headline: VIH/Sida: Menya intambwe zitatu zimaze guterwa mu kuyirwanya
text: N﻿a Leire Ventas B﻿BC Mundo, Los Angeles Ubu wanduye   umugera wa Sida, ntibikiri nko kuba uciriwe urubanza rwo gupfa nk’uko vyari bimeze mu myaka mirongo iheze, kuko ubu ushobora kubaho ubuzima busanzwe. Ubu nibwo butumwa bukomeye mw’umwizero butangwa n’abari mu gisata kijejwe kurwanya uyu mugera wa VIH utera indwara ya Sida. Kuva hamenyekanye abantu ba mbere banduye iyo ndwara mu myaka ya 1980, abantu barenga imiriyoni 40 baramaze  gupfa bahitanywe n’indwara zifitaniye isano n’uwo mugera, hamwe n’indwara iterwa nawo, izwi nka Sida. Mu mwaka uheze wonyene, iyo ndwara yahitanye abantu 450.000, imiriyoni 1,5 nabo barandura umugera wayo, nk’uko biri mu biharuro bitangwa n’ishami rya ONU rijejwe amagara y’abantu kw’isi OMS/WHO. Urwo rwego ruvuga ko imiriyoni 38,4 kw’isi bagendana umugera, 2/3 bakaba baba ku mugabane wa Afrika. Ubu, uburyo bwo gupima umugera hakiri kare bwararwiriye, imiti nayo iriyongera kandi igashikira abayikeneye. Hari n’ibihugu biri hafi yo kuwutuza burundu. David Goodman-Meza  umwigisha wa kaminuza,  abwira BBC ati:  "Tumaze imyaka 40 dukora ubushakashatsi, kandi, n’aho ata rucanco dufise, hari intambwe zikomeye zimaze gushikwako mu kurwanya uwu mugera, kuwuvura no gukomeza amagara y’abamaze kuwandura”. None ni izihe ntambwe nyamukuru zitatu zoba zimaze guterwa zigatanga n’umwizero mu rugamba rwo kurwanya iki kiza? Umugera wa SDA, ari wo VIH, utera abasoda b’umubiri ukabaka  inguvu zo gushobora kurwanya izindi ndwara zitari nke, harimwo n’ubwoko bumwe bumwe bwa kanseri (cancer) umubiri w’umuntu wari ushoboye kurwanya mu buryo bworoshe. Iyi ngorane irashobora gutorerwa umuti n’imiti yo gupfupfahaza, izwi nka Antiretroviral therapy canke ART mu mpfunyapfunyo. Kuva mu 2016, OMS yategetse ko abo bose banduye umugera wa SIDA bahabwa ART ubuzima bwabo bwose, harimwo abana, imiyabaga n’abagore bibungenze ata kuraba nimba hari izndi ndwara bariko barivuza. Ibi vyatumye mu mwaka uheze, abantu imiriyoni 28,7 banduye umugera kw’isi bahabwa iyi miti ipfupfahaza. Iyi miti ntabwo ivura uwu mugera, ariko ituma utiyongera mu mubiri bigatuma abasoda b’umubiri bagira inguvu zo kurwanya izindi ngwara. Ayako Miyashita  wo mu kigo ca California c’ubushakashatsi ku mugera wa SIDA, (California HIV/AIDS Policy Research Centers, CHPRC) avuga ati: "Vyongeye, ico twize muri ino myaka ya vuba ni uko iyo umuti ufashwe neza ugabanya ivyago vyo gukwiragiza umugera ku rugero rwa 100%”. Avuga ati: "Iyo umugera udashobora kuboneka mu mubiri w’umuntu, ni uko aba adashobora kuwanduza ku muntu wundi n’umwe”. Iki rero ni ikintu gikomeye cane, atari mu kurwanya iyi ndwara gusa, ariko kandi no kurwanya inenwa ku bagendana umugera”. Avuga kandi ko muri ino myaka ya vuba habaye intambwe “zidasanzwe” mu bijanye n’ubwo buvuzi. Umwigisha wa kaminuza Goodman-Meza  avuga ati: "Ibintu vyarahindutse cane kuva mu myaka ya 1990 canke 2000, aho abarwayi bategerezwa gufata imiti myinshi ku musi umwe n’ingaruka yabagirako”. Ubu ni ikinini kimwe gusa ku musi kandi nta ngaruka nini kibagirako. Kandi ubushakashatsi burabandanya muri iki gisata, barondera ubuvuzi bw’igihe kirekire. Mu mwaka uheze, ikigo ca Amerika kijejwe kugenzura imiti n’imfungurwa (Food and Drug Administration, FDA) caremeje umuti wa mbere ukora igihe kirekire, urushinge rw’imiti ibiri umuntu aterwa rimwe mu mezi abiri. Miyashita  ashimangira ati: "Iyumvire ico bisigura nko ku muntu yari amaze imyaka mirongo ari ku binini vya misi yose”. Kuri Suzi Steward w’imyaka 62 agendana umugera wa Sida kuva mu 2006, nico kintu ca mbere gikomeye cabaye kuri we mu