Dramaturgies of the Gaga Bodies: Kinesthesia of Pleasure/Healing
10.6092/issn.2036-1599/6605
Il gaga è un linguaggio di movimento che il coreografo israeliano Ohad Naharin ha sviluppato dagli anni Novanta. Il gaga ha due ramificazioni: Gaga/dancers, ovvero il training quotidiano dei membri della Batsheva Dance Company, ora insegnato anche ad altri danzatori in Israele e all’estero, e Gaga/people, adatto a ogni persona e a ogni età. Questo saggio si concentra sull’analisi della drammaturgia dei corpi gaga, durante l’allenamento dei non professionisti (classi aperte) e dei danzatori gaga (corsi intensivi), ma anche durante l’esperienza fatta nell’assistere al lavoro della compagnia sul repertorio dalla compagnia. È quindi basato sull’esperienza empirica del linguaggio gaga attraverso le metodologie della ricerca pratica e dell’incorporazione ragionata. Discute la nozione di continuum e copione, cinestesia del piacere e vitalità, modalità somatiche di attenzione e percezione culturale dei gesti danzati.
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Biliana Vassileva
Danza e ricerca. Laboratorio di studi, scritture, visioni
Dramaturgies of the Gaga Bodies: Kinesthesia of Pleasure/Healing
Text.Serial.Journal
https://danzaericerca.unibo.it/
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2017-01-30
2017-01-11
2017-01-30
2018-04-23
[77-99]
danzaericerca
Biliana Vassileva
2016
10.6092/issn.2036-1599/6605
[77
2036-1599
en
99]
Dramaturgies of the Gaga Bodies: Kinesthesia of Pleasure/Healing
https://danzaericerca.unibo.it/article/download/6605/6434
                                       Biliana Vasileva



         Dramaturgies of the Gaga Bodies: Kinesthesia of
                       Pleasure/Healing*


1. Introduction
              «The language of Gaga originated from the belief in the healing, dynamic,
              ever-changing power of movement»
              Ohad Naharin

    “Gaga” is a movement language which Israeli choreographer Ohad Naharin
developed over the course of many years (since 1990s) and which is applied in
daily practice by the Batsheva Dance Company members. It evolved
simultaneously as a unique pathway of a world widely acknowledged
choreographer, as a recovery process from dancer’s injuries and from deep
personal loss, and as a toolbox both for dancers, interpreting his work, and for
everyone else willing to experience and share dance movement.
    Born in 1952 on Kibbutz Mizra, Ohad Naharin began his dance training
with the Batsheva Dance Company in 1974. Recalling his early childhood and
his first dance experiences, he underlines the importance of community spirit
and the pleasure of physicality while expressing and sharing dance movement 1.
Gaga practice functions on the principle of empathetic share and mutual
support in group work, as the inspiration is drawn from all participants, there is
a constant circulation of somatic knowledge and the ability of tuning to
listening, groove gets gradually developed. The idea of pleasure as necessary
condition to dance and as healing tool has also particular importance in Ohad
Naharin’s discourse and in his conception of training both for dancers and
amateurs.
    During his first year with Batsheva Company, visiting choreographer

*
  The references of the online documents were all verified on September 14, 2016 [editor’s
note].
1
  «We slept together, we washed together, we ate together… The idea of physical pleasure con-
nected to dance movement is natural for me…», quote from Mr. Gaga, Naharin’s work was
documented in several movies. The rehearsal process with Cedar Lake Contemporary Ballet
during a restaging of Decadance was the subject of Tomer Heymann’s documentary Out of Focus
(2007). In 2015, the Heymann Brothers’ comprehensive documentary about Naharin Mr. Gaga
was released.

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                                                                                 DOI: 10.6092/issn.2036-1599/6605
78                                                                               Biliana Vasileva


Martha Graham singled out Naharin for his talent and invited him to join her
own company in New York. While in New York, Naharin studied on
scholarship from the America-Israel Cultural Foundation at the School of
American Ballet, The Juilliard School, and with Maggie Black and David
Howard. He went on to perform during one season with Israel’s Bat-Dor
Dance Company and Maurice Béjart’s Ballet du XXe Siècle in Brussels. The
experience of a rich variety of new and different dance styles helped him to
build a hybrid and determined identity as an artist of multicultural background,
while nourishing his creative work from two melting pots; New York, USA,
and Tel Aviv, Israel.
     Naharin returned to New York in 1980, making his choreographic debut at
the Kazuko Hirabayshi studio. He launched his own “nomadic company”,
based on changing projects while learning the craft of choreography and
asserting his first aesthetic choices. From 1980 until 1990, Naharin was invited
to create for different companies, including Batsheva, the Kibbutz
Contemporary        Dance       Company,       and     Nederlands        Dans      Theater.
Simultaneously, he regularly worked in New York with group of dancers on
different projects with his first wife, major inspiration and intimate
collaborator, Mari Kajiwara, up to her death of cancer in 2001.
     Ohad Naharin was appointed Artistic Director of Batsheva Dance
Company in 1990 and has served in this role to this day. During his tenure with
the company, Naharin has choreographed over 30 works for Batsheva and its
junior division, Batsheva Ensemble2. Alongside his work as a choreographer,
while recovering from dancer’s injuries, Naharin has developed gaga, an
innovative movement language, intended to help dancers understand and
interpret his work, and to heal by the means of finding keys («the right word,
the right time») as simple and efficient tasks for more listening and sensitivity
while performing any gesture and tuning to self and others. The dancers of
Batsheva Dance Company train with gaga on a daily basis, and it is also taught
to dancers and the public worldwide by certified teachers. The all inclusive but
yet precise nature of gaga practice is described in the following credo
2
  His works have been performed by prominent companies including Nederlands Dans The -
ater, Ballet Frankfurt, Lyon Opera Ballet, Compañía Nacional de Danza (Spain), Cullberg Bal-
let (Sweden), Finnish National Ballet, Paris Opera Ballet, Balé da Cidade de São Paulo, Cedar
Lake Contemporary Ballet (New York), Hubbard Street Dance Chicago, Les Grand Ballets
Canadiens de Montréal, Alvin Ailey Dance Theater, Atlanta Ballet, The Royal Danish Ballet, Le
Ballet de l’Opéra National de Bordeaux (France) and more.
Dramaturgies of the Gaga Bodies: Kinesthesia of Pleasure/Healing                                                            79


statement:

