10.6092/issn.1973-9494/1408
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1973-9494
1408
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Salvatore Lorusso
Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
Authenticity and conservation state of art works: the market and auction houses & Presentation of the historical-technical Journal “Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage"
Text.Serial.Journal
https://conservation-science.unibo.it/
8
Articles
2009-04-17
2008-04-17
2015-11-02
213-242
CSCH
Salvatore Lorusso
2008
10.6092/issn.1973-9494/1408
213
1973-9494
en
242
Authenticity and conservation state of art works: the market and auction houses & Presentation of the historical-technical Journal “Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage"
https://conservation-science.unibo.it/article/download/1408/777
8
                                                                    After the many requests received, I
                                                                 have willingly agreed to publishing my
                                                                 lecture presented on the 19th of
                                                                 November of this year in New York at the
                                                                 Italian Cultural Institute, on the occasion
                                                                 of the Giorgio Morandi retrospective,
                                                                 held both at the Metropolitan Museum of
                                                                 Art and at the same Institute.
                                                                    I would like to express my heartfelt
      thanks to the people involved in preparing the different aspects of my lecture with great care: firstly
      my wife Franca De Leo, then my coworkes Andrea Natali, Chiara Matteucci, Giovanni Palmeri,
      Elena Giurlanda, Filomena Volpe, Antonella Frosina and – a very important person – my English tea-
      cher Angela Mari Braida. Lastly my deep gratitude must go to the person who made the event pos-
      sible: my dear friend and learned scholar Renato Miracco.
                                                                               (Note of the scientific editor)

212
A
    UTHENTICITY AND CONSERVATION STATE OF ART WORKS:
    THE MARKET AND AUCTION HOUSES

    &


P
    RESENTATION OF THE HISTORICAL-TECHNICAL JOURNAL
    “CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE”


Salvatore Lorusso
Dipartimento di Storie e Metodi per la Conservazione dei Beni Culturali
Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna (sede di Ravenna)




1. Introduction

    Initially I wish to greet all the people present and express my thanks to everyone for
being here.
    “Who hears forgets, who sees remembers, who acts learns”: a quotation by the artist
Bruno Munari.
    Not just for this reason but also because of my limited knowledge of English, I will be
accompanied by a series of slides and the valuable presence of an interpreter.
    I would like to acknowledge those present: not only the neophytes and those newly



                                                                                                 Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage, 8/2008
interested in the topics of this lecture, but also the experts in the art market.
    I would like to express my appreciation to Professor Renato Miracco, Director of the
Italian Cultural Institute of New York, and his coworkers: Doctor Amelia Carpenito, in the
past meeting Deputy Director of New York and recently nominated Director of the Italian
Cultural Institute of San Francisco; Doctor Renata Rosati, manager of planning and
development and finally Doctor Eva Zanardi, Director’s Assistant of the same New York
Institute.
    Following my invitation by Professor Miracco, together we decided on the subject of
the lecture.
    This theme is: ”Authenticity and conservation state of art works: the market and auc-
tion houses”.
    The theme is very complex, because it concerns many aspects, which are: technical
and economic, cultural and hedonistic, social and mercantile, spiritual and also commercial.

                                                                                               213
                                                                                                        The lecture also includes the “Presentation of the historical-technical journal
                                                                                                    Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage”.
                                                                                                        This journal represents the realistic integration of the various cultural experiences and
                                                                                                    competences, which determine – in a complete and correct manner – the resolution of
                                                                                                    the problematics in the sector of art work.
                                                                                                        The arguments of the first part of this lecture are:
                                                                                                    Ø a brief introduction,
                                                                                                    Ø the initial considerations,
                                                                                                    Ø the art market,
S. Lorusso - Authenticity and conservation state of art works: the market and auction houses &...




                                                                                                    Ø the auction system,
                                                                                                    Ø the auction houses and the market,
                                                                                                    Ø further points regarding ethnic art work,
                                                                                                    Ø the afore-mentioned subjects have been the object of our study and involvement. For
                                                                                                        these reasons, I would like to highlight the importance of the:
                                                                                                    Ø subjective and objective evaluation of art works;
                                                                                                    Ø case studies, esamined through the years with my coworkers concerning:
                                                                                                    Ø the attribution and state of conservation of three paintings,
                                                                                                    Ø the marble sculpture representing Madonna with child,
                                                                                                    Ø the Dante codex.
                                                                                                        After, in relation to the Presentation of the historical-technical journal “Conservation
                                                                                                    Science in Cultural Heritage”, I will mention:
                                                                                                    •   the preface;
                                                                                                    •   the scientific and editorial staff;
                                                                                                    •   interdisciplinary skills and objectives;
                                                                                                    •   the conclusion.
                                                                                                        The two parts of the lecture are connected to each other, as already highlighted in the
                                                                                                    brochure presented for this occasion, and deal with:
                                                                                                    •   a particular situation in the American system and, I would say, not only American;
                                                                                                    •   consequently a question.
                                                                                                        The situation is: the lack of social criticism, in other words everything must respond to
                                                                                                    reassuring aesthetics, that is complacency and elegance of form win.
                                                                                                        The consequent question arises: is this really true?

                                                                                                    2. Authenticity and conservation state of art works: the market and auction houses

                                                                                                    Ø Initially I will introduce some brief considerations.

                                            214
    The first concerns: art and science, art is science.
    Science is not capable of explaining everything, because there is always the risk that
new scientific theories will formulate new truths. Art is conscious that there is nothing new
to say, but only new and different ways of formulating the truth. Consequently the asser-
tion and verity is:
    « together, art and science are two ways of telling the story of the world, not two
      subjects in contrast with each other, but two different ways of reading reality».