myaka 15. Yabaye mu murwi wageragerejweko uwo muti, mbere igihe yemererwa kuba muri uwo murwi yararize kubera umunezero. Yabwiye ikinyamakuru gitangaza amakuru ku bijanye n’amagara y’abantu, Healthline,  ati: "Ni ukuri nari ndushe n’ibinini biguma binyibutsa ingwara yanje imisi yose”. Hari kandi n’ubushakashatsi buriko burakorwa ku miti yohabwa abantu imibiri yabo itakira iyi miti yo gupfupfahaza. "Hari intambwe zikomeye zatewe mu kuvura uwu mugera, ariko ikintu nyaco gikomeye kiri mu rwego rwo gukinga”, niko  Miyashita  wo mu kigo CHPRC avuga. Aha ashaka kuvuga umuti uzwi nka prophylaxie pré-exposition/ pre-exposure prophylaxis, uzwi mu mpfunyapfunyo nka PrEP. Mu gihe PrEP ifashwe imisi yose, ishobora kugabanya ivyago vyo kwandura umugera utera Sida uciye mu guhuza ibitsina ku rugero rwa 90% canke 70% biciye mw’ikoreshwa ry’inshinge canke ibikoresho bindi bitobora uruhu bidatunganye, nk’uko bivugwa n’ikigo ca Amerika kijejwe kugenzura indwara, Centers for the Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Ikompanyi ya Amerika ihingura imiti, Gilead Sciences, yatanguye kuyigurisha mu 2012 yitwa Truvada. Haciye imyaka itatu, OMS yaciye itangura gusaba ko yokoreshwa mu gukinga umugera wa Sida ku mirwi y’abantu bari mu vyago vyinshi vyo gushobora kuwandura , nk’abahuza ibitsina babisangiye, ababeshejweho n’ubumaraya, canke abafise abakunzi banduye umugera. Ariko rero, n’aho mu bihugu biteye imbere habonekamwo akarusho, uturere tubangamiwe cane gusumba utundi nta nyungu ibonekamwo kubera igiciro cayo kiri hejuru. Goodman-Meza  avuga ko n’imiti y’urushinge imara igihe kirekire iherutse kwemezwa. Aha ashaka kuvuga nk’akarorero ku muti w’urushinge uriko urageragerezwa muri Afrika y’Epfo wagiye kuboneka ko ari intambwe ikomeye: watumye abariko bawugeragerezwako bagira amahirwe manini yo kutandura umugera wa Sida ku rugero rwa 88% gusumba ibinini bariko barafata imisi yose. Muri ino myaka ya vuba, urugero rw’abandura rwaragabanutse, umuti wa PrEP uterwa mu rushinge ukaba ari wo muti wa mbere ufise akamaro kanini mu kwirinda umugera wa Sida igihe kirekire. Inyuma y’imyaka hafi 40 y’ubushakashatsi, nta rucanco rwa SIDA rurashobora kuboneka. Iziriko zirageragezwa ziracari ku rugero rwo hasi cane. Anthony S. Fauci yahoze ari umukuru w’ikigo kijejwe kurwanya indwara z’uguhuganirwa n’izandukira, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), ubu akaba ari umuhanuzi w’umukuru w’igihugu mu vyo amagara y’abantu, avuga ati: " Gutora urucanco rwa SIDA biboneka ko kikiri ikibazo c’ingorabahizi”. "Inyuma y’aho dutoreye incanco nyazo za Covid-19, turafise amahirwe menshi yo kuraba uno musi nimba twoshika ku ntambwe nk’iyo mu kurwanya umugera wa SIDA”. Miyashita  ati: "Muri iki gihe, nta rucanco turaronka, kandi nta n’umuti turaronka”. Nivyo ko hari abantu bazwi ko bashoboye gukira, canke n’imiburiburi bakamara amezi atari make badafise umugera. Ariko ibi ni ivyavuye mu buvuzi n’amagerageza bishasha bitoroshe gukoresha ku bantu banduye. Uyu muhinga ashimangira ati: "Kimwe mu bintu tudashobora kwibagira ni uko hari abantu bagendana umugera wa SIDA ubu kandi mu gihe tuzoba tutarashika kuri iyo ntambwe yo kuronka, atari urucanco gusa, ariko kandi n’umuti, turacafise igikorwa gikomeye imbere yacu”. Hanyuma kandi, ntitwibagire ko atari ibihugu vyose bifise ubushobozi bwo kuronka ibiva muri ubu buhinga. "Uburinganire ku magara no kuvurwa neza ni ikintu kitarashikwako kw’isi. Rero iterambere muri ubwo buhinga mu vyo amagara y’abantu ntaco rivuze. Mu gihe tudashitse ku rugero rw’aho bose bazoba bashobora kuronka ubwo buryo, ntiturote twibaza ko umugera wa SIDA tuzoshobora kuwutuza”.