‘In memory, perhaps’: la finzione scenica come critica della verità storiografica nella drammaturgia di Howard Brenton
10.13125/2039-6597/3763
Il dramma storico è un genere paradossale per come incarna il conflitto fra verità fattuale, finzione artistica e realtà concreta delle persone e degli oggetti in scena. Per questo si presta, soprattutto se realistico, a consolidare una versione degli eventi, ripetendola sotto gli occhi di tutti, ma anche, sottolineando la finzionalità o le convenzioni, a mettere in dubbio l’affidabilità di qualunque rievocazione del passato.La seconda possibilià, diffusa nella drammaturgia impegnata contemporanea, è qui illustrata attraverso il caso – esemplare per qualità e quantità – di Howard Brenton. Le sue opere spesso denunciano l’inaffidabilità la possibile manipolazione dei documenti (The Romans in Britain, 1980; H.I.D. – Hess Is Dead, 1989; In Extremis, 2006).  E l’ovvia falsità di quanto avviene in scena si combina con l’intima realtà umana di attori e spettatori mettendo in discussione la vulgata su figure iconiche (The Churchill Play, 1974; Anne Boleyn, 2010; Lawrence After Arabia, 2016).
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‘In memory, perhaps’: Howard Brenton’s stage fictions as historiographical criticism
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Università di Pavia
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Society of the Spectacle
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‘In memory, perhaps’: Howard Brenton’s stage fictions as historiographical criticism
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9
                ‘In memory, perhaps’:
           Howard Brenton’s stage fictions
            as historiographical criticism

                                   Vera Cantoni


Abstract
      Historical drama embodies the conflict between factual truth, the artistic
fiction of representation and the reality of people and objects on stage. It can
therefore be employed, especially when realistic in form, to support a version
of events, by letting everybody see its repetition. But by highlighting fictionality
or conventions it can also be harnessed to challenge the reliability of any
reconstruction of the past.
      The latter possibility, widely employed in contemporary playwriting, is
investigated here by focusing on the exemplary case of Howard Brenton. His
works often show up the opaqueness and unreliability of documents and
accounts (The Romans in Britain, 1980; H.I.D. – Hess Is Dead, 1989; In Extremis,
2006). And they combine the patent fiction on stage and the intimate human
reality of actors and spectators so as to question the received image of iconic
figures (The Churchill Play, 1974; Anne Boleyn, 2010; Lawrence after Arabia, 2016).



Keywords
     Howard Brenton; Contemporary Drama; History Play; Audience; Society
of the Spectacle




Between, vol. IX, n. 18 (Novembre/November 2019)
ISSN 2039-6597
DOI: 10.13125/2039-6597/3763
Vera Cantoni, ‘In memory, perhaps’: Howard Brenton’s stage fictions as historiographical criti-
cism




         ‘In memory, perhaps’:
    Howard Brenton’s stage fictions as
       historiographical criticism

                                    Vera Cantoni


                             History plays for now
      Rather early in his career, when historical drama was not yet the
predominant genre in his oeuvre, British playwright Howard Brenton
already felt the need to discuss its role in his manifestly engaged output.
He writes «’history plays for now’», he said, «because of the old truth –
that if you don’t understand the past, you’ll never understand the
present, let alone the future» (Hay - Roberts 1979: 138). Far from being a
form of escapism, his choice of remote time settings is rooted in Marxist
historicism. Reflections along these lines, together with scripts that
address contemporary issues by means of more or less ancient events,
have constantly characterised his career. In discussing some of his
twenty-first-century plays, he still stressed that «history plays are not
exactly parables but you can show the workings of society more clearly
in some way, and hope that there’s a resonance» (Woddis 2010).
      The reference to “parables” as a similar genre is bound to evoke the
Marxist playwright ‘par excellence’, Bertolt Brecht. As a matter of fact,
Brenton’s complex relationship with Brecht has developed throughout
numerous theoretical contributions and two adaptations (The Life of
Galileo, 1980; Conversations in Exile, 1982). At first he defined himself «a
Left anti-Brechtian» and bluntly stated that «Brecht’s plays don’t work»
(Itzin - Trussler 1975: 14); then he criticized more specifically «the
Brechtian, received idea of an epic» (Hays - Roberts 1979: 139) and
started working on the hypothesis of a «British epic theatre» (Brenton



