54 The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Complete Works of William Shakespeare, by William Shakespeare
ACT V
SCENE I. A room in the Garter Inn
Enter Falstaff and
Mistress Quickly.
FALSTAFF.
Prithee, no more prattling. Go. I’ll hold. This is the third time; I hope good
luck lies in odd numbers. Away, go! They say there is divinity in odd numbers,
either in nativity, chance, or death. Away!
MISTRESS QUICKLY.
I’ll provide you a chain, and I’ll do what I can to get you a pair of horns.
FALSTAFF.
Away, I say; time wears.
[Exit Mistress Quickly.]
Enter Ford.
How now, Master Brook! Master Brook, the matter will be known tonight or
never. Be you in the park about midnight, at Herne’s oak, and you shall see
wonders.
FORD.

FALSTAFF.
I went to her, Master Brook, as you see, like a poor old man, but I came from
her, Master Brook, like a poor old woman. That same knave Ford, her husband,
hath the finest mad devil of jealousy in him, Master Brook, that ever governed
frenzy. I will tell you he beat me grievously, in the shape of a woman; for in
the shape of man, Master Brook, I fear not Goliath with a weaver’s beam,
because I know also life is a shuttle. I am in haste.  Since I plucked geese, played truant, and whipped
top, I knew not what ’twas to be beaten till lately. Follow me, I’ll tell you
strange things of this knave Ford, on whom tonight I will be revenged, and I
will deliver his wife into your hand. Follow. Strange things in hand, Master
Brook! Follow.
[Exeunt.]
SCENE II. Windsor Park
Enter Page, Shallow and
Slender.
PAGE.
Come, come. We’ll couch i’ the castle ditch till we see the light of our
fairies. Remember, son Slender, my daughter—
SLENDER.
Ay, forsooth. I have spoke with her, and we have a nay-word how to know one
another. I come to her in white and cry “mum”; she cries “budget”; and by that
we know one another.
SHALLOW.
That’s good too. But what needs either your “mum” or her “budget”? The white
will decipher her well enough. It hath struck ten o’clock.
PAGE.
The night is dark. Light and spirits will become it well. Heaven prosper our
sport! No man means evil but the devil, and we shall know him by his horns.
Let’s away; follow me.
[Exeunt.]
SCENE III. The street in Windsor
Enter Mistress Page, Mistress Ford and
Doctor Caius.
MISTRESS PAGE.
Master Doctor, my daughter is in green. When you see your time, take her by the
hand, away with her to the deanery, and dispatch it quickly. Go before into the
park. We two must go together.
CAIUS.
I know vat I have to do. Adieu.
MISTRESS PAGE.
Fare you well, sir.
[Exit Caius.]
My husband will not rejoice so much at the abuse of Falstaff as he will chafe
at the doctor’s marrying my daughter. But ’tis no matter. Better a little
chiding than a great deal of heartbreak.
MISTRESS FORD.
Where is Nan now, and her troop of fairies, and the Welsh devil Hugh?
MISTRESS PAGE.
They are all couched in a pit hard by Herne’s oak, with obscured lights, which,
at the very instant of Falstaff’s and our meeting, they will at once display to
the night.
MISTRESS FORD.
That cannot choose but amaze him.
MISTRESS PAGE.
If he be not amazed, he will be mocked; if he be amazed, he will every way be
mocked.
MISTRESS FORD.
We’ll betray him finely.
MISTRESS PAGE.
Against such lewdsters and their lechery,
Those that betray them do no treachery.
MISTRESS FORD.
The hour draws on. To the oak, to the oak!
[Exeunt.]
SCENE IV. Windsor Park
Enter Sir Hugh Evans disguised, and children as Fairies.
EVANS.
Trib, trib, fairies. Come, and remember your parts. Be pold, I pray you, follow
me into the pit, and when I give the watch-’ords, do as I pid you. Come, come;
trib, trib.
[Exeunt.]
SCENE V. Another part of the Park
Enter Falstaff wearing a buck’s head.
FALSTAFF.
The Windsor bell hath struck twelve, the minute draws on. Now the hot-blooded
gods assist me! Remember, Jove, thou wast a bull for thy Europa; love set on
thy horns. O powerful love, that in some respects, makes a beast a man, in some
other a man a beast! You were also, Jupiter, a swan for the love of Leda. O
omnipotent love, how near the god drew to the complexion of a goose! A fault
done first in the form of a beast; O Jove, a beastly fault! And then another
fault in the semblance of a fowl; think on’t, Jove, a foul fault! When gods
have hot backs, what shall poor men do? For me, I am here a Windsor stag, and
the fattest, I think, i’ the forest.  Who comes here? My doe?
Enter Mistress Ford and
Mistress Page.
MISTRESS FORD.
Sir John? Art thou there, my deer, my male deer?
FALSTAFF.
My doe with the black scut! Let the sky rain potatoes, let it thunder to the
tune of “Greensleeves”, hail kissing-comfits and snow eringoes; let there come
a tempest of provocation, I will shelter me here.
[He embraces her.]
MISTRESS FORD.
Mistress Page is come with me, sweetheart.
FALSTAFF.
Divide me like a bribed buck, each a haunch. I will keep my sides to myself, my
shoulders for the fellow of this walk, and my horns I bequeath your husbands.
Am I a woodman, ha? Speak I like Herne the hunter? Why, now is Cupid a child of
conscience; he makes restitution. As I am a true spirit, welcome!
[A noise of horns within.]
MISTRESS PAGE.
Alas, what noise?
MISTRESS FORD.
Heaven forgive our sins!
FALSTAFF.
What should this be?
MISTRESS FORD and MISTRESS PAGE.
Away, away!
[They run off.]
FALSTAFF.
I think the devil will not have me damned, lest the oil that’s in me should set
hell on fire; he would never else cross me thus.
Enter Mistress Quickly as the Queen of Fairies,
Sir Hugh Evans as a Satyr, Pistol as Hobgoblin, Anne
Page and children as Fairies, carrying tapers.
MISTRESS QUICKLY.
Fairies, black, grey, green, and white,
You moonshine revellers and shades of night,
You orphan heirs of fixed destiny,
Attend your office and your quality.
Crier Hobgoblin, make the fairy oyes.
PISTOL.
Elves, list your names; silence, you airy toys!
Cricket, to Windsor chimneys shalt thou leap,
Where fires thou find’st unraked and hearths unswept,
There pinch the maids as blue as bilberry.
Our radiant queen hates sluts and sluttery.
FALSTAFF.
They are fairies, he that speaks to them shall die.
I’ll wink and couch. No man their works must eye.
[Lies down upon his face.]
EVANS
Where’s Bead? Go you, and where you find a maid
That ere she sleep has thrice her prayers said,
Rein up the organs of her fantasy;
Sleep she as sound as careless infancy.
But those as sleep and think not on their sins,
Pinch them, arms, legs, backs, shoulders, sides, and shins.
MISTRESS QUICKLY.
About, about!
Search Windsor castle, elves, within and out.
Strew good luck, oafs, on every sacred room,
That it may stand till the perpetual doom
In state as wholesome as in state ’tis fit,
Worthy the owner and the owner it.
The several chairs of order look you scour
With juice of balm and every precious flower.
Each fair instalment, coat, and several crest,
With loyal blazon, evermore be blest!
And nightly, meadow-fairies, look you sing,
Like to the Garter’s compass, in a ring.
Th’ expressure that it bears, green let it be,
More fertile-fresh than all the field to see;
And Honi soit qui mal y pense write
In em’rald tufts, flowers purple, blue and white,
Like sapphire, pearl, and rich embroidery,
Buckled below fair knighthood’s bending knee.
Fairies use flowers for their charactery.
Away, disperse! But till ’tis one o’clock,
Our dance of custom round about the oak
Of Herne the hunter let us not forget.
EVANS.
Pray you, lock hand in hand, yourselves in order set;
And twenty glow-worms shall our lanterns be,
To guide our measure round about the tree.
But stay, I smell a man of middle earth.
FALSTAFF.

PISTOL.
Vile worm, thou wast o’erlooked even in thy birth.
MISTRESS QUICKLY.
With trial-fire touch me his finger-end.
If he be chaste, the flame will back descend
And turn him to no pain; but if he start,
It is the flesh of a corrupted heart.
PISTOL.
A trial, come.
EVANS.
Come, will this wood take fire?
[They put the tapers to his fingers, and he starts.]
FALSTAFF.
