10.6092/issn.2038-3460/16999
In Spain, since the start of the 1990s, there has arisen a joint movement of recognition, production and hybridization in the social sciences with one of its apexes being the field of STS. This has acquired a specific form in Actor-Network Theory, which in certain research groups, has become a tool for translating the reflective activity and research conducted so far in relational and material terms. This text traces the path of development of Actor-Network Theory in Spain based on the consideration of three themes. First, its evolution over time and the identification of certain periods, differentiated in terms of the work carried out during them; second, the spaces, texts and people recognizable in these processes; third, the naming of certain areas of research interest. Finally, some reflections made public at the Primer Encuentro Estatal ANT will be mentioned. These may serve to highlight certain aspects of work currently being carried out and the future of this theory in Spain.
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Jorge Castillo Sepúlveda
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Cartographies from the Margins: Outline of the Development and Applications of Actor-Network Theory in Spain
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2011-06-27
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Jorge Castillo Sepúlveda
2011/06/27
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Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
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history
en
111
Cartographies from the Margins: Outline of the Development and Applications of Actor-Network Theory in Spain
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                                                                        Cartography

Cartographies from the Margins:
Outline of the Development and Applications of
Actor-Network Theory in Spain

Jorge Castillo Sepúlveda



      Abstract In Spain, since the start of the 1990s, there has arisen a joint movement
      of recognition, production and hybridization in the social sciences with one of its
      apexes being the field of STS. This has acquired a specific form in Actor-Network
      Theory, which in certain research groups, has become a tool for translating the
      reflective activity and research conducted so far in relational and material terms.
      This text traces the path of development of Actor-Network Theory in Spain based
      on the consideration of three themes. First, its evolution over time and the identi-
      fication of certain periods, differentiated in terms of the work carried out during
      them; second, the spaces, texts and people recognizable in these processes; third,
      the naming of certain areas of research interest. Finally, some reflections made
      public at the Primer Encuentro Estatal ANT will be mentioned. These may serve to
      highlight certain aspects of work currently being carried out and the future of this
      theory in Spain.

      Keywords Actor-Network Theory; Science and Technology Studies; Spain;
      History.




Introduction
    Now and again something escapes and becomes new, restless and creative.
Product of meetings, connections and mediation, there are events that create dis-
tinctions, feeding off a number of other events that have happened either hidden
or exposed, but alternative to what might be called "traditional patterns of
thought”. Similar to a ligne de fuite (Deleuze and Guattari 1980) they seem to es-
cape the resonances which have codified the ways of conceiving the natural and
artificial, the normal and abnormal and, together, position themselves between
these dichotomies.

* The author wishes to thank Tomás Sánchez-Criado, Francisco Javier Tirado, Carmen Romero,
Daniel López, Israel Rodríguez Giralt and Jorgelina Sannazzaro for their help in the writing of
this article. He would also like to thank the anonymous reviewers of Tecnoscienza who, with pa-
tience and dedication, contributed to the organization and improvement of this text.


TECNOSCIENZA
Italian Journal of Science & Technology Studies
Volume 2(1) pp. 93-111 - ISSN 2038-3460
http://www.tecnoscienza.net                       © 2011 TECNOSCIENZA
94   CASTILLO SEPÚLVEDA



         Actor-Network Theory (henceforth ANT) may throw light on this phenome-
     non1. From the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS) this theory (or fo-
     cus, as it is often classified) has returned to mend the domains that make up the
     real in order to develop narratives which do not lose sight of the continuity with
     which the various techno-scientific phenomena often intertwine themselves with
     other phenomena of a multiple nature, both human and material. Though subject-
     ed to many criticisms and attempts to stabilize it this sensitivity to associations has
     awakened research and reflection motivation in various academics around the
     world. The ideas involved include translation, generalized symmetry, actants and
     hybrids and they have been disseminated in various scientific circles and trans-
     cended their field of origin to reach questions related to the social order and even
     to question fairly well-rooted beliefs in sociology (Domènech and Tirado 1998). At
     the same time the academic production of English speaking countries has moved
     beyond their borders and reached countries such as Greece, Portugal, Germany,
     Italy, Spain, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico and Chile among others. Hand in hand with
     this literary expansion ANT has grown and diversified (Callén et al. 2011). How
     has this theory articulated itself on the basis of developments which have taken
     place on the margins of dominant academic circles? What events might serve as
     sources to continue developing this theory, or a different one?
         This article tries to trace the path taken by ANT in one of the territories where
     it has only been disseminated and achieved a certain level of recognition relatively
     recently. In Spain, as probably occurred elsewhere also, STS gradually acquired
     visibility and their epistemological and empirical contributions gradually consoli-
     dated themselves into a productive though also diasporic and transitioning intellec-
     tual scene (Callén et al. 2011). In the process, various universities integrated its
     structures into postgraduate training programmes and developed specific research
     projects on a trans-disciplinary basis (Ayús 2001). In this context, ANT has been
     recognized as being a useful and fruitful tool to update stalled ideas in social
     thought. And this has occurred not only in the area of science and technology but
     also in relation to the fields of politics, economics and education. This article is
     conceived as a map of this approach in Spain, that is to say, a tracing out over its
     present but also over its development. This paper should thus be seen as one view,
     one among the potential diversity of existing views of a story. In the sense devel-
     oped by Tim Ingold (2007), a view to be found in relation to textures and surfaces,
     in which these dissolve, reconstitute themselves but also in which it is possible to
     establish certain supports which generate a sense of location. And so, this is a total-
     ly one-sided portrait, based on contacts made, stories recaptured from a particular