                 Gaga challenges multi-layer tasks. We are aware of the
             connection between effort and pleasure, we are aware of the
             distance between our body parts, we are aware of the friction
             between flesh and bones, we sense the weight of our body parts,
             yet, our form is not shaped by gravity... we are aware of where we
             hold unnecessary tension, we let go only to bring life and efficient
             movement to where we let go... We are turning on the volume of
             listening to our body, we appreciate small gestures, we are
             measuring and playing with the texture of our flesh and skin, we
             might be silly, we can laugh at ourselves. We connect to the sense
             of ‘plenty of time’, especially when we move fast. We learn to love
             our sweat, we discover our passion to move and connect it to
             effort, we discover both the animal we are and the power of our
             imagination. We are ‘body builders with soft spine’. We learn to
             appreciate understatement and exaggeration. We become more
             delicate and we recognize the importance of the flow of energy
             and information through our body in all directions. We learn to
             apply our force in an efficient way and we learn to use ‘other’
             forces.
                 We discover the advantage of soft flesh and sensitive hands,
             we learn to connect to groove even when there is no music. We
             are aware of people in the room and we realize that we are not in
             the center of it all. We become more aware of our form since we
             never look at ourselves in a mirror; there are no mirrors. We
             connect to the sense of the endlessness of possibilities.
                 Yielding is constant while we are ready to snap...
                 We explore multi-dimensional movement, we enjoy the
             burning sensation in our muscles, we are aware of our explosive
             power and sometimes we use it. We change our movement habits
             by finding new ones, we can be calm and alert at once. We
             become available.3

      Gaga has two tracks: Gaga/dancers, which is the daily training of Batsheva
Dance Company members, now taught also for other dancers in Israel and
abroad during summer intensive courses, as to broaden a transcultural
perspective and Gaga/people, open to the public and available for anyone at
any age, without the necessity of previous experience of dance or high
technical skills: Gaga/dancers classes are open to professional dancers or
advanced dance students ages 16+.
      These classes last for an hour and fifteen minutes and are taught by dancers
who have worked closely with Ohad Naharin. Gaga/dancers classes are built
on the same principles as Gaga/people classes but also employ the specific
vocabulary and skills that are part and parcel of a dancer’s knowledge. The
layering of familiar movements with Gaga tasks presents dancers with fresh

3
    Ohad Naharin, cfr. https://batsheva.co.il/en/gaga.

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challenges, and throughout the class, teachers prompt the dancers to visit more
unfamiliar places and ways of moving as well. Gaga/dancers deepens dancers’
awareness of physical sensations, expands their palette of available movement
options, enhances their ability to modulate their energy and engage their
explosive power, and enriches their movement quality with a wide range of
textures»4.
     Ohad Naharin claims himself that Gaga is conceived to address
professional dancers and amateurs in a very much similar way because
«everybody, or almost everybody can experience a range of sensations and
differentiate them, can take pleasure from movement and groove, …the only
difference are the skills, those of a professionally trained dancer» 5 (Tel Aviv
Summer Intensive 2016).
     The Gaga/people track was developed for everyone and at every age, and it
is studied by an increasing number of people at the Suzanne Dellal Centre, in
Jerusalem, and in other locations in Israel, New York, San Francisco, Paris,
London, Belgium, Barcelona and around the world:

               Gaga/people classes are open to people ages 16+, regardless
           of their background in dance or movement. No previous dance
           experience is needed. Gaga/people classes last for one hour and
           are taught by dancers who have worked closely with Ohad
           Naharin. Teachers guide the participants using a series of
           evocative instructions that build one on top of the other. Rather
           than copying a particular movement, each participant in the class
           actively explores these instructions, discovering how he or she can
           interpret the information and perform the task at hand.
           Gaga/people classes offer a creative framework for participants to
           connect to their bodies and imaginations, increase their physical
           awareness, improve their flexibility and stamina, and experience
           the pleasure of movement in a welcoming, accepting atmosphere.6

     The work instructions for both tracks share similar principles:

               Never stop: The class is one session, no pauses or exercises,
           but a continuity of instructions one on top of the other. Each
           instruction does not cancel the previous one but is added to it,
           layer upon layer. Therefore, it is important not to stop in the
           middle of the session. If you get tired or want to work at another

4
  Cfr. http://gagapeople.com/english/about-gaga/gaga-dancers/.
5
  Another interview from Summer Intensive 2016, held with Alessio, 25, professional dancer,
points out a fundamental similarity of both tracks, for he underlines the sensation of pleasure
when dancing, experienced when amateur, and later lost for professional stress reasons when
working for dance companies: competition, tension, conflicts, stage strain and so on. The topic
of pleasure in gaga is discussed in part 3.
6
  Cfr. http://gagapeople.com/english/about-gaga/gaga-people/.
Dramaturgies of the Gaga Bodies: Kinesthesia of Pleasure/Healing                                                            81


             pace, you can always lower the volume, work 30% or 20%, float,
             or rest, but without losing sensations that were already awakened.
             Do not return to the state your body was in before we started.
                 Listening to the body: It is important that you take the
             instructions gently into your body while being aware to its
             sensations, abilities, and limitations. Do not seek excessive effort
             on your first time – seek the quality of the movement, the
             sensation to which we are aiming, but with less intensity in the
             work. Go to places where the pleasure in movement is awakened
             and not to places of pain. Maintain the connection to pleasure
             especially during effort (effort is different than pain). If you have
             any limitation, restrictions, or physical pain – permanent or
             temporary – talk to the teacher before the class starts, and be
             aware throughout the session.
                 Awareness: Be aware. Get inspired by the teacher and by other
             people in the room. Be aware of people around you, the space
             that they need, and the interaction if any.
                 Silence: During the session we do not speak unless instructed
             to use our voice or words. If you have any questions, you are
             welcome to bring them up at the end of the session.7

    This study addresses the “never stop” movement experience in gaga as
continuum phenomenon (see Part 2), quite similar to automatic writing in
surrealism or tuning to and embodying the stream of consciousness in poetry
in action. However during Gaga practice the role of the guide interferes with
the subjective experience of the participants as to transform it into a dynamic
interaction (discussed in Part 2). Dancers from the company claim the
transmission originality to reside in a difference both from formal dance
training, such as ballet, codified modern and contemporary dance techniques,
and from somatic approaches, which develop listening abilities, but do not
always bridge immediately with creative movement 8. The emergence of a
“form”, given by choreographer’s choices, from the Gaga sessions, held with
company members, and its changing nature as a contradiction to “formalism”,
way of being both in training and in choreographing, in any dance style
nowadays, is discussed in Parts 3 and 4, quoting some examples from The
Batsheva Dance Company repertory.
    The research method focuses on a multilayer analysis model of the
dramaturgy of gaga bodies, both during gaga people (open classes) and gaga
dancers (intensive courses) training and during the audience experience of
assisting to the repertory work of the company. Its based on empirical

7
Cfr. http://gagapeople.com/english/about-gaga/work-instructions/.
8
 Batsheva Dance Company, Gaga training and groove at Batsheva Ensemble, in «Danceconsortium»,
October 8, 2012, video, https://youtu.be/ZzXhcNFXwYM.

