{"action":"created","comment":{"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/pulls/comments/30526954","id":30526954,"diff_hunk":"@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@\n+---\n+layout: exercise\n+title: Scientific 2\n+language: R\n+---\n+\n+This is a follow up to\n+[Scientific 1]({{ site.baseurl }}/exercises/Scientific-1-R).\n+\n+Looking at the average mass of extinct and extant species overall is useful, but\n+there are lots of different processes that could cause size-biased extinctions\n+so it's not as informative as we might like.  However, if we see the exact same\n+pattern on each of the different continents that might really tell us\n+something. Repeat the analysis in\n+[Scientific 1]({{ site.baseurl }}/exercises/Scientific-1-R), but this time compare the\n+mean masses within each of the different continents. Export your results to a\n+csv file where the first entry on each line is the continent, the second entry\n+is the average mass of the extant species on that continent, the third entry is\n+the average mass of the extinct species on that continent, and the forth entry\n+is the difference between the average extant and average extinct masses. Call\n+the file `continent_mass_differences.csv`. If you notice anything\n+strange think about what's going on and present the final data in the way that\n+makes the most sense to you.\n+\n+Because you’re working with real data, some things might look strange that are\n+not results but barriers to analysis. These inconsistencies in the data will \n+require some cleaning. \n+\n+The unknown value used in the dataset is `-999`. R assumes your unknown value is \n+`NA`, but `“NA”` in the data is the code for North America. ","path":"exercises/Scientific-2-R.md","position":null,"original_position":30,"commit_id":"d243e083680c8dad8fbb929b7c3fadbb7abadd6d","original_commit_id":"042b4b2e997329e58efd92916c1c1a201c385de8","user":{"login":"brymz","id":1743560,"avatar_url":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1743560?v=3","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz","html_url":"https://github.com/brymz","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/received_events","type":"User","site_admin":false},"body":">> 'Smart quotes' removed\nAND language changed in unknowns paragraph to use `na.strings = \"-999\"`.\n\nOn Mon, May 18, 2015 at 11:42 AM, Zachary Brym <z.t.brym@gmail.com> wrote:\n\n> >> They need to be replaced with regular double quotes: \"NA\"\n>\n> Glad I clarified. My text editor calls them 'smart quotes'. I disagree.\n> 'Smart quotes' removed.\n>\n> On Mon, May 18, 2015 at 11:35 AM, Ethan White <notifications@github.com>\n> wrote:\n>\n>> In exercises/Scientific-2-R.md\n>> <https://github.com/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/pull/52#discussion_r30524324>\n>> :\n>>\n>> > +[Scientific 1]({{ site.baseurl }}/exercises/Scientific-1-R), but this time compare the\n>> > +mean masses within each of the different continents. Export your results to a\n>> > +csv file where the first entry on each line is the continent, the second entry\n>> > +is the average mass of the extant species on that continent, the third entry is\n>> > +the average mass of the extinct species on that continent, and the forth entry\n>> > +is the difference between the average extant and average extinct masses. Call\n>> > +the file `continent_mass_differences.csv`. If you notice anything\n>> > +strange think about what's going on and present the final data in the way that\n>> > +makes the most sense to you.\n>> > +\n>> > +Because you’re working with real data, some things might look strange that are\n>> > +not results but barriers to analysis. These inconsistencies in the data will\n>> > +require some cleaning.\n>> > +\n>> > +The unknown value used in the dataset is `-999`. R assumes your unknown value is\n>> > +`NA`, but `“NA”` in the data is the code for North America.\n>>\n>>  you want me to remove the back quotes everywhere\n>>\n>> No, not the back quotes. You currently have “NA”, but the double quotes\n>> in here are not regular double quotes, and they will error if you enter\n>> them into R:\n>>\n>> > “NA”\n>> Error: unexpected input in \"�\"\n>>\n>> They need to be replaced with regular double quotes: \"NA\"\n>>\n>> —\n>> Reply to this email directly or view it on GitHub\n>> <https://github.com/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/pull/52/files#r30524324>\n>> .\n>>\n>\n>\n","created_at":"2015-05-18T17:07:44Z","updated_at":"2015-05-18T17:07:44Z","html_url":"https://github.com/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/pull/52#discussion_r30526954","pull_request_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/pulls/52","_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/pulls/comments/30526954"},"html":{"href":"https://github.com/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/pull/52#discussion_r30526954"},"pull_request":{"href":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/pulls/52"}}},"pull_request":{"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/pulls/52","id":35648023,"html_url":"https://github.com/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/pull/52","diff_url":"https://github.com/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/pull/52.diff","patch_url":"https://github.com/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/pull/52.patch","issue_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/issues/52","number":52,"state":"open","locked":false,"title":"Scientific 