#273;&igrave;nh ng&#432;&#7901;i nghi&#7879;n thu&#7889;c l&aacute; c&oacute; nhi&#7873;u kh&#7843; n&#259;ng l&agrave; do h&uacute;t thu&#7889;c l&aacute; h&#417;n l&agrave; m&#7897;t s&#7921; thay &#273;&#7893;i gen di truy&#7873;n.</p>\n<h1>V&iacute; d&#7909; v&#7873; c&aacute;c h&#7897;i ch&#7913;ng ung th&#432; trong gia &#273;&igrave;nh</h1>\n<p>C&oacute; r&#7845;t nhi&#7873;u c&aacute;c h&#7897;i ch&#7913;ng ung th&#432; gia &#273;&igrave;nh, m&#7897;t s&#7889; trong s&#7889; n&agrave;y &#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7843;o lu&#7853;n ng&#7855;n g&#7885;n &#7903; &#273;&acirc;y &#273;&#7875; l&agrave;m v&iacute; d&#7909;. &#272;&#7875; bi&#7871;t th&ecirc;m th&ocirc;ng tin v&#7873; m&#7897;t lo&#7841;i b&#7879;nh ung th&#432; v&agrave; c&aacute;c th&agrave;nh ph&#7847;n di truy&#7873;n c&#7911;a n&oacute;, ch&#7849;n &#273;o&aacute;n v&agrave; &#273;i&#7873;u&nbsp;tr&#7883;&nbsp;h&atilde;y xem ti&#7871;p n&agrave;o</p>\n<h2>Di truy&#7873;n ung th&#432; v&uacute;&nbsp;v&agrave; h&#7897;i ch&#7913;ng ung th&#432; bu&#7891;ng tr&#7913;ng</h2>\n<p>Trong nhi&#7873;u n&#259;m, c&aacute;c b&aacute;c s&#297; nh&#7853;n th&#7845;y r&#7857;ng trong m&#7897;t s&#7889; gia &#273;&igrave;nh, nhi&#7873;u ng&#432;&#7901;i trong s&#7889; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i ph&#7909; n&#7919; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n v&uacute; v&agrave; ung th&#432; bu&#7891;ng tr&#7913;ng. Th&#432;&#7901;ng th&igrave; ung th&#432; &#273;&atilde; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&igrave;m th&#7845;y &#7903; l&#7913;a tu&#7893;i tr&#7867; h&#417;n b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng, v&agrave; m&#7897;t s&#7889; c&aacute;c ph&#7909; n&#7919; &#273;&atilde; c&oacute; nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n m&#7897;t b&#7879;nh ung th&#432;.</p>\n<p>C&aacute;c nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c &#273;&atilde; nghi&ecirc;n c&#7913;u gen c&#7911;a c&aacute;c gia &#273;&igrave;nh, v&agrave; ph&aacute;t hi&#7879;n ra c&aacute;c gen <i>BRCA1</i> v&agrave; BRCA2. B&#7903;i v&igrave; m&#7897;t s&#7889; ph&#7909; n&#7919; (v&agrave; gia &#273;&igrave;nh) c&oacute; HBOC d&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n l&#7883;ch s&#7917; b&#7879;nh ung th&#432;, nh&#432;ng kh&ocirc;ng c&oacute; &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n &#7903; c&aacute;c gen, c&aacute;c nh&agrave; khoa h&#7885;c tin r&#7857;ng c&oacute; nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n &iacute;t nh&#7845;t m&#7897;t gen c&oacute; th&#7875; g&acirc;y ra HBOC, m&agrave; ng&#432;&#7901;i ta &#273;&atilde; g&#7885;i BRCA3. C&aacute;c <i>BRCA3</i> gen ch&#432;a &#273;&#432;&#7907;c x&aacute;c &#273;&#7883;nh.</p>\n<p>C&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n &#7903; m&#7897;t trong hai <i>gen BRCA1</i> ho&#7863;c <i>BRCA2</i> c&oacute; th&#7875; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n HBOC. Nguy c&#417; ung th&#432; v&uacute; v&agrave; bu&#7891;ng tr&#7913;ng l&agrave; r&#7845;t cao v&#7899;i c&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n &#7903; m&#7897;t trong hai gen, nh&#432;ng c&oacute; xu h&#432;&#7899;ng cao v&#7899;i <i>BRCA1</i> &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n. C&ugrave;ng v&#7899;i v&uacute; v&agrave; ung th&#432; bu&#7891;ng tr&#7913;ng, h&#7897;i ch&#7913;ng n&agrave;y c&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n ung th&#432; &#7889;ng d&#7851;n tr&#7913;ng, ung th&#432; v&uacute; c&#7911;a nam gi&#7899;i, ung th&#432; tuy&#7871;n t&#7909;y, ung th&#432; tuy&#7871;n ti&#7873;n li&#7879;t, c&#361;ng nh&#432; m&#7897;t s&#7889; ng&#432;&#7901;i kh&aacute;c. Ung