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82                                                                                     Biliana Vasileva


experience of gaga language such as “practice as research” and reflexive
embodiment. The main perspective is phenomenology of perception, linked to
the immersion method of inquiry, but it also combines elements from cultural
studies, anthropology and sociology, applied to the case study. For thorough
historical perspective in gaga research, as emerging field in dance studies, we
can refer to Deborah Friedes Galili’s work 9, and for deeper understanding of
social policy and economy, related to gaga practices, to that of Meghan
Quinian10.
     Considering the current political context, the dramaturgy of the gaga bodies
analysis has to open with the question of how dance movements and forms
and events perpetuate and challenge social ideals and values? Israel is a cultural
melting pot as many immigration waves overlapped in recent past. It’s also a
young country which while being permeable to new elements, holds altogether
a strong identity for self defense necessity issues, evolving in a hostile political
climate and surroundings and being under the constant threat of war
destruction. This extremely sensitive and complicated question, which
inevitable influences contemporary dance culture in Israel, is discussed in some
of Judith Butler’s writings and in numerous dance journalist papers giving
account or the complexity of artistic collaborations under these circumstances.
While Judith Butler takes a radical position based on protest against inequality,
expropriation and exploitation, claiming for boycott, divestment and sanction
of Israel, other politics philosophers discuss the artist’s unique resistance role,
by the means of art, and not that of a politician, in such complicated regimes
of power, as uncomfortable and extremely challenging place to be. Einav
Katan-Schmit11 proposes that there are alternatives to discussions of war by
quoting Goerge Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By:

              Imagine a culture where an argument is viewed as a dance, the
           participants are seen as performers, and the goal is to perform in a
           balanced and aesthetically pleasing way. In such a culture, people
           would view arguments differently, experience them differently,
           carry them out differently, and talk about them differently [...] we
           have a discourse form structured in terms of battle and they have
9
   Friedes Galili, Deborah, Gaga: Moving beyond Technique with Ohad Naharin in the Twenty-First Cen-
tury, in «Dance Chronicle», October 29, 2015. A selection of journalism based papers about
Gaga is available on the same site.
10
   Quinian, Meghan, Gaga as Politics: A Case Study of Contemporary Dance Training, PhD, Riverside,
CA, University of California, June 2016.
11
   Katan-Schmit, Einav, Embodying Philosophy in Dance: Gaga and Ohad Naharin’s Movement Research,
Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2016.
Dramaturgies of the Gaga Bodies: Kinesthesia of Pleasure/Healing                                                            83


             one structured in terms of dance.12

     This dramaturgy of these specific dancing bodies functions both as training
and performance: the gaga practice provides a unique movement language and
the Batsheva repertory uses it to write onstage stories (Ohad Haharin and
other choreographers inspired by gaga: Sharon Eyal, Gai Behar, Danielle
Agami, Yasmeen Godder, Roy Assaf). Ohad Naharin states these stories to be
impossible to identify in a clear way as they are always hidden and melted
through the creative process, as to open the narrative for any interpretation
possible. He uses the raw sensual physicality of the dancers as first medium of
self and group expression, with minimum hints for underlying signification. So
if dance functions as recognition of personal power through the body as «the
first representation of the world as a realm of mystical forces» 13, the
dramaturgy of the gaga bodies is developing and affirming the sense of a
mobile self in unstable environment: by the revival of ever-changing matters
(experiencing «earthquakes», «lava», «magma», «boiling spaghetti») in a dance
studio, and with collective support during the shared experience. A certain idea
of «materialistic embodiment» brings to life so many funnels, pulleys and
bellows, vital fluids, touch, affects and passion as the gaga script is meant to
grasp the dynamic flowing character of the living body. Thus the processual
nature of the gaga experience is after what produces life rather than what is its
basic structure.



2. Tuning into continuum: «connect to the feeling of plenty of time»,
«listen to the traveling stuff inside your body»
     There is a subtle link between the way gaga dancers train as daily practice in
dance studio and the way they perform on stage: dancers, teachers,
choreographers and audience tune into continuum of shared time and space,
under the ongoing verbal instructions, based on poetic language and imagery,
shifting attention every few minutes. Each participant embodies and interprets
the body-mind story being told in his/her own version, navigating through the
flow of words and moves14. The performative gaga script is a permanent
12
   Lakoff, George - Johnson, Mark, Metaphors We Live By, London, The University of Chicago
Press, 2003, p. 191.
13
   Langer, Susanne, Feeling and Form: A Theory of Art, New York, Charles Scribner’s Son, 1974,
p. 6.
14
   There is also a continuum of music, accompanying gaga practice, often a collage of free

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84                                                                                      Biliana Vasileva


bridging between phenomenological and semiotic approaches to movement
and gesture: drawing on personal memory and “here and now” occurring
bodily sensations and mental images and translating them into verbal
expression, as John Austin has suggested in How to do things with words 15.
Following the contemporary performance research concept of Austin, of
unpacking performativity of words into embodied experience, Gaga
movement language places a special emphasis on words-into-images choices
made during practice by the guide, for a figurative word can become literal, and
all discourse evokes and gets physical at the same time.
     Thus in gaga practice the usual dance training - a succession of body
shapes, steps and spatial patterns - is replaced by an access to kinesthetic
autobiographies, revealed by personal invention of scripts which go through
radical shifts of body states, from the peaceful “float” to the burning
“climaxes”. During these singular narratives «a delicate sensation can turn into
something wild»16 or what has been tamed transforms into a sense of the body
as a source of kinesthetic pleasure more than just specular display («first
listening to the body before telling it what to do»17).
     “To be in the flow”, “to keep into the continuum”: the current linguistic
inquiries about the suffix “in”18 would refer gaga’s introspective movement
research, close to meditative practice 19 to the “in” of “inside” or “in” of “into”
as all the instructions require diving deep within oneself’s perception as a
necessary condition to relate to others. This way “in” of the dramaturgies of
the gaga bodies becomes a “place seeking”, not “place being” for a dancer.
Immersive and nomadic practice of words and images in motion, gaga depicts
a certain way of being in the world as ever transforming physicality of thought
and feeling, a singular migration in dance. That way the constant “on stage
continuum” takes the audience to new places through and by shared motion:
multi layered, multi tasking, multi centered, multi sensory. On stage, with not