O, o, o!
MISTRESS QUICKLY.
Corrupt, corrupt, and tainted in desire!
About him, fairies, sing a scornful rhyme,
And, as you trip, still pinch him to your time.
SONG.
Fie on sinful fantasy!
Fie on lust and luxury!

Pinch him, fairies, mutually;
Pinch him for his villainy.
Pinch him and burn him and turn him about,
Till candles and starlight and moonshine be out.
[During the song they pinch him, and Doctor
Caius comes one way and steals away a boy in green; and Slender another way takes a boy in white; Fenton comes in and steals away Anne Page. A noise of hunting is heard within and all
the fairies run away. Falstaff pulls off his
buck’s head, and rises up.]
Enter Page, Ford, Mistress Page and
Mistress Ford.
PAGE.
Nay, do not fly. I think we have watched you now.
Will none but Herne the hunter serve your turn?
MISTRESS PAGE.

Now, good Sir John, how like you Windsor wives?
See you these, husband?
[She points to the horns.]
Do not these fair yokes
Become the forest better than the town?
FORD.
Now, sir, who’s a cuckold now? Master Brook, Falstaff’s a knave, a cuckoldly
knave. Here are his horns, Master Brook. And, Master Brook, he hath enjoyed
nothing of Ford’s but his buck-basket, his cudgel, and twenty pounds of money,
which must be paid to Master Brook. His horses are arrested for it, Master
Brook.
MISTRESS FORD.
Sir John, we have had ill luck, we could never meet. I will never take you for
my love again, but I will always count you my deer.
FALSTAFF.
 Both the proofs are extant.
FALSTAFF.
And these are not fairies? I was three or four times in the thought they were
not fairies; and yet the guiltiness of my mind, the sudden surprise of my
powers, drove the grossness of the foppery into a received belief, in despite
of the teeth of all rhyme and reason, that they were fairies. See now how wit
may be made a Jack-a-Lent when ’tis upon ill employment!
EVANS.
Sir John Falstaff, serve Got, and leave your desires, and fairies will not
pinse you.
FORD.
Well said, fairy Hugh.
EVANS.
And leave you your jealousies too, I pray you.
FORD.
I will never mistrust my wife again, till thou art able to woo her in good
English.
FALSTAFF.
Have I laid my brain in the sun, and dried it, that it wants matter to prevent
so gross o’erreaching as this? Am I ridden with a Welsh goat too? Shall I have
a cox-comb of frieze? ’Tis time I were choked with a piece of toasted cheese.
EVANS.
Seese is not good to give putter. Your belly is all putter.
FALSTAFF.
“Seese” and “putter”? Have I lived to stand at the taunt of one that makes
fritters of English? This is enough to be the decay of lust and late-walking
through the realm.
MISTRESS PAGE.
Why, Sir John, do you think, though we would have thrust virtue out of our
hearts by the head and shoulders, and have given ourselves without scruple to
hell, that ever the devil could have made you our delight?
FORD.
What, a hodge-pudding? A bag of flax?
MISTRESS PAGE.
A puffed man?
PAGE.
Old, cold, withered, and of intolerable entrails?
FORD.
And one that is as slanderous as Satan?
PAGE.
And as poor as Job?
FORD.
And as wicked as his wife?
EVANS.
And given to fornications, and to taverns, and sack, and wine, and metheglins,
and to drinkings and swearings and starings, pribbles and prabbles?
FALSTAFF.
Well, I am your theme. You have the start of me. I am dejected, I am not able
to answer the Welsh flannel. Ignorance itself is a plummet o’er me. Use me as
you will.
FORD.
Marry, sir, we’ll bring you to Windsor to one Master Brook, that you have
cozened of money, to whom you should have been a pander. Over and above that
you have suffered, I think to repay that money will be a biting affliction.
PAGE.
Yet be cheerful, knight.  Tell her Master
Slender hath married her daughter.
MISTRESS PAGE.
[Aside.] Doctors doubt that. If Anne Page be my daughter, she is, by
this, Doctor Caius’ wife.
Enter Slender.
SLENDER
Whoa, ho, ho, father Page!
PAGE.
Son, how now! How now, son, have you dispatched?
SLENDER.
Dispatched? I’ll make the best in Gloucestershire know on’t. Would I were
hanged, la, else!
PAGE.
Of what, son?
SLENDER.
I came yonder at Eton to marry Mistress Anne Page, and she’s a great lubberly
boy. If it had not been i’ the church, I would have swinged him, or he should
have swinged me. If I did not think it had been Anne Page, would I might never
stir! And ’tis a postmaster’s boy.
PAGE.
Upon my life, then, you took the wrong.
SLENDER.
What need you tell me that? I think so, when I took a boy for a girl. If I had
been married to him, for all he was in woman’s apparel, I would not have had
him.
PAGE.
Why, this is your own folly. Did not I tell you how you should know my daughter
by her garments?
SLENDER.
I went to her in white and cried “mum”, and she cried “budget”, as Anne and I
had appointed, and yet it was not Anne, but a postmaster’s boy.
MISTRESS PAGE.
Good George, be not angry. I knew of your purpose, turned my daughter into
green, and indeed she is now with the doctor at the deanery, and there
married.
Enter Doctor Caius.
CAIUS
Vere is Mistress Page? By gar, I am cozened, I ha’ married un garçon, a
boy; un paysan, by gar, a boy. It is not Anne Page. By gar, I am
cozened.
MISTRESS PAGE.
Why, did you take her in green?
CAIUS.
Ay, by gar, and ’tis a boy. By gar, I’ll raise all Windsor.
FORD
This is strange. Who hath got the right Anne?
Enter Fenton and
Anne Page.
PAGE.
My heart misgives me. Here comes Master Fenton.—How now, Master Fenton!
ANNE.
Pardon, good father. Good my mother, pardon.
PAGE.
Now, mistress, how chance you went not with Master Slender?
MISTRESS PAGE.
Why went you not with Master Doctor, maid?
FENTON.
You do amaze her. Hear the truth of it.
You would have married her most shamefully,
Where there was no proportion held in love.
The truth is, she and I, long since contracted,
Are now so sure that nothing can dissolve us.
Th’ offence is holy that she hath committed,
And this deceit loses the name of craft,
Of disobedience, or unduteous title,
Since therein she doth evitate and shun
A thousand irreligious cursed hours,
Which forced marriage would have brought upon her.
FORD.
Stand not amazed, here is no remedy.
In love, the heavens themselves do guide the state.
Money buys lands, and wives are sold by fate.
FALSTAFF.
I am glad, though you have ta’en a special stand to strike at me, that your
arrow hath glanced.
PAGE.
Well, what remedy? Fenton, heaven give thee joy!
What cannot be eschewed must be embraced.
FALSTAFF.
When night-dogs run, all sorts of deer are chased.
MISTRESS PAGE.
Well, I will muse no further.—Master Fenton,
Heaven give you many, many merry days!
Good husband, let us every one go home,
And laugh this sport o’er by a country fire,
Sir John and all.
FORD.
Let it be so, Sir John,
To Master Brook you yet shall hold your word,
For he tonight shall lie with Mistress Ford.
[Exeunt.]


Reflection
After five years as a Registered Practical Nurse, I was excited to return to school and begin my journey as a Registered Nurse. I thought I was ready for anything and focused primarily on improving my clinical skills. However, I realized that nursing is more than just clinical skills. Around week 4, each course reminded me that nursing also involves empathy, resilience, and responsibility and so on. I believe that the journey to becoming a registered nurse is more than just a big step in my career; it will allow me to grow professionally and make me a better nurse.
One of the biggest changes I have noticed is my time management. Unlike other students who focus solely on academic study, I have to be very disciplined. I arrange my time for work, study, assignments, and leaving space for myself to avoid burnout. Prioritizing is the most important for me. I create a plan for myself about what tasks I need to accomplish, helping me to achieve realistic daily goals. Transitioning from working part time to being a full time student has taught me to manage my time more effectively. In addition, learning nursing courses enhances my empathy, compassion and accountability. Nowadays, I have more understanding of my colleagues since we are on the same page in hospital. Moreover, accountability not only means I need to take full responsibility for my academics but also for my patients. This transition is full of challenges, but it also pushes me out of my comfort zone. I believe this journey will help me grow into a more compassionate, resilient and professional nurse.
