10.6092/issn.1973-9494/5438
application/pdf
1973-9494
5438
2
en
Guoping Wang
Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage
China
Conserving Historic Urban Landscape and Beautifying the City by Means of its History
Text.Serial.Journal
https://conservation-science.unibo.it/
14
Articles
2014-12-30
2015-09-23
2014-12-30
2016-06-14
13-32
CSCH
Guoping Wang
2014/12/30
10.6092/issn.1973-9494/5438
13
CPC Standing Central Committee of Zhejiang Province
1973-9494
2
China
en
32
Yang Jianqiang, 2012, Urban Renewal in western Europe, Publishing House of Southeast University.
Conserving Historic Urban Landscape and Beautifying the City by Means of its History
https://conservation-science.unibo.it/article/download/5438/5151
14
C    ONSERVING HISTORIC URBAN LANDSCAPE AND
     BEAUTIFYING THE CITY BY MEANS OF ITS HISTORY




   Wang Guoping
   CPC Standing Central Committee of Zhejiang Province


   Keywords: historic urban landscape, urbanization, UNESCO, China

   1. Introduction

   This paper focuses on three issues concerning historic urban landscape conserva-
tion under the background of new urbanization: the first one is attaching great impor-
tance to cultural heritage conservation in rapid urbanization; the second one is laying
great emphasis on historic urban landscape conservation which is part of cultural herit-
age conservation; the third is Hangzhou’s practice in cultural heritage conservation.


   2. Attaching great importance to cultural heritage conservation in rapid ur-
   banization

     When social and economic development reaches a certain level, urbanization will
be an inevitable consequence. It is also necessary for the realization of modernization.




                                                                                                      CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
Secretary-general Xi Jinping pointed out in the Central Economic Work Conference held
in last December, “town-rization should be promoted actively and steadily and efforts
should be made to improve the quality of town-rization. Town-rization is the historic task
in our country’s development of modernization; it is also the biggest potential for enlarg-
ing domestic demand. In terms of improving the quality of town-rization, we are supposed
to make the best use of the circumstances, seek advantages and avoid disadvantages,
and lead actively town-rization to develop in a healthy way.” Premier Li Keqiang also in-
dicated that “town-rization is the largest potential for expanding domestic demand”, and
that “looking ahead, we can see town-rization is the enormous engine for our country’s
economic growth”. Last November when he met with World Bank President, Premier Li
made it clear that “in the following decades, China’s largest development potential will lie
in town-rization”. Here the word “town-rization” is synonymous to the term “urbanization”
that is usually used in academic circle. No matter whether the word “town” is interpreted
literally or defined according to the law of planning, it is embodied in “city”.
     Urbanization is a double-edged sword. While bringing about historic development op-
portunities and driving forces for cities, it has also caused various problems and brought
challenges to cities. It can be said that it is marvelous to realize urbanization and it is
terrible not to realize urbanization. In the past ten-plus years, the rate of urbanization in
China has been growing by one percent each year, and in 2011 it exceeded fifty percent.
It is predicted that in the next two decades the rate will grow at the same pace and is likely
to reach seventy percent in 2030, paralleling the current urbanization rate of developed

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                                                      countries. In other words, China will have nearly completed its historic mission of urbaniza-
                                                      tion by that time. From the adoption of the reform and open-up policy, it is probable that it
                                                      will only take China 50 years to obtain such accomplishments in urbanization as Western
                                                      countries did in one hundred or even two hundred years. This rapid development in a rela-
                                                      tively shorter period of time has triggered multiple conflicts and impetuousness of some
                                                      municipal administrators. Due to their single-hearted pursuit of growth rate, all of them
                                                      hope their city develops faster and more greatly. However, each municipal administrator is
                                                      confronted with the same question: What is the core competency of a city? My answer is:
                                                      old streets, old houses, old trees and old towns—the cultural and historic heritage of the
                                                      city. Because a city’s core competency lies in its innate characteristics, namely its differ-
                                                      ence, distinction and from others and even its uniqueness, yet it is the cultural and historic
                                                      heritage that makes a city different, distinct and unique. A city is an organic entity, and has
                                                      a life. A city well-known for its history and culture can be at least hundreds and even thou-
                                                      sands of years old, so that there must be hundreds and thousands of growth rings that give
                                                      testimony to its development and change. The historic and cultural heritage, as the symbol
                                                      of its growth rings, should never be ruined or abandoned. To inflict destruction on its growth
                                                      rings is to destroy its popularity, its prestige and its core competency.
                                                          The most horrible outcome of China’s urbanization is westernization or homogeniza-
                                                      tion, consequently “a thousand cities resembling each other.” If that happened, it would
                                                      not only be the tragedy of a city but also the tragedy of the whole nation and the people.
                                                      We must prevent catastrophes from befalling historic and cultural heritage when China’s
                                                      urbanization is accelerating. This is definitely not alarmist. Yesterday, we paid a heavy price
                                                      in the promotion of industrialization; eventually we understood the importance of protect-
                                                      ing ecological environment and began to implement the project of “blue sky, clear water,
                                                      greenness and quietness”. Today, while propelling urbanization, we should draw a lesson
                                                      from our painful experience and attach great importance to the conservation of cultural
                                                      heritage; the stupid action of “destructing while constructing” shall never be done again.
                                                      We ought to be aware that “natural greenness” is one of the conditions for human exist-
                                                      ence and that “cultural greenness” is the one of the genes sustaining national spirit. The
Wang Guoping - Conserving historic urban landscape




                                                      destruction of natural ecology can be restored; even if a towering tree that is several hun-
                                                      dred years old is destroyed, there will be another towing tree a few hundred years later if
                                                      only we plant a small tree today; however, once historic and cultural heritage is destroyed,
                                                      it can never be restored. We should bear this truth in our mind, conserve historic and cul-
                                                      tural heritage and conduct overall protection of historic and cultural cities. Unfortunately,
                                                      today in China there are still some historic and cultural cities that are still taking the old
                                                      and deadly road of “dismantling old cities to build new ones”. Many people attribute this
                                                      to the error of individual administrators. In my point of view, they have oversimplified this
                                                      issue. Municipal administrators, no doubt, must be responsible for this misconception, but
                                                      if we look carefully into this, we will find that some laws, regulations, policies, systems and
                                                      planning are made in response to the model of “dismantling old cities to build new ones.”
                                                      For many people, “dismantling old cities to build new ones” is the fastest, least risky and
                                                      most productive road to urbanization. To adopt the policy of “protecting old cities to build
                                                      new ones,” municipal administrators must reconceptualize the issue of urbanization; laws,
                                                      regulations, policies, systems and planning must be researched into and made at national
                                                      level. In other words, we should “protect old cities and build new ones” and then protect all
                                                      historic and cultural heritage by rule of law instead of rule of man. If this conference can be
                                                      a driving force for this, it will be a good thing. This is also what I hope for in this conference.