choice by the guide (from pop to classic), inducing different moods, rhythms, more layers of
verbal and kinesthetic images as to engender specific gesture. An interesting phenomenology
of creativity study can focus on that particular functioning of gaga suggestions.
15
   Austin, John, How to do Things with Words, Boston, Harvard, 1955.
16
   Naharin, Ohad, It’s about making the body listen, in «The Guardian», November 14, 2013, online:
http://bitly.com/UvkFpD.
17
   Ibidem.
18
   Ness, Sally Ann, The Inscription of Gesture: Inward Migrations in Dance, in Noland, Carrie – Ness,
Sally Ann (eds.), Migrations of Gesture, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 2006, pp. 1-
30.
19
   Naharin, Ohad, It’s about making the body listen, cit.
Dramaturgies of the Gaga Bodies: Kinesthesia of Pleasure/Healing                                                            85


much scenery and with simple costumes, the moving gaga bodies create their
“placeless” mostly out of “no-where” and “no-thing” by imagination work
filtered through physicality: from loose preparation “just float”, “melt all
tensions” to playful grooving: “shake and quake”, “giggling shoulders”.
    Mark Johnson20 states recognizing meaning is to be an essential event of
human understanding abilities and current cognitive studies consider structures
of rationality, including logical thinking, to depend on processes of ordering
bodily experience via imagination. The poetic gaga scripts challenge the
embodiment capacity of the participant to react to images and to indulge in
kinesthesia experience by multi tasking and by the many layers of nonverbal
experience already there to stir up. For Kant 21 imagination mediates between
perception and reflection a prelinguistic cognitive capacity to structure
experience by organizing perception into patterns. The figurative patterns that
emerge from and give structure to perceptions become “image schemata” or
“embodied schemata” as result from cross modal extrapolations. The
imagination names the extrapolating, abstracting and synthesizing process by
which we build embodied schemata: “up and down”, “rushing”…
    Thus in sharing and performing together the gaga script the imagination is
not merely a mental operation working reproductively to duplicate or reflect
experience but perceptual/cognitive process which works productively and
creatively to configure embodiment experience. If western aesthetic tradition is
based on the polarity of “sensibility and intelligibility” the dramaturgy of the
gaga bodies experience as performer and audience works as a constant
bridging between the two.
    The cross pollination between words and moves becomes a source of both
lucid and blurry moments of kinesthesia awareness, pleasure, turbulence 22 and
many other experiences according to each personal point of view or research
question. The idea of performing continuum which allows shifting of place as
an action of resettlement, brings awareness to the movement transition and the
20
   Johnson, Mark, The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination and Reason,
Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1987, p. 272.
21
   Kant, Immanuel, Critique de la raison pratique (Kritik der praktischen Vernunft, 1788), Paris, Edi-
tions du Minuit, 1989, p. 100.
22
   Carter offers an overview about the poetics of turbulence in performance practice. Carter,
Paul, The Poetics of Turbulence, in «Performance Research», vol. 19, n. 5, 2014, pp. 3-9. In a simi-
lar way the American choreographer William Forsythe has developed the notion of «residual
movement» which derives from the complexity of coordinations, almost impossible to per-
form, as to generate an «accidental outcome» of unconscious movement.

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places it connects: molecules, body parts, other bodies, coexisting dance
cultures. The numerous migrations inscribed in the dramaturgy of the gaga
bodies in motion can actually bring «realness, areahood, placeness into
existence» («measure distance between body parts») and create place as another
consequence of a movement continuum based perspective («create room for
more movement to occur»). Thus places as well as gestures and body shapes
are understood to emerge out of movement, rather than the reverse: “listen to
traveling stuff”, “riding the echo”, both on molecular, sensitive and on
sociological, political scales; as gaga as collective movement involves many
individuals. That seems to be one of the reason for the multi centered
organisation of gaga class: «shuffle», «you discover you are not the center of
the room», «yield», «I’ll go your way»23.

3. Diving into flesh: «make it full body experience»

3.1. Western aesthetics, eastern practice: «juicy flesh», «connect to your passion to move»
     The dramaturgy of the gaga bodies blends the conception and the
experience of pleasure in local Israeli context as social and cultural
phenomenon of emancipation and “empowerment” and the notion of it
evolving in the aesthetic tradition of western societies. In the west the
conception and recognition of pleasure as subjective experience is rooted in
the 18th century construction of the modern subject, and appears in a number
of specialized gestures. In a similar way, gaga practice aims producing certain
altered states of consciousness («connect effort to pleasure»), induced by
refined knowledge of bodily techniques exploring how the pleasure functions.
This use of “pleasure” experience is inspired by poetic language which gives
the overwhelming feeling of blossoming flesh (and sometimes shatter the
western taboos of suppressing sexual flesh expression): «juicy flesh», «gently
squeezing inner thighs», «dip into honey, feel it pouring inside», «butterflies on
nipples».
     These representations of sensuality, beyond the religious concept of
incarnation, can in a certain way be linked with the origin of the “pleasure”
western aesthetics as far as its hedonistic issues are rooted in the the libertarian
and libidinous culture of the French philosophy and the legacy of the Prussian

23
  The asynchronous synchronicity between the dancers allows giving oneself to being seen
and preserves the liveliness of the subject matter the way it is presented to the beholder.
Dramaturgies of the Gaga Bodies: Kinesthesia of Pleasure/Healing                                                            87


