10.6092/issn.1973-9494/1405
The article is extracted from the Master Thesis about Restoration of the Monuments at “La
Sapienza”, University of the Studies of Rome. The Monastery was one of the most important of the
Dominican Order in Europe. The building dates back to year 1510, it broke down almost completely
in the earthquake of year 1659. It was rebuilt following the architect B. Presti’s project. At the present
time the “Saint Domenic” Monastery largely seems a ruin, mainly as a consequence of the cat-
N. Davolos - A restoration and conservation project of the ÒSaint DominicÓ Monastery...
185
astrophic earthquake in 1783. However, with the new look that has acquired, it still preserves an
extraordinary charm that continues to astonish.
The project followed the trend of the critical and conservative restoration with the safeguard of the artistic
and figurative data of the “Saint Domenic” Monastery which has been analysed through an accurate
historical-critical work. The idea is to preserve and transmit to the future generations the “Saint Domenic”
monument in his authenticity, in its formal and material consistence, with the marks of the passing of
time. The abstracts reports only the most important aspects which are representative of the project.
Besides the historical analysis, laboratory examination have been executed on the material used in the
construction of the ancient facade through the observation of thin sections by optic microscope and with
the realization of spectrum of X-ray diffraction, in order to know the nature and composition, the state
of preservation and the kinds of deterioration to support an appropriate intervention of restoration.
application/pdf
1973-9494
1405
en
Nazzareno Davolos
Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
A restoration and conservation project of the “Saint Dominic” Monastery in Soriano Calabro, Italy
Text.Serial.Journal
https://conservation-science.unibo.it/
8
Articles
2009-04-17
2008-04-17
2015-11-02
167-186
CSCH
Nazzareno Davolos
2008
10.6092/issn.1973-9494/1405
167
1973-9494
en
186
A restoration and conservation project of the “Saint Dominic” Monastery in Soriano Calabro, Italy
https://conservation-science.unibo.it/article/download/1405/774
8
A
    RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION PROJECT OF THE
    “SAINT DOMINIC” MONASTERY IN SORIANO CALABRO, ITALY


Nazzareno Davolos
Architect, Master on the “Restoration of historic Monuments”, Roma




1. Historical background

   The “Saint Dominic” Monastery in Soriano Calabro (Calabria, Italy) consecrated to
Saint Dominic de Guzman (1170-1221) was one of the most important monastery of the
Dominican Order in Europe1. It is a typical Baroque example in Calabria region. Historical
sources inform us that in its well-stocked library2, equipped with numerous manuscripts
and publications3, several friars and scholars completed their studies. According to
recent studies, the building of St. Dominic Monastery dates back to 1510, which was the
year of the Bull of Foundation (pointed out by P. Francesco Russo in the Regesto
Vaticano for the Calabria), addressed to the Bishop of Mileto, the Roman Cardinal
“Andrea della Valle” (1463-1534)4 by Pope Julius II (1443-1513).
   In Calabria the first presence of the Dominican Order can be recorded in Cosenza



                                                                                                 Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage, 8/2008
(years 1241-1268), while the first real settlement can be recorded in Catanzaro at the
beginning of the fifteenth century. Subsequently, the number of new Monasteries
increased progressively reaching its greatest expansion in the XVI century5, initially priv-
ileging the Episcopal seats and later spreading to important towns. The Soriano Calabro
village was probably chosen because it rose located along an important street, used by
merchants which connected the Pizzo and Rosarno ports to the adjacent mountain area
named Serre6. The modality of the “Saint Dominic” Monastery installation in Soriano
Calabro was an excellent answer to different religious, economic and political needs7.
Indeed, the “Saint Dominic” Monastery was built outside Soriano but close to a new
expanding area; the following demographic development of Soriano was the main reason
for its division in two parts: “Soriano Inferiore”, located in the lower part, and “Soriano
Superiore” located in the higher part8. In 1650 AD, the Spanish government charged
engineer Antonio Tango to execute the “Apprezzo” of the State of Soriano; the fig. 1

                                                                                               167
                                                                                                                                    reports the town-planning situation within its con-
                                                                                                                                    text9.
                                                                                                                                        The image reports Soriano and its walls10 and
                                                                                                                                    the suburb which consisted of four quarters (each
                                                                                                                                    one with a church); the most important was the
                                                                                                                                    one with the Square in which the palace of the
                                                                                                                                    Count and the parish Church of Saint Martin11
                                                                                                                                    were located.
                                                                                                                                        Thanks to numerous donations from the pil-
                                                                                                                                    grims who came to worship the miraculous
                                                                                                                                    image12, the Dominicans accumulated a large
N. Davolos - A restoration and conservation project of the “Saint Dominic” Monastery...




                                                                                                                                    quantity of money. In 1652 the feud was sold to
                                                                                                                                    the friars for 84,000 ducats and the prior became
                                                                                                                                    Soriano’s Count too, mainly because King Philip
                                                                                                                                    IV (1605-1665) had a particular veneration for the
                                                                                                                                    St. Dominic portrait13 but also to solve economic
                                                                                          Figure 1. Planimetry details from Anto-   problems.
                                                                                          nio Tango’s Apprezzo (year 1650).             The St. Dominic Monastery remained undam-




                                                                                                   Figure 2. St. Dominic Monastery before the 1783 earthquake, engrav-
                                                                                                   ing by F. Miotte.