th&#432; v&uacute; nam gi&#7899;i, ung th&#432; tuy&#7871;n t&#7909;y, ung th&#432; tuy&#7871;n ti&#7873;n li&#7879;t v&agrave; c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c nh&igrave;n th&#7845;y v&#7899;i c&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n &#7903; m&#7897;t trong hai gen, nh&#432;ng ph&#7893; bi&#7871;n h&#417;n &#7903; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7883; <i>BRCA2</i> &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Ph&#7909; n&#7919; c&oacute; ti&#7873;n s&#7917; gia &#273;&igrave;nh m&#7841;nh v&#7873; b&#7879;nh ung th&#432; v&uacute; v&agrave; ho&#7863;c ung th&#432; bu&#7891;ng tr&#7913;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; ch&#7885;n &#273;&#7875; tr&#7843;i qua t&#432; v&#7845;n di truy&#7873;n &#273;&#7875; &#432;&#7899;c t&iacute;nh r&#7911;i ro c&#7911;a h&#7885; &#273;&#7875; c&oacute; m&#7897;t &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n &#7903; m&#7897;t trong nh&#7919;ng <i>BRCA</i> gene.</p>\n<p>B&#7903;i v&igrave; ung th&#432; v&uacute; hi&#7871;m g&#7863;p &#7903; nam gi&#7899;i, nam gi&#7899;i b&#7883; ung th&#432; n&agrave;y th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c cung c&#7845;p t&#432; v&#7845;n di truy&#7873;n v&agrave; ki&#7875;m tra cho <i>BRCA</i> &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n.</p>\n<p>N&#7871;u m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i n&agrave;o &#273;&oacute; trong gia &#273;&igrave;nh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&igrave;m th&#7845;y c&oacute; m&#7897;t <i>BRCA</i> &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n, n&oacute; c&oacute; ngh&#297;a r&#7857;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n c&#7911;a h&#7885; (cha m&#7865;, anh ch&#7883; em, v&agrave; tr&#7867; em) c&oacute; 50% c&#417; h&#7897;i c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c c&oacute; m&#7897;t &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n &#273;&oacute;.</p>\n<p>HBOC kh&ocirc;ng ph&#7843;i l&agrave; h&#7897;i ch&#7913;ng ung th&#432; gia &#273;&igrave;nh duy nh&#7845;t c&oacute; th&#7875; g&acirc;y ra v&uacute; ho&#7863;c ung th&#432; bu&#7891;ng tr&#7913;ng.</p>\n<h2>Di truy&#7873;n v&#7899;i ung th&#432; &#273;&#7841;i tr&agrave;ng</h2>\n<p>C&aacute;c h&#7897;i ch&#7913;ng di truy&#7873;n th&#432;&#7901;ng g&#7863;p nh&#7845;t l&agrave;m t&#259;ng nguy c&#417; c&#7911;a m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i &#273;&#7889;i v&#7899;i b&#7879;nh ung th&#432; &#273;&#7841;i tr&agrave;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&agrave; di truy&#7873;n kh&ocirc;ng polyp ung th&#432; &#273;&#7841;i tr&agrave;ng (HNPCC), ho&#7863;c h&#7897;i ch&#7913;ng Lynch. Nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i b&#7883; h&#7897;i ch&#7913;ng n&agrave;y c&oacute; nguy c&#417; cao ung th&#432; &#273;&#7841;i tr&#7921;c tr&agrave;ng. H&#7847;u h&#7871;t c&aacute;c b&#7879;nh ung th&#432; x&#7843;y ra tr&#432;&#7899;c tu&#7893;i 50.&nbsp;</p>\n<p>HNPCC c&#361;ng d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n nguy c&#417; cao c&#7911;a b&#7879;nh ung th&#432; n&#7897;i m&#7841;c t&#7917; cung (ung th&#432; n&#7897;i m&#7841;c t&#7917; cung) &#7903; ph&#7909; n&#7919;. B&#7879;nh ung th&#432; kh&aacute;c li&ecirc;n k&#7871;t v&#7899;i HNPCC bao g&#7891;m ung th&#432; bu&#7891;ng tr&#7913;ng, d&#7841; d&agrave;y, ru&#7897;t non, t&#7909;y, th&#7853;n, n&atilde;o, ni&#7879;u qu&#7843;n (&#7889;ng d&#7851;n n&#432;&#7899;c ti&#7875;u t&#7915; th&#7853;n &#273;&#7871;n b&agrave;ng quang), v&agrave; &#7889;ng m&#7853;t.