10.6092/issn.2465-311X/5594
Viene presentata una lista aggiornata al 2014 dei 1.110 macromiceti noti per il territorio collinare della provincia di Bologna, esteso circa 1.200 km2 e con altitudine per lo più compresa tra i 100 e i 600 m. s.l.m. Da essa vengono estratti gli elenchi di 36 funghi “rarissimi” (noti in Italia solo per il Bolognese), 20 “rari” (noti solo per l’Emilia-Romagna), 86 “vulnerabili” (non ritrovati negli ultimi 22 anni nel territorio indagato) e 6 proposti dall’European Council for Conservation of Fungi per la protezione a livello europeo. Viene suggerito un approfondimento degli studi delle entità contenute in questi elenchi, con censimento delle località ed habitat di crescita, finalizzato alla loro protezione e alla tutela degli ambienti naturali.
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Renato Todeschini
Italian Journal of Mycology
species conservation
Macromycetes of the hills of the Province of Bologna (Italy): presentation of a new check-list
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Articles
2015-12-15
2015-11-24
2015-12-15
2018-08-20
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Ital J Mycol
Renato Todeschini
2015/12/15
10.6092/issn.2465-311X/5594
41
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2531-7342
species conservation
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Macromycetes of the hills of the Province of Bologna (Italy): presentation of a new check-list
https://italianmycology.unibo.it/article/download/5594/5308
44
M. Illice, R. Todeschini                                           Micologia Italiana vol. 44 (2015) ISSN 2465‐311X
DOI: 10.6092/issn.2465-311X/5594




  Macromycetes of the hills of the Province of
  Bologna (Italy): presentation of a new check-list
  ________________________________________________________________________________

                                     Mirko Illice1, Renato Todeschini2
  1
  Via Montechiaro, 12 – 40037 Sasso Marconi (BO)
  2
  Piazza della Pace, 8 – 40134 Bologna

  Corresponding Author: Renato Todeschini e-mail: r.todeschini@ausl.bologna.it

  Abstract

      The authors present a 2014 updated list of 1,110 macromycetes found in the hilly territory of the Province
      of Bologna , Italy, covering about 1,200 km2 at an altitude ranging mainly between 100 and 600 m. a.s.l..
      Moreover, some shorter lists have been extracted from the data, including 36 "very rare" mushrooms (in
      Italy known only in the Province of Bologna), 20 "rare" (known only in Emilia-Romagna), 86 "vulnerable"
      (no longer found in the last 22 years in the territory investigated) and 6 which the European Council for
      Conservation of Fungi has proposed for protection at the European level.
      The authors suggest a deepening of studies of the entities on these lists, with a census of locations and
      habitats, aimed at their protection and at the conservation of their natural environments.

      Keywords: mycological diversity; macromycetes; rare fungal taxa; species conservation


  Riassunto

      Viene presentata una lista aggiornata al 2014 dei 1.110 macromiceti noti per il territorio collinare della
      provincia di Bologna, esteso circa 1.200 km2 e con altitudine per lo più compresa tra i 100 e i 600 m. s.l.m. Da
      essa vengono estratti gli elenchi di 36 funghi “rarissimi” (noti in Italia solo per il Bolognese), 20 “rari” (noti
      solo per l’Emilia-Romagna), 86 “vulnerabili” (non ritrovati negli ultimi 22 anni nel territorio indagato) e 6
      proposti dall’European Council for Conservation of Fungi per la protezione a livello europeo.
      Viene suggerito un approfondimento degli studi delle entità contenute in questi elenchi, con censimento delle
      località ed habitat di crescita, finalizzato alla loro protezione e alla tutela degli ambienti naturali.

      Parole chiave: diversità micologica; macromiceti; specie rare; conservazione delle specie


  Introduction

  In 2006, after many years of bibliographical and field research done by a large group of mycologists, the
  Atlas of macromycetes of the Region Emilia-Romagna (hereinafter referred to simply as Atlas) was
  published, which reported the enumeration and a partial mapping of known regional macromycetes
  (PADOVAN 2006).
  The Atlas check-list includes a total of 2,797 taxa (2,676 species, 89 varieties, 32 forms), known from the
  various Provinces of the Region in varying proportions, as shown in Table 1. The Atlas combined all results

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  of research carried out on macrofungi in the cartographic units in which they were found (Chapter 4.4
  "Cartine distribuzionali delle specie" and Chapter 4.5 "Specie rare senza cartina distribuzionale"). Only 177
  species were without a clear location (Chapter 4.6 "Specie senza precisa localizzazione").