                                    168
aged during the 1638 earthquake but broke down almost completely in 1659 earthquake.
Thanks to Philip IV, the rebuilding of the monastery started in larger shapes designed by
architect Bonaventura Presti14 (fig. 2).

2. Architectonic frame

    The “Saint Dominic” Monastery was very different from the adjacent built up area for
its impressive dimension; in particular for the big dome and for the enormous bell tower
of the Church (fig. 2). Both had a peculiar function: the first one became a symbol for the
pilgrims, the second one was connected to the Count’s title, held by the Prior since year
1652. Therefore, the bell tower played an important role in turning the Monastery into both
a religious and a political centre; indeed, the tolls of the bells marked the friars daytime
and the events of the citizens’ daily life.
    The Saint Dominic Monastery, built on two principal levels, adapt itself to the hillside
sloping toward a river. Moreover being located at the edge of the village it had no restric-
tions in its definition.
    The Saint Dominic Monastery unitary project was formulated according to the typical
Baroque plants. The plant itself was probably connected to a specific religious or a philo-
sophical theory15; the symbolic values played important roles in the definition of the
spaces. Two orthogonal axes can be found: the first one in the east-west direction, and
parallel to the longitudinal direction of the Church, emphasized by the vertical tower at the
entrance, while the bell tower emphasized the second axis showing the entrance to the
cloisters of the square. The matrix of the four
directions related to the main four cardinal points,
can be assigned to a popular model of settlement
in which the Christian cross is a symbol of the reli-                                            Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
gious authority (fig. 3).
    The cloisters played a crucial role in the mon-
umental plant: every single cloister was about
4.500 m2. It is possible to trace a module that has
been used to part the cloisters, the “Saint
Domenic” Monastery, the square and the system
of the orthogonal roads (fig. 4).
    The Preaching Friars were interested in the         Figure 3. The symbol of the sun in
                                                        the white marble statue represent-
urban development creating the large square             ing St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-
which permitted to a greatest number of believers       1274).

                                                                                                169
N. Davolos - A restoration and conservation project of the “Saint Dominic” Monastery...




                                                                                                    Figure 4. The area of the Saint Dominic Monastery, of the square and
                                                                                                    of the block next them.


                                                                                          to listen to their sermons. It represents the centre of the ideal town delineated by the
                                                                                          Catalan Franciscan Eximenic at the end of the 14th century16. In spite of the large square
                                                                                          looked out the two principal cloisters, the more important front is the one showing the
                                                                                          facade of the church, the tower of the prison and the shops. The road along the shops
                                                                                          demonstrates the particular relationship connecting preaching-friars and merchants, in
                                                                                          fact it reproduces the modern commercial town roads with the shops on the side and it
                                                                                          shows the connection between “pulchritudo civitatis” and merchants. The beauty of the
                                                                                          architectonic front of the shops, was fundamental to attract foreign people. The map of
                                                                                          the front of the shops was realized with regular forms and by employing local building
                                                                                          material. The facade of the baroque portal with the ahead columns had a dynamic vision
                                                                                          and scenographic intent. The wall is inclined enough to bring the eye of the observer
                                                                                          towards the entrance of the church that is higher than the road level. However, the road
                                                                                          of the shops was not supposed to structure the inhabited place, rather the way of the pil-
                                                                                          grims, coming from valley bottom, towards the church of the patriarch17. The connection
                                                                                          between the rules of the Mendicant Order and the aesthetic values and the combination
                                                                                          between the beauty of the architectonic space and the vision of the landscape are evi-
                                                                                          dent18.

                                       170
   The relation of the “Saint Domenic” Monastery with the inhabited place of Soriano
Calabro is connected to one of the peculiar characteristics of this small town: the real-
ization of the trapezoidal shape of Roma street, started between the second half of the
XVII and the end of the XVIII century, which had the intention to give particular points of
view. The street confirms the practice, in the Baroque epoch, to insert a trapezoidal space
in the town in order to use a monumental background. The architectonic wing, formed by
the northern facade of the Monastery, is now used like a townhall19. In the street’s trape-
zoidal shape, the collapse of the dome of the church and of the bell-tower modify the
wing: the predominant role in the visualization of the way was get by the facade to the
entry of the cloister. At the present the street keeps the visible approach of the monu-
mental wing with the perspective arrangement that guides the observer’s eyes toward the
access door according to a binocular like scheme20.
   Another important consideration concerns the distance among the Orders. The St.
Basilio’s order was present with a monastery in the S. Maria’s Angels hill overhanging
Soriano, therefore the Dominican Order testifies the Christian catholic works in Soriano
country to prevent the spreading of the Byzantine faith. Usually the Dominican,
Franciscan and Augustinian Friars settled down in the same town with a triangular dis-
position according to accurate dinstances21. By examining a larger area of that territory
we can stress that the Franciscan Order has
founded a Monastery close to the Arena village
(Bull of Pope Eugene IV, year 1436) and in 1546,
the Augustinian Order a Monastery near to
Acquaro village, both distant few miles from the
Soriano village. As per the position and the dis-
tance of the place of installation and since the                                               Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
land of Soriano was divided in two hamlets,
Cianciaruso da Seminara says «... dovendosi far
il Convento, s’havea da edificare in mezzo ad
ambedue, dove tutti potessimo partecipare dal
comodo ch’esso arreca...» (… as a monastery
had to be built, it was to rise between them, where
all of us could share the advantage that it
brough...) and in confirmation of that yet picked
                                                      Figure 5. Connection of the bell
out, continues «... assegnata una chiesuola chia-     tower with the churches of Soriano
mata della Nunziata, essendo quel luogo sas-          and Sorianello.