court. On this basis Baumgarten tried to establish a new philosophy of
beautiful thought and sensual cognition which nowadays has become also a
method of knowing24.
     A core theme in the dramaturgy of the gaga experience is the art of
pleasure, appealing the body in its physicality without censorship, linking
sensing and imagining: «there is a bit of testicle at the bottom of our most
sublime sentiments, and our purest (feelings of tenderness)» 25. The western
aesthetic tradition considers pleasure either as “absence of pain” according to
the epicurean ancient Greek legacy, which offers a number of life style strategy
prescriptions, aimed to achieve body and mind harmony (Gaga methods
conceives «effort» to be «different from pain», Summer Intensive 2016), or as a
phenomenon of “electrification”: the famous Sade’s Histoire de Juliette describes
how an electric fire flows in the body and sensualises it, promising the lover of
pleasure that a «devouring and delicious fire will slip into your nerves, it will
light up this electric fluid in which the life principle lives» 26.
     In a similar way the dramaturgy of the gaga bodies, often implies the
instructions «bring to life» the flesh of the dancing body as opposed to the
idea of «dead flesh»27; which is to say involving all the layers between our skin
and bones such as under skin, connective tissues, liquids and so on. During
gaga training skin and flesh are activated and explored in numerous creative
ways: «connect to skin sensitivity», «feel the skin on molecular level», «melt
flesh», «engage flesh to grab bones». This way gaga aesthetics leads to a new
mode of disciplining (all “concepts” of how to engage the flesh are to be
worked out physically), of forming and producing sensuality capable of, first of
all, matching bodies and minds, and second, empowering individual expression
in a group context. Often gaga aesthetics blends with politics, such as religious
censorship and social reactions to it as Anaphase (1988) show protests28, healing
24
   Hemmermesiter, Kai, The German Aesthetic Tradition, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,
2002, p. 25.
25
   Diderot, Denis, Correspondance (1760), edited by G. Roth, 16 voll., Paris, Editions de Minuit,
1955-1970, vol. III, p. 216.
26
   Sade, Donatien Alphonse François de, Histoire de Juliette ou Les prospériés du vice (1797-1801),
Paris, Editions du Minuit, 1976, p. 28.
27
   For Denis Diderot, the sentiment of the flesh (sentiment de la chair) becomes a central quality
of painting which prove its liveliness. Engaging flesh, «bringing life to numb places» is as much
important in the gaga experience.
28
   Batsheva performances involve the polemics of visibility and invisibilty of the flesh in social
and political relations: Decadance was targeted by the censorship of too much flesh revealed on
stage and the risk of nudity became a national debate issue, rising support manifestations to
the original version of the performance, which the government tried to adapt for political and

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88                                                                                Biliana Vasileva


issues as pointed out by Ohad Naharin’s interviews: figuring out what is to be
healed29? and so on30.
     The gaga script explores the ambivalence of the flesh as resistance to be
disciplined («pull and stretch», «feel the burning sensation of muscles») or as
enticement to explore and yield to («give in», «listen to inner flow», «enjoy your
weight», «connect to pleasure»). The “magic” blending gives that unique
sparkle of tension and delight, magnified in their coexisting extremes. Thus
dramaturgy of gaga bodies’ approach to flesh eludes its social normalization
cut by enunciation and discursive norms and permeates both dancers and
audience to enjoy it in a comprehensive and direct manner: the hand as flesh
turns into a metaphor enlivened in all layers of colors and visibility of the
textures. The cartesian mechanistic conception of body is sometimes “quoted”
on stage as lucid critique of reality of the everyday routines, usually in groups
which repeat small rhythmic codified gestures such as female codified labour in
Humus, January, Opéra de Paris 2016, or by ironic quote of dancer’s labour and
habits which sustain ideas of “normality” of the flesh in life or on stage. These
quotes are usually countered by vivid performances on stage of «What the
flesh can do?», as to change the Spinoza’s question: «What the body’s capable
of?».

3.2. Liquid flesh
     If any culture is an order of sensory preferences, as Marshall McLuhan 31
states, the dramaturgy of gaga bodies questions also the use of different
sensory modalities in different cultural communities: for example the use of
skin expression it offers, from inner layers to outer spatial relating and
listening, is rare to be seen in western contemporary dance of more formal
legacy such as the American postmodernism and conceptual contemporary art.
The notion of “flesh” becomes a paradigmatic intersection: as flesh does not

religious propaganda reasons in 1988.
29
   Naharin, Ohad, Ohad Naharin discusses Gaga, in «Danceconsortium», October 25, 2012, online:
https://youtu.be/OGPG1QL1vJc.
30
   The skin and the flesh have been used as artistic material during last few centuries (De
Kooning claims the oil paint was invented because of the flesh) mostly in contemporary arts
performances and exhibitions - illness, excess, politics and contemporary hedonism have been
questioned that way by Orlan, Starlac, Chinese contemporary artists, invention of cyborgs …
On more common ground by inquiring skin rhetorics human integrity and identify can be
claimed.
31
   McLuhan, Marshall, The Media is the Message, audio recordings, 2016, online: http://mar-
shallmcluhan.com/.
Dramaturgies of the Gaga Bodies: Kinesthesia of Pleasure/Healing                                                            89


directly relate to beauty, but to life, liveliness, a gaga performance is inscribed
in the fundamental, metaphorical horizon of the flesh as a metaphor of
sensuality opposed to the ideological charge of sinful, weak or dead, flesh in
atrophy. The visible, tangible, smellable, and even hearable flesh in gaga is a
starting point of self experience of each individual as carnal and flowful being:
in the childhood like games in The Hole (2013), the ecstatic interactions in Last
Work (2015).
     In many contemporary feminist studies working and representing feminine
flesh is considered as an act of self determination of one’s body against an
objectifying and reifying male gaze. But sometimes the way this work staged,
even by a male choreographer, is already an act of resistance such the Humus32,
conceived by Ohad Naharin in 2005, and performed by a multicultural
ensemble of female dancers going through diverse states of “exposing” their
way of being women, embodying and sharing intimacy. The mediums to treat
flesh imply skin as surface in motion, fluctuating, undulating, shivering and
breathing. The bodies give the flesh tone often associated with the feminine
«when it is connected to matter, softness, beauty or the allure of color» 33. Same
quality is to be observed in male ensemble as the gender issue in the
dramaturgies of gaga bodies reveals similar nomadic indeterminacy. The
femininity as carnality and sexuality (mouths open, underlined swinging and
sweeping movements of the pelvis 34) reveals an archaic material, a pause in the
process of over civilizing bodies and behavior modes of expressing and
communicating gender. The voluptuous volumes are fully enliven by a range of
contrasting gestures as to transform the poses 35 into women in actu thus
abolishing the distribution of roles between male activity (form/mind) and
female passivity (material).
     Humus articulates corporeality in a feminist way (even though conceived by
a male choreographer who assumes openheartedly multiple identities
overlapping and inspiring his creativity urges, as the movie Mr. Gaga, by Tomer
32
   Humus, as a thick, always moist and fertile layer of earth, refers to the abundance and the
grounded quality of feminine energy in motion.
33
   Bohde, Daniela - Feld, Mechthild, Weder Haut noch Fleisch. Das Inkarnat in der Kunstgeschichte,
Berlin, Gebr. Mann, 2007, p. 9.
34
   The 1929s scandal related with pelvis on floor, sliding when German choreographer Mary
Wigman created and presented The Witch as other women choreographers “monsters” in early
feminism movements.
35
   Performed in Opéra de Paris, January 2016, Humus, both greets and renews the rhetoric of
ballet inspired by the Italian perspective and based on a succession of poses.

