10.6092/issn.1973-9494/12787
Questo articolo presenta i risultati di uno studio durato due anni della tela raffigurante l'Ultima Cena nell'Abbazia di Tongerlo, in Belgio. Vi è cui una revisione dettagliata della sua provenienza e uno studio multispettrale condotto da IMEC e IPARC. Lo studio ha utilizzato un approccio multidisciplinare, in cui conoscenza tradizionale e ricerca letteraria sono integrate dall'esame scientifico, in particolare dall'IRR (Riflettografia a infrarossi). Nell'articolo si sostiene che, sulla base delle prove disponibili, l'Ultima Cena di Tongerlo fu prodotta nella bottega milanese di Leonardo tra il 1507 e il 1509, come progetto collaborativo che coinvolse Leonardeschi Giampietrino, Andrea Solario e Marco d'Oggiono sotto la supervisione di Leonardo. Le scansioni effettuate con spettrografia a infrarossi, inoltre, suggeriscono che il volto di Giovanni nel dipinto sia stato dipinto da Leonardo stesso.
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Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
Leonardeschi
A Multidisciplinary Study of the Tongerlo Last Supper and its Attribution to Leonardo Da Vinci’s Second Milanese Studio
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Christopher H. Brown
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1973-9494
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A Multidisciplinary Study of the Tongerlo Last Supper and its Attribution to Leonardo Da Vinci’s Second Milanese Studio
https://conservation-science.unibo.it/article/download/12787/12505
20
A     MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDY OF THE TONGERLO
      LAST SUPPER AND ITS ATTRIBUTION TO LEONARDO
      DA VINCI’S SECOND MILANESE STUDIO

   Jean-Pierre Isbouts*
   Fielding Graduate University, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

   Christopher H. Brown
   Brown Discoveries, LLC, North Carolina, USA


   Keywords: Leonardo da Vinci, Last Supper, Multispectral Imaging, Leonardeschi




   1. Introduction

    For the last 450 years, a remarkably accurate copy of Leonardo da Vinci’s Last
Supper has been quietly slumbering in the Premonstratensian Abbey of Tongerlo
near Westerlo, less than an hour’s drive from the Belgian city of Antwerp (Figure 1).
Its relatively remote location may explain why up to this time, the work has largely
escaped broad scholarly attention. In his extensive 2001 monograph Leonardo’s In-
cessant Last Supper, which analyzes some fifty 16th century copies of the Last Sup-
per, Leo Steinberg only devotes a single page to the work, arguing that “there is no
further reason to date the Tongerlo copy in Leonardo’s lifetime.” However, in the fol-
lowing paragraph, the author admits that this work, together with the Certosa copy at
London’s Royal Academy of Arts, “are now said to be our most accurate copies.” In
sum, Steinberg concludes, “given its size, its high quality, and general accuracy, the
Tongerlo copy ranks with the finest surviving testimonies to the near-lost Leonardo
(original)” [1].
    This highly ambivalent judgment is typical for the way modern critics have ap-
proached the Tongerlo painting. While very few historians have actually seen the work
and praised its remarkable quality, none have dared to associate its verisimilitude with
Leonardo’s Milanese workshop. The reason, we believe, is that the work is not on dis-
play in a major public museum, where it would inevitably have been subjected to in-
tense curatorial inquiry.
    Furthermore, Leonardo da Vinci is today, 500 years after his passing, at the zenith
of his fame. A painting entitled Salvator Mundi, which may have begun as a Leonardo
autograph but then suffered from intense overpainting and restoration, made headlines
when it sold in 2017 for $450 billion at auction – the highest sum ever paid for a work
of art. As a result, hardly a month goes by without someone announcing an “undiscov-
ered da Vinci” in the public press. This has made art professionals understandably reluc-
tant to make any attributions involving the great master.


   * Corresponding author: jisbouts@fielding.edu
J-P. Isbouts, C.H. Brown - A multidisciplinary study of the Tongerlo Last Supper and its attribution to Leonardo da Vinci’s




                                                                                                                              Figure 1. Studio of Leonardo da Vinci, Last Supper (after Leonardo), known as the Tongerlo copy,
                                                                                                                              1507-1509.


                                                                                                                                   In the case of the Tongerlo Last Supper, however, the evidence for an attribution to
                                                                                                                              Leonardo’s second Milanese workshop is compelling. The work is executed in oil on
                                                                                                                              canvas and sized 418 by 794 cm, which closely matches the scale of the original mu-
                                                                                                                              ral. The support consists of five strips of hemp, which further points to an Italian origin;
                                                                                                                              in Northern Europe, artists generally preferred linen [2]. The seams of these strips are
                                                                                                                              visible on the painted ceiling, under the hands of the figures, and along the painted
                                                                                                                              tablecloth. The base ground consists of a grey prime layer of lead white and calcium
                                                                                                                              carbonate, mixed with oil.
                                                                                                                                   What’s more, unlike most other copies of Leonardo’s Last Supper, its provenance
                                                                                                                              reaches back to 1545, when it came into the possession of the abbey, and has been
                                                                                                                              there ever since (except for several periods of evacuation). In this article, we will pro-
                                                                                                                              vide credible evidence that the work was the result of a French royal commission in the
                                                                                                                              early 1500’s, which would undoubtedly have compelled Leonardo to personally super-
                                                                                                                              vise the work.


