10.6092/issn.1973-9494/1396
The paper presents some projects related to Paolo Bufalini, who was an eminent politician and antifascist,
and his interest in the classics. A note-book of his annotations from Latin and modern authors
written between 1981 and 1991 is examined. Bufalini often linked these authors to current events,
or to considerations concerning phenomena of an existential or political nature. As tge Note-book is
full of his corrections, notes and translations, it is an interesting document about the life of a leading
intellectual in post-war Italy. As a result the paper examines how to produce a digital edition based
on XML (Extensible Markup Language); this included firstly, the encoding of all the textual, informative
and structural elements of the text (adopting the TEI lite scheme), and secondly the graphic representation
of the encoded elements (quotations, annotations, corrections, underlining etc.) on the
final page, viewable by the user through an internet browser. We also present two further projects:
a new printed edition of the Horatian translations by Bufalini, and an online catalogue of Bufalini’s
manuscripts on Horace which can be found at the Study Centre “La Permanenza del Classico”.
application/pdf
1973-9494
1396
en
Francesco Citti
Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
Paolo Bufalini and the classics: towards a digital edition of his “Note-Book”
Text.Serial.Journal
https://conservation-science.unibo.it/
8
Articles
2009-04-02
2008-04-17
2015-11-02
65-89
CSCH
Francesco Citti
2008
10.6092/issn.1973-9494/1396
65
1973-9494
en
89
Paolo Bufalini and the classics: towards a digital edition of his “Note-Book”
https://conservation-science.unibo.it/article/download/1396/769
8
        During the reading of the present text, which was certainly not easy for somebody who deals
     mainly with technical subjects or even for a humanist, I was constantly struck by the pressing
     sequence of events, quotations and translations in this systematically organised text. The result
     seems to be that one must no longer speak of the dichotomy of cultures, but definitively and clearly
     of univocal culture as a common meeting point – I believe this term to be conceptually restrictive –
     or to explain further, it is a fusion between learning of a historical-philological-humanistic nature and
     knowledge of a technical-technological-experimental nature.
        This is the observation that comes from the writing of Francesco Citti. For this reason I shall cite
     some of the more emblematically significant extracts:
        "It is the evocative power of the theme which often leads to selection, resulting in a frequent pas-
     sage from modern to ancient (and vice versa)",
     and in addition:
        "The two projects we have illustrated, an electronic version of the “Note-book” and an online cat-
     alogue of the Horatian papers, which bring together traditional philology and new technologies seem
     to us to pay appropriate homage to Bufalini, reader and translator of the classics, who declared him-
     self convinced that the effort of transferring a lyric poem written more than 2000 years ago to anoth-
     er modern language constitutes the most penetrating instrument for capturing the essence and the
     universality of ancient poetry and its lasting validity".
                                                                               (Note of the scientific editor)

64
P
    AOLO BUFALINI AND THE CLASSICS:
    TOWARDS A DIGITAL EDITION OF HIS “NOTE-BOOK”


Francesco Citti
Dipartimento di Storie e Metodi per la Conservazione dei Beni Culturali
Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna (sede di Ravenna)




1. Bufalini and the classics: an introduction

    Paolo Bufalini (Rome, 9 September 1913-18 December 2001), is above all well-
known for his political career as an anti-fascist and partisan, and then, as one of the lead-
ers of the PCI (Italian Communist Party – a member of the “Direzione” from 1958 to 1991)
and Member of Parliament (from 1963 to 1992). Particularly attentive to foreign policy and
especially to relations with the Communist International and the Soviet Union, he did not
neglect home politics, intervening specifically in the field of terrorism, left-wing unity and
State-Church relations – he personally followed the revision of the treaty in 1984 –
focused on the continuous consolidation of democracy1. Paolo Bufalini was also a man
with varied cultural interests (he was after all in charge of the Italian Communist Party’s
cultural, press and propaganda departments), an avid reader of the Italian classics2, and




                                                                                                  Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage, 8/2008
a translator of Horace. These translations are “considered by many to be the best avail-
able today”3 and were published with the significant title A Leuconoe [7]4 by the publish-
er Scheiwiller (19821,19932)5. When he died his children gave Ivano Diogini – Director of
the Study Centre “La Permanenza del Classico” of Bologna University – some of their
father’s papers, which give us a deeper understanding of this latter aspect of Bufalini’s
personality, that is, as a reader of the classics and a translator of Horace6. In this paper
we would like to illustrate two projects which were set up following the organisation and
study of these materials.

2. The “Bufalini Note-book”

    Between 1981 and 1991 Paolo Bufalini wrote in a small note-book some observations
after reading the Latin classics (in particular Catullus, Lucretius, Martial, Horace, Seneca,
Tacitus, Virgil, but also Cicero, Ennius, Juvenal, the Institutions of Justinian, Naevius,
Pliny the Younger, Quintilian, Suetonius), Italian classics (Dante, Manzoni, Petrarch, but

                                                                                                 65
                                                                                           also Alfieri, Belli, Campana, Campanella, Carducci, Croce, Passavanti, Pontano,
                                                                                           Ripamonti, Tasso) and foreign ones too (Flaubert, Hegel, Mann, Shakespeare, Tolstoj,
                                                                                           Toqueville, Yourcenar). Excerpta taken from essays and articles are included too (e.g.
                                                                                           Eugenio Garin, Intellettuali italiani nel XX secolo, Rome, Editori Riuniti, 1974; Giorgio
                                                                                           Macchia, Le rouge et le noir, Corriere della Sera, 9 August 1986). The “Note-book” is
                                                                                           therefore – as Cardinal Silvestrini, who met Bufalini during the meetings for the revision
                                                                                           of the Concordat wrote – “a kind of moral ‘note-book’, in which he gathers together his
                                                                                           own thoughts and those of other writers, written during various moments of his free time,
                                                                                           a break in a meeting or assembly or during a journey, to Cuba for example, odd moments
                                                                                           of reflection in which his soul took refuge and was calmed”. The texts, often with notes at
                                                                                           the foot of the page or in the margins – written in a very meandering way – show his inter-
                                                                                           est in subjects of an existential nature, such as death and time. He was also interested
F. Citti - Paolo Bufalini and the classics: towards a digital edition of his “note-book”