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1986b: xi). Finally, after his close encounter with Das Leben des Galilei,
which «overwhelmed» him (Mitchell - Brenton 1987: 199), he recognized
the strengths of Brecht’s dramaturgy and identified his only objection to
much of the German writer’s output: «what he thought was clarity and
fierce presentation of humanity often plays as a dehumanized and static
pageant» (Brenton 1986a: 6) in his «obvious parables» (ibid.)1. In other
words, they lack the human complexity and “resonance” that can
hopefully be provided by laying open the workings of a historical
society rather than those of an abstract one.
      These reflections have shown two of the ways in which Brenton’s
dramatizations of history are relevant to the author’s time: they can
outline its origins or portray a similar situation, which distance makes
easier to analyse. Yet there is a third essential link between past and
present they often display: historiography and its unreliability.
      On the occasion of the World War I centenary, Brenton wrote
Doctor Scroggy’s War, that thematises this question in a short but pithy
dialogue between guilt-stricken Field Marshal Sir John French and badly
wounded Captain Jack Twigg:

        FRENCH        It was all pointless.
        JACK          It was not, sir. It was glorious.
        FRENCH        You, with your injuries, can say that? (A beat.) Well,
     carry on.
        JACK          Yes, sir! FRENCH turns away. The British cavalry are
     immortal, sir.
        FRENCH        In memory, perhaps. (Brenton 2014: 93)

    Even in the mind of a soldier who suffers the horrific consequences
of warfare, collective memory can make battles appear glorious and
warriors immortal. French had spotted and promoted Jack for his
enthusiastic knowledge of military history; now he perceives the full



     1
       Further insights into the Brecht-Brenton connection can be found in
Reinelt 1985, 1992 and 1994.


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Vera Cantoni, ‘In memory, perhaps’: Howard Brenton’s stage fictions as historiographical criti-
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power of that tradition, which will draw the disfigured officer, like
many others, back to the trenches.
     This reflection on the deceptively sublime memory of bloodshed
had obviously topical resonances among the events marking the
centenary of the Great War, yet the theme was not new to Brenton’s
works. On the contrary, he had repeatedly focused on it in the 1980s. His
notoriously violent depiction of colonization and conflict The Romans in
Britain (1980) stresses the need for untruthful accounts on the opposite
ends of the social spectrum. Top-down, Caesar is accompanied by a
historian, Asinus (Latin for ‘Ass’), to whom the commander dictates an
embellished version of his campaign for a propagandist official
biography (Brenton 1980: 42-52). The very last lines of the play
dramatize the birth of a legend, bottom-up, when two cooks, left without
a trade in time of war and famine, turn to poetry and conjure up the
story of the perfect King of Britain.

        FIRST COOK          […] And when he was dead, the King who
      never was and the Government that never was – were mourned.
      And remembered. Bitterly. And thought of as a golden age, lost and
      yet to come.
        CORDA               Very pretty.
        MORGANA             What was his name?
        FIRST COOK          Any old name dear. (To the SECOND COOK:)
      What was his name?
        SECOND COOK Right. Er – any old name. Arthur?
      Arthur? (Ibid.: 94-5)

      Those in power need to justify their position; the helpless need an
illusion they can cling to. Although in different styles, they both turn to
historiography to find their myths, and they both succeed, because the
audience can easily recognize the official account of the Romans
bringing civilisation to the British Isles and everybody knows King
Arthur, the once and future king.




