10.48255/1973-9494.JCSCH.21.2021.02
Le iniziative di gestione del patrimonio spesso si concentrano sulla riduzione al minimo dell’interferenza umana, un approccio che spesso si traduce in ostacoli per gli investitori. Le tecnologie intelligenti sono un aspetto emergente che fornisce una soluzione a tali ostacoli. Tuttavia, il mondo accademico e i ricercatori si concentrano sulle possibilità future e sugli aspetti tecnici delle tecnologie intelligenti, come nelle città intelligenti, senza affrontare il modo in cui la tecnologia intelligente esistente può ridurre gli impatti negativi degli ostacoli alla gestione del patrimonio legati agli investitori e a tutte le parti interessate. Questo studio esamina gli ostacoli per la gestione del patrimonio e le possibilità di utilizzare l’attuale tecnologia intelligente per sradicarli. Alcuni degli ostacoli per gli investitori riguardano vincoli finanziari, la tendenza a vedere i siti del patrimonio come ostacoli alla crescita economica e l’esclusione delle comunità locali dal processo decisionale relativo alle politiche di conservazione del patrimonio. Lo studio esamina la gestione del patrimonio per rivelare gli ostacoli all’adozione con successo della tecnologia intelligente per la gestione del patrimonio architettonico. La ricerca mette a confronto vari risultati accademici e un progetto di ricerca che facilita un’analisi ricca e approfondita del problema in questione. I risultati dello studio indicano che l’esclusione delle comunità locali e dei punti di vista delle diverse parti interessate sono alcuni dei principali ostacoli alla gestione del patrimonio. Telefoni cellulari, Internet, personal computer, trasferimenti di fondi elettronici e media digitali sono già disponibili per ridurre al minimo i suddetti ostacoli. Lo studio conclude che il coinvolgimento di tutte le parti interessate rappresenta un problema significativo nella gestione del patrimonio costruito, sebbene le tecnologie intelligenti standard possano ridurre gli ostacoli.
application/pdf
1973-9494
15243
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Jawdat S. Goussous
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
management
The use of smart technologies to address stakeholder-related barriers in heritage management
Text.Serial.Journal
https://conservation-science.unibo.it/
21
Articles
2022-08-02
2022-07-19
2022-08-02
2022-08-02
83-94
CSCH
Jawdat S. Goussous
2021
10.48255/1973-9494.JCSCH.21.2021.02
83
The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
1973-9494
management
en
94
The use of smart technologies to address stakeholder-related barriers in heritage management
https://conservation-science.unibo.it/article/download/15243/14459
21
T    HE USE OF SMART TECHNOLOGIES TO ADDRESS
     STAKEHOLDER-RELATED BARRIERS IN HERITAGE
     MANAGEMENT

   Jawdat S. Goussous *    1




   The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan

   Keywords: technology, cultural heritage, stakeholder-related barriers, management.

   DOI: 10.48255/1973-9494.JCSCH.21.2021.02



   1. Introduction

    Smart technology and heritage management are expanding fields with numerous
opportunities for researchers to consider different domains for exploiting the available
smart objects. Heritage management is the process of identifying and protecting cultur-
al heritage within public interest [1]. Moreover, a growing population of end-users, in-
cluding non-technical individuals, are embracing smart technologies to serve other pur-
poses. By definition, smart technologies refer to technology that relies on big data
analysis, machine learning and artificial intelligence for the cognitive awareness of orig-
inally inanimate objects [2]. In addition, smart objects refer to things that augment inter-
action with people and other objects. Stakeholder-related barriers to heritage manage-
ment refer to hindrances to heritage management resulting from various challenges
among parties interested in cultural heritage sites and those stakeholders who may be
affected by its conservation or destruction.
    Heritage management is among the most promising sectors for adopting smart
technology. It fosters a smart experience by providing visitors with a cultural heritage
context in which they can interact with smart objects within the environment. However,
the importance of stakeholders, such as local communities among others, in building
heritage management, cannot be downplayed [3]. Nevertheless, stakeholder-related
barriers exist. They can include financial constraints, the tendency to see heritage sites
as hindrances to economic growth, and the exclusion of surrounding communities from
the decision-making concerning heritage conservation policies [3]. Thus, despite smart
technologies, stakeholders face significant barriers to heritage management efforts as
they find difficulty in facilitating the seamless management of heritage buildings. The
solution lies in the existing smart technologies.
    The main objective of the present study is to identify ways of using existing smart
technologies to minimize stakeholder-related barriers to architectural heritage man-
agement and to identify patterns in using existing smart technologies to reduce said
barriers. The study is organized as follows. First, it identifies and explains the stake-
holder-related obstacles to the successful management of built heritage. Second, it de-
scribes and analyzes some of the typical smart technologies that can be considered an
immediate solution to stakeholder-related barriers to heritage management. Finally, it
discusses ways how existing smart technologies can solve the problems regarding
stakeholder-related architectural barriers.


