headline: Ingene Russia yanesheje Ukraine muri Africa
text: Na  Paul Melly Igisata ca Afrika, Chatham House, London Amajambo ashikiriza amakoraniro n’amanama nshingamateka kw’isi vyabaye umushinge wa Perezida Volodymyr Zelensky wa Ukraine mu twigoro twiwe two gutsimbataza imigenderanire kuva mu mezi make aheze. Ariko igihe ashikiriza ijambo Ubumwe bwa Afrika (AU) ku wa mbere abakuru b’igihugu bane gusa nibo bamwumvirije, mu gihe abandi nabo baserukiwe n’intumwa. Kubona yitabwa n’abantu bake vyerekana neza ingene bitoroshe kuri Kyiv kugira ngo ijambo ryayo ryumvikane kuri uno mugabane ufise ibihugu 54 ariko Ukraine ikaba ifise ibiro vy’ubuserukizi mu bihugu cumi vyonyene, ica kane c’ivyo Uburusiya bufise. Rero mu kugerageza guhindura imbono y’abanyafrika ku ntambara yavuye ku gitero ca Perezida Vladimir Putin, Perezida Zelensky ntashobora gushinga imizi haba mu vya poritike canke umutekano ku rugero Moscou igezeko. Ukraine si igihugu gifise inguvu za gisirikare rutura kw’isi kandi si n’igihugu ntayegayezwa mu Nama nkuru ya ONU ijejwe umutekano, nk’uko biri ku Burusiya. Kubera iyi mvo, abategetsi benshi ba Afrika bafashe ingingo ko badashobora guhirahira ngo bigane ibihugu vy’Uburengero mu guhangana na Moscou. Ibintu bimeze uku mu gihe amayira yo gusohora intete ziva muri Ukraine yazibiwe, bikaba biriko birunyura ikibazo c’imfungurwa cari gisanzwe kihari, ivyatumye ibiciro vy’ibidandazwa vyinjira biduga, maze ingano n’izindi ntete hamwe n’amavuta bikena  cane mu bihugu vya Afrika vyari bisanzwe bitikwije. Mu ntango z’uku kwezi, umukuru w’igihugu ca Sénégal Macky Sall, ari na we arongoye Ubumwe bwa Afrika muri kino gihe, yarafashe urugendo rwamushikanye mu gisagara ca Sochi kiri ku nkengera y’inyanja yirabura (Black Sea/Mer noire) kugira ngo aganire na Perezida Putin ku kungene bokuraho inzitizi zituma ata bidandazwa vyinjira ku mugabane bivuye mu Burusiya hamwe no muri Ukraine. Hanyuma kandi, mu ndwi iheze, Perezida Cyril Ramaphosa wa Afrika y’Epfo yarahamagaye Putin kuri terefone kugira bavugane ingene Uburusiya bwoha Afrika ivyimburwa hamwe n’ibitabizo. Ibi biganiro vyarazanye akarusho gatoya n’aho ata nyinshu burundu yaboneste. Hagati aho, hari ibimenyetso vy’uko igitero kuri Ukraine gishobora kuba kiriko gituma haba ingorane ku bikorwa vya gisirikare vy’Uburusiya muri Afrika, aho hari ibihuha bitaremezwa bivuga ko hari zimwe mu ngabo za wa muhari w’abacangero Wagner zishobora kuba ziriko rizakurwa muri Centrafrique. Ibi ntivyotangaza cane uravye ibikenewe mu bikorwa vya gisirikare bikomeye mu karere ka Donbas. Hagati aho, nta kimenyetso na kimwe kihari cerekana ko abarwanyi ba Wagner boba bariko baragabanuka muri Mali – aho ingabo zawo zikunze kuboneka ziri kumwe n’iza reta mu bikorwa vya gisirikare. Vyongeye, amasezerano ya gisirikare no mu vyo umutekano Uburusiya bufise muri Afrika muri kino gihe ariko aratsimbatazwa, n’aho ivya nkenerwa mu