                                                                                           in subjects of a political nature like democracy, mafia, social commitment and he had a
                                                                                           special interest in the Manzonian and Christian view of life.
                                                                                              It is the evocative power of these themes which often leads to selection, resulting in
                                                                                           a frequent transition from modern to ancient (and vice versa). Consequently, the memo-
                                                                                           ry (8th October 1981) of the sudden death of Luigi Petroselli during a Central Committee
                                                                                           meeting, is commented on with passages from Horace, Virgil, Shakespeare and Thomas
                                                                                           Mann: they are pages (p. 7-9), which are an excellent example of what the “Note-book”
                                                                                           contains, but which also explain the continuous delving into daily realities that Bufalini did
                                                                                           by using the classics. Below is a reproduction of Bufalini’s “Note-book” pp. 7-9 (tables 1-
                                                                                           2), followed by its partial transcription:


                                                                                                8-X-81
                                                                                                ore 12.30 Morte di Luigi Petroselli, nelle sale del CC – immediatamente dopo il
                                                                                                suo intervento, tornando al suo banco, si è accasciato. Un’ora prima ci eravamo
                                                                                                seduti vicini, parlando affettuosamente e trovandoci d’accordo su importanti e
                                                                                                delicate questioni politiche di partito. Nel suo intervento, fra l’altro, aveva detto:
                                                                                                «Sono spaventato da un rigurgito di settarismo “viscerale” nel Partito. Ma il nuo-
                                                                                                vo, e il guaio, è che – pur indebitamente – tale settarismo si fa scudo, si fa forte,
                                                                                                del nome di Berlinguer» [Non ricordo le parole precise, ma questo aveva detto].
                                                                                                Accostatomi a lui, steso in terra, ho avuto subito la quasi certezza che egli stava
                                                                                                morendo. Occhi sbarrati, volto violaceo, appena qualche raro e breve respiro,
                                                                                                intermittente – faticoso. Lo assisteva il compagno Marri, presidente della Regio-
                                                                                                ne umbra, cardiologo, docente universitario. Ben presto, aiutato da un giovane

                                                            66
                                                                                 Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage




Table 1. Reproduction of p.7 from the “Note-Book”: the images from the “Note-
book” were taken with a i2S CopiBook planetary scanner.
                                                                                67
F. Citti - Paolo Bufalini and the classics: towards a digital edition of his “note-book”




                                                                                           Table 2. Reproduction of pp. 8-9 from the “Note-Book”.


                                                                                                infermiere, ha tentato di rianimarlo premendogli ritmicamente e con foga la zona
                                                                                                del cuore. Invano. Dopo 25 minuti è arrivata la crocerossa, ha portato Luigi al S.
                                                                                                Giacomo. Dove è arrivato morto. Luigi Petroselli è stato un dirigente forte, equi-
                                                                                                librato, coi piedi in terra. Da umilissime origini (dalla provincia di Viterbo) era
                                                                                                diventato sindaco di Roma. Era stato un buon sindaco, efficiente, rinnovatore,
                                                                                                molto popolare. Avendo già avuto una grave malattia vascolare, certamente
                                                                                                sapeva che cosa rischiava facendo il sindaco di Roma: quello che è avvenuto.
                                                                                                Egli aveva scelto.

                                                                                              Accompanying this evocative picture, where he remembers his friend in a human and
                                                                                           political way, Bufalini writes on the following two pages a series of quotations, starting
                                                                                           with two famous nocturnes (pp. 8-9: see table 2). To these he evidently attributed a sym-
                                                                                           bolic and existential value: one from Horace (Epodes, 15,1 Nox erat et caelo fulgebat
                                                                                           luna sereno, «Era notte e la luna splendeva nel cielo sereno»)7 and one from Virgil
                                                                                           (Aeneid, 2,8-9 Et iam nox umida caelo / praecipitat suadentque cadentia sidera somnos,

                                                            68
«E già l’umida notte dal cielo declina / e le cadenti stele invitano al sonno»). More imme-
diately linked to the contingent situation is the memory of the initial verses of the sev-
enth book of the Aeneid (verses 5-9) in which the burial of the old nurse, Gaeta, is rep-
resented.
   These verses must have struck the linguistic sensitivity of Bufalini the translator, who
writes them several times in his “Note-book”: after having put them side by side with
Dante, Purgatory, 1,115-117 «L’alba vinceva l’ora mattutina / che fuggia innanzi, si che di
lontano / conobbi il tremolar della marina./ Noi n’andavam per lo solingo piano», he com-
pares (p. 44) various Italian translations, then adds his own (see table 3), different to the
previously written version (on the aforementioned p. 8 of the “Note-book”):


  Carlo Saggio               Ma il pio Enea, fatte secondo il rito le esequie
                             ammucchiata la terra del tumulo, poi che furono
                             quieti i piani del mare, tende al viaggio le vele
                             e si lascia alle spalle il porto. Spirano le arie
                             alla notte benigne, né la candida luna impedisce
                             d’andare, splendono l’acque del mare sotto un
                             tremolio di luce.
  Albini                     Ma il pio Enea, fatte le giuste esequie
                             ed innalzato il tumulo, or che l’onda
                             posava, apre le vele e lascia il porto.
                             Spirano l’aure al veleggiar notturno,
                             bianca la luna lo seconda, e splende
                             sotto il tremolo lume la marina.
  Rosa Calzecchi Onesti      Ma Enea pio, compiute secondo il rito le esequie                    Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
                             Composta la terra del tumulo, poi che l’alte distese
                             Posarono, tende al cammino le vele e il porto abbandona.
                             Spirano buone a notte le brezze, e la candida luna
                             non nega l’andare, tremulo lume scintilla sul mare.
  P.B                         Ma il pio Enea, compiute secondo il rito le esequie,
                             composto con la terra il tumulo, poi che s’acquistarono
                             l’alte distese del mare, tende al viaggio le vele
  Albini                     e lascia il porto. Spirano l’aure al veleggiar notturno,
                             la candida luna lo seconda, e splende
                             sotto il tremolo lume la marina.