   * Corresponding author: J_goussous@ju.edu.jo
                                                                                                                       2. Heritage management problems

                                                                                                                        Scholars of the existing literature in architectural heritage management investigate
                                                                                                                    the challenges resulting from different barriers that hinder the successful management
                                                                                                                    of heritage buildings. Corsale & Vuytsyk contribute to the heritage management litera-
                                                                                                                    ture by explaining cultural commodification risks that may ensue when heritage selec-
                                                                                                                    tors display their discourse in various multi-ethnic contexts [4]. Lviv, Ukraine, is the
Jawdat S. Goussous - The use of smart technologies to address stakeholder-related barriers in heritage management




                                                                                                                    case used to present the specific theme of Jewish heritage tourism by interviewing key
                                                                                                                    stakeholders to cross-analyze multiple approaches and viewpoints [4]. The study dealt
                                                                                                                    with memories of an ethnic group that was left out, despite its influence and contribu-
                                                                                                                    tion to the development and management of architectural heritage.
                                                                                                                        “The risk of heritagization processes to paradoxically exclude the communities who
                                                                                                                    created and ran that heritage in the past but is discussed through the reactions, per-
                                                                                                                    ceptions, and suggestions of the various groups involved” [4], explains how local com-
                                                                                                                    munities’ participation may be hampered by external barriers like ethnic discrimination,
                                                                                                                    the heavy presence of tour operators from other nations, a negligible tourism experi-
                                                                                                                    ence, and financial constraints [4]. The study ultimately highlights the paradoxical ex-
                                                                                                                    clusion of communities involved in creating and managing architectural heritage as
                                                                                                                    one of the potential barriers to heritage management.
                                                                                                                        Amar et al. further studied the perceived motivations and barriers to conserving
                                                                                                                    heritage buildings in Australia. The study recognized stakeholders as significant built
                                                                                                                    heritage management drivers [5], but often have diverse, eclectic views when it comes
                                                                                                                    to the management of World Heritage Sites. The study aimed to draw stakeholders
                                                                                                                    from related fields and understand their opinions on issues hindering heritage man-
                                                                                                                    agement by identifying factors motivating the management of architectural heritage in
                                                                                                                    Australia [5]. A qualitative design was used in the research, which conducted two focus
                                                                                                                    groups with key informants from Australia’s heritage industry who were purposefully
                                                                                                                    selected, in New South Wales and Queensland.
                                                                                                                        Amar et al. present stakeholders’ interests in managing architectural heritage and
                                                                                                                    their views on adopting conservation guidelines and measures in Australia’s architec-
                                                                                                                    tural heritage sector [5]. The study reveals that the participants’ interdisciplinary back-
                                                                                                                    grounds influence their opinions [5]. Hence, the literature further explains the motiva-
                                                                                                                    tors of heritage management and its barriers, besides exploring their policy implications
                                                                                                                    in Australian architectural heritage management. The scholars based their studies on
                                                                                                                    the key informants’ views. Therefore, from the implications and the analysis of the re-
                                                                                                                    search, it appears that the stakeholders’ varied familiarity and interests lead to theoret-
                                                                                                                    ically influential and inclusive viewpoints.


