Cell Signaling is an important facet of biological life. Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell.
Cell signaling occurs by 2 methods, electrical and chemical signals. Cells receive information from their environment, usually in the form of electrical and chemical signals. So Cell signaling is a way for a cell to receive information from it environment. Membrane receptors allow cells to recognize, transmit, and respond to a variety of specific signals. A technical definition I found is: Cell Signaling-all living cells sense and respond to their enviroment by a set of mechanisms known as cell signaling. Everything but the definition came from the text book. The defintion came from the website which you may still find more useful information Individual cells often receive many signals simultaneously, and they then integrate the information they receive into a unified action plan. But cells aren't just targets. They also send out messages to other cells both near and far. Most cell signals are chemical in nature. The signal transduction cascade begins when adenylyl cyclase, a membrane-bound enzyme, is activated by G-protein molecules associated with the adrenergic receptor. Adenylyl cyclase creates multiple cyclic AMP molecules, which fan out and activate protein kinases (PKA, in this example). In a multicellular organism, signaling between cells occurs either through release into the extracellular space, divided in paracrine signaling (over short distances) and endocrine signaling (over long distances), or by direct contact, known as juxtacrine signaling. Cell signaling has been most extensively studied in the context of human diseases and signaling between cells of a single organism. However, cell signaling may also occur between the cells of two different organisms. In many mammals, early embryo cells exchange signals with cells of the uterus. In the human gastrointestinal tract, bacteria exchange signals with each other and with human epithelial and immune system cells Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a specific receptor located on the cell surface or inside the cell. In turn, this receptor triggers a biochemical chain of events inside the cell, creating a response. Depending on the cell, the response alters the cell's metabolism, shape, gene expression, or ability to divide. The signal can be amplified at any step. Thus, one signaling molecule can cause many responses. Overview [edit]. Cell Signaling is an important facet of biological life. It allows cells to perceive and respond to the extracellular environment allowing development, growth, immunity, etc. Additionally, errors in cell signaling may result in cancer growth, diabetes. Afterwards, many pathways occur which ultimately trigger a cellular response. Juxtacrine signaling are reactions when proteins from the inducing cell interact with receptor proteins of adjacent responding cells. The inducer does not diffuse from the cell producing it. There are three types of juxtacrine interactions. Cells have proteins called receptors that bind to signaling molecules and initiate a physiological response. Different receptors are specific for different molecules. Dopamine receptors bind dopamine, insulin receptors bind insulin, nerve growth factor receptors bind nerve growth factor, and so on. The signal transduction cascade begins when adenylyl cyclase, a membrane-bound enzyme, is activated by G-protein molecules associated with the adrenergic receptor. Adenylyl cyclase creates multiple cyclic AMP molecules, which fan out and activate protein kinases (PKA, in this example). Cells release chemicals to the environment, and other cells may then learn about the presence of other cells and react appropriately to the chemical signals. Communication between cells probably evolved pretty early in the history of life. Source(s): http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/200... Membrane receptors allow cells to recognize, transmit, and respond to a variety of specific signals. A technical definition I found is: Cell Signaling-all living cells sense and respond to their enviroment by a set of mechanisms known as cell signaling. Everything but the definition came from the text book. The defintion came from the website which you may still find more useful information
https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20091031195416AAVTNYH http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/cell-signaling-14047077 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_signaling https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Cell_Signaling_Pathways http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/cell-signaling-14047077 https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20091031195416AAVTNYH
what is cell signaling and how does it occur