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   3. Laying great emphasis on the conservation of historic urban landscape
   which is part of cultural heritage conservation

    At present, in respect of cultural heritage conservation, we should not only empha-
size the protection of cultural heritage sites but also lay great emphasis on the conser-
vation of historic urban landscape. In 2011, UNESCO released the Recommendation
on the Historic Urban Landscape. According to the Recommendation, The historic ur-
ban landscape is the urban area understood as the result of a historic layering of cul-
tural and natural values and attributes, extending beyond the notion of “historic centre”
or “ensemble” to include the broader urban context and its geographical setting. This
wider context includes notably the site’s topography, geomorphology, hydrology and
natural features, its built environment, both historic and contemporary, its infrastruc-
tures above and below ground, its open spaces and gardens, its land use patterns and
spatial organization, perceptions and visual relationships, as well as all other elements
of the urban structure. It also includes social and cultural practices and values, eco-
nomic processes and the intangible dimensions of heritage as related to diversity and
identity. To put it in another way, historic urban landscape refers to the sum of historic
cities’ natural and cultural, tangible and intangible features and elements that interact
with each other; it encompasses aspects such as natural system, land use, topogra-
phy, and geomorphology, ecological structure, vegetation and water, visual structure,
social function, architecture and structure, and so on; these elements express and
record the view of nature and interest appeal in various cultural models; historic urban
landscape is the bearing system of urban values. In this landscape system, heritage
sites are only one of its elements. Today, urbanization is developing rapidly; thus it is
exactly the right time to study on the conservation of historic urban landscape. There
are three reasons for laying emphasis on historic urban landscape:
    1. Paying close attention to the new trends of world heritage nomination




                                                                                                    CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
    Currently, nomination has been become more and more difficult; in addition, it has
become more and more difficult to remain in the World Heritage List after the nomi-
nation is approved. In June 2011, I led the world heritage nomination delegation of
Hangzhou West Lake to attend the 35th Session of the World Heritage Committee.
This session conveyed strongly this signal. In the session, the natural heritage nomi-
nation project submitted by China, namely, the Five Connective Lakes, was withdrawn
before voting with the permission of the State Council, because it was less likely to be
approved and quite risky. Besides, according to the original schedule, the discussion
time would only last for one and half a day, but it was prolonged and lasted for five
and half a day; an important reason for this lengthening was that the session should
not only discuss the newly-added heritage projects, but also decide whether the exist-
ing heritage projects could reach the standards; if a heritage project fails to reach the
standards for the first time, it will be shown a yellow card; if it fails for a second time,
it will be shown a red card and excluded from the world heritage list. Administrators
of many world heritage sites, after they were shown a yellow card or even a red card,
would make explanations in the session, hoping to maintain the title of world heritage.
In my opinion, there are mainly three reasons for the difficulties in making nominations
and in keeping the title of world heritage: the first difficulty lies in the “rules of the
game”. The game rules of nomination for inscription in world heritage list are made by
world heritage organization and we are still not familiar with these rules. For instance,
we encountered a setback in nominating West Lake for world heritage inscription be-


                                                                                               15
                                                      cause of our unfamiliarity with these rules. The nomination was rejected owing to an
                                                      error in the plotting scale of the nomination text. Luckily, in the second year, another
                                                      cultural heritage of China was not ready to submit the nomination; consequently West
                                                      Lake was allowed to submit the nomination for a second time, and this provided us with
                                                      an opportunity to succeed. Without this chance, it may take us ten or even twenty more
                                                      years to be successful in the nomination of West Lake. There is another example of
                                                      failure in the first-time nomination. The nomination of the historic architectural complex
                                                      of Mount Song also suffered frustration; the nomination was not approved until the
                                                      second submission. The second difficulty is in the issue of value identification.
                                                      Since the game rules for nominations are made by western experts and scholars,
                                                      the identification of the value of cultural heritage becomes very difficult. According to
                                                      many people, West Lake should certainly be inscribed in world heritage list. When
                                                      Secretary-general Xi was the secretary of CPC Committee of Zhejiang province, he
                                                      once inspected the comprehensive preservation project of West Lake and asked on
                                                      the inspection site why West Lake was still not on the world heritage list. I replied that
                                                      West Lake was still applying for inscription in world heritage list and there was still a
                                                      long road to go. He took Wuyi Mountain as a comparative example and mentioned that
                                                      Wuyi Mountain had long been a world cultural and natural heritage site. One signifi-
                                                      cance reason why West Lake had gone a long way to become a world heritage site
                                                      was that western experts and scholars had different views on the value of West Lake
                                                      heritage and it was extremely difficult for it to acquire identification. The third difficulty
                                                      lies in the increase of the number of world heritage sites. Previously, the number
                                                      of world heritage sites in China was pretty small, but now the number ranks second in
                                                      the world. In the future, there may be two more world heritage sites each year in China;
                                                      at such a speed, China will soon become the country with the most world heritage
                                                      sites. For a state, the increase of the number of world heritage sites is a good thing;
                                                      however, just as tall trees catch much wind, such an increase meanwhile causes risks
                                                      of failure in nominations. The above mentioned three reasons has made it more and
                                                      more difficult for China to succeed in nominations for world heritage inscription and
Wang Guoping - Conserving historic urban landscape




