10.13125/abside/4149
Abstract: among the manuscripts produced for Charles the Bald, King of West Francia (843-77) and Holy Roman Emperor (875-77), the so-called Second Bible (Paris, BnF, MS Lat. 2) holds a special place. Illuminated in the scriptorium of the abbey of St. Amand between 870 and 873, the Bible—unlike all the other manuscripts presented to the king during this period—contains no human figures or royal portraits. It exhibits instead large initials patterned with geometric and zoomorphic designs. In addition, the volume opens with a long poem dedicated to Charles the Bald and written by Hucbald (ca. 840–930), master of the monastery school at St. Amand. Although Carolingian scholarship has investigated the manuscript’s ornament, the relationship between Hucbald’s poetry and the book’s decorative program has never been systematically examined. By analyzing both the use of script as image and Hucbald’s poem, this article sheds light on the Bible’s intended purpose and message. Moreover, the article contributes to a more precise understanding of Charles the Bald’s role as patron of St. Amand. It argues that the Bible not only represents the increasingly close relationship between the abbey and the crown, but also functions as a special vehicle that carries the abbey’s pleas straight to the king’s heart.
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Riccardo Pizzinato
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The Second Bible of Charles the Bald: Patronage and Intellectual Community at St. Amand
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77-106
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Riccardo Pizzinato
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10.13125/abside/4149
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The Second Bible of Charles the Bald: Patronage and Intellectual Community at St. Amand
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ABside. Rivista di Storia dell’Arte, 2 (2020), pp. 77-106
DOI: 10.13125/abside/4149
ISSN: 2704-8837




              The Second Bible of Charles the Bald:
      Patronage and Intellectual Community at St. Amand1

                                              Riccardo PIZZINATO
                                       University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley
                                           riccardo.pizzinato@utrgv.edu




Abstract: among the manuscripts produced for Charles the Bald, King of West Francia (843–77) and Holy
Roman Emperor (875–77), the so-called Second Bible (Paris, BnF, MS Lat. 2) holds a special place. Illumi-
nated in the scriptorium of the abbey of St. Amand between 870 and 873, the Bible—unlike all the other
manuscripts presented to the king during this period—contains no human figures or royal portraits. It ex-
hibits instead large initials patterned with geometric and zoomorphic designs. In addition, the volume opens
with a long poem dedicated to Charles the Bald and written by Hucbald (ca. 840–930), master of the monas-
tery school at St. Amand. Although Carolingian scholarship has investigated the manuscript’s ornament,
the relationship between Hucbald’s poetry and the book’s decorative program has never been systematically
examined. By analyzing both the use of script as image and Hucbald’s poem, this article sheds light on the
Bible’s intended purpose and message. Moreover, the article contributes to a more precise understanding of
Charles the Bald’s role as patron of St. Amand. It argues that the Bible not only represents the increasingly
close relationship between the abbey and the crown, but also functions as a special vehicle that carries the
abbey’s pleas straight to the king’s heart.
Keywords: manuscripts, Carolingian, poetry, semiotics, theology.




   Throughout the ninth century, monasteries were important administrative, eco-
nomic, and cultural centers, which fostered the development and production of literary
culture in the Frankish Empire.2 Charlemagne and his heirs encouraged the intellectual
activity of abbeys, monastic schools, and scriptoria for the development of literacy and
education.3 They established a system of patronage for the larger monasteries such as


    1 This article is based on a lecture that I presented at the seminar “Building Community: Approaches to

Medieval and Early Modern Germany” during the German Studies Association Conference (Portland, Oc-
tober 3–6, 2019). I thank the seminar’s organizers Dr. Claire J. Jones, Dr. Christian Schneider, and Dr. Kathryn
Starkey and all the participants for their feedback. I am grateful to Dr. Constance Cortez for supporting my
research at Princeton University. In Princeton, I am indebted to Dr. Beatrice Kitzinger and Dr. Charlie Barber
for their generosity and insights. This article has also benefited from the constructive comments from its
anonymous reviewers. All remaining errors are my own.
    2 Morrison (1964), 26–67; Wallace-Hadrill (1983), 183–186; De Jong (1995), 622–653.

    3 Bullough (1991), 1–38; McKitterick (1992), 93–129; Riché (1993), 327–328.
                                           Riccardo PIZZINATO

Lorsch, Tours, Reims, and St. Amand through land grants and other economic privi-
leges.4 Monasteries, in return, were expected to support the emperors, sometimes mate-
rially, but mostly by liturgical means as well as by serving as outposts of culture for the
diffusion and consolidation of the Christian Faith.5 This collaboration between the im-
perial court and monasteries was part of the renovatio (renewal), a program of cultural
reforms initiated by Charlemagne, who sought to emulate and align himself with the
Christian emperors of late antiquity.6 One of the renovatio’s central efforts was the revi-
sion of the text of the Bible. The action was driven by a desire for Christian unity and
centered strongly on the ideas of correctio (correction) and emendatio (revision) codified
in the Admonitio Generalis (General Admonition) of 789.7 For Carolingians, the Bible was
the book of guidance above all others, and Bible reading was the primary way to
knowledge. It was thus of crucial importance to produce a correct edition that could be
used for the education of the populus Christianus (Christian people).8 To that end, the
royal patronage of sacred texts promoted the political idea of the Carolingian Empire as
a Christian community. It also served to legitimize the authority of the Carolingian ruler
over this community as derived directly from God. As a conduit between God and its
people, the Christian emperor ideally had to internalize Scripture’s sacred teachings and
to cultivate wisdom in order to ensure the well-being—both spiritually and materially—
of every Christian in the empire.9
         At the courts of Charlemagne and his successors, the growing awareness and
acceptance of the Bible’s educational function also led to the recognition that the book
was both an image of the Lord—the Word made flesh—and a repository of images.10
This development raised important epistemological questions on how readers could
“sense” the spiritual within Scripture and how it was possible to transcend the limita-
tions of human language in order to access divine wisdom.11 As court theologians de-
bated over the use of sacred images as pedagogical aids, they expressed conflicting opin-
ions on the function of decorated letters.12 On the one hand, Carolingian critics of sacred
art largely dismissed the role of ornamented scriptures as an educational tool that could
enrich a person’s spiritual life. Defenders of sacred images, on the other, promoted the
usefulness of scripts’ precious decoration, arguing that it could function as a prompt for

    4 On Lorsch, see Becker (2015), 71–88; Licht (2015), 145–162; on Tours, see Rand (1929); on Reims, see

Carey (1938), 41–60; on St. Amand, see Boutemy (1946), 6–16.
    5 McKitterick (1994), 221–247; Becher (2015), 195–210; Choy (2016), 161–190; Kramer (2016), 309–337.

    6 Braunfels (1981), 821–842; Ganz (1987), 23–44; McKitterick (1989), 148–155; Bullough (1991), 1–38;

Brown (1994), 1–52; Nelson (2016), 331–346.
    7 Ganz (1987), 23–44; Bullough (1991), 1–38; Contreni (1995), 709–757; Weinfurter (2015), 3–6.

