10.6092/issn.1974-4382/15689
The fields of Italian finance and economics are particularly rich in the use of English loanwords, as both non-adapted and adapted Anglicisms can be retrieved in general Italian monolingual dictionaries. If we consider the specific case of audiovisual translation, it is possible to observe an increasing use of Anglicisms in the Italian dubbed versions of audiovisual products set in the world of finance. Firstly, this paper will analyze the case of the first season of Devils (2020), a financial thriller drama television series. The analysis will investigate the translation strategies used to transpose the specialized financial terminology used in the dialogues, focusing in particular on the significant presence of new Anglicisms in the target text. Secondly, the presence of these Anglicisms in the Italian dubbed version of the film The Big Short (2015) will be analyzed, in order to compare their use in both productions. Finally, the paper ends with a practice-based interlingual study involving a number of Italian undergraduate students in Economics, aiming at establishing whether they use the new Anglicisms identified in the Italian dubbed version of Devils.
application/pdf
1974-4382
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Ilaria Parini
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
mediAzioni
audiovisual translation
“Lo so cosa vuol dire shortare”. The emergence of three new financial Anglicisms in the Italian dubbing of the tv series Devils as compared to the film The Big Short
Text.Serial.Journal
https://mediazioni.unibo.it/
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Articles
2022-11-15
2022-10-29
2022-07-25
2022-11-15
A60-A79
M
Ilaria Parini
2022/11/15
10.6092/issn.1974-4382/15689
A60
Università di Torino
1974-4382
audiovisual translation
en
A79
“Lo so cosa vuol dire shortare”. The emergence of three new financial Anglicisms in the Italian dubbing of the tv series Devils as compared to the film The Big Short
https://mediazioni.unibo.it/article/download/15689/14915
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                                                                        mediAzioni 33 (2022)
                                                                              ISSN   1974-4382


“LO SO COSA VUOL DIRE SHORTARE”. THE EMERGENCE OF THREE NEW
 FINANCIAL ANGLICISMS IN THE ITALIAN DUBBING OF THE TV SERIES
         DEVILS AS COMPARED TO THE FILM THE BIG SHORT

                                          ILARIA PARINI
                                       UNIVERSITÀ DI TORINO

ilaria.parini@unito.it



Citation: Parini, Ilaria (2022) “‘Lo so cosa vuol dire shortare’. The emergence of three
new financial Anglicisms in the Italian dubbing of the tv series Devils as compared to
the film The Big Short”, mediAzioni 33: A60-A79, https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1974-
4382/15689, ISSN 1974-4382.



Abstract: The fields of Italian finance and economics are particularly rich in the use of
English loanwords, as both non-adapted and adapted Anglicisms can be retrieved in
general Italian monolingual dictionaries. If we consider the specific case of audiovisual
translation, it is possible to observe an increasing use of Anglicisms in the Italian dubbed
versions of audiovisual products set in the world of finance. Firstly, this paper will
analyze the case of the first season of Devils (2020), a financial thriller drama television
series. The analysis will investigate the translation strategies used to transpose the
specialized financial terminology used in the dialogues, focusing in particular on the
significant presence of new Anglicisms in the target text. Secondly, the presence of these
Anglicisms in the Italian dubbed version of the film The Big Short (2015) will be
analyzed, in order to compare their use in both productions. Finally, the paper ends
with a practice-based interlingual study involving a number of Italian undergraduate
students in Economics, aiming at establishing whether they use the new Anglicisms
identified in the Italian dubbed version of Devils.

Keywords: Anglicisms; financial language; Italian dubbing; audiovisual translation.




Copyright © 2022
The text in this work is licensed under CC-BY 4.0.                                        A60
NEW FINANCIAL ANGLICISMS                                                             A61