Tab. 1 Number of macromycetes in Emilia-Romagna, divided by Province
Tab. 1 Numero dei macromiceti in Emilia-Romagna divisi per provincia

  Piacenza    Parma        Reggio   Modena    Bologna     Ferrara    Ravenna     Forlì‐    Rimini     Emilia‐
                           Emilia                                               Cesena               Romagna

    263        1,219        879      939       1,260       682        1,219      952         151       2,797



  In the years after 2006, we collected a good amount of new records on macromycetes of the Province of
  Bologna (including many taxa not listed in the Atlas for the same Province), deriving in part from our
  previous surveys and in part from further research in the area.
  The selected area is approximately 1,200 km2 and corresponds to the hilly territory of the Bolognese, south
  of the Via Emilia, which ranges between 100 and 600 meters above sea level. This represents about 1/19 of
  the Region Emilia-Romagna and nearly 1/3 of the Province of Bologna (the other two portions are the larger
  lowland north of the Via Emilia and the smaller Apennine and sub-Apennine zone, south of the investigated
  territory). The total number of taxa found (551) has induced us to integrate them into the list of the Atlas.
  A comparison was done to specifically verify how many and which species found in the past were no longer
  found in the last 22 years, characterized, among other things, by a changing climate (higher temperature and
  less rainfall).

  Materials and methods

  To perform this analysis as correctly as possible it was necessary to define exactly the area of investigation,
  in order to have the same for the three lists under comparison: the bibliographic list of the Atlas (data before
  1993), the research list of the Atlas (data mostly between 1993 and 1998, and in smaller part until 2005) and
  our current list (data mostly between 2005 and 2014, and in smaller part from 2000 to 2004).
  Taking into account all available elements, we thought the best way was to use the cartographic method
  adopted in the Atlas, previously developed for mapping regional protected flora (ALESSANDRINI &
  BONAFEDE 1996). This method, compatible with that used in the "Floristic cartography of Central Europe"
  (EHRENDORFER & HAMANN 1965) and often applied, consists in the subdivision of the territory into
  cartographic units, corresponding to "rectangles" of approximately 147,1 km2 (about 13.25 km x 11.1 km at
  the latitude of Emilia-Romagna) (ALESSANDRINI & BONAFEDE 1996).
  The codes of the nine cartographic units examined, in reference to the Atlas and to Figure 1, are as follows:
  1532 (= 2203 = 220SO), 1632 (= 2374 = 237NO), 1533 (= 2202 = 220SE), 1633 (= 2371 = 237NE), 1534 (=
  2213 = 221SO), 1634 (= 2384 = 238NO), 1734 (= 2383 = 238SO), 1635 (= 2381 = 238NE) e 1735 (= 2382 =
  238SE); only mycological data of the province of Bologna were evaluated excluding those of neighboring
  provinces (Modena, Ravenna and Firenze). This area includes, in whole or in part, the territory of 24 of the
  52 municipalities of the Bolognese: Bologna, Borgo Tossignano, Casalecchio di Reno, Casal Fiumanese,
  Castel d’Aiano, Castel del Rio, Castel San Pietro Terme, Castenaso, Dozza, Fontanelice, Grizzana Morandi,
  Imola, Loiano, Marzabotto, Monghidoro, Monterenzio, Monte San Pietro, Monzuno, Ozzano dell’Emilia,
  Pianoro, San Lazzaro di Savena, Sasso Marconi, Valsamoggia and Zola Predosa. The minimum altitudinal
  levels investigated are in small portions of the lowland and urban areas of the municipalities of Bologna,
  Castenaso, Imola and Ozzano dell'Emilia (about 40-70 m a.s.l.), which are, however, almost without

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DOI: 10.6092/issn.2465-311X/5594


  mycological data, while the highest altitudes are identified in the small mountains of the municipalities of
  Vergato and Monghidoro that approach 800 m a.s.l.. The selected cartographic units here reported (Figure 1)
  sometimes overlap with the territory of neighboring provinces. In this case the data were compared with
  those of regional checklists referring to the provinces of discovery (Chapter 4.3 "Tabella delle presenze nelle
  Province, nelle aree protette e in alcuni boschi notevoli") and to the source used (Chapter 4.1 "Check-list dei
  macromiceti della Regione Emilia-Romagna"), in order to extract only the data referring to the Bolognese
  territory.




