10.48255/1973-9494.JCSCH.21.2021.07
Il patrimonio culturale andino (ACH) è costituito da molteplici dimensioni: materiale, immateriale e documentario, che contribuiscono a costituirne l’identità e le caratteristiche peculiari, la formazione di solide relazioni con altre culture e l’eredità storica. Tuttavia le disuguaglianze geografiche, sanitarie, economiche, linguistiche e sociali non solo riducono i potenziali benefici, ma anche le possibilità di rappresentazione, conservazione, diffusione e sostenibilità. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è, quindi, quello di sviluppare un’analisi sistematica del patrimonio culturale presente nei musei peruviani, con lo scopo di stabilire strategie e misure che consentano di integrare l’ACH nei suddetti benefici, oltre a promuovere maggiore partecipazione degli attori coinvolti: istituzioni, governi locali, governo centrale e cittadini stessi.
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Daniel Morán-Ramos
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Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
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Andean cultural heritage: a systemic analysis of Peruvian museums for their representation, preservation, dissemination and sustainability
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2022-08-02
2022-07-19
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CSCH
Daniel Morán-Ramos
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10.48255/1973-9494.JCSCH.21.2021.07
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Andean cultural heritage: a systemic analysis of Peruvian museums for their representation, preservation, dissemination and sustainability
https://conservation-science.unibo.it/article/download/15248/14474
21
A     NDEAN CULTURAL HERITAGE: A SYSTEMIC ANALYSIS
      OF PERUVIAN MUSEUMS FOR THEIR REPRESENTATION,
      PRESERVATION, DISSEMINATION AND SUSTAINABILITY


   Mauro Marino-Jiménez *     1




   Communication Faculty Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola
   Lima, Peru

   Fany Rojas-Noa
   Business Sciences Faculty Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola
   Lima, Peru

   Daniel Morán-Ramos
   Humanities Faculty Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola
   Lima, Peru

   Keywords: cultural heritage documentation, science and technology, innovation,
   cultural diversity, multilingualism

   DOI: 10.48255/1973-9494.JCSCH.21.2021.07



   1. Introduction

     The Andean territory contains a unique cultural wealth, made up of the pre-Colum-
bian legacy, colonial heritage and the syncretism that was subscribed from these his-
torical processes up until the republican era. Additionally, its geographical, climatic and
natural diversity have historically contributed to the various practices, products, cre-
ations and compilations that stand out for their high degree of international admiration,
linguistic richness and identity representativeness [1-3].
     In spite of this, the complex system that makes up the Andean Cultural Heritage
(ACH) is in a situation of disadvantage and inequality compared to other educational,
productive and cultural manifestations. With standardized models for professional de-
velopment, the prevalent use of Spanish (the most widely spoken language in Latin
America) to access citizen services and information, and the concentration of govern-
ment institutions in large cities (such as Lima, Cusco and Arequipa), there is evidence
of insufficient and/or precarious attention to most of the archaeological sites, museums
and communities located in the Andean and Amazonian zones of the country. Indica-
tors, such as 26% of indigenous languages ​​being in danger of extinction [4], the con-
stant problems of protecting archaeological spaces against invasions, alterations or
looting [5] and the decrease in tourism, as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic
are examples of how ACH requires comprehensive strategies for its representation,
preservation, dissemination and sustainability.



   * Corresponding author: mmarino@usil.edu.pe
                                                                                                                           An example of this situation is evident in what Peruvian museums are able to offer
                                                                                                                      as a digitized collection. Most of them lack options such as virtual visits or digital cata-
                                                                                                                      logs, thus restricting their participation, operations and digital presence. It means there
                                                                                                                      are less opportunities to be analyzed or admired by the national and international pub-
M. Marino-Jiménez, F. Rojas-Noa, D. Morán-Ramos - Andean cultural heritage: a systemic analysis of Peruvian museums




                                                                                                                      lic [6]. This situation is not only significant in normal times, in crisis situations, such as
                                                                                                                      the COVID-19 pandemic many of these museums have been forced to suspend their
                                                                                                                      operations. Finally, it should be mentioned that the linguistic and technological support
                                                                                                                      of museums is rather restricted. When reviewing those that offer virtual tours, the ma-
                                                                                                                      jority only use 3D photographs (Museo de Sitio Julio C. Tello, Museo Nacional de Ar-
                                                                                                                      queología y Antropología); others have only some audio recordings at the beginning of
                                                                                                                      the visit (Museo de Arte Italiano, Museo Chavín de Huantar); and some reach a more
                                                                                                                      extensive and detailed explanation, but only in Spanish (Lugar de la Memoria, la Toler-
                                                                                                                      ancia y la Inclusión Social, Museo de Sitio de Pachacamac) [7] (Figure 1).




