10.59987/ads/2017.1.29-33
Objective. The aim of this experimental study was to compare the traditional cement systems with those of the latest generation, to assess if indeed these could represent of viable substitutes in the cementation of indirect restorations, and in the pecific case of endodontic posts.
Methods. The assessment of the validity of the cementing methods was performed according to the test of the push-out, conducted on sections obtained from the roots of treated teeth. The samples were divided into three groups. Group A (10 samples): etching for 30 seconds with 37% orthophosphoric acid (Superlux-Thixo-etch-DMG) combined with a dual-curing adhesive system (LuxaBond-Total Etch-DMG), dual-cured resincomposite cement (LuxaCore-DMG) and glass fiber posts (LuxaPost-DMG). Group B (10 samples): self-adhesive resin cement (Breeze-Pentron Clinical) and glass fiber posts (LuxaPost-DMG). Group C (10 samples): 3 steps light-curing, selfetching, self-conditioning bonding agent (Contax- Total-etch-DMG), dual-cured resin-composite cement (LuxaCore-DMG) and glass fiber posts (LuxaPost-DMG). The survey was conducted by examining the breaking resistance of the post-cement tooth complex, subjected to a mechanical force. Stati stical analysis was performed using SPSS Inc. ver. 13.0, Chicago, IL, USA.
Results. Group A values of bond strenth ranged from a minimum of 10.14 Mpa to a maximum value of 14.73 Mpa with a mean value of 12.58 Mpa. In Group B the highest value of bond strength was 6.54 Mpa and the minimum 5.55 Mpa. The mean value of the aaond strength for the entire group was 6.58 Mpa. In Group C the highest bond strength was 6.59 Mpa whereas the lowest bond strength was 4.84 Mpa. Mean value of the bond strength of Group C was calculated at 5.7 Mpa.
Conclusions. Etching with orthophosphoric acid combined with a dual-curing adhesive system and a dual-cured resin-composite cement was the technique that guaranteed the highest bond strength. Lowest bond strength values were obtained when dual self-adhesive cement was used.
application/pdf
1971-1441
61
1
en
M. Dolci 
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Annali di stomatologia
etching
Comparison between three glass fiber post cementation techniques
Text.Serial.Journal
https://www.annalidistomatologia.eu/ads
8
Original Article
2022-08-10
2022-08-10
2017-03-01
2023-12-04
29-33
Ann Stomatol (Roma)
M. Dolci 
2017
10.59987/ads/2017.1.29-33
29
1971-1441
1
etching
en
33
Comparison between three glass fiber post cementation techniques
https://www.annalidistomatologia.eu/ads/article/download/61/49
8
                                                                                              Original article


    Comparison between three glass fiber post
    cementation techniques




                                                                                                         i
                                                                                                       al
    Guido Migliau MD, DDS, PhD1                           SPSS Inc. ver. 13.0, Chicago, IL, USA.




                                                                                            n
    Luca Piccoli DDS, PhD1                                Results. Group A values of bond strenth ranged
    Stefano Di Carlo MD, DDS, PhD1                        from a minimum of 10.14 Mpa to a maximum value




                                                                                         io
    Giorgio Pompa MD, DDS, PhD1                           of 14.73 Mpa with a mean value of 12.58 Mpa. In
    Laith Konstantinos Besharat DDS, MsC, PhD1            Group B the highest value of bond strength was
    Marco Dolci MD, DDS, PhD2                             6.54 Mpa and the minimum 5.55 Mpa. The mean




                                                              az
                                                          value of the bond strength for the entire group

      Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences,
                                                          was 6.58 Mpa. In Group C the highest bond
    1

    “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
                                                          strength was 6.59 Mpa whereas the lowest bond

    2 Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological
                                                          strength was 4.84 Mpa. Mean value of the bond




                                                            rn
    Sciences, “G. D’Annunzio” University of Chieti,
                                                          strength of Group C was calculated at 5.7 Mpa.