  Fig. 1 – Hilly area subject of the investigation
  Fig. 1- Territorio collinare oggetto dell’indagine

  The data resulting from our surveys, most more recent than those of the Atlas, were sometimes, when of
  particular interest, published separately (CONSIGLIO et al. 2009; ILLICE et al. 2013; ILLICE & TODESCHINI
  2009, 2013A, 2013B) or are in print (ILLICE et al. in print; ILLICE & TODESCHINI in print) or derive from our
  personal lists if they relate to the most common species.
  The taxa identified as belonging to the fungal biota of the Bolognese hills in the manner described above
  were also compared with the national framework distribution for the region reported in the Italian checklist,
  limited, however, only to Basidiomycetes (ONOFRI 2005). As regards the nomenclature, we have chosen, for


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  reasons of simplicity and easy of reference, to continue to refer to that used in the Atlas, as well described in
  Chapters 3.6, 4.1 and 4.2, except for a very few necessary exceptions.

  Geological and vegetational characteristics of the investigated territory

  A key feature of the previously defined territory consists of the gullies (“calanchi”), poorly covered with
  vegetation for reasons both geo-climatic and sociological-historical. The “calanchi” are forms of deep
  erosion determined by the flow of water on clay soils. The composite rocks that are randomly mixed in the
  scaly clays of the badlands, partly formed by the Ligurian Ocean of the Middle Jurassic (about 180 million
  years ago) and therefore called Ligurian Units, are made of limestone blocks, marl elements, brown
  sandstone and, less commonly, dark ophiolitic pieces.
  The phenomenon of the gullies is present in large areas of the hills around Bologna and is often the dominant
  note of the landscape. Recently it underwent strong anthropogenic pressures such as deforestation, crop
  growth and pastoral activities that have been too intensive for the nature of the soil, thus amplifying its
  natural predisposition to erosion.
  Another significant feature of the hilly territory of Bologna is the spectacular yellow sandstone of the Natural
  Reserve of the “Contrafforte Pliocenico”, a rugged rocky ridge originated from a small Pliocenic marine gulf
  (5 million to 2 million years ago). This formation is rich in marine fossils, where the cemented sand and
  gravel host numerous Mediterranean plants. The reserve is located in the municipalities of Sasso Marconi,
  Pianoro, and Monzuno and reaches its highest altitudes in Monte Adone (655 m) and Monte delle Formiche
  (638 m).
  A third characteristic of the investigated area is the important gypsum outcrops found mainly in the
  municipalities of Bologna, San Lazzaro di Savena, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Pianoro, Borgo Tossignano,
  Casalfiumanese and Fontanelice; they are gathered in the two Regional Parks of "Gessi Bolognesi and
  Calanchi of Abbadessa” and “Vena del Gesso Romagnola” (the latter also overlapping the Province of
  Ravenna) at altitudes between 70 and 400 m. The gypsums of the Parks were formed by the intense
  evaporation which occurred in the Mediterranean sea during the Middle Messinian (6 million to 5.6 million
  years ago); later buried by clay and sand sediments, they subsequently rose up and partially reemerged
  during the Quaternary (less than 2.5 million years ago).
  A major portion of the study area consists of the Regional Historical Park of “Monte Sole”, which extends
  from north to south between the Reno River and the Setta creek, in a part of the municipalities of
  Marzabotto, Monzuno and Grizzana Morandi, with an irregular alternation of wooded hills or sometimes
  rocky, intricate valleys, grassy highlands and gullies between 150 m a.s.l. at the northern boundaries and 668
  m a.s.l. at Monte Sole. Geologically the Park is characterized by a diverse set of sedimentary rocks formed
  between the Middle Eocene (40 million years ago) and the Lower Middle Miocene (15 million years ago) in
  deep sea basins located in the Ligurian Units and for this reason called Epiliguri (formations of Montepiano,
  Antognola and Bismantova).
  Another important part of the territory in question is that of the “La Martina” Provincial Park, located in the
  municipality of Monghidoro at altitudes between 400 and 796 m (Monte Gurlano). The area was originally
  grassland and fields, but has been densely reforested since 1920 with various conifers, which are poorly
  represented in the remaining part of the area under investigation.
  From the point of view of vegetation, most of the hilly territory we considered, a potential home of "mixed
  oak" (oak, maple, manna ash, hornbeam, hop hornbeam and rowan), has been heavily modified over the
  centuries due to heavy deforestation, intensive agriculture and replanting with chestnuts. Many of the forests
  of this altitudinal band have the ecological characteristics of mesophilic vegetation, dominated almost
  everywhere by coppice. There are, in particular, two types of oak forest: the oak-hornbeam forest (consisting
  mainly of Quercus pubescens, Ostrya carpinifolia, Fraxinus ornus, Corylus avellana, Cornus mas, C.
  44
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  sanguinea and related vegetation) and the turkey oak forest (Q. cerris), the latter typical of the heavy clay
  soil. On the slopes with thin or rocky soil, these oaks tend to be replaced by ash-hornbeam forest (O.
  carpinifolia and F. ornus). The distribution of mesophilic oak has been greatly reduced up through the last
  century by the replacement of these forests with chestnut, which spread widely thanks to the lack of clay
  soils, for which the chestnut is a poor fit (FERRARI 1989).
  Next to the mesophilic woods, xerophile vegetational complexes are frequently present in drier places, in the
  form both of sunny woodlands and shrubbery, mainly consisting of Q. pubescens, Juniperus communis, C.
  monogyna and C. oxyacantha. The herbaceous layer is often dominated by Brachypodium rupestre (FERRARI
  1989).
  Higher up in the hills, as in the “La Martina” Provincial Park, coniferous forests, formed mainly by Pinus
  nigra, but also by P. sylvestris, Abies alba and Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, were planted. Particularly
  interesting is the small population of native P. sylvestris present in the Regional Historical Park of “Monte
  Sole”, for Italy the natural southern distribution limit.
  In wetter areas, especially around creeks and streams, not infrequently mixed with chestnut, there are small
  populations of Populus alba and P. tremula, and usually more sporadically, Alnus glutinosa. Numerous
  groups of Q. ilex are clinging to the sunny sandstone rocks of the “Contrafforte Pliocenico” in the form of
  shrubs or small trees, accompanied by a flora with Mediterranean characteristics and probably, an equally
  peculiar, but still relatively little known mycoflora.