1. Introduction

As is well-known, the continuous contact between different languages and cultures
results in a process of mutual contamination, which, in turn, leads to lexical
enrichment and expansion. This is particularly evident in the process of lexical
borrowing (see, among the many studies, Furiassi 2010, 2015, 2017; Furiassi,
Pulcini, Rodríguez González 2012; Gaudio 2018; Görlach 2001, 2003; Pinnavaia
2003, 2005; Pulcini 1996, 1997, 1999, 2017; Pulcini and Łukasik 2021; Rosati
2004; Torretta 2002; Viereck and Bald 1986). As stressed by the scholars who
have investigated this phenomenon, it is clear that loanwords are not simply a
morphologic strategy used to broaden the vocabulary of a language. Indeed, they
are a clear indicator of the social and cultural context of the time when they
become absorbed in the lexis of that language.
     As Pulcini (2017: 16) claims: “loanwords can reveal the amount of cultural
contact (impact), the nature of this contact (the affected fields) and the
contribution of the donor culture to the receiving one (the prestige and cultural
superiority enjoyed by the donor language and culture)”. This is why loanwords
can be considered as “markers of cultural impact”, which “provide a historical
record of change in a language, integrating the extralinguistic context – social
events, cultural products, new concepts in science, economics and technology –
with internal changes in the language itself (lexical innovation though
borrowing)” (ibid.).
     Keeping this is mind, it is evident that the process of lexical borrowing is
especially present in periods of great social and cultural exchanges.
Consequently, it is not surprising that English loanwords have become
increasingly preponderant since the advent of globalisation, with the advances
in transportation and communication technology, which have implied a growth
in global interactions and international trades.
     This paper intends to provide a contribution to the research field on
Anglicisms in Italian. More specifically, this study aims to analyze the presence
of new Anglicisms in Italian dubbing, in the specific area of financial language.
Indeed, whereas there are several studies on Anglicisms in business and financial
Italian press (Ceolini 2013; Dardano 1986; Rosati 2004; Taglialatela 2011;
Tammaro 2001; Zanola 2007, 2011), to my knowledge there are no studies on
Anglicisms in Italian financial language in dubbed audiovisual products.
     This paper will first of all analyze the specific case of the first season of Devils
(2020), a financial thriller drama television series. Although the series is an
Italian, English and French production, it is set in London, so the language
spoken in the dialogues of the original version is English, and the scripts of the
episodes were written by a team of both Italian and Anglophone screenwriters.
The analysis focuses on the translation strategies used to transpose the
specialized financial terminology used in the dialogues, focusing in particular on
the significant presence of new Anglicisms in the target text. Secondly, the study
will analyze the presence of these Anglicisms in the Italian dubbed version of the
film The Big Short (2015), in order to compare their use in the two products.
Because The Big Short was distributed five years earlier than Devils, and five years
is indeed a long time if we consider the borrowing of specialized items, which
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tend to spread rather quickly, the paper ends with a practice-based interlingual
study involving a number of Italian undergraduate students in Economics. The
study aims at establishing whether they would use the new Anglicisms identified
in the Italian dubbed version of Devils, so that it may be plausible to assume that
they will soon be absorbed by the Italian lexis.


2. English words abroad. English words in Italy

The second half of the previous century was characterized by a global
Americanisation of Western countries as a result of the US military victory of the
Second World War and their consequent economic expansion on the European
market. This has had an important impact also from a linguistic perspective.
Indeed, the phenomenon of globalisation has fostered the spread of the English
language all over the world, with its development and adoption as a lingua
franca throughout globalised societies. It is a fact that English is the predominant
language in international business, and it is also the language of the Internet and
of scholarship.
     The predominance of English in so many fields has obviously resulted in the
increasing adoption of English words in the vocabulary of languages in basically
any part of the world, as the spreading of English is “an ever increasing
phenomenon that is currently taking place at world level” and “Anglicisms in
Italian, in French, in German or, for that matter, in any other language, are a
strong indication of how English is penetrating within our cultures, regardless of
how different these cultures can be to begin with” (Gaudio 2018: 104). Indeed,
English is the “world’s biggest lexical exporter” (Rosati 2004: 11) and
“Anglicisms are just all over the place” (Gaudio, ibid.). Anglicisms have been
defined in various ways by different scholars, but for the purposes of this study
I will refer to the definition proposed by Furiassi, Pulcini, Rodríguez González
2012 (2012: 6), namely as “words and multi-word units which are recognisably
English in their form and where the English origin is detectable”.
     As far as the specific case of Italy is concerned, numerous studies have
extensively investigated the impact of English on the Italian language (Furiassi
2010, 2015, 2017; Furiassi, Pulcini, Rodríguez González 2012; Gaudio 2018;
Italiano 1999; Petralli 1992; Pinnavaia 2005; Pulcini 1996, 1997, 1999, 2017;
Pulcini and Łukasik 2021; Rando 1987, 1990). All these studies have
demonstrated that a great number of English lexemes have long been an integral
part of Italian vocabulary and “Italian native speakers produce written and oral
texts using English words next to Italian ones rather naturally” (Pinnavaia 2005:
43, my translation). Generally speaking, as pointed out by Boggio (2017: 65):

      English has been the most important donor language for Italian since
      the 1950s, mainly due to the social, cultural and political prestige of
      the countries where it is spoken as a first language and the consequent
      “fatal attraction” (Pulcini 2019, 1997) of Italians for the English-
      speaking world. Moreover, Italian has always been a more
      “democratic” language (Petralli 1992: 121) and thus more open-

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      minded about absorbing English words, than other European
      languages such as German, French or Spanish.

    However, the input of English words in Italian “has not been homogeneous”
(Pulcini 1999: 359). This means that some special areas of lexis present a greater
presence of Anglicisms than everyday language. Among these, besides the
language of computer science and advertising, the language of economics and
finance is no doubt one of the areas most affected by the process of borrowing
English words, as witnessed by numerous studies on the use of Anglicisms
(Boggio 2017; Gaudio 2018; Pulcini 2017; Rando 1990; Rosati 2004; Sobrero
2020; Taglialatela 2011; Torretta 2002, 2006; Zanola 2007, 2011). Indeed,
business and financial English is apparently acting as a sort of “world language”
(Amato, Andreoni, Salvi 1990: 205; Rosati 2004: 20).