                                                      it also becomes more and more difficult to remain on the world heritage list. All cities
                                                      possessing world heritage sites or preparing to apply for inscription in the world herit-
                                                      age list should attach great importance to these new trends; only by being familiar with
                                                      them can we guarantee successful nominations.
                                                          2. Laying great emphasis on the changes of the “game rules” for application for
                                                      inscription in world heritage list
                                                          Among the previously mentioned three major factors that result in failure in applica-
                                                      tions, the most important one is issue of the “game rules”. We are not quite familiar with
                                                      the “game rules” for nominations and these rules are in constant changes, to which
                                                      importance must be attached. At present, world heritage sites fall into two categories:
                                                      one is world natural heritage and the other is world cultural heritage. The definition and
                                                      scope of world natural heritage are relatively simple and stable, whereas those of world
                                                      cultural heritage changes continuously and an important type has come into being--
                                                      -world cultural landscape heritage. What West Lake applied for was to be inscribed
                                                      in the list of world cultural landscape heritage which is subordinate to the category of
                                                      world cultural heritage. In the course of the nomination of West Lake, the assistant
                                                      director-general for the culture of the UNESCO Mr. Bandarin proposed the concept
                                                      of “urban cultural landscape” and advised Hangzhou to start from the conservation of
                                                      West Lake cultural landscape and establish a special research institution to promote


                                                 16
the conservation of Hangzhou’s urban cultural landscape heritage. This is also the rea-
son why we co-founded “World Heritage Conservation Hangzhou Research Center”
with UNESCO World Heritage Center. In recent years, Mr. Bandarin and experts of
world heritage organization have been researching into the conservation of urban cul-
tural landscape; they have developed it into the concept of “historical urban landscape”
and issued Recommendation on Historic urban Landscape. Now experts’ understand-
ing of this Recommendation is still diversified. Some experts think that historic urban
landscape is not a sub-category of cultural heritage; instead, it is a conservation ap-
proach and method. In the eyes of other experts, historic urban landscape is both an
approach and method and a special sub-category of cultural heritage. In my opinion,
historic urban landscape is both a conservation approach and method and a
new type of cultural heritage. Although this Recommendation has no legal force, it
may influence the judgment of heritage value and the modification of heritage criteria
and finally it can influence the choice of experts who have the voting right. In conse-
quence, I think all cities owning world heritage sites or preparing to submit nominations
for inscription in world heritage list should pay close attention to the Recommendation.
    3. Attaching great importance to the challenges and opportunities brought by UN-
ESCO’s Recommendation on Historic Urban Landscape
    In accordance with my judgment, the release of the Recommendation will bring chal-
lenges and opportunities in three aspects: firstly, cities which already have world herit-
age will find it more and more difficult to maintain the title of world heritage. World
heritage organizations have to not only make evaluation on the conservation of the herit-
age itself, but also make assessment of the conservation and development of the entire
city or region where the heritage is. Secondly, it increases the possibility of a new
choice direction of cultural heritage nomination. Currently, world heritage organiza-
tions have not yet considered “historic urban landscape” to be a type; instead, they re-
gard it as a conservation approach and method. That is because taking “historic urban




                                                                                                        CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
landscape” as a new type will mean significant modification of the “game rules”. Actually,
world heritage organizations only make step-by-step and extremely cautious changes to
the “game rules”. However, in light of the expression of the Recommendation, I believe
historic urban landscape will eventually become a new type belonging to world cultural her-
itage. If nomination projects have vivid characteristics of historic urban landscape, make
more efforts to conserve historic urban landscape and the conservation is well conducted,
they are likely to get approval successfully, because this type not only fills the blank in
world heritage classification in China, but also fills that in the world. Thirdly, when a city
submits the nomination of its second and third world heritage sites, it must attach
more importance to Recommendation on Historic Urban Landscape. The question
answered by the Recommendation is how historic and cultural cities and towns manage
to have a double-win in conservation and development. The inspiration we get from it is
that the conservation of cultural heritage should not be confined to the heritage itself and
that we must achieve a double-win in conservation and development in the grand context
of historic cities or regions. In my point of view, world heritage organizations will definitely
employ this Recommendation to evaluate comprehensively whether the value and con-
servation of the historic cities or regions which heritage sites are in can meet the require-
ments of the Recommendation and then judge whether the heritage nominated by a city
has outstanding universal value identified by world heritage organizations. This will greatly
increase the difficulties in nominations. If applicants do not improve their nomination ability,
only make simple interpretation of the heritage itself, do not take into account new world


                                                                                                   17
                                                      heritage types and their standards in terms of heritage conservation and value, and fail to
                                                      elaborate according to new types of world heritage and their standards, their nominations
                                                      will probably be rejected. By contrast, if they can make targeted interpretation of their nomi-
                                                      nation projects in the context of the conservation of historic urban landscape, it is likely that
                                                      their nominations will get approval easily. In accordance with the estimation of the status of
                                                      heritage sites in some historic and cultural cities in China, in the future it may be a normal
                                                      phenomenon that some cities possess two or more exclusive or shared world heritage
                                                      sites. It is also normal for Hangzhou, a historic and cultural city with an 8,000-year history
                                                      of civilization and a 5,000-year history of architecture, to have two, three, four or even five
                                                      world heritage sites. Despite the fact that West Lake did not become a world heritage site
                                                      until recent years, we hope to build Hangzhou into a city boasting five world heritage sites
                                                      with twenty-year efforts.

                                                         4. Hangzhou’s practices in cultural heritage conservation

                                                          Since the beginning of the new century, we have been insisting on the ideals that
                                                      conserving historic and cultural heritage sites is the most important responsibility of ur-
                                                      ban administrators, that conserving historic and cultural heritage is protecting produc-
                                                      tivity, that input in historic and cultural heritage is the productive input with the highest
                                                      rate of return, that conservation and development can be realized simultaneously and
                                                      that everyone is responsible for the protection of historic and cultural heritage. Succes-
                                                      sively, we have implemented the comprehensive conservation projects of West Lake,
                                                      Xiang Lake, Xixi Wetland, the Canal, the river course inside the downtown area, the
                                                      Great Archeology Site of Liangzhu, the Remains of the Imperial City of the Southern
                                                      Song Dynasty and Zhongshan Road; Furthermore, we have conducted conservation
                                                      of old houses in the downtown area, historic neighborhoods, old buildings that have
                                                      historic values in rural areas, industrial legacies, heritage sites on campus, which indi-
                                                      cates that we have conserved as many historic sites as possible.
                                                          1. Protecting the old city and building a new one
Wang Guoping - Conserving historic urban landscape




