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VOLUME 9 - NUMBER 2 - 2018
Resonance frequency evaluation on immediate loading implants with angled abutments: case series



 Notaro V., Rapone B., Cagnetta G., Sportelli P., Nardi G.M., Corsalini M. 
Original Article, 91-96
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Aim: Immediate loading of implant-supported prosthesis is a predictable and standardised therapy for rehabilitation of partially and totally edentulous patients. The present case series evaluate implant success rates by measuring resonance frequency on immediate loading implants with angled abutments. Materials and methods: A prospective study was performed on five partially edentulous patients. Twenty-six Neoss ProActive Tapered® (Neoss Ltd. Harrogate, UK) implants were inserted: 22 in the maxillary bone and 4 in the mandibular bone. The Osstell ISQ® (Osstell; Integration Diagnostics, Göteborg, Sweden) was used to evaluate implant stability. Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ) measurements were performed in three stages: at time of implant insertion (t0), after three (t1) and 12 (t2) months. The ISQ values were recorded after implant installation of Access® (Neoss Ltd. Harrogate, UK) during the different stages. Results: A six month- follow-up showed implant survival of 96%. Twenty-four implants were osseointegrated, a maxillary implant was lost and one other implant was excluded from the study. The values of ISQ ranged between 53-88 ISQ (average 66 ± 6.1 ISQ, median 67 ISQ) at t0, 51-80 ISQ (average 70 ± 5.8 ISQ, median 70 ISQ) at t1 and 53-80 ISQ (average 70.8 ± 5.7 ISQ, median 72 ISQ) at t2. Conclusions: The 24 successful implants out of 25 in 5 patients demonstrate how using 4-6 implants guarantees sufficient anchorage for a fixed prosthesis and adequate distribution of the prosthetic load on the maxillary and mandible bones, without causing implants failures.




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Annali di stomatologia
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Resonance frequency evaluation on immediate loading implants with angled abutments: case series
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Resonance frequency evaluation on immediate loading implants with angled abutments: case series
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                                                                                                  Original article



    Resonance frequency evaluation on immediate
    loading implants with angled abutments:
    case series




                                                                                                li
                                                                                              na
    Vincenzo Notaro1 DDS                                       Harrogate, UK) during the different stages.
    Biagio Rapone2 DDS, PG Surg, MSC                           Results: A six month- follow-up showed implant
    Giovanni Cagnetta3 DDS                                     survival of 96%. Twenty-four implants were os-
    Pasquale Sportelli1 MD, DMD                                seointegrated, a maxillary implant was lost and




                                                                                            io
    Gianna Maria Nardi5 RDM                                    one other implant was excluded from the study.
    Massimo Corsalini3 MD, DMD                                 The values of ISQ ranged between 53-88 ISQ (av-
                                                               erage 66 ± 6.1 ISQ, median 67 ISQ) at t0, 51-80 ISQ




                                                                         az
                                                               (average 70 ± 5.8 ISQ, median 70 ISQ) at t1 and
    1 School of Dentistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy   53-80 ISQ (average 70.8 ± 5.7 ISQ, median 72 ISQ)
    2 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuro-             at t2.
    sciences and Sense Organs, “Aldo Moro” University          Conclusions: The 24 successful implants out of
                                                               25 in 5 patients demonstrate how using 4-6 im-




                                                                       rn
    of Bari, Bari, Italy
    3 Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine (DIM) -         plants guarantees sufficient anchorage for a fixed
    Section of Dentistry, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari,      prosthesis and adequate distribution of the pros-
    Bari, Italy                                                thetic load on the maxillary and mandible bones,




                                                          te
    4 Complex Operating Unit of Odontostomatology,             without causing implants failures.
    “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Bari, Italy
    5 Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences,         Key words: resonance frequency, immediate load-
                                                        In
    “Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy                         ing implants, angled abutments.