                                                                                                69
     F. Citti - Paolo Bufalini and the classics: towards a digital edition of his “note-book”




70
      Table 3. Reproduction of p. 44 from the “Note-book”.
    The translation finally proposed by Bufalini seems to suggest that the ideal version is
a combination of solutions found by the different translators, with Albini’s one. In particu-
lar, Bufalini’s last three verses – which evoke the Dantesque «tremolar della marina» –
only vary slightly from Albini’s version8.
    Even if at times there are passages of fierce irony, as in Belli’s sonnet 886, La verità
è comm’è la cacarella (p. 100), very often melancholy reflection seems to prevail in the
modern authors who were also Bufalini’s companions. It is not just by chance that
Bufalini takes this quotation from Yourcenar (in 1985, at the age of 72), which somehow
seems autobiographic: «Come il viaggiatore che naviga tra le isole dell’Arcipelago vede
levarsi a sera i vapori luminosi, e scopre a poco a poco la linea della costa, cosi io com-
incio a scorgere il profilo della mia morte»9, while the Manzoni of Ognissanti reminded
Bufalini of the memory of «una visita a Renato Guttuso malato di una malattia mortale»10
(table 4).
    I think that from this succinct account too, it can be seen that the “Note-book” is of
great interest in the reconstruction of Paolo Bufalini’s human and intellectual profile. For
this reason the Study Centre “La Permanenza del Classico”, together with his family
would like to make it available to the public: especially considering the importance not
only of its contents, with its quotations from various authors, alternating with Bufalini’s
notes, but also because of the book itself, with its page layout, coloured inks, underlining,
crossing out and corrections – this idea came up of producing an electronic version,
which would combine the transcription of the “Note-book” with its illustrated reproduc-
tion11.

2.1. Digital edition: representation and encoding of the “Note-book”

    During the first phase, a straightforward, simple transcription of the “Note-book” was       Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
made, staying as close to the original text as possible: in this way all characteristics con-
cerning spelling and punctuation, including any eventual errors or incorrect quotations
were preserved. Particular marks (such as arrows, references, boxes), were reproduced
and where this was not possible, were described (using notes, such as “box”, “broken ver-
tical lines on the right of the second strophe”, “vertical line and ---> on the right of the
fourth line”).
    This operation, as can be seen, consists of transferring information from one system
of representation to another. This means, the transposition of the textual content of the
“Note-book” into a recognisable and manageable form for the machine (Machine
Readable Form), which is able to elaborate only two categories of items (data and instruc-

                                                                                                71
     F. Citti - Paolo Bufalini and the classics: towards a digital edition of his “note-book”




72
        Table 4. Reproduction of p. 111 from the “Note-book”.
tions). If encoding means a group of rules of correspondence between alphanumerical
characters (those which make up the “Note-book”) and binary values (used by the elab-
orator), then we can define this first phase as “ primary encoding”.
   To include all the textual information of the “Note-book”, it is not sufficient to reproduce
just the sequences of the characters (including the blank spaces): if one stopped at this
first phase, the passage from one medium to another would mean quite a large loss of
information, for example, things which the text “does not explicitly declare, but which just
as explicitly and unequivocally exhibits or demonstrates” [18, p. 242]. Thus, the central
paging at the beginning (p. 3: table 5), suggests the fact that «La Pentecoste» (p. 3, r.1:
table 5), is the title of the Manzonian Sacred Hymn transcribed later on, or the underlin-
ing of «soffri», in verse 6 of the same hymn (p. 3, r. 6: table 5), acts as a reference for the
note put in the right-hand margin, and also indicates the emphasis Bufalini wanted to
place on this word. Within this word, in fact, he sees «tutta la visione cristiana [propria
della rivoluzione cristiana, teorica e pratico-politica] della vita, della storia, dell’Assoluto.
Senza sofferenza – consapevolmente accettata e con la volontà superata – non c’è con-
quista, non c’è storia, non c’è verità...» («the whole Christian vision [peculiar to the prac-
tical-political, theoretical Christian revolution] of life, history and the Absolute. Without suf-
fering knowingly accepted and overcoming one’s own wishes there is no conquest, there
is no history, there is no truth…»). Similarly (p. 7, table 1), the alphanumerical sequence
«8-X-81» is meant to be a date in time, and so on.
   At a later stage, a “second encoding” was added, making all these elements explicit.
They relate to structure (change of page, section, strophe, verses), to content (quotations
in original language, translation, and notes), to front and back matter (date, author, title),

                                                                                                          Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
to the presentation of the text (crossing out, corrections, underlining, coloured inks): the
selection of the elements to be encoded therefore requires the interpretative task of text
analysis. The work of encoding is both a philological and data processing operation,
because (as Buzzetti discovered [12, § 3]), «the functionality of the digital representation
of the text depends on the structure assigned to the information and on the operations
applied to it», in other words, on the possibility of carrying out the necessary research at
a later date.
   For this kind of encoding, the text can be considered, as Chiara Colombo does [19,
p. 302], as a «translation and a metatextual commentary» of the text. Consequently, for
this encoding it was decided to adopt a “declarative” type of language, which by using
tags enables one to indicate the function of each textual element13 (e.g.<head


                                                                                                     73
     F. Citti - Paolo Bufalini and the classics: towards a digital edition of his “note-book”




74
      Table 5. Reproduction of p. 3 from the “Note-book”.
type=”titolo”>La pentecoste</head>, to indicate that the sequence of characters La
Pentecoste is the title of a work). More specifically, XML language (Extensible Markup
Language) was used, a simplified version of SGML (Standard Generalized Markup
Language, ISO 8879:1986)14, and especially intended for application on the World Wide
Web15. As well as making an exact reproduction of the documents possible, together with
their subsequent analysis (through of information retrieval procedures), it has the advan-
tage of guaranteeing an effective portability, not being a proprietary language. The
markup is in fact visible and legible, and not hidden inside a file which can only be inter-
preted by the software which produced it.
   The XML document (in this case “quaderno_PB.xml”) ,in the first place, contains a
prologue, with a series of statements:


