10.13125/2039-6597/4226
application/pdf
2039-6597
4226
20
en
urn:nbn:it:unica-26953
Massimo Fusillo
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Between
video art
Into the Video-Inferno: Vertical Television, Experimental Seriality and the Moving Collage in <i>A TV Dante</i>
Text.Serial.Journal
https://ojs.unica.it/index.php/between
10
Intermedial Dante: Reception, Appropriation, Metamorphosis
2020-11-29
2020-07-24
2020-11-30
2020-12-07
300-328
1
Massimo Fusillo
2020/11/29
10.13125/2039-6597/4226
300
University of L'Aquila
2039-6597
20
video art
en
328
urn:nbn:it:unica-26953
Into the Video-Inferno: Vertical Television, Experimental Seriality and the Moving Collage in <i>A TV Dante</i>
https://ojs.unica.it/index.php/between/article/download/4226/4537
10
          Into the Video-Inferno:
     Vertical Television, Experimental
     Seriality and the Moving Collage
                in A TV Dante

              Massimo Fusillo and Mattia Petricola


Abstract
     This paper focuses on one of the most unique experiments in the
history of television: A TV Dante, a fourteen-episode mini-series which
aired between 1990 and 1991, partly directed by Tom Phillips and Peter
Greenaway, and partly by Raúl Ruiz. We will analyze A TV Dante as an
early attempt to explore the aesthetic potential of television seriality
through the adoption of an avant-garde approach towards a
fundamental work of the Western canon. We will begin by analyzing
Phillips’ illustrated Inferno as a work aimed at constructing a multi-
layered and totalizing representation of the Inferno’s own reception, of
the history of mediality and of Phillips’ own identity as an artist. We
will then show how the poetics of Phillips’ and Greenaway’s A TV
Dante are shaped by what we may call the aesthetics of the moving
collage. We will finally focus on Rúiz’s A TV Dante, which dismantles
all coherent narrative structures, transforming Dante’s Inferno into a
series of powerful images, symbols and visions.
Keywords
Dante Alighieri, Divine Comedy, adaptation, television, Peter
Greenaway, Tom Phillips, Raoul Ruiz, Raúl Ruiz, intermediality, video

Between, vol. X, n. 20 (Novembre/November 2020)
ISSN 2039-6597
DOI: 10.13125/2039-6597/4226
Massimo Fusillo, Mattia Petricola, Into the Video-Inferno




   Into the Video-Inferno: Vertical
  Television, Experimental Seriality
and the Moving Collage in A TV Dante
                 Massimo Fusillo and Mattia Petricola


                                     Introduction
      Commissioned by Channel 4 and ideated by British artist Tom
Phillips, A TV Dante is one of the boldest and most unique experiments
in the history of television. The original project for the series aimed at
covering the entirety of Dante’s Inferno — a 10-minute episode for each
Canto — under the joint supervision of Phillips and British filmmaker
Peter Greenaway. Pressured by commercial failure and financial
difficulties, A TV Dante was later restructured and finally abandoned1.


      1We can gain invaluable insight into the birth, development and failure
of the A TV Dante project through a number of accounts provided by Michael
Kustow. As the commissioning editor at Channel 4, Kustow proposed a
television adaptation of the Inferno to Tom Phillips and firmly believed in the
revolutionary potential of this project: «Peter [Greenaway] has promised to
split his time each year between a feature film and Dante; we will transmit
thirty-four episodes, one for each canto, in three annual blocks; by the third
year, if they sustain the level of invention with which they have begun, we
should have a work of television art which anticipates the high definition
technology of the next decade. […] A TV Dante could be the type of a new
generation of programme for people who want from television what they can
get from music, poetry or painting, and especially for the young with an
appetite for work that is contemporary and has substance. There is a sizeable
worldwide audience of such people already, even if it’s easier to measure by



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     The result of this troubled production is a fourteen-episode mini-
series which aired between 1990 and 19912 and was divided into two
parts. The first part includes Cantos 1-8 and was directed by Phillips
and Peter Greenaway; the remaining six episodes (Cantos 9-14) were
directed by Chilean experimental director Raúl Ruiz. Although it was
the result of production problems and financial failure, the unfinished
and heterogeneous character of A TV Dante could also be seen as
carrying symbolic value, since the series was one of the first attempts
to explore the expressive potential of TV seriality from an avant-garde
perspective, a perspective which implied an open, processual and
multi-layered vision of textuality. The idea of intermediality that
structures the analyses that follow is inspired by this same vision,
which was first formalized by the avant-garde group Fluxus and whose
cultural genealogy can be traced back to the Wagnerian utopia of the
Gesamtkunstwerk.
     In the digital age, the notion of intermediality implies an idea of
narration based on acceleration, simultaneity and hyper-mediation,
and intermedial studies are allowing us to approach the relation
between texts and media from an increasingly pluralistic, polycentric
and anti-hierarchical perspective. The very notion of adaptation is
becoming less and less dependent on concepts such as “primary text”