    Corresponding author:                                      Introduction
    Biagio Rapone
                               ni

    Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuro-               Immediate loading of implant-supported prosthesis is
    sciences and Sense Organs,                                 a predictable and standardized therapy for rehabilita-
    University “Aldo Moro” of Bari                             tion of partially and totally edentulous patients; it
                             io


    Piazza Giulio Cesare 10                                    shows high rates of survival and success, both for the
    70121 Bari, Italy                                          implants and for the prosthesis.
    E-mail: biagiorapone79@gmail.com                           In a 2003 paper, Aparicio et al. analyzed advantages
                           iz



                                                               and disadvantages of immediate load technique.
                                                               They considered the various factors that could affect
    Summary                                                    outcomes (patients’ selection criteria, quality of
            Ed




                                                               bones, fixture length, surface and shape features,
    Aim: Immediate loading of implant-supported                surgeon skillfulness, implant primary stability, oc-
    prosthesis is a predictable and standardised ther-         clusal load) and recognized primary stability as the
    apy for rehabilitation of partially and totally eden-      main goal (1).
    tulous patients. The present case series evaluate          Also in 2003, Malò et al. described a surgical proto-
    implant success rates by measuring resonance               col, the “All on Four” method, for rehabilitation of
 IC




    frequency on immediate loading implants with an-           four-implant mandibular arches: two in the frontal
    gled abutments.                                            side and two in the backside. This method showed a
    Materials and methods: A prospective study was             reduction in treatment times, patient discomfort and
    performed on five partially edentulous patients.           biological costs (2). Subsequently, the “All on four”
C




    Twenty-six Neoss ProActive Tapered® (Neoss                 has been extended to the maxillary bone, resulting in
    Ltd. Harrogate, UK) implants were inserted: 22 in          98% of implant survival after a 5 years follow-up (3).
    the maxillary bone and 4 in the mandibular bone.           According to a photoelastic analysis on the peri-im-
    The Osstell ISQ® (Osstell; Integration Diagnos-            plant stress levels in vitro, bone around 45° angled
©




    tics, Göteborg, Sweden) was used to evaluate im-           implants is more exposed to an occlusal overload in
    plant stability. Implant Stability Quotient (ISQ)          comparison to bone around smaller angulations im-
    measurements were performed in three stages: at            plants. Small stress differences have been reported
    time of implant insertion (t0), after three (t1) and       around fixtures angles of 0°, 15° and 30°; the regions
    12 (t2) months. The ISQ values were recorded af-           around the fixtures ’coronal third emerged as the
    ter implant installation of Access® (Neoss Ltd.            most stressed (4).

    Annali di Stomatologia 2018;IX (2):91-96                                                                      91
    V. Notaro et al.


    Angled abutments mediate prosthetic rehabilitation of     Study population
    angled implants so that abutments axes of the same        The participants were 5 partially edentulous patients:
    arch result as parallel as possible.                      2 males and 3 females aged between 58 and 74
    The most used angled abutments in literature are          years (average of 66 ± 8 years). They were selected
    Multi Unit Abutment (MUA®) (Neoss Ltd. Harrogate,         according to the following exclusion criteria:
    UK), Access® (Neoss Ltd. Harrogate, UK) and Low           ● Systemic disorders (thrombocytopenia, coagu-
    Profile® (Neoss Ltd. Harrogate, UK).                          lopathy, hepatopathy, immunosuppression, dia-




                                                                                                  li
    According to a literary review, the clinical perfor-          betes, prolonged cortisone therapy, chemothera-




                                                                                                na
    mances of the angled abutments are equal to those             py, iv bisphosphonate treatment, radiotherapy,
    of the straight abutments. The stress produced by ex-         myocardiopathy)
    tra-axial load increases with abutment angulation, yet    ● Smoking habits
    no consensus has been reached about the precise in-       ● Bruxism
    clination that leads to implant failure.                  ● Temporomandibular disorders




                                                                                              io
    During implant success evaluation, it is essential to     ● Severe dental or skeletal malocclusions.
    distinguish between mandibular and maxillary bone.        And the following inclusion criteria:
    Indeed, a retrospective study on early load with full-    ● need for a full-arch bridge maxillary and/or