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90                                                                                      Biliana Vasileva


Hayman, released in 2015, shows insides of work in progress); for the choice
of movement language implies the “visual pleasure” of what the western
dance audience feared: liquidity, bodily materiality, «just as they were conversely
obsessed with control and spatial limitation», Mira Schor, discussing the erotics
of visuality36. «Dissolving in liquid, the fear of abject, of regressively and the
loss of identity, and further top associated with painting as fluid, slimy
substance, and following Julia Kristeva’s conception of abject - to femininity» 37.
As a feminist philosopher Julia Kristen has explored in a meticulous way a
great number of conventional representations and beliefs about gender and
social ways of being. The ambivalence of liquid flesh as sensitive receptivity
and as constant danger of unreliable mobility is partially discussed in Soleil
noir38, in a psychoanalytical perspective of how women react and relate on a
deep unconscious level, including the complexity of “body mind images”
mirroring reflections as fleeting sunbeams on and inside water.
     Most of the gaga movement language is liquid based: its the “float base”
which allows to built different kinds of “grooving”. The body fluids and their
kinetic qualities are directly related to the joy of movement and its spatial
potential of multidirectional expansion. A rich range of gestures use the liquid
imagery as to embody and enliven the flesh in dance. Femininity is no longer
merely an object of contemplation, but directly connected to the materiality of
liquid flesh, to all the possibilities of its unformed substance. In this respect,
the dramaturgies of “liquid” gaga bodies, is a discourse about the
contemporary borders of dance and about going beyond dance cultural habits
and norms of perception39. The audience does not need a special or specific
education to access the gaga flesh experience, offered on stage, because it
addresses directly the ability to sense and to make sens out of it 40.
36
   Schor, Mira, Contemporary Feminism: Art Practice, Theory, and Activism - An Intergenerational Per-
spective, in «Art Journal», vol. 58, n. 4, Winter 1999, pp. 8-29.
37
   Krauss, Rosalind, Formless - A User’s Guide, New York, Zone Books, 1999, p. 29.
38
   Kristeva, Julia, Soleil noir, Paris, Gallimard, 1989, p. 265.
39
   How the female body can cast a gaze back? Virus (2001) and other plays from Batsheva
repertory use the dancers gaze as to address the audience in reversed roles.
40
   Naharin is adamant that one does not need to be a dance specialist to enjoy his works:
«Someone who has never seen dance can be a great audience, because he may have a great
sense of mathematics, be very connected to his senses, have a big imagination, like to watch
multilayered tasks, or be stimulated by sensations», he says. «Others may think of themselves as
experienced in watching dance, but may be hampered by their points of reference, only able to
see things if they remind them of something else already seen». Naharin, Ohad in Perkovic,
Jana, Going Gaga is the difference between dancer and gymnast, in «The Guardian», March 8, 2014, on-
line: www.theguardian.com/culture/australia-culture-blog/2014/mar/08/ohad-naharin-going-
gaga-is-the-difference-between-dancer-and-gymnast.
Dramaturgies of the Gaga Bodies: Kinesthesia of Pleasure/Healing                                                            91


3.3. Touch of flesh
      The dramaturgy of gaga bodies evolves also on diversified practices of
inner touch: how external impressions and inner feelings come together
becomes particularly tangible through touch. «Wrap each bone with flesh» as to
link with oneself, to create first person matrix relation to movement and
sensations as irreducible features of self perception acquirement. Merleau-
Ponty41 described the touch of both his hands as simultaneously en external
and internal experience, in a similar way gaga dance experience explores this
particular conception of touch: «rub your bones with flesh», «grab bones with
flesh», «feel the friction between the bones and the flesh», «connect to the
liquid in your flesh, swim the bones».
      Experiencing the changing contours of touch within our own bodies gives a
special place and function of the kinesthesia in the sensorium, with eyes always
open as not to cancel the experience of taste and smell but to enhance
multimodal movement perception. Thus the daily gaga training or seeing a
performance engineers new emotions by diving into deep inner research.
      The dramaturgy of the gaga bodies creates sensitivity to inner touch and to
inner sensation by being together in action, not in shape, but in mutual
momentum with a partner’s touch or being touched at the same time during
partnering work. Touch is seen as both aggressive and creative principle
(«drumming on oneself», «opposing to each other as wrestling with thick
textures») which undermines the hierarchical dichotomies between the own
and the foreign: how much of other’s bodies to integrate? By progressive
choices, between the center and periphery: on micro level everybody has a
place which changes with invitation «to shuffle», «to find new space and new
options» and on microlevel the dancers develops accurate perception of the
«traveling stuff» in the body, between progress («sophistication») and idleness
(«do your silly dance»). Touch is also related to idleness as to interrupt, to
capture attention, to show confidence or to unmake tight knots into relational
gestures. Contact becomes flesh through liquids as contact medium through
which the body touches: feeling the air in between bodies as liquids evaporate,
travel, sweaty spots appear, skin steams («its all about sharing the sweaty flow»,
Tel Aviv Summer Intensive 2015).

41
     Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, Phenomenology of Perception, New York, Routledge, 2002.

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92                                                                      Biliana Vasileva


      During gaga performances the experience of contact by the direct medially
of flesh gives the possibility of a tactile, affective, somatic reception of the
sensualised and sometimes sexualized dramaturgy, sexualisation when the
shapes and interactions being attributable to gender. Enabling the participants
to capture the pulsing flesh under skin (listen to the flow, when electrification
achieved) opens access to what’s informal, to image-bodily zones which are
broken open as well as to desire shifts: «we do not touch and feel with the
surface and at the surface, we touch and feel with the flesh which redoubles the
surface. one touches with the heart, ultimately, but only through the medium
of flesh».