2","user":{"login":"brymz","id":1743560,"avatar_url":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1743560?v=3","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz","html_url":"https://github.com/brymz","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/received_events","type":"User","site_admin":false},"body":"","created_at":"2015-05-18T16:03:00Z","updated_at":"2015-05-18T17:07:44Z","closed_at":null,"merged_at":null,"merge_commit_sha":"b4daad795ee78da9ca2d2c045c404c74dc9ff707","assignee":null,"milestone":null,"commits_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/pulls/52/commits","review_comments_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/pulls/52/comments","review_comment_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/pulls/comments{/number}","comments_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/issues/52/comments","statuses_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/statuses/d243e083680c8dad8fbb929b7c3fadbb7abadd6d","head":{"label":"brymz:Scientific-2","ref":"Scientific-2","sha":"d243e083680c8dad8fbb929b7c3fadbb7abadd6d","user":{"login":"brymz","id":1743560,"avatar_url":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1743560?v=3","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz","html_url":"https://github.com/brymz","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/received_events","type":"User","site_admin":false},"repo":{"id":33002889,"name":"datacarp-semester-biology","full_name":"brymz/datacarp-semester-biology","owner":{"login":"brymz","id":1743560,"avatar_url":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/1743560?v=3","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz","html_url":"https://github.com/brymz","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/brymz/received_events","type":"User","site_admin":false},"private":false,"html_url":"https://github.com/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology","description":null,"fork":true,"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology","forks_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/forks","keys_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/keys{/key_id}","collaborators_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/collaborators{/collaborator}","teams_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/teams","hooks_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/hooks","issue_events_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/issues/events{/number}","events_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/events","assignees_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/assignees{/user}","branches_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/branches{/branch}","tags_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/tags","blobs_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/git/blobs{/sha}","git_tags_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/git/tags{/sha}","git_refs_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/git/refs{/sha}","trees_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/git/trees{/sha}","statuses_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/statuses/{sha}","languages_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/languages","stargazers_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/stargazers","contributors_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/contributors","subscribers_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/subscribers","subscription_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/subscription","commits_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/commits{/sha}","git_commits_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/git/commits{/sha}","comments_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/comments{/number}","issue_comment_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/issues/comments{/number}","contents_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/contents/{+path}","compare_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/compare/{base}...{head}","merges_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/merges","archive_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/{archive_format}{/ref}","downloads_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/downloads","issues_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/issues{/number}","pulls_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/pulls{/number}","milestones_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/milestones{/number}","notifications_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/notifications{?since,all,participating}","labels_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/labels{/name}","releases_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology/releases{/id}","created_at":"2015-03-27T18:36:36Z","updated_at":"2015-05-05T21:38:18Z","pushed_at":"2015-05-18T17:01:56Z","git_url":"git://github.com/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology.git","ssh_url":"git@github.com:brymz/datacarp-semester-biology.git","clone_url":"https://github.com/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology.git","svn_url":"https://github.com/brymz/datacarp-semester-biology","homepage":null,"size":4219,"stargazers_count":0,"watchers_count":0,"language":"CSS","has_issues":false,"has_downloads":true,"has_wiki":true,"has_pages":true,"forks_count":0,"mirror_url":null,"open_issues_count":0,"forks":0,"open_issues":0,"watchers":0,"default_branch":"gh-pages"}},"base":{"label":"ethanwhite:gh-pages","ref":"gh-pages","sha":"ff59f5233aba064c284089119dd9d544bcaa5bc0","user":{"login":"ethanwhite","id":744427,"avatar_url":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/744427?v=3","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/ethanwhite","html_url":"https://github.com/ethanwhite","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/ethanwhite/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/ethanwhite/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/ethanwhite/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/ethanwhite/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/ethanwhite/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