    8 McKitterick (1989), 148–155; Ganz (1995), 261–283; Chazelle, Edwards B. (2003), 1–16; Nelson (1995),

381–430.
    9 Bullough (1983), 1–69; Nelson (1994), 52–87; Ganz (1995), 261–283; Alberi (1998), 3–17; Kramer (2016),

309–337.
    10 Hamburger (2004), 112–145; Kessler (2006), 77–103; Kessler (2007), 141–168.

    11 Freeman (1985), 65–108; Appleby (2002), 85–111; Noble (2009).

    12 Kessler (1994), 533–584. The hermeneutical question about Scripture and its authority was also a ques-

tion about media. On materiality and “mediality” of Scripture see Luft (2014), 3–38; Becht-Jördens (2014),
250–254.



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             The Second Bible of Charles the Bald: Patronage and Intellectual Community at St. Amand

readers who sought to grasp its spiritual contents.13 While this controversy did not affect
the production of luxury volumes intended for the educated elite, the disparagement
over the spiritual value of images resulted in the invention of new iconographies and
engendered diverse attempts to animate the materiality of ornamented letters as a
prompt for spiritual seeing.14
        Focusing on this cultural framework, Paul Dutton, Hebert Kessler, and William
Diebold have investigated the decorative programs of the First Bible (ca. 845) (Paris, Bib-
liothèque Nationale, MS lat. 1) and San Paolo Bible (ca. 870) (Rome, Abbazia di S. Paolo
fuori le Mura), two luxurious manuscripts produced for Charles the Bald, king in west-
ern Francia from 843 and Holy Roman Emperor from 875 to 877.15 The scholars’ analyses
of the relationship between the poetry and the illuminated frontispieces inside the books
demonstrate how images operated within a medieval mnemonic system to promote the
ruler’s spiritual edification and to instruct him in divine law. Produced as an offering to
the king, the illustrated bibles function as a visual speculum principis (mirror of the
prince), thus revealing the close relationship between Christian spirituality and political
ideology.16
        Although these studies have opened new enquiries into the importance of text
and image analysis, as well as the function of images as a prompt for spiritual seeing,
scholars have not yet considered the relationship between the poetry and decoration in
the third luxury bible made for Charles the Bald, the so-called Second Bible (Paris, Bib-
liothèque Nationale, MS Lat. 2). The manuscript, produced in the scriptorium of the
monastery of St. Amand between 871 and 873, is one of the greatest achievements of
Franco-Saxon calligraphy. Yet, it is also a peculiar luxury bible, for it does not contain
any figurative frontispieces or illuminations.17 Only splendidly ornamented initials dec-
orate the incipit to each book of the Bible.18 Early scholars such as André Boutemy and
Jacques Guilmain have searched for the figurative sources of the Bible’s decorated let-
ters, highlighting that the Second Bible shares common features with the interlace and
animal ornamentation of eighth century Insular manuscripts.19 More recently, the sev-
enth volume Die Frankosächsische Schule of the series Die Karolingischen Miniaturen, pro-
vides a careful investigation of the Bible’s codicology and its ornamented initials in the
context of manuscripts production at St. Amand.20 This scholarship, however, does not
move beyond a stylistic analysis of the decorated letters, and it does not consider the
poetry that prefaces the books of the Bible. In addition to the biblical books, the Second




   13 Kendrick (1999), 36–64; Kessler (2005a), 9–61; Hahn (2011), 55–76; Hamburger (2014), 1–16; Bedos-Re-

zak, Hamburger (2016).
   14 Diebold (1992), 89–99; Kessler (2008), 290–319; Reudenbach (2014), 229–244.

   15 Dutton, Kessler (1997); Diebold (1994), 7–18.

   16 Dutton, Kessler (1997), 90–91; Diebold (1994), 14–15.

   17 Guilmain (1967), 248; Mckitterick (1980), 43–45.

   18 The complete manuscript is available: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8452767n.image

   19 Boutemy (1949), 262–264; Guilmain (1966), 246–260; Guilmain (1967), 231–235.

   20 Koehler, Mütherich (2009), 20–23; 253–278.




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                                       Riccardo PIZZINATO

Bible contains a long prefatory poem dedicated to Charles the Bald and attributed to
Hucbald (ca. 840–930), chief master of the school at St. Amand (fols. 1v–3r; fig. 1).21




 Fig. 1. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, MS Lat. 2, fol. 1v, Hucbald of St. Amand, dedicatory poem to
                          Charles the Bald, © Bibliothèque Nationale (BNF).

         It also features a version of Theodulf of Orléans’s poem titled “Preface to the
Books of the Bible” that has been adapted to the sequence of texts in the manuscript and
gives a typological explanation of their contents (fols. 4v–5r).
         Seeking to contribute to recent scholarship, this article demonstrates the im-
portant relationship between poetry and calligraphy within the Second Bible by analyz-
ing the incipit and initial pages of the book of Genesis (figs. 2–3), which open the Bible,
in the light of Hucbald’s prefatory poem.

   21   Chartier (1995), 202–224.



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             The Second Bible of Charles the Bald: Patronage and Intellectual Community at St. Amand




Fig. 2. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale                Fig. 3. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale
MS Lat. 2, fol. 10v, incipit page of Genesis, © BNF. MS Lat. 2, fol. 11r, initial to Genesis, © BNF.

         Using a new transcription of Hucbald’s poem, my analysis focuses on the deco-
rated letter “I” of “In principio,” (“In the beginning,” the first words of Genesis at fol.
11r, fig. 3) to exemplify how the symbolism of abstract graphic signs and ornament gen-
erate meaning for a medieval viewer.22 I argue that the letter’s iconic charge transforms
the nature of the script, which appears as an image of God’s revelation in Christ. By
operating on an ontological level, the letter generates a process of recollection and thus
elevates the viewer’s mind towards God. As the book’s intended contemplative reader,
Charles the Bald was to become an image of Christ, the just ruler who embodies Divine
Wisdom and brings prosperity to the Franks. Conceived in a moment of political turmoil,
the manuscript does not only bring the pleas of the monastic community of St. Amand
to the king. It also promotes a political idea of the Franks as a divinely ordained com-
munity founded on the authority of the Word of God and guided by a leader who is its
agent.
         The manuscript’s main ornamental focus lies at the beginning (fols. 10v–11r; figs.
2–3) where a monumental two-page opening decorates the incipit and the beginning of
the Book of Genesis. It is the only opening decorated with an ornamented frame and
zoomorphic motives. The script of both pages is organized according to a precise layout.
The clear and lucid format forces the viewer to recognize the letters’ regular forms:
squares, rectangles, and circles. Guilmain has shown how this geometrical effect of the
script derives from the adoption of Roman capitals, a type of lettering used in Roman

   22My analysis and interpretation are based on my own, new transcription of Hucbald’s poem, which is
based on the text in the manuscript at fols. 1v–3r. (For the transcription, see Appendix).