                                                                                                                                  1.1. The Original Cenacolo

                                                                                                                                  The history of Leonardo’s original mural of the Last Supper is well known. Around
                                                                                                                              1495, the artist was commissioned by Ludovico Sforza, the duke of Milan, and/or the
                                                                                                                              abbot of the Dominican convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie, to execute a fresco of the
                                                                                                                              Last Supper in the newly built refectory of the monastery complex (Figure 2). As a depic-
                                                                                                                              tion of the last meal shared by Christ with his Apostles, it was an appropriate motif for a
                                                                                                                              hall where the friars intended to take their meals. The commissioned work was to cover
                                                                                                                              the entire north wall, measuring 460 by 880 cm (180 by 350 in.).
                                                                                                                                  At the time, there was ample precedent for decorating a refectory with this sacred
                                                                                                                              theme. In Florence, both Andrea del Castagno and Domenico Ghirlandaio had painted
                                                                                                                              a Last Supper in the refectory of their monastic patrons, following the established pro-
                                                                                                                              gram of traditional Christian iconography: a Last Supper on one side, marking the in-
                                                                                                                              stitution of the Eucharist; and a Crucifixion on the other, illustrating the redemption of
                                                                                                                              humankind through Christ’s sacrifice on the cross. The same arrangement was commis-


                                                                                                            50
sioned in Milan: whereas Leonardo was charged with painting a Last Supper, it was one
of Sforza’s favored artists, Giovanni Donato di Montorfano (c. 1460 - c. 1503), who was
given the quintessential task of depicting the Crucifixion.
    Montorfano duly produced a Crucifixion that was entirely in line with Lombard con-
vention, under influence of the International Gothic style, tempered by a somewhat
casual concern for linear perspective. The artist appears to have executed the work in
record time. At the foot of the cross, he proudly added an inscription that proclaims:
Gio. Donatus Montorfanus, with the year 1495, meaning that Montorfano finished the
work in less than a year. The same, however, could not be said about the artist laboring
on the opposite wall – much to the chagrin of the duke, whose relationship with Leonardo
was rarely a happy one. Exasperated, the duke wrote to his secretary, Marchesino Stan-
ga, on June 29, 1497, instructing him to ask Leonardo why he had still not finished his
“principal work in the refectory of the delle Gratie (sic)” – meaning, the Last Supper. 1




                                                                                                        Conservation science in Cultural Heritage



Figure 2. A digital reconstruction of the Cenacolo or refectory of the Santa Maria delle Grazie.
As it appeared in the early 16th century (Courtesy, Pantheon Studios).


    Of course, today we know why Leonardo took several years to complete his mural.
His art was always informed by his empirical study of light and atmospheric effects, as
well as his observations of both nature and human psychology. What’s more, Leonardo
decided to ignore the traditional Italian iconography of the Last Supper established
during the Byzantine era – depicting the institution of the Eucharist – and instead chose
a different moment in John’s Gospel, when Jesus announces that one of the twelve
Apostles will betray him. This allowed him to exploit the emotional shock of Jesus’
declaration: how it explodes outwards from the center and provokes the men around
Christ into indignant denials and debate (Figure 3).


                                                                                                   51
J-P. Isbouts, C.H. Brown - A multidisciplinary study of the Tongerlo Last Supper and its attribution to Leonardo da Vinci’s




                                                                                                                              Figure 3. Leonardo da Vinci, Study for the Last Supper, ca. 1495. In this image, the two super-
                                                                                                                              imposed scenes have been combined.

                                                                                                                                  Leonardo’s notebooks of this time carefully record how “Emotions move the face of
                                                                                                                              man in different ways, for as one laughs, another weeps; as one is cheerful, another
                                                                                                                              turns sad; others show anger and pity, while others still are amazed, afraid, distracted,
                                                                                                                              thoughtful or reflective. The hands and indeed the whole person should follow the ex-
                                                                                                                              pression of the face” [3]. All of these sentiments are performed right in front of us, as if
                                                                                                                              we were witnessing a play on stage with live actors.
                                                                                                                                  To depict a Last Supper in this manner was a magnificent idea, but the problem
                                                                                                                              was that such a range of emotional expressions could not be conveyed in quick-drying
                                                                                                                              tempera paint, the standard process for painting murals. In response, Leonardo em-
                                                                                                                              barked on an experiment: to try to create a new process that would enable him to use
                                                                                                                              the same effects of his oil technique, while still producing a strong bond between pig-
                                                                                                                              ment and plaster. 2 But the attempt failed; the pigments refused to bind with the surface
                                                                                                                              and, as early as 1517, the painting began to flake. Part of the reason is that the north-
                                                                                                                              ern wall faced the kitchen, and therefore absorbed much condensation.




                                                                                                                                Figure 4. Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper, 1494-1499. Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan.


                                                                                                                 52
     As a result, we can no longer see what Leonardo’s masterpiece once looked like.
By the judgment of its most recent restorer, Pinin Brambilla, only some 20% of the
original fresco is still visible (Figure 4). Therefore, the need for a faithful copy that can
show us Leonardo’s original vision is quite urgent. But does such a copy exist? More
specifically, of the three copies that were executed during Leonardo’s lifetime by his
followers, which version comes closest to the original?