   <?xml version=”1.0” encoding=”ISO-8859-1”?>
   <?xml-stylesheet href=”quaderno.xsl” type=”text/xsl”?>
   <! DOCTYPE Teixlite SYSTEM “Teixlite.dtd”>


   They show in order: the details of the XML version and the set of characters used (the
ISO Latin-1, which includes the characters necessary for writing in English and in
Western European languages); the stylesheet (“quaderno.xsl”, so compare infra,§ 2.2)
and the DTD (Document Type Definition: the “Teixlite.dtd” file), a sort of grammar to go
with the document, that contains the encoding scheme. Defined in this “grammar” are all
the elements that can possibly appear, together with their internal structure (their content
model) and the relationship existing between them (e.g. a poetic anthology must contain
in hierarchical order, the elements: poem, stanza and verse, as well as #PCDATA, that is,
the actual text).                                                                                    Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
   Rather than create a DTD especially for the “Bufalini Note-book”, it was decided to
use the TEI lite scheme16, a simplified version of the TEI (Text Encoding Initiative).
This model was elaborated by the Association for Computers and the Humanities
(ACH), the Association for Computational Linguistics (ALC) and the Association for
Literary and Linguistic Computing (ALLC) to provide an operative standard for human-
istic-literary data, and thus promote the exchange of documents within the scientific
community.
   Examining for example the encoding of page 3 (which we can compare with the repro-
duction of the original, table 5) the encoding is shown in the left-hand column, while in the
right-hand one, the function of the various markers is explained (table 6).

                                                                                                75
                                                                                           Table 6. Encoding of page 3 of the “Note-book” (left column), and illustration of the markers
                                                                                           (right column).

                                                                                           <body>                                                   <body>: beginning of the actual text of the “Note-book” (on p. 1): the
                                                                                                                                                       encoding of pages 1-2 is not reproduced here.
                                                                                           <!— the transcription of pp. 1-2 follows here   -->

                                                                                           <pb n="3"/>
                                                                                           <head type="titolo">La Pentecoste</head>                 <pb n="3"/>: page number
                                                                                           <div0 type="testo" key=" A. Manzoni, Inni sacri, La      <head>: title (La Pentecoste)
                                                                                           Pentecoste ">                                            <div0> beginning of a section within the<body>, that is a quotation of the
                                                                                           <lg>                                                        Pentecoste in its original language
                                                                                           <l>Madre dei Santi, immagine</l>                         <lg> beginning of a strophe
                                                                                           <l>della città superna,</l>                              <l> e </l> beginning and end of a verse
                                                                                           <l>del Sangue incorruttibile</l>
                                                                                           <l>Conservatrice eterna,</l>
                                                                                           <l>tu, che da tanti secoli</l>
                                                                                           <l><anchor><hi
                                                                                           rend="sottolineato">soffri</hi></anchor>, combatti e
                                                                                           preghi,</l>                                              <anchor><hi rend="sottolineato"> “soffri” is underlined and
                                                                                           <l>che le tue tende spieghi</l>                             acts as a reference (anchor) to Bufalini’s marginal note (cf. Infra)
                                                                                           <l>dall'uno all'altro mar;</l>
                                                                                           </lg>
                                                                                           <lg>                                                     </lg> end of a strophe
F. Citti - Paolo Bufalini and the classics: towards a digital edition of his “note-book”




                                                                                           <l>Campo di quei che sperano,</l>                        <lg> beginning of next strophe
                                                                                           <l>Chiesa del Dio vivente,</l>
                                                                                           <l>Dov'eri mai? qual angolo</l>
                                                                                           <l>Ti raccogliea nascente...?</l>
                                                                                           <l>...</l>
                                                                                           </lg>
                                                                                           <lg>
                                                                                           <l>Compagna del suo gemito,</l>
                                                                                           <l>Conscia dei suoi misteri, </l>
                                                                                           <l>Tu, della sua vittoria</l>
                                                                                           <l>Figlia immortal, dov'eri?</l>
                                                                                           <l>In suo terror sol vigile,</l>
                                                                                           <l>Sol nell'oblio secura,</l>
                                                                                           <l>Stavi in riposte mura,</l>
                                                                                           <l>Fino a quel sacro dì,</l>
                                                                                           </lg>
                                                                                           <lg>
                                                                                           <l>Quando su te lo Spirito</l>
                                                                                           <l>Rinnovator discese</l>
                                                                                           <l>...</l>
                                                                                           <l>Quando segnal dei popoli</l>
                                                                                           </lg>
                                                                                           </div0>                                                  </lg> end of a strophe
                                                                                                                                                    </div0> end of the quotation of the Pentecoste in the original language

                                                                                           <div2 type="nota" place="margine">
                                                                                           <anchor><hi rend="sottolineato">soffri!</hi></anchor>    <div2 type="nota" place="margine"> beginning of a marginal
                                                                                           <p>(c'è tutta la visione cristiana [propria della            note
                                                                                           rivoluzione cristiana, teorica e pratico-politica]       <anchor><hi rend="sottolineato"> “soffri” is underlined and
                                                                                           della vita, della storia, dell'Assoluto. </p>                acts as a reference to Bufalini’s marginal note
                                                                                           <p>Senza sofferenza - consapevolmente accettata e con    <p> e</p> beginning and end of a prose paragraph
                                                                                           la volontà superata - non c'è conquista, non c'è
                                                                                           storia, non c'è verità...</p>
                                                                                           <p>Culmina in Hegel: la realtà è il divenire, la
                                                                                           verità è nel divenire, l'Assoluto non è il
                                                                                           presupposto, ma il <hi
                                                                                           rend="sottolineato">resultato</hi>.</p>
                                                                                           <p>Culmina in Marx: la realtà è <hi                      <hi rend="sottolineato">resultato</hi> underlined word
                                                                                           rend="sottolineato">il lavoro umano associato</hi>. La
                                                                                           verità (il regno della libertà) è la conquista degli
                                                                                           uomini associati tutti eguali (come in Cristo tutti
                                                                                           figli di Dio) e nella
                                                                                           loro sofferenza <del hand="P.B.">[†*†]</del></p>         <del hand="P.B."> </del> beginning and end of Paolo Bufalini’s
                                                                                           </div2>                                                      handwritten crossings out
                                                                                                                                                    [†*†] unreadable words
                                                                                                                                                    </p> end of a prose paragraph (new line).
                                                                                                                                                    </div2> end of a marginal note

                                                                                           <!— other pages follow here   -->

                                                                                                </body>                                             </body>: end of the text of the “Note-Book” (on p. 148: the encoding of
                                                                                                                                                       pages 4-148 is not reproduced here..


