La Biblioteca Digitale basata su IIIF della Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana
10.6092/issn.2532-8816/12449
Questo articolo si propone di presentare la biblioteca digitale liberamente accessibile e basata su IIIF della Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana di Milano: la  Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana è entrata a far parte della comunità internazionale IIIF per la fornitura di contenuti digitali di alta qualità su Internet. Ognuno di noi sa quanto sia importante diffondere conoscenza: oggi possiamo migliorare i metodi dei decenni passati, grazie alle nuove tecnologie Web-based. Grazie a IIIF, al visualizzatore di immaginiMirador e al server di immagini Cantaloupe, la Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana rendedisponibili gratuitamente online le sue preziose raccolte di manoscritti agli utenti di tutto il mondo.
 
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Fabio Cusimano
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The IIIF-based Digital Library of the Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana
https://umanisticadigitale.unibo.it/article/view/12449/13130
    Umanistica Digitale – ISSN: 2532-8816 – n. 10, 2021
F. Cusimano – The IIIF-based Digital Library of the Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana
DOI: http://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2532-8816/12449



 The IIIF-based Digital Library of the Veneranda Biblioteca
                        Ambrosiana

                                         Fabio Cusimano

                               Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Italy
                                   fcusimano@ambrosiana.it




       Abstract

This paper aims to present the freely-accessible, IIIF-based digital library of the Veneranda
Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan: the Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana joined the international
IIIF community for providing high-quality digital content on the Internet. Each of us knows
how important is to spread knowledge: today we can improve upon methods of the past decades,
thanks to new Web-based technologies. Thanks to IIIF, to the image viewer Mirador and to the
image server Cantaloupe, the Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana makes its precious manuscript
collections freely available online to users from all over the world.
Questo articolo si propone di presentare la biblioteca digitale liberamente accessibile e basata su
IIIF della Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana di Milano: la Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana è
entrata a far parte della comunità internazionale IIIF per la fornitura di contenuti digitali di alta
qualità su Internet. Ognuno di noi sa quanto sia importante diffondere conoscenza: oggi
possiamo migliorare i metodi dei decenni passati, grazie alle nuove tecnologie Web-based. Grazie
a IIIF, al visualizzatore di immagini Mirador e al server di immagini Cantaloupe, la Veneranda
Biblioteca Ambrosiana rende disponibili gratuitamente online le sue preziose raccolte di
manoscritti agli utenti di tutto il mondo.



       Introduction

On November 7th, 2019, the date of the official launch of its new Digital Library (Figure 1 and
Figure 2), the Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana joined the IIIF-International Image
Interoperability Framework community ([1]). The Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana was the
first library in Italy to adopt IIIF, making a significant step toward free access to high-resolution
digital copies of its digitized manuscripts ([17];[4];[16];[10]).




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Figure 1: A selection of tweets published in November 2019 by the Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, the
Hesburgh Libraries – University of Notre Dame, the Medieval Institute – University of Notre Dame and
the Italian Association of Digital Humanities (AIUCD) about the launch of the Library’s IIIF-compliant
digital platform.




Figure 2: A selection of tweets published in November 2019 by Greta Franzini and Ben Albritton about
the launch of the Library’s IIIF-compliant digital platform.


Since that date 18 months ago, we have continued to provide free access to more than 290,000
images in IIIF, and this number increases daily.
We also attracted more than 26,000 users from all over the world 1 (Figure 3): in light of these
statistics, we are happy to state that our efforts to offer a more efficient way of using digitized
content have been recognized and appreciated by scholars. Especially during the COVID-19
pandemic, scholars from around the world were able to continue their study and research
activities with digitized Ambrosian manuscripts.



1   As the Digital Library is accessible for free and no preliminary registration is needed by users, the
    Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana does not collect data about individual users. We can analyze data
    about devices and operating systems used, and this is very interesting, because we discovered a high
    percentage of mobile devices usage (more than 20%).
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Figure 3: The users of the Digital Library from all over the world.