   2. A king arrives in Milan

     The starting point for our inquiry is an anecdote described in the book Lives of the
Artists by Giorgio Vasari, originally published in Florence in 1550. 3 Vasari’s comment
is framed by a traumatic event in the history of Milan: the 1499 conquest of this city-
state by the French King Louis XII. Soon after he invested the city, the king decided to
see the much-admired fresco of the Last Supper for himself. When he saw it, he was
so impressed that he ordered his engineers to “carry it into his kingdom… safely, and
without any regards for expense” [4]. When his engineers found that this couldn’t be
done, the king “tried by any possible means to discover whether there were architects
who, with cross-stays of wood and iron, might have been able to make it so secure that
it might be transported safely; but the fact that it was painted on a wall robbed his Maj-
esty of his desire, and so the picture remained with the Milanese.”
     King Louis had good reasons to want the painting in France. Though it is difficult to
imagine today, early 16th century France – and particularly the royal court at Amboise –
had become a cultural backwater. France had experienced its greatest artistic flower-
ing during the 14th and early 15th century when the court of Burgundy was a leading
center of the High Gothic style with painters such as Jean Fouquet, Enguerrand Quar-
ton and the Limbourg Brothers. But the sudden onset of the Florentine Renaissance,
which took Europe by storm in the latter part of the 15th century, combined with the dev-




                                                                                                     Conservation science in Cultural Heritage
astating effects of the Black Plague and the Thirty Years War, had toppled France from
its artistic pedestal. Leonardo’s signature masterpiece, then, could serve as a key model
for French artists to learn the vernacular of Italian Renaissance art.
     Vasari’s anecdote left an important question: what did the king do next? Did he ac-
cept the verdict of his engineers and abandon the idea? Or did he do what most auto-
cratic rulers did in the Renaissance: refuse to take “no” for an answer, and search for
an alternate solution?
     As it happened, the late 15th century had seen the development of a new form of
support for paintings, as an alternative to a wall or a wood panel. That medium was
canvas. Originally introduced in Northern Europe, canvas was quickly adopted by Ve-
netian painters, given that Venice was the leading shipbuilding center of Europe – can-
vas, used to make sails, was therefore in ample supply. Canvas had many advantages
over wood panels. It was less expensive; it didn’t split or crack as oak or walnut panels
sometimes did; it would allow for any size, by stitching sheets together; and most im-
portantly, it could be rolled up and easily transported over long distances. As it hap-
pened, Leonardo had witnessed the use of canvas during his stay in the lagoon city in
either 1499 or early 1500, after the French investment of the duchy of Milan.
     We therefore developed the hypothesis that the French king may have opted for
another way to satisfy his desire: to commission Leonardo to produce a faithful copy of
the Last Supper fresco on canvas to scale, so that it could be rolled up and brought back
to France. The evidence for such a claim is compelling. After Louis made a triumphant


                                                                                                53
                                                                                                                              entry into Milan on October 6, the king appointed a man named Georges d’Amboise to
                                                                                                                              serve as the governor of Milan. D’Amboise was a French cardinal whose family had
J-P. Isbouts, C.H. Brown - A multidisciplinary study of the Tongerlo Last Supper and its attribution to Leonardo da Vinci’s




                                                                                                                              served in several prominent positions in the previous government of King Charles VIII. 4
                                                                                                                              King Louis’ patronage of Leonardo must have begun very soon after that date. Leonar-
                                                                                                                              do’s painting of the Madonna of the Yarnwinder, begun around 1500, was commissioned
                                                                                                                              by Florimond Robertet, a senior advisor to Louis XII who undoubtedly acted on the
                                                                                                                              king’s instructions. This suggests that Robertet probably charged Leonardo with the
                                                                                                                              Yarnwinder project while the artist was still in Milan, and that Leonardo then completed
                                                                                                                              the painting after his subsequent return to Florence.
                                                                                                                                  In the meantime, Leonardo’s partner in Milan, Ambrogio de Predis, continued to
                                                                                                                              labor on the second version of the Virgin of the Rocks (now in the National Gallery in
                                                                                                                              London) that he and Leonardo had previously collaborated on. But when the client, the
                                                                                                                              Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception, refused to pay, de Predis lodged an offi-
                                                                                                                              cial complaint with the Milanese government in 1502, which at this time happened to
                                                                                                                              be ruled by France. The judge’s ruling went against the artists and sided with the Con-
                                                                                                                              fraternity, which claimed that the painting was still “unfinished”. Translated properly,
                                                                                                                              this meant that the Confraternity believed the painting was more Ambrogio than Leon-
                                                                                                                              ardo; the magic touch of the real master, or so it was felt, was clearly missing. As a
                                                                                                                              result, in 1506 Leonardo was invited to return to Milan and do whatever it took to see
                                                                                                                              the client satisfied and get himself and his partner paid.
                                                                                                                                  The problem was that at the time, Leonardo was under contract to paint a massive
                                                                                                                              fresco, the Battle of Anghiari, in the Great Council Hall of the Palazzo della Signoria
                                                                                                                              (today called Palazzo Vecchio). And that project was not going very well. Leonardo was
                                                                                                                              once again experimenting with various pigments that would allow him to create the
                                                                                                                              optical effects of oils on a plaster wall. Much against its better judgment, Florence grudg-
                                                                                                                              ingly issued Leonardo an exit permit on May 30, 1506, with the understanding that the
                                                                                                                              furlough would not exceed three months, and that Leonardo would have to leave a
                                                                                                                              deposit of 150 florins to guarantee his return.But as we know, that is not what hap-
                                                                                                                              pened. At the end of the agreed three-month period, the new governor of Milan, George
                                                                                                                              d’Amboise’s nephew Charles d’Amboise, wrote a courteous letter to the president of
                                                                                                                              the Signoria, the gonfaloniere Soderini, asking for an extension of Leonardo’s furlough
                                                                                                                              until September. Soderini replied with a thunderous volley on October 9, all but accus-
                                                                                                                              ing Leonardo of bad faith, and ordering his return.
                                                                                                                                  Shockingly, the king himself then intervened. He first summoned the Florentine am-
                                                                                                                              bassador at the French court, Francesco Pandolfini, and made a formal, royal request
                                                                                                                              to retain Leonardo’s services in Milan – perhaps the first instance in modern history
                                                                                                                              that a king intervened with a fellow head of state for the services of an artist. 5
                                                                                                                                  This has prompted most historians to believe that the king wanted Leonardo in
                                                                                                                              Milan to paint the Madonna of the Yarnwinder. There are two problems with that asser-
                                                                                                                              tion. One, as we saw, was that the painting had already been commissioned by the
                                                                                                                              king’s advisor, Florimond Robertet, some six years earlier. And two, there was no com-
                                                                                                                              pelling reason for Leonardo to come to Milan in order to paint a picture of the Madonna;
                                                                                                                              he could do that anywhere, and certainly in Florence, where he by now had set up a
                                                                                                                              large studio.
                                                                                                                                  In our opinion, the king knew very well what he was going to commission from
                                                                                                                              Leonardo as soon as the artist was back in Milan: a life-size copy of his Last Supper
                                                                                                                              fresco, on canvas, for shipment to France. That is the only plausible reason why Leon-
                                                                                                                              ardo needed to be in Milan for an extended period of time, not only to work from the
                                                                                                                              original, but also to recruit some of the same Milanese assistants who had collaborated


