10.6092/issn.2038-3460/17240
This essay reviews diverse strands of empirical and theoretical work in different urban studies areas (urban planning, urban ethnography, urban geography, and STS) reflecting on the manifold ways in which the smart city project is being “opened up” for scrutiny through experimental projects developing digitally-mediated sensing practices of either a specific or broad kind: i.e., producing both devices formally devised for sensing specific parameters, and sensing devices – emerging from less specific digital technology arrangements – used to share experiences, show solutions or politicize different urban issues. In doing this, we seek to understand, from an STS standpoint, the different ways in which a broad range of works are analysing the development, intervention, maintenance, and opposition of these ideas. In the first section we focus on understanding the definitions, features and clashes that several of these corporate projects (mostly municipal in nature) have come across, deploying smart devices, such as sensors to produce an “algorithmic city”. In the second section we expand the meanings of “smartness,” focusing on grassroots appropriations of broader digital arrangements and politicizations of open source infrastructures to display other forms of urban sensitivities, contributing to the cosmopoliticization of the “smart city” project.
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Martin Tironi
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Tecnoscienza – Italian Journal of Science & Technology Studies
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Of Sensors and Sensitivities. Towards a Cosmopolitics of “Smart Cities”?
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Martin Tironi
2015/07/10
10.6092/issn.2038-3460/17240
89
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Of Sensors and Sensitivities. Towards a Cosmopolitics of “Smart Cities”?
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6
                                                                                Scenario

Of Sensors and Sensitivities
Towards a Cosmopolitics of “Smart Cities”?
              Martin Tironi                              Tomás Sánchez Criado
 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile                Open University of Catalonia
	
  

       Abstract This essay reviews diverse strands of empirical and theoretical
       work in different urban studies areas (urban planning, urban ethnography,
       urban geography, and STS) reflecting on the manifold ways in which the
       smart city project is being “opened up” for scrutiny through experimental
       projects developing digitally-mediated sensing practices of either a specific
       or broad kind: i.e., producing both devices formally devised for sensing spe-
       cific parameters, and sensing devices –emerging from less specific digital
       technology arrangements– used to share experiences, show solutions or
       politicize different urban issues. In doing this, we seek to understand, from
       an STS standpoint, the different ways in which a broad range of works are
       analysing the development, intervention, maintenance, and opposition of
       these ideas. In the first section we focus on understanding the definitions,
       features and clashes that several of these corporate projects (mostly mu-
       nicipal in nature) have come across, deploying smart devices, such as sen-
       sors to produce an “algorithmic city”. In the second section we expand the
       meanings of “smartness,” focusing on grassroots appropriations of broader
       digital arrangements and politicizations of open source infrastructures to
       display other forms of urban sensitivities, contributing to the cosmopolitici-
       zation of the “smart city” project.

       Keywords: Smart city; cosmopolitics; sensors; experiment; sensitivities.

       Corresponding author: Martin Tironi, Pontificia Universidad Católica de
       Chile, School of Design. Los Navegantes 1919, Providencia. Santiago de
       Chile – E-mail: martin.tironi@uc.cl.



1. Introduction: Opening up “smart cities”

    The “smart city” has recently become a fashionable yet broad concept
in urban design (Picon 2014). It designates those cities that are governed
through the pervasive use of manifold digital devices, and most notably
sensors, with the aim of providing more accurate data intelligence for bet-
ter decision-making.

	
  
TECNOSCIENZA
Italian Journal of Science & Technology Studies
6 (1) pp. 89-108 - ISSN 2038-3460
www.tecnoscienza.net                              2015
90                                                           Tecnoscienza - 6 (2)