                                                                                              171
                                                                                          soso, dissegnarono, che si dovesse fabbricare più all’ingiù, per lo che, assegnato il ter-
                                                                                          reno, vi posero la croce per segno, che n’era fatta concessione alla chiesa...» (... allo-
                                                                                          cated a small church named Nunziata, being that place rocky, designed, that it should be
                                                                                          built downwards, for that, when the land was assigned, they put down the crux for sign
                                                                                          that was made concession to the church…).
                                                                                             At present most of the “Saint Domenic” Monastery, mainly as a consequence of the
                                                                                          catastrophic earthquake of year 1783, seems a ruin. However, with the new look that it
                                                                                          has acquired, it still preserves an extraordinary charm that continues to astonish.
                                                                                          Noteworthy, the new St. Dominic Church, built in year 1839 on the ruins of a cloister. It
                                                                                          shows the facade that turns over toward the higher square and the inhabited place of
                                                                                          Soriano Calabro.
N. Davolos - A restoration and conservation project of the “Saint Dominic” Monastery...




                                                                                          3. Preservation and restoration projects

                                                                                             The project was drawn up with the purpose to preserve and transmit to the future
                                                                                          generations the “Saint Domenic” monument in its authenticity, in its formal and material
                                                                                          consistence, with the marks of the passing of time (cultural, historical and aesthetic
                                                                                          value testimony). The project followed the critical and conservative restoration with the
                                                                                          defence of the artistic and figurative data that has been analysed through an accurate
                                                                                          historical-critical work. It has been esteemed that the architectonic structure of the “Saint
                                                                                          Domenic” Monastery, presents itself as an “open sky” building and it can be utilized like
                                                                                          a museum in plainly, with a route of visit outside-inside, to promote the view of the vil-
                                                                                          lage of Soriano Calabro and of the whole territory. According to Cesare Brandi (1906-
                                                                                          1988), in the case of the ruin the dialectic between historical instance and aesthetic
                                                                                          hangs only on the first, therefore a minimum restoration of the actual condition is pro-
                                                                                          posed, even if the Monastery has acquired its functional aesthetic quality and validity.
                                                                                          The project, in order to assure a long-lasting life, includes technical methods to preserve
                                                                                          the Monastery about physical deterioration, but also its recovery for social and cultural
                                                                                          aims. An important objective connected to the protection of the territory is reviving the
                                                                                          importance of the watermills which were necessary for the development of the “Saint
                                                                                          Dominic” Monastery.

                                                                                          3.1. The facade of the ancient “Saint Dominic” Church

                                                                                             Today the facade is so ruined that it is impossible to see the most of the decora-
                                                                                          tions (fig. 6). The restoration of the facade with tiles in brickwork and with lead plates,
                                                                                          made by architectonic Departments in year 1970, have been efficacious to remove the

                                              172
         Figure 6. Facade of the ancient St. Dominic Church (photo by ND, year
         2007).


rain although they caused inevitable draining. Finding the reasons of deterioration is
important to preserve the monument with an accurate procedure. The granite weath-
ering in the facade is produced by a combined action of physical, chemical and bio-
logic factors; the facade is subjected to changes of temperature between winter and
summer time, it is subjected to the rain, to the wind, to the moisture. All these phe-
nomena produce a structural weakening. Through the inspection of the crypt designed
to the friar’s burial, it is possible to observe how the lack of ventilation and the drain-      Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
ing of the rain caused the humidity in the facade; for this reason it is expected to renew
the floor, to carry out the right slopes for the draining and the canalization of the water,
to build a system of ventilation in the basement. The stone presents a “natural” deteri-
orating helped by the lacking of preservation. Moreover, the presence of spontaneous
vegetation such as musk and lichen emphasize the condition of general weakening.
The peculiarity of the stone employed has been analysed. The today dressing can not
avoid the penetration of water, but the lack of a preservation increased the weathering
phenomena. The above-mentioned phenomenon can be slackened with the following
treatments:
1) Application of a biocide spray and weed killer.

                                                                                               173
                                                                                            2) Cleaning and removal of products with nebulized water, manual extirpation of the
                                                                                               roots grown in depth.
                                                                                            3) Strengthening of the deteriorated stone to improve the compactness and the mechan-
                                                                                               ical peculiarity. According to the laboratory analyses and to the disgregation of the
                                                                                               facade, the silicate of ethyl like RC70, applied with a brush until to saturation is suit-
                                                                                               able. In any case it is convenient to test the effect on the small surface.
                                                                                            4) Filling in the empty with parget, similar to one of the stone. Finally it is necessary to
                                                                                               plug the granitic surfaces with a solvent, to avoid dust, and to apply a protective sub-
                                                                                               stance (which we can last from five to ten years).
                                                                                               Those treatments can delay the process of deterioration but it is necessary to plan a
                                                                                            periodic maintenance made by specialized restorers. The choice between preservation
N. Davolos - A restoration and conservation project of the “Saint Dominic” Monastery...




