10.6092/issn.1973-9494/12796
Il mare contribuisce fortemente all'identità delle zone costiere. Inoltre, è stato dimostrato che il litorale è un'entità geografica che richiede un'organizzazione specifica.
Da un punto di vista architettonico, elementi di design sono stati associati agli asset (o vincoli) del sito. Pertanto, la vista è associata al bovindo, alla protezione dal clima con tettoie e tetti sporgenti e alla qualità del suolo e del substrato roccioso. Anche l'integrazione nel sito è altamente auspicabile, sia nella forma (nave) che nei materiali da costruzione.
L'urbanizzazione delle aree costiere in Algeria è un fatto coloniale. In epoca precoloniale, a queste zone veniva data poca importanza, mentre in seguito divennero una priorità: siti portuali, velocità di comunicazione con l'Europa, ricche pianure agricole, clima mite e spiagge accoglienti. Gli sviluppi e le costruzioni marittime realizzate in questo periodo facevano parte della logica di attrattività per accogliere più coloni europei e promuovere la sedentarizzazione e la crescita di coloro che già vivevano in Algeria.
Dopo l'indipendenza, le scelte politiche ed economiche non hanno purtroppo tenuto conto della specificità geografica e climatica delle zone costiere algerine. Pertanto, la crescita della popolazione e lo spopolamento rurale hanno portato a un forte aumento della domanda di immobili, che ha portato a un'urbanizzazione sfrenata, indipenden-temente dalla vocazione balneare di questi territori.
In questo articolo, basato sul caso della località balneare di Ain El Turc, che ha una produzione architettonica coloniale di una qualità eccezionale che tiene conto delle specificità della costa e della presenza del mare, lo scopo è valutare e verificare se questa architettura è stata perpetuata dopo l'indipendenza.
A tal fine, abbiamo messo in luce, attraverso la ricerca bibliografica, le caratteristiche dell'architettura balneare dei secoli XIX e XX e quelle della contemporaneità.
L'analisi di tutte le abitazioni situate nel distretto di Saint Rock nel comune di Ain El Turc è consistita nell'individuare queste caratteristiche e stabilire una classificazione di queste costruzioni.
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1973-9494
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Lamia Khadidja Beghdoud
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Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
seaside architecture
Mutation of the Seaside Architecture in Algeria and its Impact on Coastal Landspace. A Case Study: Ain El Turc, Algeria
Text.Serial.Journal
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Articles
2021-05-13
2021-04-27
2021-05-13
2021-05-13
147-165
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Lamia Khadidja Beghdoud
2020
10.6092/issn.1973-9494/12796
147
Laboratoire Métropole Architecture Urbanisme Société (LAMAUS), Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d’Oran Mohamed Boudiaf, Oran, Algérie
1973-9494
seaside architecture
en
165
Mutation of the Seaside Architecture in Algeria and its Impact on Coastal Landspace. A Case Study: Ain El Turc, Algeria
https://conservation-science.unibo.it/article/download/12796/12512
20
M      UTATION OF THE SEASIDE ARCHITECTURE IN ALGERIA
       AND ITS IMPACT ON COASTAL LANDSPACE.
       A CASE STUDY: AIN EL TURC, ALGERIA

   Mohamed Tewfik Bouroumi *, Malika Kacemi, Lamia Khadidja Beghdoud
   Laboratoire Métropole Architecture Urbanisme Société (LAMAUS)
   Université des Sciences et de la Technologie d’Oran Mohamed Boudiaf
   Oran, Algérie


   Keywords: Algeria, Ain el Turc, mutation, coastline, seaside architecture




   1. Introduction

     The Algerian coastline holds resources and undeniable opportunities regarding
tourism. During colonial times a remarkable architecture, mainly represented by resort
villas, was developed in some seaside villages [1].
     From the beginning of the 20th century, Ain El Turc, one of the coastline munici-
palities of Oran, has cultivated a long tradition of holiday resorts and since 1945 has
established itself as one of the first seaside resorts on a local as well as a national
scale, thanks to its seaside heritage [2].
     After independence, especially during the 1990s, the municipality of Ain El Turc ex-
perienced unprecedented development and today appears as a sprawling urban space.
This urbanization arose from the requirement of the natural site and from the will of a
succession of persons in charge, to create large housing estates throughout the seaside
attraction: as a result, the city became much more residential than seasonal.


   1.1. Architectural features of seaside constructions

    Although the seaside houses show diversified styles, there are similarities all related
to the sea [3]. To enjoy the spectacle of the maritime landscape, the number of openings
have multiplied, with many windows, terraces, verandas, covered galleries, bow win-
dows, etc. being installed [4]. The materials used are juxtaposed next to each other:
stone rubble, glass, brick, wood, mosaic which all contribute to the polychromy of the
house in various ways [5].
    The plan and layout are often different from one house to another, but they all meet
specific needs relating to the sea. The seaside house is built on a basement partly below
ground which includes the laundry, the kitchen and other household services [6-7].
    The ground floor is reserved for receiving guests: a small lounge, a smoking room, a
large living room, and a dining room. The 1st and 2nd floors usually house the bedrooms of
the householders and their guests, while the servants’ rooms are situated in the attic [8-9].


   * Corresponding author: bouroumi.mohamed@univ-usto.dz
                                                                                                                                    The following table shows the principles of seaside architectures through the vari-
M.T. Bouroumi, M. Kacemi, L.K. Beghdoud - Mutation of the seaside architecture in Algeria and its impact on coastal landspace



                                                                                                                                ous architectural, technical and architectural devices that make up the house by the
                                                                                                                                sea as well as their elements and the role of each in this composition (Table 1).
                                                                                                                                    Table 1 shows that the whole is constituted by a combination of elements that es-
                                                                                                                                tablish certain relationships with the sea and: protect the building; fit in with the envi-
                                                                                                                                ronment, provide transit spaces, enjoy the view of the sea and landscape [3-11-9] This
                                                                                                                                analysis grid defines these relationships, and will allow us, through the case of Ain El
                                                                                                                                Turc, to show whether the houses in the Algerian coastal cities observe the principles
                                                                                                                                of seaside architecture defined in Table 1.

