{"action":"created","comment":{"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/gopheracademy/gopheracademy-web/pulls/comments/48225225","id":48225225,"diff_hunk":"@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@\n++++\n+author = [\"Gyu-Ho Lee\"]\n+date = \"2015-12-29T08:00:00+00:00\"\n+linktitle = \"etcd: distributed key-value store with grpc/http2\"\n+series = [\"Advent 2015\"]\n+title = \"etcd: distributed key-value store with grpc/http2\"\n++++\n+\n+## What is etcd?\n+\n+<img alt=\"etcd\"\n+     src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/etcd/master/logos/etcd-horizontal-color.png\"\n+     style=\"float:right; margin-bottom:2em;\"/>\n+\n+etcd is a distributed, consistent key-value store, written in Go. Similar to how Linux distributions typically use `/etc` to store local configuration data, etcd can be thought of as a reliable store for *distributed* configuration data. It is distributed by replicating data to multiple machines, therefore highly available against single point of failures. Using Raft consensus algorithms, etcd gracefully handles network partitions and machine failures, even leader failures. etcd is being widely used in production: CockroachDB, CoreOS, Kubernetes, etc.\n+\n+## How does etcd work?\n+\n+etcd cluster is leader-based. A leader is elected by other members in cluster. Once elected, the leader starts processing client requests and replicating them to its followers. All server-to-server communication is done by RPC (Remote Procedure Call).\n+\n+## What matters to etcd performance?\n+\n+Latency matters. Data need to be delivered as fast as possible. Lower latency means higher throughput for the state machine, and consequently consistent data replication. Memory/CPU usage matters. etcd needs to replicate messages with minimum resources. gRPC is one way that can reduce such costs and minimize latency.\n+\n+## What is gRPC?\n+\n+gRPC is a framework from Google, to handle remote procedure calls. It uses HTTP/2 to support highly performant, scalable APIs and microservices. gRPC is based on HTTP/2, which can be better than HTTP/1.x because:\n+\n+<ul>\n+\t<li>it is binary rather than textual, therefore more compact and efficient.</li>\n+\t<li>it multiplexes requests over a single TCP connection. This allows many messages to be in flight at the same time and reduces network resource usage.</li>\n+\t<li>it uses header compression to reduce size of requests and responses.</li>\n+</ul>\n+\n+<br>\n+A frame is a basic HTTP/2 protocol unit. A stream is a bidirectional flow of frames with a shared stream id. Streams are largely independent of each other. Which means one single HTTP/2 connection can have multiple concurrently open streams and process frames from multiple streams asynchronously.\n+\n+By default gRPC uses protocol buffers to exchange messages. Google developed Protocol Buffers for serializing structured data. Protocol buffers are encoded in binary format, therefore more compact efficient than JSON.\n+\n+## gRPC vs JSON RPC\n+\n+gRPC uses HTTP/2 and protocol buffers, so it is expected to read and write faster. To benchmark them, let's set up simple RPC servers to store key/value pairs. Here's how to do it with `jsonrpc` package:\n+\n+```go\n+type PutRequest struct {\n+\tKey   []byte\n+\tValue []byte\n+}\n+\n+type ResponseHeader struct {\n+\tExist bool\n+\tValue []byte\n+}\n+\n+type PutResponse struct {\n+\tHeader *ResponseHeader\n+}\n+\n+type KVStoreJSONRPC struct {\n+\tmu    sync.Mutex\n+\tstore map[string][]byte\n+}\n+\n+func (s *KVStoreJSONRPC) Put(r PutRequest, resp *PutResponse) error {\n+\ts.mu.Lock()\n+\tdefer s.mu.Unlock()\n+\tresp.Header = &ResponseHeader{}\n+\tif v, ok := s.store[string(r.Key)]; ok {\n+\t\tresp.Header.Exist = true\n+\t\tresp.Header.Value = v\n+\t} else {\n+\t\ts.store[string(r.Key)] = r.Value\n+\t}\n+\treturn nil\n+}\n+\n+func