     1
       In Spanish the term Actor-Network Theory has been translated as Teoría del Actor-Red alt-
     hough examples of it being translated as Teoría de Redes de Actores [Theory of Networks of Ac-
     tors] can be found as well. Both translations have divergent epistemological and semiotic ef-
     fects. For example, the first allows the understanding of a figure that is an actant (or actor) and
     network simultaneously, while the latter emphasizes the concept of network over the actors (as
     an element per se). For a thorough examination of the preference for the first translation see (in
     Spanish) Domènech and Tirado, 1998.
                                                               TECNOSCIENZA – 2(1)        95



position and perspective and for this reason many actors will probably not be rep-
resented. It is to be hoped that it is just a beginning.
    Returning to the idea of the map, the territory that will be described here has
qualities that are difficult to capture. The space concerned is dispersed, diffuse,
still changing and it is hard to locate all aspects of its background. Nevertheless,
the view presented here is relatively validated by those experienced the arrival of
ANT in Spain. Interviews were carried out with various researchers who visualized
and contributed to the utilization of ANT in certain academic spaces and they
were presented with a preliminary version of the material set out here to examine
and enrich it. The central intention of this paper is to contribute to the perception
of “locatability” of ANT in a territory which is itself in constant transformation. It
seems to emerge as a poorly defined archipelago, the material substance of which
condenses itself into some research and meetings, the acts of small groups or aca-
demics who establish their bases but at the same time roam about precipitating
theoretical densities and activating certain connections without agreeing on a sta-
ble map of its form. They are acts of incorporation of a territory, mutual move-
ments in which a space for reflection and interaction is performed. A marginal
space, if you will, when one considers the mainstream elements of sociology, an-
thropology and social psychology (Callén et al. 2011) but from which this position
still remains a territory, with a transformative potential, at the edge of the reach of
the sources which situate themselves as a centre. A map of ANT becomes: “stories
in emergency contexts in which a concept is continually re-invented. In them the
origin is dislocated and blended into the joint movement (…) of practices which
have distinct rhythms and emergency spaces” (ibid., 7). Here the idea of marginali-
ty emerges as a resource and not necessarily as the acceptance of the existence of a
sole and immutable centre. As may be expected from an ANT viewpoint, central
or marginal location refers to the effect of a relationship, of a heterogeneous work
always in progress, limited to particular circumstances and constantly changing.
    In this framework the intention is to construct a certain ubiquity constructed
along three scales: one temporal, one spatial and the other conceptual. The first
examines the situation of ANT over time in Spain. In order to do this, the descrip-
tions are presented organized into various periods so as to facilitate the capture of
this dimension, divided up according to the type of work involved in each one.
The second scale deals with the organization of the ANT perspective in various
Spanish regions as well as the various publications that have facilitated its diffu-
sion. In order to do this, names, places, centres of studies and publications are in-
dicated as a reference to certain processes. The third scale signals the exposure
level of certain themes that have been dealt with and which have developed into
areas of study from an ANT perspective in Spain. In this regard areas of interest
and projects underway are named. The conclusion will consist of reflections, which
may account for certain aspects of the presence of ANT in Spain. But let me start
with the definition of some coordinates.
96   CASTILLO SEPÚLVEDA