    This paper reviews and discusses, from an STS standpoint, diverse
strands of empirical and theoretical work in different urban studies areas
(urban planning, urban ethnography, urban geography, and STS) that re-
flect on some of the ways in which the smart city is being “opened up” for
scrutiny through manifold experimental projects, developing digitally-
mediated sensing practices of either a specific or broad kind (i.e. both de-
vices formally devised for sensing specific parameters, and sensing devices
emerging from less specific digital technology arrangements to share ex-
periences, show solutions or politicize different urban issues). In doing
this, we seek to understand the different ways in which a broad range of
recent works are analysing the development, intervention, maintenance,
and opposition of these ideas; but also countering the disembodied ver-
sions of smart city projects through the deployment of the manifold onto-
logical politics of its “urban assemblages” (Farías 2011).
    In line with these prospects, the first section discusses literature ana-
lysing the experimental deployment of so-called smart city devices
(Marres 2012; Karvonen and van Heuer 2014; Tironi and Laurent 2015),
mainly developed by municipal and corporate consortiums around the
world. Indeed, these arrangements require of manifold experts and citi-
zens to either become avid interpreters of sensors’ data or to engage in
different forms of urban automated sensing (Gabrys 2007) on a huge va-
riety of issues, ranging from air quality and urban hygiene to traffic lights
and roads maintenance, mobility and public transportation, urban acces-
sibility or remote care for older and disabled people. Thus, many of these
initiatives might be contributing to the articulation of different forms of
cyborg citizens (Gandy 2005) or citizens as sensors (Goodchild 2007).
    The second section explores the “cosmopoliticization” of smartness,
addressing a number of experiments in slowing down the smart city pro-
ject. On one hand are top-down institutional and industry-led projects,
seeking to govern entire urban ecosystems with the participation of the
public – be it as providers of data or taking part in their interpretation
and classification. On the other hand, individuals and communities are
also crafting and using digital technologies, from very sophisticated sen-
sors to over-the-counter smartphones and social media. These individuals
and communities are increasingly organizing into different forms of do-it-
yourself grassroots collectives, seeking to “open up” the city through dif-
ferent forms of urban sensing devices, hence forging different breeds of
expert amateurs (Kuznetsov and Paulos 2010). For some of these diverse
and not always coordinated collectives of amateurs, this “opening” means
having the chance to share ideas and knowledge on how to build and ex-
periment with sensing technologies with a more or less fixed institutional
framework. For other activists or advocacy-led projects, permeated by a
more radical hacker ethos, opening sensing devices means making availa-
ble other sorts of experiences and urban sensitivities, as well as explicitly
countering top-down versions of the smart city through the articulation of
open-source infrastructures that redistribute smartness.
Tironi & Sánchez Criado                                                                                                                                                                                                            91


2. Experimenting with the urban: The practices and
discourses of smart cities

    There has been growing consensus in recent years that the advances in
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are transforming
the urban experience, redefining many of the usual presuppositions in the
analysis and management of cities. The analysis of the role that different
technologies have played in the design and government of the city is far
from new in STS1. What seems to be contemporary relevant to analyse is
the usher dynamism and the great investment in a gigantic and transna-
tional “market of experimentations”, leading to the craft of all sorts of
digital technologies for the management, organization or regulation of
urban space.
    Many of these transformations and its associated discourses and hopes
are usually captured by the term smart city. Indeed, the smart city concept
has materialized into specific urban technology projects, having an unde-
niable impact: transforming many urban spaces into vast and privileged
scenarios to experiment with multiple computational interventions and
strategies. In fact, it has become a catchy category that has managed to
jump into many urban discourses and practices, an aspirational bench-
mark for cities all around the world (Campbell 2012; Greenfield 2013;
Picon 2014; Sheltona et al. 2015). Thus, in line with this trend, several
capital cities are nowadays in a feverish process of developing smart solu-
tions, attempting to make the principles of the techno-smart or digital city
tangible and operative (Greenfield 2013; Picon 2014).
    Beneath the surface of the different experiences in smart urbanism
through an extensive application of new ICT, cities are allegedly able to
transform themselves into “more intelligent and efficient” places, “im-
proving the quality of life” for their inhabitants (Campbell 2012). This
techno-intelligent paradigm is gaining particular momentum in light of
the exponential growth of urban zones in the planet (UN 2008), with its
concomitant effects: an increasing public demand for services and grow-
ing difficulties faced by local governments in responding appropriately to
this surge in demand (Harrison and Donnelly 2011; Yesner 2013). In fact,
this context is tightly associated to the creation of a new technology mar-
ket boosted by industries and companies (e.g. AT&T, IBM, CISCO,
Huawei, Telefónica, Siemens, etc.) that see in the expansion of this dis-
course possibilities for the development of new and specific services for
municipalities in a moment of great economic contraction.
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
                     1
      Classic STS references include the works of Callon (1980) on the controver-
sies surrounding the electric vehicle project; Hughes (1983) on the electrification
of urban zones; and Winner (1985) on the political effects of infrastructures, to-
gether with the seminal work by Latour and Hermant (1998) on Paris’ infrastruc-
tures.
92                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Tecnoscienza - 6 (2)