    Chieti, Italy
                                                          Conclusions. Etching with orthophosphoric acid
                                                          combined with a dual-curing adhesive system and
                                                          a dual-cured resin-composite cement was the




                                                          te
                                                          technique that guaranteed the highest bond

    Laith Konstantinos Besharat
    Corresponding author:                                 strength. Lowest bond strength values were ob-

    Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences,
                                                     In   tained when dual self-adhesive cement was used.

    “Sapienza” University of Rome,
    Via Caserta 6
                                                          Key words: glass fiber post, self-adhesive ce-

    00161 Rome, Italy
                                                          ment, etching.

    E-mail: besharatlk84@yahoo.it
                                                 ni
                                                          Introduction
    Summary                                               For a complete understanding of the several aspects
                                                          of adhesion, it is fundamental to know and recognize
                                        io


                                                          the substrates the materials work on. Enamel, dentin
                                                          and cementum represent very different adhesive sur-
    Objective. The aim of this experimental study was

                                                          faces due to their composition, morphology and
    to compare the traditional cement systems with
                              iz



                                                          biomechanical characteristics. The adhesion obtained
    those of the latest generation, to assess if indeed

                                                          through the adhesive systems is both chemical and
    these could represent of viable substitutes in the

                                                          especially micro-mechanical, with the formation of the
    cementation of indirect restorations, and in the
               Ed




                                                          hybrid layer and resin tags, which are achieved
    specific case of endodontic posts.

                                                          through the etching time: it increases the available
    Methods. The assessment of the validity of the

                                                          surface and, consequently, the contact with the resin.
    cementing methods was performed according to

                                                          All the above remarks hold true in the restoration of
    the test of the push-out, conducted on sections

                                                          endodontically treated teeth, as well. In this sort of
    obtained from the roots of treated teeth. The sam-

                                                          teeth, the substrate with which the adhesion is ob-
    ples were divided into three groups. Group A (10
 IC




                                                          tained is basically the dentin, at both a pulp chamber
    samples): etching for 30 seconds with 37% or-

                                                          and root canal. Post cementation is a delicate proce-
    thophosphoric acid (Superlux-Thixo-etch-DMG)

                                                          dure where the cement must have the ability to bond
    combined with a dual-curing adhesive system

                                                          (1-7) to three different surfaces; the post, the dental
    (LuxaBond-Total Etch-DMG), dual-cured resin-
C




                                                          tissue and the restorative material. In detail two dif-
    composite cement (LuxaCore-DMG) and glass

                                                          ferent types of cementation can be described. Firstly,
    fiber posts (LuxaPost-DMG). Group B (10 sam-

                                                          the standard classical cementing procedure that in-
    ples): self-adhesive resin cement (Breeze-Pentron

                                                          cludes the use of adhesive systems (8, 9) and resin
    Clinical) and glass fiber posts (LuxaPost-DMG).
@




                                                          composite cements combined with etching pretreat-
    Group C (10 samples): 3 steps light-curing, self-

                                                          ment of the tooth surface. Secondly, the last genera-
    etching, self-conditioning bonding agent (Contax-

                                                          tion cementing involves the use of self-etching com-
    Total-etch-DMG), dual-cured resin-composite ce-

                                                          posite cements. These cements are introduced di-
    ment (LuxaCore-DMG) and glass fiber posts

                                                          rectly into the root canal (10-14) without having to
    (LuxaPost-DMG). The survey was conducted by

                                                          use any adhesive system beforehand, since they
    examining the breaking resistance of the post-ce-

                                                          contain components that allow the enclosure of the
    ment-tooth complex, subjected to a mechanical
    force. Stati stical analysis was performed using

    Annali di Stomatologia 2017;VIII (1):29-33                                                                29
    G. Migliau et al.


    adhesion procedure in one step and therefore simpli-       hypochlorite at 5% (Niclor5, Ogna), with a final wash
    fying and significantly reducing the operative time.       (for 2 minutes) with the same product at 37 °C. The
                                                               root canal filling was carried out with cold lateral con-
                                                               densation technique with ISO standardized gutta-per-
                                                               cha cones and cement containing epoxy resin Top
                                                               Seal (Dentsplay, Maillefer). Preparation of the post
    Experimental Analysis