                                                                  76
   In short, one can note that the page is extracted from the interior of the element
<body>, that is, the body of the text itself, in this case, the text of the “Note-book”: and
therefore, in the body, page 3 would be preceded by pages 1-2 and followed by pages 4-
148: the end marker </body> is found only at the end of page 148. In addition, on every
page there are quotations from texts or notes: these subdivisions of the <body> are indi-
cated as elements <div>. In this case the number of the page (<pb n=”3”/>) has been
marked and the title of the poem too (<head type=”titolo”>La Pentecoste</head>).
While encoding, we found the beginning of the quotation, and we added an indication of
the exact data (<div0 type= “testo” key=”A. Manzoni, Inni Sacri, La Pentecoste”>);
the attribute “testo” specifies that the text in question is cited in its original language17.
The margins of the strophes and verses are defined by markers <lg> and <l>. Bufalini’s
note, in the right-hand margin, is pinpointed by the marker <div2 type=”nota” place=
“margine”>. The fact that the word “soffri” (both in Manzoni’s text and at the beginning
of the marginal note) acts both as a reference note (<anchor>) and as a graphic element
of the underlining (<hi rend=”sottolineato”>) is made quite evident. The crossings out
(and likewise the corrections, changes in word order and all the special signs) have been
encoded. In the last line of the page, the sequence loro sofferenza <del
hand=”P.B.”>[†*†]</del> indicates precisely that after “loro sofferenza” there are some
words that have been crossed out, but are illegible. They would have otherwise been
transcribed between the two opening and closing delimiting markers.

2.2. Stylesheets and consultation of the “Note-book” via Web

   The stylesheet, in XSL (Extensible Stylesheet Language), contains formatting instruc-
tions, thanks to which each element assumes a particular layout on the screen (this is the
case of crossed out and underlined words, changes of ink, reference notes and so on, cf.               Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
infra and table 7). In addition, it allows for the filtering of the data that actually wants to
be visualised18.
   Let us see how the edition of the “Note-book” – hosted (for now in a “beta” version)
on the website of the Study Centre “La Permanenza del Classico” – appears, looking at
it on a browser19. Figure 1 shows page 3, whose encoding was examined above (table
7): one particularly notices the layout of the page number (pag. 3), the title of the quota-
tion (La Pentecoste), the reference notes (“soffri”) and the underlining (“resultato”).
   As can be observed in figure 1 above, in addition to the text it is also possible to view
images of the “Note-book”. In the top right-hand corner of the screen, before the tran-
scription, there is a small image of the two pages side by side, odd and even (in this case

                                                                                                  77
F. Citti - Paolo Bufalini and the classics: towards a digital edition of his “note-book”




                                                                                                    Figure 1. Screen showing the “Note-book”, as visualised by Internet Explorer
                                                                                                    (page 3, text and image).

                                                                                           pp. 2-3), which can be zoomed in on in a new window: text and image in fact compliment
                                                                                           each other since there are visible aspects of the text (as for example drawings and cal-
                                                                                           ligrams), which cannot be reduced to syntactic structure rules and therefore cannot be
                                                                                           represented using XML encoding20.
                                                                                                The following table (tab. 7) sums up the principal markers used, specifying their func-
                                                                                           tion and indicating what they look like on video thanks to the “quaderno.xsl” sheet:
                                                                                                The home page of the project can be accessed by consulting the online edition of the
                                                                                           “Note-book”, then, the various pages can be entered through a menu, as seen in figure
                                                                                           2:
                                                                                           –    The digital edition: the project: a description of the principles which inspired the dig-
                                                                                                ital edition, paying particular attention to the way in which the intrinsic and extrinsic
                                                                                                characteristics were encoded and then shown on video.
                                                                                           –    The author: biography, bibliography: a short chronology of Paolo Bufalini and a
                                                                                                bibliography of his main works and studies written on him.
                                                                                           –    The work: this section is divided into several sections:
                                                                                                –    Electronic title page: bibliographical data related to the edition and the authors
                                                                                                     of the encoding.

                                                                  78
Table 7. List of the principal markers: function and visualised layout.




                                                                                           Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage




Figure 2. Screen display of the home page and the navigator of the “Note-book” edition.

                                                                                          79
                                                                                              –   The Notebook: the transcription: this deals with the actual critical edition (see
                                                                                                  figure 1).
                                                                                              –   The Notebook: the images: this is the sequence of the images only, which can
                                                                                                  be zoomed in on for close-up viewing.
                                                                                              –   Index of quoted passages: index of the quotations, organised according to the
                                                                                                  page order in the “Note-book” (in a later version there will also be an alphabetical
                                                                                                  index).

                                                                                              The index is realized using a stylesheet too: the file “bib.xls”, as well as defining the
                                                                                           formatting elements with which the index is visualised on screen, selects all the “bib” ele-
                                                                                           ments, that is, all the quotations and transforms them into active links on the exact page
                                                                                           in the “Note-book” 21 .
                                                                                              Once the page of the index is generated, it is possible to go directly to the page of the
F. Citti - Paolo Bufalini and the classics: towards a digital edition of his “note-book”




                                                                                           “Note-book”, where the single quotations can be found. As visualised in figure 3, the
                                                                                           index of passages consists of a series of quotations (listed according to where they
                                                                                           appear within the “Note-book”), in red characters: these, as has been said, are also active
                                                                                           links. Thus, clicking, for instance on the quotation “Marziale, Epigrammi, V 34” you can
                                                                                           go to page 52 (which opens at the second window): here you can find together with the




                                                                                           Figure 3. Screen display with the index of passages (by clicking on the quotation
                                                                                           “Marziale, Epigrammi, V 34” page 52 is opened, showing the text by Marziale).