    The second consideration is related to: artistic cultural heritage as material heritage.
    Cesare Brandi defined restoration as “the methodological moment of recognition of the
work of art, in its physical consistency and in its aesthetic and historical dual polarity”.
    In this definition there are very important terms.
    These are the conceptual terms:
•   “methodologies” include “study of methods”;
•   “method” includes various operative steps: diagnosis, restoration, conservation and
    maintenance;
•   “physical consistency” emphasizes the necessity of knowing the material typology.

    Deriving from this, the following annotation which refers to the third consideration:
cultural heritage as economic heritage.
    A work of art is composed of material: therefore cultural heritage can be considered
an economic heritage. But there are a series of immaterial values such as intellectual
enrichment and aesthetic emotion.
    It derives that there are different areas of investigation: historical, symbolic, social,
aesthetic, spiritual values and authenticity. This last term determines the next argu-
ment.                                                                                             Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage


Ø The art market.
    After these brief notes, we examine the “art market” or more appropriately the “art sys-
tem”, because there are different figures and institutions interacting with each other. As
for “demand”, there is: private collecting, big markets, museum curators, enterprises,
banking institutions.
    As for offer, the principal operators are the auction houses, galleries, antique dealers
and art dealers,
    However, it is right to pinpoint the various artistic sectors which make up the different
sectors of visual art (fig. 1).

                                                                                                215
S. Lorusso - Authenticity and conservation state of art works: the market and auction houses &...




                                                                                                    Figure 1. Different sector of visual art.

                                                                                                       These artifacts are classified according to a chronological criteria and/or based on the
                                                                                                    artistic techniques used.
                                                                                                       However, currently, there is “computer art”, which includes images from digital tech-
                                                                                                    nologies: this causes a crisis in the concept and definition of art work.


                                                                                                    Ø At this point we introduce the auction system.
                                                                                                       Initially there was the auction system, the so-called “take it or leave it offer”. In other
                                                                                                    words, the normal channel of selling: the seller defines the “posted price” and the buyer
                                                                                                    decides after, whether to accept or reject the offer. Afterwards, the auction house became
                                                                                                    the meeting point between the demand and offer of art works, a go-between for the sell-
                                                                                                    er and the buyer.
                                                                                                       The catalogue, supplied by the auction house, is very important, because it repre-
                                                                                                    sents an indispensable informative instrument in relation to estimated prices, but it also
                                                                                                    contains various information, both explicit (for example: date, author, school, material
                                                                                                    constituents, state of conservation, etc.) and implicit (that is: importance of the work in
                                                                                                    the catalogue).

                                             216
    In relation to the falsification of a work, this cannot be attributed to the sellers,
because its authenticity is a personal opinion.
    There is then the problem of stolen works. The certainty that a work does not come
from a theft is not a legal requisite, and therefore it is easy to be deceived. The Art Loss
Register, the most extensive private international data base in the world, underlines that
no less than 54% of stolen works of art is discovered in auction catalogues.


Ø Auction houses and market.
    Now we shall examine the market of auction houses and the correspondent trends.
Firstly, I will underline the factors, which have determined the great increase in the busi-
ness done by the auction houses. These are:
–   transparency;
–   objectivity;
–   the diffusion of Internet, especially by virtue of the fundamental informative role,
    carried out by the catalogues, which provide buyers with a first approach to the
    work.
    The widespread use of Internet is very important, even if buying “on line” is a ques-
tionable choice, due to the lack of checking and protecting the final buyer’s interests.
    But the growth of auction houses can be explained in economic terms too, though:
1. Improved economic conditions which have led to an increase in the price of luxury
    goods and scarce goods. This economic situation, as is known, has drastically
    changed in recent months (recession is the word used). The consequent question is:
    “what will happen to the market in relation to financial price lists?” We can’t know the
    answer : the market has responded in opposite directions.
2. Confidence in the principles which regulate purchasing.                                       Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
3. Suitable communication and marketing strategies
    Table 1. Shows some data which demostrate the extent of the market.


Table 1. Development of the art market.




                                                                                               217
                                                                                                       Comparing the distribution, by countries, of sales of art objects during the period 2003
                                                                                                    (fig. 2) and 2007 (fig. 3), it is evident that there was an increase in the market due to the
                                                                                                    participation of Russians, Chinese and Arabs.
                                                                                                       These people, benefitting from the weakening of the dollar, have substituted American
                                                                                                    collectors.
S. Lorusso - Authenticity and conservation state of art works: the market and auction houses &...




                                                                                                    Figure 2. Main buyers during the year 2003.




                                                                                                    Figure 3. Main buyers in 2007.

                                            218
    Basically, the art market has always been the union of aesthetic, cultural and eco-
nomic needs.There are two motives which determine a purchase:
ü the work of art as a status-symbol;
ü the work of art as an alternative investment
    As it is known, Christie’s and Sotheby’s hold a “king of oligopoly” on the world mar-
ket.
    The London and New York markets share beween 40% and 70% of all business.But
there are two different strategies: Christie’s for the mass market and Sotheby’s for arti-
facts of great value. In simple terms Christie’s for quantity and Sotheby’s for quality.
    This chart (fig. 4) shows Christie’s International’s and Sotheby’s International’s finan-
cial performance in these years from 1993 to 2007 (1999 and 2004 are not available).
    The data is expressed in millions of pounds and are inclusive of auction rights.
    In the last years the market trends show:
–   growth of contemporary art – detriment of modern art, because the first presents more
    affordable prices and is not limited by state intervention;
–   modern art, however, continues to be important;
–   instability of paintings;
–   growth of the antique furniture and furnishings sectors;
–   decline of the sector related to precious stones and jewellery;




                                                                                                  Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage




Figure 4. International financial performance of two auction houses Christie’s and
Sotheby’s, during the period 1993 and 2007.