                                                               space was carried out with Largo 1 and 2 burs




                                                                                                                    i
                                                                                                                  al
    The aim of this experimental study was to compare          (Dentsplay, Maillefer) at the length of 10 mm for each
    Objective of the study

    the traditional cement systems with the cement sys-        sample.
    tems of the latest generation, to assess if indeed the     The samples were then divided into 3 groups:
    latest generation could represent viable substitutes in    - group A (10 samples): etching for 30 seconds




                                                                                                   n
    the cementation of indirect restorations (15, 16), and         with 37% orthophosphoric acid (Superlux-Thixo-
    in the specific case of endodontic posts.                      etch-DMG) combined with a dual-curing adhesive




                                                                                                io
    The non-metallic posts had several advantages com-             system (LuxaBond-Total Etch-DMG), dual-cured
    pared to the metallic ones, such as the realization of         resin-composite cement (LuxaCore-DMG) and
    a homogeneous tooth-reconstruction system (17, 18),            glass fiber posts (LuxaPost-DMG)




                                                                   az
    the low cost, the easy usage and a vast field of appli-    - group B (10 samples): self-adhesive resin cement
    cation; reasons that favored the selection of the fiber-       (Breeze-Pentron Clinical) and glass fiber posts
    glass posts (LuxaPost-DMG) for this study.                     (LuxaPost-DMG)
    The assessment of the validity of the cementing            - group C (10 samples): 3 steps light-curing, self-




                                                                 rn
    methods was performed according to the push-out                etching, self-conditioning bonding agent (Contax-
    test, conducted on sections obtained from the roots of         Total-etch-DMG), dual-cured resin-composite ce-
    treated teeth and performed at the Department of               ment (LuxaCore-DMG) and glass fiber posts




                                                               te
    Biomedicine at the University of Trieste.                      (LuxaPost-DMG).


    Material and Methods
                                                        In     Preparation of the samples for the mechani-

    Comparison of the retentive efficiency (19, 20) of
                                                               cal test

    three different types of cementation using the same        The portion of each root corresponding to the bonded
    type of post (LuxaPost-DMG) was performed for all          fiber post was transversally sectioned into 1mm-thick
                                            ni
    samples. The survey was conducted by examining             serial slices, using a microtome (Micormet-Remet)
    the breaking resistance of the post-cement-tooth           posting a low speed saw (Norton-Dia Wheel), 0.2 mm
    complex, subjected to a mechanical force.                  thick, under water-cooling operating at 2.240 spins
                                   io


    The following products were used in our sample             per minute. The sections were realized in apical-coro-
    preparation:                                               nal direction and each section was marked on the
    - a dual-curing adhesive system (LuxaBond-Total            apical surface to put it exactly under the punch of the
                           iz



        Etch-DMG)                                              machine for the push-out test. A number was as-
    - phosphoric acid at 37% (Superlux-Thixo-etch-             signed to each root and a progressive alphabetical
        DMG)                                                   letter to each slice from the apical surface to the
              Ed




    - conventional dual-cured resin-composite cement           coronal one (Fig. 1).
        (LuxaCore-DMG)
    - dual self adhesive cement (Breeze-Pentron Clin-
        ic)
    - a 3 steps light-curing, self-etching, self-condition-
                                                               The push-out test

        ing bonding agent (Contax-Total-etch-DMG)              Push-out load was applied using a universal testing
 IC




    - fiber posts (LuxaPost-DMG).                              machine Galdabini-Sun 500 at a crosshead speed of
                                                               0.5 mm/min to obtain the extrusion of the post. The
                                                               punch was positioned to touch the post only, without
                                                               stressing the surrounding dentinal walls. The load was
C




                                                               applied on the apical surface of the slice in apical-coro-
    Sample preparation