     1. Coordinates
         How is it possible to recognize the themes and ideas that are specific to ANT
     and differentiate them from the generality of those of STS? The location of points
     and crossovers at which this focus has been presented and developed directs atten-
     tion towards certain historical and epistemological questions, which it may be nec-
     essary to address.
         As Law (2009, 3) has stated: “If the actor-network approach started at a partic-
     ular time and place then this was in Paris between 1978 and 1982”. Michel Callon
     coined the term in 1982, “but the approach is itself a network that extends out in
     time and place, so stories of its origins are necessarily in part arbitrary” (3). Previ-
     ous to this period, there were two schools of thought which dominated the gener-
     ality of social studies of science: the “Strong Programme” of David Bloor and the
     Edinburgh School and the “Sociology of Error”, derived from the work of R. K.
     Merton (Sánchez-Criado 2006; Aibar 2006). In his papers “Wittgenstein and
     Mannheim on the Sociology of Mathematics”, and “Knowledge and Imagery So-
     cial”, Bloor (1973, 1976) established the basis for what could be regarded as a so-
     ciology of scientific knowledge that went beyond the “Sociology of Error”, which
     had been the predominant school of thought up to that point. To do this he estab-
     lished four principles among which the Principal of Symmetry may be regarded as
     the most important. It holds that sociology should be symmetrical in its forms of
     explanation and so employ the same kind of cause to account for both errors and
     successes. What has come to be known as the Generalized Symmetry Principle
     (Callon 1986, cited in Domènech and Tirado 1998), on the basis of which ANT
     has constituted itself, consists of a critique of the social as the sole cause of these
     explanations and also of it as a category formed and sustained by humans alone.
     This symmetric hyperbole integrates into research narratives not only the ideas of
     success and failure as effects of socio-technical productions but also the participa-
     tion of humans and non-humans as agents that participate in the constitution of
     these phenomena (Latour 1991).
         ANT emerged as a critique of the reification of the social as the sole case of sci-
     entific and technical phenomena (Tirado and Domènech 2005): without assuming
     the existence of essences previous to any movement towards association, ANT
     proposes a way forward in which the distinction between human and non-human
     ontologies is not the most important factor. It thus affirms that technology and so-
     ciety are the joint and alternate result of a heterogeneous work of engineering in
     which the material, social, technical, textual and discursive interweave, associate
     and mutually transform themselves. It privileges neither accounts of a natural or-
     der (realism), nor those based on culture.
         It may be difficult to build a concrete definition of ANT, given its continuous
     hybridization with other fields, disciplines and concepts (Law 2009; Callén et al.
     2011). Nevertheless, Law (2007, 4) holds that, in broad terms, it can be character-
     ized as a “disparate family of material-semiotic tools, sensibilities and methods of
     analysis which treat anything or issue in the social and natural dimension as simple
     effects which are continually generated in the heart of relationship networks that
                                                                     TECNOSCIENZA – 2(1)          97



are always localized”. It shows qualities which situate it in the first place - in Law’s
terms – as a sensibility, a way of approaching scientific or techno-scientific phe-
nomena which emphasizes all that which might be omitted by approaches that are
exclusively social or principally natural. It is an approach that uses a “seamless
web”, a map without frontiers.


2. Why ANT in Spain
    A question which perhaps might be relevant is: why the focus on this theory,
and not on STS? The answer has two aspects, one historic and the other conceptu-
al.
    In Spain, as in academic circles in many other countries, there has developed an
important school of critical thought (which condenses many perspectives in itself,
but which are often placed in relation to this designation) which while remaining
outside the mainstream, carries out an intense intellectual project relating to the
dismantling of essentialist and naturalizing conceptions of social and cultural
events.
    Various schools and departments of sociology and social psychology (mainly in
Barcelona, Madrid, and Bilbao), organize discussion groups and teach courses re-
lated to the work of authors such as Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, Félix Guat-
tari and Donna Haraway, among others. The central axis linking the work of these
authors might be said to be power as an area of concern and study and a post-
structuralist orientation toward the analysis of the social. Thus, from multiple
sources, the arrival of ANT was easily translated according to the research interest
of each group, offering as it did a way to unite the work of these authors with an
empirical practice. ANT has various similarities with lines of work already being
carried out in Spain and presented itself as “one of the most complete (and with
most future) proposals for the denunciation of the obsolete character of modern
thought” (Tirado 2005, 1). This process is analogous to that described by Law
(2009, 145) in his text on the history of ANT:

Precarious relations, the making of the bits and pieces in those relations, a logic of transla-
tion, a concern with materials of different kinds, with how it is that everything hangs to-
gether if it does, such are the intellectual concerns of the actor network tradition. However,
this is a combination of concerns also found in parts of poststructuralism. (…) actor net-
work theory can also be understood as an empirical version of poststructuralism. For in-
stance, “actor networks” can be seen as scaled-down versions of Michel Foucault’s dis-
courses or epistemes. Foucault asks us to attend to the productively strategic and relational
character of epochal epistemes (Foucault, 1979). The actor network approach asks us to
explore the strategic, relational, and productive character of particular, smaller-scale, het-
erogeneous actor networks.

  Another aspect has to do with a question that might be regarded as historical.
Only in 2010 was the Primer Encuentro Estatal ANT held in the city of Barcelona,
98   CASTILLO SEPÚLVEDA



     though it should be pointed out that it was preceded by the Primer Encuentro Es-
     tatal de Estudios de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, held in 2006, also in Barcelona. The
     2010 encounter presented itself as a space for meeting and critically debating on
     “the conceptual tools and methodologies offered by Actor-Network Theory in var-
     ious areas of social science (sociology, anthropology, geography, psychology, polit-
     ical science…) (…) [assessing] the transformations they have suffered and will suf-
     fer in the future” (I Encuentro Estatal ANT 2010, 1). It thus constituted itself as a
     purposeful space for reflection on the conceptual and methodological challenges
     faced by the area. The 2006 meeting, broad as it was in nature, took place in an
     atmosphere of recognition, with an impulse to establish working platforms and
     contacts between professionals and tried to differentiate STS from other disci-
     plines like the sociology of knowledge, the philosophy of science and social psy-
     chology. These events account two aspects for the practices of knowledge in the
     field of STS and specifically ANT in Spain. First, they indicate the occurrence of
     acts of connection and recognition that point to the existence of various actors in-
     volved with the theory. Second, they diffract a field of research that acquires speci-
     ficity in the developments of ANT, shaping the existence of some academic groups
     tangentially or directly interested on it. There follows an outline which tries to il-
     lustrate one of the forms by which it might be considered that this occurred.


