Sull’effetto del sale e della sua rimozione dalle fibre di tessuti di lana rinvenute insieme ai “Salt Men” nella miniera di sale di Chehr Abad, Zanjan
10.6092/issn.1973-9494/7171
L’analisi dei Salt man e dei relativi oggetti, rinvenuti nella miniera di sale Chehr Abad, Zanjan, ha avviato un’importante area di ricerca per archeologi e conservatori. L’indagine sulla conservazione e sulla tipologia dei resti, spesso materiali organici putrescibili, oltre ad indicare il valore storico e culturale di queste opere come testimonianza della cospicua civilizzazione di quel periodo, fornisce un importante campo di ricerca. Per questo caso di studio sono state condotte diverse analisi sugli oggetti ritrovati nella miniera di sale di Chehr Abad, al fine di ottenere la caratterizzazione dei tessuti lavorati a mano e per valutare gli effetti del sale sugli oggetti stessi. Poiché i manufatti ritrovati sono solitamente sensibili ai cambiamenti delle condizioni ambientali, l’assorbimento del sale e il suo ruolo come disinfettante sono evidenti fattori da considerare. I manufatti tessili rinvenuti sono da ritenersi di fondamentale importanza a causa della loro storia. Essi furono ritrovati grazie alla cooperazione di squadre archeologiche che lavoravano in Iran e in Germania (museo Bochum e università). Poiché questi tessuti erano coperti di minerali e altri residui, l’operazione di pulitura è stata eseguita utilizzando un lavaggio acquoso. Al fine di proteggere gli intrecci di tessuto una volta riportati alla luce e rimossi dal loro sito originario, è stato necessario considerare alcune questioni, come la rimozione e la ritenzione del sale, il suo impatto sul ciclo vitale dei materiali organici, l’eventualità che i cristalli salini potessero distruggere le fibre dei tessuti e la reazione di acqua e sale. In questo lavoro si fornisce un’introduzione sugli oggetti e manufatti ritrovati nella miniera di sale di Chehr Abad, accompagnata dallo studio delle fibre di lana, esaminate macroscopicamente o con micrografie ottiche e micrografie al SEM, nonché analisi EDX dei manufatti. I risultati delle indagini hanno mostrato l’effetto conservativo del sale sulle fibre.
application/pdf
1973-9494
7171
en
Neda Kan’ani
Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
degradation
On the Effect of Salt and its Removal from the Fibers of the Wool Weavings Found with the Salt Men in Chehr Abad Salt Mine, Zanjan
Text.Serial.Journal
https://conservation-science.unibo.it/
16
Articles
2017-07-24
2017-07-17
2017-07-24
2017-09-04
209-236
CSCH
Neda Kan’ani
2016
10.6092/issn.1973-9494/7171
209
Islamic Azad University Abhar
1973-9494
degradation
en
236
Vatandoust, A. ed. (1998) Saltman: Scientific Investigations carried out on Saltman Mummified Remains and its Artifact (1 st ed.). Tehran: Research Center for Conservation of Cultural Relics (RCCCR).
On the Effect of Salt and its Removal from the Fibers of the Wool Weavings Found with the Salt Men in Chehr Abad Salt Mine, Zanjan
https://conservation-science.unibo.it/article/download/7171/6901
16
O     N THE EFFECT OF SALT AND ITS REMOVAL FROM THE
      FIBERS OF THE WOOL WEAVINGS FOUND WITH THE
      SALT MEN IN CHEHR ABAD SALT MINE, ZANJAN

  Haeideh Khamseh*8
  Department of Archaeology, Islamic Azad University
  Abhar, Iran

  Neda Kan’ani
  Department of Archaeology, Islamic Azad University, Abhar, Iran
  Administration of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism, Zanjan, Iran


  Keywords: salt, woven, electron microscope, elemental analysis, degradation


  1. Introduction

    Chehr Abad salt mine in Zanjan has preserved valuable organic and inorganic ob-
jects, in addition to mummies, in a good state of conservation, because of its particular
salt bed. Today, many researchers and explorers have been able to obtain valuable
information from these objects that have remained buried for many years in the heart
of these salt mines.
    Major mining objects are made of organic materials, which, due to the disinfectant
properties of salt, have been biologically immune to damage such as mold-fungus
formation and vermin attacks. Due to environmental conditions in the mine, most of
the damage to the objects, especially organic ones, is physical; the effects can be




