10.59987/ads/2013.2.184-190
Aim. To evaluate the apical microleakage of Thermafil obturations after three different post space preparation techniques.
Materials and methods. 33 root canals of monoradiculated extracted teeth were prepared with M two and then obturated with Thermafil. Teeth so treated were then divided into three groups and the post space to middle root was prepared using three different techniques. In samples in group A the housing for the post was created using a Torpan bur, and the carrier was partially removed only in the coronal portion. In samples in group B the carrier was completely removed and gutta-percha was hand compacted, before canal preparation using a Torpan bur. In samples in group C the carrier was completely removed, without guttapercha compaction, before canal preparation using a Torpan bur. The roots were immersed for 72 hours in methylene blue dye solution and sectioned transversely at 1-3-5 mm from the apex for evaluation of dye penetration using a stereomicroscope. The data collected were processed using Win CAD software and subjected to statistical analysis using the Student t test for p&lt;0.05. Results. There were no significant differences between the three groups, except for the presence of voids in the intermediate section of teeth in groups B and C.
Conclusions. Post space preparation did not influence the apical seal, and gutta-percha without voids was always found in the last millimetre of the canal obturation. This study proposes a post preparation technique which provides for complete carrier removal using pliers, hand compaction of residual gutta-percha with a manual plugger and enlargement of the root canal, using appropriate post space burs, free of any interference from the carrier. Operating time is reduced, as is the risk of creating ledges or iatrogenic perforations.
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1971-1441
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N. Zeman 
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Annali di stomatologia
apical micro leakage
A simplified post preparation technique after Thermafil obturation: evaluation of apical microleakage and presence of voids using methylene blue dye penetration
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Original Article
2022-08-16
2022-08-16
2013-06-01
2023-12-04
184-190
Ann Stomatol (Roma)
N. Zeman 
2013
10.59987/ads/2013.2.184-190
184
1971-1441
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apical micro leakage
en
190
A simplified post preparation technique after Thermafil obturation: evaluation of apical microleakage and presence of voids using methylene blue dye penetration
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                                                                                                                  Original article



                   A simplified post preparation technique after
                   Thermafil obturation: evaluation of apical
                   microleakage and presence of voids using




                                                                                                                                     li
                   methylene blue dye penetration




                                                                               na
                   Luca Pusinanti                                         voids was always found in the last millimetre of the
                   Riccardo Rubini1                                       canal obturation. This study proposes a post prepa-




                                                                             io
                   Agnese Pellati2                                        ration technique which provides for complete carri-
                   Nicoletta Zerman1                                      er removal using pliers, hand compaction of resid-
                                                                          ual gutta-percha with a manual plugger and en-




                                                                          az
                                                                          largement of the root canal, using appropriate post
                   1 Restorative Department, Dental School,               space burs, free of any interference from the carri-
                     University of Ferrara, Italy                         er. Operating time is reduced, as is the risk of creat-
                   2 Department of Morphology and Embriology,             ing ledges or iatrogenic perforations.




                                                                       rn
                     University of Ferrara, Italy
                                                                          Key words: thermafil, post space, apical micro leakage.

                   Corresponding author:




                                                                    te
                   Luca Pusinanti                                         Introduction
                   Via Migliari, 15
                   44123 Ferrara, Italy                                   The Thermafil (Dentsply Maillefer – Switzerland) obtura-
                   Phone: +39 3334700102
                   E-mail: lucapuso@gmail.com
                                                                 In       tion technique derives from an idea of Dr. W. Ben John-
                                                                          son (1), who first described a technique in which gutta-
                                                                          percha moulded on a file was softened in a flame and in-
                                                                          serted into the root canal with the file. The coronal portion
                   Summary                                                of the file was then sectioned and removed and the api-
                                                     ni
                                                                          cal portion left behind as a part of the root filling (2, 3).
                   Aim. To evaluate the apical microleakage of Ther-      Marketed at the beginning of the 1990s, Thermafil en-
                   mafil obturations after three different post space     dodontic obturators have since been completely modified
                   preparation techniques.                                and now form an integral part of a complete and sophis-
                                           o

