headline: ‘Igihugu gikomeye gitegerezwa kugira igisirikare gikomeye’ – ivyo Xi Jinping yize kw'isenyuka rya URSS
text: Hari ikintu kidasanze mu mateka y’Ubushinwa caraye kibaye ejo ku wa Mungu: ikoraniro kaminuza ry’Umugambwe w‘Abakomunista (Congress of the Communist Party (CCP)  rigira 20, iri rikaba risanzwe riba uko imyaka itanu irangiye mu ntumbero yo kwemeza uwurongora iki gihugu rutura co ku mugabane wa Aziya, ryaraye rihaye umukuru w’igihugu ahari ubu, Xi Jinping, ikiringo kigira gatatu yikurikiranya, ibitari bwigere bibaho. Iyi ngingo, yiyongereye kw’ihindurwa ry’ibwirizwashingiro  mu 2018 ryakuyeho ingingo yategeka ko ata mukuru w’igihugu ashobora kurenza ibiringo bibiri, igiye kwongerereza inguvu Xi mu kugenzura Ubushinwa, mu kumugira, nk’uko abenshi mu bihweza ibintu n’ibindi babivuga, umukuru w’igihugu wa mbere akomeye kuva ku washinze Repubulika y’Ubushinwa, Mao Zedong. Kimwe mu vyo Xi yemereye abanyagihugu igihe atorwa mu buryo butari bwitezwe kuba umunyamabanga mukuru ni uko CCP itazobona amahano nk’ayo Umugambwe w’Abakomunista w’Ubumwe bw’Abasoviyeti (URSS/USSR) wasenyutse mu 1991. Isenyuka rya URSS – gushika ico gihe yafatirwako akarorero n’Ubushinwa – ryateje ibibazo abategetsi benshi b’Ubushinwa, ariko nta bavyitayeho nk’uko Xi avyitayeho. Joseph Torigian, umwigisha kw’ishure kaminuza  School of International Service of China, yabwiye BBC Mundo ati: “Xi Jinping yavutse mu 1953 kandi ico gihe inyigisho ngenderwako yakoreshwa cane mu Bushinwa yari: 'Reta Zunze Ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti uyu munsi ni Ubushinwa bw'ejo'.” Uyu mwigisha wa kaminuza akongera akaba n’umuhinga muri poritike z’Uburusiya n’iz’Ubushinwa avuga kandi ati:  “Rimwe mu majambo ya mbere kandi akomeye ya Xi yashikirije igihe ashika ku butegetsi ryari ryerekeye isenyuka ry’Ubumwe bw’Abasoviyeti”. Xi yaryise ko ari “imburi”. Muri ino nkuru tugiye kurabira hamwe ibintu bitatu nyamukuru Xi yigiye kw’isenyuka ry’Abasoviyeti n’ingene vyamufashije kuguma arongoye CCP igihe kirekire kuva kuri Mao. Mw’ijambo Xi yashikirije abarongoye  CCP  – ijambo ryabacorotse kandi ryakunzwe gusubirwamwo – yavuze ko isenyuka rya URSS ryatumwe n’itituka ry’indero (discipline) mu mugambwe, n’uko ata muntu yari ajejwe akarangamutima k’umugambwe. “Kubera iki Ubumwe bw’Abasoviyeti bwasenyutse? Kubera iki Umugambwe w’Abakomunista w’Abasoviyeti wasenyutse?” bivugwa ko ari vyo yama abaza bagenziwe. “Imvo nyamukuru ni uko ivyiyumviro n’akarangamutima kayo vyatitutse”. Hagati aho, nk’uko abivuga, igihe uwari arongoye igihugu ico gihe, Mikhail Gorbachev,  afatiye ingingo yo kuzana impinduka zavuyemwo isenyuka ry’ubutegetsi bw’Abasoviyeti, nta n’umwe yamwiyamirije. Xi yasubiwemwo avuga ati: "Amaherezo ya vyose, ryabaye ijambo rituje rya Gorbachev avuga ko Umugambwe w’Abakomunista b’Abasoviyeti usambutse, umugambwe rutura urazimangana”. Mu majambo yo kunegura, avuga ati: "Impera ya vyose, harabuze umugabo nya mugabo. Nta n’umwe yubahutse guhagarara bwuma”. Ku wa 01 Mukakaro (7)  2021, mw’ijambo yashikirije mu birori vyo guhimbaza imyaka 100 y’umugambwe CCP, Xi – yari asanzwe atavugira ku mugaragaro kenshi mu myaka cumi amaze ku butegetsi – yashimangiye akamaro k’umugambwe. Ati: “Umugambwe ni rwo ruti rw’umugono rw’Ubushinwa. Iterambere ry’Ubushinwa rishingiye ku mugambwe”. Umunyamakuru w’Ubuyapani Katsuji Nakazawa yandika mu kinyamakuru gikomeye co muri Aziya Nikkei Aziya, yavuze ko “gushiraho ubutegetsi bw’umugambwe umwe - uburyo bwiwe bwo gukingira Ubushinwa ivyashikiye Ubumwe bw’Abasoviyeti – niyo poritike yonyene Xi agenderako kandi yahagarariye ku butegesi bwiwe”. Imwe mu ngingo za mbere Xi yafashe ashikiriye ubutegetsi yabaye gushinga “imirwi mito mito” itari mike muri komite nkuru y’umugambwe, ari nayo yavuyemwo inzego nkuru  zifata imigambi mikuru y'igihugu. Xi we nyene ubwiwe ni we yarongoye iyi mirwi.  