                                                          In accordance with the ideal of “protecting the old cities and building new ones” and the
                                                      thinking pattern of “two evacuations and three concentrations”, we make the old city the
                                                      key of protection, carry out construction mainly in the new city, evacuate the population
                                                      and buildings in the old downtown area, promote enterprises to concentrate in the indus-
                                                      trial zone, make universities and colleges concentrate in the higher education zone and
                                                      propel construction to concentrate in the new downtown area. In this way, the historic and
                                                      cultural city especially the historic and cultural heritage is well protected; the along-river
                                                      and cross-river development of the city of Hangzhou is greatly promoted; the double-win
                                                      of conservation and development is realized. An expert from South Korea came to Hang-
                                                      zhou when the nomination of West Lake for inscription in World Heritage was examined.
                                                      She asked some questions when she saw West Lake: if the land here cannot be sold and
                                                      factories cannot be set up in this scenic area just like what you have said in your report,
                                                      how can Hangzhou develop? How can the life quality of Hangzhou citizens be improved?
                                                      She did not believe our promise of “six Nos” and the fact that the conservation of West
                                                      Lake is sustainable, until we invited her to visit the new Qianjiang City and explained to
                                                      her our practice of “protecting the old city while building a new one”. The practice in the
                                                      past ten-plus years has demonstrated that the key reason why Hangzhou can realize the
                                                      “double-win” of conservation and development is that we have been taking the new and
                                                      fresh road of “protecting the old city while building a new one”.


                                                 18
   2. Promoting the organic update of the city
   In terms of city construction, we not only have absorbed the reasonable elements
of the western theory of “city update”, but also have drawn a practical lesson from
many cities’ “dismantling the old city to build a new one”; we put forward the ideal of
the organic update of cities and introduced the biological concept of “life” into urban
construction; we treat our city as a living thing, lay emphasis on the term “organic”
and promote the organic update of urban morphology, street structures, natural and
humanistic landscape, road facilities, river courses inside the city, urban industries,
and urban administration, making Hangzhou, an ancient city, young and full of vigor
forever. For example, we persistently let “the organic update of roads (rivers)” drive
forward remediation, conservation, renovation, construction, development, manage-
ment, which advances the “organic update” of the city.


   Case 1: the comprehensive protection project of the Canal. Hangzhou is the south-
ern end of Jinghang Canal which is the cradle of Hangzhou’s culture. With a history of
more than 2000 years, Jinghang Canal is not only “a treasure of the nation”, but also
“the lifeline of the city”. Since 2002, with the goal of giving an unpolluted canal back to
the people, applying for inscription in World Cultural Heritage Site and creating world-
class tourism products, the municipal government has been carrying out the compre-
hensive conservation project of the canal in 10 consecutive years, in accordance with
the principle of “putting conservation first, giving top priority to the protection of ecosys-
tem, developing tourism, centering on the people and remediating comprehensively”.
The conservation and restoration of the series of landscape along the canal have been
carried out successively and the humanistic ecology has also been restored, which
substantially contributed to the prospect of winning the title of World Cultural Heritage
Site. On May 24, 2006, Hangzhou municipal government and the National Commit-




                                                                                                      CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
tee of the CPPCC co-organized a seminar that focused on the protection of Jinghang
Canal and the application for inscription in World Cultural Heritage Site, and published
Hangzhou Manifesto, which expressed our wish to win the title of World Cultural Her-
itage Site. In April 2012, when visiting the Hangzhou section of the Grand Canal, Li
Xiaojie, vice Minister of the National Cultural Ministry and Director of China’s State
Administration of Cultural Heritage, fully acknowledged the achievements Hangzhou
municipal government has accomplished in protecting and exploiting the canal and the
good preparations we have made for applying for the inclusion in UNESCO’s World
Heritage List. According to the arrangement of State Administration of Cultural Herit-
age, the nomination of the canal will be submitted to the World Heritage Convention in
2014. The first list of nominations includes six scenic spots, five reaches and eleven
sections: the Relic of Fengshan Water Gate, the Fuyi Granary, Qiaoxi Historic Street,
Xixing Ancient Cargo Transferring Warehouse and Dock, Gongchen Bridge, Guangji
Bridge, Southern Canal Wujiang-Jiaxi-Hangzhou Section (Yuhang Tangqi-Hangzhou
Bazi Bridge, the boundary of Jiangsu and Zhejiang province-Hangzhoutang close to
Bazi Bridge, Shangtang River), Hangzhou Zhonghe River-Longshan River), the main
stream of Eastern Zhejiang Canal (Hangzhou Xixing Town—Xixing Canal at Shangyu
Dongguan Section, Xiaoshao Canal). The number of historic sites in Hangzhou is the
largest in the country.




                                                                                                 19
                                                      Figure 1. Hangzhou section of the Grand Canal




                                                         Case 2: the comprehensive conservation project of the river courses within the
                                                      urban area. The resource of river courses in Hangzhou’s downtown area is abun-
Wang Guoping - Conserving historic urban landscape




                                                      dant. Within the circle of belt highway, there are more than 300 river courses which
                                                      have the length of more than 1 km and the sum of their length is about 1000 km.
                                                      At the beginning of 2007, on the basis of the target of “clear water, smooth current,
                                                      green banks, beautiful scenery, livability, and prosperity” and the evaluation criteria
                                                      of “water ecology, water culture, water landscape, water tourism, water develop-
                                                      ment, water safety and water transportation”, Hangzhou adopts different compre-
                                                      hensive remediation measures, and provides its residents with clear river water. By
                                                      implementing this project, Hangzhou has significantly improved the production and
                                                      the life of residents living along the water courses and the ecological environment.
                                                      By the end of 2010, 178 water courses with the total length of 420 km had been
                                                      remedied; 540km of the slow traffic system along the river had been linked up;
                                                      around 7,800,000square meters of green area had been newly added, transformed
                                                      and enhanced; “normal water circulation, guarantee of water safety, rich water cul-
                                                      ture, excellent water ecology and beautiful water landscape” had been achieved.
                                                      Those “sewage drainage rivers” now have become “ecological rivers”, “landscape
                                                      rivers”, “humanistic rivers” which are suitable for living, tourism, commerce and
                                                      culture. The river courses in the urban area have become a “new driving force” for
                                                      Hangzhou’s tourism and a “Sunday punch” to increase the core competitiveness of
                                                      Hangzhou’s tourism.