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                 Historiographical Metatheatre
      In 1989, Brenton devoted to the subject of historiography’s
opaqueness a whole play, the title of which already turns an apparently
simple statement into a cryptic allusion to concealment: H.I.D. (Hess Is
Dead). The set design depicted in the first stage direction is characterised
by three features, all suggesting a flaunted and yet ambiguous
fictionality: tapestries that «have a trompe l’oeil effect, describing a room
in a late seventeenth century palace» (Brenton 1989: 1), but which leave
a gap near the floor and gently move, thus creating the room and
denying its solidity at the same time; chairs and monitors for the
spectators as well as for the performers, so that they may intermingle;
«a sense that the whole space is ‘bugged’, tense with multiple recording
devices, audio and visual» (ibid.).
      In this puzzling context, a journalist, Larry Palmer, is faced with the
argument that Nazi criminal Rudolf Hess could not have committed
suicide and therefore must have been murdered in prison, and even
with the hypothesis that the Spandau prisoner was not really Hess. Yet
all information available is presented to him (and to the audience) in
more or less fictional forms and all hard evidence is destroyed; the fact
that Hess was too old and frail to hang himself, for instance, is conveyed
by means of a young woman’s dance (ibid.: 17-22), and essential
documents are apparently consumed by fire (ibid.: 58-60). Moreover, the
whole story is offered to the journalist by a possibly insane young
woman (ibid.: 5-7, 61-3).
      In the central part of the play, the conversations between Palmer
and his source give way to those of the experts that wrote the official
statement concerning Hess’s death (ibid.: 27-61), but even they do not
appear to know the whole story and, after all, their own identity is
doubtful (ibid.: 63). At one point, a video recording shows a figure in
seventeenth-century costume entering the room (ibid.: 30-1). In
conclusion, there does not seem to be any actual truth to be discovered,
just a heap of overlapping lies and fictions.




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         PALMER In my trade, facts are all. They are stones. Stones are
      real. That was said, that was done. But hard facts can, I find, go…
      mushy. The stones turn to marshmallow. The… assassination of
      John Kennedy? Was there a second gunman? The death of Mozart,
      poisoned by Salieri? The world has seen Amadeus, the movie.
      Actually, Salieri was a good friend to Mozart. Who was not a
      pauper but a man with a carriage and servants. Not poisoned he
      just caught the ‘flu. But once the world has seen the movie… (Ibid.:
      13)

       Not only does the truth melt, then, but it is replaced by the
apparently solid details of shameless fiction. Conscious fiction cannot
(re)establish the truth, though, because it is unfathomable: H.I.D. ends
without revealing the circumstances of Hess’s death or solving any of
the problems raised. What artists can do is highlight the unreliability of
historical accounts, and a typically theatrical way to do so is to stress the
fictionality of the stage and draw a parallel between its lies and those of
ostensibly objective chronicles.
       This procedure is essentially what Alexander Feldman has defined
«historiographical metatheatre»2 in its stricter acceptation, i.e. not only
«all of those works, and parts of works, in which self-reflexive
engagements with the traditions and forms of dramatic art illuminate
historical themes and aid in the representation of historical events»
(Feldman 2013: 2-3) but those with a specific interest in the way facts
«are constituted in the discourse of history; how history is written and
how one conceives of history, in philosophical and ideological terms,
prior to and during the process of writing it» (ibid.: 3).
       Feldman chooses one of Brenton’s plays among the examples with
which he illustrates the concept: The Churchill Play (1974). Both the
historical subject and the metatheatricality of this text are evident in its
title, that refers to a biographical sketch staged in the near future by the
inmates of the Winston Churchill Internment Camp. The script actually

      The phrase is obviously modelled on Linda Hutcheon’s “historiograph-
      2

ical metafiction” (1988: 105-23) but, as Feldman points out, the two genres are
independent, though related, and so are their investigations (2013: xv).


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opens with the Prime Minister’s apparent resurrection, which soon turns
out to be part of the prisoners’ rehearsals. Throughout the play, the
preparation and the performance of their community production is
mixed with scenes of camp life and with an official visit, during which
the theatricals take place and the ‘actors’ plan to escape.
     The necessity of rewriting history or at least adding new
perspectives to its narrative is manifest since the first scene of the play,
when the soldiers standing vigil over Churchill’s catafalque hear him
knocking, and one expresses the hope the dead man will not be able to
come out.

