Alcohol, chloroform, and methylene chloride
Description. Lidocaine hydrochloride monohydrate is an antiarrhythmic and local anesthetic. It is mostly metabolized in the liver by Cytochrome P450 1A to the pharmacologically-active metabolites glycinexylidide and monoethylglycinexylidide.  Full Text. Summary: The solubility of three local anesthetics (benzocaine, lidocaine, and procaine) was measured in liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide at (298, 308, and 318) K and at pressures between (70 and 280) bar. The solubilites were experimentally measured by observing the cloud point using a variable-volum... Full description. The Peng-Robinson equation of state did not adequately predict the solubilites, while a simple enhancement factor correlation did predict them. The hydrochlorides of lidocaine and procaine did not have any measurable solubility in carbon dioxide over the conditions tested. Lidocaine, also known as xylocaine and lignocaine, is a medication used to numb tissue in a specific area and to treat ventricular tachycardia. It can also be used for nerve blocks. Lidocaine was discovered in 1946 and went on sale in 1948. It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic healthcare system. It is available as a generic medication and is not very expensive. Benzocaine is a local anesthetic commonly used as a topical pain reliever or in cough drops. It is the active ingredient in many over-the-counter anesthetic ointments such as products for oral ulcers. It is also combined with antipyrine to form A/B otic drops to relieve ear pain and remove earwax. Benzocaine is the ethyl ester of p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA). It can be prepared from PABA and ethanol by Fischer esterification or via the reduction of ethyl p-nitrobenzoate. Benzocaine is sparingly soluble in water; it is more soluble in dilute acids and very soluble in ethanol, chloroform and ethyl ether. The melting point of benzocaine is 88–90 °C, and the boiling point is about 310 °C. The density of benzocaine is 1.17 g/cm 3 Lidocaine is a white to slightly yellow crystalline powder. Lidocaine hydrochloride is a white odorless crystalline powder. Solubility. Lidocaine is practically insoluble in water; it is very soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and methylene chloride. It is freely soluble in ether. Lidocaine hydrochloride is very soluble in water and alcohol and soluble in chloroform, but it is insoluble in ether. Other samples of lidocaine with epinephrine were subjected to various conditions of stress such as autoclaving for 5, 10, and 20 cycles, storage for 1 month at 80 and 110 °C, exposure to atmospheric oxygen, addition of 12 ppm of aluminum, and an increase in the pH of the solution. 1 CHEMISTRY 338 THE SYNTHESIS OF LIDOCAINE Lidocaine (1) is the common name of an important member of a category of drugs widely used as local anesthetics. Trade names for this substance include Xylocaine, Isocaine, and Anestacon, and its systematic chemical name is 2-(diethylamino)-N-(2’,6’-dimethylphenyl)acetamide. As is the case with 1 drugs containing a basic site are converted to their salts with hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, whereas those containing an acidic site--aspirin, for example--are commonly transformed to the corresponding sodium salts by reaction with sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide. (a) 2,6-Dimethylaniline (7) The preparation of lidocaine starts with the conversion of 6 to the dimethylaniline 7 by use of stannous chloride as a reducing agent. Purification of 7 is uncomplicated. The hydrochloric acid salt of 7 is formed upon reduction of the nitro group and precipitates from the reaction mixture. As is the case with 1 drugs containing a basic site are converted to their salts with hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, whereas those containing an acidic site--aspirin, for example--are commonly transformed to the corresponding sodium salts by reaction with sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide. Potency. Lipid solubility appears to be the most significant property of local anesthetic molecules in determining anesthetic potency. The lipid nature of the nerve cell membrane probably explains this relationship between lipid solubility and potency.  It is generally safe to use lidocaine with vasoconstrictor such as epinephrine including in regions such as the nose, ears, fingers and toes. While concerns of tissue death if used in these areas have been raised evidence does not support these concerns. Lidocaine was discovered in 1946 and went on sale in 1948. It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic healthcare system. It is available as a generic medication and is not very expensive.
http://www.scbt.com/datasheet-202211.html http://bibliography.library.villanova.edu/Record/2050 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidocaine https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzocaine https://www.scribd.com/doc/71049439/Lidocaine-hplc http://bama.ua.edu/~kshaughn/ch338/handouts/lidocaine.pdf http://bama.ua.edu/~kshaughn/ch338/handouts/lidocaine.pdf http://faculty.weber.edu/ewalker/Medicinal_Chemistry/topics/Psycho/local_a_prop.htm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidocaine
what is lidocaine soluble in