                                                                                                                                Table1. Analysis grid: features of seaside houses (Source: authors)


                                                                                                                                    Features           Elements       Protection   Integration   Transition   Contemplation   Observation

                                                                                                                                                     1. Siting            ●            ●             ●             ●              ●

                                                                                                                                                     2. Orientation       ●                                        ●              ●
                                                                                                                                     Spatial
                                                                                                                                                     3. Shape             ●            ●             ●             ●              ●
                                                                                                                                 composition &
                                                                                                                                  architectural      4. Height                         ●             ●             ●              ●
                                                                                                                                     shape           5. Addition          ●            ●             ●             ●              ●
                                                                                                                                                     6. Building
                                                                                                                                                                          ●            ●                                          ●
                                                                                                                                                     materials
                                                                                                                                                     1. Roof              ●                                                       ●
                                                                                                                                                     2. Colour                         ●                                          ●
                                                                                                                                                     3. Veranda           ●                          ●             ●
                                                                                                                                                     4. Canopy            ●                                                       ●
                                                                                                                                                     5. Stoop             ●                          ●
                                                                                                                                                     6. Loggia                                                     ●
                                                                                                                                                     7. Dormers                                                    ●              ●
                                                                                                                                                     8. Bow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ●              ●
                                                                                                                                                     window
                                                                                                                                  Architectural
                                                                                                                                   elements          9. Pergola           ●            ●                                          ●
                                                                                                                                                     10. Porch            ●                                                       ●
                                                                                                                                                     11. Gallery          ●                          ●                            ●
                                                                                                                                                     12. Balcony                                     ●             ●              ●
                                                                                                                                                     13. Roofedge         ●                                                       ●
                                                                                                                                                     14. Path
                                                                                                                                                     aound the            ●                          ●
                                                                                                                                                     house
                                                                                                                                                     15. Threshold        ●                          ●
                                                                                                                                                     16. Oriel                                                     ●
                                                                                                                                                     1. Fence             ●            ●             ●                            ●
                                                                                                                                   Landscaping       2. Terrace                        ●                           ●
                                                                                                                                         &
                                                                                                                                 relationship with   3. Belvedere                                                  ●
                                                                                                                                 the environment     4. Gazebo            ●            ●                           ●
                                                                                                                                                     5. Garden            ●            ●             ●                            ●

                                                                                                                                   ● Presence of architectural elements



                                                                                         148
   2. Seaside architecture in Algeria: the case of the seaside resort of Ain El Turc
(Oran)

   2.1. Presentation and situation

    The municipality of Ain El Turc is located at 15 km from the city of Oran; it covers a
total area of 26 km². It is bounded on the north by the Mediterranean Sea, on the south
by the municipality of Misserghin, on the east by Mers El Kebir and on the West by the
municipality of Bousfer.


   2.2. Historical development

   The process of urbanization in the city of Ain el Turc has evolved with various rhythms.
Linked to the historical and political context, it combines two periods in time: colonial
and post-independence.


   2.2.1. Colonial period

     The seaside resort of Ain El Turc was created in 1850 near the agricultural village.
This area was originally predominated by arboriculture and viticulture farms.
     Individual buildings for seasonal use were built in this area constituting a seaside
village which developed to the detriment of the original agricultural village.
     In 1900, new lands were divided along the beach and were used as seaside resorts
(dwellings, proximity, equipment, etc.) for the people from Oran and the whole region,
who sought rest and relaxation during the summertime.
     Thus, seaside resorts were created such as Trouville in 1890, Saint Germain in 1905,
Saint Rock in 1910 and Bouisseville in 1912, etc [2]. Until 1962, all the buildings con-
structed in this area were mainly beach villas, with the exception of a few residential ar-




                                                                                                Conservation science in Cultural Heritage
eas of apartment blocks, such as the estate of Claire Fontaine completed in 1958. The
development of the village started from the main square which is now called “la place
El-Shems”. A year later, buildings were erected in the village in accordance with the
alignment and the land leveling plan established by the Civil Buildings Department.
     In 1900, a settler named Mr. Debaix Maurice decided to subdivide his land along the
beach for the construction of several seaside houses [2]. During the same period, and
for the development and growth of the city, the municipality authorized and encouraged
new constructions (housing, infrastructures and services) according to a development
plan established on the basis of an extension towards the interior land, in order to pro-
tect the shoreline from urbanisation. The new constructions were erected along a spe-
cific line: from the main square of the city to the inland. Many houses were then built,
with tree plantations adding a beautiful touch to the town, sidewalks were incorporated,
and street lighting was installed.
     This urbanization has led to significant population growth. However, it must be remem-
bered that the latter developed at the expense of the intensive deforestation of the land.
     Between 1880 and 1920, the municipality1 encouraged the realization of public ameni-
ties and places for leisure and entertainment, such as hotels, casinos, restaurants... [2].
     During the war of liberation (1954-1962) investments dropped and tourists from
clubs and casinos no longer wanted to venture into these public spaces for fear of at-
tacks and shootings perpetrated especially on the road leading to Ain el Turc. Thus, the
city was declared “off limits” and was accessible only to authorized people.


