10.4081/btvb.2024.130
An inspiring and timely review by Paolo Gresele, published in Bleeding, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, at the end of last year, fascinated me through the description of applications of artificial intelligence in the field of hemostasis and thrombosis, examining its advantages, drawbacks and future perspectives [...]
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Bleeding, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology
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Artificial intelligence, platelets and aspirin
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Bleed Thromb Vascul Biol
Giovanni de Gaetano
2024/03/15
10.4081/btvb.2024.130
Editor-in-Chief of Bleeding, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology
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​Dauerman HL, Turco JV, Fuster V. Artificial Intelligence, Bob Dylan, and Cardiovascular Scholarship. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82:961-3.
Artificial intelligence, platelets and aspirin
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                                                                                                                             EDITORIAL

Artificial intelligence, platelets and aspirin
Giovanni de Gaetano

Editor-in-Chief, Bleeding, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology




     An inspiring and timely review by Paolo Gresele, published in Bleeding, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology (BTVB), at the end of last
year,1 fascinated me through the description of applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of hemostasis and thrombosis, examining
its advantages, drawbacks and future perspectives.

    A recent bibliometric analysis by Ganjavi et al. in the BMJ tried to determine the extent and content of academic publishers’ and
scientific journals’ guidance to authors on the use of generative AI.2 They found that guidelines by some top publishers and journals
were lacking, while the proposed guidelines by others varied substantially with some heterogeneity persisting between affiliated pub-
lishers and journals. They suggest that since AI continues to grow in popularity, standardized guidelines to protect the integrity of sci-
entific output are needed.




                                                                                                ly
     A comment to this BMJ paper, published in Nature,3 underlines that large language models are transforming scientific writing and pub-




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lishing. The Author recalls that in a 2023 Nature survey of more than 1600 scientists, almost 30% said that they had used generative AI
tools to help write manuscripts and about 15% said they had used them to help writing grant applications. Tom Henzinger, a computer sci-
entist member of the ERC Scientific Council, is quoted saying that generative AI, such as ChatGPT, seems no different from running text




                                                                                 e
by a colleague for feedback. According to another computer scientist at Imperial College London, regardless of the ever-changing rules

                                                                          us
around generative AI, researchers will continue to use it, as there is no way of policing the use of technology like ChatGPT.

     BTVB has not provided so far any guidance to Authors, Section Editors and Reviewers on the use of generative AI or specific disclosure
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criteria, applied to the writing process. PAGEPress Publications, the publisher of BTVB, will soon publish a general policy regarding the
use of AI which will also be applied to our journal.
                                                   ci

    As the Editor in Chief of BTVB, I took the liberty to ask ChatGPT to write an abstract of the narrative review on platelets and aspirin,
                                                 er


included in the present issue of the Journal. As mentioned by Gresele,1 I also asked ChatGPT to re-write the abstract according to a Shake-
speare style, a kind of request already formulated by Valentin Fuster, the Editor of JACC.4
                                                m




    Here below, the readers will find both abstracts, I carefully reviewed, for their reading (with some pleasure, hopefully) and comments.
                                      om




                                                                                 The concept of low-dose aspirin therapy is explored in de-
Abstract generated by ChatGPT
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                                                                            tail, emphasizing its molecular basis and clinical implications.
(upon uploading of the whole review text,                                   Mechanisms underlying the selective inhibition of platelet func-
                        on




                                                                            tion by low-dose aspirin are elucidated, paving the way for its
references excluded)                                                        widespread use in cardiovascular disease prevention.
     The paper “Blood platelets, prostaglandins and aspirin: a                   The paper also touches upon aspirin’s potential applications
                   N