    Building on more recent research in STS, combining aspects of urban
planning and Actor-Network Theory, that has explored the sociomaterial
aspects of urban infrastructures (Aibar and Bijker 1997; Coutard et al.
2005) in this paper we would like to analyse how those “smart” infra-
structures might be enacting an ontologically multiple space of “urban
assemblages” (Farias and Bender 2009; Farías 2011). To our mind, the
“urban assemblage” perspective is especially of interest to address these
contemporary ICT-driven transformations affecting the urban fabric –
such as those digital technologies seeking to build augmented environ-
ments and connected atmospheres–, and how they enact manifold articu-
lations of the urban as well as diverse definitions of its users, going be-
yond socio-constructionist and critical discourses of the contemporary
forms of the urban that address these transformations as the mere materi-
alization or transposition of ideas, discourses or ideologies into the built
environment2.
    What sorts of recompositions and redefinitions are being introduced
by this “intelligent city” paradigm? And consequently, what are the em-
pirical and theoretical challenges that this scenario poses to urban-
minded STS? Building from this, in this section, we will outline some of
the issues which, in our opinion, are presented by the practices and dis-
courses of smart cities, associated with a profoundly experimental under-
standing of the city and the urban experience.

2.1. Normative variations around a concept

    The high level of visibility that the smart city concept has garnered (in
international fairs, rankings, corporate white papers, public administra-
tions’ grey literature, etc.) has been accompanied by a prolific and varied
output of academic papers, books and TED-like talks on the subject. In
general, such literature can be classified into two broad categories:
    (1) Works that focus on the great transformations and urban recon-
figurations that come to be associated with this concept, be it in terms of
how it entails economic advantages for the city, pushing for the social in-
novation of smart infrastructures, or stressing the increasing importance
of users’ experiences and their new role as “sensors” and codifiers of in-
formation (Mitchell 1995; Florida 2003; Campbell 2012; Harrison and
Donnelly 2011; Caragliu et al. 2011; Yesner 2013). These perspectives,
glorifying smart artefacts, not only highlight the features of auto-
programmable infrastructure networks (roads, bus stops, maps, waste
disposal, heating, tourism, banks, restrooms, signage, shops, energy,
street lighting, cycle lanes, etc.) but also the role of the “creative class”
(Florida 2003) in producing flows of information. One of the key con-
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
                     2
      For example, Graham and Marvin postulate that modern urban infrastruc-
tures are more and more closely linked with “neoliberal” political criteria relating
to the way the city is governed and managed (Graham and Marvin 2001, 96).
Tironi & Sánchez Criado                                                   93
cepts is that of “sentient cities” or “senseable cities” (Shepard 2011). This
concept refers to the capacity of cities to record and digitally-encode their
“sensations” and states (e.g. weather, air pollution, traffic, energy con-
sumption, etc.) thanks to thousands of smartphone users – smart sensors
distributed among people and infrastructures able to manage large data
sets and flows of information about both human and non-human life in
the city.
    (2) Works that criticize this triumphalist version of the smart city.
These works are usually sceptical about the extent of the alleged claims
that ubiquitous and intelligent city projects might be fostering greater
“urbanity”, “democratization” and “inclusion” (Gabrys 2014; March and
Ribera-Fumaz 2014; Powell 2014). Many of them analyse the asymmetries
(of information, control, transformation, etc.) generated between users
and large telecommunication companies (Greenfield 2013; Viitanen and
Kingston 2013; Kitchin 2014), the omnipresence of these companies in
fabricating and managing the city (Galdón-Clavell 2013; Vanolo 2013;
Sennett 2012), the role of the narrative strategies used by multinationals
to become an “obligatory passage point” (Söderström et al. 2014). One of
the most acerbic and well-known critics of the smart city idea, Evgeny
Morozov (2014), even maintains that the promises of smart urbanism are
based on “technological reductionism” and “neoliberal short-termism”,
in which all of the city’s ills appear to be resolved privately (via
smartphone apps) which, so he states, lead to processes of disconnection
and de-politicization.

