La sinergia fra scienze umane e scienze sperimentali per la tutela e valorizzazione del patrimonio culturale e ambientale: L’attività di Salvatore Lorusso nella formazione e nella ricerca
10.6092/issn.1973-9494/9949
L’interdisciplinarità e l’internazionalizzazione nel settore dei beni culturali e ambientali rappresentano fondamentali intenti ed obiettivi rivolti alla formazione e alla ricerca. Questi concetti, ormai da diversi anni acquisiti, rappresentano il punto di arrivo della quarantennale attività di Salvatore Lorusso volta alla sinergia fra scienze umane e scienze sperimentali per la tutela e valorizzazione del patrimonio culturale e ambientale. Nel lavoro, oltre che riassumere sommariamente tale attività, si sottolinea come coraggio, perseveranza, creatività hanno condotto all’affermazione oggi imperante di “fare sistema”, per cui l’equazione “habitus e habitat” da teoria si è fatta pratica.
application/pdf
1973-9494
9949
en
Andrea Natali
Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
creativity
The Synergy Between Human Sciences and Experimental Sciences for the Protection and Valorization of Cultural and Environmental Heritage: Salvatore Lorusso’s Activity in Education and Research
Text.Serial.Journal
https://conservation-science.unibo.it/
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Articles
2020-03-18
2019-10-25
2020-03-18
2020-03-18
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CSCH
Andrea Natali
2019
10.6092/issn.1973-9494/9949
29
Conservazione Beni Culturali, Viterbo
1973-9494
creativity
en
68
The Synergy Between Human Sciences and Experimental Sciences for the Protection and Valorization of Cultural and Environmental Heritage: Salvatore Lorusso’s Activity in Education and Research
https://conservation-science.unibo.it/article/download/9949/10601
19
T     E SYNERGY BETWEEN HUMAN SCIENCES AND
     H
     EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCES FOR THE PROTECTION
     AND VALORIZATION OF CULTURAL AND
     ENVIRONMENTAL HERITAGE: SALVATORE LORUSSO’S
     ACTIVITIES IN EDUCATION AND RESEARCH
   Salvatore Lorusso*1
   Former Full Professor Alma Mater University of Bologna, Italy
   Foreign Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences

   With the contribution of Andrea Natali
   Former Adjunct Professor and Research Fellow, University of Bologna, Italy
   Conservazione Beni Culturali, Viterbo, Italy


   Keywords: interdisciplinarity, internationalization, training, research, creativity


   1. Introduction

    Interdisciplinarity and internationalization in the field of cultural and environmental
heritage are fundamental aims and objectives as well as being two of the underlying
ideas in education and research. They also respond to the requirements of competi-
tiveness, growth and innovation in the context of a global economy and culture.
    The complex system of national and international actions and interactions we have
come to know, is rapidly evolving: all stakeholders are offered the opportunity to inter-
vene in defining new scenarios and future processes. It is within this framework that
future financing scenarios are built together with new challenges, new priorities, new
tools and channels.
    These concepts, acquired in the course of many years, represent the culmination
of forty years of activity in the field of education and research in the cultural and envi-
ronmental heritage sector.
    “The road is long, but the journey is a remarkable one!” sang the pilgrims going to
the holy land. And it was just as difficult to convey the message that the conceptual
terms interdisciplinarity, internationalization, training and research represented funda-
mental goals also in the cultural and environmental heritage sector.
    The prelude to this journey, which led to the synergy between human sciences and
experimental sciences for the protection and enhancement of cultural and environ-
mental heritage, involved:
    • the institution of the Ministry for Cultural and Environmental Heritage (with Decree
Law dated December 14, 1974, No. 657, passed as Law 29 Jan. 5, 1975), according
to the dictates of Giovanni Spadolini who claimed that for the protection and enhance-
ment of the cultural and environmental heritage the human sciences and the experi-
mental sciences had to be: “Not two worlds but one world, not two cultures but one
culture for the good of cultural goods”;

*1 Corresponding author: salvatore.lorusso@unibo.it
                                                                                           • the establishment of the first, chronologically speaking, Faculty of Conservation of
                                                                                        Cultural Heritage in the University of Tuscia (1989-1990) by the then Rector of the Uni-
                                                                                        versity of Tuscia (Viterbo) and President of the CRUI (Conference of Italian University
                                                                                        Rectors), Prof. Gian Tommaso Scarascia Mugnozza, who called me to be the one and
                                                                                        only technician among the historians and humanists;
                                                                                           • the institution, in 1997, on the initiative of the then Rector Magnifico of the
                                                                                        University of Bologna Professor Fabio Roversi Monaco and then the Dean of the
                                                                                        second Faculty of Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Prof. Antonio Carile, of the
                                                                                        Department of Histories and Methods for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage
                                                                                        (DISMEC), based in Ravenna, which later became the Department of Cultural Her-
                                                                                        itage (DIB); once again my presence was as the only technician among the histo-
                                                                                        rians and humanists;
                                                                                           • the founding, in 2001, of the historical-technical Journal “Quaderni di Scienza
                                                                                        della Conservazione” (from 2007 renamed “Conservation Science in Cultural Herit-
S. Lorusso, A. Natali - The synergy between human sciences and experimental sciences