                                                                                              149
                                                                                                                                    After independence in 1962, the city of Ain El Turc was deserted, due to the depar-
M.T. Bouroumi, M. Kacemi, L.K. Beghdoud - Mutation of the seaside architecture in Algeria and its impact on coastal landspace



                                                                                                                                ture of its inhabitants. Furthermore, most of the hotels and casinos were then occupied
                                                                                                                                by health services, while most of the dwellings were occupied by Algerian families and
                                                                                                                                very few French families decided not to leave.
                                                                                                                                    It is not easy to establish the architectural characteristics of the resorts in Ain El Turc,
                                                                                                                                since no study has ever been conducted in this field. However, it should be noted that
                                                                                                                                the buildings generally stand parallel to the sea and offer a panoramic view of the beach.
                                                                                                                                The use of the sloping roof, in almost all the houses, offers a highly aesthetically pleas-
                                                                                                                                ing appearance, as well as protecting it from the sun and providing thermal comfort
                                                                                                                                inside the house.
                                                                                                                                    Some villas have a pergola. This visible structure covers the terraces; it offers a
                                                                                                                                semi-covered space that protects from the sun without reducing the opening on the
                                                                                                                                outside. Their curved (concave) shapes face the prevailing winds and increase the
                                                                                                                                width of the opening overlooking the sea.


                                                                                                                                    2.2.2. Post-independence

                                                                                                                                    During the first decades that followed Independence, Algerians occupied the real
                                                                                                                                estate legacy left by the French.
                                                                                                                                    During the 1970s, the shoreline hosted various occupations, fishermen and the in-
                                                                                                                                habitants of the houses located near the shore, which were erected without building
                                                                                                                                permits, as well as shacks and boat garages with light materials, such as wood, sheet
                                                                                                                                metal and so on.
                                                                                                                                    In the 1980s, the owners of these shelters turned them into permanent construc-
                                                                                                                                tions, without any authorization from the public authorities. During this time, population
                                                                                                                                growth and rural depopulation led to an increase in the demand for real estate and
                                                                                                                                tourism in Ain El Turc [10]. For example, allotments for individual dwellings and collec-
                                                                                                                                tive dwellings encroached upon lands set aside as areas for tourist expansion.
                                                                                                                                    The land close to the shore was dominated by solid constructions, which were re-
                                                                                                                                sponsible for the narrowing of the beaches, since they hindered the sedimentary ex-
                                                                                                                                changes with the coastal dunes [11] (Sediment exchange occurs naturally between the
                                                                                                                                coastal dunes, beaches and beach front, the reserves of sediment acting as a way of
                                                                                                                                compensating for beach erosion deficit). The construction blocks situated very close to
                                                                                                                                the shore prevented this exchange, causing the beach area to narrow.
                                                                                                                                    The regulations in the 90-29 law of December 1, 1990 on urban planning set up the
                                                                                                                                PDAU and POS2 as urban planning instruments, as well as providing for the issue of
                                                                                                                                building permits and other urban certificates [12]. For the first time, the coastal area was
                                                                                                                                defined. On the other hand, it is with the enactment of this law that the “excesses” in
                                                                                                                                urban planning and construction in Algeria started. This is not only closely linked to the
                                                                                                                                political crisis that the country went through, but also, and above all, to the security situ-
                                                                                                                                ation3 that followed [10].
                                                                                                                                    The main directions of the Master Urban Planning programme recommended en-
                                                                                                                                hancing the tourist character of the region and to respect the standards of construction
                                                                                                                                in order to preserve the urban skyline of the seaside town.
                                                                                                                                    “For this town, the extension of urbanization must preserve the spaces and enhance
                                                                                                                                coastal sites and landscapes and the required environments for biological balances,
                                                                                                                                and must take place in accordance with the provisions of the POS. Any construction on
                                                                                                                                a strip of land of 100 meters wide from the shore is subject to non-aedificandi easement.
                                                                                                                                However, constructions requiring proximity to water may be authorized.” 4


                                                                                            150
   These studies warned against the misguided actions of the urbanization in the 90s.
They even prescribed the demolition of buildings located in the 100-meter strip. These
prescriptions, however, were not followed by any action from the authorities.


    3. Analysis of the buildings in the study area (St Rock)

     A field survey was conducted in the Saint-Rock district from a qualitative sample
consisting of dwellings erected in three different periods:
     1. Dwellings inherited from the colonial time.
     2. Dwellings built between 1962 and 1990.
     3. New dwellings built from 1990 to date.
     The aim of this step was to check, on the one hand, if the seaside constructions had
evolved and, on the other hand, if they met the specific features of the seaside site.
     This study is based on the combination of several investigative tools: surveys, pho-
tos, archive consultation (graphic, iconographic and written documents), etc.
     The bibliographic investigation stage enabled us to highlight the formal characteristics
of the seaside dwelling namely the setting, the orientation and the relationship with the sea,
through an analysis grid that lists the architectural elements that compose this dwelling.
     Saint Rock, a district located east of the coastal town of Ain El Turc, is made up of
423 dwellings characterized by varied architectural typologies.
     Based on the date of construction, the various criteria of the established analysis grid
were applied to each of the houses in the study area.


    4. Presentation and location of the studied area: “Saint Rock” district

    The Saint Rock district is located at the eastern end of the city of Ain el Turc (Figure 1).
Its perimeter covers an area of 89 HA and is bordered as follows:




                                                                                                     Conservation science in Cultural Heritage
    To the North by the Mediterranean Sea
    To the East by El Murdjajou Mountain
    To the West by the Paradise Beach district
    To the South by new urban extensions




                Figure1. Location of the Saint Rock study area (Source: author).


