The immune response to viral infection comprises innate and adaptive defenses. The innate response, which we have discussed previously, functions continuously in a normal host without exposure to any virus.Most viral infections are controlled by the innate immune system.
1 Innate immune responses control influenza virus replication during the early stages of infection. 2  Adaptive immune responses are antigen-specific and develop immunological memory that provides a more rapid response upon re-exposure to the virus. Figure 16 Immune responses to viral infections. Innate immune mechanisms include the production of cytokines and the activation of antigen-presenting cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) and natural killer (NK) cells. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the innate immune recognition of viruses and the differential connection to the adaptive immune responses induced by infection or vaccination, with a particular focus on the influenza virus. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Recent accumulating evidence suggests that the human immune system possesses a variety of innate receptors that recognize, distinguish, and respond to viral infections and to vaccination. Virus infection in vertebrates results in two general types of immune response. The first is a rapid-onset innate response against the virus, which involves the synthesis of proteins called interferons and the stimulation of natural killer lymphocytes.  Adaptive immune defenses. The immune response to viral infection comprises innate and adaptive defenses. The innate response, which we have discussed previously, functions continuously in a normal host without exposure to any virus. Most viral infections are controlled by the innate immune system. A key feature of the adaptive immune system is memory. Repeat infections by the same virus are met immediately with a strong and specific response that usually effectively stops the infection with less reliance on the innate system. When we say we are immune to infection with a virus, we are talking about immune memory. 1 In the effector phase of the adaptive immune response, secretory antibodies prevent infection at mucosal surfaces of the respiratory tract, while circulating antibodies diffuse to and protect the lungs. 2  Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) contribute to elimination of the infection by lysing virus-infected cells. Figure 16 Immune responses to viral infections. Innate immune mechanisms include the production of cytokines and the activation of antigen-presenting cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) and natural killer (NK) cells. The Immune Response to Influenza Infection. When the influenza virus infects the cells of the respiratory tract, both innate and adaptive immune responses are stimulated. The innate immune response develops very quickly and controls virus replication during the early stages of infection. Figure 16 Immune responses to viral infections. Innate immune mechanisms include the production of cytokines and the activation of antigen-presenting cells (macrophages and dendritic cells) and natural killer (NK) cells. Innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infection and vaccination. Aoshi T, Koyama S, Kobiyama K, Akira S, Ishii KJ. Recent accumulating evidence suggests that the human immune system possesses a variety of innate receptors that recognize, distinguish, and respond to viral infections and to vaccination. Innate immune defenses. In response to viral infection, many organisms mount a remarkable defense known as the immune response. This response to viral infection consists of an innate, or nonspecific component, and an adaptive, or specific defense. The innate response is considered the first line of immune defense because it is active even before infection begins. Tagged as: adaptive immunity, antibody, H1N1, immune cell, influenza, innate immunity, pathogenesis, swine flu, viral, virology, virus. This info is just so awesome. Thanks so much for taking the time to put it up and do it in simple, short bits. Adaptive immunity to viruses. Innate recognition of viruses allows activation of adaptive immune responses. Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent inducers of T cell responses. However, how various populations of DCs sense virus infection and induce immune responses during a natural virus infection is unclear.
http://rapidreferenceinfluenza.com/chapter/B978-0-7234-3433-7.50011-6/aim/introduction http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22440781 http://www.lehigh.edu/~jas0/V09.html http://www.virology.ws/2009/07/03/adaptive-immune-defenses/ http://rapidreferenceinfluenza.com/chapter/B978-0-7234-3433-7.50011-6/aim/introduction http://rapidreferenceinfluenza.com/chapter/B978-0-7234-3433-7.50011-6/aim/introduction http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22440781 http://www.virology.ws/2009/06/03/innate-immune-defenses/ http://medicine.yale.edu/lab/iwasaki/projects/adaptive.aspx
innate and adaptive immune response to viral infection