attendances at exhibitions and performances, or sales of new music records,
than from the rating figures and appreciation indexes of existing broadcast
television» Kustow 1987: 213-4, quoted in Blum 2016: 356-7. Another
fundamental source for retracing A TV Dante’s production is Jones (1990). On
the financial difficulties that plagued the production, cfr. Blum 2016: 358.
      2 «Defining "the period" of A TV Dante requires some qualification: a

pilot of canto 5 was completed by 1984; cantos 1-8 were completed for
broadcast by 1988; they were broadcast in Britain in 1990» Vickers 1995: 273.
The series had already been aired on Italian, Dutch and German television in
1989; in 1990 it was awarded the prize for Best Experimental Video at the
Montreal International Film and Video Festival; in 1991, it was awarded the
Prix Italia.




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Massimo Fusillo, Mattia Petricola, Into the Video-Inferno



and “source”. Texts, like software, can be endlessly rewritten and
reused without the need to see them as “illustrations”,
“dramatizations” or “adaptations” of other texts. From this
perspective, scholars in intermedial studies regard as particularly
fascinating texts like A TV Dante, in which different codes and
languages are allowed to flow in parallel, generating unpredictable
convergences and dissonances.

             Where it all began: Tom Phillips’ Inferno
      The A TV Dante project originated in 1983, seven years before it
was actually aired on Channel 4. At that time, Tom Phillips was
already regarded as one of the greatest visual artists of the second half
of the XX century, and Krestow commissioned Phillips to create A TV
Dante after reading his livre d’artiste devoted to Dante’s Inferno (Phillips
1985 [1983]). Translated by Phillips himself and accompanied by 139
illustrations, Dante’s Inferno is one of Phillips’ most ambitious works, as
well as the most prominent outcome of a long-standing project on
Dante and the Divine Comedy that had developed parallel to the work
on A Humument — Phillips’ masterpiece — for at least seven years.
This is where the intermedial process that led to A TV Dante really
began.
      Most of the interpretations of Phillips’ oeuvre are constructed as
elaborations on Phillips’ own ideas about his works3. This can be seen
less as the expression of a will to remain “true” to Phillips’ intent as an
artist and more as the result of the fact that Phillips has been an

      3
        As regards the Inferno, Blum (2016) provides a complete reconstruction
of its creation process and a thorough investigation of its iconology. It also
provides an invaluable anthology of the earliest critical reactions to Phillips’
book (Blum 2016: 472-476). The studies by Woods (1989) and Barricelli (1992)
construct a frame of reference that is still fundamental to any reading of the
Inferno. From a different perspective, Bergeron (2001) highlights the meta-
reflexive nature of several illustrations from the very first pages of Phillips’
book.



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incredibly prolific philologist and exegete of his own body of work, in
an indefatigable effort to “explain” his oeuvre and reveal the processes,
both mental and material, behind it. One of Phillips’ statements, in
particular, has worked as a fundamental starting point for a number of
interpretations of his Inferno and, consequently, of A TV Dante:

        Far from trying to ‚update’ Dante I attempted in my own
     pictures to head back towards the poet’s own four-tiered system
     of representation (as outlined in the famous Letter to Can Grande)
     in order to illuminate some of the literal, allegorical, moral and
     anagogical layers that Dante’s polysemous text contains. (Phillips
     1985: 877, quoted in Blum 2016: 212)

      Our study of Phillips’ Inferno will take as its starting point another
statement by the artist which has been apparently overlooked by the
critics. This will shift the focus of our attention away from Phillips’
desire to imitate or recreate Dante’s polysemy in the contemporary
world and towards the artist’s quest for encyclopedism and totality. In
his notes to the Inferno, Phillips affirms that

        [t]he range of imagery matches Dante in breadth encompassing
     everything from Greek mythology to the Berlin Wall, from
     scriptural reference to a scene in an abattoir, and from alchemical
     signs to lavatory graffiti. And the range of modes of expression is
     similarly wide, including as it does, early calligraphy, collage,
     golden section drawings, maps, dragons, doctored photographs,
     references to other past artworks and specially programmed
     computer-generated graphics. (Phillips, “Dante’s Inferno. Notes
     on this work”, web)