                                                                                                                       3. Stakeholder-related heritage management problems

                                                                                                                       3.1. Exclusion of local communities

                                                                                                                        The first barrier to heritage management efforts is excluding local communities in
                                                                                                                    various heritage management efforts [4]. To manage built heritage, multiple organiza-
                                                                                                                    tions and efforts mainly focus on minimizing human influence even though such areas
                                                                                                                    also face several crises. The long-term viability of built heritage relies on the integrity
                                                                                                                    of intricate processes stretching beyond the existing geographical boundaries [4]. In-
                                                                                                                    corporating multiple-use habitats where wildlife and people live is an essential step to-


                                                                                                84
wards efficient landscape-level heritage management. Therefore, the failure of tradi-
tionally built heritage management efforts results from their design, which excludes the
human population due to the continued lack of initiatives to foster the active involve-
ment of local communities.
    The exclusion of local communities is a barrier to successful heritage management
as it leads to the degradation of heritage buildings resulting from a general unsupport-
ive attitude towards any action [6]. Underlying principles, theories, and explanations
about integrating heritage management and development fuel serious debates at nu-
merous levels although researchers have not fully explored the evidence of its suc-
cessful implementation. Hence, the continued occurrence of significant diversity in her-
itage buildings that involve people from different ethnic backgrounds indicates the
intimate interconnection between heritage management and poverty eradication.
Therefore, heritage management initiatives need to simultaneously address the two
challenges to achieve durable and tangible outcomes.
    The problem significantly arises from the vague and elusive definition of the word
“community”. The most useful definition of a community is its description of a group of
individuals with shared interests or a geographical area [6]. A geographical definition
leads to a community’s description as a group of citizens residing in a given locality.
Contrarily, while considering common interests, the business sector often represents a
local community by focusing on economic factors.


   3.2. Diverse views of stakeholders

     The literature review reveals that the diverse approach of various stakeholders hin-
ders the successful management of built heritage. Heritage management is a fragment-
ed initiative requiring stakeholders to collaborate and coordinate during planning even
though they have diverse interests [7]. Successful heritage management planning ma-




                                                                                                     CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
jorly depends on stakeholders’ ability to cooperate and adopt sustainable heritage man-
agement programs. Hence, the adoption of a collaborative plan is necessary as it identi-
fies and legitimizes each potential stakeholder. The task of identifying stakeholders
proves to be problematic in heritage sites without collectively organized heritage man-
agement interests. The main aim should be to involve every stakeholder who may be af-
fected by the proposed heritage management initiative. Indeed, ensuring that all stake-
holders’ interests are brought together is critical during the initial stages of implementing
a collaborative heritage management plan [8]. Complications further arise when it comes
to the stakeholders involved in representing the local community in such initiatives.
     A stakeholder is an individual or a group with the capacity and the right to participate
in any given process [8]. Therefore, stakeholders in heritage management include indi-
viduals who experience the impacts of management efforts, and whose input should be
considered. In this context, the heritage management stakeholders consist of everyone
who may experience positive or negative impacts of the management efforts. Stake-
holder involvement reduces possible struggles between the local community and heri-
tage management organizations through the former’s participation in shaping the devel-
opment of the heritage management plan. Collaboration also fosters a means of
ensuring that all interested factions participate in decision-making processes [7]. This
can be achieved by enabling stakeholders to enjoy shared ownership by enhancing
their awareness of important issues and being responsible for various activities during
the management of historical sites.


                                                                                                85
                                                                                                                       4. Smart technologies

                                                                                                                         Smart cities are an integral emerging concept representing the advanced adoption
                                                                                                                    of smart technologies, which can also aid architectural heritage management. Accord-
                                                                                                                    ingly, Mohanty et al. introduce the idea in a study that familiarizes scholars with a wide
                                                                                                                    range of possible research in the domain of smart cities [9]. The research highlights
                                                                                                                    that smart technology is a vital component of smart cities. Smart healthcare, smart in-
Jawdat S. Goussous - The use of smart technologies to address stakeholder-related barriers in heritage management