                                                                                        age”) at the University of Bologna, with the intent and the objective of representing
                                                                                        a synergistic scientific testimony of the human sciences and of the experimental
                                                                                        sciences for study and research in the field of cultural and environmental heritage.
                                                                                        The Editorial in the first issue of the Journal is emblematic: “The incompleteness
                                                                                        of any culture is its first virtue, because it leaves the door open to encounters, to
                                                                                        interpretations, to the truth”.
                                                                                           These are the salient steps, but not the only ones, of a path that has led over the
                                                                                        years to a vision and awareness of the importance of interdisciplinarity and inter-
                                                                                        nationalization in training and research in the cultural and environmental heritage
                                                                                        sector [1-11].
                                                                                           Below are some tangible examples of my experience in the field of training and
                                                                                        research in this particular sector.


                                                                                          2. Training and education

                                                                                           In the area of training, I would like to mention the two book series “I beni culturali
                                                                                        e l’ambiente” (Pitagora Editrice – Bologna) and “La formazione e la ricerca nel set-
                                                                                        tore dei beni culturali e ambientali” (Mimesis Edizioni, Milano-Udine) of which I am
                                                                                        the founder and Editor-in-Chief, the Master in “Planning and promotion of artistic and
                                                                                        cultural events” that I set up and directed and several significant Study Days that I
                                                                                        organized and conducted.


                                                                                          2.1. Book series “I beni culturali e l’ambiente”

                                                                                           Opened in 1992 the series “I beni culturali e l’ambiente” (Pitagora Editrice, Bo-
                                                                                        logna) is a collection of 11 volumes dealing with issues from the vast and varied
                                                                                        sector of cultural and environmental heritage [12-22] (Figure 1). For each volume
                                                                                        in the series there is an emblematic figure illustrating one of the research themes
                                                                                        dealt with.




                                                                                   30
             Figure 1. The volumes in the book series “I beni culturali e l’ambiente”



   More specifically, the volumes are:

   Le metodologie scientifiche per lo studio dei beni culturali. Diagnosi e val-
utazione tecnico-economica
   The text aims to provide students and scholars with a useful tool to acquire general
knowledge in the field of cultural heritage. It attempts to chart a course and indicate the
objectives that are characteristic of the technical-experimental methodologies used to
support historical-humanistic methodologies for heritage study (Figure 2).




                                                                                                         CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
   The volume is also in French with the title of: “La methodologie scientifique ap-
pliquée à l’etude des biens culturels. Dignostic & évaluation technico – economique
“(EREC Editeur, Paris).




Figure 2. Infrared (IR) image of the painting Orazione di Cristo nell’Orto (Christ praying in the
garden), attributed to Benvenuto Tisi, also known as Il Garofalo. The preparatory drawing is
highlighted.


                                                                                                    31
                                                                                           La contaminazione ambientale e il degrado dei materiali di interesse storico-
                                                                                        artistico
                                                                                           This volume addresses issues related to cultural and environmental heritage and
                                                                                        gives an overview of the studies on the interaction between artifacts and environments
                                                                                        (Figure 3).
                                                                                           The volume is also in French with the title of: “Pollution de l’environment et impact
                                                                                        sur les biens culturels” (EREC Editeur, Paris).
S. Lorusso, A. Natali - The synergy between human sciences and experimental sciences




                                                                                        Figure 3. The Theatre of Marcellus in Rome, one of the research sites in the case study:
                                                                                        “Inquinamento atmosferico e degrado di monumenti e ambienti storico-artistici”



                                                                                            Caratterizzazione, tecnologia e conservazione dei manufatti cartacei
                                                                                            The book deals with the age-old evolution of techniques in the use and application
                                                                                        of materials such as parchment, paper, inks and the conservation and restoration of
                                                                                        library, archival and documentary heritage (Figure 4).




                                                                                                Figure 4. State Archive of Florence, Manuscript 639: illuminated internal pages


                                                                                   32
   Conservazione e trattamento dei materiali costituenti i beni culturali
   The volume describes the characteristics and properties of the materials constitut-
ing the cultural heritage and are related to activities carried out in cultural heritage
conservation (Figure 5).




        Figure 5. Punic terracottas from excavations conducted at Mozia, Trapani, Italy



   Caratterizzazione, tecnologia e conservazione dei manufatti tessili
   The book describes the different types of textile products, highlighting their charac-
teristics and indicating ways to preserve and restore textile heritage (Figure 6).