Nursing school undoubtedly brings a mix of stress, frustration and pride. For example, I felt so stressed when my first assignment grade of 1001H was released. I even started to worry that I might fail the whole course. After I talked to my friends, I felt a bit reassured. After that day, I spent 3 days making notes for every chapter before reading week and I spent 2 days doing practice quizzes and reviewing my notes in reading week. I wouldn’t say i get a good mark in midterm but at least see a hope to pass this course or even chase better marks on the final. I have learned that resilience is so significant especially when you feel you can’t keep up. Success comes from resilience and staying persevering during tough times(Fernández et al., 2021).
Each day’s lesson has given me a renewed perspective on teamwork and collaboration, respect and accountability.There values and reshaped my actions and thoughts. In my interactions with my classmates, I will remind them what details they may miss in assignments and will ask their advice for group work. The teamwork and collaboration makes it easier for me to feel like I belong in the group. Respecting others in the class allows me to make friends and I also believe effective communication is based on respect. Accountability to me means taking full responsibility for my schoolworks and patients while on the job.
Initially, I thought nursing was just a job to provide assistance to patients, but now I realize that the responsibility of nursing is not only to the patient, but also to colleagues, the healthcare system, and the professionals themselves. I have also noticed that nursing is emotionally and physically demanding for healthcare professionals. In addition, this transition has taught me the importance of resilience. Nursing is not easy, every step we take has a huge impact on our patients. All in all, these insights reminded me of the significance of nursing.
Overall, my goal is to keep improving my skills and become a well-rounded person who can make a meaningful difference in patient’s lives. I will continue to enhance my skills, embrace all challenges and develop critical thinking skills to view and solve problems. Because stress can lead to insomnia（Boren, J. P., & Veksler, A. E.,023)., which can further lead to a decrease in the quality of my studies, I will reach out to my friends and family for support more often when I feel stressed. It is also important to have an exercise routine for physical and mental health.


17.2 Positive and Negative Team Member Roles
When a manager selects a team for a particular project, its success depends on its members filling various positive roles. There are a few standard roles that must be represented to achieve the team’s goals, but diversity is also key. Without an initiator-coordinator stepping up into a leadership position, for instance, the team will be a non-starter because team members such as the elaborator will just wait for more direction from the manager, who might be otherwise engaged. If all the team members commit to filling a leadership role, however, the group will stall from the onset with power struggles until the most dominant personality vanquishes the others. A good manager must, therefore, be a good psychologist in building a team with diverse personality types and talents. Table 17. 1 below captures some of these roles.
| Role | Actions |
|---|---|
| Initiator-coordinator | Suggests new ideas or new ways of looking at the problem |
| Elaborator | Builds on ideas and provides examples |
| Coordinator | Brings ideas, information, and suggestions together |
| Evaluator-critic | Evaluates ideas and provides constructive criticism |
| Recorder | Records ideas, examples, suggestions, and critiques |
| Comic relief | Uses humour to keep the team happy |
Table 17.1 | Positive Group Roles
Of course, each team member here contributes work irrespective of their typical roles. The groupmate who always wanted to be recorder in high school because they thought that all they had to do was jot down some notes about what other people said and did, and otherwise contributed nothing, would be a liability as a loafer in a workplace team. We must, therefore, contrast the above roles with negative roles, some of which are captured in Table 17.2 below.
| Role | Actions |
|---|---|
| Dominator | Dominates discussion so others can’t take their turn |
| Recognition seeker | Seeks attention by relating discussion to their actions |
| Special-interest pleader | Relates discussion to special interests or personal agenda |
| Blocker | Blocks attempts at consensus consistently |
| Slacker | Does little-to-no work, forcing others to pick up the slack |
| Joker or clown | Seeks attention through humour and distracting members |
Table 17.2 | Negative Group Roles (Beene & Sheats, 1948; McLean, 2005)
Whether a team member has a positive or negative effect often depends on context. Just as the class clown can provide some much-needed comic relief when the timing’s right, they can also impede productivity when they merely distract members during work periods. An initiator-coordinator gets things started and provides direction, but a dominator will put down others’ ideas, belittle their contributions, and ultimately force people to contribute little and withdraw partially or altogether.
Perhaps the worst of all roles is the slacker. If you consider a game of tug-o-war between two teams of even strength, success depends on everyone on the team pulling as hard as they would if they were in a one-on-one match. The tendency of many, however, is to slack off a little, thinking that their contribution won’t be noticed and that everyone else on the team will make up for their lack of effort. The team’s work output will be much less than the sum of its parts, however, if everyone else thinks this, too. Preventing slacker tendencies requires clearly articulating in writing the expectations for everyone’s individual contributions. With such a contract to measure individual performance, each member can be held accountable for their work and take pride in their contribution to solving all the problems that the team overcame on its road to success.


Preface and Author Information
Acknowledgements
Florida State College Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the original creators of this textbook, which we have used in our IDS 1107 First Year Experience course at Florida State College at Jacksonville. Thank you for making it available to all as an open textbook.
Acknowledgments from the original creators can be found on the previous page.
SPONSOR:
We would also like to thank the Northeast Florida Library Information Network (NEFLIN) for endowing us with the Innovation Grant, which made it possible to adapt this textbook and print it for our course reserves.


3.4 Key Terms
business model
plan for how venture will be funded; how the venture creates value for its stakeholders, including customers; how the venture’s offerings are made and distributed to the end users; and the how income will be generated through this process
competitive advantage
describes your venture’s unique benefits that poise it for growth
creative destruction
theory developed by Joseph Schumpeter stating that entrepreneurial innovation is the disruptive force that creates and sustains economic growth, though in the process, it destroys established companies and disrupts employment
customers
people the business will be serving, including potential customers from one or more market segments
demand
need or desire for the outputs, the product or services
demographics
statistical factors of a population or group, such as information about age, gender, income, race, or ethnicity
entrepreneurial opportunity
point at which identifiable consumer demand meets the feasibility of satisfying the requested product or service and meets the following conditions: significant market demand, significant market structure and size, significant margins, and resources to support the venture’s success
financial viability
long-term financial sustainability of an organization to fulfill its mission
gig economy
market system in which independent contractors fill a variety of positions
infrastructure
all resources the entrepreneur will need in order to launch and sustain a business venture
offering
actual product or service, its value proposition, and how you will reach and communicate with your target customers
opportunity screening
process used to evaluate innovative product ideas, strategies, and marketing trends, focusing on financial resources, skills of the entrepreneurial team, and competition
primary research
research that involves gathering new data
secondary research
research that uses existing data
shared economy
economy in which some assets are not in use, which may present an entrepreneurial opportunity
supply
amount of a product or service produced
SWOT analysis
strategic analytical tool used to help a potential venture or existing company identify its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats related to business competition
unique selling proposition
marketer’s rationale as to why a product or service is different/better than the competitor’s products


Transfer Student Challenges
Like FG students, transfer students are also typically older than non-transfer students and spend more hours per week working and caring for dependents (Kuh, 2003). Compared to first-time freshmen, transfer students typically receive only modest support and do not participate in campus activities designed to engage new students (Thomas et al., 2021). One reason for the decreased academic performance and greater attrition observed in transfer students is the phenomenon of “transitional trauma” or “transfer shock” (Hills, 1965; Lakin & Elliott, 2016). Transfer shock refers to the difficulty transfer students have in adapting to university culture, norms, and expectations, and these challenges frequently cause an initial dip in transfer student GPA and their ability to succeed. Transfer shock refers to the difficulty transfer students have in adapting to university culture, norms, and expectations, and these challenges frequently cause an initial dip in transfer student GPA and their ability to succeed (Laanan, 2001). Transfer shock is usually greater for those transferring to a university from a community college (McGuire & Belcheir, 2013) and it occurs most strongly during the first term at the University. Causes of transfer shock include ineffective institution-provided guidance regarding STEM degree pathways and which credits will transfer (Chin-Newman & Shaw, 2013; Packard & Jeffers, 2013), poor academic preparation, unfamiliarity with university academic expectations, and difficulties establishing social networks; Inadequate academic preparation is one of the primary reasons that students leave college (Daley, 2010; Stinebrickner & Steinebrickner, 2014). Collectively these factors can leave transfer students feeling discouraged and unwelcome which can result in declines in their retention (NASEM, 2016; Reyes, 2011; Seymour & Hewitt, 2000; Thomas et al., 2021).