3. Anglicisms in financial Italian

Anglicisms can be divided into various subcategories, which can all be found in
the Italian financial language: non-adapted Anglicisms (the word is retained in
its original English form, for instance the noun default), adapted Anglicisms (the
word is adapted through the addition of an inflectional Italian suffix, for example
the verb tradare), false Anglicisms (which are either formally or semantically
different from the original English word, for example account for account
executive), and hybrid Anglicisms (multi-word units where an English element is
combined with an element from the recipient language, for instance agenzia di
rating for rating agency or mutui subprime for subprime mortgages).
     The reasons why there are so many Anglicisms in the Italian language of
finance are various. First of all, it ought to be noted that economic and financial
terminology usually originates in the country which is predominant in such fields
in a specific historical moment. The international value which is intrinsic to the
economic disciplines has always resulted in the imposition of the language
spoken in that country upon the others (see Ceolini 2013: 10). By making
reference to a statement by Marx, Arcangeli (2005: 88) claims that “the language
of dominant countries inevitably tends to become the dominant language” (my
translation). In the past, this role was first played by Italy, then France, England,
and currently by the United States (Ceolini 2013: 11).
     The first reason for the increasing use of Anglicisms in Italian, therefore, is
the economic expansion of the Anglo-Saxon countries starting from the second
half of the 19th century, and in particular of the United States after World War
II. The management and investment techniques developed overseas have
influenced and shaped those used in Italy, and they continue to do so, and many
words and expressions related to them have inevitably been absorbed by the
Italian lexis.
     Gualdo and Telve indicate the period of the new economy as the moment of
highest spread of Anglicisms (2011: 366-369). Since the end of the ‘90s, thanks
to the proliferation of the Internet, the phenomenon of economic globalisation


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A64                                                                             PARINI


has broken national barriers and made economy more international than ever
before, from commercial trade to financial investments.
    Moreover, we should also consider the convenience factor connected to the
adoption of English words and expressions. Indeed, as noted by Dardano (1986:
225), their use simplifies contacts and communication in the global economic
and financial sector.


4. Financial Anglicisms in dubbed Italian

The language of finance is part of a specialized discourse. It is not meant to be
understood or used by people who are not part of a specific “discourse
community” and its specialized terminology tends to be obscure (Swales 1988:
212; Boggio 2017: 64).
     Ordinary spectators of audiovisual products usually lack financial literacy.
This is the reason why screenwriters and directors of productions set in the world
of finance employ different strategies aimed at making the dialogues easier and
more accessible for the audience, such as, for example, the introduction of casual
explanations in the lines exchanged by the characters.
     For the purposes of this study, only those lexical items which pertain to the
language of finance and are not found in online general Italian monolingual
dictionaries (Treccani and Hoepli) will be taken into consideration. This is the
reason why some common lexical units, such as asset, bond, broker, credit default
swaps, default, hedge fund, rating, swap, subprime, trader, and tranche have not
been included in the analysis, as they have now entered the Italian lexis and can
be found in the abovementioned dictionaries.

4.1. Devils (2020)

Devils (Diavoli, in Italian) is a financial thriller drama television series, based on
the 2014 novel of the same title by Italian finance trader Guido Maria Brera. It
is a Lux Vide and Sky Italy production, in association with Orange Studio and
OCS, distributed by American NBC Universal Syndication Studios. Even though
the creators of the series are Italian, as well as the actor who portrays the main
character (Alessandro Borghi), the story is set mainly in London and the language
spoken in the dialogues of the original version is English. The series was directed
by Nick Hurran and Jan Maria Michelini. The scripts were written by five Italian
screenwriters (Alessandro Sermoneta, Mario Ruggeri, Elena Bucaccio, Tommaso
De Lorenzis and Guido Maria Brera) and seven Anglophones (Christopher Lunt,
Michael A. Walker, Ben Harris, Frank Spotnitz, James Dormer, Naomi Gibney
and Caroline Henry). The Italian dubbed version of the series was performed by
Film Factory, the episodes were translated and adapted by Valerio Piccolo and
the dubbing was directed by Francesco Pezzullo. Besides Alessandro Borghi, the
other main actors are Patrick Dempsey and Kasia Smutniak.
     The events take place in 2011, although through a series of flashbacks the
spectators are also sent back to 2001, and 2008. The series revolves around a


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group of traders who work at one of the most important investment banks in the
world (NYL), and get involved with various crimes, including murder.
     Because at the time of writing the second season had not been released yet,
for the purposes of this study only the first season of the series has been analyzed.
The first season consists of 10 episodes, each one about 50-minute long.
     The Italian dubbed version of the series is characterized by a very high
number of occurrences of Anglicisms. The most common new Anglicisms found
in the Italian dialogues are the verb shortare, the noun CDO, and the noun trade.