                                                                                                 CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE




          Figure 6. Wool fibers viewed with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)




                                                                                            33
                                                                                           L’ambiente di conservazione dei beni culturali
                                                                                           The contents of this volume refer to the cultural value of the environment and to
                                                                                        problems relating to outdoor and indoor environments in relation to artifacts whether in
                                                                                        exposed or confined spaces (Figure 7).
S. Lorusso, A. Natali - The synergy between human sciences and experimental sciences




                                                                                        Figure 7. Quantification of Total Suspended Particle (TSP) and fine particles (PM10) by portable
                                                                                        spectrometer



                                                                                           La diagnostica per il controllo del sistema manufatto-ambiente. Alcune appli-
                                                                                        cazioni nel settore dei beni culturali
                                                                                           The volume brings together the research and experiments conducted over the years
                                                                                        with the scientific contribution of many experts, reflecting the long intensive road that
                                                                                        needs to be followed not only for the advancement of research and the methodologies
                                                                                        used, but also for the progression and detailed study of issues related to the conserva-
                                                                                        tion of cultural heritage (Figure 8).




                                                                                                                  Figure 8. Casanatense Library, Rome, Italy




                                                                                   34
    Restauro, manutenzione, conservazione dei beni culturali: materiali, prodotti,
tecniche
    The topics addressed in this volume represent the expression of the skills and expe-
riences which, though varied, nevertheless complement each other within the context
of the multiple and complex problems encountered in the field of restoration (Figure 9).
    The volume is also available in e-book format.




                      Figure 9. Mausoleum of Theodoric, Ravenna, Italy




                                                                                                    CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
   La tutela e la valorizzazione dei manufatti di interesse storico in archeologia
navale
   The topic covers the methodological path which may, in part, relate to any work
of historical and artistic interest and in part address the specific peculiarities typically
found in the field of naval archeology (Figure 10).




                                                                                               35
S. Lorusso, A. Natali - The synergy between human sciences and experimental sciences




                                                                                                   Figure 10. Virtual reconstruction starting from the wreck of the Kyrinia.



                                                                                           Anamnesi storica, indagini analitico-diagnostiche e monitoraggio ambienta-
                                                                                        le: alcuni casi di studio nel settore dei beni culturali
                                                                                           The volume examines case studies related to the conservation and management of
                                                                                        graphic documents, diagnostic investigations and the historical-stylistic evaluation of
                                                                                        several paintings and various problems relating to stone materials and their consolida-
                                                                                        tion (Figure 11).

                                                                                             Il mercato dell’arte e le case d’asta: valutazione diagnostico-analitica e eco-
                                                                                        nomico-finanziaria. L’autentico, il falso, il riprodotto nel settore dei beni culturali
                                                                                             Auction houses have been operating for years in a buy-and-sell market based on
                                                                                        the subjective evaluation of an art work. The book highlights the need to accompany
                                                                                        and complete this subjective evaluation with an objective evaluation employing scien-
                                                                                        tific methodologies and diagnostic-analytical technologies in order to comfirm or refute
                                                                                        the former (Figure 12).




                                                                                   36
Figure 11. Oil painting on wood “Madonna with Child and Saints Jerome and Catherine of Siena”,
Domenico Beccafumi.




                                                                                                      CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE




                    Figure 12. “Gioconda with columns”, private collection




                                                                                                 37
                                                                                           2.2. The book series “La formazione e la ricerca nel settore dei beni culturali
                                                                                           e ambientali”

                                                                                           Launched in 2012, the 3 volumes in the series “La formazione e la ricerca nel setto-
                                                                                        re dei beni culturali e ambientali” (Mimesis Edizioni, Milan, Udine) specifically deal with
                                                                                        the training, research and management of cultural and environmental heritage [23-26 ]
                                                                                        (Figure 13). Here, as before, for each volume in the series, an emblematic figure bears
                                                                                        witness to one of the research themes covered.
S. Lorusso, A. Natali - The synergy between human sciences and experimental sciences




                                                                                        Figure 13. Volumes in the book series “La formazione e la ricerca nel settore dei beni culturali e
                                                                                        ambientali”



                                                                                           The volumes, also in e-book format, include:
                                                                                           I beni culturali e ambientali: formazione e ricerca, interdisciplinarità e inter-
                                                                                        nazionalizzazione
                                                                                           The volume is a collection of presentations given by personalities with different
                                                                                        competences who participated in a number of Study Days. All the presentations fo-
                                                                                        cus on topics that suitably represent a good basis for training in the specific sector
                                                                                        (Figure 14).