                                                                                                                                   Figure 1. Screenshot of the museums page of the Ministry of Culture

                                                                                                                          In a megadiverse country like Peru (with 48 native languages, microclimates and
                                                                                                                      geographic diversity), the needs are also equally complex. Therefore, the integration of
                                                                                                                      interdisciplinary approaches, interconnected and intelligent digitization and multilin-
                                                                                                                      gualism are the fundamental requirements needed to satisfy the educational, social,
                                                                                                                      cultural and economic demands of museums. It means developing group strategies,
                                                                                                                      oriented by systemic thinking. For this purpose, a brief tour of the main antecedents to
                                                                                                                      this analysis will be given, and will then move on to the declared methodology, which
                                                                                                                      includes inputs and outputs, representations of some of their dynamic relationships
                                                                                                                      through archetypes and identification of types of museums whose characteristics may
                                                                                                                      be suitable to begin and disseminate good practices.


                                                                                  168
   2. Research aim

     The proposal of this work is to reconcile Peruvian museum management with its
environment, resources and community participation, exemplifying its heritage work
through systemic thinking. Although it does not seek to single out a particular case, it
does provide strategies that demonstrate the multiple needs that occur in a complex
scenario such as the one described. For this reason, the virtual and face to face exhi-
bition in some of the museums will be used as an example of good practice, but where
it would be more suitable to begin an integral strategy based on systems thinking, with
all of them involved in interdisciplinary schemes of technological innovation and eco-
nomic sustainability, and oriented toward strengthening the identity and cultural prac-
tices of the community.


   3. Main factors in the museum studies

     This section develops the theoretical aspects of working with museums and con-
siders the antecedents and their orientation towards cultural heritage. To this end, pa-
pers that refer to key aspects will be presented, such as the need and use of interdis-
ciplinary studies; the impact that the use of digital technology has for the registration
and projection of exhibits and historical buildings and the economic impact it can have
on related industries; and the recognition of information, values, practices and customs
which can be promoted and recognized, based on cultural products.
     The first factor is the importance of collaborative interdisciplinarity in the added val-
ue it has for the user experience, in addition to information management for the various
interrelated activities. Along these lines, the study by Kioussi et al. considers the poten-
tial of having an interconnection between the different variables and collections through
the use of interfaces such as Matlab and Python [8]. Another wide-ranging case is The




                                                                                                   CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
Network Initiative for Conservation Science (NICS), which has engaged a team of 11 in-
stitutions and 130 specialists to interconnect information, techniques, and studies
among New York museums [9]. In both cases, there has been a significant investment
in specialists who establish the bases, protocols and practices to be adopted in the mu-
seums. Additionally, this result has been optimized through information, practices and
techniques in all the institutions that have come together for a common purpose.
     A second factor is the adequate use of technological innovation to develop new
types of work in the field of material heritage. Examples of these are studies that are
based on the use of three-dimensional models for historic buildings, combining stratig-
raphy, artificial intelligence and statistics. In this way, different results can be achieved,
such as estimating the building’s past condition, preventing its deterioration, preserv-
ing it with adequate techniques or even digitally reconstructing historical buildings and
sites that have been destroyed [10-12]. Similar methods have been used in Central
America for the representation of museum pieces made before colonization [13].
Therefore, having a digital memory provides a strategic advantage for actions that can
be carried out for different times: towards the past (study), in the present (preservation)
and towards the future (reconstruction).
     A third factor related to heritage is the economic impact it has. Although museums,
ruins and historical spaces have a specific purpose, they also promote the generation
of capital for themselves, the community and related industries. In addition to the entry
fees to visit these spaces, there are benefits for the companies that offer food, accom-