                                                                                                              54
on the fresco in the latter part of the 1490’s. Of course, such an enterprise would take
many months, even years. This is why, we believe, the king chose not to make his in-
tentions known to the Signoria, because such would undoubtedly have unleashed an-
other storm of protests.
    As an indication of the great importance that Louis attached to the project, the king
then took the unprecedented step of writing to the Signoria himself. 6 It is doubtful that
the king would have brought such intense diplomatic pressure on a state with which
France was on friendly terms, simply to enable Leonardo to paint a portrait of a Ma-
donna, which he could do anywhere. In our view, this is clear evidence that the king
wanted Leonardo released for a major project, to be executed “with his own hand” and
“for such a time” as it may require, and that this could only pertain to an endeavor as
ambitious as creating a faithful copy of the Last Supper.
    What’s more, there is other substantial evidence that this copy was indeed execut-
ed at Leonardo’s second Milanese workshop between 1506 and 1509, and that it mar-
shalled the talents of some of his finest collaborators, including Giampietrino (active
1495-1549), Andrea Solario (1460-1524), and Marco d’Oggiono (c. 1470- c. 1549),
working under his direct supervision.7 Significantly, all three artists would in future
years be retained by other patrons to produce their own copy of the Last Supper, argu-
ably on the strength of their experience of a royal commission for Louis XII. That Leon-
ardo himself agreed to undertake the project is attested by the fact that in the next
communication from the royal French government of Milan to the Signoria, the artist
was now referred to as “Master Leonardo da Vinci, painter to his most Christian Maj-
esty.” Louis himself would call Leonardo nostre peintre, “our painter.” All of a sudden,
Leonardo had become the court painter of the French King.


   2.1. The Last Supper on canvas is taken to France




                                                                                                   Conservation science in Cultural Heritage
    At some point in late 1508 or early 1509, after the copy was finished, it was trans-
ported to Gaillon in France under the direct supervision of one of the artists on the proj-
ect, Andrea Solario. By this time, Solario had established an excellent relationship with
Charles d’Amboise, the Milanese governor, as well as with Charles’ uncle, Georges
d’ Amboise, whom Louis XII had elevated to the position of First Minister. The French
king himself had become embroiled in other conflicts, notably with Naples and Venice
during the period known as the “Italian Wars” (1494-1556), so Georges now effectively
ruled France while Louis himself was fighting in Italy. Thus, the Last Supper copy was
dispatched to Charles’ chateau in Gaillon. What’s more, d’Amboise used the opportunity
to also ask Solario to decorate a number of murals in the chapel of the Château de Gail-
lon, which unfortunately were lost when the chapel was destroyed during the French
Revolution. A Gaillon accounting statement, dated January 20, 1509, lists the remittance
of 129 livres and 10 soldi (around $1,500) à Milan au peintre maistre André de Solario.
    Six years later, Louis XII succumbed to a severe case of gout (or arthritis), a very
common affliction in that era, and died on January 1, 1515. The Last Supper copy there-
fore remained in the d’Amboise chateau in Gaillon. It is documented in an inventory of
1542 as La Cène faicte en toile en grands personnaiges que feu Monseigneur fist ap-
porter de Milan (“the Last Supper made on canvas with monumental figures, which
Monsignor had transported from Milan”) [5]. Here is clear evidence that the Last Supper
copy had been commissioned by d’Amboise, arguably acting on the king’s orders, and
that it was brought directly from Milan to Gaillon.


                                                                                              55
                                                                                                                                  By the time the 1542 inventory was taken, Georges d’Amboise himself had passed
                                                                                                                              away and his estate was put up for sale. The painting was taken to Antwerp, which at
J-P. Isbouts, C.H. Brown - A multidisciplinary study of the Tongerlo Last Supper and its attribution to Leonardo da Vinci’s




                                                                                                                              that time was one of the most prosperous cities in Northern Europe. In 1545, it was
                                                                                                                              acquired by a cleric named Abbot Streyters for 450 guilders for the choir of a new abbey
                                                                                                                              church, which was then under construction near the Belgian village of Tongerlo.8 Save
                                                                                                                              for periods during times of war and political upheaval, it has been there ever since.
                                                                                                                                  In the archives of the Tongerlo Abbey itself is a handwritten account in 16th century
                                                                                                                              Dutch, dated 1547, which validates our initial hypothesis to a remarkable degree:
                                                                                                                                  “It is said that the painting is made after an original, painted on a wall, that is now
                                                                                                                              in bad repair. And that when a king of France, who conquered Milan, saw the painting,
                                                                                                                              he was very disappointed that he could not take it with him since it was painted on a
                                                                                                                              wall. And so he gave the order to have a copy made, and that is the copy that hangs in
                                                                                                                              the choir today.” 9