    We examined 30 roots of monoradicular teeth, ex-           nal direction, with the purpose of preventing the coni-
    tracted for periodontal reasons and stored in water.       cal shape of the canal from withstanding the dislodg-
    The applied protocol concerning the preparation of         ment of the post. Push-out strength data was calculat-
@




    the root canal filling and post-space is described be-     ed in Newtons (N), which was converted to MegaPas-
    low.                                                       cals (Mpa) by dividing the load by the bonded surface
    All samples were prepared using the simultaneous           area. In order to obtain the bonded surface area of
    technique with NiTi M2 instruments (Sweden & Marti-        each sample, we took pictures of the apical surface us-
    na) with the following sequence: 10/taper 4% - 15/ta-      ing an optical microscope (Zeiss laser scan). We used
    per 5% - 20/taper 6% - 25/taper 6%. Irrigation, during     for each picture the same angle of view and enlarge-
    preparation, was performed by the use of sodium            ment (50x) after the Push-out test (Fig. 2).

    30                                                                             Annali di Stomatologia 2017;VIII (1):29-33
    Comparison between three glass fiber post cementation techniques




                                                                                                                  i
                                                                                                    n           al
    Figure 1. Marked slices after sectioned.




                                                                                                 io
                                                                  Where R is the coronal post radius, r the apical post




                                                                      az
                                                                  radius, and h the thickness of the slice.
                                                                  Each slice was submitted to the same procedure.
                                                                  Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS Inc.
                                                                  ver. 13.0, Chicago, IL, USA. Chi-squared test was
                                                                  used for statistical evaluation of proportions. In cases




                                                                    rn
                                                                  of more than 2 independent means we used the
                                                                  ANOVA test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was consid-
                                                                  ered significant. A 95% CI was used in all analysis. In




                                                                  te
                                                                  order to assure data reliability, data were entered in
                                                                  two different personal computers by two examiners;
                                                                  the two data files were compared in order to detect
                                                           In     entry errors. The two files resulted identical.


                                                                  Results
                                                 ni

                                                                  For each analyzed section we obtained the bond
                                                                  strength between the post and the dentin (MPa). Re-
                                                                  sults were analyzed using the ANOVA test.
                                             io


                                                                  For the samples of the group A the values of the vari-
                                                                  ous samples ranged from a minimum value of 10.14
                                                                  Mpa for the slice A6 to a maximum value of 14.73 Mpa
                              iz



                                                                  for the A1 sample with a mean value of 12.58 Mpa.
                                                                  In group B the highest value of bond strength was re-
                                                                  ported in the B1 slice with 6.54 Mpa and the minimum
               Ed




                                                                  at the B8 with 5.55 Mpa. The mean value of the bond
                                                                  strength for the entire group was 6.58 Mpa.
                                                                  Finally, in group C the highest bond strength was re-
                                                                  ported at the C6 slice with 6.59 Mpa whereas the low-
    Figure 2. Pictures obtained with the optical microscope af-   est bond strength was reported at the C2 slice with
    ter the push-out test.                                        4.84 Mpa. Mean value of the group C was calculated
 IC




                                                                  at 5.7 Mpa. (Tab. 1).
                                                                  The results obtained are reported in the Table 1 be-
                                                                  low.
    Similarly a picture of a marked size (1 mm) was tak-
C




    en. Image processing software provided with the opti-
    cal microscope was used to analyze the pictures after
    calibrating the space using the marked size. The visi-
                                                                  Discussion
    ble circumference size was found, following the line
                                                                  In this study, we show that the adhesion force is
@




    of the fracture. Knowing the thickness of the sample
                                                                  greater for the group A, differences are statistically
    (1 mm) and the taper of the apical surface of the
                                                                  significant when group A is compared to group B and
    post, we calculated the lateral surface area of a trun-
                                                                  group C. Moreover, highest bond strength values ob-
    cated cone which is the bonded surface area through
                                                                  tained in group B compared to group C aren’t statisti-


                   [               ]
    the formula:
                                                                  cally significant. Lowest bond strength values were
    SL = π (R + r) (h2+ (R – r)2       0.5                        obtained where the etching step wasn’t performed.
                                                                  Our results can be useful for comparison with recent

    Annali di Stomatologia 2017;VIII (1):29-33                                                                         31
    G. Migliau et al.