Shortare

The verb shortare is an adapted Anglicism, as it derives from the English verb
short, to which the Italian inflectional suffix -are is added. In the Italian dubbed
dialogues of the ten episodes analyzed a total number of 37 occurrences of the
verb shortare, in various inflected forms, were found. The verb is used to translate
the original verb short, but sometimes also the more generic verb trade.
    The verb short in financial contexts is defined by the Cambridge Online
Dictionary as “used to describe the selling of shares that you have borrowed,
hoping that their price will fall before you buy them back and return them to
their owner, making a profit”1. Similarly, the Merriam Webster Online Dictionary
defines it as “to sell (a security) short in expectation of a fall in prices”.2 General,
non-specialized bilingual English-Italian dictionaries, such as Hoepli or Sansoni
online dictionaries, do not present any entries with the specific financial meaning
in question. Some Italian online financial websites and glossaries translate the
activity of short selling as vendere allo scoperto3.
    In the SkyGo Italy app there is a section called Diavoli - il dizionario, which
contains some short videos where Guido Maria Brera (the Italian financial trader
author of the book upon which the series is based) explains in a rather colloquial
way some of the financial terms used in the series (as the spectators will most
probably not be familiar with the terminology). As far as the verb shortare is
concerned, Brera describes it as follows:

       Table 1. Diavoli – il dizionario: shortare
    Original version                             English translation4

    Se pensate che per fare profitto bisogna     If you think that to make profit you need
    prendere un bene e rivenderlo quando il      to take an asset and sell it when its value
    suo valore è cresciuto, vuol dire che al     has increased, it means that you are not
    vostro vocabolario manca il termine          familiar with the verb short. When traders
    shortare. Quando un trader shorta,           short, they basically bet that a share or a


1
  https://dictionary.cambridge.org/it/dizionario/inglese/short, entry labelled as related to the
field of stock market.
2
  https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/short, entry labelled as related to the field of
“finance”.
3
  https://www.borsaitaliana.it/notizie/sotto-la-lente/short-selling.htm;
https://www.borsainside.com/finanzainside/short-selling-cosa-e-come-funziona-e-quali-sono-i-
suoi-rischi/; https://www.tradingonline.wiki/vendita-allo-scoperto/.
4
  My translation.
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A66                                                                                    PARINI


 sostanzialmente scommette sul fatto che        currency is at that time overestimated
 un’azione o una valuta sia in quel             and that soon their price will fall.
 momento sovrastimata e che quindi di lì a      Therefore, they will borrow a number of
 breve scenderà di prezzo. Quindi prenderà      shares or currencies that they do not
 in prestito una quantità di azioni o di        possess, sell them on the market at the
 valuta che di fatto non possiede, la           price that they think is overestimated,
 venderà sul mercato al prezzo che lui          and buy them again at the fallen price,
 pensa essere sovrastimato per poi              returning them to their lenders with some
 ricomprarla      al    prezzo     ribassato,   interest. If the difference between the
 restituendola quindi a chi gliel’ha prestata   selling price and the buyback price has
 con un po’ d’interesse. Se la differenza tra   generated some profit, the traders will
 prezzo di vendita e prezzo di riacquisto       have interpreted well the financial
 avrà generato un utile, il trader avrà letto   situation, otherwise they will have
 bene la situazione finanziaria, in caso        misinterpreted it.
 contrario l’avrà letta male.


    However, not all spectators may watch extra materials on the app, and the
dialogues refer to realities which may not be familiar to the audience,
regardless of whether they watch the series in the original or in the dubbed
version. This is the reason why it is possible to identify the strategies mentioned
earlier to help people understand what is going on. In the specific case of the
verb short, there is a passage in episode 1 where one of the characters explains
what it means:

      Table 2. Episode 1 – 00:20:47 – 00:20:56
 Character     Original version                       Dubbed version

 Ed            Someone started shorting         your Un’ora fa hanno cominciato a
               stocks an hour ago.                   shortare il tuo titolo.

 Chris         That’s when an investor borrows        È quando un investitore prende in
               shares and immediately sells them,     prestito azioni e le vende per poi
               in order to buy them back at a later   ricomprarle a un prezzo più basso
               date at a lower price and pocket       e intascarsi la differenza.
               the difference.

 Davenport     Yes, I know what stock shorting is.    Lo so cosa vuol dire shortare.


   As we can see from the extract above, the verb to short is translated with the
Anglicism shortare, which is consistently used throughout the whole series.

CDO

In the dubbed version of the dialogues, this initialism occurs 21 times. The
dictionary section in the SkyGo Italy app also contains a short clip where Guido
Maria Brera explains (again, in a rather colloquial way) what a CDO (which is
the initialism for Collateralized Debt Obligation) is:



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NEW FINANCIAL ANGLICISMS                                                                      A67


       Table 3. Diavoli – il dizionario: CDO
    Original version                                 English translation5

    Un CDO è un prodotto composto da tanti           A CDO is a finance product made of a pool
    prestiti, alcuni buoni, in quanto molto          of loans, some of which are good, as they
    sicuri; altri un po’ meno perché non             are very safe; others not so much, as they
    hanno garanzie adeguate; e sotto sotto           do not have adequate collateral; finally,
    quelli più rischiosi, ovvero privi del tutto     the riskiest ones, which have no collateral
    di garanzie. Se tutti, o quasi, i prestiti nel   at all. If all the loans in the product – or
    pacchetto funzionano, il sistema sarà            most of them – work, the system will be
    virtuoso, con le perdite dei pochi non           virtuous, and the few losses of the
    funzionanti compensate dai profitti              underperforming         assets    will    be
    generati da tutti gli altri. Se però troppi      compensated by the profits made by the
    smettono di funzionare, il flusso di             others. However, if too many of them stop
    denaro in entrata comincia a scarseggiare        working, incoming cash flow decreases
    e il CDO si deteriora. Quando questo             and the CDO collapses. This happens
    accade significa che molti intestatari dei       when many mortgage holders cannot pay
    mutui non riescono più a pagare le rate e        their mortgage instalments and become
    diventano insolventi, facendo echeggiare         insolvent, echoing one of the most
    uno dei termini più terrificanti nel             terrifying words in financial lexis, namely
    vocabolario finanziario, ovvero “default”.       “default”.