While at the university, transfer students experience information overload, stigmatization, and reduced feelings of connectivity. When transfer students first start, they are inundated with a plethora of information about tuition, financial aid, geographic factors, and degree programs which can be quite overwhelming (Chin-Newman & Shaw, 2013). Transfer students can also feel overwhelmed by the sheer number of university-related emails they receive, which may cause them to stop checking them (Foster et al., 2020). Transfer students are often stigmatized because they are “late comers to science”, or because the community colleges they come from are viewed as being less rigorous than four-year institutions (Chin-Newman & Shaw, 2013; Laanan et al., 2010; Shaw et al., 2019). Transfer students are often stigmatized because they are “late comers to science”, or because the community colleges they come from are viewed as being less rigorous than four-year institutions. Transfer students are also less likely than non-transfer students to be involved in cocurricular activities (e.g., community service, internships, study abroad programs etc.) and student organizations (Ishitani & McKitrick, 2010), and are less likely to interact with peers and instructors (Terris, 2009). This may be because transfer students miss the bonding activities and social clique formation that usually happen during the first year (A. Miller, 2013). Older transfer students have also been shown to be less likely to interact with younger students and less likely to participate in out-of-class learning experiences (Allen & Zhang, 2016). Overall, these reduced interactions lead to feelings of isolation (Jacobson et al., 2017), and can result in a reduced pace of progress through college (D’Amico et al., 2014; Thomas et al., 2021). Reduced participation and feelings of not being connected to the university are both risk factors for attrition (Fink et al., 2016); consequently, only 17% of transfer students obtain a bachelor’s degree (Jenkins & Fink, 2015).
Students whose parents do not have a degree from a 4-year college.
A student who transferred from one undergraduate institution into another.
A student who has done all of their undergraduate education in a single institution.


150 From Appeal to the Christian Women of the South
Angelina Grimke
Introduction:
Angelina Grimke, with her sister Sarah Grimke, worked diligently as a political activist in the women’s rights movement, the suffrage movement, and the abolitionist movement. These two are the only known southern women to be active participants in the Abolitionist movement. Their activist work took the form of essays, speeches, and newspaper articles. She spend most of her adult life in the North, moving with her sister and husband Theodore Weld, a well-known abolitionist whom she married in 1838, to New Jersey.
One of her most well known pieces is her text, “Appeal to the Christian Women of the South”, which was published in 1836 by the American Anti-Slavery Society and widely distributed throughout the country. This piece is an appeal written by a southern woman to other southern women, uniquely speaking from within the south to women regarding the way slavery defies Christian values and important role they could play in furthering abolition. The following are excepts from the full text, which can be found at the source link below.
APPEAL TO THE CHRISTIAN WOMEN OF THE SOUTH
BY A.E. GRIMKÉ.
“Then Mordecai commanded to answer Esther, Think not within thyself that thou shalt escape in the king’s house more than all the Jews. For if thou altogether holdest thy peace at this time, then shall there enlargement and deliverance arise to the Jews from another place: but thou and thy father’s house shall be destroyed: and who knoweth whether thou art come to the kingdom for such a time as this. And Esther bade them return Mordecai this answer:—and so will I go in unto the king, which is not according to law, and if I perish, I perish.” Esther IV. 13-16.
Respected Friends,
It is because I feel a deep and tender interest in your present and eternal welfare that I am willing thus publicly to address you. Some of you have loved me as a relative, and some have felt bound to me in Christian sympathy, and Gospel fellowship; and even when compelled by a strong sense of duty, to break those outward bonds of union which bound us together as members of the same community, and members of the same religious denomination, you were generous enough to give me credit, for sincerity as a Christian, though you believed I had been most strangely deceived. I thanked you then for your kindness, and I ask you now, for the sake of former confidence, and former friendship, to read the following pages in the spirit of calm investigation and fervent prayer. It is because you have known me, that I write thus unto you.
But there are other Christian women scattered over the Southern States, a very large number of whom have never seen me, and never heard my name, and who feel no interest whatever in me. But I feel an interest in you, as branches of the same vine from whose root I daily draw the principle of spiritual vitality—Yes! Sisters in Christ I feel an interest in you, and often has the secret prayer arisen on your behalf, Lord “open thou their eyes that they may see wondrous things out of thy Law”—It is then, because I do feel and do pray for you, that I thus address you upon a subject about which of all others, perhaps you would rather not hear any thing; but, “would to God ye could bear with me a little in my folly, and indeed bear with me, for I am jealous over you with godly jealousy.” Be not afraid then to read my appeal; it is not written in the heat of passion or prejudice, but in that solemn calmness which is the result of conviction and duty. It is true, I am going to tell you unwelcome truths, but I mean to speak those truths in love, and remember Solomon says, “faithful are the wounds of a friend.” I do not believe the time has yet come when Christian women “will not endure sound doctrine,” even on the subject of Slavery, if it is spoken to them in tenderness and love, therefore I now address you.
To all of you then, known or unknown, relatives or strangers, (for you are all one in Christ,) I would speak. I have felt for you at this time, when unwelcome light is pouring in upon the world on the subject of slavery; light which even Christians would exclude, if they could, from our country, or at any rate from the southern portion of it, saying, as its rays strike the rock bound coasts of New England and scatter their warmth and radiance over her hills and valleys, and from thence travel onward over the Palisades of the Hudson, and down the soft flowing waters of the Delaware and gild the waves of the Potomac, “hitherto shalt thou come and no further;” I know that even professors of His name who has been emphatically called the “Light of the world” would, if they could, build a wall of adamant around the Southern States whose top might reach unto heaven, in order to shut out the light which is bounding from mountain to mountain and from the hills to the plains and valleys beneath, through the vast extent of our Northern States. But believe me, when I tell you, their attempts will be as utterly fruitless as were the efforts of the builders of Babel; and why? Because moral, like natural light, is so extremely subtle in its nature as to overleap all human barriers, and laugh at the puny efforts of man to control it. All the excuses and palliations of this system must inevitably be swept away, just as other “refuges of lies” have been, by the irresistible torrent of a rectified public opinion. “The supporters of the slave system,” says Jonathan Dymond in his admirable work on the Principles of Morality, “will hereafter be regarded with the same public feeling, as he who was an advocate for the slave trade now is.” It will be, and that very soon, clearly perceived and fully acknowledged by all the virtuous and the candid, that in principle it is as sinful to hold a human being in bondage who has been born in Carolina, as one who has been born in Africa. All that sophistry of argument which has been employed to prove, that although it is sinful to send to Africa to procure men and women as slaves, who have never been in slavery, that still, it is not sinful to keep those in bondage who have come down by inheritance, will be utterly overthrown. We must come back to the good old doctrine of our forefathers who declared to the world, “this self evident truth that all men are created equal, and that they have certain inalienable rights among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” It is even a greater absurdity to suppose a man can be legally born a slave under our free Republican Government, than under the petty despotisms of barbarian Africa. If then, we have no right to enslave an African, surely we can have none to enslave an American; if it is a self evident truth that all men, every where and of every color are born equal, and have an inalienable right to liberty, then it is equally true that no man can be born a slave, and no man can ever rightfully be reduced to involuntary bondage and held as a slave, however fair may be the claim of his master or mistress through wills and title-deeds.
But after all, it may be said, our fathers were certainly mistaken, for the Bible sanctions Slavery, and that is the highest authority. Now the Bible is my ultimate appeal in all matters of faith and practice, and it is to this test I am anxious to bring the subject at issue between us. Let us then begin with Adam and examine the charter of privileges which was given to him. “Have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth.” In the eighth Psalm we have a still fuller description of this charter which through Adam was given to all mankind. “Thou madest him to have dominion over the works of thy hands; thou hast put all things under his feet. All sheep and oxen, yea, and the beasts of the field, the fowl of the air, the fish of the sea, and whatsoever passeth through the paths of the seas.” And after the flood when this charter of human rights was renewed, we find no additional power vested in man. “And the fear of you and the dread of you shall be upon every beast of the earth, and every fowl of the air, and upon all that moveth upon the earth, and upon all the fishes of the sea, into your hand are they delivered.” In this charter, although the different kinds of irrational beings are so particularly enumerated, and supreme dominion over all of them is granted, yet man is never vested with this dominion over his fellow man; he was never told that any of the human species were put under his feet; it was only all things, and man, who was created in the image of his Maker, never can properly be termed a thing, though the laws of Slave States do call him “a chattel personal;” Man then, I assert never was put under the feet of man, by that first charter of human rights which was given by God, to the Fathers of the Antediluvian and Postdiluvian worlds, therefore this doctrine of equality is based on the Bible.