        The Catalog: an evergreen compass, especially in the Digital Age

Each of us knows how important it is to spread knowledge: today we can improve upon methods
of the past decades thanks to state of the art web-based technologies. Thanks to IIIF and the
related, comprehensive digital infrastructure (the web-based technologies: the image viewer
Mirador, 2 the image server Cantaloupe; 3 in conjunction with the digital production
infrastructure: the ‘Digitization Lab’ 4 and the ‘Photo Lab’ 5), the Veneranda Biblioteca
Ambrosiana makes its unique manuscript collections (selected shelf marks: Inf.; Sup.; S.P. and
Trotti) freely available online through its O.P.A.C. The digital library is interconnected with the
current O.P.A.C. in order to guarantee a direct link between the bibliographic record and the
digital resource: from the bibliographic description present within the O.P.A.C. a special link

2   Our system integrates the version 2.7.0 of the image viewer Mirador (the last version of the 2.x
    family); currently we are testing the latest version (v. 3.0.0), equipped with a renewed interface.
    About the Mirador Web Viewer project, please see <https://projectmirador.org>.
3   About the dynamic image server in Java Cantaloupe, please see <https://cantaloupe-
    project.github.io/>
4   The ‘Digitization Lab’ is now equipped with two Zeutschel ‘OS 14000 A1’ overhead scanners (with
    an optical resolution of 600 dpi) and a new lighting system for the rooms by installing ‘UV free’ LED
    lamps with cold light (5000 K°). We recently updated the technical equipment of our ‘Digitization
    Lab’ thanks to the precious cooperation with the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano and
    its service provider, Microdisegno.
5   The ‘Photo Lab’ is equipped with a medium format CMOS camera Hasselblad ‘H5D-50c MS’ 50
    Mpixel (equal to 300 dpi optical); relative optics in the range of 50 mm, 80 mm and 120 mm;
    lighting kit with ‘UV free’ adjustable LED lamps (also adjustable in the brightness intensity).
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activates (in a way completely transparent for the user) the Mirador image viewer, which allows
the online user an unprecedented viewing experience across platforms. This approach − that we
can define as ‘O.P.A.C. centered’ − brings some advantages: firstly, it is well known that the
cataloging and description of manuscripts are activities in continuous development, a work in
progress with necessarily slow times (especially when compared to the pressing ones to which
today the rapid and whirling evolution of the Internet has accustomed us). The choice we did of
not duplicating, for each digitized manuscript, the descriptive information within the Digital
Library, but to entrust its use exclusively to the O.P.A.C. only, makes the functions of
descriptive/cataloging analysis independent from that of viewing digital images, guaranteeing an
optimal possibility of intervention and updating on both fronts; secondly, all descriptive
information and bibliographic details related to each manuscript, its constituent elements
(previous owners, etc.), as well as the necessary links between the bibliographic information itself
and different types of authority records are all details subject to change, updating and integration
over time, and inserting such information also into the Digital Library would have caused an
unnecessary duplication of information and, consequently, a double work with enormous
complications in the management and updating of such data; thirdly, having chosen to keep the
information related to the description of each manuscript within the O.P.A.C. only − which is
a characterizing function of the catalog itself − and having also chosen to recall the images of
each digitized manuscript only as a resource linked to the catalog record, the IT structure of the
catalog itself was not burdened by digital images.
Ultimately, to summarize the meaning of this approach, we can affirm that the O.P.A.C. of the
Library continues to manage and convey the identifying/descriptive information relating to the
manuscripts, allowing access to the digital copies of the manuscripts intended as external
resources to the catalog itself; the management of the viewing of each digital copy, as an external
resource connected to the O.P.A.C., is instead the exclusive task of the Digital Library and the
D.L.M.S.-Digital Library Management System which guarantees its operation, availability, and
online usability.
We are facing the new digital dimension of the Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana: from the
beginning of the history of the eroica et immortal biblioteca, 6 this prestigious research library has