                                                                                                   151
                                                                                                                                   5. Results of the study
M.T. Bouroumi, M. Kacemi, L.K. Beghdoud - Mutation of the seaside architecture in Algeria and its impact on coastal landspace




                                                                                                                                    The houses were classified according to two construction times, the colonial period
                                                                                                                                and post-independence period. However, the results showed that during the time of
                                                                                                                                post-independence, and from 1990, a new architectural typology appeared: houses
                                                                                                                                that look like “immeubles-villas”5 that do not take into account the presence of the sea.
                                                                                                                                This type of architecture has specific features: it is very high, with heavy land use,
                                                                                                                                unsuitable colors and materials, very small openings, as well as commercial premises
                                                                                                                                that occupy almost every ground floor.




                                                                                                                                            Figure 2. Typology of architecture in the study area (Source: authors).


                                                                                                                                     Out of the 423 studied dwellings, 115 houses, i.e. only 26% respect the character-
                                                                                                                                istics of seaside buildings (Figure 2).


                                                                                                                                   5.1. The seaside house dating from colonial times (1920-1962)

                                                                                                                                    The first historical period is thus illustrated by the colonial house designed
                                                                                                                                with great respect for its environment and takes into account the presence of the
                                                                                                                                sea.
                                                                                                                                    This kind of house stands parallel to the seashore and offers a 180 ° panoramic
                                                                                                                                view of the sea (Figure 3).
                                                                                                                                    The analysis grid confirmed that 81% of the principles of seaside architecture were
                                                                                                                                present, namely, the use of architectural devices and the use of outdoor spaces. The
                                                                                                                                seaside style of the colonial period is present in more than 80 houses, that is to say 18%
                                                                                                                                of the entire field study.
                                                                                                                                    The table below represents the percentage of integration of the three parameters
                                                                                                                                of the seaside architecture, the average sum of the latter, i.e. 81%, confirms the sea-
                                                                                                                                side style of this dwelling (Table 2)


                                                                                                 152
Table 2. Integration rate of architectural seaside elements for the 1920 -1962 colonial period
(Source: authors).


                                                                                       INTEGRATION RATE
                                                                                       OF THE PRINCIPLES
     1920 - 1962                          Description of the devices
                                                                                          OF SEASIDE
                                                                                         ARCHITECTURE

                         1. Siting set back from the street                        ●

                         2. Orientation towards the sea                            ●

 Spatial composition &   3. Simple and multi-storey massing                        ●
                                                                                                83%
 architectural shape     4. Height: ground floor + 1 with basement                 ●

                         5. No addition

                         6. Materials: stone, wood, lime                           ●

                         1. Pitched roof                                           ●

                         2. Color fitting with natural space                       ●

                         3. Veranda                                                ●

                         4. Canopy to protect from rain                            ●

                         5. No frontsteps

                         6. No loggia

                         7. Two dormers on the roof to light and ventilate the     ●
                         attic

 Architectural           8. Bow window                                             ●            80%
 elements




                                                                                                             Conservation science in Cultural Heritage
                         9. Pergola                                                ●

                         10. Porch at front of the house                           ●

                         11. Ground floor balcony along the east side for moving   ●
                         around the house

                         12. Balcony in front of the daytime spaces                ●

                         13. Path around the house that protects against           ●
                         infiltration

                         14. Threshold                                             ●

                         15. No oriel

                         1. Small wall fence with vegetation                       ●

 Outdoor landscaping     2. The terrace is oriented towards the sea                ●
 &
                         3. A 70m² gazebo to enjoy the sea view                    ●            80%
 relationship with the
 environment             4. No kiosk

                         5. The garden goes around the house                       ●

                                                                                   81% = Seaside
 Number: 80 houses
                                                                                   architecture

    ● Presence of architectural elements



                                                                                                           153
M.T. Bouroumi, M. Kacemi, L.K. Beghdoud - Mutation of the seaside architecture in Algeria and its impact on coastal landspace




                                                                                                                                             Figure 3. Colonial house. Ground plan and photo (Source: authors).

                                                                                                                                    Houses are mainly set back from the street, often respecting lateral margins (set
                                                                                                                                back from the terraced houses to free up large outdoor spaces around the house). Two
                                                                                                                                major types stand out:
                                                                                                                                    1. The one-storey houses (vertical houses) located by the sea on the lower part of
                                                                                                                                the slope of Ain El Turc are often covered with steep pitched roofs, as also between the
                                                                                                                                waterfront boulevard and Rue Melinette where the slope is very steep (Figure 4).
                                                                                                                                    2. The elongated shapes (horizontal house) in the upper part of the city embank-
                                                                                                                                ment are often single-storey constructions covered by a single roof made out of tiles
                                                                                                                                (Figure 5).




                                                                                                                                                    Figure 4. House with vertical shape (Source: author).


                                                                                             154
                  Figure 5. House with horizontal shape (Source: author).


   The layout of the house is essentially guided by the configuration of the parcel of
land and its orientation: the constructions follow a landscape sequence. They are lined
up next to each other overlooking courtyards that open out toward the sea.
   The volumes are simple shapes.
   On the seafront, small volumes come right next to the large ones, freeing up recesses.
This arrangement allows the preservation of the privacy of the occupants (Figure 6).




                                                                                              Conservation science in Cultural Heritage




               Figure 6. Alignment of houses facing the sea (Source: author).


   Various materials are used, for example, stone and tile.
   The large openings are mainly oriented towards the sea.
   The fence surrounding the front garden creates a transitional space between pri-
vate and public spaces. The fence generally consists of a small stone wall, on top of
which sits an iron grid, the whole combined with vegetation. Many of the houses in the


                                                                                            155
                                                                                                                                St. Rock district have real heritage significance relating to their strong architectural
M.T. Bouroumi, M. Kacemi, L.K. Beghdoud - Mutation of the seaside architecture in Algeria and its impact on coastal landspace



                                                                                                                                quality such as:
                                                                                                                                • shape diversity;
                                                                                                                                • variety of architectural elements, including canopies, pergolas, loggias;
                                                                                                                                • variety of roofs with particular details, such as dormers;
                                                                                                                                • lime and sand plasters combined with stone and brick moulding;
                                                                                                                                • nice dainty wooden carpentry, colored shutters.