                                                                                                 169
                                                                                                                      modation and tours around the area. The work of Castillo-Manzano et al., aimed at
                                                                                                                      demonstrating the economic impact generated by museums in three provinces of
                                                                                                                      Spain, illustrates this point. Their research shows that culture is a greater attraction in
                                                                                                                      geographical locations in the interior of the country than on the coast, which is consis-
M. Marino-Jiménez, F. Rojas-Noa, D. Morán-Ramos - Andean cultural heritage: a systemic analysis of Peruvian museums




                                                                                                                      tent with the Latin American Andean region [14]. Furthermore, the frames of reference
                                                                                                                      on aesthetics are very important. In this sense, the study by Elwazani explains the sup-
                                                                                                                      port that material samples can have in preservation programs, through criteria that jus-
                                                                                                                      tify the public’s interest in the management of the exhibits [15].
                                                                                                                           A fourth factor of relevance, within the studies on cultural heritage, is the rescue, re-
                                                                                                                      covery and transformation of techniques, practices, customs and conceptions in the
                                                                                                                      linked communities and general public. An example of this is the research by Pascoe
                                                                                                                      on the analysis of motherhood based on heritage recovered from different periods in
                                                                                                                      the Australian territory. In this way, it is possible to determine how this universal prac-
                                                                                                                      tice has been assumed diachronically, not only in the museum, but in the objects and
                                                                                                                      cultural practices used by mothers over many generations [16]. Along the same lines,
                                                                                                                      it is possible to find paths of reconciliation between oral cultures and their relationship
                                                                                                                      with the contemporary world, with the purpose of revitalizing their practice. Such is the
                                                                                                                      example of the use of stories as a cultural practice in the Sámi community in Indone-
                                                                                                                      sia, strengthened through the use of video games [17]. This alternative highlights val-
                                                                                                                      ues such as conversation, collaboration and the identification of their own practices.
                                                                                                                           The scope of a museum space dedicated to cultural heritage also responds to
                                                                                                                      forms of representation that reach a greater number of people. For this reason, Jamie-
                                                                                                                      son and Discepoli led an investigation into the influence that exhibits can have on deaf
                                                                                                                      people. In this sense, just as it is important to strengthen the relationship of the com-
                                                                                                                      munities themselves with their own practices and values, it is also important to have
                                                                                                                      useful resources for people with different kinds of sensoriality or language [18]. For ex-
                                                                                                                      ample, if the community around a site museum is bilingual, but the exhibits have been
                                                                                                                      cataloged only in the majority language, the opportunity to provide an inclusive mes-
                                                                                                                      sage regarding the people whose ancestors are represented within the site is lost.
                                                                                                                           These four factors, associated respectively with interdisciplinary work to provide a
                                                                                                                      greater and better heritage preservation service; the use of technology to combat the de-
                                                                                                                      cline caused by time; sustainability, through the analysis of the economic impact and the
                                                                                                                      attractiveness of the cultural product; and the relationship between cultural heritage and
                                                                                                                      information, practices, knowledge and forms of dissemination, are core elements to un-
                                                                                                                      derstand the problems and needs existing in ACH. The goal of this systemic analysis is,
                                                                                                                      therefore, to achieve these objectives through the participation of Peruvian museums.


                                                                                                                         4. Methodology

                                                                                                                          Solving the various issues mentioned around ACH is an ambitious task. It implies
                                                                                                                      both research and management. Therefore, although knowledge of diagnosis and
                                                                                                                      good practices is essential, the situation reflected in the Latin American territory de-
                                                                                                                      mands a strategy that integrates components which are normally treated separately.
                                                                                                                          Systems thinking, a theory developed by authors such as Senge [19-20], Arnold
                                                                                                                      and Wade [21] and Clancy [22], suggests an idoneous approach. It implies the identi-
                                                                                                                      fication of a system delimited by objectives, structure, hierarchy and dynamic relation-
                                                                                                                      ships between the interior and exterior elements of the system itself. In this way, it will
                                                                                                                      be possible to include actions that manage to combine what is to be achieved and how
                                                                                                                      to achieve it in the face of a certain non-linear process.