                                                                                            and intervention was solved with an accurate analysis of the problems: there are not gen-




                                                                                          Figure 7. Drawing relating to the bell tower.

                                         174
eral laws for the restoration. It’s important don’t leave the facade as a ruin: modest treat-
ments neither invasive nor destructive, reversible and compatible with the pre-existent
building are sufficient. The safeguard and the protection are proposed to avoid to oper-
ate with the re-integrations of the lacunae that weigh on the image (i.e. with the replace-
ment of the granitic hewn stone deeply corroded).

3.2. The bell tower

   The decoration of the bell tower ruins shows, on the base of the parastas, some
lesions caused by several lacuna on the granitic ashlar (fig. 7), on which it is urgent to
intervene by inserting an element for filling up the lack. However, this can arise some con-
troversies: does it respect the original shape and does it change by using a different
material? It is the Monument itself to suggest us an answer, but anyway any solution to
reintegrate that lacuna must respect the attitude of the smallest intervention, recogniz-
ability, notoriety, reversibility and compatibility. Even if it is not an innovative work, this
paper suggests the rebuilding of the shape with the use of different material but with sim-
ilar mechanical and chemical-physical characteristics to assure an homogeneity of per-
formance in the future.
   It is well known that the restoration has to be primarily a preservation, but if neces-
sary as in our case, it must reintegrate the lacunae without making a copy or a reinstate-
ment. As Paul Philippot says: unreachable, is the “stato antico della materia antica”
(ancient condition of the ancient matter), it is necessary to treat and preserve what came
from the past and to eliminate the pathology.

3.3. The apse

   As for the parastas of the apse, made with stucco method and restored in 1970 by                 Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
Monuments department, it can be stated that the readings are fading, but being remained
a sweep of the cap of the apse, by which the shape be can draw, in the project the
rebuilding of the vault is proposed and has to be realized in copper of thin thickness and
supported by a metallic light structure, that is supposed to carry away the rain in the grat-
ings, giving back the original space and protecting at the same time the apse from the
inclemency of the weather. Besides ceremonies are still held in the church (anyway the
Holy Mass is celebrated only in particular occasions). There is no intention of rebuilding
the original shape which is difficult to individualize with exactness. There is no intention
of reforming the total shape of the apse, inserting the shape that can be drawn from ruin
of the blind arcade, which should be realized using modern material but that not too

                                                                                                  175
N. Davolos - A restoration and conservation project of the “Saint Dominic” Monastery...




                                                                                          Figure 8. Drawing relating to the project on the apse.


                                                                                            detached from the monument. The insertion of the dome in copper, hanging with tie-
                                                                                            beam by metallic girders, is a rather invasive proposal but it results efficacious because
                                                                                            it permits to keep unchanged the vision from the internal of the apse. It represents a mod-
                                                                                            ern answer, but however adherent to the pre-existing, suggested by historical-critical
                                                                                            reading in order to transmit integrally to the future, without crossing out the marks of the
                                                                                            passing of time and permitting the reading of the Monastery of Soriano. The primary aims
                                                                                            are to reintegrate the church in the social life of the community and to intervene in order
                                                                                            to save it from a sure ruin.

                                                                                            4. Mineralogical and petrographic analysis

                                                                                               In order to support the historical analysis, detailed investigations were performed
                                                                                            about the materials used for the construction of the facade of the ancient “Saint Domenic”

                                          176
Church. This was essential to know the nature, the composition, the state of preservation
and the kinds of degrade with the main aim of proposing appropriate intervention of
restoration. The stone has been characterised by a mineralogical and petrographic analy-
sis to have enough information to determine its geological history. For this purpose little
fragments of stone were used, mainly by flaking collected directly from the Church
facade. Following the sample preparation, the morphology of thin sections was obtained
by an optic microscope (see below); moreover a X-ray diffraction spectrum has been
obtained.

4.1. The petrographic observations

   This is a destructive technique that specifies and completes the information obtained
by the means of a stereoscopic microscope and gives the opportunity to make a careful
study of the mineralogical composition of the observed material. The polarizer micro-
scope is employed to study the light phenomena of interference and polarization which
are characteristic in various minerals. The light is polarized by a filter (nicol), placed under
the condenser, and, after crossing the material under examination it is collected by a sec-
ond polarizer filter (analyser), situated under the ocular. The optic properties of the min-
erals have been studied both by using only the polariser (parallel nicols), in order to




                                                                                                     Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage




         Figure 9. The thin section of the porphyritic syenogranite.

                                                                                                   177
                                                                                          establish the index of refraction of the crystals and to make some observations on their
                                                                                          shape, and by using polarizer and analyser (crossed nicols) in order to determine the
                                                                                          nature of the various minerals which are present. The sample, which is representative of
                                                                                          the petrographycal characteristics of the material in examination, has to be prepared in
                                                                                          advance.
                                                                                             The thin section (fig. 9), which was observed by a petrographic microscope with polar-
                                                                                          ized light Nikon Eclipse E 400 pol, gave the following result:

                                                                                             Kind of rock:     magmatic;
                                                                                             Filing:           porphyritic muscovite syenogranite;
                                                                                             Structure:        highly inequigranular holocrystalline hypidiomorphic;
N. Davolos - A restoration and conservation project of the “Saint Dominic” Monastery...