                   Materials and methods. 33 root canals of mono-         ticated system of root canal obturation that, when used
                   radiculated extracted teeth were prepared with M       correctly, can give optimal results (4).
                                       izi


                   two and then obturated with Thermafil. Teeth so        The wedge effect that occurs during carrier insertion, to-
                   treated were then divided into three groups and        gether with the very fine and homogeneous reticular
                   the post space to middle root was prepared using       structure of the gutta-percha, favours the penetration of
                   three different techniques. In samples in group A      the obturating materials into the lateral canals and denti-
                         Ed




                   the housing for the post was created using a Tor-      nal tubules (5, 6) as in the vertical condensation technique
                   pan bur, and the carrier was partially removed on-     and System-B (Sybron Endo – USA), but with an efficacy
                   ly in the coronal portion. In samples in group B       which is significantly superior to that of the lateral con-
                   the carrier was completely removed and gutta-per-      densation, warm lateral condensation and Obtura (7, 8)
                   cha was hand compacted, before canal prepara-          (Obtura Spartan Endodontics – USA) techniques. The
                   tion using a Torpan bur. In samples in group C the     Thermafil technique shows a capacity to completely adapt
               C




                   carrier was completely removed, without gutta-         to the canal walls which is comparable to that of other
                   percha compaction, before canal preparation us-        methods like vertical and lateral condensation (9-20). As
    CI




                   ing a Torpan bur. The roots were immersed for 72       for the capacity to hermetically seal the apical third, where
                   hours in methylene blue dye solution and sec-          more than 90% of all endodontic anatomical complexities
                   tioned transversely at 1-3-5 mm from the apex for      are found, what emerges from the literature is that Ther-
                   evaluation of dye penetration using a stereomicro-     mafil obturations demonstrate better hermetic seal than
                   scope. The data collected were processed using         is obtainable using the lateral condensation, Obtura or Ul-
                   Win CAD software and subjected to statistical          trafil (Coltène/Whaledent - Switzerland) techniques, and
©




                   analysis using the Student t test for p<0.05.          equally good hermetic seal compared to warm vertical
                   Results. There were no significant differences be-     condensation or System-B (21-40).
                   tween the three groups, except for the presence of     The excellent results obtainable using the modern Ther-
                   voids in the intermediate section of teeth in groups   mafil obturation technique are largely due to standard-
                   B and C.                                               ization of the technique, regarding both the operative
                   Conclusions. Post space preparation did not influ-     steps and the most recent techniques of root canal shap-
                   ence the apical seal, and gutta-percha without         ing using rotary instruments in NiTi, which allow the high-

                   184                                                                      Annali di Stomatologia 2013; IV (2): 184-190
3-Pusinanti_- 19/06/13 10:35 Pagina 185




                   A simplified post preparation technique after Thermafil obturation: evaluation of apical microleakage and presence of
                   voids using methylene blue dye penetration

                   est quality and the most homogeneous canal preparation.
                   The Thermafil system is the best solution available today
                   for the obturation of curved canals because the carrier is
                   very flexible and easily adapts even to tight curves and
                   limited canal diameters, making it possible to drastically




                                                                                                                                              li
                   reduce the time necessary for conservative preparation
                   and obturation to working length, even in those canals




                                                                                          na
                   which do not allow precise cone fitting.
                   The difficulty for post space preparation in cases where
                   Thermafil has been used is due to the presence of the plas-
                   tic carrier: the risks of inadvertently making ledges or lateral




                                                                                        io
                   root perforations limit the use of carrier-based techniques.
                   Many techniques for cutting down the carriers are de-
                   scribed in the literature. The classic method is with a




                                                                                     az
                   heat source using Touch’n Heat (Sybron Endo – USA) or              Figure 1. 33 extracted teeth.
                   System-B tips, or using appropriate burs like Post Space
                   Burs, Calibrated burs, Torpan burs or Peeso reamers pas-
                                                                                      per incisors, 1 canine, 3 premolars, 3 lower incisors;
                   sively, without forcing, between carrier and gutta-percha.
                                                                                      group B (study group 1): 4 upper incisors; 2 canines, 3




                                                                                  rn
                   The rationale for these burs is to remove the carrier to the
                                                                                      premolars and 2 lower incisors and group C (study
                   desired depth through the frictional heat generated dur-
                                                                                      group 2): 5 upper incisors, 2 canines, 3 premolars and
                   ing rotation. Even though there is no evidence for the risk
                                                                                      1 lower incisor (Fig. 1).
                   of apical seal loss following immediate post space prepa-
                                                                                      The root canals of all the teeth were prepared according