                                                         80
original text of the epigram three different translations by Bufalini himself which show the
author’s continuous revision before reaching a satisfactory final version.


3. The Horatian translations: from 1982 to 1993

   Now, we come to a second project, which deals with the Horatian translations to which
Bufalini dedicated his time on several successive occasions from the beginning of the 80s
until his death. In fact, the first collection of fifteen odes dates back to 1982. It was pub-
lished under the title A Leuconoe, by the publishing house Scheiwiller: in 1987, the aca-
demic journal «Aufidus» [6] then published six new translations (Odes 1,14; 1,18; 1,20;
3,10; 3,21; 3,26). A selection of 18 Odes was subsequently included – with slight alter-
ations – in the first volume of the Enciclopedia oraziana, published by the Istituto
dell’Enciclopedia Italiana22. This publication confirms the immediate success earned by
the translator, who had the honour of being dedicated an entry in the section entitled
«Fortuna dal medioevo all’età contemporanea» [32].
   The new edition of A Leuconoe (1993) [7], which as well as 30 odes, also includes an
epode and an epistle (there is a poem dedicated to his daughter Jolanda too). Bufalini,
however , before dying, was working on his anthology to correct and expand it: some
extracts taken from the papers kept by the family about Bufalini, the man and his works,
have already been presented by Ivano Dionigi [21, p. 57] during a conference held on
12th June 2002. In the volume of the Acts edited by Matteoli [28, pp. 158-163], the trans-
lation of Carmen saeculare appeared posthumously.

3.1. The Horatian papers: towards an online catalogue

   The papers kept by the family concerning Horace were essentially of four types: 1)
material preceding the publication of the last edition of A Leuconoe [7]; 2) a copy of the            Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
work of the said anthology with the author’s handwritten notes; a correction of the print-
ing errors, and also the rewriting of whole verses or strophes of 7 different compositions
(see for example table 8, with various suggestions for modifying Odes 1,38); 3) a folder
with various drafts of eight unpublished translations, from the years between 1993 and
1999 (from Odes 1,8; 1,10; 1,25; 1,37; 2,20; 3,5; 3,14, and from Epode 15). An addition-
al new version of Ode 2,14, can be added to these last ones and was in fact included in
the very first edition of the anthology (1982); 4) some essays on Horace and Archilochus.
   However, the material kept at the PCI (Italian Communist Party) offices (later PDS) is
since 2000 in safekeeping at the Gramsci Institute of Rome: about 280 archival units –
thanks to Bufalini’s personal organisation of this material – generally linked to his activi-

                                                                                                 81
F. Citti - Paolo Bufalini and the classics: towards a digital edition of his “note-book”




                                                                                           Table 8. Reproduction of the A Leuconoe anthology [7], pp. 40-41, with translator’s hand-
                                                                                           written notes.

                                                                                           ties in the party and in parliament, and to political debates about divorce and the con-
                                                                                           cordat. The eighth series, which consists of three files, nevertheless concerns «Literary
                                                                                           activity, 1981-1992»: it refers to «Papers related to the production and publication of the
                                                                                           Horatian translations by Bufalini. The details of the translations are available, including
                                                                                           the correspondence with the publisher, rough drafts for printing, reviews and information
                                                                                           about the circulation of the volume. Correspondence and details of his poetry can be
                                                                                           found in many of the files belonging to the Correspondence and Writings and Speeches
                                                                                           series»23.
                                                                                              As can be seen, the material was written prior to the publication of the second edition
                                                                                           of A Leuconoe (1993), while the family had in their possession more material which was
                                                                                           written later. However, to allow a comprehensive vision of Bufalini’s papers related to his
                                                                                           translation it was decided to put this archive together at least “virtually”: a page of the web-
                                                                                           site of the Study Centre “La Permanenza del Classico” will for the moment carry a short
                                                                                           summary of the papers, accompanied by a link to the Gramsci Institute of Rome’s page.
                                                                                           There are plans for the papers to be digitalized and made available online at a later date.

       82
     Only an allusion can be made here – in this context – to the fact that this valuable
material can also contribute to the realization of a new printed edition, revised and
enlarged on, of the A Leuconoe anthology.
     The two projects we have illustrated, an electronic version of the “Note-book” and an
online catalogue of the Horatian papers, which bring together traditional philology and
new technologies seem to us to pay appropriate homage to Bufalini, reader and transla-
tor of the classics, who declared himself «convinced that the effort of transferring a lyric
poem written more than 2000 years ago to another modern language constitutes the most
penetrating instrument for capturing the essence and universality of ancient poetry and
its permanent validity» [8, p. 34].

Notes
1   Bufalini himself briefly outlines his life in the Notizia at the end of A Leuconoe [7], and in a recent-
    ly published conversation [9]; see also in general [28], and in particular the chronology, pp. 165-
    167. Politicians’ interests are confirmed in his essays and speeches [1, 2, 3, 4].
2   As he recalls [9, p. 152], even in his rucksack during the struggle in Yugoslavia with the partisans’
    division “Venice” he carried «the Hoepli minuscule edition of the Divine Comedy, The Betrothed and
    Leopardi’s Canti […] together with his blanket and other things». As Giorgio Napolitano observes [30,
    pp. 24-25], readings constitute a necessary limit to look at politics with the detachment required.
3   See Giovanna Garbarino, in a letter to Paolo Bufalini dated 27th December 1989, kept in Bufalini’s
    collection of papers (see § 3.1); Fedeli [22, p. 99] in general defines it as «excellent, […] he does
    not only remain faithful to Horace, but succeeds in reproducing the tone and elegant sobriety»;
    Traina [40, p. 211] judges Bufalini as an «exceptional translator»: see also Dionigi [21, p. 58].
4   This is obviously the title given by Bufalini to ode 1,11, dedicated to the theme carpe diem [7, p. 25].
5   In 1993 he dedicated a short essay to Horace [8] which is of interest in understanding themes and           Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
    motives important for him and the reason for his anthological selection.
6   Office papers relating to the years 1960-1996 are in Gramsci Institute in Rome: see the short
    description at <http://www.fondazionegramsci.org/guida_gramsci/16PaoloBufalini/index1.html>,
    and § 3.1.
7   In the Note-book there is no translation of this text which I have taken from unpublished papers,
    see § 31.
8   The author’s note in pencil “Albini” next to his translation seems to indicate his debt.
9   Translation by Bufalini himself who also quotes the original text.
10 See   “Note-book”, p. 111: this page is also referred to in the essay by Mons. Achille Silvestrini [36,
    p. 35].

