TOXIGENESIS Two types of bacterial toxins 1. Lipopolysaccharides 2.The lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
Bacterial Toxins. Botulinum toxin, produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum, is the most poisonous substance known. The bacteria grows on, e.g., poorly preserved food and causes a severe form of food-poisoning (botulism). Many toxins are produced by marine organisms. One such example is saxitoxin, which is synthesized by a type of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). These algae provide food for different shellfish, e.g., mussels. As proteins, many bacterial toxins resemble enzymes in a number of ways. Like enzymes, they are denatured by heat, acid and proteolytic enzymes, they act catalytically, and they exhibit specificity of action. The substrate (in the host) may be a component of tissue cells, organs or body fluid. The processes by which protein toxins are assembled and secreted by bacterial cells are also variable. Many of the classic exotoxins are synthesized with an NH terminal leader (signal) sequence consisting of a few (1-3) charged amino acids and a stretch of (14-20) hydrophobic amino acids. An exotoxin is a toxin secreted by bacteria. An exotoxin can cause damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism. They are highly potent and can cause major damage to the host. Exotoxins may be secreted, or, similar to endotoxins, may be released during lysis of the cell.  Bacterial diseases include any type of illness caused by bacteria. Bacteria are a type of microorganism, which are tiny forms of life that can only be seen with a microscope. Other types of microorganisms include viruses, some fungi, and some parasites. Harmful bacteria may also emit toxins that damage the body. Common pathogenic bacteria and the types of bacterial diseases they cause include: Escherichia coli and Salmonella cause food poisoning. Helicobacter pylori cause gastritis and ulcers. Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea. They usually consist of an amino acid chain which can vary in molecular weight between a couple of hundred (peptides) and one hundred thousand (proteins). They may also be low-molecular organic compounds. Toxins are produced by numerous organisms, e.g., bacteria, fungi, algae and plants. Many of them are extremely poisonous, with a toxicity that is several orders of magnitude greater than the nerve agents. Many toxins are produced by marine organisms. One such example is saxitoxin, which is synthesized by a type of blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). These algae provide food for different shellfish, e.g., mussels. At a chemical level, there are two main types of bacterial toxins, lipopolysaccharides, which are associated with the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, and proteins, which are released from bacterial cells and may act at tissue sites removed from the site of bacterial growth. The processes by which protein toxins are assembled and secreted by bacterial cells are also variable. Many of the classic exotoxins are synthesized with an NH terminal leader (signal) sequence consisting of a few (1-3) charged amino acids and a stretch of (14-20) hydrophobic amino acids. What are foodborne toxins? Foodborne toxins are toxins that are found in different foods that can cause illness when they are consumed. Some are naturally occurring toxins that are found in certain foods, and others are produced by bacteria that have contaminated a food item. Clostridium perfringens food poisoning: C. perfringens is another bacterium that is capable of producing toxin. Consuming food that has a large number of such bacteria can lead to severe abdominal cramping and diarrhea in 8-22 hours after eating. 1 TOXIGENESIS Two types of bacterial toxins 1. Lipopolysaccharides: are associated with the cell walls of Gram-ve bacteria.  2  The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component of the Gram-ve bacterial outer membrane bears the name endotoxin because of its association with the cell wall of bacteria. 3  2. 1 2. 2  TOXIGENESIS Two types of bacterial toxins 1. Lipopolysaccharides: are associated with the cell walls of Gram-ve bacteria.  3  The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component of the Gram-ve bacterial outer membrane bears the name endotoxin because of its association with the cell wall of bacteria. 4
https://www.opcw.org/about-chemical-weapons/types-of-chemical-agent/toxins/ http://textbookofbacteriology.net/proteintoxins.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotoxin http://www.healthgrades.com/conditions/bacterial-diseases https://www.opcw.org/about-chemical-weapons/types-of-chemical-agent/toxins/ http://textbookofbacteriology.net/proteintoxins.html http://www.phila.gov/health/pdfs/diseases/FoodborneToxins_Bacteria_FAQ_2011.pdf http://www.slideshare.net/MMASSY/bacterial-toxins
different types of bacterial toxins