                                                                                                   CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
found in the mummified bodies and other organic objects, such as woven artifacts,
those made from wood and so on. The hand-woven artifacts, due to their enormous
importance, are of special attention. The discovery of exquisite weavings from different
historical eras (Achaemenid, Sassanid and Qajar) have provided the researchers with
valuable information regarding textiles and materials from different periods, particularly
the Achaemenid era.
    In this study, 5 samples of wool weavings belonging to the Achaemenid era were
investigated in order to study the effects of salt crystals on wool fabrics. The samples
were studied using a light microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and En-
ergy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX); the salt crystal arrangement was observed us-
ing the obtained images and comparing microscopic images.


  2. History of the exploration and study of the Chehr Abad salt mine of Zanjan

  Salt Man 1
  In the first year of mine exploration with mechanical machinery in the winter of 1993,
miners using bulldozers to extract mine tailings and salt, discovered the half body of

* Corresponding author: hkhamseh72@yahoo.com


                                                                                             209
                                                                                                       the salt man shown in Figure 1 [1]. The Salt Man was discovered in the southern part
                                                                                                       of the Chehr Abad salt mine, in the middle section of one of the collapsed tunnels dug
                                                                                                       from southwest to northeast and measuring 45 meters in length [1].
H. Khamseh, N. Kan’ani - On the effect of salt and its removal from the fibers of the wool weavings




                                                                                                                             Figure 1. Salt Man 1, National Museum, Tehran.

                                                                                                          Upon notification by Zanjan Cultural Heritage administration, archaeological re-
                                                                                                       search was initiated in the winter of the same year, first led by Dr. Hooshang Sobouti
                                                                                                       and then by Dr. Ali Asghar Mir-Fattah. As a result of excavations, a number of interest-
                                                                                                       ing objects were found: three knives with handles, one of which has a leather sheath,
                                                                                                       a silver ear cleaner, a grindstone, trousers with a decorative margin, three pieces of
                                                                                                       patterned cloth, leather and wool rope parts and walnut shell, broken pieces of pottery
                                                                                                       and some human bones. However, the most important find discovered in the excava-


                                                                                                 210
tions in 1993 was the left leg of Salt Man 1, which was found inside a long boot. The
boot was made of leather and its height was 48 cm [2].
    According to the style of haircut and clothing, as well as the discovered pottery
pieces, Sobouti attributed the Salt Man’s body to the 8th century BC. He compared his
clothes with the clothes of the Sakai people and believed that the clothing, golden ear-
rings and other objects found with the body were evidence that the salt man was not a
mine worker. According to Sobouti, Salt Man 1 was a commissioner and representative
of the salt mine’s administration [3].
    After completing the exploration, the discovered body and objects were transferred
to the research lab of the Restoration Institute for further study and investigation. These
were carried out in different fields, which included dating tests, osteology studies using
tomography imaging, determination of blood group, DNA studies, and so on. Results of
the studies and experiments are published in a booklet on the Salt Man.
    The result of C14 dating carried out on samples of bone and cloth determined the
date of Salt Man 1 to about 1700 years ago, i.e. the early Sassanid period. Based on
studies, it was found that the discovered body belongs to a middle-aged man who had
a severe blow on the head before his death. His hair and beard were originally brown,
which turned white due to oxidation conditions and the presence of chloride ion in the
pigment of the hair. The Salt Man’s blood group was B. DNA testing was one of the most
important studies on the Salt Man. Using these tests, it was determined that the boot
and the leg inside it, found in the archaeological exploration, belong to this Salt Man [4].
    Restoration Institute experts also believed that, according to his appearance, the
Salt Man was not an ordinary worker. Due to his having a beard and long hair, earrings
and elegant boots, he was probably a hunter or a prince killed in the mine [5].
    Salt Man 2
    In 2004, when miners were again working with bulldozers, they encountered human
skeletal remains. Unfortunately, they were largely destroyed by the bulldozer. The skull
and jaw along with some hair and beard, bones, pieces of clothing and so on were also