                                                                               te
                   ration, it is common practice to delay post placement to
                                                                                      to the following protocol: access to the pulp chamber
                   a second appointment, to permit complete setting of the            was gained using a cylindrical diamond bur mounted on
                   sealer and stabilization of the whole obturation (41-47).          a high-speed handpiece and later expanded using a
                   In order to make the entire procedure for placing posts af-
                   ter Thermafil obturations safer, easier and quicker, the
                                                                            In        round bur mounted on a contrangle. Endodontic access
                                                                                      was sounded with an EXDG-16 probe (Hu - friedy - USA),
                   aim of this study was firstly to evaluate the apical seal and      and the working length was visually determined using a
                   the presence of voids, using dye penetration into root             K-file (Dentsply Maillefer - Switzerland) # 0.10. The root
                   canals obturated using the Thermafil technique after two           canals were shaped with Mtwo (Sweden & Martina -
                   different post preparations which both involved complete
                                                             ni
                                                                                      Italy) rotary NiTi instruments # 10/.04 – # 15/.05 – #
                   removal of the plastic carrier, and secondly to compare            20/.06 mounted on an X-smart (Dentsply Maillefer -
                   the results obtained with those of conventional post space         Switzerland) endodontic handpiece, used with delicate
                   preparation.                                                       brushing movements to maintain a conservative prepa-
                                              o

                   Because the capacity to hermetically seal the apical third         ration, alternated with thorough washing with 5% sodium
                   is the most important criterion for evaluating endodontic          hypochlorite (Ogna - Italy). After shaping of root canals,
                                          izi


                   procedures and techniques, it has been the subject of re-          the preparation was checked with a Thermafil naked car-
                   search projects using a great variety of methods (5-47),           rier and wiped dry with fine and medium paper points
                   including infiltration of liquids and dyes, electrochemical        (Mynol Chemical Co. - USA). An x-fine paper point Pulp
                   methods, and infiltration with resin and radio-isotopes.           Canal Sealer (Kerrdental - USA) was placed above the
                           Ed




                   The infiltration of colorants is a common technique in-            canal walls and the root canals were obturated with the
                   volving the immersion of the root in dyes like methylene           Thermafil technique, using caliber 20, 30 and 35 obtura-
                   blue, Prussian blue, eosin and India ink. Normally only the        tors to working length, choosing the obturator best suit-
                   apical third comes into contact with the dye while the rest        able to the single root canal anatomy according to the root
                   of the tooth is isolated using silicone or varnish. The infil-     canal conformation and to the canal apex diameter. Thirty
                   tration can be either passive, obtained by simple immer-           minutes after canal obturation, the carrier was sectioned
               C




                   sion in the dye at atmospheric pressure or in a vacuum,            with a Thermacut bur (Dentsply Maillefer - Switzerland)
                   or else active, forcing the dye into the root under pressure       and post space preparations were carried out.
    CI




                   or by centrifugation. The root is then sectioned vertically        The samples in group A were then subjected to prepa-
                   or even diaphanized for measurement of the microleakage            ration of the endodontic space for application of fiber
                   using an optical microscope. Passive methylene blue dye            post as far as the middle root with a Torpan bur, used
                   penetration is probably the technique most commonly                passively between the carrier and the gutta-percha, to
                   used to evaluate the apical seal, and was chosen for this          enlarge the root canal correctly and to separate the
                   study because of its simplicity and limited cost.                  most coronal portion of the Thermafil obturator, but
©




                                                                                      without removing the apical portion.
                                                                                      The samples in group B were subjected to preparation
                   Materials and methods                                              of the endodontic space for application of fiber post as
                                                                                      far as the middle root with a Torpan bur, after complete
                   This study involved 33 single-rooted extracted teeth,              removal of the Thermafil carrier, which was pulled out
                   stored in saline solution and subsequently divided into            with tweezers. Prior to the preparation of post space,
                   three groups as follows: group A (control group): 4 up-            gutta-percha was manually compacted using Schilder’s

                   Annali di Stomatologia 2013; IV (2): 184-190                                                                              185
3-Pusinanti_- 19/06/13 10:35 Pagina 186




                   L. Pusinanti et al.




                                                                                                                                            li
                                                                                     na
                                                                                   io
                                                                                az
                                                                                 Figure 3. Sectioned sample without dentinal leakage.