                                                                                    170
    To proceed, at least two strategies must be applied. The first of these corresponds
to the representation of inputs and outputs, which are determined by the actions car-
ried out by the actors in a system and the expected results [23-24]. To achieve this, it
is possible to use the literature on the system referred to, analyze the inner dynamic
relations and then also consider the specificity of the systems in which it can be used
(public or private institution, available resources, hierarchy, etc.).
    In this case, the inputs and outputs that appear in museum management can es-
tablish a correlation with the aforementioned antecedents. On the input side, it in-
cludes interdisciplinary work, the use of digital technology, the analysis of the attrac-
tiveness of the cultural product and the relationship between ACH and other products.
Consequently, all of them will seek outputs related to the quality of the heritage preser-
vation service, the systematization of the heritage, its economic sustainability, the
strengthening of community identity, and sensorial and linguistic inclusivity (Table 1).

          Table 1. Inputs and outputs for an ACH system in Peruvian museums


            Processes       Dimensions

                            Interdisciplinary work

                            Digital technology employment
            Inputs
                            Attractiveness of the cultural product

                            Relationship between ACH and other products

                            Quality of service

                            Systematization of the collection

            Outputs         Economic sustainability




                                                                                               CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
                            Strengthening of community identity

                            Sensory and linguistic inclusivity


    Although it is possible to strengthen the inclusion of these dimensions in relation to
the characteristics of the ACH, there are some specific characteristics that correspond
to museum management. One of them is the management of a multilingual registry of
the available collections (Peru, for example, registers 48 native languages) [25]; it is
also necessary to take advantage of the international interest in specific heritage (for
example, the citadel of Machu Picchu has been recognized as one of the Seven New
Wonders of the World) [26], and the positive exhibit of cultural manifestations of the lo-
cal community. In this case, it is about obtaining a representation of the dynamic rela-
tionships, in order to determine the best way to achieve the above objectives for man-
aging the ACH housed in Peruvian museums.
    To reach that goal, the archetypes that appear in the theory of systems thinking will
be used. The proposal involves the identification, delimitation and establishment of ob-
jectives in a complex system, such as that of the ACH in Peruvian museums. This sys-
tem is not limited to determining the individual achievements of a specific museum, but
to search for a new quality standard. This will be done by examining the contrast be-
tween the museums in the most important cities and the situation in the provinces. Ar-
chetypes are useful to predict the consequences of human behavior and to illustrate
the effects of linear, reactive or incomplete decision making. In addition, the use of ar-


                                                                                             171
                                                                                                                      chetypes facilitates the participation of the actors involved in the system, so that indi-
                                                                                                                      vidual initiatives are made viable within collective reasoning and actions [27].
                                                                                                                           To develop a transformation that implies the digital standardization of ACH collec-
                                                                                                                      tions, it is necessary to develop strategies that integrate interdisciplinary and techno-
M. Marino-Jiménez, F. Rojas-Noa, D. Morán-Ramos - Andean cultural heritage: a systemic analysis of Peruvian museums




                                                                                                                      logical work, with commercial appeal and with a connection to other cultural products.
                                                                                                                      Since the reviewed literature has shown a technological level for high-quality 3D visits,
                                                                                                                      the medium-term goals of other museums (even without a digital presence) should be
                                                                                                                      the same. The future possibility of digitalizing the collections for intelligent searches
                                                                                                                      would provide benefits for study and cultural research. Finally, the realization of this
                                                                                                                      system in a multilingual format (at least Spanish, English and the predominant native
                                                                                                                      languages) would allow a greater scope for cultural, social and economic benefits.
                                                                                                                           A transformation of this magnitude must rationally consider the balance between re-
                                                                                                                      sources and achievements. Otherwise, it will face catastrophic situations, causing the
                                                                                                                      collapse of the entire system. For example, in a vertical management model, with rigid
                                                                                                                      budgets and a political selection of officials, as in the Peruvian public sector, the pursuit
                                                                                                                      of individual goals is very frequent. Furthermore, if institutional pressures are added to
                                                                                                                      this (such as legal framework, the groupings to which the departments belong, and the
                                                                                                                      imitation of actions), the strategies will be more conservative than innovative [28-29].
                                                                                                                           An example of this scenario is Drifting goals, an archetype of systems thinking that
                                                                                                                      compares high goals with an adverse scenario, which prevents the initial plan being
                                                                                                                      followed. This clash between a demanding individual initiative and the situation pre-
                                                                                                                      sented offers symptoms such as changes in delivery dates, a decrease in product
                                                                                                                      quality and a gradual decrease in expectations. Obviously, this process affects the ac-
                                                                                                                      tions carried out, forcing changes, corrections and mobilization of efforts to be chanelled
                                                                                                                      in other directions, resulting in the wastage of the entire system (Figure 2).