                                                                        az
    arches prosthesis resulted in no implant loss in the          mandibular supported by 4 or 6 implants
    mandible, even using only 4 implants, against a           ● minimum implant length of 10 mm
    10.6% implant loss in the maxillary bone (5). Another     ● torque of insertion equal to or greater than 35
    study on full load arch prostheses shows a success            Ncm




                                                                      rn
    rate of 97% for mandibular implants and 87.5% for         ● prosthesis connected to all the implants
    maxillary ones two years after surgery (6).               ● occlusion with long and wide centric.
    The successful installation of immediate loading pros-    All the examined patients were healthy; 4 of them
    thesis with a full-arch in the maxillary bone depends     took antihypertensive drugs.




                                                       te
    on the observation of adequate criteria: patient selec-
    tion, implant choice, correct surgical technique and      Surgical and prosthetic procedures
    correct prosthesis realization (7).                       In order to assemble the articulator-mounted plaster
                                                     In
    Given the limited number of existing studies on the       models and construct the surgical template, the inter-
    topic (8), the present case series aims to evaluate the   maxillary connections must be transferred. A facebow
    success of immediate-loading implants with angled         has to be employed if an occlusal vertical dimension
    abutments by measuring resonance frequencies.             (OVD) increment is required or if the connections be-
                                                              tween the two maxillary arches are absent.
                            ni

                                                              In patients with stable occlusion (at least 4 pairs of
    Clinical series                                           antagonist teeth) alginate impressions were taken
                                                              and intermazillary relationship was recorded by occlu-
                          io


    Study design                                              sion wax. Gypsum models were placed in the articu-
    The study was a case series designed to evaluate          lator; the resulting surgical template guided implants
    the success of immediate-loading of twenty-six post-      insertion in the correct prosthetic position and aided
                        iz



    extractive implants: 22 in the maxillary bone and 4       the choice of the correct Access®.
    in the mandibular bone. A mandibular implant was          In patients with unstable occlusion (less than 4 pairs
    excluded from the study because angled abutment           of antagonist teeth), intermaxillary relationship and
           Ed




    was unnecessary. Twenty out of twenty-five im-            vertical occlusion dimension (OVD) were registered
    plants were inserted in post-extraction alveolus          using a facebow.
    while the remaining five in native bone. The inserted     Avulsion of every compromised dental element was
    implants, Neoss ProActive Tapered® (Neoss Ltd.            performed; in the same session, 4 or 6 implants were
    Harrogate, UK), consist of commercially pure titani-      inserted both in native bone and in post-extraction
    um grade 4.                                               sites. The implant insertion sites were planned based
 IC




    The Osstell ISQ® (Osstell; Integration Diagnostics,       on TC assessment. The chosen areas were the ones
    Göteborg, Sweden) device was used to evaluate im-         with greater bone volume, which did not require a
    plant stability. The SmartPeg™ (Osstell) is a small,      preventive bone regenerative surgery.
    high-precision disposable aluminium bar screwed on-       The maxillary implants have been placed in 1.2, 2.2,
C




    to the implant (or angled abutment) during measure-       1.4 / 1.5, 2.4 / 2.5 regions; the mandibular ones in 3.2 /
    ments. The ISQ measurements were performed at             3.3, 4.2 / 4.3, 3.4 / 3.5, 4.4 / 4.5 regions. The two poste-
    the time of implant insertion (t0), after 3 (t1) and 12   rior implants had a mesio-distal inclination of 25-30°,
    (t2) months.                                              while the two anterior ones inserted in the premaxilla
©




    Cone-beam CT and OPT were employed for patients’          and in the parasymphysis region were straight.
    clinical, prosthetic and radiographic assessments.        The protocols suggested by Neoss served as a refer-
    All patients underwent oral hygiene sessions; they        ence for implant sites preparation. The surgical tem-
    were further instructed to perform oral hygiene during    plate guided the implants’ position and inclination.
    pre-surgical phase.                                       The implants were inserted using a torque of 35 N/cm