  Results and discussion

  Tables 2 and 3 show, respectively, the updated checklist and the taxonomic subdivision of the hilly
  macromycetes in the Province of Bologna. 1,110 taxa (1,058 species, 1 subspecies, 37 varieties, 14 forms)
  are listed in the present work, representing, with reference to the overall data of the Atlas, 39.7% of those
  found in the Region. They belong to 7 different classes (58% of the Region), 25 orders (68% of the Region),
  107 families (73% of the Region) and 277 genera (55% of the Region). According to different phyla, 99 taxa
  belong to Ascomycota (31% of regional Ascomycota) and 1,011 to Basidiomycota (41% of regional
  Basidiomycota).
  The fungal diversity is quite high, especially when taking into account that the Emilia-Romagna Region, in
  the present knowledge, is the richest in fungal species in Italy, according to the Basidiomycota (ONOFRI
  2005). This can be demonstrated by comparing the number of macromycetes of the hills of Bologna with that
  of the Italian Regions; to underline that the data in ONOFRI (2005) are less than those of the Atlas (PADOVAN
  2006) (Table 4). From this comparison it can be seen, among other things (and with all due caution), that the
  Basidiomycota of the Bologna hills make up about 24% of those known in Italy in 2005.
  Taking into account the main ectomycorrhizal genera, of great ecological interest for their close relationship
  with the trees (Table 5), it is possible to see that the same percentage above is uniformly distributed,
  resulting in a "total" of 26% of the ectomycorrhizal entities in the area under consideration (332) with
  reference to Italian total entities (1,290). It seems that this is an indication both of a good overall knowledge
  framework regarding our territory, and well distributed and therefore still well preserved mycological
  diversity.
  By analyzing the entities of Basidiomycota on our checklist in relation to their distribution in Italy, a list of
  36 taxa reported, to date, only from the hills of Bologna, can be considered "very rare" in our country (Table
  2: taxa with “*”). While in some cases this probably corresponds to reality (at least to the present state of
  knowledge), in other cases the reasoning is potentially distorted due to several factors, such as variations of
  the nomenclature over time, different interpretations of the taxa, poor knowledge of the taxa, etc. However, it
  is not our intention to analyze here these many and complex arguments, but we prefer instead to report, sic et
  simpliciter, this list of
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  mushrooms, whose characteristics of supposed “great rarity” makes them, in our opinion, worthy of a future
  in-depth knowledge and, when and where appropriate, of protection.