     Such a desire to encompass everything leads Phillips to develop a
style based on citations, allusions, emulations, homages and references.
This choice, in turn, results in the creation of illustrations that establish
a complex dialogue between the Comedy as a text, the Comedy’s
Renaissance and modern illustrators, the world of contemporary art,
Phillips’ own biography and previous works — notably his Humument


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Massimo Fusillo, Mattia Petricola, Into the Video-Inferno



— and the most disparate references to media both old and new. In this
sense, Dante’s text works primarily as a means to construct a totalizing
representation of the text’s own reception, of the history of mediality
and of Phillips’ own identity as an artist4. If it is true that every work of
art necessarily interacts, in one way or another, with a certain tradition,
Phillips’ illustrations thematize these interactions in such a way as to
make them the aesthetic core of the illustrations themselves. Each of
Phillips’ illustrations can thus be seen as a network of relationships
that creates a space of encounter and mediation between different
semiotic poles, whose contents and structure change with each new
illustration. The network of interactions that the viewer is able to
unravel from every illustration becomes the primary and most
important element that shapes the aesthetic experience of each
illustration.
      One of the main aesthetic strategies through which Phillips
achieves this dialogue between so many disparate elements is the
collage. In one of the illustrations for Canto 23 — the Canto of the
hypocrites — a figure from Guernica is extracted from Picasso’s original
painting and becomes part of a new work within a completely different
frame of reference, thus producing new and original meaning. In an
illustration for Canto 31, King Kong is employed to represent the giant
Antaeus, who takes Dante and Virgil in his hands and carries them to
the ninth circle. King Kong obviously carries with him a set of semiotic
traits related to monstrosity and to the medium of cinema. Through
this illustration, such traits can become part of the aesthetic experience
of the Comedy. It is possible to observe another, more complex strategy
at work in illustrations like the one created for Canto 22, which re-
elaborates an engraving made by William Blake as an illustration for
the Comedy, transforming it into a work of pop art (see fig. 1-2). In this


      4
       «[W]here Dante uses Inferno as a storage space for his cultural
memory, so too does Phillips arrange his visual encounters and his visual
autobiography in Dante’s text, turning it into a generative mechanism for
personal mythologies» Calè 2007: 181.



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case, Phillips adds another “layer” of meaning by putting the Comedy
in dialogue with contemporary art through a re-elaboration of a work
of art that is already in itself a modern adaptation of the Comedy5.
     Phillips achieves some of his most interesting results when this
network of relationships becomes at the same time extremely complex
and relatively loose, thus becoming more open to the reader’s free
interpretation. One of the illustrations for Canto 25 is a case in point
(see fig. 3-4). This canto is set in the seventh Bolgia, where thieves are
punished by being crushed and bitten by snakes 6. The illustration
represents a rather bizarre composition resembling a scrambled jigsaw
puzzle. On a closer look, we can see that the figure is made up of little
squares. Each square, in turn, is a small portion of an engraving of the
Laocoön Group from the Vatican Museums, which adds an obvious
and classic reference to ancient Greece7.


     5
        For a detailed study of this illustration cfr. Calè 2007: 183.
      6 «Com’ io tenea levate in lor le ciglia,/e un serpente con sei piè si

lancia/dinanzi a l’uno, e tutto a lui s’appiglia./Co’ piè di mezzo li avvinse la
panci/e con li anterïor le braccia prese;/poi li addentò e l’una e l’altra
guancia;/li diretani a le cosce distese,/e miseli la coda tra ’mbedue/e dietro
per le ren sù la ritese./Ellera abbarbicata mai non fue/ad alber sì, come
l’orribil fiera/per l’altrui membra avviticchiò le sue» [«As I kept my eyes
fixed upon those sinners,/a serpent with six feet springs out against/one of
the three, and clutches him completely./It gripped his belly with its middle
feet,/and with its forefeet grappled his two arms;/and then it sank its teeth in
both his cheeks;/it stretched its rear feet out along his thighs/and ran its tail
along between the two,/then straightened it again behind his loins./No ivy
ever gripped a tree so fast/as when that horrifying monster clasped/and
intertwined the other’s limbs with its»] Inferno 25, vv. 49-60 (the Italian text
from the Petrocchi edition and the English translation by Allen Mandelbaum
are       retrieved        from       the       Digital       Dante    platform:
https://digitaldante.columbia.edu).
      7 «Phillips’ visual equivalent [of this scene] involves a joint encounter

with a game for children and a touchstone of classical art, a reproduction of a
print of the Laocöon cut up into squares that are then reassembled into two



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Massimo Fusillo, Mattia Petricola, Into the Video-Inferno



     The image of the Laocoön, in turn, has been dissected and
scrambled. The final result is evocative of both Boccioni’s futurist
sculpture (exemplified by Forme uniche della continuità nello spazio
[Unique Forms of Continuity in Space], 1913) and Max Ernst’s surrealist
landscapes (see fig. 5). This interpretation shows Phillips’ ability to
superpose many semiotic levels, layer upon layer, in order to enrich
our reading of a single episode of the Comedy.
     As we will try to show in the next section, A TV Dante mirrors the
multi-layered structure of Phillips’ illustrations by literalizing it. In A
TV Dante, there is literally a multi-layered frame constructed as a work
of video art.