6   Pier Francesco Fumagalli states: «A worthy successor of St. Charles, his cousin the Archbishop of
    Milan and Cardinal Federico Borromeo [...] in 1595 he planned to found in Milan a multi-cultural
    institute that could vie with the most famous universities and academies in Europe. As a young man,
    Federico had received his education in Rome [...] inspired by a humanistic tradition open to ideas of
    spiritual reformation and scientific research. He found inspiration in the most advanced artistic and
    academic novelties existing at the time in Europe, in France, England, Spain and Italy: in 1560, a
    library was opened to the public in Venice, in a new seat built by Sansovino hosting the collection
    bequeathed by Cardinal Bessarion; in 1563 in Spain, Philip II began the construction of El Escorial,
    where for decades Italian and Spanish artists would work together to create a splendid library.
    Federico also looked upon the example set by Sir Thomas Bodley in England who, in 1602, bought
    books from all over the world for his library, which he then donated to Oxford University at his death
    in 1613. In Milan, a College of higher studies endowed with a rich library had just been opened in
    Brera in 1572 upon the initiative of the Jesuits. From that city, Archbishop Federico Borromeo
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managed and curated a special and unique and multilingual collection of significant manuscripts,
and – now as it was then – makes those masterpieces freely available for users from all over the
world, both within its reading room and – today – through its new digital initiative.
The main mission of any library is to collect, organize, expand and disseminate knowledge
through access to resources stored therein. Every library, albeit in the theoretical alternation of
its functions between the horizontal activity oriented to the use of books by our contemporaries
and the vertical one oriented to their conservation for posterity, is ipso facto an organized
collection of books; very often, however, this intrinsic function that has always characterized the
ideal library is not enough to be able to affirm that every library really acts as a living place of
culture.
Although every age has witnessed key moments of evolution and progress across fields of
knowledge and technology – often unnoticed by contemporaries – our society has seen many
potentially useful technology tools to spread knowledge and culture that one naturally wonders
how it is possible that this did not implicitly involve the world of libraries!
How come, then, nowadays we still find ourselves reflecting on what seems to have become a
true cliché, or the antithetical relationship between library and technology? Each of us could bring
his own experience, useful to provide a quid related to the perception that users have of the library
itself; and precisely this perception would seem to be the key to reading the previous question.
In such a context, therefore, the conservation library is often perceived as the refractory place par
excellence of technology and innovation, destined by definition only to the storing of its precious
heritage.



       De Bibliothecario et Bibliotheca: managing digital collections at
       the Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana

The approach we used to develop the comprehensive digital infrastructure of the Biblioteca
Ambrosiana should not be understood as something extraneous to the prestigious history of the