But it may be argued, that in the very chapter of Genesis from which I have last quoted, will be found the curse pronounced upon Canaan, by which his posterity was consigned to servitude under his brothers Shem and Japheth. I know this prophecy was uttered, and was most fearfully and wonderfully fulfilled, through the immediate descendants of Canaan, i.e. the Canaanites, and I do not know but it has been through all the children of Ham but I do know that prophecy does not tell us what ought to be, but what actually does take place, ages after it has been delivered, and that if we justify America for enslaving the children of Africa, we must also justify Egypt for reducing the children of Israel to bondage, for the latter was foretold as explicitly as the former. I am well aware that prophecy has often been urged as an excuse for Slavery, but be not deceived, the fulfilment of prophecy will not cover one sin in the awful day of account. Hear what our Saviour says on this subject; “it must needs be that offences come, but woe unto that man through whom they come”—Witness some fulfilment of this declaration in the tremendous destruction, of Jerusalem, occasioned by that most nefarious of all crimes the crucifixion of the Son of God. Did the fact of that event having been foretold, exculpate the Jews from sin in perpetrating it; No—for hear what the Apostle Peter says to them on this subject, “Him being delivered by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of God, ye have taken, and by wicked hands have crucified and slain.” Other striking instances might be adduced, but these will suffice.
But it has been urged that the patriarchs held slaves, and therefore, slavery is right. Do you really believe that patriarchal servitude was like American slavery? Can you believe it? If so, read the history of these primitive fathers of the church and be undeceived. Look at Abraham, though so great a man, going to the herd himself and fetching a calf from thence and serving it up with his own hands, for the entertainment of his guests. Look at Sarah, that princess as her name signifies, baking cakes upon the hearth. If the servants they had were like Southern slaves, would they have performed such comparatively menial offices for themselves? Hear too the plaintive lamentation of Abraham when he feared he should have no son to bear his name down to posterity. “Behold thou hast given me no seed, &c, one born in my house is mine heir.” From this it appears that one of his servants was to inherit his immense estate. Is this like Southern slavery? I leave it to your own good sense and candor to decide. Besides, such was the footing upon which Abraham was with his servants, that he trusted them with arms. Are slaveholders willing to put swords and pistols into the hands of their slaves? He was as a father among his servants; what are planters and masters generally among theirs? When the institution of circumcision was established, Abraham was commanded thus; “He that is eight days old shall be circumcised among you, every man-child in your generations; he that is born in the house, or bought with money of any stranger which is not of thy seed.” And to render this command with regard to his servants still more impressive it is repeated in the very next verse; and herein we may perceive the great care which was taken by God to guard the rights of servants even under this “dark dispensation.” What too was the testimony given to the faithfulness of this eminent patriarch. “For I know him that he will command his children and his household after him, and they shall keep the way of the Lord to do justice and judgment.” Now my dear friends many of you believe that circumcision has been superseded by baptism in the Church; Are you careful to have all that are born in your house or bought with money of any stranger, baptized? Are you as faithful as Abraham to command your household to keep the way of the Lord? I leave it to your own consciences to decide. Was patriarchal servitude then like American Slavery?
But I shall be told, God sanctioned Slavery, yea commanded Slavery under the Jewish Dispensation. Let us examine this subject calmly and prayerfully. I admit that a species of servitude was permitted to the Jews, but in studying the subject I have been struck with wonder and admiration at perceiving how carefully the servant was guarded from violence, injustice and wrong. I will first inform you how these servants became servants, for I think this a very important part of our subject. From consulting Horne, Calmet and the Bible, I find there were six different ways by which the Hebrews became servants legally.
- If reduced to extreme poverty, a Hebrew might sell himself, i.e. his services, for six years, in which case hereceived the purchase money himself. Lev. xxv, 39.
- A father might sell his children as servants, i.e. his daughters, in which circumstance it was understood the daughter was to be the wife or daughter-in-law of the man who bought her, and the fatherreceived the price. In other words, Jewish women were sold as white womenwere in the first settlement of Virginia—as wives, notas slaves. Ex. xxi, 7.
- Insolvent debtors might be delivered to their creditors as servants. 2 Kings iv, 1
- Thieves not able to make restitution for their thefts, were sold for the benefit of the injured person. Ex. xxii, 3.
- They might be born in servitude. Ex. xxi, 4.
- If a Hebrew had sold himself to a rich Gentile, he might be redeemed by one of his brethren at any time the money was offered; and he who redeemed him, was notto take advantage of the favor thus conferred, and rule over him with rigor. Lev. xxv, 47-55.
Before going into an examination of the laws by which these servants were protected, I would just ask whether American slaves have become slaves in any of the ways in which the Hebrews became servants. Did they sell themselves into slavery and receive the purchase money into their own hands? No! Did they become insolvent, and by their own imprudence subject themselves to be sold as slaves? No! Did they steal the property of another, and were they sold to make restitution for their crimes? No! Did their present masters, as an act of kindness, redeem them from some heathen tyrant to whom they had sold themselves in the dark hour of adversity? No! Were they born in slavery? No! No! not according to Jewish Law, for the servants who were born in servitude among them, were born of parents who had sold themselves for six years: Ex. xxi, 4. Were the female slaves of the South sold by their fathers? How shall I answer this question? Thousands and tens of thousands never were, their fathers never have received the poor compensation of silver or gold for the tears and toils, the suffering, and anguish, and hopeless bondage of their daughters. They labor day by day, and year by year, side by side, in the same field, if haply their daughters are permitted to remain on the same plantation with them, instead of being as they often are, separated from their parents and sold into distant states, never again to meet on earth. But do the fathers of the South ever sell their daughters? My heart beats, and my hand trembles, as I write the awful affirmative, Yes! The fathers of this Christian land often sell their daughters, not as Jewish parents did, to be the wives and daughters-in-law of the man who buys them, but to be the abject slaves of petty tyrants and irresponsible masters. Is it not so, my friends? I leave it to your own candor to corroborate my assertion. Southern slaves then have not become slaves in any of the six different ways in which Hebrews became servants, and I hesitate not to say that American masters cannot according to Jewish law substantiate their claim to the men, women, or children they now hold in bondage.
But there was one way in which a Jew might illegally be reduced to servitude; it was this, he might be stolen and afterwards sold as a slave, as was Joseph. To guard most effectually against this dreadful crime of manstealing, God enacted this severe law. “He that stealeth a man and selleth him, or if he be found in his hand, he shall surely be put to death.” [1] As I have tried American Slavery by legalHebrew servitude, and found, (to your surprise, perhaps,) that Jewish law cannot justify the slaveholder’s claim, let us now try it by illegal Hebrew bondage. Have the Southern slaves then been, stolen? If they did not sell themselves into bondage; if they were not sold as insolvent debtors or as thieves; if they were not redeemed from a heathen master to whom they had sold themselves; if they were not born in servitude according to Hebrew law; and if the females were not sold by their fathers as wives and daughters-in-law to those who purchased them; then what shall we say of them? what can we say of them but that according to Hebrew Law they have been stolen.
. . .
But perhaps you will be ready to query, why appeal to women on this subject? We do not make the laws which perpetuate slavery. No legislative power is vested in us; we can do nothing to overthrow the system, even if we wished to do so. To this I reply, I know you do not make the laws, but I also know that you are the wives and mothers, the sisters and daughters of those who do; and if you really suppose you can do nothing to overthrow slavery, you are greatly mistaken. You can do much in every way: four things I will name. 1st. You can read on this subject. 2d. You can pray over this subject. 3d. You can speak on this subject. 4th. You can act on this subject. I have not placed reading before praying because I regard it more important, but because, in order to pray aright, we must understand what we are praying for; it is only then we can “pray with the understanding and the spirit also.”
- Read then on the subject of slavery. Search the Scriptures daily, whether the things I have told you are true. Other books and papers might be a great help to you in this investigation, but they are not necessary, and it is hardly probable that your Committees of Vigilance will allow you to have any other. The Biblethen is the book I want you to read in the spirit of inquiry, and the spirit of prayer. Even the enemies of Abolitionists, acknowledge that their doctrines are drawn from it. In the great mob in Boston, last autumn, when the books and papers of the Anti-Slavery Society, were thrown out of the windows of their office, one individual laid hold of the Bible and was about tossing it out to the ground, when another reminded him that it was the Bible he had in his hand. “O! ’tis all one,” he replied, and out went the sacred volume, along with the rest. We thank him for the acknowledgment. Yes, “it is all one,” for our books and papers are mostly commentaries on the Bible, and the Declaration. Read the Biblethen, it contains the words of Jesus, and they are spirit and life. Judge for yourselves whether he sanctioned such a system of oppression and crime.