        MARINE He’ll come out, he’ll come out, I do believe that of
     him. Capable of anything, that one. (Fiercely.) To bugger working
     people. (He coughs. Recovers. Fiercely.) We have never forgiven him
     in Wales. He sent soldiers against us, bloody man. He sent soldiers
     against Welsh mining men in 1910. Three were shot.
        [...]
        PRIVATE But ‘e won a war. ‘E did that, ‘e won a war.
        MARINE People won the War. He just got pissed with Stalin…
     (Brenton 1974: 113)

      So Churchill may be celebrated as a war hero, but he was also a
fierce Home Secretary; many people loved him, but others detested him;
in point of fact, the Marine suggests, it was the soldiers, not him, who
fought and defeated the Nazis. The final remark is especially relevant to
the argument of Feldman’s book, the subtitle of which is In History’s
Wings, because it shifts the focus from a well-known figure to the
unrecorded masses. Nevertheless, the Marine’s line does not end with
the reference to the anonymous soldiers, and Brenton’s text is in fact
centred on the popular perception of Churchill more than on the
importance of the people.
      Generally speaking, while Feldman is quite right in remarking that
historiographical metatheatre has often been employed to shed light on
the minor characters that chronicles often neglect, a wider analysis of
Brenton’s output will illustrate the possibility to focus it, on the contrary,



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Vera Cantoni, ‘In memory, perhaps’: Howard Brenton’s stage fictions as historiographical criti-
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on the most widely known personages, so as to reveal the shallowness
of their iconic images.
       The title of The Churchill Play, to begin with, is by no means
deceptive in drawing attention to the role of Churchill almost as much
as on the performance. Indeed, not only the play-within-the-play is
consistently focused on the statesman (ibid.: 111-4, 160-2), his career
(ibid.: 119-20, 164-5), his participation in the Yalta conference (ibid.: 142-
3), the way people perceived him (ibid.: 159, 163, 167-70) and his personal
life (ibid.: 165-7), but his figure can be recognised at the core of the play.
The internment camp being entitled to an icon of British democracy
resisting, fighting and winning against nazifascism is not just a joke.
Coupled with the reflections on the limits of the statesman’s acclaimed
simplified portrait, it can be taken to stress the risks of such an
apparently innocent redaction of history: silencing dissenting voices,
even just by passively accepting to turn a person into a monument, in
this case paradoxically an emblem of democracy, is the first step towards
the loss of civil rights epitomized by the creation of internment camps.
       The connection between an overtly political outlook and a
postmodern distrust of linear narratives is thus strongly established
while focusing on those “historical heroes” of which both attitudes are
natural enemies. Such an engaged metatheatrical attack on the received
images of well-known figures is a hallmark of Brenton’s history plays,
which makes them stand out among both the historiographical
metatheatre theorised by Feldman and the metabiographical drama
analysed by Ursula Canton (2011: 97-122).

             Historiographically conscious characters
     Indeed, several texts of Brenton’s underline the ‘fictionalisation’ of
historical figures by playing on theatricality. An obvious case is that of
Lawrence after Arabia (2016), as the title itself suggests: TS Lawrence
became the well-known national hero ‘Lawrence of Arabia’ at thirty, and
the drama is centred on the clash between his hardly exhausted desire
for adventure and the fixed role popularity imposed on him. The