                                                                                   38
              Figure 14. National Museum of Castel Sant’Angelo, Rome, Italy

   La gestione del rischio nel settore dei beni culturali: musei, biblioteche, archivi
   Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, this volume addresses problems in man-
aging and controlling the possible risks that trigger deterioration processes in collec-
tions by resolving the root cause of the problem, thus eliminating the need for res-
toration and / or curative treatment of the artifacts (Figure 15). An English version is
available entitled “Risk Management in the Cultural Heritage Sector: Museums,
Libraries, Archives”.




                                                                                                CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE




                         Figure 15. Baldassarre Carrari, “La Pietà”




                                                                                           39
                                                                                            Progettazione e promozione degli eventi artistici e culturali
                                                                                            The volume provides a direct testimony of the educational experience and knowl-
                                                                                        edge acquired by the students of the Master (academic year 2013-2014) in “Planning
                                                                                        and promotion of artistic and cultural events”. Six editions of the Master were com-
                                                                                        pleted at the Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna (Ravenna) and this volume
                                                                                        is a testimony to its success. It includes the reports written by the students during their
                                                                                        various job placements in reference to their “project work”, alongside a selection of
                                                                                        commentaries judged to be the best on conclusion of the Master. The students were
                                                                                        then asked to write about and illustrate their experiences, also following the frequent
                                                                                        and synergic exchanges that took place among the students themselves as well as
                                                                                        with the teachers. (Figure 16).
S. Lorusso, A. Natali - The synergy between human sciences and experimental sciences




                                                                                        Figure 16. Byblos Art Hotel Villa Amistà, Corrubbio di Negarine, Verona, Italy. One of the work
                                                                                        placement locations.



                                                                                           2.3. The Master in “Progettazione e promozione degli eventi artistici e culturali”

                                                                                           The idea for the Master comes from the awareness gained during the many years
                                                                                        of teaching of the limited educational offers the University provides in the practical
                                                                                        training of human resources to draw value from culture (Figure 17). This limit stems
                                                                                        from the fact that:
                                                                                           • there is little dialogue and interaction between University and territory;
                                                                                           • as a result, supply does not match demand;
                                                                                           • consequently, within the labour market training is not a priority.
                                                                                           Added to this are economic problems exacerbated by spending cuts for artistic and
                                                                                        cultural events.
                                                                                           In continuing along a metabolic path of awareness and acculturation, as Severino
                                                                                        Salvemini of the Bocconi University of Milan points out, what is required and today is

                                                                                   40
emerging is “a new concept in the value chain of cultural heritage: making culture is not
aimed at giving but receiving”.
    It starts from the concept that in an immaterial economy, where the value of using
the product or service becomes increasingly less important, what really counts is the
symbolic and evocative value that the experience of the goods and services express
and convey: the substitution of industrial capitalism with cultural capitalism.
    Today, companies, in the various sectors of manufacturing and even credit ser-
vices, alongside economic-business theories relating to productivity and profitability
and aimed at the performance of the manufactured products, produce and sell the
meanings that are given by and incorporated into such products: the finer elements of
cultural production catalyze the “memory” of the product itself and determine “loyalty”
in consumer behavior.
    In the end, in the relationship between culture and economics, we have gone from
planning the spending of residual economic-financial resources on culture, to the cur-
rent situation in which the cultural aspects, meanings, intentions and aims constitute
the fabric and the drive to achieve a full sense of well-being.
    In this regard, the 1st level University Master in “Planning and promotion of artistic
and cultural events” (PPEAC,) opened in the Department of Cultural Heritage of the
Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna (Ravenna) set out to dialogue and cor-
respond with the territorial fabric to form a collaborative relationship to mutually satisfy
their needs. This meant that the institutional function of the University, in other words
its “training”, responded to the needs of both the Cultural and Productive Units.
    The intents and aims pursued to train the professional figures described in the Mas-
ter refer to and draw inspiration from the professional opportunities in both the artistic-
cultural sector and entrepreneurial sector: competitiveness, profitability and reliability
can thus be concepts as well as objectives to strive towards together.
    The specific goal of the Master (which enabled each student to acquire 60 uni-
versity credits) was, therefore, to train all those who, for work reasons or personal




                                                                                                    CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
interest, found themselves either managing, organizing and promoting artistic and
cultural events or participating in one or all of these activities. At the same time it
was directed at those who wished to approach the management, control, enhance-
ment, and promotion of artistic and cultural activities, but did not possess the nec-
essary skills.
    The subject areas covered by the Master include:
    • Analytical, documentary and IT technologies for cultural heritage
    • Performance measurement in cultural and artistic organizations
    • Communication and sociology of cultural events
    • Economics and the arts and events market
    • Regulatory aspects and verification of operational plans
    • Evaluation and creation of value in cultural events
    • Internationalization and fund raising in culture and research
    • Managing a cultural institution
    The important need to dialogue and correspond with the territorial fabric was pro-
vided by the work placements and the integrative seminars given by specialists in the
field and held at appropriatly selected locations. All this was in line with the various
taught subjects and responded to the needs of Cultural (museums, libraries, archives,
superintendencies, cultural centers, etc.) and Productive (banks, industries, compa-
nies, etc.) Units, thus completing the training offered by the Master.