   cultivated friendships with Roman scientists, intellectuals and academics including Angelo Rocca,
   who at the time was opening his Angelica Library, and members of the Accademia dei Lincei,
   founded by Federico Cesi in 1603. Pope Clement VIII, finally granting the Archbishop’s request, on
   6th September 1604 ordered that 6,000 scudi from the Almo Collegio in Pavia should be used for the
   Ambrosiana Library and its Collegio dei Dottori. The construction of the splendid building took
   place between 30 June 1603 and August 1607 under the direction of Fabio Mangoni and Francesco
   Maria Richino. On 7th September 1607, the Collegio dei Dottori and the Library were formally
   established in order to provide a “universal service”. With its opening to the public, on 8th December
   1609, the “Immortal Library”, as defined by Galileo Galilei in 1623, was born»: see [8]. The
   Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana is traditionally considered among the first examples of public
   library in the sense of an institution created with the clear intention of providing access to books to a
   community of readers as broadly as possible. See [14];[12];[13].
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Library itself, but as a further step towards its development, especially in the context of the
services offered to users. All this, however, always in the shadow of historical tradition.
And from the historical point of view, there is a work that is appropriate for us in thinking about
the context of this digital work: Francesco Bentivoglio’s work Constitutiones Collegii ac
Bibliothecae Ambrosianae ([3];[11];[2]. It devotes an entire chapter to the position of the
librarian: the Caput X, De Bibliothecario et Bibliotheca, in which, through twenty-eight
paragraphs, the author describes the role of the Librarian, his duties (as well as those of the
personnel reporting to him) and the need to prepare at least two types of catalogs are described
([3]). Another figure who, traditionally, joined the Bibliothecarius at the Veneranda Biblioteca
Ambrosiana is that of the Custos catalogi, the individual with oversight of the catalog ([15]). This
expression turns out to be etymologically very interesting and, as we will see, plays an important
role in opening up to functions and activities characteristic of the digital age, such as the Data
Curator and the derivative data curation field.
It is precisely on the merits of the Data Curator that the etymological link to the Custos catalogi
emerges: the etymology of the English word curator is, in fact, directly derived from the Latin,
respectively from the verb curo, as, avi, atum, are and from the noun curator, and it is precisely
for this logic that it is possible to relate the two figures to each other. The Data Curator (as well
as the Digital Librarian), in fact, is inspired by the same principles that guided (and still guide)
the Custos catalogi: he works to take care of the catalogs (now predominantly the O.P.A.C.), of
the catalog information (today mainly codified in formats standards such as ISO2709), of the
metadata (descriptive, administrative, technical, all united by the <tag> and the metalanguages
adopted for their compilation, such as, for example, Dublin Core and XML), of the digital
objects (as well as of their different formats, especially for digital images) and of the various
technical procedures to be utilized from time to time to start the production of new digital objects
through the use of different equipment (digital cameras, scanners, etc.), and to ensure their
storage and, together, the persistence of digital information. Another fundamental aspect is that
of the global design of digitization and the development of the necessary workflows connected
to them.
Taking into account a necessary multidisciplinary approach, we can say that the Data Curator is
called upon to act on different and complementary plans: there cannot be digitization planning
without the necessary attention dedicated to the reuse of data inherited from previous digitization
projects, to the data quality and to the preparation of a scalable plan for the future reuse of the
new data produced today:

       «At present, there are a number of competing terms used to describe the activity of
       managing digital materials for research: digital curation, digital stewardship, data curation,
       digital archiving. There is overlap among these definitions or visions. The variation that
       does exist is due to more than confusion or carelessness. Each of these terms has significant
       connotations and attempts to align the relatively new activity of caring for digital materials
       with an older tradition, discipline, or profession» ([7]).



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           F. Cusimano – The IIIF-based Digital Library of the Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana

Through the approach adopted at the Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, we have tried to take
all of these aspects into due consideration, carefully evaluating what has already been tested in
other international institutions, 7 and trying to lay the foundations for the creation of a project
that is by necessity scalable, open to productive collaborations, and shares both technical and
scientific aims.
The concept of ‘reuse of data’ at the Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana has been tested in a very
concrete way: some previous digitization projects have produced, in fact, a very large amount of
data (more than 1,800,000 high resolution images in uncompressed .tif format, colors, 24 bits,
corresponding to approximately 31 terabytes of disk space), which represent a precious cache
composed of more than 2,700 fully digitized manuscripts. It is from this project that we have
based our new phase of digitization. But how do we manage all of this data? How, and where,
are the files to be stored? And how to make all of this data (and the related metadata) perpetually
available? As Fenlon, Jett and Palmer suggest:

       «[…] curated collections will become increasingly important as organizational units for the
       scattered and diverse mass of available digital information and for providing coherent
       contexts for meaningful engagement with that information. Aggregations, or collections of
       collections, are essential backbone resources in the evolving e-research platform that also
       need to be curated if they are to truly support and enhance discovery and innovation across
       the disciplines. Curatorial activities, such as archiving, preservation, and maintenance, are
       also important for managing the entire lifecycle of collections, but collection development
       and collection description are formative curation activities that add value for scholarly
       inquiry at both the collection and aggregation levels» ([6]).