Yafashe ubutegetsi bwose mu minwe hanyuma agabanya ubushobozi bw’Inama nkuru y’igihugu (State Council/ Conseil des affaires de l'État), inama nshikiranganji irongowe na Li Keqiang, umukeba wa Xi muri poritike. Inkurikizi y’ibi, na poritike y’ubutunzi yari isanzwe irongowe n’umushikiranganji wa mbere buhoro buhoro yahavuye ayigarurira. Ikindi mu mayeri yakoresheje kuva mu ntango mu ntumbero yo gutsimbataza umugambwe kugira ngo ntusambuke, kwabaye ugutanguza amasekeza akomeye yo gutuza ibiturire. Mw’ijambo ryiwe ryo kwugurura ikoraniro rigira 20 rya CCP ku wa Mungu uheze, yemereye abari aho ko reta yiwe “yakuyeho inzitizi zikomeye zari zinyegeje mu mugambwe”, kubera poritike yiwe. Hagati aho, abenshi mu bihweza ibintu n’ibindi babona ko aya masekeza yabaye ugukura imitego yari kumuzibira mu gutsimbataza ubutegetsi bwiwe, akuraho abashobora kumubera abakeba. Ibihumbi amajana n’amajana y’abategetsi b’umugambwe w’Abakomunista baragirijwe kurya ibiturire, ibi bica bituma Xi atanguza impinduka mu mugambwe, aho nyene ariko aba kibirengeye muri CCP. Carl Minzner, umwanditsi w’igitabo “End of an Era: How China’s Authoritarian Revival Is Undermining Its Rise,” aherutse kubwira ikinyamakuru New York Times, ati: “Inguvu zose Xi – mu kugenzura gusumba amarangamutima, kwemeza ko umugambwe wiganje mu gihugu cose, be no gusubiza Pekin/Beijing mu butegetsi bw’umuntu umwe – zifise intumbero yo gukingira Ubushinwa kugira ngo ntibuhave bugwa mu mutego nk’uwo [Ubumwe bw’Abasoviyeti] bwaguyemwo”. Minzner, umunywanyi w’ikigo c’abahinga ca Amerika,  American Council on Foreign Relations, abona ko iki ari igihushane, kuko, mu gihe anegura Abakomunista b’Abasoviyeti baretse Gorbachev agafata ingingo wenyene kw’isenyuka rya URSS, ukwigungirako ubutegetsi bwose n’ukwigira ikimana, ibi bikibutsa ubutegetsi bwa Mao, biriko bijana hamwe. Ati: “Igitangaje ni uko inzira Xi yahisemwo ishobora gusubiza Ubushinwa mu buryo ntasubira inyuma mu bihe vya kera vy’ubutegetsi canke ikabushira mu bihe Uburusiya burimwo iki gihe, aho intwaro yose igendera kw’ishaka ry’umuntu umwe rudende”. Ikindi cigwa gikomeye umukuru w’igihugu c’Ubushinwa yakuye mw’isenyuka ry’Umugambwe w’Abakomunista b’Abasoviyeti ni akamaro ko kugira igisirikare gikomeye kandi kikuyoboka. Torigian  ati: “Xi abona ko ari ikintu ngirakamaro ko umugambwe ugenzura igisirikare, kugira ngo iyo hadutse akaguma, nka kamwe ko mu 1989 ku kibanza ca Tiananmen Square, gishobore kukazimya gikoresheje inguvu”. Nk’uko uyu muhinga abivuga, kurya abona ko gukomeza umugambwe ari ukuwufata mu minwe, niko yakoze no mu gisirikare rutura, kizwi nka People’s Liberation Army (PLA) c’Ubushinwa. Ati: “N’aho ata bubasha kama afise kuri PLA, nk’uko vyari bimeze kuri Mao Zedong na Deng Xiaoping, bazwi ko bari abategetsi bakomeye mu gihe c’impinduka (revolution), mu kiringo c’imyaka itari mike,  Xi Jinping yaritayeho kugiriranira ubucuti n’igisirikare , aduza abantu bari bamwegereye, hamwe rero n’abajejwe akarangamutima bama bibutsa igisirikare ko ari we mutegetsi mukuru”. Nk’uko Torigian abivuga,  “Xi yifata ko ari we buraro n’uburamuko mu