B cell
There are 4 main types of vaccines: 1  live attenuated vaccines, which contain a living, but weakened, form of the germ (organism); 2  inactivated vaccines, which contain a killed form of the organism; 3  subunit vaccines, which contain just the part of the organism that stimulates an immune response (the antigen); and. An antigen specifically induces the production of antibodies which can bind to it and neutralise it. While most vaccines work by inducing B lymphocytes to produce antibodies (see below), activation of T-cells — another type of immune system cell that helps protect against disease — is also important for some vaccines. In order to produce an immune response, live attenuated vaccines must replicate (grow) in the vaccinated person. A relatively small dose of virus or bacteria is given, which replicates in the body and creates enough virus/bacteria to stimulate an immune response. Types of vaccines. The way in which the body responds to a vaccine depends on the type of vaccine being administered. There are several different types of vaccine available and with new technology there will be further additions. Pure polysaccharide vaccines available include: pneumococcal, meningococcal, and Salmonella typhi. The immune response to a pure polysaccharide vaccine is typically T-cell independent, which means that these vaccines are able to stimulate B-cells without the assistance of T-helper cells. Types of vaccines. The way in which the body responds to a vaccine depends on the type of vaccine being administered. There are several different types of vaccine available and with new technology there will be further additions. Vaccination works to stimulate a specific immune response that will create memory B and T cells specific to a certain pathogen. These memory cells persist in the body and can lead to a quick and effective response should the body encounter the pathogen again. For more on vaccination, see the activity How Vaccines Work. Specific immunity is a complement to the function of phagocytes and other elements of the innate immune system. In contrast to innate immunity, specific immunity allows for a targeted response against a specific pathogen. Each vaccine contains a killed or weakened form of the organism (usually a virus or bacterium) that causes a particular disease. Even though the organism in the vaccine has been altered so that it won’t make you ill, the part of the organism that stimulates your immune system to respond (the antigen) is still present. An antigen specifically induces the production of antibodies which can bind to it and neutralise it. While most vaccines work by inducing B lymphocytes to produce antibodies (see below), activation of T-cells — another type of immune system cell that helps protect against disease — is also important for some vaccines. The immune response to a pure polysaccharide vaccine is typically T-cell independent, which means that these vaccines are able to stimulate B cells without the assistance of T-helper cells. Another way to produce active immunity is by vaccination. Vaccines interact with the immune system and often. produce an immune response similar to that produced by. the natural infection, but they do not subject the recipient to. the disease and its potential complications. Principles o Vaccination 5 1 To produce an immune response, live attenuated vaccines must replicate (grow) in the vaccinated person. A relatively small dose of virus or bacteria is administered, which replicates in the body and creates enough of the organism to stimulate an immune response. Another way to produce active immunity is by vaccination. Vaccines interact with the immune system and often. produce an immune response similar to that produced by. the natural infection, but they do not subject the recipient to. the disease and its potential complications. antibodies to attack them. How Vaccines Work Vaccines help develop immunity by imitating an infection. This type of infection, however, does not cause illness, but it does cause the immune system to produce T-lymphocytes and antibodies. Sometimes, after getting a vaccine, the imitation infection can cause minor symptoms, such as fever. prevent diseases caused by bacteria that produce. toxins (poisons) in the body. In the process of making these. vaccines, the toxins are weakened so they cannot cause illness. Weakened toxins are called toxoids. When the immune system. receives a vaccine containing a toxoid, it learns how to ight of. the natural toxin. Two types of white blood cells called lymphocytes are vital to the specific immune response. Lymphocytes are produced in the bone marrow, and mature into one of several subtypes. The two most common are T cells and B cells. An antigen is a foreign material that triggers a response from T and B cells. The human body has B and T cells specific to millions of different antigens. We usually think of antigens as part of microbes, but antigens can be present in other settings. Specific immunity is a complement to the function of phagocytes and other elements of the innate immune system. In contrast to innate immunity, specific immunity allows for a targeted response against a specific pathogen. To produce an immune response, live attenuated vaccines. must replicate (grow) in the vaccinated person. A relatively. small dose of virus or bacteria is administered, which. replicates in the body and creates enough of the organism. to stimulate an immune response. Another way to produce active immunity is by vaccination. Vaccines interact with the immune system and often. produce an immune response similar to that produced by. the natural infection, but they do not subject the recipient to. the disease and its potential complications.
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what part of a vaccine stimulates an immune response