  Vertical television and the aesthetics of video-collage:
          Phillips’ and Greenaway’s A TV Dante
     When Phillips received the commission for A TV Dante, he had no
experience whatsoever with moving images. An experienced
filmmaker was needed, and Peter Greenaway was invited to join the
project. Greenaway was regarded as a leading exponent of European
avant-garde cinema and had recently directed his first narrative feature
film: The Draughtsman’s Contract (1982). The idea of Phillips and
Greenaway working together seemed like a match made in heaven
and, in retrospect, it seems even more so today:

         [i]t is worth mentioning how ideal a collaborator Tom Phillips
      was; his practice had been running parallel with Greenaway’s for
      years before they came together for A TV Dante. […] Both artists
      operate through systems, though one might distinguish them
      schematically. Phillips often uses systems to generate material in a
      series of open-ended projects. […] Greenaway generally uses
      systems to organise material, in a series of ironised closures. Both
      artists, however, have intricate oeuvres in which characters and

illustrations, exemplifying the dissemination of a classic by means of
mechanical reproduction» Calè 2007: 146.



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     ideas repeat and echo through and across any individual work,
     creating a complex web of coincidence and association, with
     shadowy or fluid characters. […] Both are interested - and
     involved - in contemporary music, itself often system-based, and
     indeed both have been librettists of operas […]. Both are highly
     literary artists; much of Phillips’s work includes language. Both
     are interested in postcards. (Woods 1996: 128)

     Even more importantly, the two artists share an encyclopedic
impulse, that desire to encompass everything that Phillips recognizes
as the driving force behind his illustrated Inferno. The series’ first
episode opens by clearly stating the main aesthetic principle upon
which this project is based. We see Phillips himself, on a black
background. Looking directly into the camera, he says: «A good old
text always is a blank for new things». As with the case of Phillips’
Inferno, critics have often drawn on a statement by Phillips in order to
understand how these «new things» could be described:

        A TV Dante tries to answer the question, Is there such a thing as
     television? Is television a medium in its own right with an
     individual grammar that would make it an art form as
     independent of cinema as opera is of drama? [...] The test here was
     to bring the medium in its present potential to a great multi-
     layered text and see if it could stand the strain. Dante, in a letter to
     his patron says, "The work I have made is not simple; rather it is
     polysemous, by which I mean that it has many levels of meaning."
     The intention here was to try to match Dante's claim in visual
     terms, to have the richness of an illuminated manuscript combine
     with the directness and impact of a newspaper's front page.
     (Phillips 1992: 246)

      Taking Phillips’ meta-reflexive affirmations as her starting point,
Vickers (1995) defines A TV Dante as a “translation” rather than an
“adaptation” of the Comedy. She affirms that «[t]he series […] seeks,
first and foremost, to define its own medium and to situate that
medium in relation to the creative capabilities of earlier media» (266)


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Massimo Fusillo, Mattia Petricola, Into the Video-Inferno



and proceeds to describe both the grammar and syntax of the new
language of video ideated by Phillips and Greenaway. This line of
inquiry has been followed, among others, by Krewani (2001),
Missomelius (2007), Calè (2007) — who effectively sums up her
argument by affirming that «[i]nstead of familiarising Dante, Phillips
and Greenaway defamiliarise television» (178) — and Kretschmann
(2015), who sees A TV Dante as a “symbolical translation” of the
Comedy8.
     Once again, we will try to investigate the aesthetics of A TV Dante
by drawing on an overlooked statement by Phillips:

         Peter [Greenaway] and I are trying to make “vertical television”
      – a harmonic overlay of images. Now that people have video
      recorders, a more complex visual image on screen is possible, for
      people can save the image, flip back, as with a book, if they do not
      quite understand something. (Anonymous 1985: 105, quoted in
      Blum 2016: 221)

     A TV Dante is the result of the interaction of filmed material shot
by Greenaway for the occasion, an impressive quantity of film and
audio material found by Greenaway and Phillips in a Dutch archive,
abstract imagery, animations, drawings, and texts, all manipulated and
edited with a Quantel paintbox (an early workstation for the creation
of computer graphics for television programs). At the same time, «the
good old text» of the Comedy translated by Phillips remains absolutely
central both in written and spoken form. At the very start of each
episode, the first thing we see is a text, more precisely the verses that
are carved above the gates of Hell. The text of the Comedy is also
frequently commented on by experts, who appear on screen in small
squares. On the other hand, the commented text of the Comedy

      8
       For an anthology of early critical responses to A TV Dante, cfr. Blum
2016: 477-81. Among the early interpretations of the series, Iannucci (1993)
and Wheale (1995) have been the most influential. For an interpretation of A
TV Dante as a volgarizzamento of the Comedy, cfr. Taylor 2004.