bijanye n’umutekano w’igihugu kandi ko akeneye kugenzura igisirikare mu gihe hokwaduka ikintu kigeramiye ubutegetsi, caba ikiva hagati canke hanze y’igihugu”. Mu vy’ukuri, ni we agenzura “inyabutatu ya gikomunista”  - Umugambwe, Reta, n’Ingabo -  ari co gituma abenshi mu bihweza ibintu n’ibindi bafata Xi nk’umukuru w’igihugu wa mbere akomeye kuva kuri Mao. Xi ntiyifatiye mu minwe PLA  gusa, yarayikomeje, mu kwongereza amafaranga ikoresha, mu gushinga uturere twa gisirikare, mu kwongereza imyimenyerezo ya gisirikare mu ntumbero yo kwitegurira intambara yokwaduka, hamwe no kwagura ububiko bw’ibirwanisho vya nikleyeri, ikintu giteye impungenge Uburengero, nk’uko Torigian  abivuga. Ibi vyose birajanye n’ikindi kimwe kiri mu ngingo ngenderwako yigiye kw’isenyuka ry’Abasoviyeti: “Igihugu gikomeye gitegerezwa kugira igisirikare gikomeye, kuko ni ubu buryo bwonyene gishobora gukingira ubutaka bwaco”, nk’uko yabivuze mw’ijambo ryiwe mu birori vyo guhimbaza imyaka 100 y’umugambwe CCP. Ku wa Mungu uheze, yarashimangiye ubu butumwa, mu kuvuga ko intumbero y’umugambwe ari “ukwubaka igisirikare gikomeye muri kino gihe gishasha”. Nk’uko abahinga babivuga, Xi yagarutse kw’ijambo “umutekano” incuro zirenga 70 mw’ijambo ryiwe, harimwo kandi no kugabisha Taiwan, igihugu Ubushinwa bufata ko ari ubutaka bwabwo. Xi kandi yarigiye mu ngorane z’Abasoviyeti ko ategerezwa kugenzura poritike n’akarangamutima vy’umugambwe n’igisirikare. Abonye ingene igihugu cari kinini gusumba ibindi vyose kw’isi ico gihe gisambaguritse, inyuma y’isenyuka ry’umugambwe w’Abakomunista, kigacikamwo ibihugu vyinshi bishasha, yarabonye ko kugira ngo Ubushinwa bugume mu bumwe, yategerezwa gutuza abantu bose batavuga rumwe, baba abo hagati mu gihugu canke hanze. Nico gituma adahesha, atari kuri  Taiwan giusa - "Gusubiza hamwe igihugu cacu ni ngombwa kandi bitegerezwa gukorwa”, nk’uko yagabishije ku wa Mungu – canke kuri Hong Kong, ubutaka bwasubijwe Ubushiwa mu 1997 ariko Pekin igashinga itegeko rijanye n’umutekano w’igihugu mu ntumbero yo gutuza imyiyerekano y’abarondera intwaro rusangi. Ubushinwa kandi burarwanya abanyagihugu bo mu bwoko bw’aba Uyghur  hagati mu gihugu, mu kwugaranira ibihumbi n’ibihumbi vy’aba banyagihugu b’aba-Islam mu bibanza bapfungiwemwo mu ntara ya Xinjiang, itoteza, nk’uko icegeranyo c’ishirahamwe ONU kibivuga, “rishobora kuba ivyaha mpuzamakungu, cane cane ivyaha bikorewe kiremwa muntu”. Yarakomeje kandi igenzura ry’igisata c’abikorera utwabo mu myaka iheze, aho yibanze cane cane ku buhinga n’igisata c’indero kiri mu minwe y’abigenga. Nk’uko abamunegura babivuga, ikiza ca coronavirus hamwe na poritike ya “covid-zero” vyahaye icitwazo Xi na CCP co kwugarana Ubushinwa kw’isi, atari mu ntumbero yo kuzibira umugera gusa, ariko kandi n’abanyamahanga bashobora guhungabanya ubutumwa bwa gikomunista. Hagati aho, gushinga ikizwi nka " Great Chinese Firewall " – ubuhinga bw’ico gihugu bwo kugenzura ikirere nyabwonko (cyberspace) no kuzibira imbuga ngurukanabumenyi z’Uburengero, harimwo, Facebook, Google, Twitter na Wikipedia – bwatumye uyu mukuru w’igihugu c’Ubushinwa agenzura ihanahana ry’amakuru, kuva ku makuru acishwa mu binyamakuru vyari bimenyerewe gushika no ku makuru acishwa ku mbuga ngurukanabumenyi. Ibi bizorondera kuzibira glasnost ntihave ishika mu Bushinwa, iyi ikaba ari potirike ya Gorbachev yo kwugurura imiryango yatumye igenzura ry’amakuru ryakorwa n’Abasivoyeti rihagarara, maze abanyagihugu benshi batangura kubaza ibibazo abategetsi.