- Pray over this subject. When you have entered into your closets, and shut to the doors, then pray to your father, who seeth in secret, that he would open your eyes to see whether slavery is sinful, and if it is, that he would enable you to bear a faithful, open and unshrinking testimony against it, and to do whatsoever your hands find to do, leaving the consequences entirely to him, who still says to us whenever we try to reason away duty from the fear of consequences, “What is that to thee, follow thou me.” Pray also for that poor slave, that he may be kept patient and submissive under his hard lot, until God is pleased to open the door of freedom to him without violence or bloodshed. Pray too for the master that his heart may be softened, and he made willing to acknowledge, as Joseph’s brethren did, “Verily we are guilty concerning our brother,” before he will be compelled to add in consequence of Divine judgment, “therefore is all this evil come upon us.” Pray also for all your brethren and sisters who are laboring in the righteous cause of Emancipation in the Northern States, England and the world. There is great encouragement for prayer in these words of our Lord. “Whatsoever ye shall ask the Father in my name, he will giveit to you”—Pray then without ceasing, in the closet and the social circle.
- Speak on this subject. It is through the tongue, the pen, and the press, that truth is principally propagated. Speak then to your relatives, your friends, your acquaintances on the subject of slavery; be not afraid if you are conscientiously convinced it is sinful, to say so openly, but calmly, and to let your sentiments be known. If you are served by the slaves of others, try to ameliorate their condition as much as possible; never aggravate their faults, and thus add fuel to the fire of anger already kindled, in a master and mistress’s bosom; remember their extreme ignorance, and consider them as your Heavenly Father does the lessculpable on this account, even when they do wrong things. Discountenance all cruelty to them, all starvation, all corporal chastisement; these may brutalize and breaktheir spirits, but will never bend them to willing, cheerful obedience. If possible, see that they are comfortably and seasonably fed, whether in the house or the field; it is unreasonable and cruel to expect slaves to wait for their breakfast until eleven o’clock, when they rise at five or six. Do all you can, to induce their owners to clothe them well, and to allow them many little indulgences which would contribute to their comfort. Above all, try to persuade your husband, father, brothers and sons, that slavery is a crime against God and man, and that it is a great sin to keep human beings in such abject ignorance; to deny them the privilege of learning to read and write. The Catholics are universally condemned, for denying the Bible to the common people, but, slaveholders must not blame them, for they are doing the very same thing, and for the very same reason, neither of these systems can bear the light which bursts from the pages of that Holy Book. And lastly, endeavour to inculcate submission on the part of the slaves, but whilst doing this be faithful in pleading the cause of the oppressed.
“Will you behold unheeding,
Life’s holiest feelings crushed,
Where woman’s heart is bleeding,
Shall woman’s voice be hushed?”
- Act on this subject. Some of you own slaves yourselves. If you believe slavery is sinful, set them at liberty, “undo the heavy burdens and let the oppressed go free.” If they wish to remain with you, pay them wages, if not let them leave you. Should they remain teach them, and have them taught the common branches of an English education; they have minds and those minds, ought to be improved. So precious a talent as intellect, never was given to be wrapt in a napkin and buried in the earth.  Teach your servants then to read &c, and encourage them to believe it is their duty to learn, if it were only that they might read the Bible.
But some of you will say, we can neither free our slaves nor teach them to read, for the laws of our state forbid it. Be not surprised when I say such wicked laws ought to be no barrier in the way of your duty, and I appeal to the Bible to prove this position. What was the conduct of Shiphrah and Puah, when the king of Egypt issued his cruel mandate, with regard to the Hebrew children? “They feared God, and did not as the King of Egypt commanded them, but saved the men children alive.” Did these women do right in disobeying that monarch? “Therefore (says the sacred text,) God dealt well with them, and made them houses” Ex. i. What was the conduct of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, when Nebuchadnezzar set up a golden image in the plain of Dura, and commanded all people, nations, and languages, to fall down and worship it? “Be it known, unto thee, (said these faithful Jews) O king, that we will not serve thy gods, nor worship the image which thou hast set up.” Did these men do right in disobeying the lawof their sovereign? Let their miraculous deliverance of Daniel, when Darius made a firm decree that no one should ask a petition of any mad or God for thirty days? Did the prophet cease to pray? No! “When Daniel knew that the writing was signed, he went into his house, and his windows being open towards Jerusalem, he kneeled upon this knees three times a day, and prayed and gave thanks before his God, as he did aforetime.” Did Daniel do right this to break the law of his king? Let his wonderful deliverance out of the mouthes of lions answer; Dan. vii. Look, too, at the Apostles Peter and John. When the ruler of the Jews “commanded them not to speak at all, nor teach in the name of Jesus,” what did they say? “Whether it be right in the sight of God, to hearken unto you more than unto God, judge ye.” And what did they do? “They spake the word of God with boldness, and with great power gave the Apostles witness of the resurrection of the Lord Jesus;” although this was the very doctrine, for the preaching of which they had just been cast into prison, and further threatened. Did these men do right? I leave you to answer, who now enjoy the benefits if their labours and sufferings, in that Gospel they dared to preach when positively commanded not to teach any more in the name of Jesus; Acts iv.
But some of you may say, if we do free our slaves, they will be taken up and sold, therefore there will be no use in doing it. Peter and John might just as well have said, we will not preach the gospel, for if we do, we shall be taken up and put in prison, therefore there will be no use in our preaching.  Duty is ours and events are God’s. If you think slavery is sinful, all you have to do is to set your slaves at liberty, do all you can to protect them, and in humble faith and fervent prayer, commend them to your common Father. He can take care of them; but if for wise purposes he sees fit to allow them to be sold, this will afford you an opportunity of testifying openly, wherever you go, against the crime of manstealing. Such an act will be clear robbery, and if exposed, might, under the Divine direction, do the cause of Emancipation more good, than any thing that could happen, for, “He makes even the wrath of man to praise him, and the remainder of wrath he will restrain.”
I know that this doctrine of obeying God, rather than man, will be considered as dangerous, and heretical by many, but I am not afraid openly to avow it, because it is the doctrine of the Bible; but I would not be understood to advocate resistance to any law however oppressive, if, in obeying it, I was not obliged to commit sin. If for instance, there was a law, which imposed imprisonment or a fine upon me if I manumitted a slave, I would on no account resist that law, I would set the slave free, and then go to prison or pay the fine. If a law commands me to sin I will break it; if it calls me to suffer, I will let it take its course unresistingly. The doctrine of blind obedience and unqualified submission to any human power, whether civil or ecclesiastical, is the doctrine of despotism, and ought to have no place among Republicans and Christians.
. . .
The women of the South can overthrow this horrible system of oppression and cruelty, licentiousness and wrong. Such appeals to your legislatures would be irresistible, for there is something in the heart of man which will bend under moral suasion. There is a swift witness for truth in his bosom, which will respond to truth when it is uttered with calmness and dignity. If you could obtain but six signatures to such a petition in only one state, I would say, send up that petition, and be not in the least discouraged by the scoffs and jeers of the heartless, or the resolution of the house to lay it on the table. It will be a great thing if the subject can be introduced into your legislatures in any way, even by women, and they will be the most likely to introduce it there in the best possible manner, as a matter of morals and religion, not of expediency or politics. You may petition, too, the different ecclesiastical bodies of the slave states. Slavery must be attacked with the whole power of truth and the sword of the spirit. You must take it up on Christian ground, and fight against it with Christian weapons, whilst your feet are shod with the preparation of the gospel of peace. And you are now loudly called upon by the cries of the widow and the orphan, to arise and gird yourselves for this great moral conflict, with the whole armour of righteousness upon the right hand and on the left.