    92                                                                             Annali di Stomatologia 2018;IX (2):91-96
    Resonance frequency evaluation on immediate loading implants with angled abutments: case series


    at least. A transparent resin mask helped choosing
    the Access® angle correctors, which had to be direct-              Outcomes measures and results
    ly screwed onto the implant head to parallelise the                The obtained ISQ values reflect the stability level on
    axes of the implant emergencies.                                   the universal ISQ scale, from 1 to 100. Three mea-
    The resonance frequency analysis made with Osstell®                surements were recorded for each direction tested
    ISQ device measured the primary implant stability at               but only the highest value was considered. The ISQ
    zero time. The ISQ values of anterior implants were                values were recorded after implant installation of Ac-




                                                                                                         li
    measured by placing the probe in mesial, distal and                cess® (Neoss Ltd. Harrogate, UK) during the different




                                                                                                       na
    vestibular position; for the posterior implants, the ISQ           stages: during surgery (t0), after 3 (t1) and after 12
    was taken in the buccal palatal and mesial position.               months (t2) from insertion. The values of ISQ ranged
    Following this, the SmartPeg™ was removed and the ti-              between 53-88 ISQ (average 66 ± 6.1 ISQ, median
    tanium prosthetic cylinders that act as transfers were             67 ISQ) at t0, 51-80 ISQ (average 70 ± 5.8 ISQ, me-
    installed above the Access®. The surgical template                 dian 70 ISQ) at t1 and 53-80 ISQ (average 70.8 ± 5.7




                                                                                                     io
    was used as an open tray to take a silicone impression.            ISQ, median 72 ISQ) at t2.
    The occlusal contacts were checked with an articulat-              Analyzing the variation tables of the ISQ value over
    ing paper. The patient was invited to maintain in the              time, we note an increase at t1 and a slight increase




                                                                                 az
    maximum intercuspidation position (ICP) throughout                 or stabilization at t2. In Tables 1, 3 and 5 some im-
    the swallowing technique. A bite-type silicone was in-             plants slightly drop the ISQ values from t0 to t1 and
    jected between the mask and the vestibule: it blocked              an increase them from t1 to t2. In Tables 1, 2 and 5
    the intercuspidation position, polymerized and then                ISQ values higher than 75 recorded at t0 fall at t1,




                                                                               rn
    was removed. The ICP impression was used to con-                   then stabilize or return to growth in the ISQ control
    struct the temporary prosthesis. The temporary resin               performed at t2. In Tables 2, 3 and 4 three out of
    strengthened by glass fibers was produced based on                 twenty-five implants have shown a different trend: low-
    the implants’ emergencies and the wax teeth assem-                 er ISQ values at t1, which stabilized at t2 in Tables 2




                                                             te
    bly, and after 24 hours was delivered to the patient.              and 4 while further decreased at t2 in Table 3. In Ta-
    At the end of the surgical phase, antibiotic and anti-             bles 1, 3 and 4, three implants with ISQ values lower
    inflammatory therapy was prescribed and a soft diet                than 60 at t0 showed a marked increase in the ISQ
                                                           In
    was recommended for at least 30 days.                              value at t1 and t2, conforming to the ISQ values of the
    The patients were summoned back after 3 months                     other implants present in the respective Tables.
    and 12 months after surgery. The final prosthesis was              The patient 2 was supplied with prosthesis in both the
    delivered after 6-8 months from the temporary pros-                maxillary bone and the mandible, thus we could draw
    thesis implant.                                                    two distinct tables to monitor the different osseointe-
                               ni

    After the temporary prosthesis removal, the peri-im-               gration of the maxillary and mandibular implants over
    plant mucosa healing process was evaluated and the                 time. The ISQ values trend is described above in both
    ISQ values of each implant were measured.                          Tables. If the mandibular implant with abnormal ISQ val-
                             io


    Table 1. The variation table of the ISQ value over time in patient 1.
                           iz
            Ed
 IC




    Table 2. The variation table of the ISQ value over time in patient 2.
C
©




    Annali di Stomatologia 2018;IX (2):91-96                                                                                93
    V. Notaro et al.