     Once again, the screenwriters of the series have managed to casually
introduce an explanation in the lines of the dialogues played by the characters
in order to make it clear to the spectators what they are referring to. Indeed, the
specific CDO they refer to becomes increasingly important for the development
of the plot starting from episode 7, and that is exactly when Massimo explains to
Sofia what it is. Also in this case, as with the meaning of the verb short, the
character replies that she perfectly knows what it is, but at the same time
provides a clear and easy explanation (in this case, Sofia uses a food metaphor,
which is a strategy common in financial language, as reported by Boggio, 2021):

       Table 4. Episode 7 – 00:06:27 – 00:07:35
    Character     Original version                         Dubbed version

    Massimo       This is just a standard synthetic Questo è solo un CDO standard
                  CDO. It’s an obligation with debt as sintetico. È un’obbligazione con un
                  collateral. It’s complicated...      debito collaterale. È complicato…

    Sofia         I know perfectly what’s a CDO. And       So benissimo che cos’è un CDO. E
                  I also know perfectly well that you      so anche molto molto bene che voi
                  use it to sell your shit. […] Okay.      lo usate per vendere la vostra
                  So, it’s like… it’s a little like…       merda. […] Okay. Diciamo che è…
                  when you have something that’s           in pratica è come quando… quando
                  going off, like flour or eggs, but you   hai una cosa che sta andando a
                  don’t want to pitch it out, so what      male, tipo uova o farina, ma non
                  do you do? You make a cake. You          vuoi buttarle via e allora che cosa
                  lump it all together. But you’re not     fai? Tu fai una torta e metti tutto


5
    My translation.
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A68                                                                                      PARINI


                 stupid. So, you top it off with some      insieme. Però mica sei stupido.
                 nice     frosting      and       pretty   Quindi sopra ci metti una bella
                 decorations, triple A securities that     glassa e una splendida guarnizione,
                 makes it all seem just… great,            ovvero i bond tripla A. in questo
                 yummy! Right? The catch is, when          modo tutto sembra assolutamente
                 it comes to cut the cake and you          perfetto, buonissimo! No? Il
                 find toxic stuff inside. Like in 2008.    piccolo problema è che quando vai
                 Subprime mortgages.                       a tagliare la torta, dentro ci trovi
                                                           titoli tossici e basta. Come nel
                                                           2008, con i mutui subprime.


    As already mentioned, this specific CDO plays an important role in the
development of the events, and this is why it is mentioned quite often in the
dialogues after this moment. The initialism is always preserved in the Italian
dubbed dialogues, although it is pronounced according to the Italian
phonological system (/ˌtʃiː.diːˈo/ versus original pronunciation /ˌsiː.diːˈəʊ/).

Trade

The Italian dubbed dialogues of the series present a total number of 9 occurrences
for the noun trade, which is defined by the Cambridge Online Dictionary as “the
activity of buying and selling or exchanging goods and services”6 and by the
Merriam Webster Online Dictionary as “the business of buying and selling or
bartering commodities”7. No specific meaning related to finance is indicated.
Neither Hoepli nor Treccani online Italian dictionaries include it as a separate
entry, although it is possible to find it in compounds, such as trade mark, trade
union, and trade show, whereas its morphologically derived word trader has
currently entered the Italian lexis. The bilingual English-Italian online dictionary
Sansoni provides various terms to translate it, related to different fields; however,
none of them refers to the world of finance and the most common translation
equivalents are commercio (commerce) and mercato (market).
     In the dialogues of the series, the term is mainly used as a synonym for the
nouns deal or transaction, whose most common Italian equivalents are affare and
transazione. In the Italian dubbed versions the word occurs various times, not
only to translate it when used as a noun, but also when used as a verb. It is
particularly interesting to note that in episode 8, Eleanor is actually speaking in
Italian in the original version (in the scene, she is proposing an “excellent trade”
to various clients, in different languages), and she uses the word affare, but in
the dubbed version she uses the English word trade:

       Table 5. Episode 8 – 00:17:30 – 00:17:32
    Character    Original version                          Dubbed version

    Eleanor      Ho un grande affare per te.               Ho un super trade per te.