3.4.Flesh as empathy
      But the metaphor of touch in the dramaturgy of gaga bodies even goes
beyond that: from the concrete touch (self or partnering) to letting oneself be
emotionally touched or affected and thus experiencing one’s own body as a
space of resonance for specific experiences. The sensation of touch in the
dramaturgy of gaga bodies is simultaneously experience of communion and
intersubjectivity: «Being of one flesh is a kind of basso continuo of all being,
which under the sign of finiteness allows one to think in correspondences,
affinities and analogies instead of divisions» 42. Continuum in gaga as infinity
utopia experience coexists with those saillances which is to say perception of
sublime moments appearing which can take any form: to hear a sound, to
sense a move, to indulge in sensation, to thrive on an image.
      In a similar way the continuum as access to unconsciousness and as a
paradigm of knowing does not operate in separation but in correspondences
and analogies. The Merleau-Ponty’s concept of flesh as the tissue of the world
can be related to the constant transitions between “inside” and “outside” in
gaga practice, especially as understanding subjectivity as a reciprocal positing of
resonance: the neither two nor one, and the intersubjectivity matrix as a
specific relation. In the dramaturgy of the gaga bodies the contact that does
not function only as a sight or touch and is therefore not subject to the
primordial division (as to be touched by art means to break through the
otherwise tediously upheld borders) with not danger of dissolution but as
reciprocal engendering.
42
     Ivi, p. 69.
Dramaturgies of the Gaga Bodies: Kinesthesia of Pleasure/Healing                                                            93


     The concept of flesh in Merleau-Ponty’s late work may offer a perspective
for the gaga training and onstage performances: «the flesh as a medium of
commonality, inter corporality, of being together as a “shaping milieu” in
which the members simultaneously individualize and socialize themselves, train
their sensual and emotional experience and at the same time lead an
interminable, intelligible discourse on exposing oneself to the dark, raw and
wild forces of being, with the intention, however, of placing them in a form, in
a scene, in meaning»43.
     Thus the dramaturgy of gaga bodies brings in studio and on stage several
metaphors of the flesh: a metaphor of liveliness, a metaphor of sensuality, a
metaphor of force, a reservoir of energy and a metaphor of body politics. Its
purpose can be defined as to evoke and display the Dionysian forces and at the
same time direct and sublimate them which has already been «a constant
source of            discontent in modernity and triggers a dynamism of
transgressions»44.

4. Delicacy and vitality

4.1. Small gestures
     «Connect to delicacy, delicate sensitive hands, fold and unfold fingers, palms
of hands, decorate space, curl and uncurl fists»: in a way gaga experience
reminds us that Adorno45 is worried that the loss of even the smallest gestures,
involving the wrist of forearm, which reveals a “withering of experience”, a
change in the «most secret innervations» of human beings as they navigate an
intersubjective and object world. Dance and somatic gestures offer
opportunities for kinesthetic experience; they “innervate”, or stimulate, the
nerves of a bodily part, and thus allow the body to achieve a certain awareness
and knowledge of itself through movement. Retrieving gestures from the past
(personal memory or sharing collective memory), or by borrowing gestures
from another culture, subjects can actually produce new innervations, discover
new sensations to feel.
     Gestures migrate and that in migrating they create unexpected
combinations, new valences, and alternative cultural meanings and experiences.

43
   Lefort, Claude, Fortdauer des Theologisch-Politischen?, Vienna, Passagen Verlag, 1999, p. 10.
44
   Ibidem.
45
   Adorno, Theodor, The Actuality of Philosophy, in «Telos», n. 31, Spring 1977, p. 12.

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In a world of inescapable global circulation, gestures too, undergo
appropriations and enjoy new lives. Dance culture evolving nowadays in Israel,
carries forward overlapping waves of dynamic migrations and takes place in
the globalisation phenomenon of eased traveling and information share.
     Gaga training offers the necessary conditions for the withering experience
to appear and take value as opposed to the current technocratic tendency of
expelling from movements of all hesitation (industrial rationalisation versus
creative delirium). In that way the dramaturgy of the gaga bodies becomes
resisting to homogenisation, a way to place pressure to routines.
     The gaga dramaturgy of the bodies is potentially engineering meanings that
bear that past towards an unpredictable future following the migration of
dance gestures across many fields: geographic, disciplinary and medium
specific to provide a narrative ways in which bodies exert agency. The very idea
of “past” in Israeli body culture is highly charged with the necessity of
inventing resilience strategies and dealing with suffering bodies issues, as many
citizens inherit exile and extermination policy, combined with political
instability in frequent wars regions proximity. Langer links agency with «an
immaterialist model of substance as a structure of powers and capacities in
which the natural powers grounded in the human organism make possible the
realization of personal powers that are grounded in, and thus afforded by,
social life»46.
     How to fight? How to unfight? How to connect? By drawing on the kinetic
energies of a moving self, the dramaturgy of the gaga bodies «searches for
gestures that penetrate beneath a dancer’s skin to… most durable connective
tissues. … that mold, carve, and otherwise impress their ways into ligaments,
muscles, liquids and even bones, so as to bring about a transformation» 47. The
gaga creature which emerges from them is centerless, riding on «traveling stuff»
(listening), hedonistic and “connected to pleasure” (body techniques), self
inventing (free interpretation) and ceaselessly adaptive (other presences to take
into consideration). Its availability implies distance senses: sight and hearing as
well as approximate senses: taste, smell, touch, and multi crossing them as to
achieve raised consciousness as the French dance theorist Michel Bernard has

46
  Langer, Susanne, Feeling and Form, cit., p. 6.
47
  Ness, Sally Ann, The Inscription of Gesture: Inward Migrations in Dance, in Noland, Carrie – Ness,
Sally Ann (eds.), Migrations of Gesture, cit., pp. 1-30.
Dramaturgies of the Gaga Bodies: Kinesthesia of Pleasure/Healing                                                            95


discussed the notions of «sensory chiasms» 48 at the heart of dance experience
and mastering the art of performing.

4.2. Available
      «We move slowly, sometimes very fast, shifting attention, from the chatter
of words heard and inner thoughts, to the subtleties of somatic sensation
awaken. Breath slows down, spreads through the skin, facial muscles ease
appears, landscapes of awareness evolve».
      The dramaturgy of the gaga bodies calls attention to different sensory
modes, explores ways of seeing the move from different angles and distances,
noting particulars of shape and spatial relationships, sharpening hearing
(including music and words). By letting the kinetic sensation claim the body
and awareness, riding on the echo, reorganizing deep muscles core, hyper
stimulating brain activity by increased speed and complexity of multitasking
the dramaturgy of the gaga bodies expressive means get close to certain Asian
zen philosophy by the idea of achieving a state of “being available”.
      Availability in gaga practice is closely connected to a number of somatic
modes of listening and attention such as
       •    touch: between inner body parts and imaginary environment calling on
            sensory memory,
       •    movement: the idea of multiple kinetic layers, which add new
            momentum during a continuum which never cancels what’s already
            there,
       •    balance: the never ending quest of reshaping the body’s possibility of
            mobile balance points, not related to perfection and exclusion but the
            emergence of new asymmetrical arrangements,
       •    pressure: the effort connected to pleasure implying tonus power to be
            measured and mastered in a qualitative manner,
       •    tension: as opposed to western somatics practice which tends to
            eliminate any trace of tension here it is entirely included and given
            place as a possible background of diversifying sensations,
       •    temperature: the burning sensation of muscles as necessary condition
            of being available to move also on survival level: to jump (from 10 to