                                                                                               41
S. Lorusso, A. Natali - The synergy between human sciences and experimental sciences




                                                                                                               Figure 17. A detail of the brochure of the Master



                                                                                           2.4. Study days

                                                                                           Below, in chronological order, are some of the Study Days among the many I have
                                                                                        organized and conducted, Study Days that have contributed to increasing awareness
                                                                                        of the importance of interdisciplinarity and of internationalization in training and re-
                                                                                        search in the field of cultural and environmental heritage.
                                                                                           • Il contributo storico-umanistico e tecnico sperimentale nello studio dei beni culturali:
                                                                                        una necessità, una realtà, Società Italiana per il Progresso delle Scienze, Faculty of
                                                                                        Conservation of Cultural Heritage, University of Tuscia (Viterbo), Rome, 7 October 1998.
                                                                                           • Le scienze storiche, giuridiche e tecnico-sperimentali per la conservazione dei
                                                                                        beni culturali, Società Italiana per il Progresso delle Scienze, Exhibition of the Cassa
                                                                                        di Risparmio Foundation, Rimini, 10 May 2005.
                                                                                           • La formazione e il mercato del lavoro nel settore dei beni culturali, Faculty of Pre-
                                                                                        servation of Cultural Heritage Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna Ravenna,
                                                                                        16 November 2005.
                                                                                           • Il Progetto di ricerca industriale e di formazione: “Blu-Archeosys. Tecnologie inno-
                                                                                        vative e SIStemi avanzati a supporto dell’ARCHEOlogia subacquea”, University Con-
                                                                                        sortium of the Province of Trapani, Trapani, 22nd February 2010.
                                                                                           • I volumi della Collana “I Beni Culturali e l’Ambiente”, Accademia Nazionale dei
                                                                                        Lincei, Rome, 11 June 2010.
                                                                                           • La formazione e la ricerca nel settore dei beni culturali e ambientali, Ministry for
                                                                                        Cultural Heritage and Activities, Sala dello Stenditoio, Monumental Complex of San
                                                                                        Michele a Ripa, Rome, 4 March 2011. [23]


                                                                                   42
   • I beni culturali e ambientali: Interdisciplinarità e Internazionalizzazione, Alma Ma-
ter Studiorum University of Bologna, G. Prodi Hall, Monumental Complex of San Gio-
vanni in Monte, Bologna, 5 October 2011. [23]
   • Fra gli eventi, GLI EVENTI, Department of Cultural Heritage, Alma Mater Studio-
rum University of Bologna, Ravenna, 4 July 2013.
   • Expo Milano 2015: l’Italia nel mondo, Department of Cultural Heritage, Alma Mater
Studiorum University of Bologna, Ravenna, 25 March 2015.
   • Memory becomes future, Accademia delle Scienze dell’Istituto di Bologna and
Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Accademia delle Scienze dell’Istituto di Bolo-
gna, Bologna 25-26 October 2016.
   • Scienze Morali e Scienze Fisiche per la tutela e la valorizzazione del patrimonio
culturale e ambientale, Accademia delle Scienze dell’Istituto di Bologna, Bologna, 9
May 2017.


   3. Research

   In the research sector, two aspects are of particular relevance: the Diagnostic Labo-
ratory for Cultural Heritage and the historical-technical Journal “Conservation Science
in Cultural Heritage”.


   3.1. The Diagnostic Laboratory for Cultural Heritage

   The aims pursued by the Department of Cultural Heritage at the Alma Mater Studio-
rum University of Bologna which was established in 1998 as the Department of His-
tories and Methods for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, are linked to what was
already foreseen in 1967 by the Parliamentary Inquiry Commission for the protection




                                                                                                  CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
and enhancement of objects of historical, artistic and landscape interest (Franceschini
Commission) which gave emphasis to the fact that “Cultural heritage is a material tes-
timony of civilization and an instrument of human elevation”.
   The Department was created with the precise aim of offering full support in devel-
oping strategies and methods for the protection and valorization of cultural heritage.
In accordance with the previously mentioned objectives, I founded and set up in the
Department in 1999, a Diagnostic Laboratory for Cultural Heritage, of which I was in
charge until 2015 (Figure 18).
   The Laboratory carries out research and investigations in the field of cultural herit-
age diagnostics and conservation environment using advanced scientific instruments
and has various equipment for the study and control of the system: artifact of histori-
cal-artistic interest – conservation environment – biota (operator, restorer, user). The
equipment can be easily transported in situ, an extremely functional aspect for the
study of different artifacts, particularly when they are immovable.
   Their use makes it possible to deal with the various problems when characterizing
the materials constituting the cultural heritage and assessing their state of conserva-
tion, in addition to analyzing and monitoring macro-and micro-environmental factors
related to the external environments and interiors in which the artifacts are found. This
work represents a preliminary and fundamental step for any subsequent restoration,
maintenance, conservation and / or maintenance of the system.