                                                                             rn
                                                                          te
                                                                       In
                   Figure 2. Tooth embedded in resin.
                                                          ni

                   plugger (Dentsply Maillefer - Switzerland) # 8 and # 9.
                   The samples in group C were subjected to preparation
                   of the endodontic space for application of fiber post as
                                             o

                   far as the middle root with a Torpan bur, after complete
                   removal of the Thermafil carrier, which was pulled out        Figure 4. Sectioned sample with dentinal leakage 2.
                                         izi


                   with tweezers. In this group no compaction of gutta-per-
                   cha was carried out before using the Torpan bur.
                   The access to the pulp chamber was sealed with com-
                   posite resin. Subsequently, the samples were immersed
                          Ed




                   and stored for seven days in saline solution at 37 de-
                   grees before applying a homogeneous layer of nail pol-
                   ish on the root surface up to 1 mm from the apical fora-
                   men. When the insulating layer had dried, the teeth
                   were fully immersed for 72 hours in methylene blue dye.
                   After three days the samples were cleaned thoroughly in
               C




                   water and embedded in acrylic resin (Figure 2).
                   Subsequently for each of the 33 teeth three sections
    CI




                   were made using Micromet Automatica (Remet - Italy)
                   cutting system at 1 mm (level “a”), 3 mm (level “b”), and
                   5 mm (level “c”) from the apex, making a total of 99 thin
                   sections. The sections thus obtained were then ana-
                   lyzed using an optical microscope and processed using
                   Win CAD software, to calculate the area of dentin col-
©




                                                                                 Figure 5. Sectioned sample with void.
                   ored by methylene blue in relation to the total dentinal
                   area. The aim was to evaluate the degree of infiltration
                   of root fillings at three distances from the apex (Figs. 3,   Results
                   4). Optical magnification also made it possible to as-
                   sess the presence of voids in the endodontic material         In group A (the control group) the area which was infil-
                   (Fig. 5). Findings were subjected to statistical analysis     trated averaged 25.89% at 1 mm from the apex (sec-
                   using Student T Test for p<0.05.                              tion 1), 14.83% at 3 mm from the apex (section 2) and

                   186                                                                             Annali di Stomatologia 2013; IV (2): 184-190
3-Pusinanti_- 19/06/13 10:35 Pagina 187




                   A simplified post preparation technique after Thermafil obturation: evaluation of apical microleakage and presence of
                   voids using methylene blue dye penetration

                   Table 1. Section at 1 mm from apex.

                   Group A     % Dentin        Voids        Group B     % Dentin        Voids       Group C      % Dentin       Voids
                               showing                                  showing                                  showing
                               leakage                                  leakage                                  leakage




                                                                                                                                            li
                   A1 a        0.61            No           B1 a        19.40           No          C1 a         4              No




                                                                                      na
                   A2 a        52.96           No           B2 a        0               No          C2 a         0              No
                   A3 a        1.55            No           B3 a        0               No          C3 a         35.67          No
                   A4 a        35.43           No           B4 a        3               No          C4 a         7,91           No
                   A5 a        27              No           B5 a        22              No          C5 a         82             No




                                                                                    io
                   A6 a        14.52           No           B6 a        22              No          C6 a         3              Yes
                   A7 a        41.21           No           B7 a        11.62           No          C7 a         4.70           No




                                                                                 az
                   A8 a        12.05           No           B8 a        7.44            No          C8 a         2.94           No
                   A9 a        44.80           No           B9 a        12.50           No          C9 a         43.40          No
                   A10 a       53.97           No           B10 a       44.76           No          C10 a        3.46           No




                                                                              rn
                   A11 a       0.66            No           B11 a       35.84           No          C11 a        26.73          No
                   Mean        25.89                        Mean        16.26                       Mean         19.39
                   Standard    20.96                        Standard    14.47                       Standard     25.66




                                                                           te
                   Deviation                                Deviation                               Deviation



                   Table 2. Section at 3 mm from apex.
                                                                        In
                   Group A     % Dentin        Voids        Group B     % Dentin        Voids       Group C      % Dentin       Voids
                               showing                                  showing                                  showing
                               leakage                                  leakage                                  leakage
                                                             ni
                   A1 b        0               No           B1 b        22.81           No          C1 b         2              No
                   A2 b        53.07           No           B2 b        0               No          C2 b         0              No
                   A3 b        0.42            No           B3 b        0               No          C3 b         48.78          Yes
                                              o

                   A4 b        7.67            No           B4 b        2.28            No          C4 b         7.14           No
                                          izi


                   A5 b        0.93            No           B5 b        24.34           Yes         C5 b         91             Yes
                   A6 b        3.41            No           B6 b        40.51           Yes         C6 b         9.34           Yes
                   A7 b        9.18            No           B7 b        23.80           Yes         C7 b         7.14           Yes
                           Ed