                                                                                                                                   5.2. Post-independence habitat

                                                                                                                                   5.2.1. The 1962 -1990 period

                                                                                                                                    Built in the 1970s, this typology is represented by 19 houses in the St. Rock area.
                                                                                                                                Its architecture is related to the sea.
                                                                                                                                    The analysis confirmed the presence and respect of 69% of the principles of sea-
                                                                                                                                side architecture.
                                                                                                                                    The seaside style of the 1962-1990 period appears in 4% out of the total dwellings
                                                                                                                                of the study area and represents 16% of the 115 seaside style houses.
                                                                                                                                    The table below shows the integration percentage of the three parameters of the
                                                                                                                                seaside architecture; the average sum of the latter, which is 69%, confirms the seaside
                                                                                                                                style of these dwellings (Table 3).

                                                                                                                                Table 3. Integration rates of seaside architecture elements for the post-independence period
                                                                                                                                1962-1990 (Source: authors).

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  INTEGRATION RATE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  OF THE PRINCIPLES
                                                                                                                                      1962 - 1990                        Description of the Devices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                     OF SEASIDE
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ARCHITECTURE
                                                                                                                                                          1. Siting set back from the street                  ●
                                                                                                                                                          2. Orientation towards the sea                      ●
                                                                                                                                 Spatial composition &    3. Cubic multi-storey shape                         ●
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          83%
                                                                                                                                 architectural shape      4. Height: ground floor + 1                         ●
                                                                                                                                                          5. No addition
                                                                                                                                                          6. Materials: concrete, steel, glass                ●
                                                                                                                                                          1. Flat roof                                        ●
                                                                                                                                                          2. White color, fitting in with the natural space   ●
                                                                                                                                                          3. No veranda
                                                                                                                                                          4. Cantilevered canopy                              ●
                                                                                                                                                          5. No frontsteps
                                                                                                                                                          6. Two loggias                                      ●
                                                                                                                                                          7. No dormers
                                                                                                                                                          8.Glazing                                           ●           66%
                                                                                                                                 Architectural elements
                                                                                                                                                          9. Pergola                                          ●
                                                                                                                                                          10. A cantilever instead of porch                   ●
                                                                                                                                                          11. No gallery
                                                                                                                                                          12. Several balconies                               ●
                                                                                                                                                          13. All facades in ceramic                          ●
                                                                                                                                                          14. Threshold                                       ●
                                                                                                                                                          15. No oriel                                        ●



                                                                                              156
                            1. Very high fence
    Outdoor landscaping &   2.Terrace is oriented towards the sea       ●
    relationship with the   3. A gazebo of 42m² to enjoy the sea view   ●            60%
    environment             4. No Kiosk
                            5. The garden surrounds the house           ●
    Number: 19 houses                                                   69% = Seaside architecture

     ● Presence of architectural elements


     Composed mainly of a pure form which occupies a small area in a large plot, the rest
is a summer lounge, with vegetation surrounding and closing the parcel, thus giving a
very pleasant micro-climate inside (Figure 7).
     One distinct feature of the houses of the colonial period is found in the use of new
materials, such as concrete, which allowed for larger openings, for example (Figure 7).
The pitched tiled roof is no longer an obligation with the advent of concrete and new
waterproofing techniques, which made it possible to create accessible terraces.
     Concrete cantilevers have replaced canopies that used to be made with a wood and
tile framework; bay windows on the façade facing the sea have been replaced by strip
windows that provide direct views out onto the sea.




                                                                                                       Conservation science in Cultural Heritage

            Figure 7. Post-independence seaside housing: ground plan (Source: author).


    The design of the houses during the 1980s in St. Rock, that took into account some
of the architectural seaside features, allowed the preservation of the architectural char-
acter of the coastal house as well as the seaside landscape.


      5.2.2. The 1990 -2018 period

      This period includes two types of dwellings:

•   The contemporary “non-seaside” house
    These houses appeared in the 1990s and are the kind of dwellings that do not fit
into the environment and do not include the sea as a key element in their architectural


                                                                                                     157
                                                                                                                                design. Their height is very important; they occupy a large part of the parcel and are
M.T. Bouroumi, M. Kacemi, L.K. Beghdoud - Mutation of the seaside architecture in Algeria and its impact on coastal landspace



                                                                                                                                built with materials that do not adapt to suit the proximity of the sea.
                                                                                                                                    The analysis grid confirmed that only 13% of the architectural composition ele-
                                                                                                                                ments linked to the seaside style exists. This architecture can be seen on 308 dwell-
                                                                                                                                ings, i.e. 72% of the field study. 92% of these houses were built from the 90s on to the
                                                                                                                                present day.
                                                                                                                                    The table below shows the integration rate of the three parameters of the seaside
                                                                                                                                architectural spatial composition, architectural elements, and landscaping. The average
                                                                                                                                sum of these, that is to say 13%, confirms that these dwellings do not meet with the
                                                                                                                                seaside style (Table 4).

                                                                                                                                Table 4. Integration rate of seaside architecture elements for the contemporary time 1990-2018
                                                                                                                                (Source: authors).

