2.0 to 3.0
Ortel TL. The antiphospholipid syndrome is an antibody-mediated hypercoagulable state characterized by recurrent venous and arterial thromboembolic events. Several studies have determined that the frequency of antiphospholipid syndrome in patients presenting with a venous thromboembolic event is between 4% and 14%. Although most authorities agree on an extended course of therapy, considerable controversy surrounds the optimal target therapeutic INR for patients with antiphospholipid syndrome. For an initial venous thromboembolic event, a target INR of 2.0 to 3.0 is supported by two prospective, randomized clinical trials. ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME OVERVIEW. Phospholipids are present in the membranes that form the surface of cells, including blood cells and endothelial cells that line blood vessels. In some people, the immune system develops antibodies to these phospholipids or to proteins that are attached to them. People who have these antibodies and develop blood clots or pregnancy-related complications are said to have a syndrome called the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). APS is an autoimmune disorder, meaning that it occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues and organs. Bleeding and recurrent thrombosis in definite antiphospholipid syndrome: analysis of a series of 66 patients treated with oral anticoagulation to a target international normalized ratio of 3.5. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1164-9. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) constitutes vascular thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity occurring in persons with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), most commonly a positive lupus anticoagulant (LAC) test, anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL), and anti-ss2-ß2 Glycoprotein i (antibodies-SS2) . ß2 gpi ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME SYMPTOMS. The symptoms of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) are related primarily to abnormal blood clotting, miscarriage, or stillbirth. Thrombosis (blood clot) — The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies can increase the risk of developing a thrombosis (blood clot) in a vein or artery. Without treatment, patients often experience repeated clots. Blood flow to and function of important organs can be affected, depending upon where the clot is located. People who have these antibodies and develop blood clots or pregnancy-related complications are said to have a syndrome called the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). APS is an autoimmune disorder, meaning that it occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues and organs. Abstract. The antiphospholipid syndrome is an antibody-mediated hypercoagulable state characterized by recurrent venous and arterial thromboembolic events. Several studies have determined that the frequency of antiphospholipid syndrome in patients presenting with a venous thromboembolic event is between 4% and 14%. Prospective randomized trials. Two trials have been published that randomized patients who met criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome with thrombosis as the presenting symptom to a target INR range of 2.0 to 3.0 or to a higher target INR range of 3.1 to 4.0. Antiphospholipid syndrome often requires treatment with anticoagulant medication such as heparin to reduce the risk of further episodes of thrombosis and improve the prognosis of pregnancy. Secondary antiphospholipid syndrome occurs with other autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In rare cases, APS leads to rapid organ failure due to generalised thrombosis; this is termed  catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome  (CAPS) and is associated with a high risk of death.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16304421 http://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-antiphospholipid-syndrome-beyond-the-basics http://www.jrheum.com/subscribers/05/02/208.html http://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-antiphospholipid-syndrome-beyond-the-basics http://asheducationbook.hematologylibrary.org/content/2005/1/462.full https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiphospholipid_syndrome
what inr for antiphospholipid antibody syndrome