143,000 t for waterproofing and sealing.[USGS; Minerals Yearbook 1998
      Database on Clay and Shale. Available from, as of August 25, 2000:
      http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/clays/] **PEER REVIEWED**

      Reported domestic sales of bentonite were 1.02 million metric tons (Mt)
      for drilling mud (all swelling bentonite), 423,000 tons for foundry sand
      bond (more than 99% was swelling bentonite), 595,000 tons for pelletizing
      iron ore (all swelling bentonite), and 967,000 tons for pet waste
      absorbent (all swelling bentonite). Bentonite also was sold for civil
      engineering and sealing; fillers, extenders, and binders; waterproofing
      and sealing; and a variety of other applications. ... Domestic sales of
      bentonite increased for pet litter, drilling mud, pelletizing iron ore,
      waterproofing and sealing, and miscellaneous uses. Domestic sales of
      bentonite for drilling mud use increased by 74%, and export sales
      increased by 52%. Drilling activity increased domestically and overseas in
      2010 compared with 2009. ...[USGS; Minerals Yearbook 2010 Database on Clay
      and Shale. Available from, as of Mar 23, 2013:
      http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/clays/myb1-2010-clays.pdf]
      **PEER REVIEWED**

      /Bentonite Uses (estimated):/ 30% drilling mud, 27% absorbents, 14% iron
      ore pelletizing, 16% foundry sand bond, and 13% other uses.[USGS; Mineral
      Commodity Summaries 2013. Clays. Available from, as of March 28, 2013:
      http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2013/mcs2013.pdf] **PEER
      REVIEWED**

      Bentonite sold or used by producers in the United States, by type and use.
      (Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to
      totals shown.)Bentonite sold or used producers in the United States, by
      type and use (Thousand metric tons and thosuand dollars)Quantity (2009)
      Value (2009) Quantity (2010) Value (2010) TYPE:     Nonswelling 116 8,140
      123 9,320 Swelling 3,530 198,000 4,510 252,000 Total 3,650 207,000 4,630
      261,000 -     USE: Domestic     Pet waste absorbents 925 (estimated) Not
      Available 967 (estimated) Not Available Adhesives 9 Not Available 8 Not
      Available Animal feed 60 Not Available 71 Not Available Drilling mud 587
      Not Available 1,020 Not Available Filler and extender applications
      (Includes asphalt tiles, asphalt emulsions, cosmetics, fertilizers, ink,
      medical, miscellaneous fillers and extenders applications, paint, paper
      coating, paper filling, pesticides and related products, pharmaceuticals,
      and plastics.) 69 Not Available 104 Not Available Foundry sand 443
      (estimated) Not Available 423 (estimated) Not Available Pelletizing (iorn
      ore) 445 (estimated) Not Available 595 (estimated) Not Available
      Waterproofing and sealing 102 Not Available 122 Not Available
      Miscellaneous civil engineering 190 (estimated) Not Available 192
      (estimated) Not Available Miscellaneous (Includes ceramics, chemical
      manufacturing, clarifying and decolorizing, heavy-clay products, oil and
      grease absorbents, refractories, and other unknown uses.) 170 Not
      Available 310 Not Available Total 3,000 (estimated) Not Available 3,810
      (estimated) Not Available -     USE: Exports, reported by producers
      Drilling mud 105 (estimated) Not Available 160 (estimated) Not Available
      Foundry sand 192 Not Available 121 Not Available Other (Includes
      absorbents, fillers and extenders, refractories, pelletizing, and other
      unknown uses.) 349 Not Available 536 Not Available Total 646 (estimated)
      Not Available 817 (estimated) Not Available -     Grand total 3,650
      207,000 4,630 261,000 [USGS; Minerals Yearbook 2010 Database on Clay and
      Shale. Available from, as of Mar 23, 2013:
      http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/clays/myb1-2010-clays.pdf]
      **PEER REVIEWED**

U. S. PRODUCTION:
      (1972) 2.51X10+12 GRAMS[SRI] **PEER REVIEWED**

      (1975) 2.52X10+12 GRAMS[SRI] **PEER REVIEWED**

      In thousand metric tons: (1995) 3,820; (1996) 3,740; (1997) 4,020; (1998)
      3,820; (1999, est) 3,850[USGS; Minerals Commodity Summaries 2000 Database
      on Clays. Available from, as of August 25, 2000:
      http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/clays] **PEER REVIEWED**

      Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006
      Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: Bentonite. Aggregated National Production
      Volume: 10 to   <  50 million pounds.[US EPA; Non-Confidential 2006
      Inventory Update Reporting. National Chemical Information. Bentonite
      (1302-78-9). Available from, as of March 28, 2013:
      http://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/index.cfm?s=chem&err=t] **PEER
      REVIEWED**

      Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the
      production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United
      States. Chemical: Bentonite. National Production Volume: 1,000,000,000 -
      5,000,000,000 pounds/year.[USEPA/Pollution Prevention and Toxics; 2012
      Chemical Data Reporting Database. Bentonite (1302-78-9). Available from,
      as of March 28, 2013: http://java.epa.gov/oppt_chemical_search/] **PEER
      REVIEWED**

      Bentonite: Salient Production Statistics for the United StatesData in
      thousand metric tonsProduction (sold or used) 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
      (estimated) Bentonite 4,910 3,650 4,630 4,810 4,800 [USGS; Mineral
      Commodity Summaries 2013. Clays. Available from, as of March 28, 2013:
      http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2013/mcs2013.pdf] **PEER
      REVIEWED**

      Bentonite world mine production and reserves:Bentonite World Mine
      Production and Reserves (Data in thousand metric tons)Year 2011 Year 2012
      (Estimated) United States (sales) 4,810 4,800 Brazil (beneficated) 532 540
      Czech Republic (crude) 160 180 Germany (sales) 350 350 Greece (crude) 850
      900 Italy 110 110 Mexico 54 54 Spain 155 160 Turkey 1,000 1,000 Ukraine
      (crude) 185 210 Other countries 2,100 2,000 World total (rounded) 10,300
      10,000 [USGS; Mineral Commodity Summaries 2013. Clays. Available from, as
      of March 28, 2013:
      http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2013/mcs2013.pdf] **PEER
      REVIEWED**

U. S. IMPORTS:
      (1972) 2.59X10+9 GRAMS[SRI] **PEER REVIEWED**

      (1975) 2.14X10+9 GRAMS[SRI] **PEER REVIEWED**

      Bentonite imports consisted mainly of untreated bentonite clay and
      chemically or artificially activated materials. ... untreated bentonite
      were 6,600 t ... chemically activated material were 18,900 t ...[USGS;
      Minerals Yearbook 1998 Database on Clay and Shale. Available from, as of
      August 25, 2000: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/clays/]
      **PEER REVIEWED**

U. S. EXPORTS:
      (1972) 4.73X10+11 GRAMS[SRI] **PEER REVIEWED**

      (1975) 4.05X10+11 GRAMS[SRI] **PEER REVIEWED**

      Domestic bentonite producers reported exports of 427,000 t. ... exports
      destined for Canadian and Mexican markets (approximately 250,000 t).[USGS;
      Minerals Yearbook 1998 Database on Clay and Shale. Available from, as of
      August 25, 2000: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/clays/]
      **PEER REVIEWED**

      The major export markets /for swelling bentonite/ were in drilling mud,
      foundry sand, and iron ore pelletizing applications.[USGS; Minerals
      Yearbook 1998 Database on Clay and Shale. Available from, as of August 25,
      2000: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/clays/] **PEER
      REVIEWED**

      Exports /for nonswelling bentonite/ were limited to filtering, clarifying,
      and decolorizing of oils and greases and foundry sand applications.[USGS;
      Minerals Yearbook 1998 Database on Clay and Shale. Available from, as of
      August 25, 2000: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/clays/]
      **PEER REVIEWED**

      Bentonite: Salient Export Statistics for the United StatesData in thousand
      metric tonsExports 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 (estimated) Bentonite 1,090
      709 953 1,020 1,000 [USGS; Mineral Commodity Summaries 2013. Clays.
      Available from, as of March 28, 2013:
      http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2013/mcs2013.pdf] **PEER
      REVIEWED**

LABORATORY METHODS:

CLINICAL LABORATORY METHODS:
      Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) - also referred to as
      energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis, X-ray microanalysis, electron
      microscopic microanalysis, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry - and
      electron diffraction may permit the rapid identification of individual
      clay mineral particles and have been applied particularly to the
      identification of inhaled particles sampled via bronchoalveolar lavage or
      from lung specimens. EDXA requires a scanning or transmission electron
      microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer and
      appropriate mathematical tools for analysing the resulting spectra. EDXA
      identifies and quantifies elements above atomic number 8. Since the basic
      classification of clay minerals is based on structural formula and the
      atomic composition is similar for many different clay minerals, EDXA
      cannot provide secure identification except by comparison with standards
      previously identified by other means. Application of EDXA without
      appropriate standards is likely to generate significant errors. In
      practice, EDXA is ordinarily combined with conventional transmission
      electron microscopy to first visualize a particle. Probe size is then
      adjusted downward so that only the selected particle is analysed. The best
      results are obtained by operating the microanalysis in scanning
      transmission mode. /Clay mineral particles/[WHO; Environ Health Criteria
      231: Bentonite, Kaolin, and Selected Clay Minerals (2005). Available from,
      as of April 3, 2013: http://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html] **PEER
      REVIEWED**