                   A8 b        7.60            No           B8 b        10.13           No          C8 b         6.36           No
                   A9 b        37.02           No           B9 b        2.31            No          C9 b         81.03          Yes
                   A10 b       39.83           No           B10 b       54.67           No          C10 b        4.55           No
                   A11 b       4.02            No           B11 b       88              No          C11 b        40.21          Yes
                   Mean        14.83                        Mean        24.44                       Mean         27.05
               C




                   Standard    18.92                        Standard    27.55                       Standard     33.23
                   Deviation                                Deviation                               Deviation
    CI




                   19.88% at 5 mm from the apex (section 3). No voids              apex (section 2) with 6 voids found, and 37.37% at 5
                   were found in the endodontic obturating material.               mm from the apex (section 3) with 7 voids found
                   In group B (study group 1) the area which was infiltrat-        (Tabs. 1, 2 and 3).
©




                   ed averaged 16.26% at 1 mm from the apex (section               What emerges from the statistical analysis is that there
                   1), 24.44% at 3 mm from the apex (section 2), with 3            were no statistically significant differences with regard
                   voids found, and 30.7% at 5 mm from the apex (section           to infiltration of endodontic obturation by methylene
                   3) with 3 voids found.                                          blue between the three groups of data, distributed by
                   In group C (study group 2) the area which was infil-            level and distance from the apex of the sections.
                   trated averaged 13.39% at 1 mm from the apex (sec-              There were also no statistically significant differences
                   tion 1) with 1 void found, 27.05% at 3 mm from the              between the groups regarding the presence of voids in

                   Annali di Stomatologia 2013; IV (2): 184-190                                                                            187
3-Pusinanti_- 19/06/13 10:35 Pagina 188




                   L. Pusinanti et al.


                   Table 3. Section at 5 mm from apex.

                   Group A     % Dentin       Voids        Group B        % Dentin        Voids        Group C       % Dentin        Voids
                               showing                                    showing                                    showing
                               leakage                                    leakage                                    leakage




                                                                                                                                                li
                   A1 c        0              No           B1 c           47.39           Yes          C1 c          4               No




                                                                                       na
                   A2 c        37.25          No           B2 c           0               No           C2 c          0               No
                   A3 c        0              No           B3 c           0               No           C3 c          100             Yes
                   A4 c        24.31          No           B4 c           22.86           No           C4 c          12.58           No
                   A5 c        0.53           No           B5 c           8.98            No           C5 c          65,43           Yes




                                                                                     io
                   A6 c        20.75          No           B6 c           60.44           Yes          C6 c          10.44           Yes
                   A7 c        35.87          No           B7 c           35.54           Yes          C7 c          29.84           Yes




                                                                                  az
                   A8 c        0.86           No           B8 c           14.92           No           C8 c          30.29           Yes
                   A9 c        39.64          No           B9 c           18.25           No           C9 c          85.78           Yes
                   A10 c       52.19          No           B10 c          44.32           No           C10 c         0               No




                                                                               rn
                   A11 c       7.27           No           B11 c          85              No           C11 c         72.79           Yes
                   Mean        19.88                       Mean           30.70                        Mean          37.37
                   Standard    19.22                       Standard       26.72                        Standard      36.96




                                                                            te
                   Deviation                               Deviation                                   Deviation



                   the root canal obturating material in the sections at 1           which observed three times more infiltration in canals
                   and 3 mm from the apex.
                                                                         In          filled with Thermafil which had a plastic carrier than in
                   Statistically significant differences were seen between           those obturated with Thermafil using a metallic carrier,
                   groups B and C, and between groups A and C, regarding             or using the lateral technique of compactation (44). The
                   the presence of voids in sections 5 mm from the apex.             timing of the post space preparation does not seem to
                                                                                     influence microleakage, as can be deduced from the lit-
                                                           ni

                                                                                     erature: statistically significant differences were not
                   Discussion                                                        found between microleakage from samples in which
                                                                                     post space was prepared immediately after obturation
                                              o

                   It has been widely demonstrated in the literature that            and microleakage from samples in which post space
                   the Thermafil system gives excellent results in en-               was prepared 7 days after obturation (45). Significant
                                          izi


                   dodontic fillings (21-40), whereas this technique consti-         differences in the quality of apex seal were not seen in
                   tutes an obstacle and is difficult to use when preparing          root canals filled with Thermafil before or after post
                   the lodging for a retention intraradicular pivot. In the lit-     space preparation (46, 47). Our results show, more-
                   erature several methods for post-space preparation in             over, that the standard deviation of the mean percent-
                           Ed