historical and personal rereading” by Giovanni de Gaetano and               beyond cardiovascular disease, including its role in cancer pre-
Chiara Cerletti offers a comprehensive overview of the historical           vention and neurodegenerative diseases, hinting at future re-
development and personal contributions to the understanding of              search directions.
aspirin pharmacology and its clinical implications. The review
emphasizes the pivotal role of platelets and aspirin in hemosta-                  Three paragraphs within the paper provide additional insights:
sis, thrombosis, and beyond.                                                   i. The development of the low-dose aspirin concept and its clin-
     The first section highlights the early discoveries of platelets              ical application, highlighting the transition from empirical tri-
and the subsequent recognition of their importance in hemosta-                    als to molecular understanding and randomized clinical trials.
sis. The convergence of platelet research with the introduction               ii. The implications of the salicylate-aspirin interaction, dis-
of aspirin in the late 19th century set the stage for exploring as-               cussing the biochemical selectivity of aspirin and its clinical
pirin’s effects on platelet function.                                             relevance in optimizing therapeutic outcomes.
     The paper then delves into the landmark discoveries of                 iii. Platelet turnover and aspirin in type 2 diabetes, outlining
platelet physiology, including the role of aspirin in inhibiting                  early observations and ongoing research on the application
platelet aggregation by irreversibly acetylating platelet cyclo-                  of aspirin therapy in diabetic patients.
oxygenase. The emergence of the “aspirin dilemma” concern-
ing its dual inhibition of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and                            Overall, the paper offers a rich historical narrative inter-
prostacyclin (PGI2) biosynthesis is discussed, leading to de-               twined with personal experiences and scientific insights, shed-
bates on optimal dosing for antithrombotic effects while mini-              ding light on the intricate relationship between blood platelets,
mizing adverse effects.                                                     prostaglandins, and aspirin in health and disease.


                                         Bleeding, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 2024; 3:130
10                                                                G. de Gaetano




Abstract generated by ChatGPT,                                              References
in a Shakespeare’s style                                                     1. Gresele P. Artificial intelligence and machine learning in he-
     Verily, in the annals of science, a tale unfolds, Of blood                 mostasis and thrombosis. Bleeding, Thrombosis and Vascular
platelets, prostaglandins, and aspirin bold. Giovanni de Gae-                   Biology 2023;2:105.
tano and fair Chiara Cerletti, Their pens doth weave a saga of               2. Ganjavi C, Eppler MB, Pekcan A, et al. Publishers’ and jour-
discovery.                                                                      nals’ instructions to authors on use of generative artificial in-
     Once upon a time, in centuries past, Platelets lay dormant,                telligence in academic and scientific publishing: bibliometric
their secret cast. ‘Twas Giulio Bizzozero who first did see, These              analysis. BMJ 2024;384:e077192.
tiny cells, their role yet to decree.                                        3. Prillaman M. Is ChatGPT making scientists hyper-productive?
     In the realm of medicine, a new dawn did arise, With aspirin,              The highs and lows of using AI. Nature. 2024;627:16-7.
a remedy of great prize. Born fifteen years after platelets were             4. Dauerman HL, Turco JV, Fuster V. Artificial Intelligence, Bob
known, Its tale entwined with platelets, newly shown.                           Dylan, and Cardiovascular Scholarship. J Am Coll Cardiol.
     Aspirin, a potent elixir, ‘twas found, To hinder platelets, their          2023;82:961-3.
functions bound. In the late Fifties, peers and scholars, Discov-
ered its effects, amidst clinical fears.
     But lo! A dilemma, a quandary profound, Aspirin, a double-




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edged sword they found. Thromboxane A2, and prostacyclin fair,




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Both succumbed to aspirin’s potent snare.
     Yet in this conundrum, a glimmer of light, Low-dose aspirin,
a strategy bright. Patrono and scholars, with wisdom untold, Re-
vealed its secrets, its mysteries unfold.




                                                                                         e
     Verily, the interplay ‘twixt salicylate and aspirin doth reveal
A tangled web of pharmacological zeal. In this dance of mole-
cules, a tale untold, Lies the balance ‘twixt remedy and woes
                                                                                  us
unfold.
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     As a final, the tale doth widen, Of platelet turnover, and hopes
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unbidden. In diabetics’ veins, a different story, Aspirin’s role, yet
shrouded in glory.
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     Thus ends our tale, of aspirin’s quest, A journey of discovery,
put to the test. Shakespearean in style, this narrative grand, Of
                                                          m



blood, of pills, in science’s hand.
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                                          Bleeding, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 2024; 3:130