                                                 20
Figure 2. The tiesha river of Hangzhou




                                                                                                      CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
   3. Constructing the conservation system that combines dots, lines and areas
   We persist on overall planning, step-by-step implementation, system integration
and orderly progress. The all-round conservation system of historic and cultural herit-
age with multi-levels has been formed with “dots” as its basis, “lines” as its links, “ar-
eas” as its breakthrough point and the protection of the entire city as its ultimate goal.
As many as cultural heritage sites are conserved.
   To begin with, we implement the good conservation of the “dots”. In accordance with
the principles of authenticity, integrity, continuity and identifiability, we push forward the
conservation of cultural heritage protection units, old houses in the urban area, the
dilapidated buildings, the historic architecture in the countryside, industrial legacy, and
campus heritage. Laws and regulations have stipulated that the valuable old houses
with a history of 50-plus years shall not be demolished.
   A case of the conservation of old houses: the enhancement project of old
and dilapidated houses. In 2007, Hangzhou embarked on the enhancement project
of old and dilapidated houses. In practice, Hangzhou has proposed the idea of putting
conservation first, focusing on improvement and providing guidance according to dif-
ferent types and improved the old and dilapidated houses in the old downtown area
by adopting three measures, namely, maintenance, splicing and rebuilding. During the
improvement of the old and dilapidated houses, Hangzhou has been implementing the
policy of “encouraging residents to move out and allowing them to conduct conser-
vation themselves”. Encouraging residents to move out means encouraging people


                                                                                                 21
                                                      living in the old and dilapidated houses to move out of their original houses and the
                                                      government takes the responsibility to accommodate them and gives them a certain
                                                      amount of money as compensation and helps them to expand their houses. Allowing
                                                      them to conduct conservation themselves means that as for those residents who are
                                                      not willing to move out, the government respects their choice and pays for the mainte-
                                                      nance of their houses, making every household have their own kitchen and bathroom
                                                      facilities; the overall living conditions and environment quality have been significantly
                                                      improved. This policy has not only enhanced the living conditions of residents, but also
                                                      resolved the problem of “difficult demolition”. By the end of 2009, the enhancement
                                                      task of 1,800,000 square meters of old and dilapidated houses in the old downtown
                                                      area had been finished; the living conditions of 30,000 househoulds residing in old and
                                                      dilapidated houses had been greatly improved; meanwhile, Hangzhou, a historic and
                                                      cultural city has also been effectively conserved.
Wang Guoping - Conserving historic urban landscape




                                                              Figure 3 a and b. The old and new appearance of Lingyin Village in Hangzhou




                                                 22
   A case of industrial legacy conservation: the conservation and utilization of the
old plant buildings of Hangzhou Oxygen Generator Factory and Hangzhou Boiler
Factory. The total area of the land parcels where the two factories’ old plant buildings are
located is about 500 mu. The two old factories with a history of 50-plus years recorded
Hangzhou’s history of industrial development. The area of their reserved old plant buildings
reaches 90,000square meters; this is the largest, the most intensive and the most valuable
industrial legacy conservation zone in Hangzhou. In 2008, Hangzhou CPC Committee
and Municipal Government decided to build the old plant buildings of the two factories into
international tourism complex---“Star of the City”, making it a model of the conservation
and utilization of the industrial legacy and a new urban landmark of Hangzhou which dem-
onstrates specialty, differentiation and even uniqueness. The positioning of this project is:
taking the international urban exposition center as its theme and making it an international
tourism complex including art, film & television, entertainment, bodybuilding, delicious food,
shopping, exhibition and hotel. The core concept is “city makes life better”, which means
that Hangzhou demonstrates the ultimate goal and ideal pattern of urban development by
centering on urban life and urban culture. Three world-class architectural designers, David
Chipperfield, Herzog & de Meuron and Steven Holl, made the conceptual design of the
project together. While carrying out the conservation and utilization of old plant buildings,
we built some buildings and service facilities matching to them in the adjacent land par-
cels, strengthened comprehensive function and endeavored to seek the optimal balance
between conservation and development, in accordance with the theme of the project.




                                                                                                      CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE




                  Figure 4 a and b. The “Star of the City” of Hangzhou



                                                                                                 23
                                                          A case of the conservation of campus heritage: the conservation of Yuhuang-
                                                      shan Campus of Hangzhou Normal University. Yuhuangshan Campus is located within
                                                      the scenic area of West Lake and the Remains of the Imperial City of the Southern Song
                                                      Dynasty, covering 102 mu. The 33 buildings on this campus take up 2.8 square meters,
                                                      reflecting the changes that schools in Hangzhou and their architectures have undergone
                                                      after the founding of the People’s Republic of China. When we design this project, we insist
                                                      on the principle of “putting conservation first, giving top priority to ecology, restoring the
                                                      buildings and making the least intervention”; in principle, we do not tear down any building
                                                      on campus or change the network of roads, and we try by all possible means to protect its
                                                      “genetic codes” so as to transform its music school into a specialized and popular national
                                                      music museum that not only showcases the music of the Southern Song dynasty but also
                                                      combines the functions of collection, research, display, training, education, entertainment
                                                      and tourism. We are making great efforts to build it into the most beautiful museum park
                                                      enclosed by water and mountains.
Wang Guoping - Conserving historic urban landscape




                                                                 Figure 5. The odeum in Yuhuang-shan Campus of Hangzhou
                                                                 Normal University



                                                          A case of the conservation of historic architecture in rural areas: The protection
                                                      of Fayun Ancient Village. Fayun Ancient Village has preserved a large number of tradi-
                                                      tional residential buildings on the mountains surrounding West Lake, which have historic
                                                      and artistic value and most of which were built during the era of the Republic of China.
                                                      But with the passage of time, the painting of the walls of many old buildings was peeled
                                                      off; the walls and roofs collapsed; the wood components of these old buildings were long
                                                      exposed to the sun and rains; consequently, some houses were dilapidated and some
                                                      had completely collapsed; weeds were growing everywhere. In addition, the infrastructure
                                                      of the village was backward; the road conditions were bad and garbage filled parts of the
                                                      village. New residential buildings emerge every year, presenting a sharp contrast to the
                                                      natural environment and the style of original residential buildings. To alleviate this contrast,
                                                      we were determined to protect as many buildings as we could, and to renovate as many
                                                      as we could, so that Fayun village can be integrated into the religious culture centering on
                                                      Lingyin Temple. When protecting this old village, we introduce the world class Aman Hotel


                                                 24
into this region, which provides human-friendly facilities and services. The establishment
of Aman Hotel does not change the slightest bit of the exterior of the village, not even the
grasses and flowers growing on top of the houses. By doing this, we find a balance be-
tween protecting the old village and making use of it.