     3. ANT in Spain
     3.1. From the End of the 80s to the Middle of the 90s: Panorama

        A panorama consists of the local production of the perception of totality. In the
     words of Latour: a vision of wholeness in a closed-off box (Latour 2005). Though,
     as has already been mentioned, ANT arrived in Spain from multiple sources, but
     there exists a certain convention that the first reference to it was made in a chapter
     written by Teresa González de la Fe and Jesús Sánchez Navarro titled Las soci-
     ologías del conocimiento, published in 1988 in one of the sociology journals of the
     period. Both authors are part of the academic staff at the Universidad de La La-
     guna, of the Canary Islands, and are, respectively, a sociologist and a philosopher.
     Their chapter offers a general view of various sociological approaches concerned
     with the study of scientific culture and knowledge and contrasted each with Mer-
     ton’s Sociology of Error. Thus, the first arrival of ANT took the form of a fairly
     coherent portrait depicting various research innovations abroad. At that moment
     there existed no kind of application, or appropriation, of material-semiotic postu-
                                                                        TECNOSCIENZA – 2(1)           99



lates in Spanish research. The interest shown by the chapter was, therefore, mainly,
theoretical in nature2.
    The first Spanish translations of key ANT texts soon began to appear. In Barce-
lona in 1991 Woolgar’s “Science: The Very Idea” (1988), appeared with the title
Ciencia: abriendo la caja negra3. The translation was by Eduard Aibar, who had
done postdoctoral work abroad and was a specialist in STS. In 1992 “Science in
Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society” was translated
and published with the same title4. In 1994 came the turn of Nous n’avons jamais
été modernes. Essai d’anthropologie symétrique, written by Latour in 1991, this
translation being published in Madrid5. A previous book by Latour and Woolgar
(1979) - perhaps foundational - was published in 1995.
    In this period, in certain academic circles reflection and research was still being
done from a Mertonian perspective. In 1994, Emilio Lamo de Espinosa, with Cri-
stóbal Torres and José María González, presented La sociología del conocimiento
científico. These academics from the Departamento de Sociología y Teoría Sociológi-
ca (Sociología V) of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, are today recognized
for their work on the sociology of knowledge and reflexivity. At the Universidad de
Salamanca Fernando Broncano and Miguel Angel Quintanilla form part of a group
exclusively dedicated to the philosophy of science and technology. They have dealt
with the participation of technological artifacts as entities which shape human be-
havior from a discrete and linear rather than a dense and hybrid viewpoint. ANT
only appears in the form of texts (both in their original languages and in Spanish
translation) which fell into the hands of various academics interested in updating
and re-problematizing certain categories not already subject to critical social
thought such as, the idea of the object and its relation to the notion of the subject
(see, for example, Tirado 2001).


2
  Even though the term ANT had already been coined at the international level, the text centres
itself on the classification of the type of research carried out, rather than their epistemological
presumptions. These are, therefore, described as ethnographic studies in laboratories carried
out by Steve Woolgar, Karin Knorr-Cetina and by Latour. Later these were classified as studies
based on relativism and constructivism, situating it in coexistence with other research programs
such as the Strong Programme (with Bloor and Barry Barnes), the Relativistic Programme of the
Bath School (with Harry Collins and Trevor Pinch), Scientific Discourse Analysis (with Mulkay,
Gilbert and others) or the ethno-methodology of scientific work (with Garfinkel and Lynch,
among others). The Laboratory Studies were integrated into the Constructivist Programme,
making it clear that the scientific events they studied were produced in circumstances defined
by specific practices (González de la Fe and Sánchez 1988). It was a revision which emphasized
the ethnomethodological nature of these studies, so distinguishing it from other sociologies of
scientific knowledge which deal with the practices and methods used by scientists in their con-
texts (Lynch et al. 1985, cited in González de la Fe and Sanchez 1988). They are presented as a
perspective in development arising from necessities present in foreign contexts and without ap-
plication in Spain or in other Spanish speaking countries.
3
  “Science: opening the black box”. Published by Antrophos.
4
  Published by Labor.
5
  Published by Debate. Currently published by Siglo XXI.
100   CASTILLO SEPÚLVEDA



         There exists no work done in relation to ANT in this period, rather there was a
      tendency to see it as a viewpoint limited to the functionality inscribed in its origins,
      namely, research in laboratories. It was performed as a specific kind of research
      carried out by foreigners, that is to say, a practice carried out in the exterior, cir-
      cumscribed by the circulation of certain works in the academic world, imported or
      translated. Nevertheless, there was an incipient interest in its dissemination arising
      from the postgraduate work done abroad by various people, people who currently
      make use of this approach.


