headline: Yakomowe n'inzoka zirenga 200 arondera umuti uvura gukomorwa
text: Buri mwaka abantu barenga imiriyoni 5,4 barakomorwa n'inzoka kandi abashika 138.000 zirabahitana, mu gihe ubuvuzi bukigoye henshi kw'isi. Mu ntumbero yo kurondera umuti uvura gukomorwa n'inzoka iyo ari yo yose, umugabo yahoze ari umushoferi w'amakamyo muri Amerika yakoresheje umubiri wiwe nk'ikigeragezo co kurondera umuti. Gushika ubu, aramaze gukomorwa ku gushaka kwiwe inshuro zirenga 200 kandi aramaze no kwitera ubumara bw'inzoka mu mubiri inshuro 700. Yavuganye na BBC imbere y'isekeza mpuzamakungu ryo guhimiriza abantu ku mabi yo gukomorwa n'inzoka ryatanguye ejo itariki 19 z'ukwa cenda. Yabwiye BBC igituma ari ngirakamara gushira ubuzima bwiwe mu kaga mu gihe hari abahinga bavuga ko ari ukwigerezako kandi bitabereye ku kiremwa muntu. Ikibazo kimeze gute? Buri minota itanu hama hari ahantu kw'isi umuntu apfa yishwe no gukomorwa n'inzoka kandi abantu bane muri uwo mwanya nyene bahakura ubumuga budakira. Ariko hari abantu bariko barashira ubuzima bwabo mu kaga mw'igerageza bakorana n'ivyo bikoko bikwega inda hasi. Tim Friede, aba muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika i Wisconsin, yafashe videwo ariko arareka n'ibigirankana inzoka z'ubumara zikamukomora, izo video agaca azishira kuri YouTube. Kubabara biza ubwo nyene Muri imwe muri izo video, nyuma yo gukomorwa vuba cane inshuro zibiri n'inzoka yitwa mamba, avuga araba kamera atanezwe amaraso ariko aratemba ku maboko yiwe. Agira ati "Iyo ari inzoka ya 'black mamba' umubabaro uza ubwo nyene. Ni nko kuribwa n'inzuki igihumbi ica rimwe. Inzuki zishobora kuba zifise mirigarama imwe canke zibiri z'ubumara, ariko 'mamba' igukomoye rimwe ikurekuriramwo mirigarama 300 gushika ku 500." Yabwiye BBC ibica bikurikira agira ati "Nyuma y'aho nca ntangura kuvyimba. Mu minsi mikeyi ikurikira mba ata ntege mfise. Ndavye ukuvyimba kwanshikiye, ndashobora kugereranya ubumara inzoka yanteyemwo uko bungana. Birababaza cane". Ni ukwigerezako kandi ntibibereye ku kiremwa muntu Ariko si bose batamarirwa iyo babonye videwo ziwe kuri YouTube nk'uko abakunzi biwe kuri urwo rubuga bibagendera. Dr Stuart Ainsworth wo mw'ishure ry'ubuvuzi bwo mu turere dushushe (School of Tropical Medicine) i Liverpool mu Bwongereza ari ati "Ntituzi na gatoyi ivyo aba bantu baba bariko barakora." Iryo shure akorako riri mu bindi bigo biriko biragerageza kuronka umuti mushasha uvura gukomorwa n'inzoka iyo ari yo yose. Mu bisanzwe inkingo nshasha zigeragezwa ku mbeba hamwe n'ibindi bikoko bikoreshwa muri za laboratware, hanyuma basanze ata ngorane niho igerageza ku bantu ritangura mu buryo bwitondewe cane. Dr Ainsworth yabandanije ati "Abantu usanga bikingira bonyene kuko ata mategeko abigenga. Ariko ibi bakora birashobora no gutuma bapfa. Nta n'umwe yari akwiye kubikora." Ariko mu gitasa c'inganda z'imiti kw'isi, nta mategeko ahari agenga ubushakashaka ku miti ivuga ubumara. Kimwe mu bigo bikorera mu Bwongereza citwa Wellcome Trust, gishaka ko hashirwa ubuhinga muri ubu bushakashatsi, kikavuga ko "Hari uburyo bumwe bwo mu guhingura, umutekano bijanye, canke ingingo ntarengwa zigenga uko bikorwa". Friede