ntambara yo muri Ukraine ari vyinshi. Cameroun nico gihugu kindi giherutse kwisanga muri uru rugamba rutoroshe. Umushikiranganji wa Cameroun ajejwe kwivuna abansi Joseph Beti Assomo yari i Moscou mu kwezi guheze aho yari yagiye kubonana na mugenziwe w’Uburusiya Sergei Shoigu ngo batere igikumu ku masezerano y’imyaka itanu y’ugufashanya mu vya gisirikare. Muri ano masezerano harimwo ibijanye n’igendereza, kwigisha no guhanahana ubuhinga mu kurwanya iterabwoba n’ubusuma bwo mu mazi. Harategurwa n’imyimenyerezo rusangi. Aya masezerano ntavuga ibijanye n’irungikwa ry’ibirwanisho ariko agasa n’ayerekana ko hashobora kwumvikanwako ubundi buryo bwo gufashanya. Mu vy'ukuri, amasezerano yo mu  2015 yatumye Uburusiya burungika imfashanyo y’ibirwanisho n’uburyo yabaye kirumara mu ntambara yo kurwanya inyeshamba ziyitirira idini rya Islam mu ntara y’Uburaruko muri Cameroun. N’aho gushika ubu aya masezerano mashasha na Moscou ataramenyekana neza, asa n’uko ateye impungenge ibihugu vy’Uburengero. Mu ndwi nkeya umukuru w’igisata kijejwe Afrika mu bushikiranganji bw’imigenderanire w’Ubufaransa, Christophe Bigot, yari yagiye i Yaoundé, asa n’uwugiye guhumuriza umushikiranganji wa mbere wa Cameroun Joseph Dion Ngute ko Paris nayo nyene iciyemeje gukomeza ubucuti mu vy'ubutunzi, imico no kurwanya iterabwoba. Aya masezerano na Cameroun yateweko igikumu mu gihe kitoroshe ku rwego mpuzamakungu – igihe c’intambara ivuye ku gitero c’Uburusiya kuri Ukraine. Abategetsi b’ibihugu vy’Uburengero babona ko Uburusiya ari akaga gakomeye ku mutekano wavyo, kuko burwanya umushinge w’intwaro rusangi be n'uko amategeko asanzwe agenda isi. Hagati aho, ibihugu bimwe bimwe vya Afrika bifise amadidane kuri uku kubonwa nabi kw’ubutegetsi bwa Putin. Kandi ibi si kuri Mali na Centrafrique gusa. Hariho kandi n’ibihugu bicuditse n’Uburengero kuva kera ariko vyirinda kunegura mu buryo bweruye ibikorwa vya Putin. Nk’akarorero, Sénégal yafashe ingingo yo kudashigikira iciyumviro c’inama nkuru y’ishirahamwe ONU co ku wa 02 Ntwarante (3) casaba Uburusiya guhagarika ikoreshwa ry’inguvu kuri Ukraine. Cameroun nayo nyene yafashe ingingo isa n’iyi, aho umuserukizi wayo muri ONU yahisemwo gufata indege imushikana mu gihugu ciwe mu ntango z’ukwa gatatu kugira ngo akwepe iyi nama yari ikomeye yo gutora ngo bemeze iyi ngingo. Inyuma y’aho, ku wa 07 Ndamukiza (4) iki gihugu cashimye kutagira aho cegamira igihe Inama Nkuru ijejwe Umutekano yagira amatora yo guhagarika Uburusiya mu Nama ya ONU ijejwe agateka ka zina muntu. Ivyiyumviro vyo hagati mu gihugu navyo bifise uruhara mu bihe nk’ibi. Kuja ku ruhande rw’Ubufaransa, Amerika n’Ubwongereza, si ukuvuga ko vyama bishimwa na benshi kuri uno mugabane, kandi reta ya Cameroun, co kimwe n’ibindi bihugu bigenzi vyayo, isa n’iyafashe ingingo yo gushira imbere ico abanyagihugu biyumvira. Hagati aho, Cameroun ishika kure, mu gufata ingingo yo gutera igikumu ku masezerano