There is every encouragement for you to labor and pray, my friends, because the abolition of slavery as well as its existence, has been the theme of prophecy. “Ethiopia (says the Psalmist) shall stretch forth her hands unto God.” And is she not now doing so? Are not the Christian negroes of the south lifting their hands in prayer for deliverance, just as the Israelites did when their redemption was drawing nigh? Are they not sighing and crying by reason of the hard bondage?  Or that He who raised up a Moses, an Aaron, and a Miriam, to bring them up out of the land of Egypt from the house of bondage, cannot now, with a high hand and a stretched out arm, rid the poor negroes out of the hands of their masters? Surely you believe that his aim is not shortened that he cannot save. And would not such a work of mercy redound to his glory? But another string of the harp of prophecy vibrates to the song of deliverance: “But they shall sit every man under his vine, and under his fig-tree, and none shall make them afraid; for the mouth of the Lord of Hosts hath spoken it.” The slave never can do this as long as he is a slave; whilst he is a “chattel personal” he can own no property; but the time is to comewhen every man is to sit under his own vine and his own fig-tree, and no domineering driver, or irresponsible master, or irascible mistress, shall make him afraid of the chain or the whip. Hear, too, the sweet tones of another string: “Many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be increased.” Slavery is an insurmountable barrier to the increase of knowledge in every community where it exists; slavery, then, must be abolished before this prediction can be fulfiled. The last chord I shall touch, will be this, “They shall not hurt nor destroy in all my holy mountain.”
Slavery, then, must be overthrown before the prophecies can be accomplished, but how are they to be fulfiled? Will the wheels of the millennial car be rolled onward by miraculous power? No! God designs to confer this holy privilege upon man; it is through his instrumentality that the great and glorious work of reforming the world is to be done. And see you not how the mighty engine of moral power is dragging in its rear the Bible and peace societies, anti-slavery and temperance, sabbath schools, moral reform, and missions? or to adopt another figure, do not these seven philanthropic associations compose the beautiful tints in that bow of promise which spans the arch of our moral heaven? Who does not believe, that if these societies were broken up, their constitutions burnt, and the vast machinery with which they are laboring to regenerate mankind was stopped, that the black clouds of vengeance would soon burst over our world, and every city would witness the fate of the devoted cities of the plain? Each one of these societies is walking abroad through the earth scattering the seeds of truth over the wide field of our world, not with the hundred hands of a Briareus, but with a hundred thousand.
(1836)
Source:
An Appeal to the Christian Women of the South, Angelina Emily Grimke, Public Domain


12 The THOUGHT Lexical Set
The thought lexical set features words with the stressed vowel “aw,” or /ɔ/. The thought vowel is Free, so it can occur with no following consonant, and is always stressed in its dictionary form. The thought Lexical Set does not contain the words with this vowel followed by /r/; these words are in north and force.
thought is sometimes merged with the lot and/or palm Lexical Sets, as it is in some North American accents.
- 🕊Free: does not require a following consonant, and can exist on its own
- in stressed syllables and unstressed ones, too.
Spellings
Ⓐ auC, ough, aw, al, alk;
Ⓑ alC (other than /k/) – may merge with lot, depending on generation or region (sometimes known as the salt lexical set.)
The vast majority of words within the thought set are spelled with multiple letters, “au” before a consonant (C) as in “sauce,” or “augh, ough, aw, al, alk” as in taught, bought, jaw, wall, talk. Less common spellings include: Arkansas, dawn, awe, Sean, broad.
Pronunciations
The thought lexical set is pronounced with an open-mid back vowel, usually with at least some range of roundness. Frequently it’s [ɔ], with variations in the range of [ɒ~ɔ~o] in many of the mainstream accents of English. thought can merge with:
- lot, which is likely to be a bit more open/somewhat less rounded, and/or
- palm, which is unrounded, more open, and possibly more front, and/or
- cloth, which has no effect on pronunciation, but merely adds more words that can be spoken with the thought vowel.
Some accents have diphthongs for their pronunciations of thought, either one that becomes more rounded/close over time (e.g. [ɒo̯] which you might hear in the Southern US), or one that moves toward schwa, a centring diphthong, [ɔə̯], as you hear in some Cockney (in “free” syllables, with no following consonant), or New York City accents, where thought may merge with force.
For Englishes with a centralized goat vowel such as [əʊ̯ ~ əʉ̯ ~ ɛ̠ʉ̯], thought can move up into the range of [o], through a process known as a chain shift, where thought is moving “up” to fill in a gap left by goat’s forward movement. For example, in contemporary Standard British English, thought is now higher (more close) than it was in traditional Received Pronunciation, which was higher than old-fashioned RP (Lindsay, 2019).
Many second-language (L2) speakers of English either lack an equivalent [ɔ] vowel in their first-language (L1) vowel system, or they use it for /o/; in almost all of these cases, the tendency is for thought to merge with goat [o~ɔ]. L2 speakers may use spelling pronunciations for words with spellings other than ‹o›, especially in languages where spelling and pronunciation are more directly linked than in English.
Personal Pronunciation
Your personal pronunciation of thought is worthy of some exploration. But first, let’s see whether you have a merger with any of the possible candidates: cloth, lot, or palm. Note that many palm words may be distributed to other lexical sets in your particular accent. Compare your pronunciation of each column to see which vowels might match one another. Note that cloth will be merged with lot or thought, both, or even all three other sets!
| lot | cloth | thought | palm |
| bot | broth | brought | bra |
| cot | cost | caught | calm |
| jock | joss stick | jaw | Java |
| flock | froth | fought | father |
For more examples of each set, see lot, cloth, palm.
Experiment on your own with an audio recorder, or with a classmate, friend, coach or teacher to identify how your thought compares with others’. Try extending the sound of your thought vowel, and then attempt to subtly shift it around in the vowel space—up, forwards, down, and back—in tiny increments.  Also explore the degree of lip rounding you use with thought. Some pronunciations use a great deal of lip rounding, so much so that you may feel a kind of lip protrusion and a corresponding hollow cheek feel. Use a mirror to see if you round your lips at all, or to what degree you do it. Compare thought with goat, which is often quite rounded. Even if you don’t round your lips at all on thought, be sure to try all sorts of possibilities, from lots of rounding to none. Compare a thought word with lot, cloth, or palm[1] to see if you can feel a difference in the shape of the vowels. If you have a centring diphthong that moves towards schwa [ɔə̯], compare your pronunciation of thought with force/north. What’s the smallest noticeable change that you can make?
Decide which vowel symbol best suits your thought Lexical Set. Is it [ɒ, ɑ, ɔ, o], or even [a], or a diphthong with [ɒo̯] or [ɔə̯]?
If your thought vowel is… (use whichever vowel symbol is appropriate for you)
- high, use the raised diacritic [ ɔ̝ ], a small T pointing up
- open, use the lowered diacritic [ ɔ̞ ], a small T pointing down
- pushed forward, use the advanced diacritic [ ɔ̟ ], a tiny plus sign +
- pulled back, use the retracted diacritic [ ɔ̠ ], a tiny minus sign –
- if you add lip-rounding, use the more rounded diacritic [ ɔ̹ ], a tiny ɔ, which represents the lips rounding/projecting forward (to the left),
- if you have no lip̤̤-rounding, especially on a symbol assumed to be rounded like [ɒ, ɔ, o], us the less rounded diacritic [ ɔ̜ ], a tiny c, which represents the lips relaxing/moving back (to the right).
Alternate Pronunciations
Experiment with the thought Word Lists, Phrases and Sentences with the following vowels:
As you move the vowels in the directions recommended, see whether that modified oral posture might inspire you to move the articulation of consonants and other vowels in the word in similar ways. Does it remind you of an accent other than your own?
Word Lists for thought, followed by a pause
KEY: ◾thought in stressed syllable ◽thought in unstressed syllable
Word Lists for thought, followed by a vowel
Many speakers with non-rhotic accents may introduce /ɹ/ after the thought vowel in this context, a so-called “intrusive” /r/.
Lists for thought, sorted by the consonant that follows
KEY: ◾thought in stressed syllable ◽thought in unstressed syllable
PLOSIVES
-p
-b
-t
-d
-k
-ɡ
AFFRICATES
-tʃ
-dʒ
NASALS
-m
-n
-ŋ
FRICATIVES
-θ
-ð
-f
-v
-s
-z
-ʃ
-ʒ
APPROXIMANTS
For thought followed by /-r/, see north and force.
thought before /l/ is split into two groups. thought Ⓐ features /l/ on its own, while thought Ⓑ, sometimes known as the salt Lexical Set, features thought before /lC/, as in halt, also, fault. For some speakers, especially in the North of England, and contemporary Standard British speakers, thought Ⓑ, is merged with lot. For more on this, see the salt-Split below, under Splits.