                                                     81
                                             Riccardo PIZZINATO

epigraphy, which indicates that every letter of the alphabet is derived initially from a
square which is cut by horizontal, vertical, and diagonal guidelines.23 The subjugation of
calligraphy to geometry is also visible in the decorated letters throughout all the incipit
pages of the Bible’s books. It is further emphasized through the integration of the letters
into a geometrical grid consisting of red and green decorative dot patterns, such as in
Leviticus (fol. 44v; fig. 4). As noted in Die Frankosächsische Schule, each decorated letter
can be divided into a variety of geometrical forms that constitute its architectural frame-
work.24 The interlace governs the letters’ ornament of initials, such as those of the books
of Exodus or Isaiah (fols. 30r and 146r; figs. 5–6), and connects the geometric form of the
design revealing hidden crosses.25




        Fig. 4. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, MS Lat. 2, fol. 44v, initial to Leviticus, © BNF.


   23 Guilmain (1967), 231–235.
   24 Koehler, Mütherich (2009), 32–49.
   25 For the other decorated initials thorough the Bible: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8452767n.image




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             The Second Bible of Charles the Bald: Patronage and Intellectual Community at St. Amand




Fig. 5. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale                     Fig. 6. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale
MS Lat. 2, fol. 30r, initial to Exodus, © BNF.            MS Lat. 2, fol. 146r, initial to Isaia, © BNF.

        In the beginning of Genesis, the interlaced bands that decorate the crown of the
letter “I” of “In Principio” create several layers (Fig. 7). The viewer perceives a visual
metamorphosis of geometric forms. This effect results from a layout comprised of two
main elements: the golden interlace of the ground intermingled with the emerging geo-
metric shapes. The ornament unifies the interweaving lines with the geometry to create
positive and negative spaces filled with different colors. The golden interlace forms loz-
enge shapes that constitute the four arms of a vertical central cross. This cross is moreo-
ver inscribed in a diamond shape. The interwoven lines of the decoration require the
viewer’s close attention. Only through a careful reading of the decoration is the viewer
able to visualize the crosses concealed in the initial.
        In addition, the geometric patterns and colors also follow a diagonal order that
consistently guide the viewer’s eye from detail to detail in search of the sign of the cross.
In this way, the ornament’s fabric shares the mechanism of reading with the tradition of
the carmina figurata (visual poems) that make use of acrostics and geometric patterns to
create shapes out of the field of text.26 Examples of these visual poems include those
composed by Milo of St. Amand for Charles the Bald (Valenciennes, Bibliothèque Mu-
nicipale, MS 502, fols. 73v–74r; fig. 8).27




   26On the tradition of carmina figurata, see Ulrich (1991) and Ulrich (2006), 43–75.
   27The manuscript is an 11th century copy of the Vita Amandi (Life of St. Amand), written c. 845–55 for
Charles the Bald. Abou-El-Haj (1994), 86.



                                                     83
                                    Riccardo PIZZINATO




Fig. 7. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, MS Lat. 2, fol. 11r, initial to Genesis, detail, © BNF.



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            The Second Bible of Charles the Bald: Patronage and Intellectual Community at St. Amand




 Fig. 8. Valenciennes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 502, fols. 73v–74r, Milo of St. Amand, acrostic
                  poem dedicated to Charles the Bald, © Bibliothèque Municipale.

        The poetic and the ornamental composition are both fashioned with the sign of
the cross over a ground of letters and interlace, respectively. The sign is abstracted into
vertical and diagonal geometries and comes to the eyes through different colors. This
reading demands that the viewer seek a solution to unlock the hidden forms within the
image. Moreover, the viewer is invited to engage in an exegetical process of exploring
the deepest meanings that reside in the sign of the cross embedded in the lettering.28
        The sign of the cross was not only used in the decoration of the “In principio” of
the book of Genesis in the Second Bible. It had already appeared in other Carolingian
Bibles.29 In the book of Genesis of the San Paolo Bible (fol. 10r; figs. 9–10), for instance, a
cross appears at the top of the interlace, which form the crown of the ligature “IN.” In
both cases, the cross prompts the viewer to recall the theological principle of the presence
of Christ, the pre-existing Logos, at the beginning of creation, as well as the message of
salvation contained in Scripture. At the time, Carolingian theologians highlighted the
pre-existent nature of the Logos, His manifestation in the Incarnation, and also his Sec-
ond Coming in majesty and glory by relating the incipit of Genesis to the opening of
John’s Gospel.30 They interpreted John’s words as an indication of the relationship be-
tween Christ, the incarnate Word, and God, who was both Creator and Judge.




   28 Sears (1989), 341–345.
   29 Kessler (2015), 39–43; Kessler (2016), 112–115.
   30 Krasnodębska-D’Aughton (2002), 105–22; Hamburger (2002), 21–42; Kessler (2007), 141–168.




                                                    85
                                            Riccardo PIZZINATO




Fig. 9. Rome, Abbazia di S. Paolo fuori le Mura Fig. 10. Rome, Abbazia di S. Paolo fuori le Mura
fol. 10r, initial to Genesis (photo Public Domain). fol. 10r, initial to Genesis, detail.

         For example, in his Commentary on the Gospel of John, Alcuin elaborates not only
on the consubstantiality of the nature of Christ and God but also on Christ as agent in
creation.31 Consubstantial with the Father, the Son was present at the beginning of Cre-
ation, and all things were made with him and through him. At the same time, the trans-
cendent God became visible in the Logos incarnate, Christ, and the Divine Glory took
on the sinful human flesh to procure redemption for humankind.
         In the Second Bible, the central cross, which emerges from the interlaced, carpet-
like decoration, does not only bring to mind Christ’s passion but also his return in glory
at the end of time. The small square shapes, enclosed by the golden interlaces and filled
with yellow, green, and red colors, imitate the polished surfaces of cloisonné enamels,
such as those of the Dorestadt brooch (ca. 800) (Dutch National Museum of Antiquities,
fig. 11). They evoke the material qualities of the gemmed cross, an emblem of victory,
which alludes to the “sign of the Son of Man” that heralds the Second Coming, as men-
tioned in the Gospel of Matthew.32 Carolingian exegetes, such as Hrabanus Maurus, elab-
orated on the complex symbolism of the cross. In his acrostic poem In praise of the cross



    31 “In principio erat Verbum. Quod duobus modis intelligitur. Nam Pater principium est, quasi dixisset:

In Patre. In Patre est Filius, quem Verbum nominavit iste evangelista. Nec nos movere debet quod in se-
quentibus hujus Evangelii, Judaeis interrogantibus quis esset ipse Deus, Dei Filius respondit, Principium,
qui et loquor vobis (Joan. VIII, 25). Si enim Filius principium est, qui habet Patrem, quanto facilius Deus
Pater intelligendus est esse principium, qui habet quidem Filium, cui Pater sit; Filius enim, Patris est Filius;
et Pater utique Filii Pater est, et Pater Deus, sed non de Deo Deus; Filius verus Deus de Deo est.” Alcuin,
Commentarius in Sancti Iohannis Evangelium, 1,1. Migne (1863), 100, 745B.
    32 “And then shall appear the sign of the Son of man in heaven. And then shall all tribes of the earth

mourn: and they shall see the Son of man coming in the clouds of heaven with much power and majesty”
(Mt. 24:30). On the gemmed crosses, see Jüdlich (1986/87), 99–258; Marensi (2002), 99–110.