6
    https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/trade.
7
    https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/trade.
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NEW FINANCIAL ANGLICISMS                                                        A69


4.2. The Big Short (2015)

The Big Short (La grande scommessa, in Italian) is an American comedy-drama
film directed by Adam McKay. The screenplay was written by Charles Randolph
and Adam McKay and is based on the 2010 book The Big Short: Inside the
Doomsday Machine by Michael Lewis. The dubbed version was performed by
Dubbing Brothers Int. Italia, the dialogues were translated and adapted by
Lorena Bertini, and the dubbing was directed by Claudia Razzi. The story is based
on true events. It revolves around the financial crisis of 2008 in the United States
and how some people took advantage from the situation as they managed to
foresee the upcoming housing bubble. The film stars Christian Bale, Steve Carell,
Ryan Gosling, and Brad Pitt.
    Besides the device of inserting explanations in the lines exchanged by the
characters in order to make the practices related to the world of finance
accessible to the average spectator, which was noted in Devils, in The Big Short
other more unconventional techniques are employed. One of them is the use of
explanations appearing in a written form on the screen, similar to subtitles, but
actually occupying a much larger portion of the image, usually lateral. One
example would be the explanation of what a tranche is:




                                  Figure 1. Tranche - 00:30:22

    Another example is the explanation of what an ISDA agreement is:




                             Figure 2. ISDA agreement – 00:38:49




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A70                                                                                   PARINI


    As can be noticed, the explanation is not a technical one and does not really
explain what this specific agreement is, as it simply tells the audience what its
purpose is, in a very colloquial way.
    Another technique that is used to explain financial terms to spectators is the
use of cameos from well-known people (for example, actress Margot Robbie and
late chef Anthony Bourdain), who talk directly to the spectators to explain
concepts such as subprime mortgages, and CDOs. They are introduced by the
character of Jared Vennett (played by Ryan Gosling), who also acts as a narrator
and often refers directly to the spectators too, commenting on what is going on,
and also on the difficulty of financial terminology.

      Table 6. Subprime mortgages: 00:13:38 - 00:14:53
 Character     Original version                        Dubbed version

 Jared         Wall Street loves to use confusing      Wall Street usa termini che
               terms to make you think only they       confondono per farti credere che
               can do what they do. Or even better,    solo loro possono fare quello che
               for you just to leave them the fuck     fanno. O meglio ancora, allo scopo
               alone. So, here’s Margot Robbie in a    di non farsi rompere le palle. Ora
               bubble bath to explain.                 Margot Robbie immersa nella
                                                       schiuma ve lo spiega.

 Margot        Basically, Lewis Ranieri’s mortgage     In pratica le obbligazioni ipotecarie
 Robbie        bonds were amazingly profitable for     di Lewis Ranieri sono state molto
               the big banks. They made billions       redditizie per le grandi banche.
               and billions on their 2% fee they got   Hanno guadagnato miliardi e
               for selling each of these bonds. But    miliardi con la provvigione del 2%
               then they started running out of        su ciascuna obbligazione che
               mortgages to put in them. After all,    vendevano. Poi però i mutui da
               there are only so many homes and so     metterci dentro si sono esauriti.
               many people with good enough jobs       Dopotutto, quante case ci sono e
               to buy them, right? So, the banks       quanta gente ha un buon lavoro per
               started filling these bonds with        permettersi di comprarle, giusto?
               riskier and riskier mortgages. That     Così allora le banche hanno
               way, they can keep that profit          cominciato      a     riempire       le
               machine churning, right? By the         obbligazioni con mutui sempre più
               way, these risky mortgages are          rischiosi. In questo modo tenevano
               called subprime. So, whenever you       gravida la macchina dei ricavi,
               hear “subprime”, think “shit”. Our      chiaro? E comunque, questi mutui
               friend Michael Burry found out what     rischiosi sono stati chiamati
               these mortgage bonds that were          “subprime”. Perciò quando sentiti
               supposedly 65% AAA were actually        “subprime” pensate a “merda”. Il
               just mostly full of shit. So now he’s   nostro amico Michael Burry ha
               going to short the bonds, which         scoperto che queste obbligazioni
               means to bet against.                   ipotecarie che dovevano essere al
                                                       65% una AAA nella realtà sono
                                                       soltanto piene di merda. E perciò ora
                                                       ha deciso di venderle allo scoperto. Il
                                                       che significa scommetterci contro.




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    Table 7. CDO: 00:33:58 - 00:34:55
 Character     Original version                         Dubbed version

 Jared         A collateralized debt obligation. It’s   Obbligazione        di        debito
               important to understand because it’s     collateralizzato. Va capito cos’è
               what allowed a housing crisis to         perché ha fatto sì che una crisi
               become a nationwide economic             immobiliare diventasse un disastro
               disaster. Here’s world famous chef       economico nazionale. Ecco il famoso
               Anthony Bourdain to explain.             chef Anthony Bourdain che ve lo
                                                        spiega.

 Anthony       Okay, I’m a chef on a Sunday             Sono uno chef che una domenica
 Bourdain      afternoon setting the menu at a big      prepara il menù di un ristorante.
               restaurant. I order my fish on Friday    Ordino il pesce di venerdì, che è
               which is the mortgage bond that          l’obbligazione     ipotecaria       che
               Michael Burry shorted. But some of       Michael Burry ha venduto allo
               the fresh fish doesn’t sell. I don’t     scoperto. Ma un po’ di quel pesce non
               know why, maybe it just came out         viene venduto. Non so perché, forse
               halibut has the intelligence of a        hanno saputo che l’halibut è
               dolphin. So, what am I going to do?      intelligente come il delfino. Quindi,
               Throw all this unsold old fish, which    io che cosa faccio? Butto via il pesce
               is the BBB level of the bond, in the     invenduto, cioè il livello BBB
               garbage and take the loss? No way.       dell’obbligazione nella spazzatura e
               Being the crafty and morally             accetto la perdita? Non esiste. Visto
               onerous chef that I am, whatever         che sono un astuto e responsabile
               crappy levels of the bond I don’t sell   chef, per quanto sia schifoso il livello
               I throw into a seafood stew. See, it’s   dell’obbligazione invenduta la butto
               not old fish. It’s a whole new thing!    nella zuppa di pesce. Adesso non è
               And the best part is, they’re eating     più pesce vecchio! È una cosa del
               three-day old halibut. That is a CDO.    tutto nuova! E il bello è che la gente
                                                        mangerà pesce vecchio di tre giorni.
                                                        Questo è un CDO.