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participates in a work of experimental television that is as far removed
from both the contents and the aesthetics of ordinary television as one
can possibly imagine9.
      If collage was the key strategy for the construction of semiotic
networks in Phillips’ Inferno, the visuals of A TV Dante are primarily
constructed through the technique of superimposition. The aesthetics
of A TV Dante are thus shaped, first and foremost, by the presence of a
twofold editing process. The video is not only edited as a series of
shots; there is also a rigorous and complex editing internal to each shot.
The resulting multi-layered image, which superposes different media,
different styles and different levels of meaning, mirrors the multi-
layered structure of Phillips’ illustrations for the Inferno. Even more
importantly, the ability to create a multi-layered image with the help of
computer graphics allows Greenaway not only to embrace the
aesthetics of collage that Phillips had deployed in his illustrations, but
also to develop it to its full potential within the liquid realm of video.
      In light of these observations, the idea of “vertical television”
proposed by Phillips and, more importantly, its aesthetic effect on the
viewer, could be described by interpreting “vertical television” as a
form of “moving collage”. In the analyses that follow, we will
investigate how the moving collage (or video-collage) concretely works
in the series, its semiotic implications and what kind of effects it
achieves. In view of these analyses, the aesthetics of A TV Dante will be
finally interpreted as the effect generated on the viewer by a field of
semiotic tensions activated by the video-collage. We will take as
examples the representations of Beatrice, of the souls of the damned,
and of one of the monsters that populate Hell.

     9
       The role and effect of these commentators is much debated. We will
follow Kretschmann’s interpretation of this crucial aspect of A TV Dante,
according to which «Greenaway and Phillips did not intend the use of
commentators to impart extensive knowledge about the Divina Commedia. As
footnotes inside the logic of the adaptation of a book structure in a film, they
rather serve a plausible and mainly formal aesthetic purpose» Kretschmann
2015: 240.



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Massimo Fusillo, Mattia Petricola, Into the Video-Inferno



     Beatrice makes her appearance in Canto 2. She is interpreted by
Joanne Whalley and filmed in colour. The three concentric circles that
surround the close-up of her face were originally a film of a radar scan
found in the Dutch archive, manipulated and repurposed as a perfect
representation of the medieval cosmos10. We often see only the lower
half of Whalley’s face, since black and white photographs of the faces
of Marilyn Monroe, Louise Brooks, Joan Crawford and Jean Harlow are
superimposed on its upper half (see fig. 6). In representing Beatrice,
superimposition and video manipulation give birth to a liminal
character who inhabits a cosmic dimension suspended between
different media and different technologies, halfway between black and
white and colour, between photography and film. This visual
hybridity, in turn, highlights Beatrice’s complex ontological nature as a
blessed spirit who has abandoned the terrestrial in favour of the
celestial11.
     In order to get a clearer idea of how collage and video work
together in the context of a longer scene, one could focus on the
representation of the souls of the damned in Canto V, in which the
viewer is presented with the hurricane that torments the soul of those
who are punished for their lust. This scene’s aesthetic effect is the
result of very strong tension between realism and abstraction. The
scene begins with images of a hurricane, probably extrapolated from a
newscast, and ends with archival footage of birds, manipulated to such
an extent as to almost completely lose its referential content and

      10
         «A Marconi radar film of aeroplanes circling about an airport gave us,
with its concentric circles and aetherial blips of movement, the ideal image of
mediaeval cosmology, complete with angels in flight» Phillips, “A TV Dante.
Making the Series. Notes on this work”, web.
      11 Phillips adopts a radically different perspective and sees Beatrice in A

TV Dante as the medieval equivalent of a modern diva: «the nearest modern
equivalent [of Dante’s devotion to Beatrice] would be that unfulfillable
devotion to a film star» (quoted in Jones 1990: 5). Calè (2007) and
Kretschmann (2015), among others, have read the first appearance of Beatrice
in light of Phillips’ own interpretation of this scene.