48
     Bernard, Michel, De la création chorégraphique, Paris, CND, 2001, p. 27.

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96                                                                                   Biliana Vasileva


         1), to run («happy feet»).
     While digging for sensations of movement beneath conscious awareness:
«to be in mediated states of multiple or diffuse awareness» 49 by multitasking,
the gaga puzzling over the senses reactivates and rearranges our stored
biographies.
     The dramaturgy of the gaga bodies is based on a rich, fluid, personal sense
of what it is to be in a body and everyday renewed question about which
properties of the soul (mind) manifest themselves clearly in the body and how
to be available to them? As the movement languages is developed by insights
(dancers claiming the right word will enact the move they feel right 50) one
needs to be available by and in the interiority of selfhood and sense(s) making.
Its both an immediate sensation and a migration of somatic memory over
time, and the feelings staged imply mastering somatic sensations and kinetic
perceptions.
     The swift punch of the light, the soothing touch of air, partner: what is the
speed, the rhythm, the force and the amount of muscular relaxation necessary?
With what spatial parameters and shapes of movement? The gaga gesture
performs as power, actual physically exerted power, but also by appearances of
possible agency created by virtual (symbolic) intentions. The piece The hole in
its both versions, a group of girls circles by boys and vice versa, with the
audience in between, conceived for the original architecture of a round room
space of one of the Suzanne Dellal performances halls implies the idea of
being available as to enter into the “circle”. The bodily patterns and sensations
are enacted because of conscious awareness of «habits and boxes to break»
and if «habitus disguises cultural and historical predisposition, social schemes of
perception and thought»51 than how and why are we get available to enter the
habitus of other dance culture?


     Exploring and staging kinetic vitality by the dramaturgy of gaga bodies
questions the migration of qualities of vitality across sensory modalities and
their configuration as cultural aesthetics schema. Across contemporary media

49
   Lewis, Lowell, Genre and Embodiment, in «Cultural Anthropology», vol. 10, n. 2, May 1995, pp.
143-269.
50
   Batsheva Dance Company, Gaga training and groove at Batsheva Ensemble, cit.
51
   Burdieu, Pierre, Outline of a Theory of Practice, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1977,
p. 24.
Dramaturgies of the Gaga Bodies: Kinesthesia of Pleasure/Healing                                                            97


and mediations «every gesture has a ghost», states Lesley Stern 52. What is a gaga
ghost?
     Claire Baybiss Nagar, rehearsal director of the company claims the audience
will recognize gaga dancer by her/his specific qualities: animalistic, natural
groove53. The cross modal apprehension of kinetic dynamics as they are
differentially developed in different cultural communities according to cultural
construction of embodiment, which David Howes calls «sensory profiles» 54
and Deirdre Sklar «vitality profiles»55, includes choices of dynamic factors of
rhythm, speed and duration, force, degrees of muscular tension or relaxation
and degree of giving in to or resisting gravity (weightless and lightless). They
encode cultural dispositions for the shapes and spatial patterns. In the
dramaturgy of gaga bodies the vitality affects are better captured by dynamic,
kinetic terms such as: «collapse into horizontal movement», «float», «be ready
to explode», «connect to vulnerability» and are better revealed in event that
have «no content» such as recognizable story. They also oppose to “normality”
framing and fear of excessiveness by the applied concepts of “exaggeration”
and “licence to fake”. The visibility of “jouissance” involves performing what’s
new and risky for dancers and audience, as sensual expression is constantly
reexplored and renewed, and the transformation of the mimetic function
during the training and performing goes in the sense of singularity and
hybridity. The desire for freedom and the art of practice encounter, in the
dramaturgies of gaga bodies, are closely related to the «as yet no law»: the idea
of abolishing attribution of the observed, lived, experienced phenomenon to a
known law such as «harmony, naturalness» but a creative act of giving oneself
to be looked at and to share what’s explored from within.

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                                         «Danza e Ricerca. Laboratorio di studi, scritture, visioni», anno VIII, numero 8, 2016
98                                                                      Biliana Vasileva


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Dramaturgies of the Gaga Bodies: Kinesthesia of Pleasure/Healing                                                            99


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Quinian, Meghan, Gaga as Politics: A Case Study of Contemporary Dance Training,
     PhD, Riverside, University of California, June 2016.
Sade, Donatien Alphonse François de, Histoire de Juliette ou Les prospériés du vice
      (1797-1801), Paris, Editions du Minuit, 1976.
Schor, Mira, Contemporary Feminism: Art Practice, Theory, and Activism - An
      Intergenerational Perspective, in «Art Journal», vol. 58, n. 4, 1999, pp. 8-29.
Schor, Mira, Wet: On Painting, Feminism, and Art Culture, in «Publishers Weekly»,
      February 24, 1997, pp. 1-25.
Sklar, Deirdre, Remembering Kinesthesia: An Inquiry into Embodied Cultural
      Knowledge, in Noland, Carrie – Ness, Sally Ann (eds.), Migrations of Gesture,
      Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 2006, pp. 85-112.
Stern, Lesley, Ghosting: The Performance and Migration of Cinematic Gesture, Focusing
      on Hou Hsiao-Hsien’s Good Men, Good Women, in Noland, Carrie – Ness,
      Sally Ann (eds.), Migrations of Gesture, University of Minnesota Press,
      2006, pp. 185-216.

Videography
Batsheva Dance Company, Gaga training and groove at Batsheva Ensemble, October
     8, 2012, online: https://youtu.be/ZzXhcNFXwYM.
Heymann Brothers, Mr. Gaga, Documentary about Ohad Naharin. 2015.
Heymann, Tomer, Out of Focus, Documentary about the rehearsal process with
    Cedar Lake Contemporary Ballet during a restaging of Decadance, 2007.
Naharin, Ohad, It’s about making the body listen, in «The Guardian», interview,
     November 14, 2013, online: http://bitly.com/UvkFpD.
Naharin, Ohad, Ohad Naharin discusses Gaga, October 25, 2012, online:
     https://youtu.be/OGPG1QL1vJc.




                                         «Danza e Ricerca. Laboratorio di studi, scritture, visioni», anno VIII, numero 8, 2016