    Tabella 1. Results obtained after the push-out test.

    Group A          samples        Mpa              Group B         samples       Mpa            Group C         samples         Mpa

    A1               4              14.73            B1              5             7.54           C1              6               6.04

    A2               5              12.98            B2              4             6.58           C2              5               4.84




                                                                                                                                        i
    A3               5              12.01            B3              4             5.95           C3              4               5.75




                                                                                                                                      al
    A4               5              13.47            B4              5             6.6            C5              5               5.91

    A5               5              11.25            B5              5             7.07           C5              6               4.97




                                                                                                                         n
    A6               5              10.14            B6              5             6.73           C6              6               6.59




                                                                                                                      io
    A7               5              14.5             B7              6             6.8            C7              5               6.39

    A8               6              14.23            B8              5             5.55           C8              6               6.07




                                                                                   az
    A9               5              11.33            B9              5             7.41           C9              5               5.33

    A10              5              11.2             B10             5             5.91           C10             5               5.58

                                    Mean 12.58                                     Mean 6.58                                      Mean 5.7




                                                                                 rn
                                                                               te
    similar studies (21). Etching with orthophosphoric                             and micro- and macrostructure alterations. Quintessence Int.
    acid combined with a dual-curing adhesive system                               2007 Oct;38(9):733-743.
    and a dual-cured resin-composite cement is the tech-                     8.    Ferrari M, Cagidiaco MC, Goracci C, Vichi A, Mason PN,
                                                                                   Radovic I, Tay F. Long-term retrospective study of the clin-
    nique that guarantees a satisfying bond strength, a
                                                                     In            ical performance of fiber post. Am J Dent. 2007;20(5):287-
    dual self adhesive cement could be used in situations
                                                                                   291.
    in our daily clinical practice where the patient doesn’t                 9.    Ferrari M, Mannocci F, Vichi A, Cagidiaco MC, Mjör IA. Bond-
    fully collaborate and we have to diminish execution                            ing to root canal: structural characteristics of the substrate.
    time and simplify the post cementation procedure.                              Am J Dent. 2000 Oct;13(5):255-260.
                                                      ni
    Further studies need to be carried out on this issue                     10.   Hashimoto M, Ohno H, Endo K, Kaga M, Sano H, Oguchi
    taking into account new dual self-adhesive cements                             H. The effect of hybrid layer thickness on bond strength: dem-
    that will be launched next year from several multina-                          ineralized dentin zone of the hybrid layer. Dent Mater. 2000
                                           io


    tional dental companies such as 3M and Kerr.                                   Nov;16(6):406-411.
                                                                             11.   Hashimoto M, Ohno H, Kaga M, Sano H, Tay FR, Oguchi
                                                                                   H, Araki Y, Kubota M. Over-etching effects on micro-tensile
                                 iz



                                                                                   bond strength and failure patterns for two dentin bonding sys-
    References                                                                     tems. J Dent. 2002 Feb-Mar;30(2-3):99-105.
                                                                             12.   Hayashi M, Takahashi Y, Hirai M, Iwami Y, Imazato S, Ebisu
    1.    Abu-Hanna A, Gordan VV, Mjor I. The effect of variation in               S. Effect of endodontic irrigation on bonding of resin cement
                Ed




          etching times on dentin bonding. Gen Dent. 2004 Jan-                     to radicular dentin. Eur J Oral Sci. 2005 Feb;113(1):70-76.
          Feb;52(1):28-33.                                                   13.   Lopes GC, Cardoso Pde C, Vieira LC, Baratieri LN. Mi-
    2.    Migliau G, Piccoli L, Besharat LK, Di Carlo S, Pompa G. Eval-            crotensile bond strength to root canal vs pulp chamber dentin:
          uation of over-etching technique in the endodontically treat-            effect of bonding strategies. J Adhes Dent. 2004 Sum-
          ed tooth restoration. Ann Stomatol (Roma). eCollection 2015              mer;6(2):129-3.
          Jan-Mar. 2015 May18;6(1):10-14.                                    14.   Rosella D, Rosella G, Brauner E, Papi P, Piccoli L, Pompa
 IC




