Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a medication, hormone and neurotransmitter
Norepinephrine Synthesis and Release. Norepinephrine (NE) is the primary neurotransmitter for postganglionic sympathetic adrenergic nerve s. It is synthesized inside the nerve axon, stored within vesicles, then released by the nerve when an action potential travels down the nerve. Below are the details for release and synthesis of NE: 1 Dopamine is transported into vesicles then converted to norepinephrine (NE) by dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH); transport into the vesicle can by blocked by the drug reserpine. 2  An action potential traveling down the axon depolarizes the membrane and causes calcium to enter the axon. In addition to interacting with receptors, adrenergic agonists and antagonists can interact at sites on the nerve terminal to produce sympathomimetic or sympatholytic effects. These potential sites are indicated by the numbers. A majority of drugs are direct acting agonists or antagonists. These agents require the presence of endogenous monoamine neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin) to produce their effects. Indirect acting agonists work at the nerve terminal to promote the release and/or block the reuptake of endogenous neurotransmitters. If an a receptor blocker is administered, epinephrine 2-receptor effects dominate and total peripheral resistance falls as does mean blood pressure--this phenomenon is termed epinephrine reversal. Cardiac Effects. Epinephrine exerts most of its effects effects on the heart through activation of 1-adrenergic receptors. Acting through α1 receptors, vasocontrictor effects decrease blood flow through skin and kidney. Even at doses of epinephrine that do not affect mean blood pressure, substantially increases renal vascular resistance and reduces blood flow (40%). ADRENERGIC PHARMACOLOGY. This study guide is designed to facilitate the understanding of sympathomimetics and sympatholytics and the adrenergic receptors at which these drugs interact to produce their therapeutic effects. These agents require the presence of endogenous monoamine neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin) to produce their effects. Indirect acting agonists work at the nerve terminal to promote the release and/or block the reuptake of endogenous neurotransmitters. Norepinephrine, also called noradrenaline, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the human brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter. The consequence is a massive increase in the amount of norepinephrine and epinephrine released into the bloodstream. The most obvious symptoms are those of sympathetic hyperactivation, including particularly a rise in blood pressure that can reach fatal levels. In these patients, it is important to remember that epinephrine injection usually enhances blood flow in the coronary arteries through its beta-2 adrenergic actions, which leads to increased myocardial contractility and increased duration of diastole compared with systole (Table 1). Beneficial Effects. In patients with anaphylaxis, epinephrine has potent life-saving alpha-1 adrenergic vasoconstrictor effects on the small arterioles and precapillary sphincters in most body organ systems. Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a medication, hormone and neurotransmitter. As a medication it is used for a number of conditions including: anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, and superficial bleeding. Inhaled epinephrine may be used to improve the symptoms of croup. It plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, output of the heart, pupil dilation, and blood sugar. Epinephrine does this by its effects on alpha and beta receptors. It is found in many animals and some one cell organisms. Norepinephrine is synthesized and released by the central nervous system and also by a division of the autonomic nervous system called the sympathetic nervous system. The consequence is a massive increase in the amount of norepinephrine and epinephrine released into the bloodstream. The most obvious symptoms are those of sympathetic hyperactivation, including particularly a rise in blood pressure that can reach fatal levels. Epinephrine is normally produced by both the adrenal glands and certain neurons. It plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, output of the heart, pupil dilation, and blood sugar. Epinephrine does this by its effects on alpha and beta receptors. It is found in many animals and some one cell organisms. Jokichi Takamine first isolated epinephrine in 1901. Its wholesale cost is between 0.10 and 0.95USD a vial
http://cvpharmacology.com/norepinephrine http://www.uky.edu/~mtp/pha824ar/PHA824ar.html http://nursingpharmacology.info/Autonomics/Adrenergics/NAdrenergic2.htm http://www.uky.edu/~mtp/pha824ar/PHA824ar.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/726456_2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine
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