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specificity of this character compared to the other historical icons
discussed here is his deep and painful awareness of such crystallization.
       Moreover, it is in theatrical (and therefore meta-theatrical) terms
that he faces and opposes it. He consciously wears his ‘costumes’,
getting dressed on stage, in his army uniform and then in the
unmistakable Arab robes (Brenton 2016: 24 and 28); and he tries to create
different identities for himself by donning other meaningful clothes (the
uniforms of Aircraftman Second Class and of private in a tank regiment,
ibid.: 16 and 84) and inventing new names for himself (John Hume Ross,
ibid.: 18; Shaw, ibid.: 84). In other words, knowing that fame has turned
him into a character, he tries to change into another.
       As a matter of fact, Lawrence, who is also plagued by a sense of
guilt for betraying his friend prince Feisal and the Arab cause, is also
conscious of an original sin of publicity: he built the image of ‘Lawrence
of Arabia’ himself by means, for instance, of well-thought photographs
(ibid.: 30-2, 35). Lowell Thomas, who took those pictures, is now his self-
appointed populariser and avowedly part of the cost of fame (ibid.: 12-
5). As a mythologizing biographer, he represents the cultural industry,
patronising the public and feeding on exceptional people by turning
them into icons; but he is also a product of Lawrence’s ambiguity, of his
«forever backing into the limelight» (ibid.: 15), as even his fellow fame-
victim GB Shaw says.
       Lawrence’s ambiguous flirtation with his own myth is nowhere
more evident than in his autobiographical book, Seven Pillars of Wisdom.
In Brenton’s play, the question of its truthfulness is linked to the
complexity of private, rather than public, memory: the memoir contains
an account of the hero’s being captured and tortured while he was
spying in disguise in Daraa that does not correspond to the reality of
facts but to his own desire for punishment3. Yet this psychological truth
can be just as real as the physical one:


     3
       Of course, all these reflections refer to the play’s Lawrence: biographers
and critics have discussed the facts, his account and its interpretations, but this
debate is not relevant to the present analysis of the dramatic character.



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         TOM                    I wanted it. It is real to me, now. It is what I
      live. Every day.
         CHARLOTTE              But it didn’t happen.
         TOM                    I’ve made it happen. I wrote it. (Ibid.: 80)

      Brenton’s play features another celebrated writer, GB Shaw, who is
portrayed, together with his wife Charlotte, secretly hosting Lawrence.
The Irish playwright is equally conscious of his public persona, he also
performs roles (e.g. ibid.: 10, 38), but his tone is amused and farcical
rather than moving and tense. As his secretary Patch remarks, he is
stubbornly cheerful (ibid.: 37) and makes it often hard to tell whether he
is cracking a joke or speaking in earnest.
      With her just as resolved refusal to be entertained by his antics
(ibid.: 10), Patch is a perfect foil for Shaw, a stooge and a critic at the same
time. The play actually starts with a deeply meaningful gag of theirs
(ibid.: 8). Shaw is dictating a speech of the Grand Inquisitor in Saint Joan,
but he suddenly starts commenting on his own attitude and work, and
the secretary fails to notice the change, thus implicitly showing that his
style is just as dramatic as his characters. Furthermore, she makes a
reference to the fictionality of history plays, in answering his attempt to
demonstrate that he was obviously speaking as himself and not as the
Grand Inquisitor when he said, among other things, that he is a
playwright:

        GBS           The Grand Inquisitor is not a playwright.
        PATCH For all I know you may have decided to make him
      one. (Ibid.: 8)

      Indeed, in a multiple ‘mise en abyme’, Shaw is writing a history
play and in particular a speech centred on the omissions of
historiography: «The records of the Holy Inquisition are full of histories
we dare not give to the world» (ibid.: 8), it begins. Later on, the Irish
playwright will admit to reading the present through the lens of his
current work, after connecting Lawrence’s predicament to Saint Joan’s
(ibid.: 43-6). The succession of mirror images highlights the fictionality