                                                                                             Weave:            faintly oriented;
                                                                                             Minerals:         big crystal of poecilitic microcline, quartz, albitic plagioclase, biotite,
                                                                                                               muscovite, zircon.

                                                                                          4.2. The X-ray diffraction (XRD)

                                                                                             The X-ray diffraction (XRD), based on the irradiation of the sample through a mono-
                                                                                          chromatic ray produced by an appropriate generator, allows the individualization and the
                                                                                          recognition of the mineralogical ages which are present in the examined sample, in relation
                                                                                          to the crystalline degree. It permits the qualitative and semi-quantitative determination of
                                                                                          the components. The sample has been grinded and finely powdered to improve the statis-
                                                                                          tics of computation, obtaining a good reproducibility of the results. The samples have been
                                                                                          tested through diffractmetric examination by utilizing a generator of X-ray Ital Structures
                                                                                          3K5 having the following characteristics: cobalt tube AEG, multicanale portable analyser
                                                                                          (4096 channels), curvilinear gas detector (mixture argon-ethane 15%), resolution 0,03
                                                                                          degrees, area of measure 10 × 2 mm, calibration 0,011 degrees/channel, and operating to
                                                                                          35 KV and 30 mA with a time of calculation of about 3600 seconds so as to permit a good
                                                                                          statistic. The interpretation of the diffractmetric examination has been realised by using a
                                                                                          modern computerized method that permits a sufficiently rapid comparison between the
                                                                                          positions of the peaks which are present in each spectrum and those of the reference crys-
                                                                                          talline substances contained in a specific data base (JCPDS 1990). The analysis through
                                                                                          X-ray diffraction, whose total spectrum is reported in the fig. 10, have noted the presence
                                                                                          of plagioclasio (albite) [NaAl Si3O8], quartz (SiO2), K-feldspato (microcline) [KAlSi3O8] and
                                                                                          such principal minerals as miche (biotite) [K(Mg,Fe,Ti)3AlSi3O10(OH,F,Cl)2], and mus-
                                                                                          covite, [KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH,F)2] in addition to zircone (ZrSiO4) as incidental mineral, con-
                                                                                          firming what has been previously drawn by the petrographic observation22.

                                         178
Figure 10. Spectrum of diffraction of the X-ray.

5. Conclusions

   The experimental work was essential to specify the characteristics of the stone of the
facade, its state of preservation in relation to the environmental conditions and to the con-
servative and maintenance interventions (the thermo-hygrometric range should be deter-
mined by sensors in order to acquire the values of dampness, the temperature of the air
and of the superficies, the velocity of the wind, and the irradiance). The reasons of the
degrade were individuated thus allowing the definition, even if in a preliminary way, of the
best preservation and maintenance project for the ancient “Saint Domenic” Church. In a
following step, it should be valued the efficacy of the technology and of the selected mate-
rials for the exterior treatment of the facade and the definition of the costs. The laborato-
ry data and the diagnostic study of the state of preservation are effective preventive eval-       Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
uations, the inquiry which has been carried out paves the way for the works of restora-
tion of the facade, now necessary.
   Finally, considering the frequent earthquakes and the recent seismic reclassification
that has identified the territory of Soriano Calabro in zone 1 (subject to major risk), a con-
sideration which comes from the today results of the collapse has to be made: the facade
before the earthquake of year 1783 was “anchored” to the side-walls of the church and
to the three aisles (indeed, the higher part of the facade collapsed) which collapsed dur-
ing the earthquake, therefore in the eventuality of an earthquake the facade isn’t able to
impede with her mass the horizontal strength. From a simulation of the behaviour of the
structure, taking account of the physical-mechanical characteristics of the material, a

                                                                                                 179
                                                                                          repair of consolidation is necessary, by previous check of the interaction of the facade
                                                                                          with the land and with the support of various methodologies of inquiry.

                                                                                          Notes
                                                                                          1   In the 17-18th century every Dominican church in Italy had an altar or a chapel in honour of St. Dominic
                                                                                              in Soriano; reproductions of the painting of the saint are in Poland, in Spain, in Germany, in Holland, etc.
                                                                                          2   The greatest part of the books of the library and papers of the archives of the Monastery were last
                                                                                              dissipated after the vicissitudes following the disastrous earthquake of February 1783 and the
                                                                                              institution of the Cassa Sacra, approved by King Ferdinando IV, in which all the property of the
                                                                                              religious orders suppressed were joned; for the amount of the remaning books after the various
                                                                                              abstractions we can find Barilaro A. 1982, Fondo di cinquecentine presso la Biblioteca San
N. Davolos - A restoration and conservation project of the “Saint Dominic” Monastery...