                                                                                                219
                                                                                                    –   the market for silver and rare books is very specialized and the correspondent lead-
                                                                                                        ers are goldsmìths and humanistic experts.


                                                                                                    Ø At this point I think that it is important to underline some notes about ethnic works of
                                                                                                        art.
                                                                                                        This market, relative to the tribal works from Africa and Oceania, in recent years is on
                                                                                                    the rise.With regard to ethnic art, the economists from the University of Bologna, Guido
                                                                                                    Candela and Antonello Scorcu, have prepared statistical models, hedonic prices and
S. Lorusso - Authenticity and conservation state of art works: the market and auction houses &...




                                                                                                    indexes of evaluation. They have thus set up a digital databank based on auction bid-
                                                                                                    dings at Sotheby’s and Christie’s in New York and Paris, during the years (from 1998 to
                                                                                                    2007). In this way they have contributed to a greater transparency in the ethnic sector of
                                                                                                    collecting.


                                                                                                    Ø We are now at the core of my lecture, which is: subjective and objective evaluation.
                                                                                                        The aim of auction houses is to offer legal guarantees and to protect its clients1.
                                                                                                        The evaluation of art work made by auction house experts is fundamentally subjec-
                                                                                                    tive, based on visual inspection and deriving from a reading and analysis of an aesthet-
                                                                                                    ic, stylistic, iconographic and historical nature.
                                                                                                        The completion of this examination includes the use of Wood’s Lamp, the collabora-
                                                                                                    tion of restorers and the involvement of the living author. Other means of experimental
                                                                                                    investigation depend on the value and interest of the work in question. Instead the objec-
                                                                                                    tive evaluation is based on the use of diagnostic and analytical technologies: this verifies
                                                                                                    authenticity2.
                                                                                                        Through the years the non authenticity of works of art has been and contìnues to be
                                                                                                    a profìtable “business”, being fundamental to establishing an economic evaluation.
                                                                                                        Economic evaluation depends on: authenticity; dating; production period of the work;
                                                                                                    creative technical development; provenance; state of conservation.
                                                                                                        In relation to the problem of the production of identical copies of an original work, it
                                                                                                    must be pointed out that for antique art works it is easier to verify authenticity, because
                                                                                                    different methodòlogies and techniques can be used3.
                                                                                                        For contemporary works of art identification is more complex, because materials are
                                                                                                    easily available.

                                                                                                    3. Case studies

                                                                                                        And now follow the case studies carried out in the Cultural Heritage Diagnostic

                                220
Laboratory of the Department of Histories and Methods for the Conservation of Cultural
Heritage in the University of Bologna (Ravenna).
   The artifacts to be examined were chosen appropriately,because they belong to var-
ious sectors of interest, to typologies of different chemical nature and, consequently, dif-
ferent applications. What is important is the comparison between the initial subjective
evaluation and the subsequent objective evaluation.
   There is reference, in particular, to some paintings, to a sculpture and to a codex4.

Points regarding three paintings, their attribution and state of conservation

   The three case studies, proposed by the various private clìents, are ascrìbable to dif-
ferent historical periods but have one objective in common.
   This is to ascertain and/or confirm the validity of the attribution of the paintings to a
particular artist, not only by examining the historical, artistic and stylistic aspects of the
work, but also by using a series of objective tests aimed at distinguishing the compo-
nents, pigments, the layer of preparation, the practical techniques used and last, but not
least, the state of conservation.


Diagnostic investigations

   The diagnostic investigations were carried
out using various instrumental techniques. In
this way it was possible to confìrm or not con-
fìrm whether a work was attributable to a
painter or not and to assess the state of con-
servation.
                                                                                                   Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
   The first is an oil painting on wood repre-
senting a Madonna with child and saints
Jerome and Catherine of Siena (85 × 63 cm)
(fig. 5), attributed by Federico Zeri, a distin-
guished art historian, to the Sienese painter
Domenico Beccafumi (1486-1551). The sec-
ond is an oil painting on canvas Portrait of a
gentleman (73,8 x 61,7 cm) (fig. 6), attributed
by the art historian Maurizio Marini to the         Figure 5. Oil painting on wood repre-
                                                    senting a Madonna with child and
Flemish painter Antony Van Dyck (1599-1641).        saints Jerome and Catherine of Siena.

                                                                                                 221
                                                                                                                                                                 The third is an oil painting on
                                                                                                                                                          canvas Man reading by lamplight
                                                                                                                                                          (70 x 50,5 cm) (fig. 7), attributable
                                                                                                                                                          through traditional references, to
                                                                                                                                                          Gerrit Van Honthorst (Gherardo
                                                                                                                                                          delle Notti) (1590-1656).
                                                                                                                                                                 Analytical and diagnostic exam-
                                                                                                                                                          inations were carried out using: vis-
S. Lorusso - Authenticity and conservation state of art works: the market and auction houses &...




                                                                                                                                                          ible and ultraviolet photography;
                                                                                                                                                          image analysis using videomicro-
                                                                                                                                                          scope; infrared and ultraviolet
                                                                                                                                                          reflectography; X-ray fluorescence
                                                                                                                                                          spectroscopy; X-ray radiography;
                                                                                                                                                          colorimetry- spectrofotometry; gas
                                                                                                                                                          chromatography-mass spectrome-
                                                                                                                                                          try.
                                                                                                                                                                 The application of two tech-
                                                                                                    Figure 6. Oil painting on canvas Portrait of a gen-   niques in particular, from the
                                                                                                    tleman.                                               above-mentioned, was conclusive
                                                                                                                                                          in determining the attribution: these
                                                                                                                                                          were the infrared reflectography
                                                                                                                                                          and X-ray fluorescence spec-
                                                                                                                                                          troscopy.

