Hemoglobin A, C, D, E, F, M, S.
Hemoglobin variants are mutant forms of hemoglobin in a population (usually of humans), caused by variations in genetics. Some well-known hemoglobin variants such as sickle-cell anemia are responsible for diseases, and are considered hemoglobinopathies. Hemoglobin variants occur when there are genetic changes in specific genes, or globins, that cause changes or alterations in the amino acid. They could affect the structure, behavior, the production rate, and/or the stability of that specific gene. Guide. A hemoglobin electrophoresis test is a blood test done to check the different types of hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin is the substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen. The most common types of normal hemoglobin are: 1  Hemoglobin A. An abnormal amount of normal hemoglobin or an abnormal type of hemoglobin in the blood may mean that a disease is present. Abnormal hemoglobin types may be present without any other symptoms, may cause mild diseases that do not have symptoms, or cause diseases that can be life-threatening. Hemoglobin S and hemoglobin C are the most common types of abnormal hemoglobin that may be found by an electrophoresis test. Electrophoresis uses an electrical current to separate normal and abnormal types of hemoglobin in the blood. Hemoglobin types have different electrical charges and move at different speeds. The amount of each hemoglobin type in the current is measured. An abnormal amount of normal hemoglobin or an abnormal type of hemoglobin in the blood may mean that a disease is present. Abnormal hemoglobin types may be present without any other symptoms, may cause mild diseases that do not have symptoms, or cause diseases that can be life-threatening. Different types of globins are synthesized and bound together to form the hemoglobin molecule in different stages of development. The resulting types of hemoglobin have been explained below, in order of the developmental stages. Each hemoglobin macromolecule is made up of 2 pairs of globins. Some of the abnormal variants have been listed below, along with the globin chain affected and the resulting disease. The blood test used to identify the different types of hemoglobin molecules present in blood is termed as hemoglobin electrophoresis. A hemoglobin electrophoresis test is a blood test used to measure and identify the different types of hemoglobin in your bloodstream. Hemoglobin is the protein inside red blood cells that is responsible for transporting oxygen throughout your circulatory system to your tissues and organs. The types of hemoglobin include: 1  hemoglobin F: This type is found in growing fetuses and newborns. 2  hemoglobin A: This is the most common type of hemoglobin found in healthy children and adults. 3  hemoglobin C, D, E, M, and S: These (and many other, rarer variations) are types of abnormal hemoglobin. In humans, different types of hemoglobin molecules are synthesized during the embryonic, fetal and adult stages. Advertisement. Hemoglobin is a type of respiratory protein present in the red blood cells or erythrocytes, and is involved in the transportation of oxygen from lungs to all the different tissues of the body. Some of the abnormal variants have been listed below, along with the globin chain affected and the resulting disease. The blood test used to identify the different types of hemoglobin molecules present in blood is termed as hemoglobin electrophoresis. Hemoglobin is also found outside red blood cells and their progenitor lines. Other cells that contain hemoglobin include the A9 dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, macrophages, alveolar cells, and mesangial cells in the kidney. In adult humans, the most common hemoglobin type is a tetramer (which contains 4 subunit proteins) called hemoglobin A, consisting of two α and two β subunits non-covalently bound, each made of 141 and 146 amino acid residues, respectively. In mammals, the protein makes up about 96% of the red blood cells' dry content (by weight), and around 35% of the total content (including water). Hemoglobin has an oxygen-binding capacity of 1.34 mL O 2 per gram, which increases the total blood oxygen capacity seventy-fold compared to dissolved oxygen in blood. In adult humans, the most common hemoglobin type is a tetramer (which contains 4 subunit proteins) called hemoglobin A, consisting of two α and two β subunits non-covalently bound, each made of 141 and 146 amino acid residues, respectively.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin_variants http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/hemoglobin-electrophoresis http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/hemoglobin-electrophoresis http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-hemoglobin-in-humans.html http://www.healthline.com/health/hemoglobin-electrophoresis http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of-hemoglobin-in-humans.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin
different types of hemoglobin