JudaicaLink: A Knowledge Base for Jewish Culture and History
10.6092/issn.2532-8816/9047
JudaicaLink è una nuova risorsa che fornisce una base di conoscenza sulla cultura e la storia ebraica. Si fonda su informazioni di dominio multilingua provenienti da enciclopedie e basi di conoscenza generiche come l'ntegrated Authority File (GND) della Biblioteca nazionale tedesca. JudaicaLink può essere utilizzato per contestualizzare i metadati, ovvero per nei processi di entity resolution e nel collegamento dei metadati, per fornire all'utente un migliore accesso alle risorse e un contesto informativo più ricco. Molte risorse per la contestualizzazione, in particolare risorse di dominio specializzate, sono disponibili solo in forma non strutturata. D'altra parte risorse generiche come quelle di DBpedia sono difficili da utilizzare, sia per via delle dimensioni sia perchè solo piccoli subset di dati risultano effettivamente rilevanti. Pertanto, JudaicaLink mira a integrare subset di dati rilevanti provenienti da varie fonti e svolgere in questo modo la funzione di un hub unico per il processo di contestualizzazione. JudaicaLink è liberamente disponibile sul Web in Linked Open Data. In questo paper viene illustrata la costruzione di JudaicaLink, le modalità di utilizzo da parte degli utenti, la sua architettura, l'implementazione tecnica, le sue applicazioni e relazioni con il patrimonio culturale ebraico.
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Maral Dadvar
Umanistica Digitale
Knowledge base
JudaicaLink: A Knowledge Base for Jewish Culture and History
Text.Serial.Journal
https://umanisticadigitale.unibo.it/
Articles
2019-03-01
2019-02-04
2019-03-01
2019-12-18
Um. Dig.
Maral Dadvar
2019/03/01
10.6092/issn.2532-8816/9047
Web-based Information Systems and Services, Stuttgart Media University Germany
2532-8816
4
Knowledge base
en
JudaicaLink: A Knowledge Base for Jewish Culture and History
https://umanisticadigitale.unibo.it/article/view/9047/8945
     Umanistica Digitale - ISSN:2532-8816 - n.4, 2019
K. Eckert, M. Dadvar – JudaicaLink: A Knowledge Base for Jewish Culture and History
DOI: http://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2532-8816/9047


JudaicaLink: A Knowledge Base for Jewish Culture and
                     History

                                  1
                                   Kay Eckert and 2Maral Dadvar

         Web-based Information Systems and Services, Stuttgart Media University Germany
                                      1
                                          eckert@hdm-stuttgart.de
                                      2
                                          dadvar@hdm-stuttgart.de


      Abstract. JudaicaLink is a novel resource which provides a knowledge base of Jewish
      culture and history. It is based on multilingual domain-specific information from
      encyclopedias and general-purpose knowledge bases such as The Integrated Authority File
      (GND) of the German National Library. JudaicaLink can be used for contextualization of
      metadata, i.e., entity resolution within and linking of metadata to improve resource access
      and to provide richer context to the user. Many resources for contextualization,
      particularly specialized resources for the given domain, are only available in unstructured
      form. General-purpose resources like DBpedia are hard to use due to their sheer size
      while only a very small subset of the data is actually relevant. Therefore, JudaicaLink aims
      at integrating relevant subsets of various data sources to function as a single hub for the
      contextualization process. JudaicaLink is freely available on the Web as Linked Open
      Data. In this paper, we explain how JudaicaLink is built, how it can be accessed by users,
      as well as its architecture, technical implementation, applications and relations to Jewish
      culture.
      JudaicaLink è una nuova risorsa che fornisce una base di conoscenza sulla cultura e la
      storia ebraica. Si fonda su informazioni di dominio multilingua provenienti da
      enciclopedie e basi di conoscenza generiche come l'ntegrated Authority File (GND) della
      Biblioteca nazionale tedesca. JudaicaLink può essere utilizzato per contestualizzare i
      metadati, ovvero per nei processi di entity resolution e nel collegamento dei metadati, per
      fornire all'utente un migliore accesso alle risorse e un contesto informativo più ricco.
      Molte risorse per la contestualizzazione, in particolare risorse di dominio specializzate,
      sono disponibili solo in forma non strutturata. D'altra parte risorse generiche come quelle
      di DBpedia sono difficili da utilizzare, sia per via delle dimensioni sia perchè solo piccoli
      subset di dati risultano effettivamente rilevanti. Pertanto, JudaicaLink mira a integrare
      subset di dati rilevanti provenienti da varie fonti e svolgere in questo modo la funzione di
      un hub unico per il processo di contestualizzazione. JudaicaLink è liberamente
      disponibile sul Web in Linked Open Data. In questo paper viene illustrata la costruzione
      di JudaicaLink, le modalità di utilizzo da parte degli utenti, la sua architettura,
      l'implementazione tecnica, le sue applicazioni e relazioni con il patrimonio culturale
      ebraico.