                                                                                                                                                          Reflectographic examination

                                                                                                                                                                 For the first case related to
                                                                                                                                                          Madonna with Child and saints
                                                                                                                                                          Jerome and Catherine of Siena as
                                                                                                                                                          the following pictures show (fig. 8),
                                                                                                                                                          the paintings were examined in
                                                                                                                                                          zones and the resulting images
                                                                                                                                                          were compared using visible light
                                                                                                                                                          (A) and infrared light (B).
                                                                                                    Figure 7. Oil painting on canvas reppresenting a             Some anatomic details are cor-
                                                                                                    Man reading by lamplight.                             rect or however, at least in part,

                                        222
   A                                           B

Figure 8. Comparison between infrared (A) and ultraviolet (B): detail of the Virgin’s mouth.




        A                                          B

Figure 9. Comparison between visible (A) and infrared (B): detail of the Virgin’s right hand.


                                                                                                  Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage




    A                                              B

Figure 10. Comparison between visible (A) and IR (B): detail of saint Catherine’s nose.

                                                                                                223
                                                                                                    reconsidered: it is the case of the “mouth” of the Virgin, which shows an anomalous lower
                                                                                                    lip, which makes one think of an upward movement, also considering the unusual depth
                                                                                                    of the “dimple” between this latter and the chin.
                                                                                                       Similar results were obtained for the Virgin’s “right hand” (fig. 9) which shows some
                                                                                                    very thin fingers in the preparatory drawing, but are more clearly defined by the author at
                                                                                                    a later date.
                                                                                                       Saint Catherine’s “nose” (fig. 10) seems to have been radically reconsidered with
                                                                                                    respect to its preparation.
S. Lorusso - Authenticity and conservation state of art works: the market and auction houses &...




                                                                                                       In this case too, the detail of saint Catherin’s hand (fig. 11) shows that it has been rad-
                                                                                                    ically reconsidered.




                                                                                                            A                                        B

                                                                                                    Figure 11. Comparison between visible (A) and IR (B): detail of saint Catherine’s hand.



                                                                                                    Infrared reflectography

                                                                                                       In the case of Portrait of a gentleman (fig. 12), the images in visible (A) and infrared
                                                                                                    values near infrared radiations (NIR) (B-C-D), related to the overall view of the painting
                                                                                                    and to the detail of the eye (fig. 13), do not show the presence of a preparatory drawing:
                                                                                                    in fact, the definition of the shadows and the “chiaro-scuro” was carried out during the
                                                                                                    final phases of the pictorial procedure.

                                                                                                       In the case of Man reading by lamplight (fig. 14) , the images regarding the overall
                                                                                                    view of the painting does not reveal the presence of a preparatory drawing: the definition
                                                                                                    of the shadows and the “chiaro-scuro” was present from the very first steps of the picto-
                                                                                                    rial process and subsequently perfected.

                                   224
Figure 12. Comparison between visible (A) and infrared light with different wavelength (B-
C-D) of the Portrait of a gentleman.




                                                                                               Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage




Figure 13. Comparison
between visible (A)
and infrared light with
different wavelength
(B-C-D) of the gentle-
man’s eye.
                                                                                             225
S. Lorusso - Authenticity and conservation state of art works: the market and auction houses &...




                                                                                                    Figure 14. Comparison between visible (A) and infrared light (B) of the Man reading by
                                                                                                    lamplight.


                                                                                                       With reference to the detail of the “light” (fig. 15), progressive modifications have evi-
                                                                                                    dently been made during the realization of the work, both in the shape of the flame and
                                                                                                    in the area around the lamp, where the light is diffused.




                                                                                                       Figure 15. Comparison between visible (A) and infrared light (B) of the “light”
                                                                                                       detail.


                                    226
X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy

    At this point the second tech-
nique, which was important in deter-
mining the attribution, is: X-ray fluo-
rescence spectroscopy (XRF) (fig.
16). This technique was used to
identify the pigment in the three
paintings
    In correspondence with the dif-
ferent coloured areas examined,
                                          Figure 16. The instrument for the X-ray fluores-
chemical elements were revealed:          cence spectroscopy (XRF).
this detection permitted pigment
identification.

    The first case is related to the Madonna with Child and saints Jerome and Catherine
of Siena (tab. 2).

Table 2. Pigments identification of the various part examined related to Madonna with
Child and saints Jerome and Catherine of Siena’s paint.




                                                                                               Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage




                                                                                             227
                                                                                                      Table 3. Pigments identification of the various part examined related to the Portrait
                                                                                                      of a gentleman’s paint.
S. Lorusso - Authenticity and conservation state of art works: the market and auction houses &...




                                                                                                       In relation to the Portrait of a gentleman (tab. 3), these pigments obtained were not
                                                                                                    used by Van Dyck in his works.
                                                                                                       For example, this is true of the Portrait of the Marchesa Grimaldi (National Gallery,
                                                                                                    Washington) (fig. 17).
                                                                                                       The same for: Man reading by lamplight (tab. 4).


                                                                                                      Table 4. Pigments identification of the various part examined related to the Man
                                                                                                      reading by lamplight’s paint.




                                   228
Figure 17. Portrait of the Marchesa
Grimaldi     (National      Gallery,                                                            Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
Washington).



   In considerations to the Madonna with Child and saints Jerome and Catherine of
Siena the instrumental answers obtained confirm the painting is attributed to Beccafumi.
   It is important to underline that, following this examination, the painting by Beccafumi
was sold by the auction house Finarte-Semenzato in the auction held in Venice, on the
4th July 2004. The price was knocked down at nearly for thousand (372,850) euros and
was based not only because F. Zeri attributed the painting to this artist, but also on the
diagnostic and analytical investigations related to the identification of the material com-
ponents and Beccafumi’s pictorial technique.