arahakana cane ko ivyo akora mu kwigerezako ku buzima bwiwe, abikora gusa kugira aronke abamukurikirana benshi ku mbuga hwaniro. Agira ati "Sinabikoze kugira nsohore videwo za YouTube - nashaka gukiza ubuzima bw'abantu hamwe no kwerekana ubudasa. Nkoresha YouTube kugira gusa ndonke abaganga nkorana nabo. Kwari nko gutomboza. Ariko vyarakunze." Mu bwoko bw'inzoka hafi 3.000, ubushika 200 gusa nibwo bufise ubumara bukomeye ku buryo bwokwica canke bukamugaza umuntu. Friede arazi neza bwinshi muri ubwo bwoko. Yaba ubwoko bwa "cobra", "vipers" canke "mamba", aramaze gukomorwa inshuro zirenga 200 mu myaka mirongo ibiri iheze. Aha uca wongerako inshuro zirenga 700 amazi kwitera we nyene ubumara bw'inzoka. Ubwinshi bw'ubumara inzoka ishobora gutera mu muntu canke igikoko buratandukanye. Rimwe na rimwe inzoka irashobora gukomora ntiyinjize ubumara na bukeyi, rero kubutera ni uburyo bwo gupima ubwinjira uko bungana. Friede agira ati "Iyo udakingiwe neza ubumara bw'inzoka nka 'black mamba', bibangamira imicungararo y'imitsi yawe yo mu bwonko. Bigasigura ko mu gikiriza hawe humagatara, guhema bikagorana, amaso agahuma kandi ntushobore kuvuga, ukagwa hasi bukebuke, ukagagara." "Ntibishikira imitsi ijana ku bwonko, bigasigura ko ushobora kugumana ubwenge gushika upfuye." Gukomorwa na "cobra" birababaza cane Friede atunze inzoka nyinshi z'ubumara mu kigo ciwe, kandi agerageza ugukomora kwazo ku mubiri wiwe. "Ndafise cobra zo mu mazi zamuka muri Afrika. Gukomora kwayo ni ibara. Irakomeye. Vyari ibintu biteye ubwoba kwumva." Cobra yo mu mazi ifise ubumara bubangamira imitsi ijana ku bwonko. "Izindi cobra zifise ubumara burimwo cytotoxins butera kubora kw'igihimba, co kimwe n'ubwoko bwa 'rattle snake'. Burashobora guca urutoke canke ukuboko kwose." Friede yibanda ku ngingo y'uko iyo winjiwe n'ubumara buke buke, ugenda uramenyereza abasoda b'umubiri, ariko ubwo buryo akoresha bwariyamirijwe cane. Uburyo busa n'ubwo - naho hakoreshwa ibikoko - bwashoboye gushikana ku muti w'ubumara umwe gusa uzwi gushika ubu. Guhingura imiti ivura ubumara biracakorwa nk'uko vyamye bikorwa kuva mu kinjana ca 19. Ubumara  bukeyi buterwa mw'ifarasi canke intama bagaca bafata abasoda b'umubiri w'ico gikoko bari mu maraso yaco. Friede arabaza ati "Urabona hari ibi bikoko bishaka kutwica, kandi sinshaka gupfa. Rero jewe nca mba iyo farasi. Kuki tutokwingira twebwe nyene ngo ntutigire ico tuba?" Uwo mugabo w'imyaka 51 yahoze ari umushoferi w'ikamyo si umuhinga mu kwirinda kw'umubiri, kandi ntiyigeze aja muri kaminuza. Gutinya kwicwa n'igikoko c'ubumara nico catumye atangura gukora ibi bintu bidasanzwe, ubu haraciye imyaka 20. Yatanguriye ku bitangurirwa hamwe n'ibikoko vya scorpion mu nyuma yungururiza ku nzoka. "Sindakoresha buri nzoka y'ubumara iriho kw'isi. Nahisemwo izishobora kwica vuba cane." Arafise inkovu nyinshi yakuye muri ubwo bushakashatsi bwiwe kandi yarahatswe gupfa ariko aragira ukwo kugerageza kwiwe. Ariko ntikimubuza kureka ngo inzoka zimukomore ata baganga bamuri impande. "Inshuro zishika 12 vyarangoye cane gukira. Mu kugerageza kwanje mu mwaka wa mbere narinjijwe ibitaro nyuma yo gukomorwa na cobras zibiri. "Utegerezwa guca muri iyo