                                                                                                                                                                                                      INTEGRATION RATE OF
                                                                                                                                      1990 - 2018                    Description of the Devices         THE PRINCIPLES OF
                                                                                                                                                                                                     SEASIDE ARCHITECTURE
                                                                                                                                                           1. Siting aligned with the street
                                                                                                                                                           2. Orientation towards the sea             ●
                                                                                                                                 Spatial composition &     3. Cubic multi-storey shape                ●
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    50%
                                                                                                                                 architectural form        4. Height: ground floor + 4
                                                                                                                                                           5. No addition
                                                                                                                                                           6. Materials: concrete, steel, glass       ●
                                                                                                                                                           1. Flat roof                               ●
                                                                                                                                                           2. Colors are not suitable
                                                                                                                                                           3. No veranda
                                                                                                                                                           4. No canopy
                                                                                                                                                           5. No front steps
                                                                                                                                                           6. No loggias
                                                                                                                                                           7. No dormers
                                                                                                                                 Architectural elements    8. No glazing                                            06%
                                                                                                                                                           9. No pergola
                                                                                                                                                           10. No porch
                                                                                                                                                           11. No gallery
                                                                                                                                                           12. No balconies
                                                                                                                                                           13. No free space surrounding the house
                                                                                                                                                           14. Threshold
                                                                                                                                                           15. No oriel
                                                                                                                                                           1. No fence
                                                                                                                                                           2. No terrace
                                                                                                                                 Outdoor landscaping &
                                                                                                                                 relationship with the     3. No gazebo                                             00%
                                                                                                                                 environment
                                                                                                                                                           4. No kiosk
                                                                                                                                                           5. No garden
                                                                                                                                                                                                     13%       =    non-seaside
                                                                                                                                 Number: 308 houses
                                                                                                                                                                                                     architecture
                                                                                                                                   ● Presence of architectural elements



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    This type of house is dominant in St Rock and represents more than 308 buildings
built from the 1990s on; they are unconnected with their environment, the sea (Figure 8).
The fences of the new constructions are very high walls, sometimes more than 3 me-
ters high, which block the view (Figure 9). Most of the time they are multi-storey build-
ings with ground floors dedicated to commercial activities (Figure 10).
    This type of construction does not fit into the seaside site, its structure usually lend-
ing itself to making a profitable income because they include rental apartments. We have
even observed the division of certain parcels of the colonial era into several lots (the
original houses, whose surface area allowed development of the immediate exterior,
have undergone inappropriate modifications for lucrative reasons).
    Given the observations made during the field study, it is evident that most of the
recently built dwellings in Ain El Turc do not bear the most expressive features of sea-
side architecture.




                                                                                                  Conservation science in Cultural Heritage
          Figure 8. Contemporary non-seaside house: ground plan (Source: author).




     Figure 9. New house in St Rock with walls that exceed 3m in height (Source: author).


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M.T. Bouroumi, M. Kacemi, L.K. Beghdoud - Mutation of the seaside architecture in Algeria and its impact on coastal landspace




                                                                                                                                Figure10. Individual house at St Rock more than 19 m high, standing only a few meters from the sea
                                                                                                                                (Source: author).


                                                                                                                                •    The contemporary “seaside” house (2010-2019)
                                                                                                                                     This new generation of housing on the seaside fits in with a lifestyle that favours the
                                                                                                                                sun as well as the view, due to the fact that improved comfort is sought by paying at-
                                                                                                                                tention to the environment. It represents 3% of the seaside houses in the field study,
                                                                                                                                i.e. 16 houses.
                                                                                                                                     The table below represents the integration rate of the three parameters of seaside
                                                                                                                                architecture. The average sum of the latter, that is to say 77%, confirms the seaside style
                                                                                                                                of these dwellings (Table 5).

                                                                                                                                Table 5. Integration rate of architectural seaside elements for today 2010-2019 (Source: authors)


                                                                                                                                                                                                             INTEGRATION RATE
                                                                                                                                                                                                             OF THE PRINCIPLES
                                                                                                                                         2010 - 2019                    Description of the Devices
                                                                                                                                                                                                                OF SEASIDE
                                                                                                                                                                                                               ARCHITECTURE


                                                                                                                                                            1. Siting set back from the street               ●

                                                                                                                                                            2. Orientation towards the sea                   ●

                                                                                                                                                            3. Complex shape                                 ●
                                                                                                                                    Spatial composition &
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      100%
                                                                                                                                    architectural form      4. Height: ground floor + 1                      ●

                                                                                                                                                            5. Extension                                     ●

                                                                                                                                                            6. Materials: high-performance concrete, smart
                                                                                                                                                                                                             ●
                                                                                                                                                            glass



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                          1. Flat roof                                ●

                          2. Suitable colors                          ●

                          No veranda

                          4. Cantilevered canopies                    ●

                          No front steps

                          6. Several loggias                          ●

                          No dormers

 Architectural elements   8. Abundant glazing                         ●             53%

                          No pergola

                          10. Concrete porches                        ●

                          No gallery

                          12. Balconies                               ●

                          No free space around the house

                          14. Threshold                               ●

                          No oriel

                          Low fence in printed concrete               ●

                          Several terraces                            ●
 Outdoor landscaping &
 relationship with the    Gazebo with a pool.                         ●             80%
 environment
                          No Kiosk




                                                                                                 Conservation science in Cultural Heritage
                          Gardens                                     ●

                                                                    77% = Seaside
 Number: 16 houses
                                                                    architecture


   ● Presence of architectural elements


    Out of the interviews we had with some of the owners of these houses, it turns out
that the architects who designed these homes were inspired by the old colonial hous-
es. Among the principles that were followed we can name contemplation, protection,
and transition. However, new techniques and materials have been used, such as high-
performance concrete and special glass. This kind of glass allows large openings over-
looking the sea to be included and at the same time provides protection from the sun’s
rays (Figure 11).
    As regards the interior layout of the house, several bathrooms and a fully fitted kitch-
en can be found, the open plan allowing flexibility and great transparency between in-
door and outdoor spaces.
    The pitched roof disappears and is replaced by accessible roof terraces that contrib-
ute to the lightness of the volume and act as a gazebo.
    As in the colonial house, the first floor includes a living room, whereas on the ground
floor are the annexes: kitchen, terraces, pergolas, swimming pool, etc.