    Table 3. The variation table of the ISQ value over time in patient 3.




                                                                                                           li
                                                                                                         na
    Table 4. The variation table of the ISQ value over time in patient 4.




                                                                                                       io
                                                                                 az
                                                                               rn
    Table 5. The variation table of the ISQ value over time in patient 5.




                                                             te
                                                           In
                               ni

    ues at control t1 and t2 is neglected, the recorded ISQ            In the present case, an anomalous trend was mea-
                             io


    values in the mandible are higher than those in the                sured on three implants: their ISQ value progressively
    maxillary bone.                                                    decreased, suggesting some kind of impairment;
    Twenty-four implants were osseointegrated whereas                  however, they remained clinically stable. Temporary
                           iz



    a maxillary implant was lost one month after immedi-               prosthesis occlusal control revealed an occlusal over-
    ate loading procedure (patient 2). A six months fol-               load on those three anomalous implants: the pre-con-
    low-up showed implant survival of 96%.                             tact was immediately corrected.
           Ed




                                                                       Further, the ISQ values measured on the three
                                                                       mandibular implants can be associated with a better
    Discussion                                                         bone quality of the implant insertion site (15, 17).
                                                                       The different angulation Access® devices lead to an
    The ISQ measurements performed at t0, t1 and t2 indi-              ISQ value average decrease if compared with the ISQ
    cate that implant stability increases over time. This re-          measured without intermediate components between
 IC




    sult can be due to both new bone formation around im-              SmartPeg™ and implant. The 0° Access® reports an
    plant turns and bone mineralization increase in the                average decrease of 1.74-5.01% of the ISQ value; the
    bone-implant interface. Many studies monitored ISQ                 Access® 10° an average decrease of 5.07-6.63%; the
    values shifts over time since implant placement (9-28).            Access® 20° a decrease average of 6.79-7.93%; the
C




    Three maxillary implants with ISQ values below 60 at t0            Access® 30° an average decrease of 7.2-8.73%.
    showed a marked increase in the ISQ value at t1 and                Several Authors have searched for an ISQ threshold
    t2. Huwiler et al.’s study states that the increase in ISQ         clinically useful to differentiate early successes and fail-
    value is higher in type IV bone and lower in type I bone           ures. Guler et al. state it is impossible to identify this
©




    6 weeks after implant insertion (15). In Sim and Lung’s            value (12, 13). On the other hand, Andersson et al. af-
    2010 paper, ISQ value of type II bone slightly decreas-            firm that a substantial ISQ value decrease recorded
    es after 2 weeks but always remains above 70 ISQ,                  three month after surgery can predict implant failure.
    while ISQ value of type III and IV bone continuously               According to Fischer et al., an ISQ value lower than 44
    grows until it reaches slightly lower values than those            indicates imminent failure in 100% of cases (29).
    recorded in type II bone after 12 weeks (17).                      Huwiler et al. report similar results: failed implants ISQ

    94                                                                                      Annali di Stomatologia 2018;IX (2):91-96
    Resonance frequency evaluation on immediate loading implants with angled abutments: case series


    values declined from 68 at t0 to 45 after a week (15).                       analysis. J Prosthodont. 2011 Jan;20(1):16-28. Doi:
    Both Andersson et al. and Sennerby et al. discourage                         10.1111/j.1532-849X.2010.00654.x.
    immediate loading on implants with an ISQ value of 60:                 9.    Mozzati M, Arata V, Gallesio G, Mussano F, Carossa S. Im-
                                                                                 mediate postextraction implant placement with immediate
    the failure rate ranges around 6.5% (5, 30).
                                                                                 loading for maxillary full-arch rehabilitation: A two-year ret-
    Eventually, the first measurement is important to un-                        rospective analysis. Journal of the American Dental Asso-
    derstand subsequent data. Measurements repeated                              ciation. 2012;143(2):124-133.
    with the transducer in the same position allow a