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       Introduction

A knowledge base is a collection of knowledge about a variety of entities and it contains facts
explaining those entities 1.. Besides being used for applications such as question answering 2.,
semantic search 3., visualization 4., and machine translation 5., knowledge bases also play an
important role in information integration.
Some knowledge bases are specific to a certain domain such as occupations and job activities 6.,
others are general such as DBPedia 1 7. and Yago2 1. which are huge sources of structured
knowledge extracted from Wikipedia and other sources.
In this paper, we introduce JudaicaLink, 3 a new knowledge base specific to Jewish culture,
history and studies. With JudaicaLink, we build a domain-specific knowledge base by
extracting structured, multilingual knowledge from different sources (Figure 1).




                Figure 1: In JudicaLink, structured and multilingual knowledge is
                extracted from different sources and it functions as a central reference
                point for the contextualization of metadata

The main application of JudaicaLink so far is to act as a central reference point for the
contextualization of metadata, i.e., entity resolution within and linking of metadata to improve
resource access and to provide richer context to the user. The task of contextualization consists
of two steps; first, to identify entities unambiguously by means of stable URIs, e.g., a
corresponding DBpedia resource or a GND identifier, and the second to find as much
information (e.g., descriptions, links to related entities) as possible about the identified entity,
usually by following links (like owl:sameAs) to other data sources and this way by obtaining
further URIs suitable for identification. For an comprehensive example of JudaicaLink
application for contextualization please refer to section Contextualization .
Example of data sources. Many useful data sources exist that can be used for contextualization

1   http://wiki.dbpedia.org/
2   http://yago-knowledge.org/
3   http://judaicalink.org/


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        K. Eckert, M. Dadvar – JudaicaLink: A Knowledge Base for Jewish Culture and History

in the domain of Jewish studies, e.g., domain-specific online encyclopedias like the YIVO
Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. 4 In contrast to general-purpose data sources such as
DBpedia, this encyclopedia describes all entities in depth from a domain perspective, i.e., with
respect to Jewish history. Such domain specific sources are more useful for scholars as they are
trusted und citable publications while general-purpose data sources are much more interlinked
and therefore helpful to create the graph structure.
As an example from YIVO encyclopedia (Figure 2), we can see that the available information
about a topic, here the city of Minsk, is the title, describing text, the links in the text, a picture
and the description of the picture. The links in the text points to other concepts and related
material which can bring us more depth regarding a topic and can all be of great value for the
domain studies.
On the other hand they lack the structured data access via Linked Open Data representations
like DBpedia or Yago. Additionally, there are highly relevant data sources like the Integrated
Authority File (GND) of the German National Library 5 providing mainly identifiers, which are
used in libraries to contextualize literature, but also brief additional contextual information,
usually of a very high quality. An unexpected drawback of these knowledge bases, however, is
their sheer size. Setting up DBpedia or the GND for a local contextualization process is not a
trivial task and requires considerable technical resources, despite the fact that only a very small
part of these knowledge bases is relevant for the domain of Jewish studies.




                     Figure 2: Example of YIVO Encyclopedia


The challenges. In particular, there are three main problems that need to be dealt with; First,
unstructured data sources like online encyclopedias need to be made available as structured
data with stable URIs. Second, relevant subsets of general-purpose knowledge bases like
DBpedia have to be identified to fill gaps between the specialized resources and to provide
further context. And last, all data sources have to be integrated and interlinked.

4   http://yivoencyclopedia.org
5   http://dnb.de


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The status. JudaicaLink is RDF-based and part of the Linked Open Data cloud. It includes
information about persons, geographic places, subjects and occupations. At the time of this
writing it contains 23,068 concepts, 17,739 persons and 460,102 triples. All data is available
via URI dereferencing, a public SPARQL endpoint6 and as data dumps.7
In the remainder of this paper we will first explain the data sources integrated into JudaicaLink
so far and the infrastructure of this knowledge base. Then the applications and projects in
which JudaicaLink has been used will be briefly introduced and finally we will address our next
steps toward further developments of JudaicaLink.