2.2. Design and experimentation with “intelligent” futures

    One aspect seldom discussed in both strands of literature is the “ex-
perimental” or, rather, speculative nature of the socio-technical assem-
blages that constitute the smart city constellation of projects. The rela-
tionships between the entities that feed this paradigm –their layout and
devices, concepts and designs, services and actors, markets and cities– are
far from being a finished product. In this respect, adopting a Foucauldian
approach, Gabrys suggests that “[…] smart-city plans and designs, as
proposed and uncertainly realized, articulate distinct materialities and
spatialities as well as formations of power and governance” (Gabrys 2014,
3). Therefore, although the concept is presented as an “organic model” of
urban management, its modus operandi is way more related to forms of
urban prototyping and speculative design.
    It is no coincidence that the principal development strategy of smart
city projects consists of pilot studies, allowing large companies to test
technological and service prototypes, carrying out different forms of “ur-
ban laboratories” to test and demonstrate the durability and “social” in-
tegration of their products and services (Tironi and Laurent 2015). Be-
94                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Tecnoscienza - 6 (2)

yond what usually happens in Living Labs3, it could be said that in many
of these smart city projects the city itself is used as a testing ground, craft-
ing other forms of urban experimentation. That is, in vivo interventions
expanding the frontiers of the urban laboratory towards the city itself,
multiplying the uncertainty and the possible overflows, in order to deter-
mine the life or death of smart innovations.
    Smart city projects, hence, are part of very specific corporate-led
“speculative design” investments (in the sense developed by Dunne and
Raby 2013), creating grand scenarios outweighing the need of being actu-
ally carried out and implemented in full. Those grand speculative scenar-
ios acting out potential urban futures – most of them grounded in the
idea that an extensive management of technological intelligence will solve
the cities’ problems – are rather developed to experiment with different
technological solutions. Indeed, very often the actual ability of the devel-
oped artefacts to calculate and capture different urban activities (from a
person’s caloric consumption to the levels of carbon dioxide present in
the streets) is not very accurate, opening up multiple spaces for further
experimentation on such devices4. Therefore, in smart city projects, the
future becomes an experimental category used to mobilize resources and
interventions, to manage uncertainties and expectations (Bublex and
During 2014)
    This means that, despite the heavy corporate investment in promoting
the concept, smart city business models and applications usually reveal far
more uncertainties than certainties, its technological devices being more
speculative and exploratory than decisive or definitive in character. In oth-
er words, in many of these projects intelligent cities exist on a virtual level
of “emergences” (Thrift 2014) or “latencies” (Latour 2005), meaning they
have not yet achieved a well-defined level of solidification and stabiliza-
tion as a closed sociotechnical system. The durability of smart action
plans depends, to a large extent, on the results of tests carried out on “la-
boratory” cities or neighbourhoods, citizens and environments, policies
and infrastructures (Karvonen and Heur 2014; Tironi and Laurent 2015).
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
    3
      Living Lab approaches to innovation design were developed in the beginning
of the 2000s (originally attributed to W. Mitchell, from MIT’s Medialab). They
could be summarized as user-driven forms of co-creation of corporate services
and products. Their methods usually entail the modelling of real-life environ-
ments in a closed space of experimentation (e.g. the home), deploying manifold
interactive technologies to record different parameters (Mulder 2012). These ap-
proaches have been crucial for the development of contemporary “ambient assist-
ed living” (AAL) care solutions or sustainable home environments.
    4
      For instance, the ontological disputes over the accuracy and the meanings
and possible interpretations of algorithmic data on one’s health have been haunt-
ing the development of sensor-based personal and ambient-assisted living care
technologies (see Soler and Trompette 2010 for an interesting ethnographic study
on the disputes between health professionals, engineers and users in a sensor-
based “epilepsy crisis detection” pilot project).
Tironi & Sánchez Criado                                                                                                                                                                                                            95
The speculative mode of smart city experimental strategies can then ap-
pear as a way of granting degrees of reality to white papers and narratives,
protocols and socio-technical artefacts, individuals and collective actors.
Drawing on Latour’s latest work, we can say that smart urbanism has a
“mode of existence” based on testing in situations of ontological uncer-
tainties (Latour 2012)5. It is precisely this “experimental mode of exist-
ence” of the smart city concept that we aim to problematize in this paper.