      3.2. From the Middle to the End of the 1990s: Anchorage

          Thus was it that in the 1990s STS and, in particular, ANT, started to be recog-
      nized as a research tradition independent from the sociology of knowledge, differ-
      entiated, perhaps, by its transdisciplinary nature (Ayús 2001). In this way, various
      disciplines attracted by the poststructuralist trend, conceived this field as a kind of
      island at which to anchor, at least for a while, in order to develop research that dif-
      fered from the body of work that existed at that time. Interests were multiple but
      they can be grouped along axes such as the process of construction of stabilities of
      knowledge, the relation between knowledge and social formations and the interac-
      tion between power and knowledge. ANT was intended to be a practice to go be-
      yond the purely epistemological or philosophical, and the eminently discursive.
      There was, thus, a momentum to link these interests with research praxis (Tirado
      2005). Different particles composed of academics became specialized in the ANT
      approach, attending international meetings and hearing about the most recent
      publications in the field (ibid.). On another level, study groups at universities and
      research centres began to gain theoretical density at the same time, forming groups
      and academics recognizable for their work in these areas. These possessed differ-
      ent profiles and had different degrees of stability but, nevertheless, they can be
      clearly identified: the Departamento de Sociología V of the Universidad Com-
      plutense de Madrid (UCM)6, the Centro de Estudios sobre la Identidad Colectiva at
      the Universidad del País Vasco in Bilbao (CEIC)7, the Instituto de Filosofía of the
      Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), under the orbit of the Min-
      isterio de Ciencia e Innovación and the Departamento de Psicología Social of the
      Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), where the research group on Fractali-
      dades en Investigación Cualitativa (FIC)8 and the Grupo de Estudios Sociales de la
      Ciencia y la Tecnología (GESCIT)9 embraced a material-semiotic perspective. This
      latter has formed strong ties with the group of young researchers who make up
      Tecnología y Acción Social (ATIC) at the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC)10,


      6
        See: http://www.ucm.es/info/teoriasc/
      7
        See http://www.ceic.ehu.es/p285-home/en/ and http://www.ifs.csic.es/
      8
        See: http://psicologiasocial.uab.es/fic/en
      9
        See: http://psicologiasocial.uab.es/gescit/en
      10
         See: http://aticuoc.wordpress.com/
                                                             TECNOSCIENZA – 2(1)       101



academics at Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), as well as the other centres
mentioned.
    With regard to the UCM, in 1994 the journal Política y Sociedad published a
special edition on STS which included texts by Latour, Woolgar, Bloor and Mul-
kay among others, as well as work by Spanish authors. Fernando García Selgas and
Rubén Blanco, who spent time at the Edinburgh School, developed a line of re-
search based on the SCOT Programme and ANT. Their initial work was based on
the philosophy of social studies of science and the new social contract for science,
leading to the sociology of the body and gender, digital culture and virtual com-
munities. The work of the Departamento de Sociología IV at the Somosaguas cam-
pus of the UCM, where Ángel Gordo and Igor Sádaba (Cibersomosaguas 2010, 1)
work, can be read in terms of this logic.
    At the CEIC, can be found works of Ignacio Mendiola, Gabriel Gatti and Dan-
iel Muriel. Their research topics have to do with the management of cultural herit-
age, identity, gender, transformation of space and confluences of migration flows.
Though at one time this group was productive with relation to STS and ANT its
work has since moved in other directions. In any case it maintains a website to dis-
play its activities and an e-journal, Papeles de CEIC11, which publishes a diverse
range of work related to these fields.
    The CSIC, is a public entity formed as a network of various research centres. In
the Instituto de Filosofía, Eulalia Pérez Sedeño, and several researchers who have
done work abroad in the field of STS, carry out research which intersects with the
dimensions of gender, science and technology, particularly addressing the biopoli-
tics of bodies, biomedicine and biotechnology. Its dedication to gender equality
encompasses a transversal perspective leading to research into the causes and
forms of disequality, including the systems of science and technology (Instituto de
Filosofía 2011).
    In Barcelona the route taken was different. At the Departamento de Psicología
Social of the UAB some authors showed a particular interest, both theoretical and
applied in the field of STS. Thus Miguel Domènech i Armegi and Francisco
Tirado Serrano, members of GESCIT, recognized ANT as a resource not only to
only to deal with already described problems in the sociology of knowledge nor
only to apply its concepts to the study of techno-science but to generate new ques-
tions, locate unexplored domains and at the same time come up with concepts to
help think about them. They carried out this work in an intellectual context in
which the predomination of the symbolic as an explanatory element defined the
identity of the Department and the vanguard of research in Spain. This was the
context in which the first book dedicated to ANT was published in Spain, Soci-
ología Simétrica: Ensayos sobre ciencia, tecnología y sociedad (Domènech and
Tirado 1998). It consisted of a compilation of Spanish translations of key articles
considered foundational for ANT by Callon, Law and Latour among others. The
idea behind the book was to analyze and disseminate the history and development
of ANT without losing sight of its weaknesses and limitations and without forget-