mashasha yo gufashanya mu vya gisirikare n’Uburusiya n’aho ingabo zabwo zibandanya zicucagira amabombe ku bisagara vya Ukraine. Iyi ngendo iki gihugu cisangije ifise kumbure kuba isigurwa n’ingene ibintu bimeze hagari muri Cameroun. Umukuru w’igihugu Paul Biya asanzwe avuga igifaransa ahanganye n’ibibazo vy’umutekano ku mpande zibiri: mu gihe ubutegetsi bwiwe buhanganye n’umuhari Boko Haram wiyitirira idini rya Islam ufise icicaro muri Nigeria, hamwe n’umuhari Islamic State West Africa Province (Iswap) mu ntara y’Uburaruko, iri kandi mu ntambara imaze igihe kirekire n’inyeshamba zishaka kwiyonkora mu ntara zibiri zikoresha ururimi rw’icongereza, intara y’Ubumanuko bushira uburengero hamwe n’iy’Uburaruko bushira uburengero. Hampande y’Uburusiya, Cameroun ifitaniye kandi amasezerano yo gufashanya mu vya gisirikare n’ibihugu vy’Ubufaransa, Ubushinwa, Brezili na Turukiya – kandi yarigeze no kuba ifitaniye amasezerano na Amerika. Gusa, incuti zayo nka Washington na Paris zifise impungenge ku bijanye n’agateka ka zina muntu n’intwaro, kandi mu gutanga imfashanyo zavyo hari ivyo zibanza gusaba. Mu vyo ukuri, impungenge ku kungene ibintu bimeze mu turere twa Cameroun dukoresha icongereza ziherutse gutuma Amerika ihagarika imfashanyo ya gisirikare yahora iha Cameroun. Mu gihe abanyamerika bariko bariyonjorora, bamwe mu banyakameruni bihweza ibintu n’ibindi bafise ubwoba ko reta ubu ifise kuba iriko irarondera iyindi ncuti yoyiha imfashanyo itarinze gushiramwo amananiza ashingiye ku mayeri yayo ya gisirikare, ariko uburenganzira bwa muntu bukahagirira ingorane. Mu tundi turere twa Afrika, kahise ka Moscou kerekana ko yishimira gufasha ibihugu bitorosha ibintu. Muri Centrafrique, umurwi Wagner ubandanya wigisha igisirikare kuva mu 2018 mbere n’ingabo zawo zarafashije ingabo za reta mu gutuza igitero c’inyeshamba ku mugwa mukuru Bangui mu ntango za 2021. Ariko abahinga ba ONU bagiriza Wagner ivyaha bikomeye vyo guhohotera abasivire; abarwanyi bayo baherutse kwagirizwa ko bishe abasivire hafi y’akarere ka Bria, icicaro c’uruganda rucukura ubutare bwa diyama. Wagner kandi ikorera hagati muri Mali, iri kumwe n’igisirikare, aho nk’uko bivugwa n’ishirahamwe Human Rights Watch n’abanyagihugu, izi ngabo zikorera hamwe zaboreje igufa zica n’abanyagihugu. Ingabo za reta ya Mali hamwe n’abacangero b’abarusiya bagirizwa kwica abantu barenga 300 i Moura, hagati muri Mali mu kwa gatatu. Ntivyoroshe ingene reta ya Cameroun yoha akazi uyu murwi w’abacangero utavugwako rumwe. Bisa n’uko ishira imbere cane ubucuti hagati ya reta n’iyindi  nk’uko biri mu masezerano yo mu kwezi guheze i Moscou. Ariko, ubu bucuti bushasha n’Uburusiya bushobora cane kuba ikimenyetso c’uko igisirikare casubiye kwihagararako mu gihe ubutegetsi bugerageza gutuza ibikorwa vy’inyeshamba zishaka kwiyonkora mu ntara zikoresha icongereza hamwe n’abarwanyi biyitiriria idini rya Islam mu ntara y’Uburaruko.