2.3. Designing algorithmic cities

    One of the main presuppositions of intelligent urbanism is that every
event or actor (human or non-human) has the potential to generate some
type of perceptible pattern, metric or information. Thus, Benjamin’s “flâ-
neur” city, together with its oblivious and creative experiences, might
vanish in the face of an ongoing process in which “cities are [treated as]
becoming 24 hours operations”, where everything is available, predictable
and prone to manipulation (Thrift 2014). Different sorts of algorithms,
processing the ongoing data generated by a wide gamut of specific sen-
sors, are the tools enabling this availability/calculability operation within
urban spaces, transforming cities into mass producers of “big data”, al-
legedly allowing for the calculation of patterns and forecasts in real time:
data on consumers’ spending preferences and waiting times, on the avail-
ability of parking and electrical distribution, on traffic congestion and
weather conditions, etc.
    While the capacity of “algorithmic urbanism” to predict and antici-
pate has a clearly speculative dimension, there is no certainty as to the
type of “intelligence” that can be attributed to this sea of information in
terms of how and who might process it. As indicated by Gillespie (2014),
the relevance of algorithms (the content, form and hierarchy of infor-
mation) is never neutral. On the contrary, the urban experiences out of
which these algorithms operate are codified and assembled by framing
them through a particular range of political notions, nomenclatures and
visualization metrics. The invisibility with which these technologies oper-
ate (their design, patterns, negotiations, and maintenance) may give its
users the sensation of navigating and interacting with these interfaces in a
transparent manner, determined only by criteria of “algorithmic objectivi-
ty”. As Gillespie indicates, “algorithms are a powerful invitation to under-
stand ourselves through the independent lens they promise to provide”
(2014, 186-187).
    We might talk about an interest in producing the smart city as a form
of “algorithmic urbanism”, because in many of these projects data-
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
    5
      As various works in STS have shown (Pinch 1993; Shapin and Schaffer 1985;
Marres 2012; Tironi and Laurent 2015) experimentation not only acts as a means
of testing, it also manufactures and fabricates realities. Prior to such experimental
testing, the cognitive and material entities that make up the world are unknown.
96                                                            Tecnoscienza - 6 (2)

processing technologies are increasingly required to become the omni-
present strategies to engage with the city. However, this scenario raises
questions regarding (a) the types of experiences taken into account by
these intelligent algorithms translating the city into digital interfaces; and
(b) the degrees of intervention available to users to feel, practice and par-
ticipate in the construction of the city. It is therefore necessary to ques-
tion the “interface politics” of these algorithms, examining their form and
content and the ways in which information about the city is modelled,
simulated and made visible. If we consider the interfaces as oligoptica (cf.
Latour and Hermant 1998), i.e. as situated devices-emplacements where
information about the world is framed, interpreted, condensed and min-
iaturized, we might also question the way in which the urban experience
is encapsulated and standardized (Mattern 2014) in these accounts.

2.4. Configuring more affective cities?

    With the expansion of smart sensors and algorithms, the capacity of
contemporary cities to feel has also become the focus of analysis (Thrift
2014). In the smart cities project, the emotional dimension is no longer
considered an exclusive attribute of human beings; it is an element that
has become integrated into the distributed computational nomenclatures
(Sadin 2013). Through a heterogeneous collection of sensing technolo-
gies, the city might become for these authors an animated and organic
agent, “able” – like humans – to emit, monitor and manage its different
states. Within smart urbanism, or so it is argued, the responsibility for
feeling or being affected is not a human property, and sensoriality be-
comes a distributed action, equipped and measured by multiple sensors
and interfaces.
    Indeed, Thrift (2014) states that the most innovative feature of the so
called sentient and smart city is not so much the permanent processing
and sending of information, but its unusual ability to propagate sentient
beings by developing forms of awareness of the urban ecology. It is this
capacity to be aware of the things, events and situations that occur, that
enables Thrift to make a link between the sentient city and Latour’s “par-
liament of things’, in terms of the capacity of non-human entities to exer-
cise forms of agency, to feel and be affected.
    In addition to showing how many of these projects incorporate and
mobilize more plural, and sometimes unknown, non-human agents
through responsive and algorithmic strategies, we should be careful in
using such a parliamentary metaphor, and address the particular material-
izations of politics in smart city projects. In fact, analysing the role at-
tributed to citizens’ participation in such projects, Gabrys (2014) shows
how individuals in these projects might be considered as sensing citizens,
sensitive nodes who through their interconnections with computational
environments are constantly being fed data back, but:
Tironi & Sánchez Criado                                                       97

        The actions of citizens have less to do with individuals exercising
        rights and responsibilities, and more to do with operationalizing
        the cybernetic functions of the smart city. Participation involves
        computational responsiveness and is coextensive with actions of
        monitoring and managing one’s relations to environments, rather
        than advancing democratic engagement through dialogue and de-
        bate. (Gabrys 2014, 9).