                                                                                                                        Figure 2. Representation of Drifting Goals archetype according to systems thinking theory.


                                                                                         172
     Although this archetype highlights the development of a very common practice when
there is no interdisciplinary team, it is also recurrent when there is an administration
whose hierarchy hinders the contributions of the same. Thus, to make this innovation
proposal viable, the provision of actors and agents (leaders) is essential. In so far as
computing resources are associative, it is feasible to do the same with experts from var-
ious institutions (private or state) who can collaborate in different areas: heritage, man-
agement, linguistics, computing, aesthetics, etc. This brings together positive effects in
different directions: it provides for the fulfillment of goals, strengthens the aesthetics of
the collection, and promotes the economic sustainability of the entire system (Figure 3).




                                                                                                         CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
Figure 3. Representation of corrected Drifting Goals archetype according to systems thinking theory.

    The correction of the Drifting goals archetype has several benefits. In the first place, it
provides an understanding of the proposal or improvement that is wanted in a museum,
considering the dynamics in the different relationships. Second, it provides an explanation
tool to stabilize the individual creative act, so that it works in a more orderly manner, and al-
lows the commitment of internal and external actors and agents to the system. Finally, this
proposal also promotes a balance between the patrimonial, technological and econom-
ic dimensions, whose interests are necessary to turn ideas into consolidated objectives.
    This style of work implies changes in structural management, in which investment
and strategies must be given in a flexible way; regional museums can become spaces of
convergence, in which tourists and residents can easily understand cultural phenomena
such as the role of the museum, the native culture and the projection of the heritage into
contemporary society; and the accumulated heritage can generate a wish to study it
even more deeply. Of course, this is not a visible problem for museums such as Larco
Herrera, Lugar de la Memoria, la Tolerancia y la Inclusión Social or el Museo de Sitio de
Pachacámac. All of them have a significant amount of state investment, qualified work


                                                                                                       173
                                                                                                                      teams and the possibility of coordinating digital efforts with other museums in Lima.
                                                                                                                      However, there are many museums in the Andean territory, where investment is funda-
                                                                                                                      mentally for maintenance; the few personnel in charge have to solve multiple tasks and
                                                                                                                      there is a lack of digitalization, not only of the collection, but also of the museum itself.
M. Marino-Jiménez, F. Rojas-Noa, D. Morán-Ramos - Andean cultural heritage: a systemic analysis of Peruvian museums