                                                                                             43
                                                                                           Other research topics with a didactic purpose, and related to artifacts of historical-
                                                                                        artistic, archaeological, archival, book, musical, architectural, demo-ethno-anthropo-
                                                                                        logical interest include:
                                                                                           a. appropriate methodologies and analytical techniques for the characterization of
                                                                                        cultural heritage [27, 12].
                                                                                           b. atmospheric pollution and degradation of monuments and historical-artistic envi-
                                                                                        ronments [28, 13].
                                                                                           c. micro and macroclimatic monitoring in confined environments: Museums, Librar-
                                                                                        ies, Archives [29, 21]
                                                                                           d. artistic diagnostics and verifcation of authenticity [30, 22]
                                                                                           e. evaluating the suitability of products used for the restoration, conservation and
                                                                                        maintenance of cultural heritage [31, 19]
S. Lorusso, A. Natali - The synergy between human sciences and experimental sciences




                                                                                         Figure 18. Diagnostic Laboratory for Cultural Heritage at the University of Bologna (Ravenna)



                                                                                           Change Performing Arts, an international company that organizes artistic and cul-
                                                                                        tural events, together with the Ministry for Cultural Heritage and Activities (MiBAC)
                                                                                        and the Italian National Institute for Foreign Trade (ICE) have indicated the Diag-
                                                                                        nostic Laboratory for Cultural Heritage of Bologna University as an Italian public and
                                                                                        university institute of excellence. Following this particular acknowledgement, as part
                                                                                        of the Shanghai 2010 Universal Exposition, Change Performing Arts, MiBAC and
                                                                                        ICE asked for the results and images linked to the Diagnostic Laboratory’s research
                                                                                        activities in order to create a video-installation representing the city over time. The
                                                                                        work was entrusted by the ICE to Change Performing Arts S.r.l. of Milan and was
                                                                                        directed by Peter Greenaway.




                                                                                   44
   3.2. The historical-technical Journal “Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage”

    It was with dedication and enthusiasm and with the intent of launching an idea that
proposed ways and means to inform and train readers that the Journal was opened.
It was initially called: “Quaderni di Scienza della Conservazione”, in fond memory of
“Quaderni di Merceologia”, the journal set up during my years of training with Prof.
Walter Ciusa at the Institute of Commodity Science at the University of Bologna. Its
focus was on young people, who in a subsequent tomorrow, would give meaning to our
efforts and feel encouraged to improve it.
    Looking beyond the medium to long term, the efforts made to start the Journal off
on its journey, by planting the seeds for a future that was uncertain, but which today
has become a certainty and a much sought-after goal, have convinced the media and
the international market. Consequently, there was the almost immediate need for new
space for the Journal to grow, so in 2005 with AlmaDL (University of Bologna) the
Journal’s official website was opened and became available online as well as in hard
copy. In 2007, it was renamed “Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage” (Figure 19).
    The Journal’s peculiarity and achievements in the world of scientific information are
described below. Its distinct features lie in two conceptual terms: interdisciplinarity and
internationalization.
    As a historical-technical Journal, it publishes research, studies, experimental con-
tributions, thematic collections, in addition to conference proceedings and seminars
involving complex diversified interdisciplinary issues related to cultural and environ-
mental heritage. In this regard, all submissions are evaluated following a “double blind
peer review” procedure by Qualified Reviewers.
    From the point of view of internationalization, it can be said that the value of cul-
tural and environmental assets is not necessarily attributable to a specific place or
region or country, its value goes beyond both spatial and temporal limits. As such,
the international vision and mission of the Journal is illustrated in the contents repre-




                                                                                                   CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
sented by the authors in the published articles, representative of a reality that goes
beyond any boundaries.
    The Journal has thus achieved over the years, from 2001 to 2018, with annual publi-
cations, various acknowledgements and certification, having been officially included in
international databases and prestigious aggregators such as: ESCI (Emerging Sourc-
es Citation Index – Journal List) Web of Science, EBSCO (Elton Bryson Stephens
Company), DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals), ERIH-PLUS (the European
Reference Index for the Humanities and Social Sciences), SPARC (Scholarly Pub-
lishing and Academic Resources Coalition), ANVUR (National Evaluation Agency for
University and Research in Italy).
    Opened at the University of Bologna, the Journal’s structure embraces Universities,
Academies, Study Centers, Ministries, Research Centers, both nationally and interna-
tionally, while the Scientific Board comprises prestigious members representing the var-
ious historical, humanistic, technical and scientific areas as well as experimental, socio-
juridical, economic-managerial ones. Pragmatic and creative, through its 18 years the
Journal has formed a vast collection of papers and is always ready to add new works
from all parts of the globe, while continuing a program aimed at discussing and deal-
ing with the most current issues in the cultural and environmental heritage sector. The
editorial aspect is also a precious element within the artistic context in a broad sense
and in a style that is new and clear and has influenced the intercontinental readership.


