It is most frequently used in solid state physics and chemistry to study the crystal structure of solids.
Lisa Renee. Dear Ascending Family, Bifurcation means the splitting of a main body into two parts. In the mathematical study of change that occurs within a structure or space, bifurcation occurs when a parameter change causes the stability of an equilibrium (or fixed point in a field) to change. When the extreme polarity of combined forces that exist together within a collective energy field reaches its apex, a split occurs. This is called the point of divergence within the fixed point in the field (in the range of possibilities) of which a Bifurcation of Time transpires. Bifurcation means the splitting of a main body into two parts. Bifurcation or bifurcated may refer to: 1  Bifurcation (law) , the division of issues in a trial. 2  Bifurcation theory, the study of bifurcation in dynamical systems. 3  River bifurcation, the forking of a river into its distributaries. 4  Bifurcation lake, a lake that flows into two different drainage basin The formed β-FADH − is considered as the bifurcating electron donor. As a result of a domain movement, α-FAD is able to approach β-FADH − by about 4 A å and to take up one electron yielding a stable anionic, semiquinone-α ⨪ , fad which donates this electron further To-DH fad Of Bcd af after a second domain. movement Conclusion: NADH reduces β-FAD of Etf, which bifurcates one electron to Bcd via α-FAD and the other to ferredoxin. Repetition leads to reduction of crotonyl-CoA. Significance: The mechanism can be extended to other bifurcating systems. Ubiquinone-based electron bifurcation in the bc1 complex involved in the respiratory chain (plastoquinol-based in the b 6 f complex involved in photosynthesis) (+320&mV)&(+100&mV)& (100mV) Dutton et al. Coupling of exergonic redox reactions with ADP phosphorylation via electron transport phosphorylation (ETP) ADP ATP ← δµH + /Na + → δµH + /Na + F 1 F o ATPase Cytoplasmic membrane - + 2 [H] + A AH 2 A = O 2, NO 3 -, Fe 3+ , Mn 4+ , fumarate, SO 42- , S o, CO 2, NAD + , H +. Studies on the Mechanism of Electron Bifurcation Catalyzed by Electron Transferring Flavoprotein (Etf) and Butyryl-CoA Dehydrogenase (Bcd) of Acidaminococcus fermentans *. Conclusion: NADH reduces β-FAD of Etf, which bifurcates one electron to Bcd via α-FAD and the other to ferredoxin. Repetition leads to reduction of crotonyl-CoA. Significance: The mechanism can be extended to other bifurcating systems. Electron diffraction is most frequently used in solid state physics and chemistry to study the crystal structure of solids. Experiments are usually performed in a transmission electron microscope (TEM), or a scanning electron microscope (SEM) as electron backscatter diffraction. This phenomenon is commonly known as wave–particle duality, which states that a particle of matter (in this case the incident electron) can be described as a wave. For this reason, an electron can be regarded as a wave much like sound or water waves. Flavin-based electron bifurcation in anaerobic bacteria and archaea E-donor FH 2 Electron acceptor 2 Electron+ acceptor 1 2x1e - 2x1e - 2x2e - + 4H + E´ (mv) - (E´ ≈ -300 mV) Buckel and Thauer 2013 Cytoplasm FH 2 = protein-bound flavin In principle also reversible. Coupling of exergonic redox reactions with ADP phosphorylation via electron transport phosphorylation (ETP) ADP ATP ← δµH + /Na + → δµH + /Na + F 1 F o ATPase Cytoplasmic membrane - + 2 [H] + A AH 2 A = O 2, NO 3 -, Fe 3+ , Mn 4+ , fumarate, SO 42- , S o, CO 2, NAD + , H +. Electron diffraction refers to the wave nature of electrons. However, from a technical or practical point of view, it may be regarded as a technique used to study matter by firing electrons at a sample and observing the resulting interference pattern. This phenomenon is commonly known as wave–particle duality, which states that a particle of matter (in this case the incident electron) can be described as a wave. For this reason, an electron can be regarded as a wave much like sound or water waves. Electron bifurcation is a fundamental strategy of energy coupling originally discovered in the Q-cycle of many organisms. Recently a flavin-based electron bifurcation has been detected in anaerobes, first in clostridia and later in acetogens and methanogens. Conclusion: NADH reduces β-FAD of Etf, which bifurcates one electron to Bcd via α-FAD and the other to ferredoxin. Repetition leads to reduction of crotonyl-CoA. Significance: The mechanism can be extended to other bifurcating systems. The periodic structure of a crystalline solid acts as a diffraction grating, scattering the electrons in a predictable manner. Working back from the observed diffraction pattern, it may be possible to deduce the structure of the crystal producing the diffraction pattern. This phenomenon is commonly known as wave–particle duality, which states that a particle of matter (in this case the incident electron) can be described as a wave. For this reason, an electron can be regarded as a wave much like sound or water waves.
http://www.energeticsynthesis.com/index.php/resource-tools/news-shift-timelines/2273-bifurcation-of-time https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifurcation http://www.jbc.org/content/289/8/5145.short http://www.mbl.edu/microbialdiversity/files/2013/07/Vortrag-Woods-Hole-22-06-13-Thauer-.pptx.pdf http://www.jbc.org/content/289/8/5145.short https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_diffraction http://www.mbl.edu/microbialdiversity/files/2013/07/Vortrag-Woods-Hole-22-06-13-Thauer-.pptx.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_diffraction http://www.jbc.org/content/289/8/5145.short https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_diffraction
what is electron bifurcation