    Gabrys (2014) uses the notion of “biopolitics 2.0” to refer to the ca-
pacity of intelligent cities not only to determine intimate aspects of peo-
ple’s daily lives, but also to redesign and reprogram environments and
citizens’ behaviours from calculated patterns of data captured through
these sensor technologies. Another interesting term for this might be “soft
biopolitics”, as employed by Cheney-Lippold (2011) in his studies of al-
gorithmic identity construction by social media retailers such as Amazon.
Schüll’s (2012) ethnographic study on the algorithmic design of Las Ve-
gas casino environments, and her most recent work on the Quantified
Self community, using commoditized sensor-based devices or “weara-
bles” to track different aspects of their everyday life and “prod oneself to
take action” (Singer 2015) being interesting epitomes of these “soft” or
2.0 forms of biopolitics to reflect on.
    Building from here, many critics point out that such corporate-driven
arrangements might be forging a “post-political” urban design scenario,
and hence urge “[…] to repoliticise the Smart City debate” (March and
Ribera-Fumaz 2014, 12).


3. Cosmopoliticizing smartness, or experiments in
slowing down the smart city?
    To address that purpose, in this second section, we further analyse the
smart city idea by focusing on other works that might help us expand the
meanings of what sensing and urban smartness might mean. Here, we
would like to review literature addressing digitally-mediated sensing prac-
tices developed in grassroots projects that have emerged alongside, but
also intersecting and opposing, smart city projects. These initiatives have
as their main goals the democratization of the cities’ infrastructures –
both digital and non-digital – and the politicization of several aspects of
urban matter (Barry, 2013).
    Indeed, in the past decades our urban arenas have seen the emergence
of many online and digital collaborative platforms (Aurigi and De Cindio
2008; Fish et al. 2011; Juris 2005; Turner 2006) whereby people devote to
jointly creating, maintaining and sharing all kinds of data allowing them
to constitute into communities of sorts, producing many types of urban
events, and taking part in manifold urban sensing activities such as, for
instance, “collaborative mapping” (Furtado et al. 2012) of certain areas to
98                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Tecnoscienza - 6 (2)

generate relevant visualizations for political action (see, for instance, Den-
is and Pontille (2013) on the efforts by OpenStreetMap activists to create
and maintain maps where cycling ways are explicitly shown).
    What if these grassroots appropriations and politicizations of digital
infrastructures might be helping us to display other forms of sensing ur-
ban sensitivities? What if these so-called alternative projects might be
contributing to the cosmopoliticization, to use Isabelle Stengers’ (2005)
terms, of the “smart city” project? Indeed, “alternative” projects may
provide concerned parties with instruments to slow down, avoid the pit-
falls of either praise or criticism, and learn how to build more interesting
relations to what the ongoing digitalization of the urban might bring
(DiSalvo 2012; Ratto et al. 2014). They could also help, in the process, to
account for the manifold actors and entities that could have something
interesting to say about such intricate urban digital assemblages.