                                                                                                                    li
                                                                           10.   Corsalini M, Genovese K, Lamberti L, Pappalettere C, Carel-
    meaningful comparison of data.                                               la M, Carossa S. A laboratory comparison of individual Tar-




                                                                                                                  na
                                                                                 gis/Vectris posts with standard fiberglass posts. Int J
                                                                                 Prosthodont. 2007;20(2):190-192.
    Conclusions                                                            11.   Mussano F, Rovasio S, Schierano G, Baldi I, Carossa S. The
                                                                                 effect of glycine-powder airflow and hand instrumentation on
                                                                                 peri-implant soft tissues: A split-mouth pilot study. Interna-
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                                                                                                                io
                                                                                 tional Journal of Prosthodontics. 2013;26(1):42-44.
    ing implants with full-arch fixed prosthesis placed in                 12.   Guler AU, Sumer M, Duran I, Sandikci EO, Telcioglu NT. Res-
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                                                                                       az
    The 24 out of 25 successful implants in 5 patients                           Apr;39(2):161-167.
    show how using 4-6 implants (mostly 11-13 mm long)                     13.   Monje A, Suarez F, Garaicoa CA, Monje F, Galindo-Moreno
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                                                                                     rn
                                                                                 Feb;23(1):69-73.
    the maxillary and mandible bones, without causing                      14.   Pettini F, Savino M, Corsalini M, Cantore S, Ballini A. Cy-
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                                                                   te
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                                                                 In
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    Annali di Stomatologia 2018;IX (2):91-96                                                                                                 95
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        tive study in a group of 16 patients. Oral Implantology. 2017          8063268.
        Apr 10;10(1):78-86. Doi: 10.11138/orl/2017.10.1.078. eCol-         28. Di Venere D, Corsalini M, Nardi GM, Laforgia A, Grassi FR,
        lection 2017 Jan-Mar.                                                  Rapone B, Pettini F. Obstructive site localization in patients
    25. Corsalini M, Di Venere D, Rapone B, Stefanachi G, Lafor-               with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: a comparison be-




                                                                                                                    li
        gia A, Pettini F. Evidence of signs and symptoms of Cran-              tween otolaryngologic data and cephalometric values. Oral
        iomandibular Disorders in Fibromyalgia patients. The Open              Implantology. 2017 Jul-Sep;10(3):295-310. Published online




                                                                                                                  na
        Dent Journal. 2017;11:91-98. Published online 2017 Feb 14.             2017 Nov 30. Doi: 10.11138/orl/2017.10.3.295.
        Doi: 10.2174/1874210601711010091.                                  29. Fischer K, Bäckström M, Sennerby L. Immediate and ear-
    26. Grassi FR, Pappalettere C, Di Comite M, Corsalini M, Mori              ly loading of oxidized tapered implants in the partially
        G, Ballini A, Crincoli V, Pettini F, Rapone B, Boccaccio A.            edentulous maxilla: a 1-year prospective clinical, radiographic,
        Effect of different irrigating solutions and endodontic seal-          and resonance frequency analysis study. Clin Implant Dent




                                                                                                                io
        ers on bond strength of the dentin-post interface with and with-       Relat Res. 2009 Jun;11(2):69-80.
        out defects. Int J Med Sci. 2012;9(8):642-654. Published on-       30. Sennerby L, Meredith N. Implant stability measurements us-
        line 2012 Sep 24. Doi: 10.7150/ijms.4998.                              ing resonance frequency analysis: biological and biome-
    27. Di Comite M, Crincoli V, Fatone L, Ballini A, Mori G,                  chanical aspects and clinical implications. Periodontol 2000.




                                                                                       az
        Rapone B, Boccaccio A, Pappalettere C, Grassi FR, Favia                2008;47:51-66.




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    96                                                                                             Annali di Stomatologia 2018;IX (2):91-96