                                                                                                                                  2.2. The Leonardeschi produce other copies

                                                                                                                                  At some point after 1509 Andrea Solario returned to Italy, where he was able to
                                                                                                                              capitalize on his work as one of the lead artists on the royal copy of the Last Supper. By
                                                                                                                              then, the fame of Leonardo’s Milan fresco had radiated all through Northern Italy, and
                                                                                                                              several wealthy convents clamored to have the same painting in their refectories. Con-
                                                                                                                              sequently, Solario was soon at work in painting another copy, this time in fresco, for the
                                                                                                                              monastery at Castellazzo.10 Very few photographs exist of this remarkable work, which
                                                                                                                              was destroyed during World War II. But the few black and white images that have sur-
                                                                                                                              vived reveal the extraordinary mastery of Solario in capturing both the form and spirit of
                                                                                                                              Leonardo’s original, based on his experience of collaborating on the Tongerlo copy.
                                                                                                                                  Another prominent artist who had worked on the painting for the French king,
                                                                                                                              Giovanni Pietro Rizzoli, who is referred to in Leonardo’s notebooks as “Gian Pietro” or
                                                                                                                              “Giampietrino,” was also tapped to create another copy.




                                                                                                                              Figure 5. Giampietrino, The Last Supper after Leonardo, also known as the Certosa copy, ca. 1515.


                                                                                                                                  This painting, known as the “Certosa di Pavia copy,” is likewise noteworthy since
                                                                                                                              the width closely matches that of the original fresco (Figure 5). Pietro Marani dates this
                                                                                                                              work to 1515, though other authors are inclined to give it an even later date [6].


                                                                                                              56
    Unfortunately, the upper third of this painting was cut away, for no reason that any-
one has been able to establish. Over a century later, in 1626, it appears in the inven-
tory of the Certosa di Pavia (“Charterhouse of Pavia”), the vast monastery complex
established in 1395 by the first Duke of Milan, Gian Galeazzo Visconti. Though the lit-
erature refers to it as the “Certosa di Pavia” copy, this particular monastery did not list
the work in its inventory until that year, so it is possible that it was originally ordered by
a smaller Carthusian convent, and later claimed by the Certosa when Leonardo’s orig-
inal in Milan had become famous throughout Italy and beyond. The Certosa copy was
then acquired in 1821 by the Royal Academy of Arts in London [7].


    3. The IRR study of the Tongerlo Last Supper

    To verify our hypotheses about the authorship of the Tongerlo Last Supper, our re-
search project was organized in two phases. During the first, we obtained high-resolution
digital images of the Tongerlo canvas and its nearest copy, the Giampietrino canvas now
in the Royal Academy of Arts in London. Using the digital facilities of Pantheon Studios
in Santa Monica, CA, we then superimposed each of the four principal groups from
Tongerlo and London on Leonardo’s original composition in the Milan fresco (Figure 6).




                                                                                     a                      Conservation science in Cultural Heritage




                                                                                    b

Figure 6. Thomas, James the Great and Philip, from a) Leonardo’s original and; b) the Tongerlo copy.


                                                                                                       57
                                                                                                                                  The result was quite astonishing. In the case of the Tongerlo canvas, three of the
                                                                                                                              four groups matched the composition of the original fresco to remarkable degree.
J-P. Isbouts, C.H. Brown - A multidisciplinary study of the Tongerlo Last Supper and its attribution to Leonardo da Vinci’s




                                                                                                                              While there were obvious differences in the execution of the figures, the positioning
                                                                                                                              of the figures remained largely intact. Such a close match could not have been real-
                                                                                                                              ized with a freehand drawing; it would have required some form of mechanical trans-
                                                                                                                              fer. The most obvious conclusion, then, is that the artists used the same cartoons
                                                                                                                              that had originally been used for the fresco. Only in this manner could they achieve
                                                                                                                              an almost exact replica of the fresco, notwithstanding the fact that the original was
                                                                                                                              painted high up on a wall. Significantly, Giampietrino’s later London Last Supper did
                                                                                                                              not match the original fresco. The spacing and dimension of the figures was mark-
                                                                                                                              edly different.
                                                                                                                                  The hypothesis that the artists of the Tongerlo canvas used the original cartoons of
                                                                                                                              the Milan fresco was borne out by the IRR tests conducted by IPARC’s chief expert,
                                                                                                                              David Lainé. “All the faces show a very strict and sharp outline with no free hand ap-
                                                                                                                              plication, executed with a dry medium,” Mr. Lainé wrote in his analysis. “This is a strong
                                                                                                                              indication of the use of cartoons for the tracing of the figures” (Figure 7).




                                                                                                                              Figure 7. Infrared reflectogram of Thomas and James the Greater, showing the outline of the
                                                                                                                              figures.