     As far as the Italian dubbed dialogues of the film are concerned, they
definitely contain a high number of Anglicisms which pertain to the field of
finance and, as previously mentioned, seem to have been absorbed by the Italian
lexis, in particular the words and phrases credit default swap (and its initialism
CDS), hedge fund, rating, subprime, trader and tranche. However, this study is
limited to the analysis of those new Anglicisms that have been identified in the
Italian dubbed version of the dialogues of TV series Devils, namely, shortare, CDO,
and trade.

Shortare

Apart from the strategy used to explain financial terms to the audience, the extracts
of the lines played by Margot Robbie and Anthony Bourdain reported above are
also interesting for the specific study of this paper. Indeed, in the original versions
of both passages we can note the use of the verb short, and, in the second extract,
we can note the use of the initialism CDO. As we can see, the Italian dubbing of the
film does not use the strategy noted in Devils, where the verb short is always

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translated with the adapted Anglicism shortare. In both cases, it translates the verb
with the phrase vendere allo scoperto, which, as already mentioned, is a rather
common way to translate into Italian the activity of short selling.
    Indeed, the verb short often recurs in the dialogues of the film. The title of
the film itself refers to the fact that some people working in finance shorted a
great number of housing bonds as they realized that the housing market was
about to collapse in 2008. The Italian title of the film can be back translated as
“The big bet”, as to short basically means to bet against, as explained by Margot
Robbie in the passage above. Altogether, in the film the verb is used 18 times,
and it is always translated with the phrase used in the two passages above.
    Therefore, it is possible to state that in this specific case the Italian dubbing
seems to prefer the use of a conventionalised equivalent Italian phrase rather than
using a new Anglicism.

CDO

The initialism CDO is extremely recurrent in the original dialogues of the film, as
it is basically the tool that lies at the core of the system that initiated the financial
crisis around which the events revolve. As previously seen, the scriptwriter
managed to explain in rather clear terms what it is thanks to the explanation
provided by late chef Anthony Bourdain. Just as it happens in Devils, this is done
through a food metaphor: Sofia compared a CDO to a cake made with not-so-fresh
ingredients, whereas Bourdain compares it to a stew made of three-day fish.
      It is interesting to note that the first time the initialism is used, Jared spells
it out before leaving the floor to Bourdain to let him explain in detail what it is.
However, even if the Italian dubbing likewise spells it out, it later uses the
English initialism every time it is used in the dialogues. As in the dubbed version
of Devils, the pronunciation of the initialism follows the Italian phonological
system (/ˌtʃiː.iːˈo/ versus original pronunciation /ˌsiː.iːˈəʊ/).

Trade

The new Anglicism trade, which is consistently used in the dubbed version of
Devils, is never even once used in the Italian dubbing of The Big Short. In fact,
Italian dubbing professionals always opted for the Italian translational
equivalents affare or operazione. As with the translation of the verb short, it would
seem that they preferred using Italian terms, rather than Anglicisms.

    In short, it is possible to claim that the dubbing professionals in charge of
the Italian version of Devils apparently seem to be more prone to use new
Anglicisms than those who worked on the Italian version of The Big Short. In fact,
apart from the shared choice of using the initialism CDO, the dialogue writers
who adapted the latter have resorted to Italian translational equivalents
whenever they had to transpose the lexemes short and trade.
    In some cases, the strategies adopted may also be ascribed to technical
requirements, specifically related to lip-synch. However, whereas this may easily
be true for the transposition of CDO, it cannot be the case for the verb short,
https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1974-4382/15689
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which was rendered as vendere allo scoperto (one syllable versus eight) and trade,
which was often rendered as operazione (one syllable versus five) or even affare
(one syllable versus three).
    The fact that Devils was realised 5 years after The Big Short may be an
indication that these Anglicisms are actually very recent and even if they have
not been included in Italian general dictionaries yet, they may soon do so. We
should also keep in mind that the Italian novel upon which the series is based
presents the same Anglicisms and given the fact that Guido Maria Brera is a
finance trader, we may assume that they are currently used by the Italian people
who work in the field of finance.