3.1. Crafting alternative digital arrangements to sense neglected
urban sensitivities?

    “In what ways do distributed sensor technologies contribute to new
sensory processes by shifting the relations, entities, occasions, and inter-
pretive registers of sensing?”, asks Gabrys (2012). We believe that, be-
yond the highly formatted and algorithmic-centric sensing experiences
deployed by the smart city projects analysed in the previous section, other
forms of ICT-based assemblages might have also formed in recent times,
prolonging richer and more intricate forms of sensing urban experiences
(cf. Ingold and Vergunst 2008; Pink 2008), with a long tradition in the
social sciences6.
    The current intensive use of digital devices – from over the counter
devices, such as personal blogs, social networks, mapping apps; to other
more elaborate yet cheap DIY sensors (Newitz 2015) – by many activists
and advocates is in many cases signalling a true “media rebellion” (Cha-
teauraynaud 2013). The Indignados and Occupy movements are a recent
epitome of this trend, as explored by Corsín and Estalella (2013),
Lenzner (2014), and Postill (2013). This allows for the more collaborative
and sometimes non-structured identification, reflection and vindication of
neglected urban issues (Chateauraynaud and Debaz 2013). Thus, they
bring into existence more complicated forms of digital urban “sensing”,
expanding the register of experiences beyond what appears in many mu-
nicipal and corporate-led smart city projects.
    Chateauraynaud and Debaz (2013), for instance, examine different
examples of environmental health activists using digital sensors to make
perceptible what might be affecting people sensitive to different things.
	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
                     6
       See Highmore (2002) and Wark (2011) for interesting accounts on the sur-
realist and Situationist movements, as well as on the work of “everyday life” theo-
rists, such as Lefebvre or De Certeau.
Tironi & Sánchez Criado                                                         99
For example, atmospheric toxic chemicals in the city (Calvillo 2014) or
ever-expanding electromagnetic radiation camps such as the ones pro-
duced by ICTs – the very same ICTs the smart city project deems inter-
esting to build more efficient and inclusive cities (Chateauraynaud and
Debaz 2010). Hence, through the use of such digitally-mediated sensing
practices, their otherwise unruly and uncertain bodily sensations are “re-
mediated” (cf. Bolter and Grusin 2000) creating space for the “articula-
tion of the bodily differences” (Latour 2004). This is not only to systemat-
ically share all sorts of data on one’s experiences and produce new infor-
mation about a particular condition, but also to produce and share rele-
vant knowledge on how to tackle those situations (Akrich 2010; Brown et
al. 2004; Goodings and Tucker 2013; Tucker and Goodings 2014).
    By creating different forms of sensors, these collectives “[…] would
not allow to be defined by the metrological space held together by exteri-
or instances and take charge of the laboratory in the open” (Chateauray-
naud and Debaz 2013; our translation), producing a relevant intervention
in the “regimes of perceptibility” that is, in the “[…] sedimented con-
tours of perception and imperception produced within a disciplinary or
epistemological tradition” (Murphy 2006, 24) emplaced in our urban are-
nas. Those regimes of perceptibility “[…] populate our world with some
objects and not others, and they allow certain actions to be performed on
those objects” (Murphy 2006, 24). In fact, many of such practices might
be thought of as digital vernacular forms of “street science” or other
analogous activist interventions in knowledge, techno-economic and legal
expertise, reclaiming the production of knowledge about the city and its in-
habitants (Brown 1992; Corburn 2005; Parthasarathy 2010; Rabeharisoa,
Moreira and Akrich 2014). That is, such practices are about producing
forms of “sensible politics” (cf. McLagan and McKee 2012) crafting digi-
tally-mediated platforms, allowing them to create and redistribute not on-
ly sensing repertoires but also the relevant expertise needed to produce
and inhabit such urban spaces.
    For instance, in analysing the experience of Multiple Chemical Sensi-
tivity (MCS) online communities, as sites of environmental health activ-
ism on urban matters, Murphy stated:
        […] In cyberspace MCSers found support groups, homepages,
        and “do-it-yourself” popular culture; people shared information
        on how to make their own personal ecologies, where to find a
        “safe” home, do-it-yourself treatments, and therapies that worked
        for them and might work for others. They offered each other ad-
        vice and warnings about navigating the workers’ compensation
        machine and other institutional apparatuses, as well as prayers for
        sustaining the spirit. The Internet [online fora and chats] was a vi-
        tal site where MCSers communicated how to grapple with the eve-
        ryday, a space facilitated by an ethic of information exchange
        (Murphy 2006, 168).
    In a way, we could say that such experience-based forms of remediat-
100                                                                                                                                                                                                                                Tecnoscienza - 6 (2)

ed sensing practices bring to the fore neglected sensitivities, making space
for alternative experiments to the smart city projects delineated above,
opening up and expanding the register of urban smartness to “more sensi-
tive” contours.

3.2. Experimenting with DIY infrastructures, or the redistribu-
tion of smartness?

    On a different register and to conclude, the smart city project might
also be juxtaposed to a very particular set of works engaging in the de-
scription and politicization of urban infrastructure (Graham and Marvin
2001; Graham and McFarlane 2015; Mongili and Pellegrino 2014). This
interest for infrastructure, developed mostly in STS and drawing from the
work of Susan L. Star, seeks to foreground “[…] the truly back-stage el-
ements of work practice, the boring embedded things, and, of course, in-
frastructure” by recurring to narrative strategies producing “infrastruc-
tural inversions” (Lampland and Star 2009, 17). Indeed, the most part of
citizens living in urban environments affected by smart developments,
                                           […] relate to infrastructural processes as unproblematic “matters
                                           of fact’. That is, for them, infrastructures like energy or water sup-
                                           plies exist ordinarily as take-for-granted resources that can be easi-
                                           ly called upon by the simple flip of a switch or by opening a tap.
                                           The complex networks of technologies, experts and political ac-
                                           tors lying behind those mundane actions are rarely spared a
                                           thought. They exist as part of largely invisible “subpolitical”
                                           worlds organized and managed by different forms of expert
                                           knowledge operating largely outside public debate and accounta-
                                           bility” (Domínguez Rubio and Fogué 2013, 1045).
     For Domínguez Rubio and Fogué, “[…] the transformation of the
subpolitical worlds of infrastructures and nature into fully public and po-
litical worlds not only offers a new understanding of urban space but also
the possibility of new forms of civic participation and engagement” (2013,
1039). In recent times, an interesting source of politicizations and infra-
structural inversions of the urban infrastructures has been the develop-
ment and great expansion of DIY and experimental urban projects
forged by different breeds of what might be called expert amateurs (Kuz-
netsov and Paulos 2010): for instance, engaged communities importing
FLOSS7 concepts –such as the use of free forms of licencing and patent-
ing or the construction of collaborative peer-to-peer (p2p) horizontal
governance networks (Musiani 2013) – and a hacker ethos (Coleman and
Golub 2008) for the purposes of technological (Powell 2012) and urban
intervention (Corsín 2014a; 2014b). Many of these collectives and com-
munities –working in new digital workshops, such as FabLabs and other