                                                                                              229
                                                                                                         For the Portrait of a gentleman the possibility that the painting could be attributed to
                                                                                                      Van Dyck has been excluded and confirmation given that it is a sixteenth century copy.
                                                                                                         For the Man reading by lamplight the painting is a copy from the late-Caravaggio
                                                                                                      period.

                                                                                                      Marble sculpture representing Madonna with child

                                                                                                         The second case study is related to the Marble sculpture representing Madonna with
                                                                                                                                                         child: historical and artistic classification,
                                                                                                                                                         diagnostic examination with chronologi-
S. Lorusso - Authenticity and conservation state of art works: the market and auction houses &...




                                                                                                                                                         cal definition and attribution and evalua-
                                                                                                                                                         tion of the state of conservation.
                                                                                                                                                             The    sculpture     arrived     at   the
                                                                                                                                                         Diagnostic Laboratory of the University
                                                                                                                                                         of Bologna. On the basis of the stylistic
                                                                                                                                                         and representative characteristics of the
                                                                                                                                                         sculpture, especially as regards the
                                                                                                                                                         refined nobility of the Virgin’s features,
                                                                                                                                                         the experts have assumed the work to
                                                                                                                                                         be by Francesco Laurana (1430-1502).
                                                                                                                                                             With regard to the historical-artistic




                                                                                                    Figure 18. Marble sculture representing Ma-
                                                                                                    donna with child.

                                                                                                      evaluation, this leads one to believe that
                                                                                                      the sculpture in question (fig. 18) is an imi-
                                                                                                      tation of a late 14th century composition.
                                                                                                      The analysis of some details (fig. 19-21) of
                                                                                                      the composition persuade one that it is not
                                                                                                      a simple academic exercise, but a real
                                                                                                      fake.                                            Figure 19. Workmanship of the stone.

                                    230
                                                     Figure 21. Detail of the thickness
                                                     of the drapery.



Figure 20. Detail of coarse corpulence of
the child.




                                                     Figure 23. Madonna’s left hand.


                                                                                            Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage


Figure 22. Madonna’s and child’s face.


    In relation to the evaluation of the state of
conservation, the marble artifact has been affect-
ed by a phenomenon of erosion due to anthropic
causes: this degradation is more evident on the
Madonna’s and child’s face (fig. 22), the
Madonna’s left hand (fig. 23) and on the child’s
right foot (fig. 24).
                                                     Figure 24. Child’s right foot.
                                                                                          231
                                                                                                    Considerations

                                                                                                       The historical and artistic assessment, the mineralogical-petrographic investigations
                                                                                                    and the diagnostic examinations (diffrattometric and spectrophotometric FT-IR) (fig. 25-
                                                                                                    26) have demonstrated that the work is a fake made of Carrara marble reproducing the
                                                                                                    Renaissance style.
S. Lorusso - Authenticity and conservation state of art works: the market and auction houses &...




                                                                                                         Figure 25. Diffrattometric spectrum.




                                                                                                         Figure 26. FT-IR spettrofotometry spectrum: marble on study (blue); standard
                                                                                                         calcium carbonate (red).

                                           232
Dante codex

   The third case study is related to the Dante codex (fig. 27): an emblematic example
of a universal documentary téstimony (cultural heritage), but also an artifact with a com-
mercial value (economic commodity).
   This Dante codex is the only palimpsest manuscript on parchment and contains one
of the oldest examples of the traditional written manuscripts of Dante’s Comedy.
   The aims are: evaluation of the state of conservation; characterization of materials;
evaluation of the environment of conservation; improvement in the legibility of the
Dantesque text; reading and dating of the palimpsest; dìgitìzing the codex to facilitate use
on intranet and internet.
   The different states of conservation can be seen and some forms of deterioration are
evident in the three Canticles (fig. 28-30).




Figure 27. Dante codex.                                                                          Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage




Figure 28. Dante codex: state of
conservation of two pages of Hell
Canticle.

                                                                                               233
                                                                                                    Figure 29. Dante
                                                                                                    codex: state of con-
S. Lorusso - Authenticity and conservation state of art works: the market and auction houses &...




                                                                                                    servation of two
                                                                                                    pages of Purgatory
                                                                                                    Canticle.




                                                                                                    Figure 30. Dante
                                                                                                    codex: state of con-
                                                                                                    servation of two
                                                                                                    pages of Paradise
                                                                                                    Canticle.




                                                                                                    Figure    31.   The
                                                                                                    instrument for the
                                                                                                    multispectral analy-
                                                                                                    sis (MUSIS).
                                      234
 A. Hell, c. 27 v., visible                       B. UV (370 nm)

Figure 32. Dante codex: multispectral examinations in visible (A) and UV light (B) of the
c. 27 v. of Hell Canticle.


     These are the multispectral examinations (fig. 31), (in particular visible -A- and
 ultraviolet rays -B) (fig. 32) which have enabled the paleographic study to be carried
 out.

 Considerations

     The palaeographic study has shown:
 1. the “scriptio superior”, which refers to the Dantesque text, is written in semigothic or
     prehumanistic script dating approximately to around the last two decades of the 14th
     century.
 2. The “scriptio inferior”, most of which is covered by the writing of the Dante codex, is a
     notòrial script dating to the end of the 13th century and beginning of the 14th century.
     This study has brought about an increase in the historical and philological importance       Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
 of the manuscript and cònsequéntly in its economic value too.


 4. Presentation of the historical-technical Journal “Conservation Science
    in Cultural Heritage”
     The journal (fig. 33) is edited by:




                                                                                                235
                                                                                                                                                                The name of the Department is
                                                                                                                                                            in Italian. The names of the
                                                                                                                                                            Institutions, to which the authors –
                                                                                                                                                            who publish in the Journal –
                                                                                                                                                            belong, are in the original lan-
                                                                                                                                                            guages: this makes functionality
                                                                                                                                                            easier. But there is another motive
                                                                                                                                                            too, which is “nationality”. This is,
S. Lorusso - Authenticity and conservation state of art works: the market and auction houses &...