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transform into an abstract procession of irregular forms across the
screen. This transition from the concrete to the abstract can be said to
involve the soundtrack, too. First we hear the roar of the hurricane,
then the calls of the starlings, then choral music inspired by the birds’
calls. On the other end, this movement from documentary to abstract
video art is counterweighted by the ethological and ornithological
remarks of an expert who appears in a small square on the screen and
brings the representation down to earth again with his technical and
scientific realism.
      The technique and the aesthetics of video-collage probably
achieve their most impressive results in the representation of Cerberus,
one of the monsters that populate Dante’s Hell. Greenaway seems to be
particularly fascinated by these creatures, as they allow him to
experiment with bold and extreme visuals. The character of Cerberus is
constructed through the interaction between a performer and the very
medium of video. His movements seem to leave a trace in the liquid,
viscous substance of video, and the accumulation of the traces on the
screen gives birth to a monster (see fig. 7-8). This creature, then, is the
result of the video manipulation of a performance, at the intersection of
abstract painting, moving image, and contemporary dance.
      In conclusion, the poetics of Phillips’ and Greenaway’s A TV Dante
are shaped by what we may call the aesthetics of the moving collage.
Its effect is made possible by the very medium of video, which
provides an abstract space in which different media and technologies
can not only interact, but develop their interactions through time. The
use of moving collage, in turn, generates a complex semiotic field
animated by a twofold tension. The first one presents documentary,
history and realism on the one hand and pure abstraction on the other;
the second one presents a strong presence of the text of the Comedy on
the one hand and wild visual experimentalism on the other.




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Massimo Fusillo, Mattia Petricola, Into the Video-Inferno




 Surrealism and the dismantling of the Divine Comedy
              in Raúl Ruiz’s A TV Dante
     In his contribution to A TV Dante Raúl Ruiz did not want to follow
Phillips’ and Greenaway’s intermedial contamination of words,
images, frames and commentaries. Instead, he chose a stylistic
approach that was much more in line with his own cinematic and
videographic poetics12. Ruiz’s immense, bulimic and chaotic
production is characterized by the obsessive presence of recurring
features, from his beginnings as an outsider director among the
politically oriented Chilean filmmakers, through his avant-garde low
budget films produced in France, to his high-budget international
productions such as Trois vies et une seule mort (1996) or his fascinating
adaptation of Proust’s Le Temps retrouvé (1999). Ruiz’s films can be said
to be characterized by a non-linear, dreamlike structure strongly


      12«On a more general formal plane, the entirety of A TV Dante is a
remarkably unstable mass on the level of its text-image relations. As in India
Song, where Marguerite Duras intended the image and sound tracks to
continually approach, touch one another and then take divergent paths, the
global montage plan of Ruiz’s work, across all six cantos, resembles an
elaborate game of hide-and-seek between fragments of Dante’s text and the
images that nominally illustrate it. Ruiz orchestrates an audiovisual
polyphony where, momentarily, an element of text will anchor an image, or
vice versa; but, more often, there are many image-clusters and sound sources
(such as two pieces of music at once, plus the spoken text) to contend with»
Martin 2004. Drawing on Martin’s analysis, Goddard observes that «the
combination of the spoken texts of Dante with images of Chile, both stylised
and real, allowed for a more extreme form of disjunction between sound and
image than characterised Ruiz’s previous films, however complex their
audiovisual construction. The soundtrack, which is often composed of more
than one musical layer, the narrators’ voices but also shouting and singing
crowds, sound effects and voices with varying relationships to what is
currently being seen on the screen, allows for a rhythm of divergence and
convergence between sound and image» Goddard 2013: 93.



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influenced by surrealism; a purely associative editing, very similar to
that of Soviet avant-garde movies; the massive use of grotesque
imagery, often related to the primary drives of eating and defecating; a
combinatory, hermetic logic; and an intrinsic intermedial nature, which
exploits the connections between film, theater, video and installation,
as he explains in his two theoretical volumes Poetics of Cinema (1995
and 2006)13.
      Ruiz chose to set his A TV Dante in contemporary Chile, following
a common joke about Santiago as a quintessential modern form of hell.
There are some allusions to the political situation and to the
dictatorship, but Ruiz «completely rejects the rhetorics of militant
cinema and indeed parodies them within the work» (Goddard 2013:
93)14. His episodes combine cheap horror effects with avant-garde
associative editing, and classical narration with surrealistic visions.
Their most striking feature is the drastic dissociation between sound
and image, even more extreme than in Greenaway and in the rest of his