                                                                                                               83
                                                                                           11   To Francesca Tomasi, in particular, we owe the model for encoding, realized by Francesco Citti,
                                                                                                Federico Condello, Alessandra Magnoni, Chiara Nonni, Lucia Pasetti and Bruna Pieri. To Barba-
                                                                                                ra Lotti we owe a general revision and the style sheet.
                                                                                           12 Contributions    on the centrality of encoding problems are innumerable [11; 13; 14; 15; 16; 19; 34,
                                                                                                pp. 15-21; 35; 38; 39, pp. 129 f.].
                                                                                           13 For    the distinction between declarative languages and procedural languages, constituted by
                                                                                                instructions which a specific programme executes to obtain a specific effect of text presentation
                                                                                                (this is the case of word processors commonly used to write), see [14, pp. 223-224; 20; 35, pp.
                                                                                                219-225; 38, pp. 113-115].
                                                                                           14 A short   outline of the evolution from SGML to XML in [35, pp. 225-231], and also in [24, pp. 13-14].
                                                                                           15 Specifications   for W3C at <http://www.w3.org/XML>; several manuals have been published [24;
                                                                                                25; 26], and tables [34, pp. 41-72; 38, pp. 131-145].
F. Citti - Paolo Bufalini and the classics: towards a digital edition of his “note-book”




                                                                                           16 In   the official site of TEI (<http://www.tei-c.org/>) we can find, in addition to a brief history of the
                                                                                                initiative, also the Guidelines (TEI P5: Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange,
                                                                                                ed. by Christopher Michael Sperberg-McQueen and Lou Burnard, <http://www.tei-
                                                                                                c.org/P5/Guidelines/index.html>). La TEI Lite is at <http://www.tei-c.org/Lite/teiu5_it.html>; Fabio
                                                                                                Ciotti edited an Italian edition of it [10]. See also the project Pizza Chef for the creation of DTD on
                                                                                                TEI base: <http://www.tei-c.org/pizza.html>. Short presentations in essays by Francesca Tomasi
                                                                                                [38, pp. 145-147; 39]; and by Milanese [29], who illustrates an application on the XML/TEI base
                                                                                                to realize a catalogue of manuscripts.
                                                                                           17 In    case it had been a translation the encoding would have been for example <div1
                                                                                                type=”traduzione di C.Saggio” key=”Verg. Aen. 7,5-9”>, see p. 44, table 3).
                                                                                           18 It   is actually «a real declarative programming language (and Turing-complete) which allows the
                                                                                                transformation of an XML document into another XML document with a different structure», as
                                                                                                Ciotti observed [16, p. 38]. Specifications for XSL(T) are at the address <http://www.w3.org/TR/
                                                                                                xslt>; [25, pp. 379 f.; 34, pp. 101-152; 38, pp. 140-145]. See for example the instructions related
                                                                                                to formatting elements such as the date and underlining:

                                                                                                      – <xsl:template match=”date”>
                                                                                                      – <font color=”#996633”>
                                                                                                        <xsl:apply-templates />
                                                                                                        </font>
                                                                                                        </xsl:template>
                                                                                                      – <xsl:template match=”hi[@rend=’sottolineato’]”>
                                                                                                      – <u>
                                                                                                        <xsl:apply-templates />
                                                                                                        </u>
                                                                                                        </xsl:template>


                                                           84
19 The   site address is <www2.classics.unibo.it/Bufalini>.
20 Regarding   the limits of encoding and the debate published in the journal «Humanist», see remarks
  by Fiormonte [23, pp. 185-186].
21 Selection is carried out due to XML Transform language:
          – <xsl:stylesheet version=”1.0” xmlns:xsl=”http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform”>
                                  <– further instructions are given here -->
           – <xsl:template match=”//bibl”>
          – <a href=”quaderno_PB.xml#{@id}”>
          <xsl:apply-templates />
          </a>
          </xsl:template>
          </xsl:stylesheet>


22 Published   in 1996, but manuscripts submitted in 1991.
23 Here   I quote from the work by Donatella Di Benedetto and Maria Antonietta Serci, accessible at
  <http://www.fondazionegramsci.org/guida_gramsci/16PaoloBufalini/index1.html>.
24 Forthcoming   work by Francesco Citti and Bruna Pieri.


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Summary
The paper presents some projects related to Paolo Bufalini, who was an eminent politician and anti-
fascist, and his interest in the classics. A note-book of his annotations from Latin and modern authors
written between 1981 and 1991 is examined. Bufalini often linked these authors to current events,
or to considerations concerning phenomena of an existential or political nature. As tge Note-book is
full of his corrections, notes and translations, it is an interesting document about the life of a leading
intellectual in post-war Italy. As a result the paper examines how to produce a digital edition based
on XML (Extensible Markup Language); this included firstly, the encoding of all the textual, informa-

                                                                                                                  Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
tive and structural elements of the text (adopting the TEI lite scheme), and secondly the graphic rep-
resentation of the encoded elements (quotations, annotations, corrections, underlining etc.) on the
final page, viewable by the user through an internet browser. We also present two further projects:
a new printed edition of the Horatian translations by Bufalini, and an online catalogue of Bufalini’s
manuscripts on Horace which can be found at the Study Centre “La Permanenza del Classico”.