           Figure 6. The Aman hotel of Hangzhou



   Secondly, we conserve the “lines” well. We insist on active protection, sustainable
development, promotion of the conservation of historic and cultural districts and neigh-
borhoods, the improvement of ancient streets and the protection of ancient walls and




                                                                                                    CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
historic river courses and river system.
   Case 1: the comprehensive protection and organic update of Zhongshan
Road. The vision of “building a historic museum” has been instilled into this project.
When renovating this neighborhood, we do not dismantle buildings of various styles
built over a long period of time. We only “beautify” this neighborhood rather than com-
pletely changing it. Now we can see the oldest Royal Street of the Southern Song
Dynasty, Phoenix Mosque, a Catholic church, and other buildings built during the Ming
Dynasty, Qing Dynasty, the Republican era, right after the Liberation, during the Cultur-
al Revolution, and shortly after China adopted the Reform and Open-up policy. These
buildings witness the architectural changes that Hangzhou has gone through and
epitomize the cultural and historic features of this city. For example, Phoenix Mosque,
one of the earliest mosques built in China, combines the characteristics of Islamic
and Chinese architectures, serving as a testimony to the exchanges between Chinese
and Islamic cultures. The Catholic Church at Zhongshan Road is exemplary of early
Catholic churches in China. After renovation, it has become the window through which
Catholics in Zhejiang province reach out to the outside world. The residential build-
ing of John Leighton Stuart, after renovation, is called John Leighton Stuart Memorial
Building. It seems to me that Hangzhou cannot be called a museum of historic build-
ings but it can surely be called a museum of architectural history, a city whose buildings
map out the trajectory of its past.


                                                                                               25
                                                                              Figure 7. The Phoenix Temple of Hangzhou

                                                         Case 2: The protection of Xiaohe Straight Street---a historic and cultural Neigh-
                                                      borhood. Based on respect for truth, this project aims to represent the original style of this
                                                      neighborhood and to reflect the sustainable development of human life and nature. Some
                                                      sections of the 20,000-square-meter neighborhood underwent different levels of protection
                                                      and renovations. Some are exact reproductions of the original buildings; some maintain only
                                                      their original styles; the others bear only the essential features of the original buildings. In
                                                      addition to unearthing the historic and cultural heritage in this neighborhood, we have also
                                                      enlarged the living space of local residents from the original 13 to 20 square meters per
                                                      person. About 65 percent of the relocated residents have moved back to this neighborhood
                                                      after renovation. The project was awarded the “Chinese Habitat Scroll of Honor Award” by
                                                      Construction Ministry in 2007 and the “UN Habitat Scroll of Honor Award” by UN in 2009.
Wang Guoping - Conserving historic urban landscape




                                                      Figure 8. The Xiaohe Straight Street of Hangzhou



                                                          Case 3: The renovation of backstreets and alleys. From 2004 on, Hangzhou has un-
                                                      dertaken the renovation of backstreets and alleys by opening up the dead-end roads, set-
                                                      ting up roads for one-way traffic, and enlarging parking space. The bottlenecks in these
                                                      backstreets and alleys have been drastically improved. In the meantime, by renovating his-
                                                      toric buildings, preserving the cultural texture of these areas and restoring their original ap-
                                                      pearances, we sustain the history of these neighborhoods. This project is called the project
                                                      that “has earned the citizens’ hearts.” By the end of 2010, the municipal government has
                                                      improved more than 3000 backstreets and alleys, which adds up to 775.0 kilometers. More
                                                      than 2,000,000 people benefit from this project, and these streets and alleys have also be-
                                                      come places frequented by local residents and tourists.


                                                 26
        Figure 9. The renovated backstreets and alleys of Hangzhou

    Thirdly, we conduct good conservation of the “areas”. According to the prin-
ciples of putting conservation first, giving priority to ecology, inheriting history,
highlighting culture, centering on and benefiting the people, making overall plan-
ning and implementing step by step, we mainly improve the comprehensive con-
servation of cultural heritage area, historic downtown area, well-known towns and
villages, lakes and wetland.
    Case 1: the comprehensive conservation project of Xixi Wetland. Xixi Wet-
land is a combination of urban wetland, agricultural wetland and cultural wetland.




                                                                                             CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
In August 2003, Hangzhou launched the comprehensive conservation project of
Xixi Wetland. By adjusting the density of architecture built there, we lighten the
burden on the environment of the wetland, effectively protected the unique agri-
cultural culture and fields and villages at Xixi and restore an array of humanistic
landscapes, forming in practice the “Hangzhou Model” concerning the conserva-
tion and utilization of urban wetland and winning the recognition of international
organizations. Currently, Xixi Wetland with an area of 11 square kilometers has
become the first wetland park in China; besides, it has also been inscribed in the
list of national 5A scenic spots. In July 2009, the national wetland park of Xixi
became the first Chinese wetland park that is inscribed in the List of Wetlands of
International Importance.




      Figure 10. The Xixi Wetland of Hangzhou


                                                                                        27
                                                          Case 2: the comprehensive conservation project of the remains of the Impe-
                                                      rial City of the Southern Song Dynasty. Southern Song Dynasty witnessed the
                                                      best and fastest development of ancient Hangzhou city. At that time, Hangzhou
                                                      was not only the political, economic, educational and cultural center of China, but
                                                      also the largest metropolis in the world. As a cultural landmark of Hangzhou, the
                                                      remains of the Imperial City embody Hangzhou’s long history and exemplify the
                                                      glory of Chinese civilization, with great archeological, historic, artistic and scientific
                                                      value. The remains consist of the ruin of the Imperial Ancestral Temple, Laohudong
                                                      kiln ruins of the Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty, the residence ruin of Southern
                                                      Song’s Gongshengrenlie Queen, the ruin of Deshou Palace, ruins of three prov-
                                                      inces and six ministries offices, ruin of Royal Street on Central Zhongshan Road,
                                                      ruin of Lin’an Prefecture government office, ruin of Royal Street on Yangguan Alley
                                                      and other significant ruins, which testify to the cultural sedimentation of Sui, Tang,
                                                      Wuyue, Song and Yuan dynasties. Due to their historic and cultural values, five of
                                                      these remains, led by the ruin of the Imperial Ancestral Temple, are included into
                                                      the“Ten National Archeological Findings.” Bordered by a river and mountains, the
                                                      scale of imperial city is not as big as that of the imperial city of other dynasties, yet
                                                      its magnificence and delicacy is unparalleled in history. As one of the most com-
                                                      prehensive architectural projects in ancient China, the imperial city of the Southern
                                                      Song Dynasty represents the highest level of architectural design and park con-
                                                      struction, and reflects the economic and technological level of the Southern Song
                                                      Dynasty. It is an outstanding example of urban planning and construction in ancient
                                                      China and has significant scientific value. In 2001, the National Congress desig-
                                                      nated the Lin’an City of the Southern Song Dynasty which centers on the imperial
                                                      city as the National Historic and Cultural Heritage Site, and in 2006 the imperial city
                                                      was included in the List of Top 100 National Major Historic and Cultural Heritage
                                                      Sites (the National Eleventh Five-year Plan). In September 2012, the State Ad-
                                                      ministration of Cultural Heritage officially endorsed the project of protecting Lin’an,
                                                      the imperial city of the Southern Song Dynasty, an area of 10.79 square meters,
Wang Guoping - Conserving historic urban landscape