ANALYTIC LABORATORY METHODS:
      There is no single or simple procedure for the positive identification of
      montmorillonite-group or other aluminosilicates or for their
      quantification in dust and other samples. The application of several
      methods may be necessary for even approximate identification and rough
      quantification. These methods include X-ray diffraction, electron
      microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, differential thermal
      analysis, and infrared spectroscopy. In the past, chemical methods based
      on differences in resistance of various clay minerals to chemical attack,
      the so-called "rational methods of analysis," were used.[WHO; Environ
      Health Criteria 231: Bentonite, Kaolin, and Selected Clay Minerals (2005).
      Available from, as of April 3, 2013: http://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html]
      **PEER REVIEWED**

SPECIAL REFERENCES:

SPECIAL REPORTS:
      Final report on the safety assessment of aluminum silicate, calcium
      silicate, magnesium aluminum silicate, magnesium silicate, magnesium
      trisilicate, sodium magnesium silicate, zirconium silicate, attapulgite,
      bentonite, Fuller's earth, hectorite, kaolin, lithium magnesium silicate,
      lithium magnesium sodium silicate, montmorillonite, pyrophyllite, and
      zeolite.[Elmore AR, Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel; Int J Toxicol
      22 (Suppl 1): 37-102 (2003)]

SYNONYMS AND IDENTIFIERS:

RELATED HSDB RECORDS:
      8118 [Montmorillonite] (mixture)

SYNONYMS:
      Albagel Premium USP 4444[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 231: Bentonite,
      Kaolin, and Selected Clay Minerals (2005). Available from, as of April 3,
      2013: http://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html] **PEER REVIEWED**

      Bentonite 2073[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 231: Bentonite, Kaolin, and
      Selected Clay Minerals (2005). Available from, as of April 3, 2013:
      http://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html] **PEER REVIEWED**

      Bentonite magma[WHO; Environ Health Criteria 231: Bentonite, Kaolin, and
      Selected Clay Minerals (2005). Available from, as of April 3, 2013:
      http://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html] **PEER REVIEWED**

      COLLOIDAL CLAY[Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 5th
      ed. New York: Van Nostrand Rheinhold, 1979., p. 402] **PEER REVIEWED**

      CI 77004[Cosmetic Ingredient Review; Final Report of the Cosmetic
      Ingredient Review Expert Panel; Final Report on the Safety Assessment of
      Aluminum Silicate, Calcium Silicate, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate,
      Magnesium Silicate, Magnesium Trisilicate, Sodium Magnesium Silicate,
      Zirconium Silicate, Attapulgite, Bentonite, Fuller's Earth, Hectorite,
      Kaolin, Lithium Magnesium Silicate, Lithium Magnesium Sodium Silicate,
      Montmorillonite, Pyrophyllite, and Zeolite; International Journal of
      Toxicology 22 (Suppl 1): 37-102 (2003)] **PEER REVIEWED**

      E558[Rowe, R.C., Sheskey, P.J., Quinn, M.E.; (Eds.), Handbook of
      Pharmaceutical Excipients 6th edition Pharmaceutical Press,  London,
      England 2009, p. 53] **PEER REVIEWED**

      MAGBOND[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
      Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational
      Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS).
      National Library of Medicine's current MEDLARS file., p. 82/8012] **PEER
      REVIEWED**

      OTAYLITE **PEER REVIEWED**

      Soap clay[Cosmetic Ingredient Review; Final Report of the Cosmetic
      Ingredient Review Expert Panel; Final Report on the Safety Assessment of
      Aluminum Silicate, Calcium Silicate, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate,
      Magnesium Silicate, Magnesium Trisilicate, Sodium Magnesium Silicate,
      Zirconium Silicate, Attapulgite, Bentonite, Fuller's Earth, Hectorite,
      Kaolin, Lithium Magnesium Silicate, Lithium Magnesium Sodium Silicate,
      Montmorillonite, Pyrophyllite, and Zeolite; International Journal of
      Toxicology 22 (Suppl 1): 37-102 (2003)] **PEER REVIEWED**