11
     See: http://identidadcolectiva.es/papeles/
102   CASTILLO SEPÚLVEDA



      ting to ask questions designed to improve it. This was to find a particularly note-
      worthy reception in the field of Social Psychology, overcoming the limitations of
      social constructionism and the discursive perspective.
          Thus began the publication of a series of studies which, taken together, tried to
      go a little beyond the approaches inherited from the founders and which were al-
      ready in circulation. Since 1997 GESCIT has produced several chapters and arti-
      cles on the critical analysis of institutions and their relationship to dimensions such
      as virtualization and technological change, and emerging forms of the social.
      Among the ideas so circulated was that of extitución, a concept developed by
      Michel Serres and used to explain the transformation dynamics of the traditional
      dynamics of power; a move from the institution, an organization focused on the
      interior, towards hybrid, porous and malleable entities dedicated to the manage-
      ment of exteriorities (Tirado and Domènech 1998, 2001, 2006; Tirado and Mora
      2004; Tirado and López 2004; Domènech and Tirado 1997, 2002). This concept is
      noteworthy to the degree that it can be considered one of the first local intersec-
      tions between philosophy and social science in the field of STS in Spain. There
      then came a series of studies which sought to make both empirical and theoretical
      contributions. These would come to light some years later related to matters such
      as biopolitics (Callén and Tirado 2006; Tirado and Callén 2008), the interaction
      between technological development and social healthcare (López 2009; Sánchez-
      Criado and López 2009; Callén et al., 2009; López, Tirado and Domènech 2003;
      Vitores 2002) public spaces (Íñiguez 2006); social movements (Rodríguez-Giralt
      2009; Rodríguez-Giralt and Caussa 2002; Aceros et al. 2005; Domènech et al.
      2002) and knowledge generating practices (Losego, Domènech and Tirado 2000;
      Domènech et al. 2000), among others. The Department has a journal Athenea Digi-
      tal12, where a series of articles with an ANT research basis can be found, as well as
      links to other that are critical in nature.
          Between the middle and end of the 1990s, ANT came to be recognized in Spain
      as a theoretical and research perspective immersed in different currents of critical
      thought that had already fixed certain channels for themselves. The anchoring of
      ANT thus occurred in conjunction with its distribution and so fixing a productive
      route, which has followed particular paths but not specific ones, nor with estab-
      lished patterns. This, if anything, is what might characterize ANT in Spain: mobili-
      ty and juxtaposition, the linking of interests to describe certain phenomena
      through the connotation of its effective breadth, its range and its concrete levels of
      influence. It is perhaps this aspect that characterizes what might have happened in
      these years, the recognition of ANT with its theoretical and empirical vocation
      separate from STS in general. In fact, ANT in Spain has transcended its applica-
      tions in techno-science to deal with questions arising in the classic traditions of so-
      ciological, psycho-social and anthropological research13.

      12
        See: http://psicologiasocial.uab.es/athenea/
      13
        The development of ANT in areas other than the sociological and psychosocial fields has not
      been explored. For some sightings of ANT in the field of anthropology in Spain see González-
      Ruibal (2007). For architecture could be consulted Muniesa et al. (2005).
                                                                      TECNOSCIENZA – 2(1)           103




3.3. The First Decade of the New Century: Plexuses

    As occurred in other areas, the intention is not to make ANT into a theory, in
the sense that there is no desire to stabilize it into an unquestionable set of assump-
tions of concepts with a pure and unique definition; the intention is, rather, to
maintain it as more of a flow of thought (Law 1999). Though it is true that thought
has never ceased to move, it has done so more rapidly from the 1990s and on into
the first decade of the 21st century. As a sign of this movement it may be worth
looking at the work being carried out by some young researchers today. These
constitute a kind of "second generation" of Spanish researchers in the field of STS:
in several centres, ANT has been adopted as a working perspective, articulating
itself as platforms that offer opportunities for dialogue, communication and ex-
change and mutual influence. In the first decade of the century, new associations
and connections have been generated which it may be beneficial to mention.
    The ATIC has sought to be trans-disciplinary in nature and has as its objective
the study of the role of technoscience in the organization of contemporary social
action (ATIC 2011) with a special focus on the daily lives of groups and people.
Daniel López and Israel Rodríguez-Giralt have contributed to its formation having
previously been members of GESCIT. López has specialized in techno-medical
development related to dependency, principally Telecare and in his work has made
use of ANT concepts. He is currently working on research projects on the contro-
versies surrounding the Spanish law for the empowerment and care of dependents.
Rodríguez-Giralt does research into the heterogeneous mediated processes, which
give shape to social movements. Both lines of research have connected with each
other in work on public life, spatial and urban development (see Rodríguez-Giralt,
López and García 2009; López 2005; López and Doménech 2008; López and
Domènech 2009; Callén et al. 2009). Tomás Sánchez-Criado, a researcher at the
UAM and related to the GESCIT, also participates in the ATIC, as well as an Iber-
american network of anthropological studies, AIBR, Antropólogos Iberoamericanos
en Red14. He currently carries out ethnographic research on the practices of im-
plementation and use of home Telecare devices through which certain articulations
of subjects, social contacts and care spaces emerge (see López and Sánchez-Criado
2009; Sánchez-Criado and López 2009). Also in the UAM, Rubén Gómez Soriano
works on questions related to the role of the great apes, specifically, the bonobos,
in the Western imagination, connecting ANT to the ethology of Despret, Hara-
way’s early writings and some primatological reflections. Among these nuclei many
other researchers have generated research processes in the material semiotic line