                                                                                                      CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
discovered. The body belongs to a middle-aged man about 180 cm tall [6, 7].
    Salt Man 3
    Like Salt Man 2, Salt Man 3 was also discovered while working with bulldozers to
remove tailings under a large salt rock. On one side of the rock, there are signs of
pickaxe digging and carving.
    Salt Man 4
    Finally, in 2004, archaeologists excavated the most perfect sample of a salt man
body. It is clear that the dry environment full of salt and limited microbial activity helped
to preserve the body. Some containers made of clay, the knife with the leather sheath,
and whole clothing items were also found.
    Salt Man 5
    During the second season of the explorations, Salt Man 5 was discovered. There
was also a pisooz (a kind of lamp that burns animal fat), two pieces of wood, a large
cow horn, some rope made of vegetal fibers and pieces of clothing.
    Salt Man 6
    The skull of Salt Man 6 was discovered at the beginning of the excavation campaign
of 2010 and remained in the salt mine until the following excavation season [8, 9].




                                                                                                211
                                                                                                          3. Conservation state of the mummies and weavings extracted from the
                                                                                                             archaeological site

                                                                                                           After excavation and exploration of the archaeological sites of the ancient Chehr
                                                                                                       Abad salt mine in Zanjan and finding unique objects in the salt tunnels, including natu-
                                                                                                       ral mummies known as ‘salt men’, fabrics and weavings, wooden tools, metal objects,
                                                                                                       earthenware objects and the like, they were removed from the salt bed and classified
                                                                                                       by the relevant experts according to the material type of the object. Finally, after clas-
                                                                                                       sifying the objects, they were washed, labeled and numbered after drying, then pack-
H. Khamseh, N. Kan’ani - On the effect of salt and its removal from the fibers of the wool weavings




                                                                                                       aged for transportation to the storage area [10].
                                                                                                           After transferring the objects and mummies to Zanjan, glass show cases were pre-
                                                                                                       pared to preserve the mummies in, incorporating 24-hour temperature and humidity
                                                                                                       smart control devices located in the lower part of the cases. The resulting information is
                                                                                                       recorded in the computer attached to the glass case. Using the existing charts, possi-
                                                                                                       ble fluctuations in temperature and humidity can be clearly observed for the mummies
                                                                                                       inside the glass and, in the case of severe fluctuations, conservation and restoration
                                                                                                       measures can be carried out [11]. The glass cases where the mummies are kept, are
                                                                                                       monitored using 24 hour devices; room temperature and humidity is also continuously
                                                                                                       monitored (Figure 2 A, B).




                                                                                                       Figure 2. A) Conservation location of Salt Men; B) glass cases containing Salt Men with humidity
                                                                                                       control device in the forefront; C) hand-woven artifacts inside zipped bags. H. Khamseh, 2016.

                                                                                                          Beside the mummies’ bodies were a large number of exquisite weavings in varying
                                                                                                       materials, colors and textures from different historical eras: Achaemenid, Sassanid
                                                                                                       and Qajar.
                                                                                                          These hand-woven artifacts were cleaned and washed after removing the salt, re-
                                                                                                       specting their material composition of wool, cotton, or goat hair and the severity of the
                                                                                                       damage. They were then placed inside zipped bags according to their size and stored
                                                                                                       under normal conditions (Figure 2 C).
                                                                                                          A number of weavings are of importance with regard to their age, thread and dye.
                                                                                                       The woven artifacts were cleaned and repaired by the experts of the Research Insti-
                                                                                                       tute of Cultural Heritage & Tourism in Tehran and are already on exhibition among
                                                                                                       the weavings of the Archaeology Museum of Zanjan province in the Salt Men section
                                                                                                       (Figure 3).




                                                                                                 212
                  Figure 3. Dyed hand-woven artifact. H. Khamseh, 2016.



  4. Laboratory Studies

   There are three common ways to identify hand-woven fiber types. They are as fol-
lows: burning method, chemical method, and microscopic method. First, the burning




                                                                                                 CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
method is used. A small amount of fiber, where little damage has occurred, is cut using
scissors; it is then placed near a fire and the burning, smell and ash are examined.
After visual observation of the burnt fiber and resulting ash and smell, the material of
the sample is found to be wool (Figure 4).




                  Figure 4. Burning method of fibers. H. Khamseh, 2016.


