Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a medication, hormone and neurotransmitter.As a medication it is used for a number of conditions including: anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, and superficial bleeding. Norepinephrine, also called noradrenaline, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the human brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter. Inside the brain norepinephrine functions as a neurotransmitter, and is controlled by a set of mechanisms common to all monoamine neurotransmitters.
Epinephrine is normally produced by both the adrenal glands and certain neurons. It plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, output of the heart, pupil dilation, and blood sugar. Epinephrine does this by its effects on alpha and beta receptors. It is found in many animals and some one cell organisms. Jokichi Takamine first isolated epinephrine in 1901. Its wholesale cost is between 0.10 and 0.95USD a vial Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a medication, hormone and neurotransmitter. As a medication it is used for a number of conditions including: anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, and superficial bleeding. Inhaled epinephrine may be used to improve the symptoms of croup. It plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, output of the heart, pupil dilation, and blood sugar. Epinephrine does this by its effects on alpha and beta receptors. It is found in many animals and some one cell organisms. Mechanism Norepinephrine is synthesized from tyrosine as a precursor, and packed into synaptic vesicles. It performs its actionby being released into the synaptic cleft, where it acts on adrenergic receptors, followed by the signal termination,either by degradation of norepinephrine, or by uptake by surrounding cells. Receptor binding Norepinephrine performs its actions on the target cell by binding to and activating adrenergic receptors. The targetcell expression of different types of receptors determines the ultimate cellular effect, and thus norepinephrine hasdifferent actions on different cell types. Norepinephrine and epinephrine, both of which are secreted into the blood by the adrenal medulla, have somewhat different effects in exciting the alpha and beta receptors. Norepinephrine excites mainly alpha receptors but excites the beta receptors to a less extent as well. Epinephrine. Epinephrine is a potent stimulator of both a and b-adrenergic receptors, and its effects on target organs are thus complex. Most of the effects which occur after injection are listed in the table on a and b-receptors shown above. Norepinephrine, also called noradrenaline, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the human brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter. Inside the brain norepinephrine functions as a neurotransmitter, and is controlled by a set of mechanisms common to all monoamine neurotransmitters. After synthesis, norepinephrine is transported from the cytosol into synaptic vesicles by the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT). In the sympathetic nervous system norepinephrine is used as a neurotransmitter by sympathetic ganglia located near the spinal cord or in the abdomen, and is also released directly into the bloodstream by the adrenal glands. Inside the brain norepinephrine functions as a neurotransmitter, and is controlled by a set of mechanisms common to all monoamine neurotransmitters. After synthesis, norepinephrine is transported from the cytosol into synaptic vesicles by the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT). Therapeutic class: vasopressor (antihypotensive). Mechanism of action: Epinephrine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system. It is therefore a natural ligand (along with norepinephrine) of both α- and β-adrenergic receptors. α-Receptors are found on the smooth muscle of the vascular system, while β-receptors are found on the heart muscle. 1 For bradycardia in which atropine was not effective, 1 mg epinephrine is diluted in 500 mL of saline or dextrose solution, and administered as an intravenous infusion at a dose of 2 – 10 μg/min, titrated to the desired clinical effect. Neural Regulation of Hormone Release. Neural regulation of hormone release is when neuronal input to an endocrine cell increases or decreases hormonal secretion. We will consider three different examples: the autonomic innervation of the pancreas, the adrenal medulla, and neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus. In this case, epinephrine and norepinephrine are considered hormones because they are released to the circulation. However they both bind to adrenergic receptors, and thus have much the same physiological effects as sympathetic neural stimulation. Like the postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic ganglia, cells in the adrenal medulla release norepinephrine (but they also release epinephrine). In this case, epinephrine and norepinephrine are considered hormones because they are released to the circulation. However they both bind to adrenergic receptors, and thus have much the same physiological effects as sympathetic neural stimulation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine http://www.caam.rice.edu/~cox/wrap/norepinephrine.pdf http://faculty.weber.edu/ewalker/Medicinal_Chemistry/topics/Adrenergic/adrenerg.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine https://acls.com/free-resources/medication-medication-delivery/epinephrine http://courses.washington.edu/conj/bess/neuralreg/neuralreg.html http://courses.washington.edu/conj/bess/neuralreg/neuralreg.html
epinephrine and norepinephrine regulatory mechanism is