        Construction of Judaicalink

In this section we will describe the data sources which are integrated into JudaicaLink. We will
explain the pros and cons of encyclopedias and general-purpose knowledge bases as data
sources. Moreover, the infrastructure of the knowledge base, the data extraction process and
representation are briefly explained.


        Sources
Reference works such as encyclopedias and glossaries function as guides to specific scholarly
domains. Therefore encyclopedias with a focus on Jewish studies were one of the sources of
information in our knowledge base. The following encyclopedias have been so far integrated
into JudaicaLink. What all these encyclopedias have in common is that they did not exist in a
structured data format before. By using customized web scrapers, we extracted structured data
from the article pages, e.g., the title, the article text, link relations to other articles.

Das Jüdische Hamburg
Das Jüdische Hamburg8 (The Jewish Hamburg) is an encyclopedia containing articles in
German by notable scholars about persons, locations and events of the history of Jewish
communities in Hamburg. This is a free online resource based on the book “Das Jüdische
Hamburg - Ein historisches Nachschlagewerk” 8.. It was published in 2006 on the occasion of
the 40th anniversary of the Institute for the History of the German Jews. 9 It is a comparatively
small dataset of 260 concepts. An excerpt of the extracted data is as follows:

<http://data.judaicalink.org/data/djh/ehre-ida> a foaf:Person;
jl:occupation <http://data.judaicalink.org/occupation/Schauspielerin> ;
jl:birthDate “9.7.1900” ;
jl:birthLocation “Prerau (Mähren)”,
jl:deathDate “16.2.1989” ;


6    http://data.judaicalink.org/sparql
7    http://www.judaicalink.org/datasets
8   http://dasjuedischehamburg.de/
9   Institut für die Geschichte der deutschen Juden, IGdJ


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        K. Eckert, M. Dadvar – JudaicaLink: A Knowledge Base for Jewish Culture and History

jl:deathLocation “Hamburg”,
jl: describedAt <http://dasjuedischehamburg.de/inhalt/ehre-ida> ;
jl:hasAbstract “Schauspielerin und Intendantin, geb. 9.7. 1900 Prerau
(Mähren), gest. 16.2.1989 Hamburg …” ,
skos:prefLabel “Ehre, Ida”,
skos:altLabel “Ida Ehre”.


Encyclopedia of Russian Jewry
Encyclopedia of Russian Jewry10 provides an Internet version of the encyclopedia, which is
published in Moscow since 1994, giving a comprehensive, objective picture of the life and
activity of the Jews of Russia, the Soviet Union, and the Commonwealth of Independent
States. The encyclopedia is structurally divided into three parts: 1) biographical information, 2)
local history of the Jewish community in pre-revolutionary Russia, the Soviet Union and the
CIS, and 3) thematic information on concepts related to Jewish civilization, the contribution of
the Jews of Russia in various fields of activity, various Jewish social, scientific, cultural
organizations, etc. The originally published volumes contain more than 10,000 biographies and
more than 10,000 place names. The electronic version contains corrections and additions in
the form of new articles, all in all 20,434 concepts. An excerpt of the extracted data is as
follows:
<http://data.judaicalink.org/data/rdf/rujen/moskva> a skos:Concept;
       jl:describedAt<http://rujen.ru/index.php/%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA
%D0%B2%D0%B0> ;
       jl:hasAbstract “МОСКВА, город, центр Московскои обл., столица
Россиискои Федерации. Изв. с 1147. В 14 в. – центр Вел. кн-ва Московского,
со 2-и пол. 15 в. – столица единого ...”,
       jl:hasCategory <jld:rujen/geography> ;
       skos:related <jld:rujen/abelev_yuriy_matveevich>,
               <jld:rujen/abezgauz_evgeniy_zalmanovich>,
               <jld:rujen/abkin_abram_davydovich>,
               <jld:rujen/abragam_anatol>,
               <jld:rujen/abramov>,…
       owl:sameAs <http://data.dm2e.eu/data/place/onb/abo/Moscow>,
               <http://data.dm2e.eu/data/place/onb/abo/Moskau>,
               <http://data.dm2e.eu/data/place/sbb/kpe/Moskau>,
               <jld:yivo/Moscow>,
               <http://linkedgeodata.org/triplify/node1686293227>,…
       skos:prefLabel “Москва”,
       skos:altLabel “Москва”, “Москве”, “Москвой”, “Москву”, “Москвы”,… .