                                                                                           213
                                                                                                         5. Electron microscopic examination

                                                                                                          In order to examine the fibers by SEM electronic microscope, the presented sam-
                                                                                                       ples were used to compare the microscopic images with different magnifications.
                                                                                                          Samples are as follows:
                                                                                                         – Sample E1: A piece of cloth from Salt Man 3 from the Achaemenid period (un-
                                                                                                           washed)
                                                                                                         – Sample E2: A piece of cloth from Salt Man 3 from the Achaemenid period (un-
H. Khamseh, N. Kan’ani - On the effect of salt and its removal from the fibers of the wool weavings




                                                                                                           washed)
                                                                                                         – Sample E3: A piece of cloth from Salt Man 3 from the Achaemenid period
                                                                                                           (washed)
                                                                                                         – Sample E4: A piece of cloth from Salt Man 3 from the Achaemenid period
                                                                                                           (washed)
                                                                                                         – Sample E5 GREEN: Contemporary fine wool fibers
                                                                                                         – Sample E6 OLD: Achaemenid era fine wool fibers

                                                                                                           Figure 5 shows samples before and after being coated with gold. The samples
                                                                                                       covered with gold have become discolored. Finally, the prepared samples are placed
                                                                                                       in the German RONTEC microscope under vacuum and imaging begins with different
                                                                                                       magnifications.




                                                                                                                              Figure 5. Samples E1-E6 coated with gold.



                                                                                                         6. Result of microscopy images

                                                                                                         As can be seen in samples E1 and E2, contamination can be detected by the naked
                                                                                                       eye. Moreover, salt crystals are visible using an optical microscope with a magnifica-


                                                                                                 214
tion of 20× and 40× and SEM micrographs with a magnification of 100×, 2000×, and
5000× (Figure 6 A, B).
    As can be seen in Figure 6 A and B below, in the magnification of 2000×, the scales
of the wool fibers are damaged and salt crystals have penetrated into the wool fiber.
    This damage is also more clearly visible in sample E1 (Figure 6 A). Even in the
fibers, the mud and salt crystals can be clearly seen. In this sample, the wool fiber has
also been destroyed.
    In Figure 6 C of sample E3, with magnification of 20x and 40x, fine salt crystals can
be seen in the wool fabric of the cloth from Salt Ma n 3. At a magnification of 100x and
2000x of the SEM, no sign of salt crystals and other contaminants is observed. The fi-
ber scales are less damaged. In Figure 6 D of sample E4, the presence of salt crystals
and wool fiber damage are detectable.
    In Figure 6 E, showing sample E5, selected as a check sample, the scales are vis-
ible with magnification of 20x, 40x, 100x, and 2000x.
    Figure 6 F shows a sample of Achaemenid era fine wool fibers.




                                                                                                          CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE




Figure 6. Microscopic examination of samples E1-E6 using an optical microscope and SEM
at different magnifications. A-B) Samples E1 and E2, salt crystals are visible at different
magnifications; C) Sample E3, no sign of salt crystals is observed at a magnification of 100× and
2000× of the SEM; D) Sample E4, presence of salt on fiber; E) Sample E5, control weave sample;
F) Sample E6 of fine wool fibers.


                                                                                                    215
                                                                                                          7. Comparison of microscopic images of samples

                                                                                                          Figure 7 shows wool fibers with a magnification of 40x and 20x by light microscope
                                                                                                       and in Figure 8 and 9 electron microscope images are investigated with magnifications
                                                                                                       of 100x, 2000x, and 5000x.
                                                                                                          According to the check samples E5 and E6, salt crystals in samples E4, E2, E3,
                                                                                                       and E1 are visible.
                                                                                                          Check samples E6 and E5; in the case of E4, E2, E3, and E1 salt crystals and dam-
                                                                                                       age are clearly observable (Figure 7 B).
H. Khamseh, N. Kan’ani - On the effect of salt and its removal from the fibers of the wool weavings




                                                                                                       Figure 7. Wool fibers of samples E1-E6. A) Magnification 20× and B) 40× using light microscope.
                                                                                                       Salt crystals in samples E4, E2, E3, and E1 are visible.