                                                      which includes 25 smaller projects, such as the construction of Taishan Buddhist
                                                      Cultural and Ecological Park of the Southern Song Dynasty and Southern Song
                                                      Museum. With the purpose of protecting the Imperial City of the Southern Song
                                                      Dynasty, Hangzhou abides by the guideline of active conservation, putting protec-
                                                      tion first, giving priority to ecology, making scientific planning, making step-by-step
                                                      implementation, respecting history and culture, seeking harmony in diversity and
                                                      embracing everything that is useful. In the implementation of the comprehensive
                                                      conservation project of the great remains of the Imperial City of the Southern Song
                                                      Dynasty, Hangzhou centers on the protection and demonstration of the historic
                                                      site and its neighboring area, taking into consideration its functions in education,
                                                      tourism, and academic research. The park of the remains showcases the long his-
                                                      tory, the rich humanistic landscape and the beautiful natural landscape of the most
                                                      beautiful park-like Imperial City in China. It will serve as a window on Hangzhou
                                                      and a paradigm of national heritage conservation and world legacy conservation.




                                                 28
      Figure 11. The remains of Southern Song Imperial Street of Hangzhou



   Fourthly, we carry out the conservation of intangible cultural heritage.
   Sticking to the principles of focusing on conservation, putting rescuing first, making
rational use, inheriting development and in accordance with the principles of having
government as the leader, involving the society, specifying the responsibility, forming a
resultant force, making long-term planning, implementing step by step, combining the
dots and the areas and emphasizing efficiency, we improve the working mechanism




                                                                                                 CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
of the conservation of intangible cultural heritage, actively carry out the protection of
the living heritage, nominate key conservation projects and rescue the heritage that is
in danger.
   A case: The Museums of Knives & Scissors & swords, fans, umbrellas, and handi-
crafts. These museums are located in Qiaoxi Neighborhood, at the bank of the Jin-
ghang Canal, covering about 40,000 square meters. We combine the construction of
museums with the protection of “old plants”, “prestigious brands” and “legacies.” The
Museum of Knives & scissors & swords, and the Museum of Umbrellas were built on
the site of Qiaoxi Warehouse of local special products; the Museum of Fans is based
on the old plant of Tongyigong Cotton Mill; The Museum of Handicrafts is built at the
site of Honglei Silk Factory. These four national museums, with the themes of knives,
scissors, swords, fans and handicrafts, have combined the functions of collection, re-
search, display, education, publicity, entertainment and commerce and have become
professional and civilian national museums. They preserve prestigious handicrafts,
such as “Zhang Xiaoquan Scissor,” “Wang Xingji Fan,” and “West Lake Silk Umbrella,”
as historic and cultural heritage, enabling these things to develop sustainably and
making these intangible cultural heritage live in the hearts of the people, serve the
people and be inherited by the people.




                                                                                            29
                                                             Figure 12. The Museum of fans in Hangzhou

                                                          In order to finish the task of protecting historic and cultural heritage, we persist on
                                                      making research first and promoting planning, construction, conservation, manage-
                                                      ment and operation by means of research.
                                                          In respect of research, we have mainly done the following work:
                                                          Firstly, we have established World Heritage Conservation Hangzhou Research
                                                      Center. In July 2011, Hangzhou International Urbanology Research Center signed a
                                                      Memorandum of Strategic Cooperation with UNESCO’s World Heritage Center (WHC),
                                                      and decided to establish together World Heritage Conservation Hangzhou Research
                                                      Center” which specializes in research on cultural heritage especially research on cul-
Wang Guoping - Conserving historic urban landscape




                                                      tural landscape. In October 2012, during the International Summit of World Cultural
                                                      Landscape & the Annual Conference of International Science Committee of Cultural
                                                      Landscape (ISCCL), the president of the Committee, Monica… inaugurated World
                                                      Heritage Conservation Hangzhou Research Center which is the first special institution
                                                      characterized by research on cultural landscape in China.
                                                          Secondly, we have founded Historic Urban Landscape Research Center of China.
                                                      On November 3rd, we signed a strategic cooperation agreement with World Heritage
                                                      Institute of Training and Research for the Asia and the Pacific Region and co-estab-
                                                      lished China Historic Urban Landscape Research Center, forming the “3+1” pattern
                                                      including World Heritage Institute of Training and Research for the Asia and the Pacific
                                                      Region in Shanghai, Beijing, Suzhou and Hangzhou.
                                                          Thirdly, we have set up Historic Urban Landscape Conservation Union. Last year,
                                                      at the First International Conference on World Cultural Heritage held in Hangzhou, 15
                                                      important domestic historic cities and 31 unites co-founded Historic Urban Landscape
                                                      Conservation Union, with Hangzhou International Urbanology Research Center as the
                                                      originator. This Union has become the first organization devoted to the conservation
                                                      and research of historic urban landscape in China. At present, the number of the Un-
                                                      ion’s member unites has exceeded 50. Hangzhou Urbanology Research Center, as
                                                      the secretariat of the Union, has made the website and micro-blog centering on special
                                                      subjects, edited and published a special periodical, Historic Urban Landscape Studies,