The current result, therefore, combines data reuse activities, production of new digital copies,
local data storage 8 and cloud data storage. 9 All of this is necessary in order to manage a consistent


7   International institutions as, for example: the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (BSB)
    <https://opacplus.bsb-
    muenchen.de/metaopac/search.do;jsessionid=5B3B2E2526ABF66F21568DA1EB28C844.touch03?
    methodToCall=selectLanguage&Language=en&SearchType=2&SearchType=2> and its Münchener
    DigitalisierungsZentrum (MDZ) <https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/>; the University of
    Notre Dame (USA) <https://cds.library.nd.edu/expertise/digitization/;
    https://innovation.library.nd.edu/marble/>; the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich
    Library (ETH Zürich) <https://library.ethz.ch/en/> and the related projects e-codices - Virtual
    Manuscript Library of Switzerland <http://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/it>; e-rara <https://www.e-
    rara.ch/> and e-manuscripta <https://www.e-manuscripta.ch/>.
8   The local backup strategy is actually based on a NAS (Network Attached Storage) to be used as a
    medium-term local storage space, equipped with 8 hard drives of 6 terabytes each one, for a total
    amount of 48 terabytes, formatted in RAID 6 (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks), to privilege
    data security and redundancy (the useful storage space has therefore been reduced to about 32
    terabytes).
9   The cloud storage strategy is actually based on the AWS (Amazon Web Services) ‘S3’ cloud storage
    service: the cloud storage (scalable) solution for all the data and metadata.
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base for the new digital library of the Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana, with the aim of making
the digital reproductions of part of the Ambrosian manuscript collections freely available online,
free of charge and available to worldwide audiences. 10
In order to use the digital library of the Ambrosiana, no preliminary registration, subscriptions
or software installation is required (regardless of the type of device used) in addition to the
browser that is normally used to surf the Internet; and not even the variety of browsers available
today is a limit since the entire Digital Library system is natively multiplatform.



        Looking to the near future…

Before the Digital Library was born and was available to the public, we took care to design a
technical infrastructure that would guarantee a good development pathway for the future ([5]):
joining the IIIF community was undoubtedly a decisive choice in this sense, because it guarantees
maximum interoperability as possible at present, together with the possibility of using the Digital
Library in multi-platform mode.
As already mentioned above, after 18 months of an online presence we have confirmation of the
success of our choices, also confirmed by users satisfaction; now, thanks to the close and effective
collaboration with our partners, we are working to gradually increase productivity in terms of
new digital copies produced, without losing sight of the due attention to be paid to the precious
codices.



        Acknowledgements

I thank Tracy Bergstrom for her support in revising the text; I also thank the Editor and the
Reviewers for their comments helping me improving the article.



        References

[1] IIIF | International Image Interoperability Framework. “About IIIF,” 2021.
    https://iiif.io/about/.


10 The huge conceptual and methodological effort applied to the creation and development of the new
   Digital Library of the Ambrosiana is fully rooted in the concrete implementation of a particular point
   of view relating to the concept of digitization and the consequent Workflow applied to it: as Klaus
   Kempf states, indeed, the digitization concept «è da intendere nella sua accezione più ampia. Esso non
   si riferisce solo alla produzione di una copia digitale, ma comprende anche tutte le fasi e gli aspetti
   associati a questo processo: la preparazione dei materiali, l’esecuzione della ripresa fotografica,
   l’archiviazione e l’uso della versione digitale». See [9].
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          F. Cusimano – The IIIF-based Digital Library of the Veneranda Biblioteca Ambrosiana

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[3] Bentivoglio, Francesco, ed. 1835. Costituzioni del Collegio e della Biblioteca Ambrosiana
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[8] Fumagalli, Pier Francesco. 2019. “The Arabic Manuscripts in the Ambrosiana Library. A
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Last URLs access: 08/06/2021




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