                                                                                                                    frastructures, smart energy, and smart transportation are other crucial components of
                                                                                                                    the concept resulting from the availability of smart technology options [9]. The develop-
                                                                                                                    ment of smart cities and their subsequent efficiency depends on these components.
                                                                                                                    Thanks to information and communication technology (ICT), the transformation of ar-
                                                                                                                    chitectural heritage into smart cities is possible, because smart technologies can aid in
                                                                                                                    redesigning heritage buildings to optimize the relationship among their structures,
                                                                                                                    management, systems and services [9]. The response and efficient nature of smart cit-
                                                                                                                    ies depends on the closely related Big Data (BD) and the Internet of Things (IoT).
                                                                                                                         Furthermore, existing smart technology has developed significantly, indicating its
                                                                                                                    maturity to allow individuals to build smart cities. However, “there is much needed in
                                                                                                                    terms of physical infrastructure to build a smart city, the digital technologies translate
                                                                                                                    into better public services for inhabitants and better use of resources while reducing
                                                                                                                    environmental impacts” [9]. The study also provides formal descriptions. One of them
                                                                                                                    is that a smart city connects physical, information technology, business, and social in-
                                                                                                                    frastructures to enable the city to attain its optimum intelligence levels [9]. Hence, cit-
                                                                                                                    ies can be smart by combining the various components of a smart city. All the features
                                                                                                                    jointly make a city smart. The study finalizes by reporting that the available smart tech-
                                                                                                                    nology and cost determine the implementation of various smart components in the city.
                                                                                                                         Borda & Bowen also explored smart technology by reviewing milestones and future
                                                                                                                    cultural heritage possibilities [10]. The study focuses on a cross-sectional review of
                                                                                                                    various smart city developments worldwide and their consequences on architectural
                                                                                                                    heritage management. Figure 1 shows the use of different spatial data, including data
                                                                                                                    from 3D models and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), in the documentation of
                                                                                                                    Ethiopia’s House of Abbot Libanos according to the website developed for the Zimani




                                                                                                                            Figure 1. Navigable computer 3D model of Ethiopia’s Beta Abba Libanos [10].


                                                                                                 86
Project. The paper mainly assessed selected heritage management case studies and
explored existing visualization platforms and smart technologies. The findings showed
a specific combination of current challenges in the adoption of smart technologies.
They provided an opportunity to help researchers discover the possibilities of adopting
smart architectural heritage management in the future.
     Cleveland Museum of Art (CMA) is an example of one of the many smart technol-
ogies used in heritage management. Smart technology facilitated the development of
a digital collection wall measuring 5 feet by 40 feet.
     The MultiTile system known as The Collection Wall, allows the thematic and re-
al-time exploration of CMA’s digital collections by multiple users [11]. Smart technolo-
gy facilitates frequent updates of The Wall with new exhibitions and high-resolution im-
ages. Figure 2 shows the image of The Collection Wall in use at the Cleveland Museum
of Art in 2017. The CMA also developed the ArtLens App to enable people to mark as
“favorite” the desired artwork while on or off the museum site [11]. such technologies
show how the early adoption of mobile technology in the heritage management sector,
to support and manage users, can enhance and improve the visitor experience. There-
fore, smart technology can aid in the realization of smart heritage by providing and of-
fering innovative frontiers to curate historical narratives and heritage experiences.
     Finally, the Internet of Things (IoT) is another evolving technology that scholars
synonymously associate with smart cities. The technology is not yet fully operational to
foster smart architectural heritage management. However, IoT can underpin various
services that may adopt smart heritage management approaches [12]. Hence, ArtLens
App and The Collection Wall are some of the key architected features supported by
mobile devices and sensors developed due to IoT smart technology.
     Built heritage is vulnerable to modern pathological effects resulting from a progres-
sive transformation, industrialization, and urbanization that can completely change the
landscape of various cities. Natural phenomena like floods and earthquakes also sig-
nificantly impact strategic areas due to the seriousness and heterogeneity of activities
and the quick transformation of such spaces. The literature reveals some hurdles that




                                                                                                  CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
hinder the successful management of built heritage like stakeholders’ communication
and financial challenges that smart technologies can eliminate. Therefore, smart tech-
nologies can enable stakeholders to minimize architectural heritage management bar-
riers resulting from technological hitches.




      Figure 2. Image of the Collection Wall in the Cleveland Museum of Art in 2017 [10].


                                                                                             87
                                                                                                                       5. Smart technologies in heritage management

                                                                                                                         Furthermore, it also emerged that many smarter technologies have emerged since
                                                                                                                    the 1950s, thereby increasing the difficulty of listing all of them [13]. However, some
                                                                                                                    technologies have significantly contributed to revolutionizing the way people live. The
                                                                                                                    following are some of the smart tools for minimizing stakeholder-related barriers to her-
                                                                                                                    itage management.
Jawdat S. Goussous - The use of smart technologies to address stakeholder-related barriers in heritage management




                                                                                                                       5.1. The Internet

                                                                                                                        The study revealed that the Internet is the crucial smart technology that minimizes
                                                                                                                    stakeholder-related barriers to heritage management [14]. The Internet has a unique
                                                                                                                    strength that makes it a formidable force behind smart approaches, including smart cit-
                                                                                                                    ies. The Internet is the unruliest and the most extensive library globally [14]. It also
                                                                                                                    serves as a multimedia kiosk, research archive, town hall, social club, shopping ser-
                                                                                                                    vice, and international news channel.