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of the dramatic text, but it also points to the unreliability of all historical
accounts: Shaw is not only writing about Saint Joan with Lawrence in
mind (ibid.: 82), but he is also reading his friend’s behaviour in the light
of his protagonist’s. In other words, even first-hand perceptions, at the
very moment an encounter takes place, are tainted by fictional
templates.
       The sundry narratives at play in Lawrence after Arabia do not come
into open conflict: Charlotte questions Lawrence and challenges his
point of view (ibid.: 79-80), but nobody writes or even tells a different
story; Thomas threatens to give alternative, horrible lectures on the hero
(ibid.: 14-5) but he does not carry out his threat; the successive versions
of Seven Pillars of Wisdom probably differed substantially, but they have
been lost or destroyed, just like some crucial diary pages (ibid.: 69).
       The theme of contrasting histories is on the contrary central to In
Extremis (2006), Brenton’s dramatization of Abelard and Heloise’s ill-
fated love, that is represented as being already fictionalised while it is
still in progress. At the very moment when the heroine discovers that it
is over, because Abelard, emasculated by order of her outraged uncle,
has taken the vows, the abbess Mother Helene helps her realise that
«even the memory of love isn’t real. It becomes just a beautiful story.
Not life» (Brenton 2006: 67). And since the beginning, theirs is
surrounded by other narratives concerning them: Denise, Abelard’s
sister, hears rumours that mix correct details («she is the niece of a canon
at Notre Dame», ibid.: 18) with exaggerations («she is thirteen», ibid.).
Later on, it is still Denise who says they are «the great lovers, the scandal
and the wonder of the world, sung about in songs» (ibid.: 48). When they
have already become an abbess and an abbot, they are the object of
popular jokes and songs, and Heloise’s name is used as a byword for
lust and pleasure (ibid.: 69-70).
       But the main narrative with which theirs is bound to clash is
Bernard of Clairvaux’s. The ascetic abbot is portrayed in Brenton’s play
as the lovers’ antagonist mainly because he embodies absolute belief
while they represent philosophy coupled with religion so as to pair
reason with faith (ibid.: 78). Bernard sees Abelard as an unrepentant
sinner and a heretic and Abelard considers Bernard a fanatic. The


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cism


humanist is utterly defeated at the Council of Sens (ibid.: 79-82), but time
will overthrow that conclusion by making the lovers’ story much more
read and believed than the ascetic’s (ibid.: 90).
      While throughout the drama Heloise and Abelard are essentially
the protagonists of either private narratives or uncontrolled rumours,
Bernard soon begins to take care of his public figure and almost
anticipate his own hagiography. As his followers Alberic and Lotholf
remark, he even repeats actions that have become part of his legend,
such as licking Lotholf’s feet: the first time they met, it was a gesture of
humility and an attempt at relieving his suffering after a long walk (ibid.:
21-2), but in time it may be transformed into a miraculous healing (ibid.:
70-1). Alberic explains to his uncomprehending companion that they
«live in a mythic time» (ibid.: 71).
      In the last scene of the play, Heloise accuses Bernard of having
consciously acted so as to build his life legend, and she asserts this was
his main purpose in attempting a late reconciliation with Abelard (ibid.:
82-6) and then pretending it was successful (ibid.: 89), as well as in
visiting her after her lover’s death (ibid.: 88-9). Their final dialogue is
focused on the reversal of fortune operated by time and the book market:
Heloise states that Bernard is the loser, in the end, and he does not
understand, since Abelard’s works are banned, while he is as influential
as ever, but the abbess is thinking of the future.

         HELOISE        […] I suppose there’s Peter’s autobiography.
         BERNARD His what?
         HELOISE        He called it History of My Sorrows. Peter was always
      a little self-dramatizing.
         BERNARD Abelard wrote an autobiography? (A dread comes
      over him.) Am I in it?
         HELOISE        Oh we’re all in it. And there are our letters. […]
      There are copies translated into every language of the world.
      (Taking the Penguin paperback edition out of her habit.) Look, here’s one
      in English, eight hundred and fifty years from now.
         She holds the Penguin book out to BERNARD, who stares at it, then
      out to the audience.
         Blackout. (Ibid.: 90)


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     It is worth noting that Heloise does not present Abelard’s narrative
as the unqualified truth; on the contrary, she stresses the fact that he has
always been melodramatic when speaking of himself, and she describes
the content of their letters as transparently subjective («full of our love
and pain, and our hopes to live a better life», ibid.). In this play too,
Brenton shows that historical figures are unavoidably fictionalised, even
though sometimes voluntarily and even by their own hands.