14
   There was a special edition of the journal AIBR in 2005, produced with the intention of re-
flecting on constructivisms in the social sciences and the study of technoscience. It can be con-
sulted at http://www.aibr.org/antropologia/44nov. This edition had some articles from the
world of ANT and was the seed for the collection "Tecnogénesis" (http://www.aibr.org
/antropologia/aibr/tecnogenesis). This was published in two volumes and in it various authors
reflect on human ecologies as heterogeneous media shared with entities of diverse ontology.
104   CASTILLO SEPÚLVEDA



      and generating research fields providing mutual feedback on concepts, epistemol-
      ogies and theories (see Callén et al. 2011)15.
          At the UCM, Departamento de Sociología V, Carmen Romero has worked, to-
      gether with Fernando García Selgas on the entanglements that make up the articu-
      lation of identities and how this relates to systems of sexual exclusion and differen-
      tiation, basing himself on queer theory, post-colonial studies and the notion of the
      Cyborg. ANT here exists in hybrid form in relation to other theoretical approach-
      es. It maintains relations with the previously mentioned approaches.
          The Universidad de Salamanca has developed a postgraduate study program on
      STS in which researchers from the Instituto de Filosofía of the CSIC, such as Marta
      I. González16 participate. No information is available about specific ANT research
      from this centre. At the Universidad de La Laguna, there continues to be some in-
      terest in STS, with some element of involvement of ANT. José Manuel de Cózar
      Escalante has carried out research on nanotechnology from this position. On the
      mainland of Spain, CSIC, for its part, is currently developing an annual seminar
      titled "Cartographies of the body. Biopolitics of science and technology", at which
      work done from a feminist perspective on the role played by bodies in scientific
      and technological practices is discussed (CSIC 2010).
          Since the year 2000, on the basis of the interests of various researchers, ANT
      has been employed as a specific perspective of analysis to deal with fields that go
      beyond the purely scientific but which, nevertheless, transect it. These researchers
      have generated organizations to propagate their research, obtain funding and con-
      tribute to the training of people interested in this field. GESCIT, Sociología V at
      the UCM, ATIC, CEIC and Instituto de Filosofía of CSIC, are examples of the
      work being done in which multiple lines of research are developed by researchers
      in different spaces in movement, exchanging intentions and projects.


      3.4. At the Margin

          A map is flat. Nothing that it presents shows the movements that occur in the
      space it tries to represent. Its purpose is different: to provide bearings and mark
      routes on a terrain which one is about to set out, but which has not been seen
      across. Thus, instead of providing a conclusion, some reflections will be set out, in
      order to mark out a certain perspective on the development of ANT in Spain. They
      arise from talks between people attending the Primer Encuentro Estatal ANT
      (2010, June 18, UOC, Barcelona), and they may well reflect the marginal and crea-
      tive momentum that was experienced among several researchers.
          The meeting was planned around two main themes: the implications of the use
      of ANT in social sciences and the conceptual lines of thought for and against this
      perspective. These resulted in two panel discussions and a series of presentations

      15
         There is a web log generated by these academics in which they maintain public dialogues and
      publish recent information related to ANT: http://network2matter.wordpress.com.
      16
         She has recently written a theoretical article on ANT with Javier Echeverría (see Echeverría
      and González 2009).
                                                                      TECNOSCIENZA – 2(1)          105



on various ongoing research projects. It would be too difficult to offer a synthesis17
of all the topics discussed, so that we present here the main axes that have articu-
lated these debates. Their presentation may serve to capture the constructive na-
ture with which it is sought to adopt this perspective in Spain.

     a) Do all the discrete categories have agency?