-ɹ
-l/ɫ
-w
Short Phrases
- Prawns in sauce
- An authentic, signed baseball
- The flawed chalk drawing
- Her daughter brought water
- Talk more audibly!
- In awe of Fall
- Installing an awning
- It’s all for naught
- They can’t “walk the walk”
- I caught Dawn yawning.
- Maude audited the author talk.
- A Shaw Festival audition.
- Launch the ball with caution.
- Put straw in the stall
- The debauched and naughty performer.
Sentences
Level 1
Short with 2-3 words, underlined
- My father-in-law is at the audiologist.
- I found the nautilus shell in the Caucasus mountains.
- Audubon would draw hawks expertly.
- Somerset Maugham’s The Hour Before Dawn.
- Paulina has autism and an auto-immune disease.
Level 2
Short with 4-5 words, underlined
- Is Shaw an awesome author or an appallingly awful eugenicist?
- Prime Minister Walter Nash brought TV broadcasting to Auckland, New Zealand.
- The audience loved the altercation between Andy Kaufman and Jerry Lawler on Letterman.
- Sean Combs and Lauryn Hill were authentically thoughtful.
- The gawky MalteseⒷ man balked at tasting the saltyⒷ sauce.
Level 3
Medium with 3-4 words, not underlined
- Shawna was awestruck by his authentic Pawnee artwork.
- Harmsworth Hall in Grand Falls in two-stories tall.
- Wasn’t his inauguration much smaller than he thought?
- Darth Maul ought to have caught them but his plan was flawed.
- The scarlet macaw squawked her raucous call.
Level 4
Hard with The 4-6 words, not underlined
- The fauns sauntered into their stall and pawed at the leafy stalks.
- We saw Sean on our trip from Galway to Donnegal.
- Tawny thought cole slaw ought to be cooked, not raw.
- Saucy Lord Falstaff flaunted his faults.
- She bought her Strawberry Shortcake doll at the mall in August.
Mergers
lot–thought Merger: Also known as the “cot-caught merger,” heard in Canada, Scotland, and a range of other accents in the US, including Northeastern New England, some regions of the South and West. This means that words like bobble/bauble, body/bawdy, chock/chalk, don/dawn, not/naught are pronounced similarly. If you have this merger, then try to differentiate the lot and thought words in this sentence; if you do not have it, try to match them! Experiment with lot/thought pairs such as [ɒ/ɔ, a/ɒ, ɑ/ɒ̝, ɔ/o, ɑ̟/ɔə̯ ]:
-
- Polly and Paul were awed by the odd fox named Faukes.
- As I was walked into the Honda Store, in Vaughan, I received a compliment on my watch.
- The unauthorized bank charges came from a popular restaurant that I have not gone to yet.
- Samantha taught her daughter to speak Tagalog at home, so her heritage is not forgotten.
The thought–cloth Merger is common in much of the US. When working on an accent with the lot–cloth Merger, learning to identify which words might shift to lot is fortunately fairly easy, as their “short-o” spellings generally makes them stand out from other thought words.
Those with a 3-way thought–lot–cloth Merger in your personal speech pattern, which happens in Canada and in parts of the West of the US, you’re going to have a particularly hard time decoding which words go where. And those with a 4-way thought–lot–cloth–palm Merger perhaps have it hardest of all! Be sure to tackle thought, lot, and palm before trying to make the following contrasts distinct.
cloth Ⓐ, Ⓑ Contrast Sentences with thought
- Merge all 3 with palm (and start, if non-rhotic) as in Canadian;
- Merge thought with Ⓐ, and lot with Ⓑ as in RP;
- Merge cloth Ⓐ and cloth Ⓑ with thought, while merging lotl with palmp as in GenAm.
- Saul didn’t wash the soft cloths with his laundry.
- The cost to install the hotl water softener in the office was appalling.
- Robl saw that frothing milk for coffee is notl easy.
- Shawn was appalled by the strong taste of guavap in the sauce.
- Tawny took off her uncomfortable brap and thong, and tossed them away.
thought–force(-north) Merger: In non-rhotic accents, force is frequently merged with thought. When force and north are merged, which is extremely common, they make a 3-way merger with thought. Examples of this merger can be heard in these homophones: draw/drawer, caulk/cork, caught/court, baud/board=bored, laud/lord, sawed/sword, pawn/porn, law/lore, flaw/floor. Do you pronounce these words in the same way? If so, your personal idiolect contains this merger. You’ll need to experiment with differentiating these Lexical Sets with the following thought/force–north pairings [ɔ/ɔə̯, ɒ/ɔə̯, ɑ/ɔɚ̯, ɒ/oɘ̯˞, ɒ/ɔ ]. If you don’t have the merger, explore making the double-underlined words match the single ones, trying out the following [ɑ, ɒ, ɔ, o].
-
- I saw that the poor dog’s paw was sore.
- The link between law and lore for Indigenous Australians has not always be caught by the courts.
- I thought my new Ford was flawed when the engine short circuited.
- We can’t afford to let down our audience, so we pre-recorded broadcasts before we left for holiday.
- Shay felt awkward as she walked alone through the orchid garden in Yorkshire.
thought–goat–north/force Merger: Heard in some northern accents of England, such as Bradford and Geordie, as well as in Northern Wales, this merger has goat spoken with the vowel of thought. As north/force are merged with thought in these regions already, it is really a four-way merger of thought–goat–north–force. Examples of thought–goat–north–force can be heard in these homophones: raw/roar/roe=row, yaw/yore=your/yo, law/lore/lo=low, Shaw/shore/show, talk/torque/toke, saw/sore/sew, paw/pore=poor/Poe, awe=aww/ore/owe=oh=O, gnaw/nore/no. If you have this merger, then explore making them different in this sentence with thought/goat pairs such as [ɑ/ʌʊ̯, ɒ/ɤʊ̯, ɔ/əʊ̯, o̞/əʉ ]; if you have some or all of them as distinct sets, try matching them throughout with any or all of these: [ ɑ, ɒ, ʌ̠, ɔ, ɤ, o ]. These sentences also include the north/force vowel.
-
- Oh, I’m in awe of the raw strength needed to row the boat over with the coal they called for and bought.
- Sophie secured an awesome course on the coast of Florida* to study sawfish.
- My boss cautioned me about emotional extortion.
- I can’t tune in to the launch of the new iPhone this morning.
Splits
salt Split: As we have seen, thought Ⓑ—sometimes known as the salt set—features words with ‹alC› or ‹aulC› such as false, vault, that split off from thought in parts of the UK. For speakers with the lot–salt merger, these words split away from thought to be merged with lot, even if the remainder of thought is distinct. Experiment with having the salts words below match with lot, and then with thought. Use lot/thought contrasts such as [ɒ/ɔ, a/ɒ, ɑ/ɒ̝, ɔ/o, ɑ̟/ɔə̯ ].
Althoughs the balds man forgot he dropped the ball, it was not his faults,
so he fought for a modest fall from grace.
Geordie ‹-al› Split: In the broad, working-class version of the Geordie or Tyneside accent from Newcastle-on-Tyne in the Northeast of England, thought is split. Words with the following spellings split away from thought, and take [a] (or, in other words, they merge with trap-bath).
- ‹-al› in those words with silent ‹l› before ‹k›: talk, walk, balk, chalk, stalk, staulk;
- ‹al-› stem words, such as also, almost, always, although, altogether, albeit;
- ‹-all› words, such as all, small, call, wall, mall, ball, hall, fall;
- those words already identified in thought Ⓑ, which is ‹alC›.
All other thought words in the Geordie accent are [ɔ].
Note that many contemporary, or middle-class speakers avoid this split as it is stigmatized; instead, they may have the salt split.
Review
Pathway Puzzles
Pathway Puzzles allow you to practice finding members of a lexical set. Choose the next cell with the FIRST lexical set word to make a pathway from the START of the puzzle down to the FINISH. Open the KEY document to see the solution, and check your work. Pathway Puzzles were created by Farisya Khairul, through support from a AMPD Minor Research Grant.
lot–thought Pathway Puzzle | KEY
A phonological change within an accent where a phoneme moves into the space vacated by another phoneme that has already moved. These can include multiple items as moving in concert. There are two sorts of "chain shifts", push shifts, and drag/pull shifts.
A pronunciation based on the spelling of the word rather than its traditional pronunciation. For L2 speakers, this may be associated with the spelling/pronunciation traditions of their L1 language.