</p>\n<p>HNPCC c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&acirc;y ra m&#7897;t s&#7921; &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n trong m&#7897;t trong m&#7897;t s&#7889; gen, bao g&#7891;m MLH1, MSH2, MLH3, MSH6,PMS1, <i>PMS,</i> v&agrave; <i>TGFBR2.</i> H&#7847;u h&#7871;t c&aacute;c gen tham gia v&agrave;o s&#7917;a ch&#7919;a DNA.</p>\n<p>C&aacute;c &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n &#7903; c&aacute;c gen g&acirc;y HNPCC c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&igrave;m th&#7845;y qua x&eacute;t nghi&#7879;m di truy&#7873;n. C&aacute;c b&aacute;c s&#297; v&agrave; chuy&ecirc;n gia di truy&#7873;n h&#7885;c c&oacute; th&#7875; t&igrave;m xem HNPCC c&oacute; kh&#7843; n&#259;ng d&#7921;a tr&ecirc;n l&#7883;ch s&#7917; c&aacute; nh&acirc;n v&agrave; gia &#273;&igrave;nh c&#7911;a b&#7841;n b&#7857;ng c&aacute;ch s&#7917; d&#7909;ng c&aacute;c ti&ecirc;u ch&iacute; nh&#7845;t &#273;&#7883;nh.</p>\n<p>N&#7871;u m&#7897;t ng&#432;&#7901;i n&agrave;o &#273;&oacute; trong gia &#273;&igrave;nh &#273;&#432;&#7907;c t&igrave;m th&#7845;y c&oacute; HNPCC, n&oacute; c&oacute; ngh&#297;a r&#7857;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i th&acirc;n c&#7911;a h&#7885; (cha m&#7865;, anh ch&#7883; em, v&agrave; tr&#7867; em) c&oacute; 50% c&#417; h&#7897;i c&#7911;a vi&#7879;c c&oacute; m&#7897;t &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n. H&#7885; c&#7847;n&nbsp;&#273;&#432;&#7907;c th&#7917; nghi&#7879;m &#273;&#7875; ki&#7875;m&nbsp;so&aacute;t ung th&#432; s&#7899;m ho&#7863;c bi&#7879;n ph&aacute;p ph&ograve;ng ng&#7915;a kh&aacute;c &#273;&#7875; gi&#7843;m nguy c&#417; ung th&#432;.</p>\n<h2>H&#7897;i ch&#7913;ng Li-Fraumeni</h2>\n<p>H&#7897;i ch&#7913;ng Li-Fraumeni l&agrave; m&#7897;t h&#7897;i ch&#7913;ng hi&#7871;m g&#7863;p c&oacute; th&#7875; d&#7851;n &#273;&#7871;n s&#7921; ph&aacute;t tri&#7875;n c&#7911;a m&#7897;t s&#7889; b&#7879;nh ung th&#432;, bao g&#7891;m sarcoma, b&#7879;nh b&#7841;ch c&#7847;u, n&atilde;o (h&#7879; th&#7889;ng th&#7847;n kinh trung &#432;&#417;ng) ung th&#432;, ung th&#432; c&#7911;a v&#7887; th&#432;&#7907;ng th&#7853;n v&agrave; v&uacute; ung th&#432;. C&aacute;c b&#7879;nh ung th&#432; th&#432;&#7901;ng x&#7843;y ra nh&#7845;t &#7903; tr&#7867; em, m&#7863;c d&ugrave; b&#7879;nh ung th&#432; v&uacute; x&#7843;y ra &#7903; ng&#432;&#7901;i l&#7899;n. Nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; Li-Fraumeni c&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; b&#7883; &#7843;nh h&#432;&#7903;ng b&#7903;i nhi&#7873;u h&#417;n m&#7897;t b&#7879;nh ung th&#432; trong cu&#7897;c &#273;&#7901;i c&#7911;a h&#7885;. H&#7885; c&#361;ng l&agrave; nh&#7919;ng ng&#432;&#7901;i c&oacute; nguy c&#417; cao c&#7911;a b&#7879;nh ung th&#432; t&#7915; x&#7841; tr&#7883;, v&agrave; do &#273;&oacute;, c&aacute;c b&aacute;c s&#297; &#273;i&#7873;u tr&#7883; cho nh&#7919;ng b&#7879;nh nh&acirc;n c&oacute; th&#7875; c&#7889; g&#7855;ng &#273;&#7875; tr&aacute;nh cho h&#7885; b&#7913;c x&#7841; khi c&oacute; th&#7875;.</p>\n<p>H&#7897;i ch&#7913;ng n&agrave;y th&#432;&#7901;ng &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&acirc;y ra b&#7903;i &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n di truy&#7873;n trong gen p53 <i>(TP53,</i> m&#7897;t gen &#7913;c ch&#7871; kh&#7889;i u). M&#7897;t gen b&igrave;nh th&#432;&#7901;ng cho p53 ng&#7915;ng s&#7921; t&#259;ng tr&#432;&#7903;ng c&#7911;a c&aacute;c t&#7871; b&agrave;o b&#7845;t th&#432;&#7901;ng. N&oacute; c&#361;ng c&oacute; th&#7875; &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&acirc;y ra b&#7903;i &#273;&#7897;t bi&#7871;n &#7903; m&#7897;t gen &#273;&#432;&#7907;c g&#7885;i l&agrave; CHEK2.</p>\n<br><br>\nvia WordPress http://motnoi.org/ung-thu-co-bi-di-truyen.html"}}