startServerJSONRPC(port string) {\n+\ts := new(KVStoreJSONRPC)\n+\ts.store = make(map[string][]byte)\n+\n+\tsrv := rpc.NewServer()\n+\tsrv.Register(s)\n+\tsrv.HandleHTTP(rpc.DefaultRPCPath, rpc.DefaultDebugPath)\n+\n+\tln, err := net.Listen(\"tcp\", port)\n+\tif err != nil {\n+\t\tpanic(err)\n+\t}\n+\tdefer ln.Close()\n+\n+\tfor {\n+\t\tconn, err := ln.Accept()\n+\t\tif err != nil {\n+\t\t\tpanic(err)\n+\t\t}\n+\t\tgo srv.ServeCodec(jsonrpc.NewServerCodec(conn))\n+\t}\n+}\n+\n+func clientJSONRPC(endpoint string, msg PutRequest) {\n+\tconn, err := net.Dial(\"tcp\", endpoint)\n+\tif err != nil {\n+\t\tpanic(err)\n+\t}\n+\tdefer conn.Close()\n+\n+\tclient := jsonrpc.NewClient(conn)\n+\n+\tresp := &PutResponse{}\n+\tif err := client.Call(\"KVStoreJSONRPC.Put\", msg, resp); err != nil {\n+\t\tpanic(err)\n+\t}\n+}\n+\n+func Stress(port, endpoint string, keys, vals [][]byte) {\n+\tgo startServerJSONRPC(port)\n+\n+\tst := time.Now()\n+\n+\tfor i := range keys {\n+\t\tmsg := PutRequest{\n+\t\t\tKey:   keys[i],\n+\t\t\tValue: vals[i],\n+\t\t}\n+\t\tclientJSONRPC(endpoint, msg)\n+\t}\n+\n+\ttt := time.Since(st)\n+\tsize := len(keys)\n+\tpt := tt / time.Duration(size)\n+\tlog.Printf(\"JSONRPC took %v for %d requests with 1 client(s) (%v per each).\\n\", tt, size, pt)\n+}\n+\n+```\n+\n+Here's how to use gRPC with Go. First define the service in a `*.proto` file:\n+\n+```proto\n+syntax = \"proto3\";\n+package messagepb;\n+\n+import \"github.com/gogo/protobuf/gogoproto/gogo.proto\";\n+\n+option (gogoproto.marshaler_all) = true;\n+option (gogoproto.sizer_all) = true;\n+option (gogoproto.unmarshaler_all) = true;\n+option (gogoproto.goproto_getters_all) = false;\n+\n+service KV {\n+  // Put puts the given key into the store.\n+  // A put request increases the revision of the store,\n+  // and generates one event in the event history.\n+  rpc Put(PutRequest) returns (PutResponse) {}\n+}\n+\n+message PutRequest {\n+  bytes key = 1;\n+  bytes value = 2;\n+}\n+\n+message ResponseHeader {\n+  bool exist = 1;\n+  bytes value = 2;\n+}\n+\n+message PutResponse {\n+  ResponseHeader header = 1;\n+}\n+\n+```\n+\n+And then generate the Go code using `protoc`:\n+\n+```bash\n+go get -v -u github.com/gogo/protobuf/{proto,protoc-gen-gogo,gogoproto,protoc-gen-gofast};\n+\n+protoc \\\n+\t--gofast_out=plugins=grpc:. \\\n+\t--proto_path=$GOPATH/src:$GOPATH/src/github.com/gogo/protobuf/protobuf:. \\\n+\t*.proto;\n+\n+```\n+\n+This generates `*.pb.go` file that can be imported as a package. Let's assume that it is generated under `messagepb` package. Then now implement gRPC server/client as follow:\n+\n+```go\n+import (\n+\t\"log\"\n+\t\"net\"\n+\t\"sync\"\n+\t\"time\"\n+\n+\tpb \"YOUR_PATH/messagepb\"\n+\t\"golang.org/x/net/context\"\n+\t\"google.golang.org/grpc\"\n+)\n+\n+type KVStoreGRPC struct {\n+\tmu    sync.Mutex\n+\tstore map[string][]byte\n+}\n+\n+func (s *KVStoreGRPC) Put(ctx context.Context, r *pb.PutRequest) (*pb.PutResponse, error) {\n+\ts.mu.Lock()\n+\tdefer s.mu.Unlock()\n+\tresp := &pb.PutResponse{}\n+\tresp.Header = &pb.ResponseHeader{}\n+\tif v, ok := s.store[string(r.Key)]; ok {\n+\t\tresp.Header.Exist = true\n+\t\tresp.Header.Value = v\n+\t} else {\n+\t\ts.store[string(r.Key)] = r.Value\n+\t}\n+\treturn resp, nil\n+}\n+\n+func startServerGRPC(port string) {\n+\tln, err := net.Listen(\"tcp\", port)\n+\tif err != nil {\n+\t\tpanic(err)\n+\t}\n+\n+\ts := &KVStoreGRPC{}\n+\ts.store = make(map[string][]byte)\n+\n+\tgrpcServer := grpc.NewServer()\n+\tpb.RegisterKVServer(grpcServer, s)\n+\n+\tgo func() {\n+\t\tif err := grpcServer.Serve(ln); err != nil {\n+\t\t\tpanic(err)\n+\t\t}\n+\t}()\n+}\n+\n+func Stress(port, endpoint string, keys, vals [][]byte, numConns, numClients int) {\n+\n+\tgo startServerGRPC(port)\n+\n+\tconns := make([]*grpc.ClientConn, numConns)\n+\tfor i := range conns {\n+\t\tconn, err := grpc.Dial(endpoint, grpc.WithInsecure())\n+\t\tif