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             The Second Bible of Charles the Bald: Patronage and Intellectual Community at St. Amand

(In honorem sanctae crucis), Hrabanus demonstrated how the cross’s shape was related to
different aspects of cosmology.




                   Fig. 11. Leiden, Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Dorestad brooch
                                    (photo Alexander Van Loon).

        According to him, Christ’s passion and death transformed the cross into the
heavenly sign of his majesty and omnipotence. The cross overrode the sin of the first
humans in the Garden of Eden and unlocked the possibility for humankind to return to
God at the end of time.33 Situated at the beginning of Genesis, the cross thus communi-
cates to the viewer of the Second Bible a full range of historical and eschatological refer-
ences that encompass God’s plan in salvation history.
        In the initial “I,” the cross is enclosed in a diamond shape, which is a significant
cosmological symbol. The diamond shape refers to the tetragonal diagram of the cosmos
(tetragonus mundus) that is represented in astronomical tracts, such as the early ninth-
century miscellany preserved in Vienna (Vienna, Nationalbibliothek, Codex 387, fol.
134r; fig. 12).

    33 “Recte igitur quaternarium numerum perfectione sacratum pene nullus ignorat, et ideo bene illum in

forma crucis Christi transfiguratum totus orbis veneratur. Siquidem mundum quatuor elementis constare
manifestum est, id est, igne, aere, aqua et terra. Et totum orbem quatuor terminari partibus sive angulis
notum est, oriente scilicet et occidente, aquilone et meridie. Quatuor quoque sunt vicissitudines temporum,
id est, ver, aestas, autumnus, hiems; et quatuor quadrantes naturalis diei, id est, quater senae horae, quae
tamen his initiis dignoscuntur, mane videlicet et meridie, vespere et intempesto.” Perrin (1997), 71. On the
theology of the cross, see Chazelle (2007); Kitzinger (2018), 19–98.



                                                     87
                                         Riccardo PIZZINATO




    Fig. 12. Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Codex 387, fol. 134r, cosmological map
                              © Österreichische Nationalbibliothek.

         It signifies the created world and its constituent elements in the form of quater-
nities.34 The diagram was also used as layout in Carolingian Majestas Domini that served
as frontispieces to the Gospels, such as the one in the San Paolo Bible (fol. 259v; fig. 13).35




   34On the lozenge and the fourfold division of the world, see Esmeijer (1978); Caviness (1983),107–111;
Kühnel (2005), 359–390.
  35 Kessler (1977), 51–53.




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                The Second Bible of Charles the Bald: Patronage and Intellectual Community at St. Amand




  Fig. 13. Rome, Abbazia di S. Paolo fuori le Mura, fol. 259v, Majestas Domini (photo Author).

        As Herbert Kessler has shown, the geometric schema establishes a metonymic
relationship between the world of creation, based on mathematical harmony and order,
and the world of sacred Scripture.36
        Incorporated together into the letter “I” of “In Principio,” the lozenge diagram
and the cross evoke the creation of the terrestrial world as described in Genesis. Further-
more, they also explain to the viewer the pre-existing nature of the Logos in the Old
Testament, as well as his coming in glory at the end of time. The figure text thus trans-
forms the opening word of the Hebrew Scripture into an image of the cosmos created by

   36   Kessler (2005b), 1108–1110; Kessler (2015), 39–50.



                                                        89
                                           Riccardo PIZZINATO

the Word made flesh and redeemed by His sacrifice. It demonstrates the essential har-
mony believed to exist between the world, the Word through which it was made, and
the incarnate God who redeemed it.37
        Beyond the central cross, as already indicated above, small crosses are woven
into every aspect of the page’s ornament. Vertical and diagonal crosses appear in the
negative space between the thin, interlaced ribbon that fills the stem of the letter “I” (fig.
7). They also become visible among the knotwork inside the golden square, which is
placed in the middle of the same letter. At the center of the letter “N,” a cross is hidden
in the circular disposition of triqueta knots inside the medallion (fig. 3). Because of this,
the ornament challenges the viewer’s perception. The function of these crosses is to en-
gage the viewer in a continuous meditation about the mystery of the incarnation and
Christ’s role in salvation history. The beholder has to disentangle the mimicked knot-
work in order to discern the figure of the cross. It is a revelatory experience because the
viewer recognizes patterns and motifs that previously had been hidden in plain sight
only after a prolonged contemplation.38
        Moreover, this interweaving of the sign of the cross in the ornament’s knotwork
can be interpreted as a reference to the textile metaphor that likens Christ to a veil, as
expressed by Saint Paul in The Epistle to Hebrews. The Epistle to Hebrews invites the faithful
to access God’s dwelling through the veil, which represents Christ’s incarnation and sac-
rifice on the cross.39 Carolingian exegetes such as Haymo of Auxerre explained the met-
aphor of the veil in the text of the Epistle. Haymo also discussed how Christ replaced
the sacrifices of the Old Testament with his own body and freed humanity from sin.40
According to Haymo, Christ’s incarnation established the New Covenant between man
and God; it fulfilled God’s will as it was written in the prophecies of the Old Testament.41
Christ’s flesh replaced the sacrifice of animals and opened the entrance of the Holy of
Holies, because Christ’s incarnation was already foretold since the beginning in the book

   37  On the function of diagrams as means of the invisible, see Kühnel (2003).
   38  On the revelatory experience of looking for negative crosses in interlace, see Stevenson (1981), 11–17.
See also Bonne (2000), 75–108.
    39 Hebrews 10: 19−20 expounds that “Having therefore, brethren, a confidence in the entering into the

holies by the blood of Christ: A new and living way which he hath dedicated for us through the veil, that is
to say, his flesh…;” and Hebrew 6: 19−20 describes hope as “an anchor of the soul, sure and firm, and which
entereth in even within the veil: Where the forerunner Jesus is entered for us, made a high priest for ever
according to the order of Melchisedech...” On the metaphor of the veil in pictorial art, see Kessler
(1990/1991), 53–77; Papastavrou (1993), 143–153; Valle (2015), 106–134; Palazzo (2019), 49–66; Henriet (2019),
135–160.
    40 “Habentes itaque fratres fiduciam in introitu sanctorum in sanguine Christi, quam initiavit nobis viam

novam et viventem per velamen, id est, carnem suam, et sacerdotem magnum super domum Dei.” Haymo
of Auxerre, In Epistolam ad Hebraeos, 10. Migne (1881), 117, 893A.
    41 “Hactenus ostendit pontificis et hostiarum, tabernaculi quoque et testamenti et repromissionis dis-

tantiam, multamque differentiam: nunc invitando hortatur accedere ad ea quae per Christum in veritate
nobis advenerunt, dans auctoritatem de magno pontifice, dicens: Propterea (inquit) plus habemus fiduciam
per sanguinem Christi mundari, quam illi qui carnaliter hostias offerebant, quia hostia nostra vera et ration-
abilis est. In tantum enim maiorem fiduciam habemus in ingressu coelorum per sanguinem Christi, in quan-
tum magis cohaeredes effecti sumus.” Haymo of Auxerre, In Epistolam ad Hebraeos, 10. Migne (1881), 117,
893B.