     13   The last few years have seen the arrival of a wealth of new
publications on a number of aspects of Ruiz’s cinema: cfr., among others,
Lopez-Vicuna-Marinescu 2017, Havenne 2018, de los Ríos 2019, and Navarro
Mayorga 2019. These recent works contribute to a critical ecosystem shaped
by the now classic works by Goddard (2013), Begin (2009), Cortínez and
Engelbert (2011), de los Ríos and Pinto (2010), and Sánchez (2011). For
interesting blends of critical reflections about and interviews of Ruiz, cfr.
Bruno 2007 and Peeters 2015. For Ruiz’s experimental television works
before A TV Dante, cfr. Allen et al. 2009.
      14 At the same time, Goddard argues against Richardson (2006: 162) that

A TV Dante is a strongly political work: «This is not […] a purely
aestheticised Chile devoid of political referents and critique, but rather a
deeply political engagement with the problematics of exile and the role of
images in relation to a remembered place of origin. […] [A TV Dante] is very
much about the political unconscious of Chile as expressed through
cinematic images, and its presentation of the country as a latter day hell is as
redolent with critical implications for the Chilean political situation as was
Memory of Appearances» Goddard 2013: 93.



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own oeuvre. Dante’s text interacts with a complex soundtrack made of
music, diegetic and extradiegetic sound effects (voices, songs, shouting
crowds), in a continuous counterpoint of convergence and divergence
which is scarcely narrative or totally anti-narrative. The main features
of Ruiz’s rewriting of the Inferno can be exemplified by analyzing the
most didactic Canto of the section, the eleventh, in which a pause in the
action allows Virgil to make a detailed explanation of the Inferno’s
overall structure. Ruiz begins his episode with the two main characters
at an entrance. We hear Virgil’s speech as voice over. After a while, we
watch a surrealistic representation of the categories of sinners Virgil is
talking about — particularly homicides and suicides—through a long
tracking shot. With an abrupt change from medieval music to a
popular Chilean song, this vision mutates into the image of a group of
men cleaning knives covered in blood — an image devoid of any direct
reference to Dante. We find then a complex alternation between visions
of hell (represented as an interior with hanging dead bodies—see fig. 9-
10), quotations from Virgil’s speech, mysterious objects, and landscape
shots, enhanced by a rich and complex soundtrack15.
      The Canto of the suicides, which features a particularly distorted
expressiveness in order to visualize the sinners’ profane act, offers

      15«What is to be made of these alternations between the real and irreal,
the cosmological and the social? Despite Ruiz’s refusal of any militant
rhetoric, there is a strong allegorical reference in A TV Dante between the
punishments of the ‘lost souls’ of the inferno and the punishment and
suffering endured by the Chilean people. The frequent scenes of book
burning, of flaming crosses, of crowds of people beating against fences and
doorways, beyond their kitsch and surreal aspects are also expressive of both
real suffering and the desire to escape from an infernal period of history.
Similarly the scenes and descriptions of torture and death, while fully in
keeping with the textual descriptions of the Inferno, cannot but evoke the
recent Chilean history of disappeared people, subject to brutal forms of
torture and execution which both in reality and imagination were no less
monstrous than those tortures imagined by Dante» Goddard 2013: 95.




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another example of Ruiz’s stylistic strategies: a radical disjunction
between word and image and a general dismantling of any textual and
narrative coherence. In the first part of the episode we hear the voice-
over describing an extremely dense wood while watching a recurrent
image of trees shot from an observation point close to the ground. At
the same time, the Chilean Dante begins to read a long passage from
the Chilean law on wills. This strange dissonance lasts quite long, until
we see an effective visual transcription of Pier delle Vigne’s first
appearance, embodied here by a girl who sings and is then disfigured
by bleeding cuts (see fig. 11). From the rest of Canto 13, Ruiz takes only
a few fragments, especially those regarding the appearance of two new
figures and their dismemberment by a pack of dogs, visualized here as
an episode during a popular feast.
     In conclusion, Ruiz’s approach to Dante can be said to be
epitomized by Canto 11’s final scene, in which we see human skulls
immersed in a green liquid and hear Dante asking Virgil two questions
in voice-over:

     «Bright sun that cures confusion at the sight,/your explanations gladden
me so much/ that questioning brings no less joy than truth./But go back, just
a point or two,/ to where you hold that usury offends/divine benevolence.
Untie that knot for me» (A TV Dante, Canto 11) 16.

    Detached by the dialogue, and left without any answer, these last
elements sound ominous and preserve the sense of suspension typical
of Ruiz’s oneiric cinema. «Untie that knot for me» remains an
unanswered request, and could be symbolic of an adaptation which



     16
         «“O sol che sani ogni vista turbata,/tu mi contenti sì quando tu
solvi,/che, non men che saver, dubbiar m’aggrata./Ancora in dietro un poco ti
rivolvi”,/diss’ io, “là dove di’ ch’usura offende/la divina bontade, e ’l groppo
solvi”» Inf. 11, vv. 91-96.