/ethanwhite/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/ethanwhite/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/ethanwhite/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/ethanwhite/received_events","type":"User","site_admin":false},"repo":{"id":31911336,"name":"datacarp-semester-biology","full_name":"ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology","owner":{"login":"ethanwhite","id":744427,"avatar_url":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/744427?v=3","gravatar_id":"","url":"https://api.github.com/users/ethanwhite","html_url":"https://github.com/ethanwhite","followers_url":"https://api.github.com/users/ethanwhite/followers","following_url":"https://api.github.com/users/ethanwhite/following{/other_user}","gists_url":"https://api.github.com/users/ethanwhite/gists{/gist_id}","starred_url":"https://api.github.com/users/ethanwhite/starred{/owner}{/repo}","subscriptions_url":"https://api.github.com/users/ethanwhite/subscriptions","organizations_url":"https://api.github.com/users/ethanwhite/orgs","repos_url":"https://api.github.com/users/ethanwhite/repos","events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/ethanwhite/events{/privacy}","received_events_url":"https://api.github.com/users/ethanwhite/received_events","type":"User","site_admin":false},"private":false,"html_url":"https://github.com/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology","description":null,"fork":false,"url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology","forks_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/forks","keys_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/keys{/key_id}","collaborators_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/collaborators{/collaborator}","teams_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/teams","hooks_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/hooks","issue_events_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/issues/events{/number}","events_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/events","assignees_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/assignees{/user}","branches_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/branches{/branch}","tags_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/tags","blobs_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/git/blobs{/sha}","git_tags_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/git/tags{/sha}","git_refs_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/git/refs{/sha}","trees_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/git/trees{/sha}","statuses_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/statuses/{sha}","languages_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/languages","stargazers_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/stargazers","contributors_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/contributors","subscribers_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/subscribers","subscription_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/subscription","commits_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/commits{/sha}","git_commits_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/git/commits{/sha}","comments_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/comments{/number}","issue_comment_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/issues/comments{/number}","contents_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/contents/{+path}","compare_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/compare/{base}...{head}","merges_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/merges","archive_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/{archive_format}{/ref}","downloads_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/downloads","issues_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/issues{/number}","pulls_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/pulls{/number}","milestones_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/milestones{/number}","notifications_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/notifications{?since,all,participating}","labels_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/labels{/name}","releases_url":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/releases{/id}","created_at":"2015-03-09T17:01:53Z","updated_at":"2015-05-07T18:35:25Z","pushed_at":"2015-05-18T17:01:57Z","git_url":"git://github.com/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology.git","ssh_url":"git@github.com:ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology.git","clone_url":"https://github.com/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology.git","svn_url":"https://github.com/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology","homepage":null,"size":4577,"stargazers_count":0,"watchers_count":0,"language":"CSS","has_issues":true,"has_downloads":true,"has_wiki":true,"has_pages":true,"forks_count":1,"mirror_url":null,"open_issues_count":17,"forks":1,"open_issues":17,"watchers":0,"default_branch":"gh-pages"}},"_links":{"self":{"href":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/pulls/52"},"html":{"href":"https://github.com/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/pull/52"},"issue":{"href":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/issues/52"},"comments":{"href":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/issues/52/comments"},"review_comments":{"href":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/pulls/52/comments"},"review_comment":{"href":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/pulls/comments{/number}"},"commits":{"href":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/pulls/52/commits"},"statuses":{"href":"https://api.github.com/repos/ethanwhite/datacarp-semester-biology/statuses/d243e083680c8dad8fbb929b7c3fadbb7abadd6d"}}}}