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of Genesis.42 By showing crosses that appear interwoven in the ornament, the orna-
mented page thus invites the viewer to meditate on Christ’s role in the history of salva-
tion as revealed in the Old and New Testaments inside the Bible.43
         At the same time, the illuminated letters assert the identity of the material script
and Sacred Scripture as a way to access the Divinity through spiritual seeing. The illu-
minator carefully and methodically deployed ornamental forms to present the process
of covering and filling the surface of the letters as a metaphor for the mysterious process
by which the divine invisible became visible in the world of creation.44 The vines and the
abstract vegetal ornamentation are embedded in the materiality of the golden letters.
Because of its shimmering quality, gold was specifically used in the Carolingian period
to signify the light of divine revelation.45 When engaging with the script, the viewer
needs to peer through the ornament and grasps the divine essence of the letters. Through
its materiality the gold connects the material world of forms and the realm of the divine.
The ornament therefore reveals the otherwise invisible God to the reader; by looking at
the ornamented letter the reader experiences God’s revelation.46 What is hidden in the
Old Testament needs to be brought to life through Christ, the living letter of the New
Testament. This process of unveiling is accomplished in the viewer’s mind through the
interpretation of visual signs that constitute the script. Seeing the letters in the Second
Bible is not just a process of reading a sequence of consecutive letters into words. Rather,
seeing letters as signs enhances the geometric nature of the script with the goal of trans-
forming the letters into shapes that bear meaning. The viewer’s gaze penetrates the let-
tering, as the eye meanders through the lines and shapes of the ornament, experiencing
the transformation of letters into lozenges and crosses. The ambiguous effect of the in-
terlaces’ layout activates several interpretations of the paintings and unleashes in the
viewer a desire for knowledge. The script and its materiality thus become an image and
introduces the beholder to a contemplative process. The ornamented surface that clothes
the letter functions as a visual support for meditation, equivalent to the rumination of
sacred texts or exercitatio mentis of exegetical practice.47 The frame’s ornament featuring
biting animals evokes this hermeneutical act of ruminating on the Word of the Bible.48
         The idea of finding the geometric and mathematical orders contained within sa-
cred writings is part of a tradition that dates back to patristic exegesis of the fifth century.
Philosophers such as Augustine and Boethius associated the Genesis account of creation
with the statement in the Book of Wisdom that God “ordered all things in measure, and


    42 “Quidam enim intelligunt hic initium Genesis (cap. I) , ubi scriptum est, quod in principio, id est in

Filio fecerit Deus coelum et terram; quidam primum psalmum, quem quidam referunt ad Christum, quidam
ad quemlibet electum, in quo dicitur: In lege Domini voluntas eius (Psal. I).” Haymo of Auxerre, In Episto-
lam ad Hebraeos, 10. Migne (1881), 117, 891C.
    43 On the theological function of textile ornament see Bücheler (2019).

    44 Weinryb (2013), 118–132; Tilghman (2016), 157–177; Bawden (2019), 11–36.

    45 The bibliography on the topic is extensive. See, among others, Reudenbach (2002), 1–12; Kessler (2007),

141–168; Thunø (2011), 279–291.
    46 Frese (2014), 1–16; Voyer (2018), 103–115; Frese (2019), 37–62.

    47 Carruthers (2008), 206–207.

    48 Leclercq (1961).




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                                           Riccardo PIZZINATO

number, and weight.”49 They interpreted the biblical passage to mean that the created
world, as well as Sacred Scripture, were not only quantifiable but also “ordered;” both
of them were structured according to arithmetical and geometric principles that could
be perceived only by the intellect.50 Both arithmetic and geometry thus were fundamen-
tal to the knowledge of God because they allowed the human mind to grasp the Divine
order behind created things.
         Carolingian exegetes such as Hrabanus Maurus and John Scottus or Eriugena,
referred to both Augustine and Boethius’s authority and praised the mathematical struc-
ture of the Bible. In his treatise On Computation (De Computo), Hrabanus Maurus, for
instance, recognized the importance of the mathematical system of Scripture because
God himself ordered all things in measure.51 For this reason, mathematical reasoning
was a metaphor for the mind accessing the mysteries of the holy Writings. Eriugena fur-
ther elaborated on the function of mathematics in preparing the way for the theological
insight of Scripture. In agreement with Platonic theory, he believed that the faculties of
knowledge of the mathematical disciplines provide man with the ability of understand-
ing the ontological structure of the world.52 By mediating between the eternal and cre-
ated, the invisible and visible spheres, mathematics provide the human mind with a
privileged access to theology, the highest knowledge of God.53 In this way, the imperfect

   49   Ws. 11:21. In the treatise On Free Choice of the Will, Augustine wrote: “Wherever you turn, Wisdom
speaks to you through the imprint it has stamped upon its works.... Look at the sky, the earth, and the sea,
and at whatever in them shines from above or crawls, flies, or swims below. These have form because they
have number.” Augustine, De Libero Arbitrio, 2,16. Benjamin, Hackstaff (1964), 73–74. In the treatise On
Arithmetic, Boethius wrote: “[Arithmetic] is prior to all not only because God the Creator of the massive
structure of the world considered this first discipline as the exemplar of his own thought and established all
things in accord with it; or that through numbers of an assigned order all things exhibiting the logic of their
maker found concord.” Boethius, De Arithmetica, 1. Masi (1983), 74.
     50 In the treatise On the City of God, Augustine wrote: “...the theory of number is not to be lightly re-

garded, since it is made quite clear, in many passages of holy Scriptures, how highly it is to be valued. It
was not for nothing that it was said in praise of God, “You have ordered all things in measure, number and
weight.” Augustine De civitate Dei 11,30. Betterson, Evans (2003), 465. In the treatise On Arithmetic Boethius
wrote: “This, therefore, is the quadrivium [arithmetic, music, geometry, astronomy] by which we bring a
superior mind from knowledge offered by the senses to the more certain things of the intellect. There are
various steps and certain dimensions of progressing by which the mind is able to ascend so that by means
of the eye of the mind, which, (as Plato says), is composed of many corporeal eyes and is of higher dignity
than they, truth can be investigated and beheld. This eye, I say, submerged and surrounded by the corporeal
senses, is in turn illuminated by the disciplines of the quadrivium.” Boethius, De Arithmetica, 1. Masi (1983),
73. On the medieval analogy of Nature and Scripture, see Otten (1995), 257–284. On the function of arithme-
tic for Boethius, see Uhlfelder (1981), 17–30. See also McNamee (2015), 1–53.
     51 In the treatise On Computation, Hrabanus wrote: “Non enim ratio numerorum contemnenda est, quia

in multis sanctarum Scripturarum locis quantum mysterium habet elucet. Non etiam frustra in laudibus Dei
dictum est: Omnia in mensura et in numero et in pondere fecisti. Per numerum siquidem ne confundamur
instruimur. Tolle numerum a rebus omnibus, et omnia pereunt. Adime saeculo computum, et omnia caeca
ignorantia complectuntur. Nec differre possunt a caeteris animalibus qui calculi nesciunt rationem. Sed tu,
quia ad exponendum huius vim et rationem me provocasti, de his quibus te instruere velis praecede inter-
rogando; et sic te subsequar, quantum Dominus concesserit, respondendo.” Hrabanus Maurus, De Com-
puto, 1. McCulloh, Stevens (1979), 205.
     52 See the study of Kijewska (2003), 625–647.