                                                                                              45
                                                                                            The Journal has moreover responded to another concept that permeates its work,
                                                                                        that of “creativity” synonymous with “innovation” and, at the same time, “usefulness”,
                                                                                        carrying out its function with its “habitus” not only attributable to its history of intense
                                                                                        activity, but also to its continuing ‘allure’ of dealing with topical themes.
                                                                                            It is a way of indicating that the world of scientific publishing, particularly the one re-
                                                                                        lating to the cultural and environmental heritage sector, is not just a vehicle for recount-
                                                                                        ing, preserving and valorizing the past, but also for reflecting on the cultural and social
                                                                                        changes that are offered for reading: education, therefore, as a process of synthesis
                                                                                        in training and experience.
                                                                                            This has meant that a network has been created leading to a synergy between the
                                                                                        various skills and institutions that has constituted an added value and in turn has con-
                                                                                        tributed to the acceptance and dissemination of the Journal.
                                                                                            The Journal has thus satisfied the need for a network building capability and from
                                                                                        theory has become practice. This has allowed the initial intent to become a tangible
S. Lorusso, A. Natali - The synergy between human sciences and experimental sciences




                                                                                        reality through its annual publication over the last eighteen years and to achieve those
                                                                                        objectives:
                                                                                            • of a scientific nature, related to the use of the correct scientific methodologies;
                                                                                            • of an institutional nature, promoting the coordination, progress and dissemination
                                                                                        of the sciences and their application in the cultural and environmental heritage sector;
                                                                                            • of a cultural nature, carrying out a social and educational function;
                                                                                            • of a communicational nature: the “quality” of the information must reflect the “truth”
                                                                                        of science and the “clarity” of communication.
                                                                                            In the field of internationally recognized organizations considered as reference
                                                                                        points for the evaluation and quality control of scientific journals, the Journal’s indexing
                                                                                        in Clarivate Analytics’ ESCI has led to improving its visibility and contributed to accel-
                                                                                        erating communication within the scientific community. This picture testifies to the role
                                                                                        of “Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage” in the field of training and research and
                                                                                        is a mark of quality as well as a valuable asset for authors.


                                                                                           4. Conclusion

                                                                                           Over the years my intention has always been to correspond with colleagues and
                                                                                        students to exchange experiences and opinions and to offer my knowledge, as well as
                                                                                        to understand what is really needed to achieve a common goal that can be scientifi-
                                                                                        cally and humanly shared.
                                                                                           But “courage” was needed to accomplish this, which meant daring, resisting and
                                                                                        confronting circumstances and situations. It is only human to be gripped by a fear that
                                                                                        may become doubt and even lead one to make mistakes, but at the same time may be
                                                                                        considered audacity or even imprudence.
                                                                                           There is no doubt, however, that it takes courage to recognize when there are
                                                                                        adverse circumstances and when errors have been made, as well as acknowledg-
                                                                                        ing when perseverance and audacity are useless or even harmful, but it is equally
                                                                                        true that courage is needed to be innovative and to challenge habits, prejudices and
                                                                                        conventions.
                                                                                           Courage, perseverance and creativity have led over time to the synergy of the vari-
                                                                                        ous skills and institutions involved in the various activities carried out, creating a circuit
                                                                                        between various realities, which has constituted added value. In this way, as previously


                                                                                   46
pointed out, it answers today’s prevailing affirmation and wish to increase cooperation,
create partnerships and promote interaction between all the stakeholders (network
building), so that the equation “habitus “and “habitat”, from being only a theory, is ef-
fectively put into practice.




                                                                                                     CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE

                                 Figure 19. Journal cover N.18



      References

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[3]     Lorusso S., Carbonara G., Gentile M.T., (2002) Il restauro architettonico: le diverse
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[4]     Lorusso S., Vandini M., Laterna G., Lesniakova P., Toreno G., Matteucci C., Pin-
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                                                                                                47
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                                                                                               stanzialmente e formalmente uniti: alcuni casi di studio. In: Scienza e patrimonio
                                                                                               culturale nel mediterraneo. Diagnostica e conservazione, esperienze e proposte
                                                                                               per una carta del rischio. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on “La
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                                                                                               Greece by the Athens Institute for Education and Research. ISSN: 2241-2891
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                                                                                               lo studio dei beni culturali. Diagnosi e valutazione tecnico-economica, Bologna,
                                                                                               Pitagora Editrice (1st Edition, Bulzoni, Roma, 1992)
                                                                                               La méthodologie scientifique appliquée à l’étude des biens culturels. Diagnostic
                                                                                               et Evaluation tecnico-économique, traduction et adaptation par M. Stefanaggi,
                                                                                               E.R.E.C. Editeur, Paris, 1995.
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                                                                                               ambientale e il degrado dei materiali di interesse storico-artistico, Ed. Bulzoni,
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                                                                                               Paris, 1999.
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                                                                                               1995)
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                                                                                               ora Editrice.