                                                                                              Domenico in Soriano Calabro, Oppido M., Barbaro; e Idem (to care of M.M. Fortuna) 1999,
                                                                                              Catalogo dei libri antichi (secoli XVII-metà XIX) della Biblioteca San Domenico in Soriano Calabro,
                                                                                              Soveria Mannelli, Rubettino.
                                                                                          3   The Monastery possessed also a printing-works and a paper-mill moved by water. The ancientest
                                                                                              source about the Monastery was printed in Soriano, Lembo A. 1665, Cronica del Convento di San
                                                                                              Domenico in Soriano dall’anno 1510 fin’ al 1664, Soriano, tip. Ferro.
                                                                                          4   Panarello M. 2001, La Santa Casa di San Domenico in Soriano Calabro, Soveria Mannelli,
                                                                                              Rubettino; the author was found in the Record Office of Naples six Giornali di Fabbrica relating to
                                                                                              the period 1640-1700.
                                                                                          5   Consult Barilaro A. 1989, I Conventi Domenicani di Calabria, Palermo, Tip. Arti grafiche siciliane;
                                                                                              Longo C. 1998, Conventi domenicani della provincia di Vibo Valentia, in “I beni culturali del
                                                                                              vibonese”, Vibo Valentia, tip. Mapograf, pp. 141-188; Esposito L.G. 1997, I domenicani in
                                                                                              Calabria, ricerche archivistiche, Napoli, Edizioni domenicane italiane.
                                                                                          6   Pizzo Calabro was the principal port for goods coming from Naples, while the Rosarno one was
                                                                                              the port for goods coming from Sicily. The location of the Monastery was dependent on the close-
                                                                                              ness to the water which was used as driving force for mills and olive press. The arches of the
                                                                                              aqueduct, in granitic local stone, which are still in part visible, lead the water from the adjacent hill
                                                                                              of the Angels to the Monastery. Close to the river there was also much material which served to
                                                                                              produce lime and blocks for the building of the fabric.
                                                                                          7   The Monastery, which was the warrantor not only of the religious managing of the town and of the
                                                                                              surrounding territory, in 1635 was received under the royal protection that intervened to support
                                                                                              its completion. The Lembo, op. cit. says that the king of Spain, Filippo IV, on 15 agoust 1635 sent
                                                                                              a letter from Madrid in which he ordered «che la dica Casa està da bajo de mi amparo y sea trata-
                                                                                              da y favorecida come lo son otras dequeyo tengo la misma proteccion».

                                 180
8    Up to the second half of the 18th century the actual town of Soriano Calabro and Sorianello were a
     unique Universitas (City-state) divided in two fractions, the Inferiore one and the Superiore one. The
     last was the more ancient. With the French administrative system of 19 January 1807 the two frac-
     tions became two independent City-states and this remained even after the return of the Borboni
     and after the unification of Italy. In 1875 the adjective “calabro” was added the name Soriano.
9    Antonio Tango was charged to draw up the Apprezzo or a detailed estimation of each property. It
     is a report of all the “State of Soriano” in the middle of the XVII century; the most interesting news
     are the ones about the number of the families subject to the tax system (fuochi); Soriano was the
     biggest centre and it counted more than 400 “fuochi”. The possessions are described in detail not
     from an architectonic point of view but for the economic estimation. Anyway the description
     regarding the Monastery has been lost from the Apprezzo, There are also some lacunae about the
     castle and the count’s palace.
10 This    district still preserves the denomination of Bastia; the blocks of wall of the fortification
     remained, unfortunately was unmade both because it was no more used as a defence and for the
     collapses caused by the various earthquakes.
11   The other three quarters were denominated Braca with the church of St. Francesco, Nigliani with
     the church of St. Biagio and Nicolello with the church of St. Nicola. The four suburbs were placed
     to the vertex of a quadrilateral.
12 The    miracles attributed to the picture of St. Dominic have been assembled and published the first
     time by prior Silvestro Frangipane in 1621.
13 The    painting has been attributed to various artists; all of there were part of Neapolitan art movement
     of XV century and of the beginning of the XVI century, among which Marco Cardisco and Paolo di
     Ciacio from Mileto disciple of Antonello da Messina. A “modern” interpretation of the painting must still
     be made; the shape of the saint, in white habit and black mantle and the triangular basis of support
     fuse together to signify the principle of unity and of God Trinity; the triangle is the irradiance of the star     Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
     symbol of wisdom; see as all the particulars aren’t structured maybe a drawing was sent or its real-
     ization was abandoned without any check to pupils or local performers. It can be supposed an image
     made through pencil that did not require the painter to work in an accurate way because it was
     designed to be visible at a distance or also because only the symbolic value was important.
14 The    Lembo, op. cit. writes ...il viceré di Napoli inviò a Soriano fra Bonaventura Presti certosino
     architetto famoso, per fare un nuovo disegno della chiesa e del convento, come fece, e dopo per
     maggiore sicurezza lo consultò in Napoli e in Roma con diversi architetti primari...
15 A modular     regularity and perfect geometric forms were proposed: the quadrangle that contains the
     circle as a symbol of the sun is regularly reproduced in the marble statues that adorned the
     church, see fig. 3.

                                                                                                                      181
                                                                                          16 The    Franciscan Catalan friar Francisco Eximeniç, in his book “El Crestià” wrote a chapter “Quina
                                                                                            forma deu aver ciutat bella e be edificada” identifying the beauty of the city with the order, the func-
                                                                                            tionality, the geometrical symmetry of its parts. It is evident that he wanted to apply this principle
                                                                                            both to each building and to the whole town.
                                                                                          17 The    trip was from the tower toward the church; this piece of street became a favourite place of
                                                                                            holy character and of adoration, today still obligated in the procession of the Saint.
                                                                                          18 A splendid   view of the landscape of the river Mesima valley toward the town of Monteleone (today
                                                                                            Vibo Valentia) can be enjoyed from the street.
                                                                                          19 The    interest of the dominican friars in the region is evident because they bought and built a lot of
                                                                                            buildings near the refuge in order to accommodate the pilgrims coming to adore the St. Dominic’s
                                                                                            image. See the list of the buildings in the “platea” of the Cassa Sacra fasc. 315 foll. 31v-32r con-
N. Davolos - A restoration and conservation project of the “Saint Dominic” Monastery...