                                                                                                                                  The idea that Leonardo would carefully preserve his designs and cartoons is at-
                                                                                                                              tested by the fact that long after his death, his cartoons would remain in active circula-


                                                                                                              58
tion, eagerly sought after by the Leonardeschi and other artists. This explains why
numerous paintings painted by Leonardo’s followers appear to be closely inspired by
the master’s drawings, long after the master had passed away.11 These and other re-
flectograms also revealed the damage and losses in the paint layer, which according
to Mr. Lainé are extensive and spread over the entire surface.
    The IRR tests also revealed another remarkable phenomenon that we had not
anticipated. To understand this, we should remember that King Louis XII had seen the
painting in fresco form (albeit executed in the curious blend of pigments with which
Leonardo had tried to reproduce the striking realism of his Milanese portraits).
    While analyzing the reflectogram of Judas, Peter and John, for example, Mr. Lainé
was struck by the way that the preparatory layer consists of small parallel lines, with
lines changing direction per zone. These zones were then lightly brushed over with a
highly diluted paint film (Figure 8). This technique betrays a deliberate attempt to cre-
ate the effect of a work al fresco. In sum, while creating this painting, the artists
worked hard to mimic a fresco finish, so as to match the expectations of the client, the
French king.




                                                                                                        Conservation science in Cultural Heritage




Figure 8. Infrared reflectogram of Judas, Peter and John in the Tongerlo Last Supper. The darker
pigments were applied during a restoration in the 1930’s.



    4. Is the portrait of John a Leonardo autograph?

    Even a casual observer of the Tongerlo Last Supper will recognize the contrast
between the face of John the Apostle, traditionally painted at the right side of Jesus,
and that of the other Apostles (Figure 9). The delicacy of its sfumato and the subtle
reflection of light on the lower passages of the face closely resemble Leonardo’s other
portraits from this period, including the angel in the London Virgin of the Rocks.


                                                                                                   59
J-P. Isbouts, C.H. Brown - A multidisciplinary study of the Tongerlo Last Supper and its attribution to Leonardo da Vinci’s




                                                                                                                                                                                                                   a




                                                                                                                                                                                                                   b

                                                                                                                                  Figure 9. Judas, Peter, and John, from a) Leonardo’s original; and b) the Tongerlo copy.


                                                                                                                                   In our opinion, no other artist in the first half of the 1500’s had yet mastered this
                                                                                                                              technique of rendering a human face through such subtle nuances in light and shadow.
                                                                                                                              The VNIR reflectance of John also shows that the soft sfumato of John’s face is en-
                                                                                                                              tirely the work of its master, rather than that of the 20th century restorer. Therefore, we
                                                                                                                              believe that the face of John was indeed painted by Leonardo himself, which would
                                                                                                                              make this the first instance of a Leonardo autograph on Belgian soil.
                                                                                                                                   This hypothesis is further supported by a histographic analysis by Prof. Vadim
                                                                                                                              Parfenov of the St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University. Histogram analysis involves
                                                                                                                              extracting luminosity histogram statistics of certain details in a painting to identify the
                                                                                                                              artist’s unique brushwork technique. Prof. Parfenov found that the nose, eyes, and
                                                                                                                              forehead of John are similar to the nose, eyes and forehead of the Louvre Mona Lisa.
                                                                                                                              Furthermore, IPARC’s reflectogram of John shows that unlike the other figures, the
                                                                                                                              artist took the liberty of painting outside the outline contours. Finally, the face of John
                                                                                                                              corresponds to the androgynous model of feminine masculinity that fascinated Leon-
                                                                                                                              ardo throughout his career. It bears a striking resemblance to Leonardo’s study of Leda
                                                                                                                              and the Swan, for example (Figure 10).


                                                                                                        60
                       a                                                b

Figure 10. a) Detail of Peter and John from the Tongerlo canvas; b) and Leonardo da Vinci, Study
for Leda and the Swan, ca. 1505-6.



    5. Conclusion

    In sum, this study produced the following findings:
•   The IRR tests support the thesis that the Tongerlo Last Supper was painted using




                                                                                                        Conservation science in Cultural Heritage
    some of the same cartoons that were used for the original fresco in Milan. This
    would place the origin of the Tongerlo canvas in Leonardo’s second Milan studio
    (1507-1513).
•   Correspondence, receipts, inventories and other documentation suggest that the
    painting was commissioned by King Louis XII of France, and that it was transported
    to the Château de Gaillon in France in January of 1509, where it was still present
    in 1542 according to an inventory drawn up at that time.
•   After the death of Louis XII and George d’Amboise, it was sold to the abbot of the
    new Tongerlo Abbey in 1545.
•   The infrared reflectogram of John shows that this portrait has suffered relatively
    little from the 1929 fire and the subsequent 20th century restoration. It is strikingly
    different from the other figures in the exceptional delicacy of its sfumato, and the
    freedom with which the artist went beyond the contour lines. Therefore, the face of
    John was very likely painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
•   Other than the face of John, stylistic analysis suggests that the individual figures in
    the painting were executed by three leading associates of Leonardo’s second Mila-
    nese studio (1507-1513), as follows:12
    – Bartholomew - James Minor - Andrew: Giampietrino
    – Judas - Peter: Giampietrino
    – Thomas - James Major - Philip: Andrea Solario
    – Matthew - Thaddeus - Simon: Marco d’Oggiono


                                                                                                   61
                                                                                                                              •   Significantly, each of these three artists then leveraged the experience of working
                                                                                                                                  on the Tongerlo canvas to create a full-size copy of their own:
J-P. Isbouts, C.H. Brown - A multidisciplinary study of the Tongerlo Last Supper and its attribution to Leonardo da Vinci’s




                                                                                                                                  – Andrea Solario: Castellazo copy (fresco), 1514; lost during World War II
                                                                                                                                  – Giampietrino: Certosa copy (canvas), 1520, now at the Royal Academies of Art,
                                                                                                                                     London (UK)
                                                                                                                                  – Marco d’Oggiono: Écouen copy (canvas), 1524-1530, now at the Château
                                                                                                                                     Écouen (France)


                                                                                                                                  Acknowledgments

                                                                                                                                 This study was funded by Fielding Graduate University of Santa Barbara, CA; Brown
                                                                                                                              Discoveries, LLC of North Carolina; IMEC Belgium; and conducted with the gracious
                                                                                                                              permission of the Premonstratensian Abbey of Tongerlo, Belgium.