    Is ANT understood as a sort of animism? A monolithic discourse on culture?
Certainly, the notion of agency in a context in which the distinction between hu-
man action and material participation is seen as diffuse material is relevant in the
situating of a field of reflection. Thus, the reification of the notion of actant as the
entity that homologates any kind of participation and ANT as a new mechanicism
is a topic to consider and resolve. In terms of a solution the notion of symmetry as
a flat epistemology and not as a simile of equality, has been proposed, arguing the
lack of a need to specifically localize agencies. This amounts to re-considering the
perspective of joined together groups acting – carrying out actions, generating dif-
ferences – without irreparably requiring their “locatability” (they are scattered
across at different points, but connected), their being identified by the effects they
produce and the routes plotted on their course.
    Among collective spaces, the human one, with its configuration and production
as a stable entity is an obligatory way point on the way to assigning an adequate
semiotic place to the notion of actant. The articulation of the human would not be
a process but rather an effect thereof. The actant as a subject space in a statement
is not assigned to any material, however, not all actants have the same semantic
mobility; action would not be an ontological problem, but rather semiotic. Re-
membering Latour: an actor is which is acted as such.
    The notion of agency gravitates as a form of understanding the possibility of
causing differences in socio-material entanglements. The recourse to the category
of actant does not appear to satisfy the demands of the relations that it analyzes.
One way of establishing certain densities in the theory could be the distinction in
French semiotics between the categories of actant, actor and figuración (Greimas
and Courtés 1979). According to this semiotic differentiation, these three catego-
ries correspond to three different levels of stability in a network which, in a sym-
metrical description, could account for participations of different degrees of com-
plexity or intensity, which would not involve losing sight of the relational character
of its existence. The interplay between action and agency does not depend on on-
tological constitution but rather on an analytic exercise in which the entities ap-
pear on the basis of the traces that are possible to reconstitute. There is, thus, the
opportunity to translate the proposals on the need to identify actants to one that
considers the entanglements or wefts that articulate them. Any ontological unit, in
this sense, would be susceptible to analysis from the multiple connections that

17
   A special edition of the journal Athenea Digital was published with the presentations made at
the Encuentro and in it more can be found about questions mentioned in this section (Callén et
al. 2011).
106   CASTILLO SEPÚLVEDA



      keep it active and that give it shape. The notion of entanglement could even re-
      place that of the network to the degree that it would refer to the establishment of
      vague connections and would refer to the process of spinning and weaving in some
      way, and with some kind of material reality18. It would be possible in this way, for
      example, to change the objectification of "expert” for "expert entanglements”,
      with the analytical implications of this concept.

            b) How to frame power?

          Is power somehow involved in its conceptual weave or is it something that must
      be accounted for? For some, technical artefacts are items from which power can
      already be conceptualized and have agency in its strategies. Revealing the partici-
      pation of these latter and citizen agencies in controversies can be a way of ap-
      proaching the problem but always taking into account precisely what is hidden in
      these relationships. As with governmentality in the Foucauldian perspective, poli-
      tics would consist of that which does not seem political and an act of power is to
      take notice of this. In a “cosmopolitic” entity of different natures, human and non-
      human at the same level interact in a sort of ideal of democracy, being explained in
      the same universe of interaction.
           Nevertheless, life wants to be captured and one of the most useful concepts in
      this regard is that of biopolitics. Based on the “calculated ambiguity” of Rudolph
      Kjellen it is possible to establish a certain assembly of ANT approaches. Thus,
      “Biopolitics can be read without betraying the spirit or intent of this Swedish au-
      thor, in a way that would understand the biopolitical as a policy not of life nor
      about life, but rather pursuing life” (Tirado 2010, 11). ANT has properties that al-
      low for the following of traces fixed and left by power in the persecution of the liv-
      ing.


      4. Final Legenda

          In Spain, since the beginning of the 1990s, a joint movement has arisen devoted
      to recognition, production and hybridization in the social sciences, with one of its
      apexes being STS. These acquires specificity in ANT which, in certain groups, be-
      came a tool for translating the research activity carried out up to that moment, in
      relational and material terms. Without losing site of the foundations of this per-
      spective, the impetus for these researchers has been to contribute with concepts
      and ideas, subverting the directional relations that can occur when importing theo-
      ries and generating internal lines of influence in an academic area made from spe-
      cific contributions, partial connections and loosely coupled links.
          In this text an attempt has been made to trace out some of these lines of devel-
      opment marking the evolution this perspective has undergone in Spain. In this en-
      tanglement, ANT has become a field which, though not much visible and remote

      18
           While a network always refers to the possibility to be entangled.
                                                                TECNOSCIENZA – 2(1)         107



from disciplinary questions and attempts at institutionalization, has achieved cer-
tain recognition in academic spheres of critical thought. Its particular way of open-
ing up the black box of scientific truth has allowed it to establish a terrain in which
its interest lives beyond the intellectual, with a certain degree of passion. Marginal-
ity and emotion seem to be good companions. Like a wandering animal, ANT
marks and creates its own territory.




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    Jorge Castillo Sepúlveda Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
    Department of Social Psychology
    Edifici B, Campus de la UAB
    08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) - Spain
    Email: jcastillo.s@hotmail.com
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