YIVO Encyclopedia
The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, courtesy of the YIVO Institute of Jewish
Research, provides articles concerned with the history and culture of Jews in Eastern Europe
from the beginnings of their settlement in the region to the present. The dataset contains 2,374
concepts. An excerpt of the extracted data is as follows:
<http://data.judaicalink.org/data/yivo/Moscow> a skos:Concept;
       jl:describedAt
<http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Moscow> ;
       jl:hasAbstract “Present-day capital of the Russian Federation, Moscow

10 http://rujen.ru/


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was capital of the Russian state from ...”,
       skos:related <jld:yivo/Agurskii_Samuil_Khaimovich> ,

                <jld:yivo/Akselrod_Zelik>, <jld:yivo/Altman_Natan_Isaevich>,
                <jld:yivo/America>,<jld:yivo/Anticosmopolitan_Campaign>,
                <jld:yivo/Antisemitic_Parties_and_Movements>, …
         owl:sameAs <http://data.dm2e.eu/data/place/onb/abo/Moscow>,
                <http://data.dm2e.eu/data/place/onb/abo/Moskau>,
                <http://data.dm2e.eu/data/place/onb/abo/Moskva>,
                <jld:rujen/Moskva>,
                <http://data.nytimes.com/moscow_russia_geo>,
                <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Moscow>, …
         skos:prefLabel “Moscow”,
         skos:altLabel “Ida Ehre”.


For extraction of the encyclopedias’ contents we have made use of Coffeescript and Javascript
modules. To this end, regular expression based methods were used for extraction of
information, for example in Das Jüdische Hamburg. Encyclopedia, for extraction of birth date,
death date birth location death location and occupation. Here we should emphasize on rich
interlinking between the datasets. As illustrated in examples of Russian Jewry and YIVO
encyclopedias, the common concepts, here “Moscow”, are interlinked and connected as sameAs
attributes.
There are also knowledge bases which contain a vast variety of information including facts
related to Jewish culture. Therefore we also used these sources to extract a focused knowledge
graph of concepts for the domain of Jewish studies.

DBPedia
DBPedia is a large-scale source of structured and multilingual knowledge extracted from
Wikipedia. This knowledge base contains over 400 million facts that describe 3.7 million
things 7.. We follow several approaches to extract relevant concepts from DBpedia: our main
focus so far was on identifying prominent Jewish persons from different fields of activities. By
identifying categories used to describe Jewish persons, we generated a list of these categories
and searched for further persons. For each person, we extracted the name in all available
languages, as well as links to other data sources. Typical categories include occupations, like
“Rabbi”.
As occupations are often available in other sources as well, we created an occupation ontology,
combining labels and other information from various sources. The DBpedia dataset contains
currently 5,294 persons with 35 distinct occupations. An excerpt of the extracted data is as
follows:
<http://data.judaicalink.org/data/dbpedia/Aaron_Abiob> a foaf:Person;
       jl:occupation <http://data.judaicalink.org/data/occupation/Rabbi> ;
       dct:subject <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:16th-
century_rabbis> ;
       owl:sameAs <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Aaron_Abiob>,
                      <http://pt.dbpedia.org/resource/Aarão_Abiob>,
               <http://rdf.freebase.com/ns/m.02w_zfm>,
               <http://wikidata.dbpedia.org/resource/Q3624708>,
               <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q3624708>,


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        K. Eckert, M. Dadvar – JudaicaLink: A Knowledge Base for Jewish Culture and History

                <http://yago-knowledge.org/resource/Aaron_Abiob> ;
         skos:prefLabel "Aaron Abiob"@en, "Aarão Abiob"@pt.