                                                                                                                                  Notes

                                                                                                                                  1
                                                                                                                                     The complete sentence reads: “Item de’ solicitare Leonardo Fior. no perché fini-
                                                                                                                              sca l’opera del Refettorio delle Gratie principiata, per attendere poi ad altra Fazada
                                                                                                                              d’esso Refettorio et se faciamo con lui li capituli sottoscripti de mane sua che lo obli-
                                                                                                                              giano ad finirlo in quello tempo se convenera con lui.” From L. Beltrami, Documenti e
                                                                                                                              memorie riguardanti la vita e le opere di Leonardo da Vinci; doc. 61.
                                                                                                                                   2
                                                                                                                                     Instead of using wet plaster al fresco, Leonardo prepared a dry wall surface, using
                                                                                                                              a seal of pitch and gesso (a binding agent consisting of chalk, gypsum, and lead white
                                                                                                                              pigment). He then applied a thick layer of egg tempera.
                                                                                                                                   3
                                                                                                                                     We should remember that Vasari became a client of the new authoritarian Medici
                                                                                                                              regime led by Duke Cosimo I. He wholeheartedly embraced the intense propaganda
                                                                                                                              cult that Cosimo initiated to seek legitimacy for his rule. The purpose of this propa-
                                                                                                                              ganda sought to sway a wary Florentine public that had long prided itself on being one
                                                                                                                              of the few “democratic republics” on the Athenian model in Europe. This explains why
                                                                                                                              Vasari’s book largely focused on artists in the duchy of Florence while omitting many
                                                                                                                              other talented artists, notably in Venice.
                                                                                                                                   4
                                                                                                                                     Among others, George’s father, Pierre d’Amboise, was a chamberlain to Charles
                                                                                                                              VIII, while his brother, Charles d’Amboise, had been a governor of various regions for
                                                                                                                              Louis XI. Georges himself became a bishop at age 14. This was not unusual in a time
                                                                                                                              when such positions were prized for their political rather than spiritual value, and many
                                                                                                                              bishoprics were bought or sold for the considerable influence that they could wield,
                                                                                                                              regardless of the spiritual abilities of the individual involved.
                                                                                                                                   5
                                                                                                                                     “His Majesty summoned me to Him,” Pandolfini duly reported to his masters at the
                                                                                                                              Signoria after the audience, and then quoted the king’s words verbatim: “Tell them that
                                                                                                                              I need your painter, Master Leonardo, who is living in Milan, because I wish him to
                                                                                                                              make some things for me. See that your Signoria charge him with this task and com-
                                                                                                                              mand him to place himself immediately at my service, and that he does not leave Milan
                                                                                                                              before my arrival. He is a good master, and I would like to have a number of things by
                                                                                                                              his hand.” What is so striking about this account is that Louis was remarkably circum-
                                                                                                                              spect about the “things by his hand” that he wanted Leonardo to execute. If the need
                                                                                                                              for this artist was so urgent, why not tell the Signoria the reason? Pandolfini wondered
                                                                                                                              the same thing, and so he boldly asked the king “what sort of works he wanted from


                                                                                                             62
Leonardo.” But the king had no intention of divulging his plans to the Florentine repub-
lic. “Oh,” the king replied airily according to Pandolfini’s letter, “A number of small pic-
tures of our Lady, and other things, depending on what springs to mind.”
     6
        “Very dear and close friends,” the king began, “As we have need of Master Leon-
ardo da Vinci, painter to your city of Florence, and intend to make him do something for
us with his own hand, and as we shall soon, God helping us, to be in Milan, we beg
you, as affectionately as we can, to be good enough to allow the said Leonardo to work
for us such a time as may enable him to carry out the work we intend him to do.” Louis
XII, Letter to the Signoria of Florence, January 14, 1507; Archivio di Stato di Firenze.
     7
       For a detailed description of these artists and their collaboration with Leonardo,
as well as their subsequent oeuvre, see Jean-Pierre Isbouts and Christopher H. Brown,
The Da Vinci Legacy. New York: Apollo Publishers, 2019.
     8
        R.H. Marijnissen, Het Da Vinci Doek van de Abdij van Tongerlo, 1959; p. 4. That
the friars took the preservation of their valuable canvas seriously is attested by the fact
that in 1594, special curtains were procured and dyed to serve as protection against
the sun.
     9
       The original text reads: “Men segt dat de patroon daer de selve schilderije near
gemaect is in Milaan, nu zeer beschaedigt, tegen eene muer geschildert sijnde. En dat
wanneer eenen coninck van vrankrijk Milanen gewonnen hadde, siende dese schilderij
hem seer leet was da thy die niet mede mocht nemen overmits die tegen de muur
geschildert was, maar order gegeven te hebben om dat the contrefeyten, wel conter-
feijtself men segt t’selve te sijn dat in den coir hangt.” We are grateful to Father Kees
van Heijst, principal archivist at the Abbey of Tongerlo, for identifying this document in
the abbey’s archives.
     10
         J. Murray, The Academy, 1882. The author also visited the abbey of Tongerlo,
where he admired the canvas “in an excellent state of preservation.”
     11
        For a discussion of the use of Leonardo’s cartoons, see Jean-Pierre Isbouts and
Christopher H. Brown, The Da Vinci Legacy. New York: Apollo Publishers, 2019.