err != nil {\n+\t\t\tpanic(err)\n+\t\t}\n+\t\tconns[i] = conn\n+\t}\n+\tclients := make([]pb.KVClient, numClients)\n+\tfor i := range clients {\n+\t\tclients[i] = pb.NewKVClient(conns[i%int(numConns)])\n+\t}\n+\n+\trequests := make(chan *pb.PutRequest, len(keys))\n+\tdone, errChan := make(chan struct{}), make(chan error)\n+\n+\tfor i := range clients {\n+\t\tgo func(i int, requests chan *pb.PutRequest) {\n+\t\t\tfor r := range requests {\n+\t\t\t\tif _, err := clients[i].Put(context.Background(), r); err != nil {\n+\t\t\t\t\terrChan <- err\n+\t\t\t\t\treturn\n+\t\t\t\t}\n+\t\t\t}\n+\t\t\tdone <- struct{}{}\n+\t\t}(i, requests)\n+\t}\n+\n+\tst := time.Now()\n+\n+\tfor i := range keys {\n+\t\tr := &pb.PutRequest{\n+\t\t\tKey:   keys[i],\n+\t\t\tValue: vals[i],\n+\t\t}\n+\t\trequests <- r\n+\t}\n+\n+\tclose(requests)\n+\n+\tcn := 0\n+\tfor cn != len(clients) {\n+\t\tselect {\n+\t\tcase err := <-errChan:\n+\t\t\tpanic(err)\n+\t\tcase <-done:\n+\t\t\tcn++\n+\t\t}\n+\t}\n+\tclose(done)\n+\tclose(errChan)\n+\n+\ttt := time.Since(st)\n+\tsize := len(keys)\n+\tpt := tt / time.Duration(size)\n+\tlog.Printf(\"GRPC took %v for %d requests with %d client(s) (%v per each).\\n\", tt, size, numClients, pt)\n+}\n+\n+```\n+\n+## Benchmark results\n+\n+Tests send 300,000 requests to key/value stores. One uses `jsonrpc`, and the other uses `gRPC`. Both `jsonrpc` and `gRPC` code use only one TCP connection. And another interesting `gRPC` case with a single TCP connection but with multiple clients:\n+\n+|RPC|# of requests|# of clients|total time|per-request time|\n+|---|---|---|---|:-:|\n+|`jsonrpc`|300,000|1|8m7.270s|1.624ms|\n+|gRPC|300,000|1|36.715s|122.383µs|\n+|gRPC|300,000|100|7.167s|23.892µs|\n+\n+<br>\n+And if compared on memory usage:\n+\n+|RPC|`jsonrpc`|gRPC|delta|\n+|---|---------|----|:---:|\n+|NsPerOp|487271046903|36716116701|-92.46%|\n+|AllocsPerOp|32747687|25221256|-22.98%|\n+|AllocedBytesPerOp|3182814152|1795122672|-43.60%|\n+\n+|RPC|`jsonrpc`|gRPC with 100 clients|delta|\n+|---|---------|----|:---:|\n+|NsPerOp|487271046903|7168591678|-98.53%|\n+|AllocsPerOp|32747687|25230286|-22.96%|\n+|AllocedBytesPerOp|3182814152|1795831944|-43.58%|\n+\n+|RPC|gRPC|gRPC with 100 clients|delta|\n+|---|---------|----|:---:|\n+|NsPerOp|36716116701|7168591678|-80.48%|\n+|AllocsPerOp|25221256|25230286|+0.04%|\n+|AllocedBytesPerOp|1795122672|1795831944|+0.04%|\n+\n+<br>\n+As you see, gRPC is much faster and lighter than `jsonrpc`. Not only performant, but also gRPC is easier to reason about concurrency. HTTP/1.x requires multiple TCP connections for concurrent requests, while HTTP/2 can have multiple requests in-flight at the same time over one single TCP connection and still process them asynchronously. Tests above show that gRPC with multiple clients solely speeds up gRPC by 80%, without having to open multiple TCP connections.\n+\n+## How does etcd use gRPC?\n+\n+etcd already uses protocol buffers for all structured data and supports gRPC as an experimental feature. etcd team is actively working on gRPC integration to replace all etcd RPCs. Here's how different parts of the etcd codebase leverage gRPC and Protocol Buffers:\n+\n+```\n+etcdserver/         // Each etcd member runs as an etcdserver.\n+\n+\tetcdserverpb/   // All message, schema, service are defined\n+\t                // here in Protocol Buffer format.\n+\n+\tapi/\n+\t\tv3rpc/      // Implements etcd v3 RPC system based on\n+\t\t\t\t\t// gRPC and Protocol Buffers.\n+\n+main.go             // Start 'etcdserver' with grpc framework.\n+\n+```\n+\n+## etcd 2.0 vs 2.3+\n+\n+- [etcd v2.0](https://github.com/coreos/etcd/tree/release-2.0) uses Protocol Buffer but does not support gRPC.\n+- [etcd v2.3+](https://github.com/coreos/etcd/tree/b1138a42a28e3458ffc738e51f916c2e0c10966c) uses Protocol Buffer with gRPC support.