$P(x) = x^{2022} + x^{1011} + 1$ is equal to $\frac{x^{3033}-1}{x^{1011}-1}$ by difference of powers.
Therefore, the answer is a polynomial that divides $x^{3033}-1$ but not $x^{1011}-1$.
Note that any polynomial $x^m-1$ divides $x^n-1$ if and only if $m$ is a factor of $n$.
The prime factorizations of $1011$ and $3033$ are $3*337$ and $3^2*337$, respectively.
Hence, $x^9-1$ is a divisor of $x^{3033}-1$ but not $x^{1011}-1$.
By difference of powers, $x^9-1=(x^3-1)(x^6+x^3+1)$.
Therefore, the answer is $\boxed{E}$.
Let \[P(x) = x^{2022} + x^{1011} + 1.\] Which of the following polynomials is a factor of $P(x)$?
$\textbf{(A)} \, x^2 -x + 1 \qquad\textbf{(B)} \, x^2 + x + 1 \qquad\textbf{(C)} \, x^4 + 1 \qquad\textbf{(D)} \, x^6 - x^3 + 1  \qquad\textbf{(E)} \, x^6 + x^3 + 1$