                                                                                                                         5. Results and discussion

                                                                                                                           Although this systemic vision proposal is not focused on a case study, it is neces-
                                                                                                                      sary to include some characteristics that provide for its application in future projects or
                                                                                                                      research on the ACH.
                                                                                                                           Most museums managed by the Peruvian state are run with few resources, limited
                                                                                                                      staff, and inflexible hierarchies. During the pandemic, several of them had only one per-
                                                                                                                      son to cover all aspects relating to administrative work and maintenance. However, as
                                                                                                                      a counterpart, there are private initiatives that have achieved a potential balance be-
                                                                                                                      tween the main outputs required in a museum: quality of service, systematization of the
                                                                                                                      collection, economic sustainability, strengthening of community identity, and sensorial
                                                                                                                      and cultural inclusiveness.
                                                                                                                           For this reason, the following private museums could assimilate the type of balance
                                                                                                                      that is sought in the present approach. The first example is Casa del Retablo (https://
                                                                                                                      casadelretablo.mystrikingly.com/), a museum dedicated to highlighting the internation-
                                                                                                                      ally recognized making of altarpieces in Ayacucho. This administration combines the
                                                                                                                      exhibition, workshops, and the sale of pieces, with accomodation and experiential tour-
                                                                                                                      ism. In other words, a sample of ACH has been integrated into the development of a
                                                                                                                      commercial movement, transforming the museum into a dynamic and attractive space
                                                                                                                      for those who visit or stay in it. In the first place, the altarpiece, as an artistic piece, is
                                                                                                                      shown as one of the most representative and cultural manifestations of this region.
                                                                                                                      Second, it makes convergence through learning available and accessible to people.
                                                                                                                      Finally, it offers a space that strengthens the sensory and cultural experience.
                                                                                                                           A similar case is evidenced in the Casona Catalina Huanca (https://www.facebook.
                                                                                                                      com/CasonaMuseoCatalinaHuanca). This cultural space, located in the city of Huan-
                                                                                                                      cayo, also combines museum work with other activities such as lodging, food and civ-
                                                                                                                      il events. In this case, the integration of different kinds of practices allows a complete
                                                                                                                      and lively experience of integration for the visitor. For this reason, it offers a close rela-
                                                                                                                      tionship between the museum pieces and the cultural reaffirmation of the community
                                                                                                                      itself. For example, a Christmas celebration includes the typical clothing of the region
                                                                                                                      and the image of vicuñas (a wild relative of the llama) instead of reindeer (Figure 4).
                                                                                                                           Finally, the Museum of the Santo Domingo de Cusco Convent, administered by the
                                                                                                                      Dominican order, creates a balance between the museum space, the investigation of
                                                                                                                      religious art, the sale of cultural products and the promotion of artists from different
                                                                                                                      branches (www.museoqorikancha.pe/). This space, which represents the integration
                                                                                                                      between the Inca culture and the Spanish colony, is a strategic point historically, geo-
                                                                                                                      graphically and culturally. In addition to being located in the Inca capital, it preserves
                                                                                                                      elements of two key buildings in both cultures: the indigenous temple and the Spanish
                                                                                                                      church. This enclosure, at present, also seeks the management of a multilingual heri-
                                                                                                                      tage, which includes the preservation of native languages [30]. The Museum is one of
                                                                                                                      the most representative buildings in ACH. A Catholic church was built on top of an Inca
                                                                                                                      temple, representing cultural and religious hegemony. However, the Dominican order
                                                                                                                      has preserved numerous spaces and manifestations of both cultures, in addition, the
                                                                                                                      administration offers library services and cultural events (Figure 5).


                                                                                      174
Figure 4. The Casona Catalina Huanca Museum; a Christmas scene.




                                                                    CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE




Figure 5. The Museum of the Santo Domingo Convent, Cusco, Peru


                                                                  175
                                                                                                                          The private management model allows these spaces to be self-managed through
                                                                                                                      activities that comply with the presentation, protection and promotion of ACH; in addi-
                                                                                                                      tion, they also promote a more active role for the visitor and the resident. With the aid
                                                                                                                      of appropriate resources, museum managers could have a clearer view of public feed-
M. Marino-Jiménez, F. Rojas-Noa, D. Morán-Ramos - Andean cultural heritage: a systemic analysis of Peruvian museums




                                                                                                                      back and become promoters of digital innovation processes such as the one briefly
                                                                                                                      proposed above. Its successful application could then be transferred to museums with
                                                                                                                      other types of administration, such as those managed by the State.


                                                                                                                            6. Conclusions

                                                                                                                           The existence of institutions designed to promote representation, preservation, dis-
                                                                                                                      semination and sustainability, in a complex country such as Peru, implies models of in-
                                                                                                                      novation that transcend linear or reactive actions. Although the existence of individual
                                                                                                                      initiatives may be adopted, the collective configuration of ideas and team actions is
                                                                                                                      what fosters an organic alternation between input and output. This is particularly fa-
                                                                                                                      vored by including the development of interdisciplinary work, the use of digital technol-
                                                                                                                      ogy, the attractiveness of the cultural product and the relationship between ACH and
                                                                                                                      other products. As a result, there is evidence of a balance between the quality of the
                                                                                                                      service, the systematization of the collection, economic sustainability, the strengthen-
                                                                                                                      ing of community identity, and sensorial and linguistic inclusiveness.
                                                                                                                           Although there are many examples of good practices for museum management,
                                                                                                                      the particular conditions of the Peruvian nation make a gradual and strategic model
                                                                                                                      necessary. In this sense, to develop innovations that can represent, preserve, dissem-
                                                                                                                      inate and make ACH sustainable, it is convenient to start with private entities; that is,
                                                                                                                      with those whose administration is more flexible and more focused on obtaining inno-
                                                                                                                      vative results. Once this process has been achieved in museums, such as the ones
                                                                                                                      presented in this paper, it will be much more feasible to replicate an interdisciplinary,
                                                                                                                      standardized work model suitable for entities managed by the State. This process re-
                                                                                                                      quires the commitment of actors and agents who share common goals, and manage-
                                                                                                                      ments that take advantage of the success of other cases, such as the Casa del Reta-
                                                                                                                      blo, the Casona Catalina Huanca or the Museum of the Santo Domingo Convent, all of
                                                                                                                      which have been examined in this study.