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                                                                                                                                    The new seaside house is geometrical and minimalist; it fits well into the environ-
M.T. Bouroumi, M. Kacemi, L.K. Beghdoud - Mutation of the seaside architecture in Algeria and its impact on coastal landspace



                                                                                                                                ment and is surrounded by walls that provide protection against intrusion and also
                                                                                                                                against prevailing winds. Its level varies from one to two storeys with a terrace facing the
                                                                                                                                horizon (Figure 11). The interior is bright; the lines are pure, and the large windows give
                                                                                                                                a feeling of freedom. This architectural trend is increasing in the Bay of Ain el Turc.




                                                                                                                                          Figure11. Ground plan of a contemporary seaside house (Source: author).



                                                                                                                                   6. Conclusion

                                                                                                                                    The coastline is a geographical entity that calls for specific urban planning and ar-
                                                                                                                                chitecture.
                                                                                                                                    In its design, the seaside house has an association between the elements used
                                                                                                                                and the constraints of the site. Thus, the view is associated with the bow window and
                                                                                                                                weather protection with the use of awnings and protruding roofs.
                                                                                                                                    Ain El Turc seaside resort has seen its architecture changing and evolving in the
                                                                                                                                past decades. It has several types of architectural structures, some of them taking into
                                                                                                                                account the specificities of the coast and the sea, while others disregard them.
                                                                                                                                    The first historical period is thus illustrated by the colonial house (represented
                                                                                                                                by 18% of the houses in the study area), which was designed with respect for its en-
                                                                                                                                vironment.
                                                                                                                                    During the 1980s, the design of houses in St Rock took into account certain char-
                                                                                                                                acteristics of seaside architecture, but the material used in its construction was mainly
                                                                                                                                concrete (represented by 4% of houses in the study area).
                                                                                                                                    From the 90s on, the constructions are houses which do not respect the environ-
                                                                                                                                ment and do not integrate the sea as a primary element into their architectural design.
                                                                                                                                This is a new architectural typology very common in the study area (72%) resembling
                                                                                                                                apartment buildings. From the early years of the 21st century, a new generation of house,
                                                                                                                                adapted to a lifestyle that favors the sun and scenic views, very rare in Ain El Turc
                                                                                                                                (only 3%), has appeared.


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    From now on, the notion of seaside house is doomed to disappear, contained by
the emergence of new detached houses, much more like buildings which disfigure the
coastal landscape. Thus, the architecture is changing and leading to an incoherence in
the coastal landscape, distorting the notion of seaside architecture to the detriment of
the maritime landscape.


      Notes

      Led by a new mayor of the municipality of Ain el Turc, August Pessoles during the
      1

period 1943-1947.
    2
      PDAU Master Plan of Planning and Development, POS land use plan.
    3
      During the period of civil war that affected the country in the 90s.
    4
      Study of the PDAU Ain El Turc, developed by the URBOR design office, in 1997.
    5
      Very large high villas that look like blocks of flats.


      Acknowledgments

    The realization of this article was possible thanks to several people to whom I would
like to express my gratitude.
    I would first like to thank Mrs KACEMI Malika, who was the first to introduce me to
the subject, for her patience, her availability, as well as for her wise advice, which helped
to fuel my reflection.
    I would also like to express my special thanks to the supervisor of my thesis, Mrs
SALEM Souria, who provided me with the tools necessary to succeed in my university
studies.
    Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to Mrs BEGHDOUD Lamia who has
given me moral and intellectual support throughout my journey.




                                                                                                     Conservation science in Cultural Heritage
      References

[1]       Bouroumi, M. T. (2017). The Algerian coastline between degradation and protec-
          tion of the heritage: The case of the coastal town of Ain El Turc, revue Urbanism.
          Architecture. Constructions, Vol 8, n° 3, p. 249-264
[2]       Gandini, J. (1997). Oran de ma jeunesse 1945-1962, Jacques Gandini éditions,
          Paris, p. 238
[3]       Toulier, B (2010). Architecture et Urbanisme, villégiature des bords de mer –
          XVIIIe - XXe siècle, éditions du patrimoine, Paris: 2010, p. 400
[4]       Thiollet, V. (2007). L’architecture balnéaire, une fenêtre sur la ville, Saint Nazaire
[5]       Merlin, P., Choay, F. (2010). Dictionnaire de l’urbanisme et de l’aménagement,
          Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, p. 1024.
[6]       Rouillard, D. (1995). Le site balnéaire, Editions Mardaga, Bruxelles : 1995, p. 357
[7]       Cahier de recommandations architecturales et paysagères (2011), Département
          de Loire atlantique.
[8]       Delignon, G. (1999) Saint-Malo-Paramé, urbanisme et architecture balnéaires
          1840-1940, Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, p. 252.
[9]       Toulier, B. (1993). L’architecture des bains de mer; un patrimoine marginalisé,
          Revue de l’Art, n°101. pp. 29-40.