\n+\n+Here's performance comparison:\n+\n+```\n+\n+IN PROGRESS...\n+\n+Will add tests results and code...\n+\n+```\n+\n+## Interested?\n+\n+etcd is still in active development, while widely used in production. If interested, please try it out:","path":"content/advent-2015/etcd-distributed-key-value-store-with-grpc-http2.md","position":369,"original_position":369,"commit_id":"dcf209fc46c4a639a8c258c46f8c83d47d283c34","original_commit_id":"dcf209fc46c4a639a8c258c46f8c83d47d283c34","user":{"login":"philips","id":33544,"avatar_url":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/33544?v=3","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/philips","html_url":"https://github.com/philips","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/philips/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/philips/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/philips/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/philips/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/philips/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/philips/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/philips/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/philips/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/philips/received_events","type":"User","site_admin":false},"body":"I always like to link to the latest release which includes very nice getting started instructions: https://github.com/coreos/etcd/releases/tag/v2.2.2","created_at":"2015-12-22T06:28:25Z","updated_at":"2015-12-22T06:28:25Z","html_url":"https://github.com/gopheracademy/gopheracademy-web/pull/156#discussion_r48225225","pull_request_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/gopheracademy/gopheracademy-web/pulls/156","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.github.com/repos/gopheracademy/gopheracademy-web/pulls/comments/48225225"},"html":{"href":"https://github.com/gopheracademy/gopheracademy-web/pull/156#discussion_r48225225"},"pull_request":{"href":"https://api.github.com/repos/gopheracademy/gopheracademy-web/pulls/156"}}},"pull_request":{"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/gopheracademy/gopheracademy-web/pulls/156","id":53566973,"html_url":"https://github.com/gopheracademy/gopheracademy-web/pull/156","diff_url":"https://github.com/gopheracademy/gopheracademy-web/pull/156.diff","patch_url":"https://github.com/gopheracademy/gopheracademy-web/pull/156.patch","issue_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/gopheracademy/gopheracademy-web/issues/156","number":156,"state":"open","locked":false,"title":"[DRAFT] advent 2015: add etcd,grpc,http2 article","user":{"login":"gyuho","id":6799218,"avatar_url":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/6799218?v=3","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/gyuho","html_url":"https://github.com/gyuho","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/gyuho/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/gyuho/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/gyuho/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/gyuho/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/gyuho/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/gyuho/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/gyuho/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/gyuho/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/gyuho/received_events","type":"User","site_admin":false},"body":"Reference:\r\nhttps://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1H0rj7TJo0t8GWyNdGwEc6bGcDj6UgJUN42JtAtbPMrk/edit#gid=0https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1H0rj7TJo0t8GWyNdGwEc6bGcDj6UgJUN42JtAtbPMrk/edit#gid=0\r\n\r\n/cc @xiang90 @jonboulle @philips\r\nPlease review and let me know if you have any feedback.\r\nScheduled posting date is Tuesday, December 29th, 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