                                                                                                                       5.2. Digital media

                                                                                                                        Digital media is another smart technology that can minimize stakeholder-related bar-
                                                                                                                    riers to the management of built heritage. Digitized media like pictures, text, movies and
                                                                                                                    audio, enable people to use their mouse and keyboards to edit reality [15]. This provides
                                                                                                                    an easy means of fixing blemishes in photos, bad notes in songs, and overcast scenes
                                                                                                                    in movies. Figure 3 below shows images of some digital media that allow the free copy-
                                                                                                                    ing of media, permanent storage without fading, and seamless sharing across the world.




                                                                                                                                         Figure 3. Images of some of the digital media [16].


                                                                                                 88
    5.3. Mobile phones

    A mobile phone is another common smart technology. Cellular phones emerged
in 1947, although Martin Cooper, in Figure 4, working with Motorola, was the first re-
searcher to make the first cellphone call in 1973. Cooper tested the new phone outside
Manhattan by ringing up his rival, AT&T Bell Labs [17-18].
    Mobile phone ownership has grown exponentially in recent years, as Pew Research
Center reports that over 5 billion individuals in the world own mobile devices [19].




Figure 4. Image of Martin Cooper, Motorola’s first researcher who made the first call in 1973 [20].


    5.4. Electronic funds transfer (EFT)




                                                                                                           CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
  EFT facilitates the transfer of money between accounts. The accounts where the
money is being transferred can be from the same, or different financial institutions [21].




                      Figure 5. Images of the most popular e-wallets [22].


                                                                                                      89
                                                                                                                    A computerized network electronically facilitates the transfer of funds. Electronic bank-
                                                                                                                    ing is another name used to denote EFT since it allows people to move money without
                                                                                                                    paperwork. Figure 5 shows some of the most popular e-wallets that facilitate EFT.
                                                                                                                    Smart technology supports various payment types, including ATMs, direct deposits,
                                                                                                                    PC banking, debit cards, and wire transfers.
Jawdat S. Goussous - The use of smart technologies to address stakeholder-related barriers in heritage management




                                                                                                                       5.5. Personal computers

                                                                                                                        Personal computers (PCs) are also critical digital technologies designed to be used
                                                                                                                    by one individual at a time. Typically, a PC’s assembly consists of the control, arithmetic,
                                                                                                                    and logic circuitry of a computer, which forms the central processing unit (CPU) [17]. The
                                                                                                                    second component of a PC is the computer’s main memory, known as random-access
                                                                                                                    memory (RAM), alongside read-only memory (ROM), which includes an auxiliary mem-
                                                                                                                    ory, such as hard disks and DVD-ROMs, memory sticks, flash drives, USBs, and other
                                                                                                                    technologies. The personal computer’s final component consists of input and output de-
                                                                                                                    vices like a mouse, display screen, printer, modem, and keyboard, as shown in Figure 6.




                                                                                                                                            Figure 6. Parts of a Personal Computer [23].



                                                                                                                       6. Smart technologies-based solutions to stakeholder-related problems of
                                                                                                                          heritage management

                                                                                                                        The review of various built heritage management literature reveals a gap in the study
                                                                                                                    of how common smart technologies can reduce stakeholder-related barriers to heritage
                                                                                                                    management. Smart technologies can minimize the issue of excluding local communi-
                                                                                                                    ties in the planning of heritage management. The diverse views of stakeholders are also
                                                                                                                    an integral hindrance to the management of architectural heritage. However, some com-
                                                                                                                    mon smart technologies can play a significant role in reducing such barriers.