GND
The Integrated Authority File (GND) of the German National Library is an authority file that
contains identifiers to different concepts including to persons. Unlike DBPedia with its many
categories, Jewish persons are not distinguished by any means in GND. Strategies to find
relevant entries include the exploitation of publication data where the relevance can be
determined via the publication. Occupations can also be used, but to a much smaller extent
than in DBpedia, as DBpedia often contains specific categories for “Jewish authors”, for
instance, where GND only contains “author” as occupation. To narrow down our extraction,
we assumed that writers and scholars from Israel are either Jew or their works are related to
Jewish studies. Therefore, we also considered geographic information where available, for
example for persons from Israel. For every person the name, occupation and identifiers were
extracted. In the resulting RDF file the persons and their corresponding attributes were
mapped to JudaicaLink ontology. This dataset includes 4,029 persons and 303 occupations. An
excerpt of the extracted data is as follows:
<http://data.judaicalink.org/data/gnd/1022652842> a foaf:Person ;
       gndo:gndIdentifier <http://d-nb.info/gnd/1022652842> ;
       jl:occupation
<http://data.judaicalink.org/data/occupation/philosopher> ;
       skos:altLabel "Graupe, Heinz",
               "Graupe, Heinz M.",
               "Graupe, Heinz Moschke",
               "Graupe, Heinz-Moshe",
               "Heinz Mosche Graupe" ;
               skos:prefLabel "Graupe, Heinz Mosche" .

To extract the domain-specific graphs from the mentioned knowledge bases we used python
code modules. All the extraction and data generation codes are available open source on our
Github repository.11 In the resulting RDF files the persons and their corresponding attributes
were mapped to JudaicaLink ontology.




       Infrastructure
JudaicaLink provides the datasets in N3 (Notation3) 12 and its subset formats, Turtle (Terse
RDF Triple Language, TTL). 13 This format facilitates the usage and integration of JudaicaLink
in triple stores and Semantic Web software such as Apache Jena.
The main JudaicaLink website is driven by the static site generator Hugo. We use the metadata
of the web pages (Hugo frontmatter) (see Figure 3) to control the data publication process
which is fully automated. On every push to the master branch, Github triggers an update script

11 https://github.com/wisslab/judaicalink-loader/
12 https://www.w3.org/TeamSubmission/n3/
13 https://w3.org/TR/turtle/


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on our server that pulls the latest changes, rebuilds the website using Hugo and updates the
data in the triple store according to the page metadata (see Figure 4).




                   Figure 3: Dataset description in Markdown with metadata
                   frontmatter


This way we ensure that the dataset descriptions on the web site, the data dumps and the data
loaded in JudaicaLink are always consistent. The Hugo sources are collaboratively maintained
using GitHub.
Every dataset corresponds to a name graph that can later on be accessed in the triple store.
Datasets may consist of more than one data file since they might have been further expanded
over time or may content different data components.
Users can download JudaicaLink datasets from the webpage of JudaicaLink. 14 The datasets can
also be browsed as Linked Open Data using Pubby (with DM2E extensions) as Web Frontend
9.. Furthermore, a public SPARQL endpoint15 is available.




                 Figure 4: On every push to the master branch, the website using
                 Hugo is rebuilt and according to page metadata the data in the triple
                 store is updated.

14 http://www.judaicalink.org/datasets/
15 http://data.judaicalink.org/sparql


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        K. Eckert, M. Dadvar – JudaicaLink: A Knowledge Base for Jewish Culture and History


       Ontology
The classes and properties used in JudaicaLink ontology are created on the fly based on the
information that we encounter and need to be represented. However, we are consistent on the
usage of the properties and the coined URI’s are stable and unique. 5 illustrates the current
state of the JudaicaLink ontology.
When a piece of information described in an encyclopedia is extracted, we assign the class
‘Concept’. We use Natural Language Analysis techniques in order to analysis the concepts to
identify whether they are a person. When identified as such, the class ‘Person’ is assigned to
them and further properties are added. Every property of a Concept can be also used for a
Person.


       Application in the Specialized Information System for Jewish
       Studies Project


       Contextualization
The Specialized Information System for Jewish Studies (SIS Jewish Studies) project 16 aims to
create an expert information service for the domain of Jewish studies.
In this project which is developed at the University Library Johann Christian Senckenberg in
Frankfurt, it is planned to produce a portal as a central platform for scientific information and
among other purposes we aim to contextualize the extensive digital Judaica collections of the
library. The entries of these collections include of titles along with their authors. Except for the
name of the authors there is no other information available for each person. Therefore, we plan
to enrich the authors’ information with as much information as possible. For this purpose,
based on the library database structure and other collections, every author is first enriched with
their identifier in the Integrated Authority File of the German National Library, known as
GND-id. This identifier would provide a wide range of information about each person.
JudaicaLink datasets are used as the source for this enrichment process. The corresponding id’s
were assigned to the authors based on the name of the authors as well as other features used for
identity disambiguation, such as occupation and life span. So far 39.8% of the library digital
collections have been contextualized using JudaicaLink. Two librarians have manually evaluated
10% of the contextualized records by and the contextualization accuracy was measured as 0.93.