                                                 30
and organized the member unites of the Union to co-compile an annual report, namely,
Annual Report on the Conservation and Development of Historic Urban Landscape (a
blue paper), striving efforts to build the think tank for the conservation and nomination
of World Cultural Heritage in China.
    Fourthly, we classified Hangzhou-ology into six branch subjects. Under the lead-
ership of Hangzhou Urbanology Research Council, relevant departments and urban
areas of Hangzhou, have established research institutions of branch subjects of
Hangzhou-ology in succession; these branch subjects include: West Lake-ology, Xixi-
ology, Canel-ology (river course-ology), Qiantangjiang river-ology, Liangzhu-ology,
Xianglake-ology (Baimalake-ology); these research institutions promote the research
on the conservation of cultural heritage with Hangzhou’s characteristics. Currently,
these research institutions of the branch subjects of Hangzhou-ology have about 100
regular staff and input tens of millions of yuan as special research fund, ensuring that
they have regulations, staff, money and place to do their research work.
    Fifthly, we propelled the compilation of the Book Series of Urbanology and the Com-
plete Library of Hangzhou. Mainly focusing on the studies on eight “city diseases” such as
“the problem of urban cultural heritage conservation”, “the problem of transportation”, “the
problem of education” etc., we have compiled and published the Book Series of Urbanol-
ogy which consists of the Symposium of Urbanization, the Collection of Translated Books
on Urbanology, the Textbooks on Urbanology, the Blue Paper of Urbanology. In line with
the requirement to integrate five forms that include archives, collections of books, books
on general history, thesauruses and research reports, we have compiled and published
Hangzhou’s Si Ku Quan Shu (“Complete Library of Four Divisions”) that is composed of
the “Complete Library of West Lake”, the “Complete Library of Xixi”, the “Complete Library
of the Canal (River course)”, the “Complete Library of Qiantangjian River”, the “Complete
Library of Liangzhu” and the “Complete Library of Xiang Lake (Baima Lake)”.
    Six, we collect and evaluate excellent research achievements and reward them Qian




                                                                                                    CONSERVATION SCIENCE IN CULTURAL HERITAGE
Xuesen gold award of urbanology and West Lake gold award of urbanology. In order
to find out solutions to problems appearing during the process of urbanization, such
as problems in aspects like cultural heritage conservation, education, floating popu-
lation, transportation, etc. and to promote the development of urbanology, Hangzhou
International Urbanology Research Center, targeting at domestic & foreign city theory
researchers and practitioners and people of vision, collects the outstanding research
results and rewards them Qian Xuesen gold award of urbanology. One is given the gold
award, that is, RMB 100,000.00; ten is rewarded the award nomination; each of them
is offered RMB10,000.00. Meanwhile, targeting at the public, we carry out collection
and evaluation of the good ideas of citizens and netizens to treat “city diseases” and
reward them West Lake gold award of urbanology; one is given the gold award and the
prize is RMB50,000.00; ten is awarded the award nomination, each of who is rewarded
RMB5000.00. In 2014, collection and assessment of outstanding research results con-
cerning the issue of urban cultural heritage conservation will be officially launched.
    Seven, we conduct questionnaire surveys on cultural heritage conservation. With the
purpose of providing CPC Committee and government at various levels with a scientific
basis for their treatment of “city diseases” and the promotion of the healthy develop-
ment of urbanization, Hangzhou International Urbanology Research Center insists on
the organic combination of rule-oreintedness and problems-oreintedness, quantitative
and qualitative research, mathematical modeling and index assessment, carries out the
questionnaire survey on 15 “city diseases” including the disease in cultural heritage con-


                                                                                               31
                                                      servation and designs questionnaires covering various social groups, including question-
                                                      naires designed for municipal administrators, for experts, for citizens, for peasants and
                                                      for immigrants(floating population). At this conference, we will hand out questionnaires
                                                      about cultural heritage conservation and we hope experts, scholars and administrators
                                                      of cultural heritage conservation departments can give strong supports.
                                                           Eight, we hold the Annual International Conference of World Cultural Heritage in
                                                      Hangzhou. We co-organize the Annual International Conference of World Cultural Herit-
                                                      age in Hangzhou, together with units like Cultural Heritage Academy of Zhejiang Univer-
                                                      sity and World Heritage Institution of Training and Research for the Asia and the Pacific
                                                      region; we invite relevant domestic and foreign municipal administrators and experts and
                                                      scholars to make discussions on theories and practices of cultural heritage conservation,
                                                      help to reach consensus and propel the sharing of information, knowledge and experi-
                                                      ence on cultural heritage conservation.
                                                          Conserving cultural heritage and inheriting urban context is a kind of historic respon-
                                                      sibility. We have no right or justification to let cultural heritage to disappear in contempo-
                                                      rary age; instead, we have no choice but to exert ourselves to conserve and inherit it. At
                                                      present, just like citizens of other cities, citizens of Hangzhou are striving to rescue and
                                                      safeguard the historic and cultural city. 8,900,000 Hangzhou residents are well aware
                                                      that we need to win. If we lose, we will lose our city, together with its history and
                                                      culture. If we lose this special battle in the course of rapid urbanization, it will represent
                                                      a catastrophe for this historic and cultural city; in case that the great calamity happens,
                                                      we will become unworthy descendents of our ancestors and our future generations will
                                                      be ashamed of us. I believe that under the guidance of the Central Government and
                                                      National Council, with the active participation of ordinary people, experts, and media, we
                                                      are sure to win. Finally, I want to summarize by citing the words of a well-known German
                                                      scholar, who said after visiting China: What we have today, you will surely have tomor-
                                                      row; but what you have today, we shall never have.”
Wang Guoping - Conserving historic urban landscape




                                                            Biographical notes

                                                         Wang Guoping is former Member of CPC Standing Central Committee of Zhejiang
                                                      Province, General Secretary of Hangzhou CPC, Director of the Center of Hangzhou
                                                      Urbanization Studies, Director of the Council of Historic Urban Landscape Conserva-
                                                      tion Union, Director of Hangzhou International Urbanology Research Center, Adjunct
                                                      Professor of Zhejiang University and Adjunct Supervisor of the university’s Ph. D Can-
                                                      didates, Visiting Professor of China Central Academy of Fine Arts and Visiting Supervi-
                                                      sor of the academy’s Ph. D. Candidates.


                                                            References

                                                      [1]     Shan Jixiang,2010, Step in the world of Cultural landscape heritage, Tianjin Uni-
                                                              versity press.
                                                      [2]     Wang Guoping, 2009, On City, People’s Publishing House.
                                                      [3]     The World Heritage Committee, 2011, Recommendation on the Historic Urban
                                                              Landscape.
                                                      [4]     Yang Jianqiang, 2012, Urban Renewal in western Europe, Publishing House of
                                                              Southeast University.

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