      SOUTHERN BENTONITE[Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of
      Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons,
      Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 351] **PEER REVIEWED**

      TIXOTON[Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial
      Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc.
      Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 351] **PEER REVIEWED**

      Taylorite[Rowe, R.C., Sheskey, P.J., Quinn, M.E.; (Eds.), Handbook of
      Pharmaceutical Excipients 6th edition Pharmaceutical Press,  London,
      England 2009, p. 53] **PEER REVIEWED**

      Volclay[Cosmetic Ingredient Review; Final Report of the Cosmetic
      Ingredient Review Expert Panel; Final Report on the Safety Assessment of
      Aluminum Silicate, Calcium Silicate, Magnesium Aluminum Silicate,
      Magnesium Silicate, Magnesium Trisilicate, Sodium Magnesium Silicate,
      Zirconium Silicate, Attapulgite, Bentonite, Fuller's Earth, Hectorite,
      Kaolin, Lithium Magnesium Silicate, Lithium Magnesium Sodium Silicate,
      Montmorillonite, Pyrophyllite, and Zeolite; International Journal of
      Toxicology 22 (Suppl 1): 37-102 (2003)] **PEER REVIEWED**

      Wilkinite[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of
      Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ:    Merck and
      Co., Inc., 2006., p. 175] **PEER REVIEWED**

      WILKONITE[Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial
      Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc.
      Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 351] **PEER REVIEWED**

FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS:
      Hollander & McClanahan base is/ a hydrophilic base containing
      bentonite... /it contains/ petrolatum 32 g, bentonite 13 g, sodium lauryl
      sulfate 0.5 g, water 54 g, methylparaben 0.1 g /Bentonite USP/[Osol, A.
      and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th
      ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 1537] **PEER
      REVIEWED**

      Bentonite USP: magma USP (5%) /contains/ bentonite 5 g /&/ purified
      water, to make 100 mL. Ointment /contains/ bentonite 15 g, propylene
      glycol 15 mL, /&/ petrolatum, to make 100 g. /Bentonite USP/[American
      Hospital Formulary Service. Volumes I and II. Washington, DC: American
      Society of Hospital Pharmacists, to 1984., p. 84:2412] **PEER REVIEWED**

      Addition of a humectant (glycerin, sorbitol, etc) in amounts up to 10%
      will retard ... /drying/ action /of bentonite & water ointments/.
      /Bentonite USP/[Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's
      Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing
      Co., 1975., p. 1537] **PEER REVIEWED**

      Depending on sequence of mixing it is possible to prepare both oil/water
      and water/oil emulsions. When oil/water emulsion is desired, bentonite is
      first dispersed in water and allowed to hydrate so as to form a magma. The
      oil-phase phase is then added gradually with constant trituration. Because
      the aqueous phase is always in excess, the oil/water emulsion type is
      favored. To prepare water/oil emulsion, bentonite is first dispersed in
      oil; water is then added gradually.[Troy, D.B. (Ed); Remmington The
      Science and Practice of Pharmacy. 21 st Edition. Lippincott Williams &
      Williams, Philadelphia, PA 2005, p. 331] **PEER REVIEWED**

      "Flo-Fre" - trademark for flowability aid for soybean meal and other
      feeds[Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 15th
      Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2007., p. 570] **PEER
      REVIEWED**

      There are two varieties: (1) sodium bentonite (Wyoming or western), which
      has high swelling capacity in water; and (2) calcium bentonite (southern),
      with negligible swelling capacity.[Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed
      Chemical Dictionary 15th  Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York,
      NY 2007., p. 132] **PEER REVIEWED**

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION:

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DATABANK NUMBER: 392

LAST REVISION DATE: 20130617

LAST REVIEW DATE: Reviewed by SRP on 5/16/2013

UPDATE HISTORY:
      Complete Update on 2013-06-17, 45 fields added/edited/deleted

      Field Update on 2008-09-11, 1 fields added/edited/deleted

      Field Update on 2008-06-26, 1 fields added/edited/deleted

      Complete Update on 02/14/2003, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 01/14/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 04/26/2001, 22 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 03/19/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 03/25/1998, 4 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 02/25/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 05/01/1997, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 07/11/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 01/19/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 12/21/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 11/03/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 11/02/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Field update on 12/12/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Field update on 08/13/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 12/14/1984

Created 19830401 by SYS