	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
                     7
                             Free Libre and Open Source Software.
Tironi & Sánchez Criado                                                                                                                                                                                                            101
forms of shared machine shops (Dickel et al. 2014; Walter-Herrmann and
Büching 2013)–, are engaged in intricate practices of documenting and
freely sharing their urban prototypes for collective scrutiny and better-
ment (Corsín, 2014b; Corsín et al. 2014), constituting forms of “epistemic
ecologies in beta” as Corsín calls them8. That is, forms of “experimental
collaboration” (Estalella and Sánchez Criado 2015) in the production and
open-sourcing of urban space.
    Open-sourcing could here be taken as an experimental opening of the
very matter of urban design for scrutiny and intervention. Indeed, this
emerging constellation of projects in beta9 might be entailing an expan-
sion of experimental cultures to urban arenas beyond “the lab” (Gross
and Krohn 2005) or “in vivo” forms of controlled experimentation (Cal-
lon et al. 2001), so dear to smart city initiatives. Thus, such projects in be-
ta would be: (a) redistributing who can speculate and open up new ques-
tions on how urban spaces should be designed (cf. DiSalvo 2012; Dickel
et al. 2014; Michael 2012); and (b) prolonging the political and epistemic
reflections on the right to the city (Mitchell 2003) in urban studies to oth-
er, more experimental, re-thinking of how to democratize the urban. As a
result, they might be collectively crafting what Corsín terms a “right to
infrastructure,” i.e., a right to openly engage in the production and trans-
formation of such infrastructural aspects of the city, which:
                                            […] gathers materials, devices, appliances, media systems, inter-
                                           faces, and social relations in a dance of graphematic concatena-
                                           tions. It is a right incarnated in and deployed through very specific
                                           (open source) sociotechnical designs, interventions, and af-
                                           fordances. These various capacities make their appearance in an
                                           urban ecology as prototypes, whose work tends to destabilize epis-
                                           temic formations because of their sourcing and enabling of new
                                           compossibilities. As I suggested earlier, we may think of the proto-
                                           type as a sort of “infrastructural being”: a fluctuating betagram of
                                           persons and things whose holding processes “in suspension” lends
                                           political, administrative, and legal ritual different rhythms and ca-
                                           pacities” (Corsín 2014b, 358).
    In sum, many collaborative forms of DIY experimentation through
the articulation of open-source infrastructures might very well be expand-
ing or opening up what we might mean by smartness: not only allowing
for the generation of other forms of data but also collaboratively redis-
tributing “intelligence” amongst usually neglected agencies, allowing
more people to engage in processes of urban infrastructuring.

	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  	
  
                     8
        See http://www.prototyping.es/uncategorized/epistemic-ecologies-in-beta-
anthropolog-beyond-open-access
     9
       See for instance Wylie et al. (2013) on DIY environmental hazard sensors or
Sánchez Criado et al. (in press) on open technical aids produced by independent-
living advocates to sense and protest the inaccessible city.
102                                                                Tecnoscienza - 6 (2)

Acknowledgments
    The authors wish to thank Annalisa Pelizza and Francesca Musiani for their
insightful comments on the different versions of this paper. Our thanks also go to
Daniel López, for his suggestions on a very early version of this paper.
    Martin Tironi’s involvement in the writing of this paper has been supported
by the Chilean National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development’s
(FONDECYT Nº 11140042) research project: “Configuring smart spaces and
users: A socio-technical research about practices, devices and discourses on
“Smart Cities” in Chile”. Tomás Sánchez Criado’s preparatory work for the writ-
ing of this paper has been supported by the Post-doctoral research grant ExPart
2012-2014 “Participatory experiences in the design of care & independent living
technologies” funded by the Alliance 4 Universities at Universitat Autonoma de
Barcelona.


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