Riassunto
Il lavoro presenta alcuni progetti legati agli interessi di Paolo Bufalini, eminente antifascista e uomo
politico, per i classici. In particolare viene esaminato un quaderno di annotazioni prese tra il 1981 e
il 1991 da autori latini e anche da autori moderni, che Bufalini spesso collegava con avvenimenti di
attualità, o con riflessioni su fenomeni di natura esistenziale o politica. Con le sue correzioni, anno-
tazioni, traduzioni, il quaderno è un interessante documento della vita di un intellettuale di primo
piano nella vita dell’Italia del dopoguerra. Si esaminano quindi le modalità di realizzazione di un’e-
dizione digitale, su base XML; la codifica di tutti gli elementi testuali, informativi e strutturali del testo
(con adozione dello schema TEI lite), ed infine la rappresentazione grafica degli elementi codificati
(citazioni, annotazioni, correzioni, sottolineature etc.) nella pagina finale, visualizzata dall’utente tra-


                                                                                                                 87
                                                                                           mite un browser internet. Vengono poi presentati due ulteriori progetti, quello di una nuova edizione
                                                                                           a stampa delle traduzioni oraziane di Bufalini, e di un catalogo online delle carte oraziane deposita-
                                                                                           te presso il Centro Studi “La Permanenza del Classico”.


                                                                                           Résumé
                                                                                           L’ouvrage présente certains projets liés aux intérêts de Paolo Bufalini, éminent antifasciste et
                                                                                           homme politique, pour les classiques. En particulier, un cahier d’annotations prises entre 1981 et
                                                                                           1991 par des auteurs latins et aussi par des auteurs modernes, que Bufalini souvent reliait à des
                                                                                           événements d’actualité, ou avec des réflexions sur des phénomènes de nature existentielle ou poli-
                                                                                           tique, est examiné. Avec ses corrections, annotations, traductions, le cahier est un intéressant docu-
                                                                                           ment de la vie d’un intellectuel de premier plan dans la vie de l’Italie de l’après-guerre. On examine
                                                                                           donc les modalités de réalisation d’une édition numérique, sur base XML; la codification de tous les
                                                                                           éléments textuels, d’information et structurels du texte (avec adoption du schéma TEI lite), et enfin
                                                                                           la représentation graphique des éléments codifiés (citations, annotations, corrections, souligne-
                                                                                           ments, etc.) dans la page finale, visualisée par l’usager par le biais d’un browser internet. Deux ulté-
                                                                                           rieurs projets sont ensuite présentés, celui d’une nouvelle édition à presse des traductions hora-
                                                                                           ciennes de Bufalini, et d’un catalogue en ligne des cartes horaciennes déposées auprès du Centre
                                                                                           d’Études “La Permanenza del Classico”.
F. Citti - Paolo Bufalini and the classics: towards a digital edition of his “note-book”




                                                                                           Zusammenfassung
                                                                                           Die Arbeit stellt einige Projekte über die Interesse von Paolo Bufalini für die Klassiker vor (Paolo
                                                                                           Bufalini war ein prominenter Antifaschist und Politiker). Insbesondere wird ein Heft in Betracht gezo-
                                                                                           gen, mit Notizen zwischen 1981 und 1991 aus lateinischen und modernen Autoren, Bufalini brachte
                                                                                           nämlich die Moderne und die Antike oft in Zusammenhang, und zwar mit Überlegungen über aktuel-
                                                                                           le Ereignisse oder über existentielle oder politische Phänomene. Das Heft ist voll von Korrekturen,
                                                                                           Notizen und Übersetzungen und ist ein interessantes Dokument des Lebens eines bedeutenden
                                                                                           Intellektuellen im Italien der Nachkriegszeit. Es werden die Möglichkeiten betrachtet, um eine digi-
                                                                                           tale Edition auf XML Basis auszuführen, zusammen mit der Kodierung aller textlichen, informativen
                                                                                           und strukturellen Elemente des Textes (mit Anwendung des Schemas TEI lite) und mit der graphi-
                                                                                           schen Darstellung der kodierten Elemente (Zitate, Notizen, Korrekturen, Unterstreichungen, usw.).
                                                                                           Die graphische Darstellung erfolgt in der Schlussseite, die der Benutzer durch einen Internet-
                                                                                           Browser sehen kann. Außerdem werden zwei weitere Projekte vorgestellt: eine neue Herausgabe
                                                                                           der Übersetzungen von Oraz durch Bufalini und ein Online-Katalog der Papiere von Horaz, die im
                                                                                           Studienzentrum “La Permanenza del Classico” aufbewahren sind.


                                                                                           Resumen
                                                                                           El trabajo presenta algunos proyectos en relación con el interés por los clásicos de Paolo Bufalini,
                                                                                           eminente antifascista y político. En particular, se examina un cuaderno de anotaciones de autores
                                                                                           latinos y modernos, tomadas entre 1981 y 1991, que Bufalini a menudo ponía en relación con
                                                                                           hechos de actualidad o con reflexiones sobre fenómenos de naturaleza existencial o política. Con
                                                                                           sus correcciones, anotaciones, traducciones, el cuaderno es un interesante documento de la vida
                                                                                           de un intelectual de primer orden en la Italia de posguerra. Se examinan, por tanto, las modalida-
                                                                                           des de realización de una edición digital, en XML; la codificación de todos los elementos textuales,
                                                                                           informativos y estructurales del texto (utilizando el esquema TEI lite) y, por último, la representación
                                                                                           gráfica de los elementos codificados (citas, anotaciones, correcciones, subrayados, etc.) en la pági-
                                                                                           na final, visualizada por el usuario mediante un navegador internet. Se presentan además otros dos
                                                                                           proyectos: una nueva edición impresa de las traducciones de Horacio de Bufalini y un catálogo onli-
                                                                                           ne de los documentos horacianos depositados en el Centro de Estudios “La Permanenza del
                                                                                           Classico”.



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