                                                                                                                                                            as is known, an endemic and chro-
                                                                                                                                                            mosomic      quality   belonging   to
                                                                                                                                                            Americans.
                                                                                                                                                                The journal was founded in
                                                                                                                                                            2000. During the years, other num-
                                                                                                                                                            bers have been published, Volume
                                                                                                                                                            7 was published in English and an
                                                                                                                                                            electronic version is available on
                                                                                                                                                            line.
                                                                                                                                                                This decision was made follow-
                                                                                                                                                            ing the request of the authors and
                                                                                                    Figure 33. “Conservation Science in Cultural            growing internationalization which
                                                                                                    Heritage”: cover of num. 7 of 2007.                     is fundamental to our modern-day
                                                                                                                                                            society.
                                                                                                       The Scientific editor is Salvatore Lorusso.
                                                                                                       The Scientific board is made up of the following professors from the above mentioned
                                                                                                    department




                                                                                                       There are also: the Advisory committee; the publishing manager; the linguistic advis-
                                                                                                    er; the editorial staff; the head editor from “Pitagora Editrice” Bologna.
                                                                                                       The Advisory committee includes the various national and international experts.


                                       236
                                                                                                        Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage




   For this reason I’d like to underline the importance in this journal of interdisciplinary
skills. Specifically for the historical-technical peculiarity of the journal, the scientific edito-
rial staff is made up of Italian and foreign researchers and experts from various cultural
backgrounds. Their competences are: historical (from ancient to contemporary periods),
technical (chemical, physic, biological, engineering, geological), legal, social, economic

                                                                                                      237
                                                                                                    and management – related. These experts do not only come from the Department of
                                                                                                    Bologna University of Histories and Methods for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage,
                                                                                                    but also from other Universities, Ministerial and Cultural Institutions and Italian and for-
                                                                                                    eign Scientific Organisations.
                                                                                                         Studies and experimental research, related to the problems of protection and val-
                                                                                                    orization of artifacts, are thus published. They are artifacts belonging to these sectors:
                                                                                                    historical-artistic, archeological, architectonic, archival, book, demo-ethnic-anthropologi-
                                                                                                    cal and musical, but also include the environmental and landscape sector.
S. Lorusso - Authenticity and conservation state of art works: the market and auction houses &...




                                                                                                         In addition, the problem relating to the professional figure of the “conservator” in the
                                                                                                    cultural sector is examined.
                                                                                                         This is a very important and current issue, because it represents the result of the
                                                                                                    meeting-point between the various partners of the labour market: university, ministry and
                                                                                                    territory. This is the “institutional pluralism” for complete and correct formation.
                                                                                                         With the same aims, the Course of Higher-level Formation in: “Conservation, man-
                                                                                                    agement and cataloguing of the gatherings and collections in cultural and productive
                                                                                                    units” of Bologna University has been opened and of which I am the Director.
                                                                                                         Concisely the aims are: of a scientific nature, relating to correct methods of analysis;
                                                                                                    of an istitutional nature, to promote the progress, coordination and dìffusion of the sciences
                                                                                                    and their application in the field of Cultural Héritage and of a communicating nature. This
                                                                                                    is and continues to be, for the Scientific board, a fundamental objective: the “quality” of the
                                                                                                    information must reflect the “truth” of science and the “clarity” of communication.

                                                                                                    5. Conclusion

                                                                                                         And this is true, if it is true that: ”perhaps, the greatest challenge one must face up to
                                                                                                    is that of beauty”.
                                                                                                         Because “beauty” is individuality, difference, it is superiority, excellence.
                                                                                                         While everything that is standardization, number, quantity, dullness and normalization
                                                                                                    is ugly. How can we continue to create beauty, choose beauty, diffuse beauty and edu-
                                                                                                    cate people to respect beauty? I think that we can if, from the beginning, there is “beau-
                                                                                                    ty” inside us.

                                                                                                    Notes
                                                                                                    1   The key words for the auction houses, referred to protect the clients, are:
                                                                                                        • expertise, means the photo and the guarantee of the provenence and authenticity of the art
                                                                                                          work;

                                                       238
    • vetting, which includes “detailed examination”. That of The European Fine Arts Fair. A board
      of experts, including dealers, museum directors and critics, examine each work before the
      opening;
    • condition report, this consists of a kind of life containing information of a qualitative and non-
      quantitative nature based on visual observation: that is the subjective evaluation of the state of
      conservation.
2   Below is listed the terminology used by experts in this sector to distinguish between the differ-
    ent degrees of certainty attributed to antique works of art. The authentic and the fake are oppo-
    sites:
    • authentic: when the author and period are sure;
    • fake: when the complete substitution in made for speculative motives;
    The other conceptual terms are:
    • original: by a determinate artist whose stylistic characteristics are all present;
    • replica: a new copy of an original by the artist himself;
    • copy: reproduction of the work by a different artist;
    • attributed to: this refers to the most likely author;
    • signed by: the attribution to the named artist, but the authenticity of the segnature must be ver-
      ified;
    • school of: for an artist gravitating within the circe of the mentioned artist or a pupil;
    • follower: an artist ascribable to a particolar master.
3   At this point I would like to highlight three aspects, which need a clear solution:
    • the need for the guaranteed attribution of a work of art;
    • the importance of the period of execution of a given work, because there are important experi-
      ences and events which have determined the realization of the work itself;
    • and lastly, the possibility of distinguishing, the original work from its reproduction made with       Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
      sophisticated computer methods.
    For these current, topical issues, the set up and use of diagnostic-analytical techniques, prefer-
    ably non destructive, non invasive, non manipulative (without taking a material sample from the
    art work examined), which are sensitive, specific, repeatable, reproducible and thus reliable, make
    up the present, objective within the field of our research and application.
4   I would like to mention here that I am going to discuss works from past centuries, for which there
    are both scientific standardized methodologies and investigations of preservation and restoration.
    On the contrary, it is necessary to define and follow the appropriate methodological path about
    contemporary works of art. The afore said refers – I mention this briefly here – to the present ret-
    rospective on Giorgio Morandi’s works at the Metropolitan Museum.