                                                                                                      Conservation science in Cultural Heritage
     12
         For this attribution, see Jean-Pierre Isbouts and Christopher H. Brown, The Da
Vinci Legacy. New York: Apollo Publishers, 2019.


      References

[1]    Steinberg, L. (2001) Leonardo’s Incessant Last Supper. New York: Zone Books,
       2001; p. 244.
[2]    Lefeve, Rene, Het laatste avondmaal van Tongerlo: Materiele gegevens. Bulletin
       de l’institut royal du patrimoine artistique, X, 1967-1968, pp. 16-31.
[3]    Martin Kemp (Ed.), Leonardo on Painting. New Haven: Yale University Press,
       1989; p. 144.
[4]    Giorgio Vasari, “Lionardo da Vinci,” in: Le Vite de’ più eccellenti pittori, scultori e
       architetti; 1568 Edition.
[5]    E. Möller and J. Martin-Demezil, “L’art et la Pensée de Léonard de Vinci, Com-
       munications du Congrès International du Val de Loire,” in Etudes d’Art, Paris-
       Algiers 1953-1954, p. 263.
[6]    Barcilon, P. B. and Marani, P. (2001), Leonardo: The Last Supper. Chicago: Uni-
       versity of Chicago Press.
[7]    Isbouts, J.P. and Brown, C. H. (2017), Young Leonardo, The Evolution of a Revo-
       lutionary Artist. New York: St. Martin’s Press.


                                                                                                 63
                                                                                                                                 Biographical notes
J-P. Isbouts, C.H. Brown - A multidisciplinary study of the Tongerlo Last Supper and its attribution to Leonardo da Vinci’s




                                                                                                                                  Jean-Pierre Isbouts is an art historian and a doctoral professor at Fielding Gradu-
                                                                                                                              ate University in Santa Barbara, CA. He is the author of nine National Geographic
                                                                                                                              books, including The Biblical World, In the Footsteps of Jesus, and The Story of Chris-
                                                                                                                              tianity which have sold 2 million copies. Together with Christopher Heath Brown, he is
                                                                                                                              the coauthor of three books on Leonardo da Vinci: The Da Vinci Legacy, The Mona
                                                                                                                              Lisa Myth, and Young Leonardo. Dr. Isbouts has been on numerous radio and TV
                                                                                                                              shows and is the host of the TV series The Search of Masterpieces. He has also di-
                                                                                                                              rected several programs on history and art for Disney, ABC, Public Television and the
                                                                                                                              History Channel. Dr. Isbouts lives in Santa Monica, CA.

                                                                                                                                  Christopher Heath Brown is a practicing oral and maxillofacial surgeon who has
                                                                                                                              presented and published to both national and international audiences. He is one of the
                                                                                                                              most prominent collectors of works by Salvador Dalí in the United States, and serves
                                                                                                                              as the director of Brown Discoveries, a research institute focused on Renaissance,
                                                                                                                              Surrealist, and Contemporary art. Together with Dr. Isbouts, Dr. Brown produced The
                                                                                                                              Search for the Last Supper and The Search for the Mona Lisa for Public Television. Dr.
                                                                                                                              Brown lives in Cornelius, NC.


                                                                                                                                 Summary

                                                                                                                                   This article presents the findings from a two-year study of the Last Supper canvas
                                                                                                                              in the Abbey of Tongerlo, Belgium, including a detailed review of its provenance as well
                                                                                                                              as a multispectral study conducted by IMEC and IPARC. The study used a composite
                                                                                                                              multidisciplinary approach, with traditional connoisseurship and literary research aug-
                                                                                                                              mented by scientific examination, including IRR (Infrared Reflectography). The article
                                                                                                                              argues that based on the available evidence, the Tongerlo Last Supper was produced
                                                                                                                              in Leonardo’s Milanese workshop between 1507 and 1509, as a collaborative project
                                                                                                                              involving the Leonardeschi Giampietrino, Andrea Solario, and Marco d’Oggiono under
                                                                                                                              Leonardo’s supervision. Furthermore, the infrared spectography scans suggest that the
                                                                                                                              face of John in the painting was painted by Leonardo himself.


                                                                                                                                 Riassunto

                                                                                                                                  Questo articolo presenta i risultati di uno studio durato due anni della tela raffigu-
                                                                                                                              rante l’Ultima Cena nell’Abbazia di Tongerlo, in Belgio. Vi è cui una revisione dettagliata
                                                                                                                              della sua provenienza e uno studio multispettrale condotto da IMEC e IPARC. Lo studio
                                                                                                                              ha utilizzato un approccio multidisciplinare, in cui conoscenza tradizionale e ricerca let-
                                                                                                                              teraria sono integrate dall’esame scientifico, in particolare dall’IRR (Riflettografia a in-
                                                                                                                              frarossi). Nell’articolo si sostiene che, sulla base delle prove disponibili, l’Ultima Cena
                                                                                                                              di Tongerlo fu prodotta nella bottega milanese di Leonardo tra il 1507 e il 1509, come
                                                                                                                              progetto collaborativo che coinvolse Leonardeschi Giampietrino, Andrea Solario e Mar-
                                                                                                                              co d’Oggiono sotto la supervisione di Leonardo. Le scansioni effettuate con spettrogra-
                                                                                                                              fia a infrarossi, inoltre, suggeriscono che il volto di Giovanni nel dipinto sia stato dipinto
                                                                                                                              da Leonardo stesso.



                                                                                                         64