5. A practice-based interlingual study

This last part of the paper will present the results of a practice-based interlingual
study involving 50 Italian students enrolled in the 2nd and 3rd year of the
undergraduate degree course in Economics at the University of Turin, Italy. The
students were required to translate into Italian three sentences taken from the
dialogues of the first season of Diavoli containing the verb short, the noun CDO,
and the noun trade. Students enrolled in the course Business English, Communication
and Presentation Skills in the academic year 2021-2022 were sent an email through
the messaging system of the Moodle Platform and were asked to connect to a link
which redirected them to a form on Google Forms where no name was required.
This was done in order to avoid any potential stress-related factor which might
influence their performance, as the activity was not assessed in any way.
     Students were not required to watch the scenes from the TV series, and were
not given the whole context. They were simply told that the lines were
exchanged within a financial context. They carried out the task from home and
could use any dictionary or resource that they wanted.
     The aim of this study was to establish whether these students (whose
curriculum includes exams related to financial subjects) would use the new
Anglicisms found in the Italian dubbed version of the TV series, or if they would
rather use Italian translational equivalents (for instance, those adopted in the
dubbed version of The Big Short).
     The first sentence that they were required to translate was: “We have been
shorting bonds all afternoon”. Out of the 50 students who took part in the study,
only 7 of them (14%), used the new Anglicism shortare to translate the verb short,
25 (50%) used the phrase vendere allo scoperto, which, as previously seen,
corresponds to the solution mostly chosen by the dubbing professionals in charge
of the dubbed version of The Big Short, 15 (30%) used the phrase vendere al ribasso,
which is an alternative expression to vendere allo scoperto commonly used in
Italian, 3 of them (6%) translated it as vendere (sell), therefore opting for a
generalisation strategy.




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A74                                                                                                         PARINI



                                                     Short




                     shortare      vendere al lo scoperto    vendere al ribasso       vendere


                                                  Figure 3. Short

     The second sentence that they were asked to translate was “My digital
signature is on that CDO”. Out of the 50 students, 45 of them (90%) maintained
the English initialism CDO in their Italian translations, 3 of them (6%) translated
it with the corresponding Italian expression obbligazione con debito collaterale,
one of them (2%) translated it with the similar expression titolo di debito
collaterale and one of them (2%) generalised it as contratto (contract).

                                                     CDO




             CDO      obbligazi one con debito collaterale   titolo di debi to collaterale      contratto


                                               Figure 4. CDO

     The third sentence that the students were asked to translate was “Your name
is all over those trades”. Out of the 50 students, 33 of them (66%) translated the
word trades as operazioni, 6 of them (12%) translated it as affari, 5 of them (10%)

https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1974-4382/15689
NEW FINANCIAL ANGLICISMS                                                                              A75


translated it as transazioni, 2 of them (4%) translated it as scambi (which is quite
a generic term and is not really used in financial contexts), one of them (2%)
translated it as azioni (which does not convey the same referential meaning).
Moreover, three students used different sorts of explicitation strategies adding an
adjective to make it clearer; more specifically, one of them (2%) translated it as
operazioni finanziarie, one of them (2%) translated it as scambi commerciali, and
one of them (2%) translated it as contratti commerciali (which does not convey the
same referential meaning). None of the students used the new Anglicism trade.


                                               Trades




             operazioni         affari                   transazioni          scambi
             azioni             operazioni finanziarie   scambi commerciali   contratti commerciali


                                          Figure 5. Trades

     The results of this small study seem to indicate that the participants (who
supposedly should be familiar with the terminology used in Italian financial
language) seem to be willing to use some of the new Anglicisms found in the
Italian dubbed versions of the products analyzed, but not others. More
specifically, most of them seem to have no problems in using the noun CDO,
which was consistently used both in the dubbing of Devils and in the dubbing of
The Big Short. As far as the new Anglicisms shortare and trade are concerned,
however, apparently students seem not to be prone to use them, yet.


6. Conclusions

This paper intended to provide a contribution to the research field on Anglicisms
in Italian, in the specific area of financial language in Italian dubbing, starting
from the case of the Italian dubbed version of the TV series Devils and comparing
it to that of the film The Big Short. The analysis seems to confirm the results of
previous studies on the presence of Anglicisms in audiovisual translation, in
particular those by Gottlieb (2005, 2012), who talks about a phenomenon of
“Anglification” in screen translation through the presence of Anglicisms in


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translated audiovisuals, and Minutella (2017: 100), who maintains that “the
number of Anglicisms in dubbed Italian tends to increase over time”.
     New Anglicisms (meaning, words that have not been included in Italian
general monolingual dictionaries yet) have been identified in the dubbed version
of the TV series which were not used in the film only five years earlier
(specifically, the adapted Anglicism shortare and the non-adapted Anglicism
trade). This might be an indication that they are actually very recent Anglicisms
used in the field and that the Italian specialized language of finance is
increasingly adopting new words from the English language.
     Finally, the study presented a practice-based interlingual study involving a
sample of students in Economics from the University of Turin (Italy), in order to
establish whether they are familiar with the abovementioned Anglicisms and
would use them in Italian. The results of this study seem to establish that the two
words are not perceived as familiar yet, and students tend to opt for various
Italian equivalent words or expressions.
     As has already been stressed, to my knowledge there are no studies focusing
on the translation of Anglicisms in the specific case of financial Italian in
dubbing. Therefore, it is evident that further studies are necessary in order to
establish whether the new Anglicisms identified are going to be accepted as part
of the Italian specialized lexis and consequently used in the dubbed versions of
even more recent audiovisual products.


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