                   root canals filled with Thermafil are described, but they         ages of infiltrated surface is relatively high, which could
                   seem complicated. With a view to simplifying the proce-           indicate insufficient predictability regarding the possibili-
                   dure, in the present study we evaluated the effect on             ty of apical microleakage; this may be due to the high
                   the quality of endodontic seals of a method which in-             morphologic endodontic variability of radicular apexes.
                   volves removal of the Thermafil carrier, possibly fol-            Our results suggest that canal filling seal obtained us-
                   lowed by the recompaction of gutta-percha while it is             ing the Thermafil technique does not depend on, and is
               C




                   still warm.                                                       not modified by, the technique used for post-space
                   The first important point which emerged from the study            preparation, even without waiting 24 hours for full set-
    CI




                   was the presence of possible infiltration in all the              ting of the gutta-percha. Another important result which
                   groups, including samples in which the integrity of               emerged during our evaluation of the precision of the
                   Thermafil obturators was not altered before or during             endodontic filling in the apical third, was the observa-
                   the phase of post-space preparation. We suppose that              tion under the optical microscope of the presence or
                   mechanical and thermal stresses generated during                  absence of gutta-percha well adapted to the dentinal
                   post-space preparation can have a negative influence              canal walls in the three sections investigated (at 1, 3
©




                   on sealing precision which can compromise the correct             and 5 millimeters from the apex). It was also important
                   adaptation of gutta-percha to the canal walls, as                 to find endodontic filling material without voids in the
                   claimed by Gopikrishna & Parameswaren in 2006 (43).               apical millimiter of the root canal, in the presence or ab-
                   It is also true that microleakage between gutta-percha            sence of the Thermafil carrier, while a statistically sig-
                   and canalar dentin could occur in root canals complete-           nificant difference in the occurrence of voids in the
                   ly filled with Thermafil before, or else in the absence of        canal filling material was found only between group C
                   any post space preparation. There are studies, in fact,           and groups A and B.

                   188                                                                                 Annali di Stomatologia 2013; IV (2): 184-190
3-Pusinanti_- 19/06/13 10:35 Pagina 189




                   A simplified post preparation technique after Thermafil obturation: evaluation of apical microleakage and presence of
                   voids using methylene blue dye penetration

                   At this point we can assert that this research has pro-                16. Anbu R, Nandini S, Velmurugan N. Volumetric analysis of
                   posed a technique which simplifies the procedure for                       root filling using spiral computed tomography: an in vitro study.
                   post space preparation of root canals filled using the                     Int Endod J 2010; 43(1):64-68.
                                                                                          17. Gutmann JL, Saunders WP, Saunders EM, Nguyen L. A as-
                   Thermafil technique. Even if further studies will be nec-
                                                                                              sessment of the plastic Thermafil obturation technique. Part
                   essary, we can say that it is possible to completely re-




                                                                                                                                                            li
                                                                                              1. Radiographic evaluation of adaptation and placement. Int
                   move the Thermafil carrier using tweezers, and to com-                     End J 1993; 26(3):173-178.
                   pact gutta-percha inside the root canal using manual




                                                                                             na
                                                                                          18. Juhlin JJ, Walton RE, Dovgan JS. Adaptation of Thermafil
                   pluggers, to limit the formation of voids inside the en-                   components to canal walls. J Endod 1993; 19(3):130-135.
                   dodontic filling materials that could alter canal seal in              19. Johnson B, Lasater D. Adaptation of Thermafil components
                   the long term. Using a common bur for post space                           to canal walls. J Endod 1993; 19(6):266.
                   preparation, the canal lumen can easily be enlarged                    20. Lee CQ, Cobb CM, Robinson SJ, LaMartina T, Vo T. In vit-




                                                                                           io
                   since the coronal portion of the root canal is free from                   ro evaluation of the thermafil technique with and without gut-
                   interference. Operating times are considerably short-                      ta-percha coating. Gen Dent 1998; 46(4):378-381.
                                                                                          21. Pathomvanich S, Edmunds DH. The sealing ability of Ther-
                   ened and the risk of creating iatrogenic perforations is
                                                                                              mafil obturators assessed by four different microleakage tech-




                                                                                        az
                   notably reduced.                                                           niques. Int Endod J 1996; 29(5):327-334.
                                                                                          22. Haїkel Y, Freymann M, Fanti V, Claisse A, Poumier F, Wat-
                                                                                              son M. Apical microleakage of radiolabeled lysozime over
                   References                                                                 time in three techniques of root canal obturation. J Endod




                                                                                     rn
                                                                                              2000; 26(3):148-152.
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