                                                                                            tained in the Public Records Office of Naples, and reported by Panarello M. in La Santa Casa di
                                                                                            San Domenico in Soriano Calabro... op. cit. pag. 121.
                                                                                          20 In   picture 5 it is stressed the optical correspondence between the bell tower of the Monastery and
                                                                                            the religious and civil buildings of Soriano (the circle is the church of Saint Martin of Tours of the
                                                                                            XII century wrecked by the earthquake of 1905). Rotating through 167 degrees in a clockwise
                                                                                            direction, with the dominican bell tower as turning point, we find exactly the same correspondence
                                                                                            with the churches of Sorianello (the circle is the lost basiliana church of S. Maria’s Angels). An
                                                                                            identical connection is also retraceable between the one joining the bell tower and the place were
                                                                                            the castle and the axis of the trapezoidal street rose.
                                                                                          21 Every    Mendicant Order has a their handouts on a certain zone; to avoid any conflicts it is con-
                                                                                            venient an agreement about distance among all the orders.
                                                                                          22 The    sample is reduced to a very thin powder, put down in an appropriate container and pressed
                                                                                            in a way to obtain a flat surface for X-ray treatment. The sample is placed in the centre of the dif-
                                                                                            fractmeter and is rotated through a quite low angular velocity, that can be changed according to
                                                                                            requirements; in this way the incident radiations hit the sample under different angles q, that vary
                                                                                            in general between 10° and 90° degrees. The detector follows the turning movement of the sam-
                                                                                            ple, but it rolls with a double angular velocity and it checks the intensity corresponding to the peaks
                                                                                            of diffraction, that is the angular positions that meet the Bragg conditions. The diffractogram is a
                                                                                            sequential recording of the diffraction effects produced by the sample in a period of time: the sig-
                                                                                            nal provided by the detector, opportunely amplified, is sent to a recorder whose paper moves for-
                                                                                            ward at a conveniently select velocity. Every deviation of the recorder pen from the position 0 cor-
                                                                                            responds to a diffraction effect whose intensity is more or less proportional to the height of the
                                                                                            peak drawn by the writing pen. With the diffractometer method a very small quantity of the sam-
                                                                                            ple can be used as well, and the reading of the diffractograms which are obtained is easy also in

                                        182
  the case of constituted samples. This method presents the main advantage to permit a very care-
  ful reading of the angles 2q (from 0.005 to 0.01° degrees), also thanks to the fact that the record-
  ing can be enlarged according to the increasing of the velocity of the paper (or reducing the rota-
  tion of the sample); further it allows a better determination of the intensity because the recording
  is superior than photographic one; there is a better resolution of the peaks and it presents the con-
  siderable value of a big speed of execution and of reading too.


Acknowledgements

   The author thanks Prof Giovanni Carbonara, Prof Daniela Esposito, Prof Giolj F.
Guidi, Prof Enrico Guidoni (1939-2007) and Prof Giorgio Torraca especially for the assis-
tance given during the preparation of the Master Thesis (Italian: These di specialization)
on the “Restoration of historic Monuments”, Rome University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.

Bibliography
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                                                                                             la tipografia Pietro Brea.
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                                                                                             Editrice Domenicana Italiana.
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                                                                                          Summary
                                                                                          The article is extracted from the Master Thesis about Restoration of the Monuments at “La
                                                                                          Sapienza”, University of the Studies of Rome. The Monastery was one of the most important of the
                                                                                          Dominican Order in Europe. The building dates back to year 1510, it broke down almost complete-
                                                                                          ly in the earthquake of year 1659. It was rebuilt following the architect B. Presti’s project. At the pres-
                                                                                          ent time the “Saint Domenic” Monastery largely seems a ruin, mainly as a consequence of the cat-

                                   184
astrophic earthquake in 1783. However, with the new look that has acquired, it still preserves an
extraordinary charm that continues to astonish.
The project followed the trend of the critical and conservative restoration with the safeguard of the artis-
tic and figurative data of the “Saint Domenic” Monastery which has been analysed through an accurate
historical-critical work. The idea is to preserve and transmit to the future generations the “Saint Domenic”
monument in his authenticity, in its formal and material consistence, with the marks of the passing of
time. The abstracts reports only the most important aspects which are representative of the project.
Besides the historical analysis, laboratory examination have been executed on the material used in the
construction of the ancient facade through the observation of thin sections by optic microscope and with
the realization of spectrum of X-ray diffraction, in order to know the nature and composition, the state
of preservation and the kinds of deterioration to support an appropriate intervention of restoration.