                                                                                   48
[17] Lorusso S., Gallotti L. (2006) (2nd Edition), Caratterizzazione tecnologia e con-
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     Italiana per il Progresso delle Scienze, Roma, 2000)
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     Manufatto-Ambiente. Alcune applicazioni nel settore dei beni culturali, Bologna,
     Pitagora Editrice. (1st Edition, Longo, Ravenna, 1998).
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                                                                                                        CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
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[31] Lorusso S., (1994) Idoneità dei prodotti impiegati per il restauro, la con-
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     d’Italia, 2, 61-73.


   Biographical notes

  Salvatore Lorusso is a former full Professor of the University of Bologna. He is
Foreign Member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences; Emeritus Professor


                                                                                                   49
                                                                                        of the Cultural Heritage Institute of Zhejiang University, China; former Visiting Pro-
                                                                                        fessor of the Academy of Social Science of Zhejiang University, China; Visiting Pro-
                                                                                        fessor of the Faculty of Arts, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia; former
                                                                                        Vice-president and now, a Councilor of the Società Italiana per il Progresso delle
                                                                                        Scienze (SIPS-established in 1839). Direttore Generale of the Accademia della
                                                                                        Cultura Enogastronomica. His biography appears in the 2016 Marquis Edition of
                                                                                        Who’s Who in the World. He is the founder and director of two book series relating
                                                                                        to the specific issues pertaining to the sector of cultural and environmental herit-
                                                                                        age. He is the author of over 430 publications in national and international journals
                                                                                        and of 22 volumes and monographs covering commodity science, cultural heritage
                                                                                        and environment. In 1997, he founded the Diagnostic Laboratory for Cultural Herit-
                                                                                        age at the Ravenna Campus of the University of Bologna and remained head of the
                                                                                        Laboratory for eighteen years. In 2001, he founded, and is Editor-in-Chief of, the
                                                                                        historical-technical Journal “Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage”. His scien-
S. Lorusso, A. Natali - The synergy between human sciences and experimental sciences




                                                                                        tific work deals mainly with the study of the “system-artifact-environment-biota” and
                                                                                        diagnostic, analytical, technical and economic evaluation within the context of the
                                                                                        protection and valorization of cultural and environmental heritage.

                                                                                           Andrea Natali carries out research, teaching and consulting activities in the field
                                                                                        of “Conservation of Cultural Heritage”. He graduated in “Conservation of cultural herit-
                                                                                        age” at the University of Tuscia; received two research grants from the Department of
                                                                                        Cultural Heritage of the University of Bologna; has a Master in “Community Narrators”
                                                                                        at the University of Tuscia (Viterbo). He is the owner of the company, Andrea Natali
                                                                                        “Conservazione Beni Culturali”. He has carried out teaching activities in University
                                                                                        Courses and Masters and done research in the fields of conservation, restoration,
                                                                                        artistic diagnostics, authentication of works of art, management and enhancement of
                                                                                        cultural and landscape heritage, planning and promotion of artistic and cultural events.
                                                                                        He is a mediator / conciliator and expert of the Arbitration Chamber for public con-
                                                                                        tracts with ANAC (Anti-corruption Authority). He is the author and co-author of over
                                                                                        60 publications in the field of conservation and valorization of cultural and landscape
                                                                                        heritage. He has been a speaker at over 60 national and international conventions and
                                                                                        conferences.


                                                                                           Summary
                                                                                           Interdisciplinarity and internationalization in the field of cultural and environmental
                                                                                        heritage represent two fundamental concepts and objectives in the field of academic
                                                                                        training and research. These are the concepts and objectives achieved in the forty
                                                                                        years of activity of Salvatore Lorusso and represent the culmination of his long experi-
                                                                                        ence, which has been directed at creating a synergy between the human sciences and
                                                                                        experimental sciences for the protection and enhancement of cultural and environ-
                                                                                        mental heritage. In this paper, as well as providing a brief summary of this activity, em-
                                                                                        phasis is placed on how courage, perseverance and creativity have led to the current
                                                                                        assertion to ‘build networks’ between stakeholders and players, so that the equation
                                                                                        “habitus e habitat” from theory has become reality.




                                                                                   50