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                                                                                                                         Biographical notes

                                                                                                                           Mauro Marino-Jiménez is a writer, researcher, university professor and cultural
                                                                                                                      promoter. He has a doctorate in Philology, with an outstanding cum laude qualification
                                                                                                                      from the Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED, Spain). He has pu-
                                                                                                                      blished more than twenty books on research, literary creation, university texts, and
                                                                                                                      professional development. In addition, he offers lectures on education, communication
                                                                                                                      skills and literature inside and outside of Peru. He currently works as a professor in the
                                                                                                                      Communications Faculty at USIL, directs the Research Group Comunicación, Cultura
                                                                                                                      y Sociedad Digital, chairs the Cultural Association Retratos Abiertos (ACREA) and is a
                                                                                                                      member of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST).

                                                                                                                         Fany Rojas-Noa has completed doctorate studies in Accounting and Financial
                                                                                                                      Sciences (Universidad de San Martín de Porres) and has a master in Executive Busi-
                                                                                                                      ness Administration – MBA (Escuela de Postgrado de la Universidad San Ignacio de


                                                                                      178
Loyola). She is an accountant (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú) and is current-
ly the Coordinator of Accounting at the Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola. She recei-
ved distinction for best USIL teacher in 2018, 2010 and 2011. She has three publica-
tions for university students: Contabilidad para todos (2019), Contabilidad avanzada
(2014) and Contabilidad General (2015). She has practiced accounting in private tele-
communications, legal services and textile companies. She also teaches accounting
and trains diverse audiences: leaders of Andean communities, executives of private
companies, and school students, among others.

    Daniel Morán-Ramos is a Renacyt-Concytec research professor at the Faculty of
Education of the Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola and professor at the Universidad
Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. He has a doctorate in History from the Universidad de
Buenos Aires, a master’s degree in history from the Universidad de San Martín (Argen-
tina) and a degree in history from the Universidad de San Marcos. His books include:
Las guerras de la independencia entre dos fuegos. Cambios y permanencia (2019);
Las guerras de la independencia en clave bicentenario. Problemas y posibilidades
(2018); Prensa política y educación popular en la independencia de Latinoamérica
(2015). Among his topics of interest are the political and cultural history of Latin Ame-
rica, and the history of the press and media at the time of independence.


   Summary

    Andean Cultural Heritage (ACH) is determined by multiple dimensions: material, in-
tangible and documentary, all of which contribute to constituting its particular identity
and characteristics, the formation of solid relationships with other cultures and histori-
cal legacy. However, geographical, health, economic, linguistic and social inequalities
not only diminish potential benefits, but also the possibilities for their representation,




                                                                                                 CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
preservation, dissemination and sustainability. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to
develop a systemic analysis of the collection and presentation of the available collec-
tions in Peruvian museums, with the purpose of establishing strategies and measures
that allow ACH to be integrated into the aforementioned benefits, as well as promoting
greater participation of the actors involved: institutions, local governments, central gov-
ernment and the citizens themselves.


   Riassunto

     Il patrimonio culturale andino (ACH) è costituito da molteplici dimensioni: materia-
le, immateriale e documentario, che contribuiscono a costituirne l’identità e le caratte-
ristiche peculiari, la formazione di solide relazioni con altre culture e l’eredità storica.
Tuttavia le disuguaglianze geografiche, sanitarie, economiche, linguistiche e sociali
non solo riducono i potenziali benefici, ma anche le possibilità di rappresentazione,
conservazione, diffusione e sostenibilità. Lo scopo di questo lavoro è, quindi, quello di
sviluppare un’analisi sistematica del patrimonio culturale presente nei musei peruvia-
ni, con lo scopo di stabilire strategie e misure che consentano di integrare l’ACH nei
suddetti benefici, oltre a promuovere maggiore partecipazione degli attori coinvolti: isti-
tuzioni, governi locali, governo centrale e cittadini stessi.



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