                                                                                                           239
                                                                                                    Summary
                                                                                                    The title Authenticity and conservation state of art works: The market and auction houses mirrors
                                                                                                    the particular status of confusion and instability in which the auction houses – find themselves –
                                                                                                    nowadays. It is an international situation of existential and economic crisis in which humanity
                                                                                                    appears to be excited and schizophrenic.
                                                                                                    This lecture is part of a series all dedicated to various aspects of art, with a particular focus on the
                                                                                                    great Italian artist Giorgio Morandi. A good selection of his works is currently displayed at the
                                                                                                    Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.
                                                                                                    Giorgio Morandi conceived art as a “practice of silence”, where his “still life” functioned as a filter to
                                                                                                    observe the world outside his small cloistered art studio.
                                                                                                    By emphasizing the importance of weight and gravity with grace and attention, this artist can there-
                                                                                                    fore teach us how important it is to judge a piece of art not only subjectively – giving greatest rele-
S. Lorusso - Authenticity and conservation state of art works: the market and auction houses &...




                                                                                                    vance to the satisfaction of individual aesthetical standards – but also objectively – where the tech-
                                                                                                    niques and the materials utilized assume the greatest significance. This allows the estimator to esti-
                                                                                                    mate correctly their economic and financial value.
                                                                                                    The second part of the lecture consists in the presentation of the historical-technical journal
                                                                                                    Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage. It represents an emblematic gathering of experts, sym-
                                                                                                    bolizing therefore a necessary encounter among people with different cultural backgrounds, experi-
                                                                                                    ences and skills. They meet to address and discuss issues related to their common field of study,
                                                                                                    the Cultural Heritage sector.
                                                                                                    This jolts, as it can be imagined, American art critics. They often lack social criticism showing them
                                                                                                    to be too focused on aesthetics and elegance of form.
                                                                                                    The consequent question arises: is this really true?


                                                                                                    Riassunto
                                                                                                    Nel mondo molto particolare e molto instabile delle case d’asta, al quale ricondurre una situazione
                                                                                                    internazionale di crisi esistenziale ed economico-sociale oltre che una condizione umana iperecci-
                                                                                                    tata e schizofrenica, è sembrato significativo l’inserimento del tema Autenticità e valutazione dello
                                                                                                    stato di conservazione dei beni culturali: il mercato e le case d’asta, in un ciclo dedicato all’arte nei
                                                                                                    suoi vari aspetti, in concomitanza con la vasta retrospettiva del grande artista italiano Giorgio
                                                                                                    Morandi in corso di svolgimento a New York al Metropolitan Museum. Giorgio Morandi visse l’arte
                                                                                                    come una “pratica del silenzio”, affidando alle sue “nature morte” il compito di “mediare” con il
                                                                                                    mondo che si estendeva oltre il suo studiolo claustrale.
                                                                                                    Egli ci può quindi insegnare, in uno spostamento di peso e di baricentro, concentrazione e posa-
                                                                                                    tezza ovvero quanto è fondamentale per valutare una opera d’arte non solo secondo canoni sog-
                                                                                                    gettivi poggiati su aspetti estetici e tratti stilistici, ma anche secondo indagini oggettive di carattere
                                                                                                    tecnico-materico-conservativo, consentendo la conseguente valutazione corretta di carattere eco-
                                                                                                    nomico-finanziario.
                                                                                                    Si completerà la lecture con la Presentazione della rivista storico-tecnica Conservation Science in
                                                                                                    Cultural Heritage, esempio emblematico dell’incontro – sinonimo di integrazione e bisogno recipro-
                                                                                                    co – di studiosi con estrazione, esperienza e competenza culturali diverse e, comunque, confluenti
                                                                                                    nell’affrontare e nel risolvere le problematiche inerenti al settore dei beni culturali.
                                                                                                    Ciò – si può immaginare – scuote un po’ una certa situazione nel sistema americano e, direi, non
                                                                                                    solo americano. In esso – si fa presente – manca la critica sociale, tutto deve rispondere a una este-
                                                                                                    tica rassicurante, vincono il buonismo e l’eleganza della forma.
                                                                                                    Ma – ci si domanda – è proprio vero?


                                                                                                    Résumé
                                                                                                    Dans le monde très particulier et très instable des maisons des ventes, auquel reconduire une situa-
                                                                                                    tion internationale de crise existentielle et économico-sociale outre qu’une condition humaine
                                                                                                    hyperexcitée et schizophrénique, l’introduction du thème Authenticité et évaluation de l’état de

                           240
conservation des biens culturels: le marché et les maisons des ventes, dans un cycle consacré à
l’art dans ses différents aspects, concomitamment avec la vaste rétrospective du grand artiste ita-
lien Giorgio Morandi en cours de déroulement à New York au Metropolitan Museum, a semblé signi-
ficatif. Giorgio Morandi vit l’art comme une “pratique du silence”, confiant à ses “natures mortes” la
tâche de “servir de médiateur” avec le monde qui s’étendait au-delà de son studio claustral.
Il peut donc nous enseigner, dans un déplacement de poids et de barycentre, concentration et pon-
dération c’est-à-dire combien il est fondamental, pour évaluer une oeuvre d’art, non seulement selon
des canons subjectifs appuyés sur des aspects esthétiques et des traits stylistiques, mais aussi
selon des recherches objectives de caractère technico-matiériste-conservatif, consentant la consé-
quente évaluation correcte de caractère économico-financier.
La lecture se complètera avec la “Présentation de la revue historico-technique Conservation Science
in Cultural Heritage”, exemple emblématique de la rencontre – synonyme d’intégration et besoin
réciproque – de studieux avec extraction, expérience et compétence culturelles différentes et, quand
même, confluents dans l’affrontement et la résolution de problématiques inhérentes au secteur des
biens culturels.
Ceci – on peut l’imaginer – secoue un peu une certaine situation dans le système américain et, je
dirais, non seulement américain. Dans ce système – fait-on remarquer – la critique sociale manque;
tout doit répondre à une esthétique rassurante, la bonté à tout prix et l’élégance de la forme gagnent.
Mais – on se le demande – est-ce bien vrai?