nzira igoye. Nta muganga canke Kaminuza kw'isi izokwigisha ibintu nk'ibi." Ibipimo vyo kwa muganga vyatumye arushaho kwizera ko uburyo bwiwe buriko burakora. Avuga ati "ugereranije n'abandi ndafise igitigiri kigwije na kabiri c'abasoda b'umubiri bajejwe gukingira ubumara. Ibi vyemejwe n'ibipimo vyo muri laboratware." Haciye imyaka nk'ibiri, video zo kuri YouTube za Tim Friede zakabuye ubwenge bw'umuhinga mu kwirinda kw'umubiri, Jacob Glanville, aca aheba akazi yakora nk'umuhinga mukuru mu bumenyi ku kigo gikora imiti Pfizer, aca atanguza ikigo ciwe gikora imiti ivura ubumara. Glanville agira ati: "Ivyo Tim yagize vyari bihambaye, ariko birabangamye ku buzima kandi nta n'umwe nobihanura." Ico kigo kiriko kirakoresha amaraso ya Friede mu guhingura ubwoko bushasha bw'imiti ivura ubumara. Friede agira ati "bafashe utugingo ndangamuntu twanje (DNA) n'utugingo RNA, abasoda b'umubiri banje bakoramwo ibindi bisa nkavyo (clonage). Ubu nibwo bumenyi bwo ku rwego rwo hejuru rushoboka." Nk'uko bitangazwa n'ishirahamwe rijejwe amagaro kw'isi, OMS, buri mwaka abantu imiriyoni 5,4 bakomorwa n'inzoka. Igitigiri c'abapfa kigereranywa hagati y'81.000 n'138.000. Abandi barenga 400.000 basigarana ubumuga bigatuma batabaho neza. Ariko vyarinze gushika mu mwaka w'2017 kugira OMS yemeze ko kuribwa n'inzoka ari uburwayi butitaweho bwo mu karere gashushe ko kw'isi (tropicale). Buri mwaka itariki ya 19 z'ukwa cenda ifatwa nk'itariki yo kuzirikana ikibazo co gukomorwa n'inzoka. Igikorwa nyamukuru ni kwibanda ku bibazo bibangamiye ibice vyo hagati mu gihugu muri Aziya, Afrika hamwe n'ubumanuko bwa Amerika, bitararonswa uburyo bw'ubuvuzi bwa kijambere. Mu bihugu vyinshi, umuti uvura ubumara bw'ibikoko uboneka usanga ata kamaro ugira kubera ububiko bubi canke kubera yuko ukora ku bwoko bumwe gusa bw'inzoka, ntukore ku bundi bwoko. Mu kwezi kwa gatanu mu mwaka uheze, ikigo Wellcome Trust catangaje ishingwa ry'ikigega c'amahera imiriyoni $100, yo kurondera ubuvuzi bushasha kandi bwiza bw'ubumara bw'ibikoko. Ayandi mashirahamwe menshi ariko ararondera ukuntu yohingura imiti ivura neza kandi izimbutse. Amasezerano na Glanville azotuma Friede ahabwa amafaranga atari make nibashobora guhingura urukingo. Friede agira ati "Ntukomorwa n'inzoka kugira uhabwe amahera. Ariko dukoze urukingo bizozana amahera menshi. Ndafise umushingwamanza kandi twaragiranye amasezerano." Glanville afise icizere cinshi ku vyo bazoshikako. "Ubushakashatsi bushitse kure cane - turi mu gutangura kugerageza ku mbeba." Glanville na Friede bariyamirizwa cane n'inzego z'abahinga mu bumenyi kubera uburyo bakoresha mu bushakashatsi, ariko barihagararako cane mu bushakashatsi bwabo. Glanville agira ati "twarihweje ibijanye n'inyifato yemewe ku muntu mu buvuzi. Twakoresheje uburyo busa n'ubukoreshwa mu nyigo zerekeye abashobora kubangamirwa cane n'ibindi bintu, nk'ugukomereka bijanye n'akazi, umugera wa SIDA n'ibindi." Mu gihe yemera ko uburyo akoresha butoroshe kugira abandi babukurikize, Tim Friede avuga ko umwimbu uri mu kuboneka. "Hari intumbero yinyegeje inyuma y'ubutagondwa bwanje. Nditanga nk'incungu kugira haboneke umuti uzimbutse, ushobora kuvura ubumara bw'inzoka zose."