              The responsibility of the audience
     The ending of In Extremis brings to the fore another essential aspect
of the way Brenton criticises historical simplification by means of
metatheatricality: the central role, in both fields, of the audience. It is
future readers that will decree the lovers’ ultimate victory over the
ascetic, and, as the final gesture shows, the same public opinion is
represented in the theatre by the audience.
     Conversely, spectators had their representatives on stage, in the
chorus of young nuns. They are first introduced as the gossips from
whom Denise has heard of her brother’s affair (ibid.: 17-8). Then Mother
Helene describes them as simple and naive, needing to be sheltered from
the exceptional worldly experience of Heloise (ibid.: 58). In both cases,
the only trait that brings them near to the audience is a crucial one: their
curiosity. When they finally come on stage (a part from a short
appearance when they guide the lovers to their separate rooms, ibid.: 59),
their role as spectators is manifest: they spy on the couple (ibid.: 61-2).
The scene depicts a meaningful change in their attitude, though: at first
they relish their own outrage, when one of them describes the sex scene
she has witnessed in the chapel, but once they all go and look at the now
sleeping Heloise and Abelard, they end up kneeling in silent
contemplation (ibid.: 62).
     The nuns’ interest begins as morbid gossip, but when they actually
observe the couple in person, they perceive something deeper and even
sacred in their love, which helps them go beyond the initial enjoyment
of scandal. The audience is invited to make the same progress, from the
curiosity aroused by a well-known story of sex and violence to a more


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considered appraisal of Abelard and Heloise’s significance as early
representatives of the humanist sensibility.
      A similar change is portrayed in one of the main characters of
Brenton’s Anne Boleyn (2010), James I. In act one, scene two, the Scottish
James VI, recently arrived in London after his coronation as king of
England, is admiring the dresses of his predecessor, Queen Elizabeth: an
innocuous entertainment, in the eyes of powerful courtier Robert Cecil
(Brenton 2010: 17); food for thought, actually, for a suddenly wealthy
monarch who is facing a new kingdom (ibid.: 12-4). When shown the
coronation dress of Elizabeth’s mother, Anne Boleyn, James first reacts
as expected, speculating on the beauty and on the sex life of «the harlot
Queen», the «witch» (ibid.: 14-5), but when his hyperactive curiosity
reveals, concealed in the dress’s trunk, two books by William Tynsdale,
the translation of the New Testament and The Obedience of a Christian
Man, his thoughts turn in an entirely different direction. He immediately
starts to wonder what may Anne have done with such books (ibid.: 16)
and to consider what they might mean for his own reign: «we must settle
religion in England» (ibid.), he concludes. The two aspects of the queen
then mix in his decision to look for her in a ghost hunt: on the one hand,
its premises are to be found in her being a witch and someone who
suffered great violence; on the other hand, its main purpose would be to
ask her why she gave Henry VIII The Obedience of a Christian Man to read
and to confront the religious unrest she has come to embody in James’s
mind (ibid.: 20-1).
      Spectators are prompted to make the same shift from morbid
curiosity for her gory death to a new interest in the political and religious
conflicts in which she was involved. In the opening monologue, directly
addressed to the audience, Anne arouses and then disappoints their
expectations by offering to show them an unspecified «it« because it
may be «fun» and «a scandal» (ibid.: 11) and then taking out of her bag
her Bible. «Why? Don’t you realise? This killed me! This book! This put
me in the Tower, this made the sword, the sword, the sword...» (ibid.),
she tries to explain the perplexed spectators. Thus, the first scenes of the
play set the course for the audience’s ideal journey: they were probably
attracted by the promise of a sexy and violent spectacle attached to the


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name of Anne Boleyn and, though not completely disappointed (after
the Bible, she does show and discuss also her severed head), their
curiosity is at least in part redirected towards a less superficial treatment
of her role in British history.