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                                                                                                                                [10] Kacemi, M. (2006) Protection du littoral en Algérie entre politiques et pouvoirs
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                                                                                                                                     locaux: Le cas du pôle industriel d’Arzew (Oran- Algérie), revue Vertigo, Vol 7, n° 3
                                                                                                                                     [En ligne]
                                                                                                                                [11] Paskoff, R. (2010). Les littoraux, impact des aménagements sur leur évolution,
                                                                                                                                     Armand Colin, 3ème édition, Paris, p. 257.
                                                                                                                                [12] Kacemi, M. (2009) Protection du littoral en Algérie entre gestion et législation. Le
                                                                                                                                     cas du pôle industriel d’Arzew (Oran, Algérie), revue Droit et société, Vol. 3, n° 73,
                                                                                                                                     pp. 687-701


                                                                                                                                   Biographical Notes

                                                                                                                                    Bouroumi Mohamed Tewfik is an Architect and PhD student, his research focuses
                                                                                                                                on the evolution of local seaside architecture and its impact on the coastal landscape
                                                                                                                                at the Université des sciences et de la Technologie of Oran. He specializes in architec-
                                                                                                                                tural seaside design theories, in general with a focus on the built heritage of Algerian
                                                                                                                                coastal cities.

                                                                                                                                    Kacemi Malika is a Professor of Architecture at the University of Science and Tech-
                                                                                                                                nology of Oran, Algeria. Her main interest is urbanism and heritage. Her PhD thesis
                                                                                                                                concerns the integration of the littoral specificities in town planning documents. She
                                                                                                                                has furthered her research in the sustainable development and conservation of archi-
                                                                                                                                tectural heritage. She has recently become interested in tourism and nineteenth cen-
                                                                                                                                tury heritage. She is currently the President of the scientific committee of the Department
                                                                                                                                of architecture at the Science and Technology University of Oran, Algeria.


                                                                                                                                   Summary

                                                                                                                                      The sea strongly contributes to the identity of coastline areas. Moreover, it has been
                                                                                                                                demonstrated that the coastline is a geographical entity which calls for specific orga-
                                                                                                                                nization.
                                                                                                                                      From an architectural point of view, design elements have been associated with the
                                                                                                                                assets (or constraints) of the site. Thus, the view is associated with the bow window,
                                                                                                                                protection against the climate with canopies and protruding roofs, and quality of the
                                                                                                                                soil and bedrock. Integration into the site is also highly desirable, both in form (ship)
                                                                                                                                and in construction materials.
                                                                                                                                      The urbanization of coastal areas in Algeria is a colonial fact. In pre-colonial times,
                                                                                                                                little importance was given to these areas, whereas later they became a priority: port
                                                                                                                                sites, the speed of communications with Europe, rich agricultural plains, a mild climate
                                                                                                                                and welcoming beaches. The developments and seaside constructions carried out dur-
                                                                                                                                ing this period were part of the logic of attractiveness to welcome more European set-
                                                                                                                                tlers and promote the sedentarization and growth of those already living in Algeria.
                                                                                                                                      After independence, political and economic choices did not unfortunately take into
                                                                                                                                account the geographical and climatic specificity of Algeria’s coastal zones. Thus, pop-
                                                                                                                                ulation growth and rural depopulation have led to a sharp increase in the demand for
                                                                                                                                real estate, which has resulted in unbridled urbanization, regardless of the seaside voca-
                                                                                                                                tion of these territories.
                                                                                                                                      In this article, based on the case of the seaside resort of Ain El Turc, which has
                                                                                                                                colonial architectural production of an exceptional quality that takes into account the


                                                                                         164
specificities of the coastline and the presence of the sea, the aim is to assess and verify
if this architecture was perpetuated after independence.
     To this end, we have highlighted, through bibliographic research, the characteristics
of seaside architecture from the 19th and 20th centuries and those of the contempo-
rary time.
     An analysis of all the dwellings located in the Saint Rock district in the municipality
of Ain El Turc consisted in identifying these characteristics and establishing a classifi-
cation of these constructions.


   Riassunto

     Il mare contribuisce fortemente all’identità delle zone costiere. Inoltre, è stato dimo-
strato che il litorale è un’entità geografica che richiede un’organizzazione specifica.
     Da un punto di vista architettonico, elementi di design sono stati associati agli asset
(o vincoli) del sito. Pertanto, la vista è associata al bovindo, alla protezione dal clima
con tettoie e tetti sporgenti e alla qualità del suolo e del substrato roccioso. Anche
l’integrazione nel sito è altamente auspicabile, sia nella forma (nave) che nei materiali
da costruzione.
     L’urbanizzazione delle aree costiere in Algeria è un fatto coloniale. In epoca preco-
loniale, a queste zone veniva data poca importanza, mentre in seguito divennero una
priorità: siti portuali, velocità di comunicazione con l’Europa, ricche pianure agricole,
clima mite e spiagge accoglienti. Gli sviluppi e le costruzioni marittime realizzate in que-
sto periodo facevano parte della logica di attrattività per accogliere più coloni europei
e promuovere la sedentarizzazione e la crescita di coloro che già vivevano in Algeria.
     Dopo l’indipendenza, le scelte politiche ed economiche non hanno purtroppo tenu-
to conto della specificità geografica e climatica delle zone costiere algerine. Pertanto,
la crescita della popolazione e lo spopolamento rurale hanno portato a un forte aumen-




                                                                                                    Conservation science in Cultural Heritage
to della domanda di immobili, che ha portato a un’urbanizzazione sfrenata, indipen-
dentemente dalla vocazione balneare di questi territori.
     In questo articolo, basato sul caso della località balneare di Ain El Turc, che ha una
produzione architettonica coloniale di una qualità eccezionale che tiene conto delle
specificità della costa e della presenza del mare, lo scopo è valutare e verificare se
questa architettura è stata perpetuata dopo l’indipendenza.
     A tal fine, abbiamo messo in luce, attraverso la ricerca bibliografica, le caratteristiche
dell’architettura balneare dei secoli XIX e XX e quelle della contemporaneità.
     L’analisi di tutte le abitazioni situate nel distretto di Saint Rock nel comune di Ain El
Turc è consistita nell’individuare queste caratteristiche e stabilire una classificazione di
queste costruzioni.




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