                                                                                                          In Figure 8 A, wool fibers can be seen at a magnification of 100× by SEM electron
                                                                                                       microscope. In Figure 8 B, wool fibers can be seen at a magnification of 2000× by
                                                                                                       SEM electron microscope. Check samples E6 and E5; in the case of E4, E2, E3, E1,
                                                                                                       salt crystals and damage are clearly observable. In comparison, we find that sample
                                                                                                       E3 is better conserved than the other samples of 2800 years. The reason may be due
                                                                                                       to the washing of the fibers, and weavings and artifacts, after being discovered in the
                                                                                                       salt bed.




                                                                                                       Figure 8. Wool fibers of samples E1-E6. A) Magnification 100× and B) 2000× by SEM electron
                                                                                                       microscope. Check samples E6 and E5; in the case of E4, E3, E2, E1, salt crystals and damage
                                                                                                       are clearly observable.



                                                                                                 216
   This can also be confirmed in Figure 9 showing a magnification of 5000× by SEM.




Figure 9. Wool fibers of washed samples E6 Achaemenid era fine wool fibers, E4 washed and E1
unwashed. Magnification 5000× by SEM electron microscope.



   8. EDX analysis

   Results of the EDX analysis are shown in the following tables and charts. There are
no elements of sodium and chloride in sample 3 (Table 1).




                                                                                                     CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
Table 1. Elemental analysis of the remains on the fiber material. H. Khamseh, 2016.

  Components              Compo-                Compo-           Components of
  of sample E1            nents of              nents of           sample E5          No.
                         sample E3             sample E2
  Carbon                Carbon              Carbon               Carbon                1
  Oxygen                Oxygen              Oxygen               Oxygen                2
  ----                  ----                Sodium               —                     2
  Magnesium             Magnesium           Magnesium            —                     4
  Aluminum              Aluminum            Aluminum             —                     5
  Silicon               Silicon             Silicon              —                     6
  —                      Sulfur              Sulfur              Sulfur                7
  —                     —                   Chloride             —                     8
  Potassium              Potassium           Potassium           —                     9
  Calcium               Calcium             Calcium              —                    10
  —                     Iron                Iron                 —                    11
  —                     Copper              —                    —                    12
  Gold                  Gold                Gold                 Gold                 13


                                                                                               217
H. Khamseh, N. Kan’ani - On the effect of salt and its removal from the fibers of the wool weavings




                                                                                                       Figure 10. Elemental analysis of E3 (A), sample E2 (B), sample E1 (C), and sample E5 (D) by
                                                                                                       SEM EDX.


                                                                                                       Table 2. Elemental analysis of sample E3.
                                                                                                                                                   unn. C        norm. C           Atom. C
                                                                                                        Element              Series
                                                                                                                                                   [wt.-%]       [wt.-%]            [at.-%]
                                                                                                        Carbon               K series               7.56           9.14              16.33
                                                                                                        Oxygen               K series              39.24          47.41              63.59
                                                                                                        Magnesium            K series               1.34           1.62              1.43
                                                                                                        Aluminum             K series               2.67           3.22              2.56
                                                                                                        Silicon              K series              8. 18           9.89              7.55
                                                                                                        Sulfur               K series               2.11           2.55              1.70
                                                                                                        Potassium            K series               1.20           1.45              0.80
                                                                                                        Calcium              K series               3.81           4.60              2.46
                                                                                                        Iron                 K series               3.10           3.74              1.44
                                                                                                        Copper               K series               1.26           1.52              0.51
                                                                                                        Gold                 M series              12.29          14.85              1.62
                                                                                                        Total:               82.8%




                                                                                                 218
Table 3. Elemental analysis of sample E2.
                                            unn. C    norm. C   Atom. C
 Element              Series
                                            [wt.-%]   [wt.-%]    [at.-%]
 Carbon               K series               3.47      3.92      7.28
 Oxygen               K series              42.93      48.54     67.57
 Magnesium            K series               1.77      2.00      1.84
 Aluminum             K series               4.53      5.13      4.23
 Silicon              K series              14.06      15.90     12.61
 Potassium            K series               2.20      2.49        1.42
 Calcium              K series               2.25      2.55      1.42
 Iron                 K series               4.47      5.05      2.01
 Gold                 M series              12.75      14.42     1.63
 Total:               88.4 %