                             Conclusions
     Both In Extremis and Anne Boleyn premiered at Shakespeare’s Globe
Theatre, an open-air venue in which spectators are sun-lit just as much
as performers and surround the apron stage almost entirely. As a result,
in this playhouse the audience is unavoidably part of the spectacle, in
full view from every position in the auditorium, and playwrights are
encouraged by this structure to involve punters in the performance, to
make them part of the play’s world and action (see Cantoni 2017: 79-139
and 180-8). This opportunity to focus on spectators has been deftly
harnessed by Brenton, perhaps the most successful dramatist of the
reconstructed Globe (see Lukowski 2014), as a way to highlight a new
aspect of a theme at the core of his oeuvre: the Situationist concept of the
Spectacle.
     Brenton has always acknowledged the influence on his plays of
Guy Debord’s La Société du Spectacle (see e.g. Megson 2012: 214): he
shares the idea that public life is a sort of billboard, flat, uninhabitable,
but apt to impose its own framework on daily life, and adds that «what
plays can do is put a boot through and try to explode this» (ibid.). An
aspect of the Spectacle analysed by Debord is the existence of ‘stars’,
«spectacular representations of living human beings, distilling the
essence of the spectacle’s banality into images of possible roles» (Debord
1967: 38). If «in entering the spectacle as a model to be identified with
[the star] renounces all autonomy in order to identify with the general
law of obedience to the course of things» (ibid.), historical figures are the
perfect candidates for this role: they are obviously unable to reject this
renunciation and easily canonised as part of a supposed heritage; at the
same time, even when reduced to stereotyped icons, they are still
perceived as actual people, not fictional characters.



                                                                                15
Vera Cantoni, ‘In memory, perhaps’: Howard Brenton’s stage fictions as historiographical criti-
cism


     As Hersh Zeifmann remarked already in 1993, Brenton reacts
against this «pervasive and pernicious comic-book view of history
which mythologises historical figures into cartoon ‘heroes’» (132). His
denunciation of spectacularised historical icons has taken different
forms: every time he has portrayed such a personage, he has pointed out
their less known, apparently contradictory sides; he has highlighted the
mechanisms of simplified and mythical historiography and their
possible consequences; he has denounced the responsibilities of
spectators, without whose collaboration or at least acquiescence the
Spectacle would cease to exist, and suggested a route the audience may
take towards a deeper understanding of history’s workings.
     While these different perspectives have originated sundry
variations on the theme of the Spectacle’s historical ‘stars’, a constant
aspect of Brenton’s treatment of this subject has been the employment of
metatheatrical devices. The play within Churchill’s Play, the costumes
donned by Lawrence after Arabia, the wavering scenery of H.I.D., the
stage audience constituted by In Extremis’s nuns and the protagonist’s
direct address to the spectators in Anne Boleyn, as well as all the
characters that define themselves as such, are all ways in which Howard
Brenton has stressed the stage’s illusions as a patent double of the
subtler fictionality of historiography’s narratives.




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                            Works Cited
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Vera Cantoni, ‘In memory, perhaps’: Howard Brenton’s stage fictions as historiographical criti-
cism


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                                     The Author
Vera Cantoni
       Vera Cantoni is a postdoc researcher at Università di Pavia. Her
main research interests are contemporary British playwriting, the
relationship between orality and drama, the stage history of
Shakespeare’s plays. Among her publications: New Playwriting at
Shakespeare’s Globe (Bloomsbury – Methuen Drama, 2017), “‘Ask the
Author’: Notes on Authorial Philology and Contemporary Playwriting”
(2020), “History in the Making: Contemporary Politics in 21st-Century
History Plays” (2018), “Unpresence. Headlong’s 1984 and the screen on
stage” (2018), “Othello in Hip Hop: La traduzione di un classico della
letteratura teatrale in una lingua orale del ventunesimo secolo” (2018),
“Oralità e teatro in dialogo. Riflessioni teoriche aperte” (2018), “‘I’m juss
sayin...’. Street speech on stage and page in Ché Walker’s The Frontline”
(2016), “Testualmente. L’elaborazione drammaturgica delle fonti nel
teatro verbatim” (2015), “Come all ye theatregoers – L’uso della ballad on
alcune histories del XXI secolo” (2015).
        Email: vera.cantoni01@ateneopv.it


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                              The Article
Date sent: 31/05/2019
Date accepted: 31/10/2019
Date published: 30/11/2019



                       How to cite this article
Cantoni, Vera, “‘In memory, perhaps’: Howard Brenton’s stage fictions
as historiographical criticism”, Fictions. Truth, Lies, Possible Worlds, Eds.
R. Galvagno - M. Rizzarelli - M. Schilirò - A. Scuderi, Between, IX.18
(2019), http://www.betweenjournal.it/




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