                                                                                               90
     The internet is the first common technology to eradicate local communities’ exclusion
from heritage management planning [14]. One of the main reasons for the local commu-
nity’s exclusion is the lack of information or knowledge about their role in managing built
heritage. However, the internet provides a solution to this problem by endlessly supply-
ing information and allowing people to learn about the essence of their participation in
heritage management. Also, digital media solves the stakeholder-related barriers to her-
itage management by empowering people and facilitating social interaction. As a result,
collaboration can be achieved due to people’s connection in numerous ways by reduc-
ing certain barriers like distance and time that may hinder collaboration [15]. Therefore,
digital media can enhance stakeholders’ understanding from diverse ideological, reli-
gious, social, political, cultural, and economic backgrounds.
     Personal computers can further eradicate stakeholder-related barriers to architec-
tural heritage management. Smart technology can enable stakeholders in heritage
management to communicate, educate, and entertain all kinds of users. PCs can allow
end-users to learn about the built heritage and have fun while interacting with shared
files [17]. Similarly, mobile phones may also come in handy in minimizing stakehold-
er-related heritage management due to their ability to foster collaboration. Mobile
phones can help stakeholders to reduce the possibility of hindering management ef-
forts due to a lack of information [19]. Phones may also be used to send reminders,
participate in video calls, and do research, all of which foster collaboration. Finally, EFT
can also reduce heritage management barriers resulting from stakeholders by reduc-
ing financial constraints that may limit management efforts.


   7. Conclusion

     Stakeholders present a significant challenge in managing built heritage due to the
positive and negative impact of such initiatives on their normal operations. However,




                                                                                                    CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
the use of common smart technologies can minimize barriers. The management of ar-
chitectural built heritage is a field that has been under investigation, especially due to
traditional challenges and the advent of smart technologies. Heritage management
should be a joint venture involving all stakeholders to reduce the possible challenges
arising in multi-ethnic contexts where heritage selectors display their discourse. Stake-
holders have diverse viewpoints on their participation and contribution to the manage-
ment of heritage buildings. Therefore, it is important for organizations taking part in
heritage management to consider all stakeholders’ opposing and supporting views.
     Smart technology is the driving force behind smart cities that presents a solution to
stakeholder-related barriers to heritage management. The concept is still emerging
with ongoing investigations as academia seeks to clearly define and explain efficiency,
sustainability, and flexibility, while using digital technologies to benefit inhabitants by
improving the city’s operations. Smart technology leads to the adoption of smart health-
care, smart infrastructures, smart energy, and smart transportation, all of which smart
cities significantly depend on.
     In sum, these two major stakeholder-related barriers have common smart solutions
in the form of the Internet, digital media, personal computers, mobile phones, and elec-
tronic fund transfers. The Internet is a common smart technology that can bolster
stakeholder support for heritage management by relaying information to stakeholders
regarding their heritage management role. Digital media can also help stakeholders’
empowerment to promote their social interaction for efficient collaboration in such efforts.


                                                                                               91
                                                                                                                    Personal computers are another common smart technology for communicating, edu-
                                                                                                                    cating, and entertaining stakeholders to include them in managing heritage buildings.
                                                                                                                    Mobile phones and EFT provide seamless opportunities as the former foster collabora-
                                                                                                                    tion through communication and research, while the latter reduces financial constraints.


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   Biographical Notes

    Jawdat Salem Goussous is an architect, with a Ph. D. in Architecture. He is inter-
ested in research related to architectural and environmental resources, especially the
conservation of architectural heritage of recent periods. Dr Goussous is an Associate
Professor of Architecture at the University of Jordan. He earned his Ph.D. in 1991 from
Kiev engineering institute, and a diploma in architecture in 1987 from Kharkov engineer-
ing institute (USSR). During his graduate studies he taught on several undergraduate
courses. He has extensive academic, consultancy and administrative experience, hav-
ing served as the Head of the Architecture Department, University of Jordan, for sever-
al years and participating in several specialized committees for the Greater Amman Mu-
nicipality (GAM) and Ministry of Public Works and Housing among others. He has




                                                                                                   CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
published a number of papers in his research areas of interest, which include heritage
tourism, cultural resources management, cultural anthropology, and ethnology. Dr Gous-
sous has held the position of research architect at Artex Company and represents them
in Jordan and the Middle East. He also holds a teaching position in the architectural fac-
ulty at the Kiev engineering institute. In addition to architectural and environmental con-
servation, he is also interested in heritage tourism, cultural and environmental resourc-
es management, cultural anthropology, and ethnology; he was a teaching assistant at
the Faculty of Architecture, Kiev engineering institute, USSR 1987-1991.


