Answer: 12066
By plugging in $x=0$, we get that $f(0)$ can be either $-1,2$. As $f(0)$ is unrelated to all other values, we need to remember to multiply our answer by 2 at the end. Similarly, $f(1)=-1$ or 2 .

Consider the graph $x \rightarrow x^{2}$. It is a binary tree rooted at -1 , and there is an edge $-1 \rightarrow 1$, and a loop $1 \rightarrow 1$. Our first case is $f(1)=-1$. Note that if $x, y$ satisfy $x^{2}=y$, then $f(y) \neq 1$. Otherwise, we would have $f(x)^{2}=3(\bmod 17)$, a contradiction as 3 is a nonresidue. So only the 8 leaves can take the value 1. This contributes $2^{8}$.

For $f(1)=2$, we can once again propagate down the tree. While it looks like we have 2 choices at each node (for the square roots), this is wrong, as if $f(x)=-2$ and $y^{2}=x$, then $f(y)=0$ is forced.

Given this intuition, let $a_{n}$ denote the answer for a binary tree of height $n$ where the top is either -2 or 2. Therefore, $a_{1}=2, a_{2}=5$. You can show the recurrence $a_{n}=a_{n-1}^{2}+2^{2^{n}-4}$. This is because if the top is 2 , then we get a contribution of $a_{n-1}^{2}$. If the top is -2 , then both entries below it must be 0 . After that, you can show that each of the remaining $2^{n}-4$ vertices can be either of 2 possible square roots. Therefore, we get the recurrence as claimed. One can compute that $a_{4}=5777$, so we get the final answer $2(256+5777)=12066$.
10. Let $\mathbb{N}$ denote the natural numbers. Compute the number of functions $f: \mathbb{N} \rightarrow\{0,1, \ldots, 16\}$ such that $f(x+17)=f(x) \quad$ and $\quad f\left(x^{2}\right) \equiv f(x)^{2}+15 \quad(\bmod 17)$ for all integers $x \geq 1$.