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dismantles all coherent narrative structures, transforming Dante’s
Inferno into a series of powerful images, symbols and visions.

Conclusion: a (post)modern approach to adaptation and
                    intermediality
     While being radically different from each other, Phillips-
Greenaway’s and Ruiz’s approaches to the Inferno share a few
significant features. On the one hand, both rewritings tend to cut direct
political references to Dante’s political milieu, as well as the narrative
aspects of the Comedy that are more strictly dependent on medieval
culture. On the other hand, both works highlight symbolic elements
and grotesque imagery, with a special focus on bodily and
multisensorial language. A TV Dante thus becomes a unique and
somehow disturbing mixture of realism and symbolism, metaphysical
reflections and surrealistic inventions, archetypal figures and comical
disfiguring. Not unsurprisingly, the project failed. The reactions from
the audience, which predictably expected a more traditional adaptation
of a canonical masterpiece, were far from enthusiastic. For Phillips, A
TV Dante is the culmination of a seven-year artistic project; for
Greenaway, it represents an occasion for experimenting freely with
video editing and inaugurating a new phase in his production focused
on the exploration of hypermediacy and the semiotic resonance of
books as opposed to that of the natural world (Petricola 2017).
     In conclusion, A TV Dante seems to tell us less about Dante and
more about its three directors. This is due to the fact that A TV Dante is
not an adaptation “at the service” of a “primary” text, but rather an
intermedial work of video art in which the Comedy’s main function is
that of legitimizing, through its canonical status, an explorative and
experimental attitude towards television as a medium for the creation
of art. In this postmodern mediascape, canonical texts do not need to
be treated with care and reverence; on the contrary, they can become
part of new and wider networks of meaning, thus catalyzing newer
and newer aesthetic experiences.



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     Fig. 1, Tom Phillips, Dante’s Inferno, Canto XXII/4: Fighting Devils,
1979-1983.




     Fig. 2, William Blake, The Circle of Corrupt Officials: The Devils
Mauling Each Other, from Dante's Inferno, Canto XXII, ca. 1825–27.




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Fig. 3 Tom Phillips, Dante’s Inferno, Canto XXV/4, 1979-1983.




Fig. 4 Tom Phillips, Dante’s Inferno, Canto XXV/4, 1979-1983, detail.




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               Fig. 5 Max Ernst, Solitary and Conjugal Trees, 1940.




Fig. 6. Four stills from A TV Dante, Canto 2, showing The appearance of
Beatrice (Digital Classics Distribution).




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Fig. 7 A still from A TV Dante, Canto 6, representing Cerberus (Digital
Classics Distribution).




Fig. 8 Francis Bacon, Head VI, 1948.




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Fig. 9-10 Two still frames from A TV Dante, Canto 11.




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Fig. 11 Pier Delle Vigne in A TV Dante, Canto 13.




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                             Filmography
A TV Dante, dir. Tom Phillips and Peter Greenaway, UK, 1989.
A TV Dante. Canti 9-14, dir. Raúl Ruiz, UK, 1991.



                             The Authors
Massimo Fusillo

     Massimo Fusillo is Professor of Literary Criticism and
Comparative Literature at the University of L’Aquila and member of
the Academia Europaea. He is the author of The Fetish: Literature,
Cinema, Visual Art and the coeditor of Imaginary Films in Literature.

      Email: massimo.fusillo@gmail.com

Mattia Petricola

       Mattia Petricola is a postdoc research fellow in comparative
literature at the University of L’Aquila. His research interests sit at the
crossroads of thanatology, speculative fiction, and media studies. He
has published articles on Peter Greenaway, Bill Viola, Philip K. Dick,
and the notion of spectrality in media studies. He is the Italian
Ambassador of the Association for the Study of Death and Society
(ASDS).

      Email: mattia.petricola@gmail.com



                              The Article
Date sent: 15/07/2020
Date accepted: 20/10/2020
Date published: 30/11/2020


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Massimo Fusillo, Mattia Petricola, Into the Video-Inferno




                             How to cite this article
Fusillo, Massimo - Petricola, Mattia, “Into the Video-Inferno: Vertical
Television, Experimental Seriality and the Moving Collage in A TV
Dante”, Transmediality / Intermediality / Crossmediality: Problems of
Definition, Eds. Hans-Joachim Backe, Massimo Fusillo, Mirko Lino,
with the focus section Intermedial Dante: Reception, Appropriation,
Metamorphosis, Eds. Caroline Fischer and Mattia Petricola, Between, X.20
(2020), www.betweenjournal.it




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