     53 Kijewska (2003), 625–647.




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human ratio, impaired by Original Sin, could re-awaken his divine sense and glean
God’s divine wisdom.
        In the poem that prefaces the Second Bible, Hucbald also introduces this gnoseo-
logical function of Scripture. The poet was surely familiar with the ideas of his master,
Eriugena, as well as the other exegetes. In the poem, he praises God’s Wisdom for man-
ifesting itself both in the law of nature, which orders the universe, and in Scripture,
which guides the Old Testament kings.54 Hucbald singles out Solomon and David and
compares them to Charles the Bald.55 These two Old Testament kings had long been
evoked as examples of good kingship. They are referred to in the poetry and mirrors of
princes dedicated to the king.56 Solomon embodied royal justice while David personified
humility, two fundamental virtues for a ruler. The two kings function as models that
Charles had to follow, even though he encompassed their two different virtues already.
This comparison between Charles and the two Old Testament kings appeared in the First
and San Paolo Bibles.57 In the Second Bible, however, Solomon and David are celebrated
as valorous and wise rulers because their minds followed God’s Wisdom in Scripture,
which guided their path and elevated them among all other men.58 Solomon is also used
as an example of bad conduct to demonstrate to Charles the negative consequences of a
king who withdraws from Wisdom.59 As Hucbald progresses in explaining how God’s
Wisdom revealed itself in the New Testament in Christ, the Word made Flesh, the lan-
guage becomes more hyperbolic. Charles is praised for contemplating the text of the Bi-
ble night and day and for cherishing the Law of God with such great honor that the
king’s mind “shines more radiant with the very sun that is Christ.”60
        The importance of the Old and New Testaments as sources of wisdom for the
king in ruling his people was already presented to Charles the Bald in the First and San
Paolo Bibles.61 In the First Bible, Audradus Modicus, for instance, recommend to Charles




   54  “O Wisdom of the heavenly Lord worthy of great admiration, / You who were present when He him-
self created the heavens, / And who is worthy of no less praise for knowing to arrange all matter in such /
Well–ordered harmony in accordance with proper law.” Appendix, vv. 3–6; “You have always dispensed
the laws among kings and kingdoms.” Appendix, v. 16.
    55 “Certainly, the valorous David ruled through you and conducted / The troops of the blessed, as he

taught, by the law of the guilty, / The saints to stand firm and the fallen to rise once again.” Appendix, vv.
32–34; “King Solomon, because he preferred to strive for your gifts / So that he could become wise, emerging
as the most exalted / Of kings, he thrived with great riches / And with firm judgment he established with
you many excellent worldly goods.” Appendix, vv. 41–44.
    56 Anton (1968), 419–446.

    57 Diebold (1994), 12; Kessler (1997), 43–44, 81–84.

    58 “You recognize in your heart those who have fully accepted you: /…/ You enliven all those you prize

with a fertile mind.” Appendix, vv. 36–38.
    59 “When he [Solomon] withdrew from you, he suffered losses in himself.” Appendix, v. 47.

    60 “But, while the parchment adorned with gold and precious stones shines bright, / This [Charles’s mind]

contemplates at all times with herself, night and day, / So that she [Charles’s mind] may shine more radiant
with the very sun that is Christ: / Thus, O Wisdom, you transform your Charles into a sun.” Appendix, vv.
68–71.
    61 Diebold (1994), 14.




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                                            Riccardo PIZZINATO

to examine the Bible with pious mind because it is the true source of divine wisdom.62
Carolingian mirror of princes also acknowledged the Bible as an ethical and political
tool. In his treatise On Christian rulers (De Rectoribus Christianis), Sedulius Scottus, for
instance, wrote that “If anyone proposes and desires to steer the ship of the common-
wealth happily as a good governor, let him not to be negligent in observing the excellent
counsels of the Lord that have been seth forth in the divine eloquence.”63 In the Second
Bible, however, Hucbald makes stronger claims. Scriptures does not only provide
Charles with an ethical guide for government. They also transform the king into an im-
age of Christ.64 The verses put forth the fundamental ontology of holy writing as a tool
that allows the human mind to ascend towards God through the knowledge of his son,
Christ.65 In this way, the king would have partaken into the eternal wisdom of God and
become, like Christ, an image of the ultimate virtuous king. This understanding of scrip-
tural exegesis was based on the Carolingian political concept of rulership as ministerium
and the fact that the king was considered an image or type of Christ.66 For the Carolingi-
ans, the power of a righteous king rested on his ability to follow in the footsteps of Christ
and his Old Testament types in order to properly rule his Christian people and bring
them to salvation.67 As Janet Nelson and others have shown, the notion of royal power
as pastoral power, as well as the idea that peoples' salvation was as the goal of rulership
and legislation, represented an important feature of Carolingian political ideology. 68
Only the wisest king capable of fathoming the many layered meaning of Scripture could
be a true rector of his Christian people.69
         Most certainly, Charles the Bald would have been able to contemplate the mean-
ing of the multivalent geometric forms in the Bible’s decorated letters. Among all of the
early Carolingian kings, he was the most educated and shared interests with his ecclesi-
astical contemporaries in theology and politics.70 Scholars who dedicated their works to
the king praised him warmly for his learning and regarded him as the philosopher ruler.
Moreover, Charles was a generous patron and the recipient of several illustrated manu-
scripts, including a luxury copy of Boethius’ treatise On Arithmetic (De Arithmetica) that
was illuminated in the scriptorium of Tours (Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek H. J. IV 12, ca.
845). In the manuscript, geometric diagrams are used to engender a dynamic process of
visual reading, which teaches the king the meaning of geometrical forms as generated
and composed by numbers (fig. 14).



    62 “I pray that his Scriptures [will] be examined from the start of this volume / With a pious mind, with

effort, with speech, [and] with faith. / For here is the fount, here the powerful teaching, here the overflowing
streams…” Kessler (1997), 17, 107.
    63 Dyson (2010), 85.