Table 4. Elemental analysis of sample E1.
                                            unn. C    norm. C   Atom. C
 Element              Series
                                            [wt.-%]   [wt.-%]    [at.-%]
 Carbon               K series               9.98       11.52    21.41
 Oxygen               K series               33.20     38.31     53.45
 Sodium               K series               3.17       3.66      3.55
 Magnesium            K series               1.27       1.47      1.35
 Aluminum             K series               2.12       2.44      2.02
 Silicon              K series               5.91       6.82      5.42




                                                                                 CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
 Sulfur               K series               3.27       3.77      2.63
 Chloride             K series               5.07       5.85      3.68
 Potassium            K series               2.23       2.58      1.47
 Calcium              K series               3.53       4.08      2.27
 Iron                 K series               1.68       1.93      0.77
 Gold                 M series               15.23     17.57      1.99
 Total:               86.6 %


Table 5. Elemental analysis of sample E5.
                                            unn. C    norm. C   Atom. C
 Element              Series
                                            [wt.-%]   [wt.-%]    [at.-%]
 Carbon               K series              49.28      49.28     61.25
 Oxygen               K series              38.93      38.93      36.32
 Sulfur               K series               3.93       3.93      1.83
 Gold                 M series               7.87       7.87      0.60
 Total:               100.0 %


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                                                                                                             9. Results and Discussion

                                                                                                          As the salt mountain where the objects were buried is high and steep, water flows
                                                                                                       quickly down and away from the mountain surface and consequently they have re-
                                                                                                       mained in a dry environment, immune to humidity and atmospheric rainfall. As a con-
                                                                                                       sequence of this dry environment, salt has played a protective role. In the presence
                                                                                                       of salt, organic weavings undergo biological changes slowly over time, including both
                                                                                                       chemical degradation (molecular changes) and biological degradation (degradation
                                                                                                       by microorganisms). However, when weavings are removed from the place of their
H. Khamseh, N. Kan’ani - On the effect of salt and its removal from the fibers of the wool weavings




                                                                                                       archaeological discovery, any salt contained in the fibers rapidly combines with the
                                                                                                       moisture in the air, creating an ionized environment according to the following for-
                                                                                                       mula:

                                                                                                             NaCl + H2O                NaOH+HCl                  Na+OH- + H+Cl-

                                                                                                           These free ions in the environment have a strong affinity with the organic molecules
                                                                                                       of fibers. Hence, wool fibers in an acid-alkaline environment degrade, resulting in fiber
                                                                                                       destruction in the hand-woven object. Therefore, to preserve the mentioned fabrics,
                                                                                                       there are two solutions:
                                                                                                           1) Fabrics should not be washed but be kept in a dry and controlled environment.
                                                                                                              For example, clothing for Salt Man 4 in the smart museum exhibit case, under
                                                                                                              controlled conditions of temperature and humidity, has remained well conserved.
                                                                                                           2) Fabrics should be washed and the salt removed entirely, then kept under con-
                                                                                                              trolled conditions of temperature and humidity. As observed, sample E3 washed
                                                                                                              in the year 2010 and kept in normal conditions, is better conserved than sample
                                                                                                              E4.
                                                                                                           Moreover, these two samples are more well-conserved than the unwashed sam-
                                                                                                       ples, E1 and E2.
                                                                                                           Salt Man 5, who was buried close to the surface of the ground, is more damaged
                                                                                                       than other samples due to the influence of moisture and ionization (acid-alkaline) in the
                                                                                                       environment. On the contrary, Salt Man 4 has remained better conserved due to being
                                                                                                       buried in-depth in the salt mountain and away from moisture.


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[11] Nezamabadi, M., Harter-Lailheugue, S., Le Bailly, M. (2011) Paleoparasitology in
     the Middle-East: State of the research and potential. Tüba-Ar, 14, pp. 205-213.


Biographical notes

   Haeideh Khamseh, PHD Archaeologist, MA Historical conservation, BA Chemistry,
is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Archaeology, Abhar Branch at the Is-
lamic Azad University, Abhar in Iran.

   Neda Kan’ani, Master Student of objects restoration,in the Department of Archae-
ology, Abhar Branch at the Islamic Azad University, Abhar, and restoration expert of




                                                                                                   CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
historical artifacts, in the Administration of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism,
Zanjan, Iran.




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