Zusammenfassung
Es war eine bedeutungsvolle Entscheidung, in der sehr besonderen und extrem instabilen Welt der
Auktionshäuser das folgende Thema einzuführen: Die Authentizität und die Bewertung des
Erhaltungszustands der Kulturgüter: der Markt und die Auktionshäuser, eine Welt, die eine interna-
tionale existentielle und wirtschaftliche – gesellschaftliche Krise und einen menschlichen Zustand der
Überregbarkeit und der Schizophrenie widerspiegelt. Das Thema wurde im Rahmen eines Zyklus
über die verschiedenen Aspekte der Kunst vorgestellt, anlässlich der umfangreichen Retrospektive
des großen italienischen Künstlers Giorgio Morandi, die im Metropolitan Museum in New York zur Zeit
im Gang ist. Giorgio Morandi erlebte die Kunst als “Erfahrung der Stille” und gab seinen “Stillleben”
die Aufgabe, mit der Welt jenseits seiner einsamen und kleinen Arbeitszimmer zu “vermitteln”.
Er kann uns also durch eine Verschiebung des Gewichts und des Schwerpunkts Konzentration und
Gesetztheit lehren, in anderen Worten die Grundlage, um ein Kunstwerk zu bewerten, und nicht nur
aus subjektiven Maßstäben, die sich auf ästhetischen und stilistischen Aspekten stützen, sondern
auch nach objektiven technischen, materiellen und konservativen Untersuchungen, die eine korrek-
te wirtschaftliche – finanzielle Bewertung ermöglichen.
Während der Konferenz wird außerdem die historische – technische Zeitschrift Conservation Science            Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
in Cultural Heritage vorgestellt, ein Synonym für Integration und für das Bedürfnis, miteinander zu
arbeiten. Außerdem ist sie auch ein emblematisches Beispiel für ein Treffen von Wissenschaftlern
verschiedener Abstammung und mit verschiedenen kulturellen Erfahrungen und Kompetenzen, die
aber alle zusammen die Probleme im Bereich der Kulturgüter anpacken und lösen möchten.
Diese- wie man annehmen kann – ist eine Gelegenheit, um viele Menschen in der heutigen Situation
des amerikanischen Systems irgendwie wachzurütteln, aber nicht nur im amerikanischen System. In sol-
chem System fehlt es – wie hingewiesen wird – an gesellschaftlicher Kritik, alles muss mit einer beruhi-
genden Ästhetik übereinstimmen, alles im Namen des Gutmenschentums und der Eleganz der Form.
Aber- man fragt sich- stimmt das wirklich?


Resumen
En el contexto especial e inestable de las casas de subastas, que remite a una situación internacio-
nal de crisis existencial y económico-social, así como a una condición humana hiperexcitada y esqui-
zofrénica, nos ha parecido significativa la introducción del tema Autenticidad y evaluación del estado
de conservación de los bienes culturales: el mercado y las casas de subastas, en un ciclo dedicado

                                                                                                           241
                                                                                                    al arte en sus distintos aspectos, coincidiendo con la amplia retrospectiva del gran artista italiano
                                                                                                    Giorgio Morandi que se está celebrando en el Museo Metropolitano de Nueva York. Giorgio Morandi
                                                                                                    vivió el arte como una “práctica del silencio”, asignando a sus “naturalezas muertas” la finalidad de
                                                                                                    “mediar" con el mundo que se extendía más allá del pequeño estudio en que se enclaustraba.
                                                                                                    Él nos puede enseñar así, en un desplazamiento de peso y de baricentro, concentración y ponde-
                                                                                                    ración, es decir, lo que es fundamental para evaluar una obra de arte, no sólo según los cánones
                                                                                                    subjetivos apoyados en aspectos estéticos y rasgos estilísticos, sino también según estudios obje-
                                                                                                    tivos de carácter técnico-matérico-conservador, permitiendo así la consiguiente evaluación correcta
                                                                                                    de carácter económico financiero.
                                                                                                    La lectura se completará con la “Presentación de la revista histórico-técnica Conservation Science in
                                                                                                    Cultural Heritage”, ejemplo emblemático del encuentro – sinónimo de integración y de necesidad recí-
                                                                                                    proca – de estudiosos de distintas extracciones, experiencias y capacitaciones culturales, que, pese a
S. Lorusso - Authenticity and conservation state of art works: the market and auction houses &...




                                                                                                    ello, confluyen en afrontar y resolver las problemáticas inherentes al sector de los bienes culturales.
                                                                                                    Esto, como se puede imaginar, representa una sacudida para una determinada situación en el sis-
                                                                                                    tema americano y, podríamos decir, no se limita al contexto americano. Un sistema en el que pode-
                                                                                                    mos notar que falta la crítica social: todo debe responder a una estética tranquilizadora donde triun-
                                                                                                    fan la candidez política y la elegancia de la forma.
                                                                                                    Sin embargo, nos preguntamos, ¿es de verdad así?




                                   242