    64 See note 60.

    65 Kessler (1994), 533–584.

    66 Ullmann (1969), 43–70.

    67 Nelson (1987), 99–131; Garrison (2000), 114–161; Heydemann (2020), 89–131.

    68 Nelson (1994), 52–88; Alberi (1988), 3–17.

    69 See Nelson (1990), 258–296.

    70 Mckitterick (1980), 28–47.




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    Fig. 14. Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek H. J. IV 12, fol. 81r, square numbers, © Staatsbibliothek.

        The author of the dedication poem also praises the study of numbers and invites
Charles the Bald to look and to understand their infinite and eternal natures. As Laura
Cochrane has shown, the manuscript was probably made at the same time of the First
Bible in 845. It was likely intended to train the king, who was still in his early years, in
the mathematical arts and thus to prepare him for the intellectual rigors of Bible study
and theology.71
        Highly educated and assisted by the ornament and the diagrammatic signs pre-
sent in the decoration of the Second Bible’s letters, Charles’s mind would have been able
to move beyond the visible language and recognize the invisible divine meaning of
Scripture. By accessing the Bible’s meaning in this way, Charles would partake in God’s
Wisdom and thus would be transformed into a living embodiment of Divine Wisdom.
As such, he would bring unity, glory, and wealth to the Christian kingdom. According




   71   Cochrane (2016), 11.



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                                           Riccardo PIZZINATO

to Hucbald’s ideas, the Second Bible would have served as a Mirror of Princes and sup-
plied Charles the Bald with spiritual guidance.72
         The message that Hucbald sought to convey seems particularly appropriate in
the years 871–872 when the manuscript was in production. At the time, Charles the Bald
was in a difficult political situation due to the revolt of his son Carloman, who was abbot
of Saint Amand from 867 to 870.
         As the third son of Charles the Bald, Carloman was excluded from the royal suc-
cession to the throne of West Francia and “probably unwillingly” forced to a religious
career.73 However, he always had aspirations to secular power and acted more like a lay
abbot than a cleric. He economically exploited the rich monasteries given to him, leaving
religious matters to a regular abbot. After the death of his elder brother in 866 and his
father’s conquest of Lotharingian in 869, Carloman had high hopes to return to a lay
status and to have his share in the royal succession.74 These prospects, however, were
threatened when Charles, after the death of Carloman’s mother, married Richildis. A
new line of heirs would have foreclosed for Carloman the possibility of royal succession
alongside his brother Louis.75 Fueled by the desire of possessing a kingdom, Carloman
started lobbying on his own account, while Charles and his brother Louis the German
were negotiating the partition of the territories of Lotharigia in June 870.
         Charles reacted at his son’s actions and accused him of stirring up plots.76 He
deprived him of the abbacy of St. Amand, imprisoned him, and he elected Gozlin as new
abbot. Carloman’s imprisonment, however, did not last long. Thanks to his “sympathies
in high places” and the intervention of pope Hadrian II, he was quickly released.77 De-
spite his promise of “staying at his father’s side,” Carloman escaped, raiding the territo-
ries in the regions of Toul and Mouzon. In 871, after a successful campaign in Burgundy,
Charles ordered a harsh reprisal against Carloman and his supporters. In November, in
fear of being pursued, Carloman decided to meet with his father. Charles ordered his
son to stay with him until he had the opportunity to speak with his counselors and de-
cide which “honors” to grant him.78 The king later condemned Carloman to prison but
allowed his accomplices to live in the kingdom bound by an oath of fidelity.79
         Hucbald’s poem can certainly be interpreted as referring to the conflict between
Charles and Carloman.80 The verses mention “the offspring namesake of Charles,” who
was “a fierce and perverse tyrant” and who deceived Charles the Bald.81 They clearly
refer to Carloman and his continuous actions of pillaging the northern regions of France.


    72 The last verse of the poems recites: “May such a fine possession benefit this exceptional man.” Appen-

dix, v. 153.
    73 Nelson (1988), 109; Nelson (1991), 165–180.

    74 Nelson (1988), 110.

    75 Nelson (1988), 110.

    76 Nelson (1988), 110.

    77 Nelson (1988), 111.

    78 Nelson (1988), 111.

    79 Nelson (1988), 112–113.

    80 Guilmain (1966), 247–248; Mckitterick (1980), 46–47.

    81 Appendix, vv. 99–100.




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The poem also remarks Charles’s great piety in sparing his son, “along with all of his
subject who wanted to deprive him of his reign.”82 This can be understood as a reference
to the events of 871, when the king imprisoned his son two times without condemning
him to death, a sentence that was eventually converted into blinding his son later in
873.83
         The struggle between Charles and his son surely raised anxieties among the mo-
nastic community of St Amand and the newly elected abbot Gozlin. The damage done
to the monastery’s material interests was probably of more immediate importance to the
abbot. St. Amand was a royal abbey and its activities depended directly on the king’s
patronage. The abbey was an important site of religious life and a significant intellectual
center of manuscript production in the kingdom.84 Since Charles visited the monastery
in 847, he made substantial donations to the abbots and gifts to the church.85 Two of
Charles’s sons were also educated there. To honor the ruler, Milo, chief master of the
monastic school, wrote a Life of St. Amand between 845 and 850 as well as the poem of
praise On Sobriety (De Sobrietate) in 871, which was sent to the king by his nephew and
successor Hucbald.86 In 871, Gozlin, who had been appointed by Charles as the new ab-
bot of St. Amand, played an important role in safeguarding the interests of the monks in
his charge during the process of pacification between Charles the Bald and his son.87 The
abbot made personal requests to the king to reserve certain lands for the exclusive use
of the monks and to increase the mensal revenue of the monastery. The king granted
Gozlin’s requests, making provisions for the monks in February and April 872, respec-
tively.88
         In the context of these events, the Second Bible could have been an appropriate
gift for carrying Gozlin’s pleas to Charles the Bald. In the poem, the theme of the wise
ruler is associated with material prosperity, which corresponds with Charles’s praise as
a zealous and generous king. The verses at the end exalt the virtuous king for having
undergone many challenges in his life, including the revolt of his son. They also praise
his integrity because, in addition to sparing Carloman’s followers, he also gave them
back great properties: “giving to some of them even more.”89 Hucbald’s flattering words
would have allowed Gozlin to approach the king with an important message about rul-
ership that was particularly relevant in that historical moment. The Bible would have
supplied the ruler with knowledge and guidance in reconstituting legality in the Chris-
tian kingdom. At the same time, the manuscript would have advanced the interests of
the Abbey by reminding the wise king that sacred knowledge is supplied by the monas-
tery’s intellectual activity, which relies on royal patronage.

   82  Appendix, v. 102.
   83  Nelson (1988), 115.
    84 Platelle (1962), 64–65; Mckitterick (1980), 43.

    85 As a mark of his continuous favor, in 867, the king made a gift for the renovation of the altar and tomb

of St. Amand. Platelle (1962), 57–62; Mckitterick (1980), 45.
    86 Smith (1996), 151–171; Bottiglieri (2006), 39–53.