   Summary

    Heritage management initiatives often focus on minimizing human interference, an
approach that often results in stakeholder related barriers. Smart technologies are an
emerging aspect that provide a solution to such stakeholder-related barriers. Howev-
er, academia and researchers concentrate on future possibilities and technical aspects
of smart technologies, such as in smart cities, without addressing how the existing
smart technology can reduce the detrimental impacts of stakeholder-related barriers to
heritage management. This study investigates the stakeholder-related heritage man-
agement barriers and the possibilities of using current smart technology to eradicate
them. Some of the stakeholder-related barriers include financial constraints, the ten-


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                                                                                                                    dency of seeing heritage sites as hindrances to economic growth, and the exclusion of
                                                                                                                    surrounding communities from decision-making concerning heritage conservation pol-
                                                                                                                    icies. The study reviews smart technology and heritage management literature to re-
                                                                                                                    veal obstacles to successfully adopting intelligent architectural heritage management
                                                                                                                    technology. The research compares various scholarly findings, a research design that
                                                                                                                    facilitates a rich and in-depth analysis of the problem in question. The study results in-
                                                                                                                    dicate that the exclusion of local communities and diverse stakeholders’ views are
Jawdat S. Goussous - The use of smart technologies to address stakeholder-related barriers in heritage management




                                                                                                                    some of the main barriers to heritage management. Mobile phones, the internet, per-
                                                                                                                    sonal computers, electronic fund transfers, and digital media are available and straight-
                                                                                                                    forward smart technologies for minimizing stakeholder related barriers to heritage
                                                                                                                    management. The study concludes that stakeholders present a significant challenge in
                                                                                                                    managing built heritage, although standard smart technologies can reduce obstacles.


                                                                                                                        Riassunto

                                                                                                                         Le iniziative di gestione del patrimonio spesso si concentrano sulla riduzione al mi-
                                                                                                                    nimo dell’interferenza umana, un approccio che spesso si traduce in ostacoli per gli in-
                                                                                                                    vestitori. Le tecnologie intelligenti sono un aspetto emergente che fornisce una soluzio-
                                                                                                                    ne a tali ostacoli. Tuttavia, il mondo accademico e i ricercatori si concentrano sulle
                                                                                                                    possibilità future e sugli aspetti tecnici delle tecnologie intelligenti, come nelle città intel-
                                                                                                                    ligenti, senza affrontare il modo in cui la tecnologia intelligente esistente può ridurre gli
                                                                                                                    impatti negativi degli ostacoli alla gestione del patrimonio legati agli investitori e a tutte
                                                                                                                    le parti interessate. Questo studio esamina gli ostacoli per la gestione del patrimonio e
                                                                                                                    le possibilità di utilizzare l’attuale tecnologia intelligente per sradicarli. Alcuni degli osta-
                                                                                                                    coli per gli investitori riguardano vincoli finanziari, la tendenza a vedere i siti del patrimo-
                                                                                                                    nio come ostacoli alla crescita economica e l’esclusione delle comunità locali dal pro-
                                                                                                                    cesso decisionale relativo alle politiche di conservazione del patrimonio. Lo studio
                                                                                                                    esamina la gestione del patrimonio per rivelare gli ostacoli all’adozione con successo
                                                                                                                    della tecnologia intelligente per la gestione del patrimonio architettonico. La ricerca met-
                                                                                                                    te a confronto vari risultati accademici e un progetto di ricerca che facilita un’analisi ric-
                                                                                                                    ca e approfondita del problema in questione. I risultati dello studio indicano che l’esclu-
                                                                                                                    sione delle comunità locali e dei punti di vista delle diverse parti interessate sono alcuni
                                                                                                                    dei principali ostacoli alla gestione del patrimonio. Telefoni cellulari, Internet, personal
                                                                                                                    computer, trasferimenti di fondi elettronici e media digitali sono già disponibili per ridur-
                                                                                                                    re al minimo i suddetti ostacoli. Lo studio conclude che il coinvolgimento di tutte le par-
                                                                                                                    ti interessate rappresenta un problema significativo nella gestione del patrimonio co-
                                                                                                                    struito, sebbene le tecnologie intelligenti standard possano ridurre gli ostacoli.




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