       Automatic Identification of Jewish Studies Titles
Beside contextualization, we also used JudaicaLink for automatic for automatic classification of
Jewish studies titles 10.. There is a large number of titles in library collections which are not
classified and indexed.

16 https://ub.uni-frankfurt.de/projekte/juedische_studien


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Figure 5: JudaicaLink ontology. This table represents classes Concept, Person and Document along with
properties of each class.



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        K. Eckert, M. Dadvar – JudaicaLink: A Knowledge Base for Jewish Culture and History

These titles are spread and lost in a pool of data consisting of titles from many different fields
such as chemistry, biology, linguistics, as well as Jewish studies. At University Library Johann
Christian Senckenberg in Frankfurt a NLP (Natural Language Processing) based classification
tool was developed to automatically identify the Jewish titles.
Our approach employs a classification model which processes the limited metadata available for
each entry, using word level features and syntax level features. The word level features make use
of a reference dataset, by which a wide range of prominent authors of Jewish literature can be
identified. However, not any Jewish author was relevant to the classification. Therefore, another
criteria which was set to determine whether an author is the relevant one or not, was to look
them up in JudaicaLink and based on the other available information about the author in the
knowledge base, decide whether they are the right person or not. A dataset of Jewish studies
which was previously indexed was analyzed in order to extract the most informative elements of
its titles. These elements were later on used by the syntax features to identify the Jewish studies
in our non-indexed dataset. Before the actual analysis, a pre-processing step is involved, in
order to remove the stopwords, data noise, and create the word stems.
Using our approach, we have analyzed 578’806 entries in the data pool, out of which 22’140
have been identified as Jewish studies. The performance accuracy was evaluated using an
independent manually labeled dataset (n=18’872). The precision (positive predictive value) was
0.97, the recall (probability of detection) was 0.91, and F1 score (harmonic mean of precision
and recall) was 0.94. The overall accuracy of the system was 89%. The tool was developed with
reproducibility and adaptability in mind. The tool and the reference datasets are open source
and accessible to be reused for similar purposes and in other libraries.




        Conclusion and Future Work

In this paper we presented JudaicaLink, a knowledge base for Jewish literature and culture,
which merges domain-specific information from different sources into one coherent entity. We
described sources, the extraction process, and the applications of JudaicaLink. As future work,
we would like to extend this project along different directions. We plan to extend our
information extraction and textual analysis to the abstracts and definitions containing
additional information. This information needs to be first identified then extracted and turned
into triples.
So far we have used sources such as GND which contain more detailed information, however
we will be expanding our data sources further to resources such as VIAF.17
The ontology used in our knowledge base will be improved and more specific as we progress
and come across new concepts and entities. During our work we have come across researchers
studying Holocaust who were interested in JudaicaLink and have found such knowledge base
useful to their research. Therefore, although it is a bit different from the current topics in
17 http://viaf.org


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JudaicaLink, we are looking into expanding our work to include Holocaust related information
as well. The European Holocaust Research Infrastructure (EHRI) project 18 is working on
controlled vocabularies related to Holocaust concepts, persons, corporate bodies and so on. As
a step towards the exaptation of the topics of JudaicaLink, when the controlled vocabularies are
published, they will be integrated into JudaicaLink. JudaicaLink is an ever growing source of
information and adding new relevant resources is a continual goal towards making JudaicaLink
a rich and comprehensive reference.




         Acknowledgments

M. Dadvar is supported by FID Jüdische Studien (SIS Jewish Studies) project funded by
German Research Foundation (DFG). We would like to acknowledge the support and
contribution of Dov Winer from the European Association for Jewish Culture and Judaica
Europeana and thank him for his valuable feedback and ideas. We would like to also thank Dr
Rachel Heuberger from University Library of Frankfurt, and Marko Knepper from University
Library of Mainz.




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