    87 Nelson (1991), 172.

    88 Platelle (1962), 300–305.

    89 Appendix, vv. 103–104.




                                                      97
                                          Riccardo PIZZINATO

         Appendix

        Biblorum seriem Karolus rex inclitus istam
        Contexit chryso corde colens catharo.
        O miranda nimis domini sapientia summi,
        Quae praesens aderas, dum caelos ipse parabat,
   5    Nec spectanda minus, quod sic disponere cuncta
        Ordine composito nosti sub iure coapto.
        Tu stellas stellis interposuisse videris,
        Sidereas vario expungens discrimine metas,
        Luminibus cunctis statuens praeponere solem;
   10   Tu quoque circuiens caeli90 sic undique gyrum
        Nexisti mediam convexo climate terram,
        Tu mare fluctifluum divisa parte locasti.
        Diversas gentes habitus sic mosque reservant,
        Sed tu primatum cunctis in gentibus aequum
   15   Sola tenes propria reprimens virtute superbos.
        Regibus et regnis semper tu iura dedisti:
        Paruit atque tuis quisquis de regibus orsis,
        Culmine sublimi micuit sublimior ipse.
        Felices dicti, felices sunt quoque facti,
   20   Quique haesere tibi: tua laus et gloria regnant.
        Biblorum serie de multis multa feruntur:
        Correctis aliis, reprobatis denique multis
        Quosdam glorifico rexisti nomine reges;
        Sed servasse tuum tibimet specialiter unum
   25   Ac proprium Karolum claret sapientibus orbis.
        Quem solem solum regali scemate clarum
        Lumine conspicuum ponis, sapientia, primum.
        Nunc licet atque libet scrutari funditus illum
        Rite modum, reges tibi quo placuisse sciuntur:
   30   Sicque91 tuus dici Karolus vel possit haberi,
        Pandatur saltem paucis rudibusque loquelis.
        Fortis nam David per te regnavit et egit
        Arma beatorum nec non et norma reorum
        Stare docens sanctos rursusque resurgere lapsos.
   35   Non pateris humiles penitus tu, sancta, perire,
        Quos te corde tuo satis acceptasse fateris:
        Corripis et reprimis; quos corrigis, erigis aeque;

   90  The manuscript reads caeli. In his transcription, Traube introduces an orthographical change: coeli.
Traube (1896), 255.
    91 The manuscript reads sicque. Traube introduces an orthographical change: sique. Traube (1896), 255–

56.



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             The Second Bible of Charles the Bald: Patronage and Intellectual Community at St. Amand

        Exerces cunctos, animo quos diligis almo;
        Viribus et validis virtutes grata ministras;
40      Displicuisse putant stolidi quos diligis immo.
        Rex Salomon, quoniam potius tua dona petivit
        Ut sapiens posset fieri, praecelsior ullis
        Regibus existens opibus pollebat opimis
        Iudicioque rato tecum bona plurima sanxit
45      Doctrinaque tua mundum redimivit abunde,
        Mirificum domino meruit quoque condere templum:
        A te secedens, in se dispendia passus,
        Dogma quod exhausit de te, per saecula lucet.
        Ergone tute tuum Karolum non diligis ultro?
50      An hominum cuiquam humili fit corde secundus?
        An pietate calet caluitque tanta vel alter?
        Qui memorans adeo cunctarum pectore rerum,
        Ut nihil auditum vel visum oblivio carpat:
        Propria sola latet deleta92 iniuria mente.
55      An de iustitiae dicam sileamve tenore?
        Si quid forte minus, fateor: miseratio vincit.
        Eia age, prome manum largam, vox libera dictu:
        Testis erit verax nunc orphanus atque pupillus
        Sic merito cunctos istorum nomine signo,
60      Dum non excipitur quisquam nec pellitur usquam.
        Nec mare praeterea fervens in gurgite vasto
        Hanc retinere manum potuit poteritque vel unquam:
        Diversae hoc linguae diversa parte loquuntur,
        Diversi mores laudant concorditer ipsam.
65      Felix ergo manus, sed mens felicior huius,
        Pauper quae potius secum, quin constat egena,
        Non inflata tumens regalis stemmate typi;
        Sed, caro dum gemmis auroque ornata refulget,
        Haec secum semper meditatur nocte dieque,
70      Lucidior Christo quo sole resplendeat ipso:
        Sicque tuum Karolum facis, o sapientia, solem.
        Nempe ubi thesaurus cor, ibi fore rite probatur,93
        Quod huius domino semper constanter adhaeret,
        In quo quicquid habet dulci pietate recondit.
75      Quid si nunc ipsum terris in carne videret?
        Quo sub amore pedes, quo voto figeret ori?



92   The manuscript reads deleta. Traube reads delata. Traube (1896), 256.
93   Mt. 6:21; Lk. 12:34.



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         Quando datam legem tanto veneratur honore?94
         Quid de evangelico textu replicabo colendo?
         En ipsos apices gemmis circumdat et auro:
   80    O quanto Christum mens fervida diligit ista,
         Cuius amore sibi vilescunt omnia mundi.
         Est modus, ut nec habens habeat nec habere cupiscat,
         Est et habens sicut nec habens, sed et erogat ultro:
         Ista virum virtus condigno nomine comit.
   85    Ecce patet, Salomon quoniam, o sapientia, temet
         Non plus dilexit Karolo sine fine beando.
         Tu quoque nec David tantis per quaeque probasti;
         Inter quae quaedam de quodam gratia facto
         Multa tibi toto debetur corde ferenda:
   90    Amisit David regnum rursusque recepit,
         Morte tamen geniti tristatus valde dolebat;
         Tuque tuo Karolo reparasti regna paterna
         Nec dolor accessit, sed amor fraternus adhaesit:
         Unde tuum Karolum semper servabis ubique.
   95    Ergo nec hunc David nec Iob magis esse probatos
         Apparet plane, pro te nec plura tulisse,
         Quanta tuus Karolus mitis, pius atque benignus,
         ΝΗΦΑΛΕΟΣsobrius ΦΡΟΝΙΜΟΣsapiens ΣΠΟΥΔΑΙΟΣfortis ΚΑΙ ΔΕatque ΔΙΚΑΙΟΣiustus
         Aequivoco Karolo frustratus germine digno
   100   Indulsit pro te saevo scaevoque tyranno,
         Omnibus atque suis regno privantibus ipsum
         Tam bonitate proba, tanta pietate pepercit;
         Quin pervalde suis inimicis maxima rursus
         Praedia restituit, donans ac plura quibusdam.
   105   Quid95 mereatur erus sanci, sapientia, tantus96
         Iudicio nostro primus prae regibus extat.
         Pragmate posco pio, populorum pectora pando:
         Praecipuo prosit perproba proprietas.




   94 The manuscript has a question mark. Traube reads the punctuation sign as a comma. Traube (1896),

256–57.
   95 Traube introduces a question mark after quid. Traube (1896), 257. The manuscript does not have any

punctuation sign. It appears that the punctuation sign does not have meaning here because of the use of the
imperative sanci.
   96 Traube introduces a question mark after tantus. Traube (1896), 257. The manuscript does not have any

punctuation sign. It appears that the Latin sentence is not an interrogative.



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