Riassunto
L’articolo è estrapolato dalla tesi di Specializzazione in Restauro dei Monumenti Università degli
Studi di Roma La Sapienza. Il Convento fu uno dei più importanti dell’Ordine domenicano in Europa.
La costruzione risale al 1510, distrutto dal sisma del 1659, riedificato su progetto dell’architetto B.
Presti. Si presenta nella maggior parte allo stato di rudere a seguito del terremoto del 1783 pur man-
tenendo, con il nuovo aspetto che ha acquisito, un fascino enorme che continua a stupire.
L’intervento proposto segue l’indirizzo del restauro critico-conservativo con l’intento di trasmettere
alle future generazioni il monumento nella sua autenticità e nella sua consistenza materiale e for-
male. Sono riportate le problematiche del restauro della facciata, del campanile e dell’abside della
chiesa che sono rappresentativi del progetto.
Il materiale lapideo della facciata della chiesa è stato sottoposto a caratterizzazione mineralogico-
petrografica con l’osservazione di sezioni sottili al microscopio ottico e con la realizzazione di spet-
tri di diffrazione dei raggi X, per conoscerne la natura e composizione, lo stato di conservazione e le
forme di degrado al fine di supportare un appropriato intervento di restauro.


Résumé
L’article est extrapolé de la thèse de Spécialisation en Restauration des Monuments Université des
Études de Rome La Sapienza. Le Couvent fut un des plus importants de l’Ordre dominicain en
Europe. La construction remonte à l’an 1510, détruit par le séisme de 1659, reconstruit sur le projet
de l’architecte B. Presti. Il se présente pour la majeure partie dans l’état de ruine à la suite du trem-
blement de terre de 1783 tout en gardant, avec le nouvel aspect qu’il a acquis, une fascination énor-
me qui continue d’étonner.
L’intervention proposée suit l’orientation de la restauration critico-conservatif avec l’intention de
                                                                                                                 Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
transmettre aux futures générations le monument dans son authenticité et dans sa consistance
matérielle et formelle. Les problématiques de restauration de la façade, du clocher et de l’abside de
l’église qui sont représentatives du projet sont reportées.
Le matériel pierreux de la façade de l’église a été soumis à caractérisation minéralogico-pétrogra-
phique avec l’observation de sections minces au microscope optique et avec la réalisation de spec-
tres de diffraction des rayons X, pour en connaître la nature et composition, l’état de conservation et
les formes de détérioration afin de supporter une appropriée intervention de restauration.


Zusammenfassung
Der Artikel ist aus einer Diplomarbeit zur Restaurierung von Monumenten an der Universität La
Sapienza in Rom entnommen. Das Kloster war eines der wichtigsten des Dominikanerordens in
Europa, es wurde 1510 gegründet und vom Erdbeben im Jahr 1659 zerstört, dann wurde es nach
einem Projekt des Architekten B. Presti wieder aufgebaut. Wegen des Erdbebens im Jahr 1783 ist
eine Ruine vom größten Teil davon geblieben, trotzdem hat das Kloster dank seinem neuen
Aussehen immer :noch einen großen Reiz, den die Besucher immer bewundern.

                                                                                                               185
                                                                                          Der vorgeschlagene Eingriff ist im Rahmen einer kritischen und konservativen Restaurierung mit
                                                                                          dem Ziel, den zukünftigen Generationen das Denkmal in seiner Authentizität und in seiner materiel-
                                                                                          len und formellen Konsistenz zu übertragen.
                                                                                          Das Steinmaterial der Fassade der Kirche wurde einer mineralogischen – petrographischen
                                                                                          Charakterisierung unterzogen, es wurden dünne Querschnitte durch ein optisches Mikroskop
                                                                                          betrachtet und Beugungsspektren von Röntgenstrahlen erzeugt. So konnte man die Beschaffenheit,
                                                                                          die Zusammensetzung, den Erhaltungszustand und das Verfallniveau des Materials feststellen, um
                                                                                          den geeigneten restauratorischen Eingriff zu planen.


                                                                                          Resumen
                                                                                          El artículo se ha extrapolado de la tesis de Especialización en Restauración de Monumentos de la
                                                                                          Universidad La Sapienza de Roma. El Convento fue uno de los más importantes de la Orden de los
                                                                                          dominicos en Europa. Fue construido en 1510, destruido por el terremoto de 1659 y reedificado
                                                                                          según proyecto del arquitecto B. Presti. Se presenta en su mayor parte en estado ruinoso a causa
                                                                                          del terremoto de 1783, si bien, con el nuevo aspecto adquirido, conserva un enorme encanto que
                                                                                          todavía suscita asombro.
N. Davolos - A restoration and conservation project of the “Saint Dominic” Monastery...




                                                                                          La intervención propuesta sigue una orientación de restauración crítico-conservadora, a fin de trans-
                                                                                          mitir a las futuras generaciones el monumento en su autenticidad, manteniendo su consistencia
                                                                                          material y formal. Se presentan las problemáticas de la restauración de la fachada, del campanario
                                                                                          y del ábside de la iglesia que son representativos del proyecto.
                                                                                          El material lapídeo de la fachada de la iglesia ha sido sometido a una caracterización mineralógico-
                                                                                          petrográfica mediante la observación de sutiles secciones en el microscopio óptico y con la realización
                                                                                          de espectros de difracción de los rayos X, para conocer su naturaleza y composición, el estado de con-
                                                                                          servación y las formas de degradación, a fin de sostener una adecuada intervención de restauración.




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