  Tab. 4 Number of Basidiomycota for the Italian Regions (2005) and in the hills of Bologna (2014)
  Tab. 4 Numero di Basidiomycota per Regione (2005) e nelle colline di Bologna (2014)
   Piemon     Valle                              Trentino‐               Friuli‐      Emilia‐
      te    d’Aosta
                        Liguria Lombardia           Alto     Veneto     Venezia Romagna Toscana          Umbria
                                                   Adige                 Giulia
    1,408         198        1,351    1,952      2,091      1,724        584         2,186     2,090       305


   Marche        Lazio      Abruzzo   Molise   Campania     Puglia     Basilicata   Calabria   Sicilia   Sardegna


       245       1,238       880       225        643        800          398        1,169     1,197      1,198


       Italia    Hills of
                Bologna

    4,198        1,011



  Enlarging the area from the hills of Bologna Province to other provinces, similar arguments can be made for
  a list of 20 taxa reported in Italy, to date, only in the Emilia-Romagna Region. Being less localized that the
  previous, we might call them "rare", but to consider equally worthy of further study and protection (Table 2:
  taxa with “**”). In both “very rare” and “rare” lists, Ascomycota are excluded, as their national checklist is
  not yet available, thus precluding a proper comparison.
  Another analysis, which was mainly what we set out to do with the present work, is that of macromycetes
  only reported in the literature before 1993 and never encountered again either by us (2000 to 2014) or during
  the investigations carried out in the field for the drafting of the Atlas (1993-2005). Their listing, presented in
  Table 6, includes 86 entities that could be considered potentially "vulnerable", as they had been observed in
  the past and yet have no longer been reported, as far as we know, in the last 22 years. A small number of
  them are also included in the lists of "very rare" or "rare" fungi.
  As we have suggested in a previous work (ILLICE & TODESCHINI 2013a), some of these entities, in truth,
  may have been interpreted differently in the past and have never really been in the hilly area of Bologna.
  However, this should not rule out the possibility that environmental modifications, induced in particular by
  the significant climatic changes of the last twenty years, may have recently had a negative role in the fungal
  growth. For these reasons, the fungi on this list have to be considered for more extensive research and
  protection, especially when rarely reported in other Italian regions and provinces of Emilia-Romagna (see
  Table 6 for the national and regional distribution).
  Another small group of extremely interesting macromycetes, not included in the lists of "very rare", "rare" or
  "vulnerable" fungi, is made up of 6 species listed in Table 7, for which the European Council for
  Conservation of Fungi has proposed inclusion in Appendix I of the Bern Convention as "threatened" species
  at the European level (COUNCIL OF EUROPE 2003; DAHLBERG & CRONEBORG 2006). These species, though
  certainly not common, do not seem in truth very rare in Italy, but they are in other countries in central and
  northern Europe. Their choice also stems from the possibility of easy monitoring (being all big enough and
  fairly easy to determine) and the association of their specific habitat that is equally deserving of protection.
  Finally, in relation to the habitat of the hills around Bologna, we were able to describe it for almost half of
  the species here listed (Tables 2 and 8). Current data show that the in macromycetes richest ecosystem is the
  meso-thermophilic oak (mainly consisting of Quercus pubescens and Q. cerris, variously interspersed with
  46
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  Ostrya carpinifolia and Fraxinus ornus), followed by the chestnut (Castanea sativa). In third place one can
  possibly place the "forest" of Pinus sylvestris, unfortunately only comprised of a small residual population,
  dispersed between C. sativa plants in the protected area of the Historical Park of “Monte Sole” where we
  carried out our main research.
  Investigations on plant communities should certainly continue.

  Conclusions

  The hilly territory of the Province of Bologna is very rich in fungal species, numbering nearly a quarter of
  known macromycetes in Italy. To underline that thanks to the present work, 56 species results "rare" or "very
  rare" entities because they are known only to Emilia-Romagna or even just to the hills of Bologna, while 86
  other entities can be considered "vulnerable" as no more examples have been reported for over 20 years and
  are then in a phase of potential regression. There are also 6 species proposed by European Council for
  Conservation of Fungi for inclusion in Appendix I of the Bern Convention for the purpose of protection at
  the European level.
  In our opinion all these entities should be further researched and studied for multiple reasons: to reevaluate
  their taxonomic terms, to confirm their presence or absence, to carefully take a census of the locations and
  habitats and to protect the natural environment in which they grow.

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  Tables 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 in supplementary file




  48