    3.    Ahid F, Andrade MF, Campos EA, Luscino F, Vaz LG. In-                    G. A tooth preparation technique in fixed prosthodontics for
          fluence of different dentin etching times and concentrations             students and neophyte dentists. Ann Stomatol (Roma). 2016
          and air-abrasion technique on dentin microtensile bond                   Feb12;6(3-4):104-109.
          strength. Am J Dent. 2004 Dec;17(6):447-450.                       15.   Marshall GW Jr, Marshall SJ, Kinney JH, Balooch M. The
    4.    Bouillaguet S, Troesch S, Wataha JC, Krejci I, Meyer JM,                 dentin substrate: structure and properties related to bond-
C




          Pashley DH. Microtensile bond strenght between adhesive                  ing. J. Dent. 1997;25(6):441-458.
          cements and root canal dentin. Dent Mater. 2003;19(3):199-         16.   Morris MD, Lee KW, Agee KA, Bouillaguet S, Pashley DH.
          205.                                                                     Effects of sodium hypochlorite and RC-Prep on bond
    5.    Brajdić D, Krznarić OM, Azinović Z, Macan D, Baranović M.                strenghts of resin cement to endodontic surfaces. J Endod.
@




          Influence of different etching times on dentin surface mor-              2001;27(12):753-757.
          phology. Coll Antropol. 2008 Sep;32(3):893-900.                    17.   Musikant BL, Deutsch AS. Post design and his impact on the
    6.    Migliau G, Piccoli L, Besharat LK, Romeo U. Benchmarking                 root and crown. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2006 Feb;27
          matching color in composite restorations. Ann Stomatol                   (2):130-133.
          (Roma). 2016 Jul19;7(1-2):29-37.                                   18.   Migliau G, Besharat LK, Sofan AA, Sofan EA, Romeo U.
    7.    Dietschi D, Duc O, Krejci I, Sadan A. Biomechanical con-                 Endo-restorative treatment of a severly discolored upper in-
          siderations for the restoration of endodontically treated teeth:         cisor: resolution of the “aesthetic” problem through Componeer
          a systematic review of the literature - Part 1. Composition              veneering System. Ann Stomatol (Roma). 2016 Feb12;6(3-


    32                                                                                               Annali di Stomatologia 2017;VIII (1):29-33
    Comparison between three glass fiber post cementation techniques


        4):113-8.eCollection 2015 Jul-Dec. Review.                           sile bond strength. Am J Dent. 1998 Oct;11(5):202-206.
    19. Perdigão J, Gomes G, Augusto V. The effect of dowel space        21. Durski MT, Metz MJ, Thompson JY, Mascarenhas AK, Crim
        on the bond strengths of fiber posts. J Prosthodont. 2007 May-       GA, Vieira S, Mazur RF. Push-Out Bond Strength Evalua-
        Jun;16(3):154-164.                                                   tion of Glass Fiber Posts With Different Resin Cements and
    20. Pioch T, Stotz S, Buff E, Duschner H, Staehle HJ. Influence          Application Techniques. Oper Dent. 2016 Jan-Feb;41(1):103-
        of different etching times on hybrid layer formation and ten-        110. doi: 10.2341/14-343-L. Epub 2015 Sep 2.




                                                                                                                              i
                                                                                                              n             al
                                                                                                           io
                                                                             az
                                                                           rn
                                                                         te
                                                                 In
                                                   ni
                                         io
                               iz
               Ed
 IC
C
@




    Annali di Stomatologia 2017;VIII (1):29-33                                                                                      33
