--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                               Average number    Average             FAA SAD                   FAA ACO                  Applicant
               Part 23 Section                   exemptions     number of  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 (2012-2013)      pages      Man-hours     Savings     Man-hours     Savings     Man-hours     Savings
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1359.........................................             0.5         15.6         62.4       $4,624           62       $3,167           62       $3,780
1549.........................................             0.5         15.6         62.4        4,624           62        3,167           62        3,780
177..........................................             0.5         15.6         62.4        4,624           62        3,167           62        3,780
49...........................................               1         15.6        124.8        9,247          125        6,334          125        7,561
562..........................................               1         15.6        124.8        9,247          125        6,334          125        7,561
1419.........................................             0.5         15.6         62.4        4,624           62        3,167           62        3,780
                                              ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Totals...................................               4           94          499       36,989          499       25,336          499       30,243
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* These numbers are subject to rounding error.

                                                Table 3--Savings From Equivalent Level of Safety (ELOS) *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                               Average number    Average             FAA SAD                   FAA ACO                  Applicant
               Part 23 Section                   ELOS (2012-    number of  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    2013)         pages      Man-hours     Savings     Man-hours     Savings      Savings     Man-hours
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
145..........................................               1         14.9        119.2       $8,832          119       $6,050          119       $7,221
207..........................................               1         14.9        119.2        8,832          119        6,050          119        7,221
672..........................................             0.5         14.9         59.6        4,416           60        3,025           60        3,611
777..........................................             1.5         14.9        178.8       13,249          179        9,075          179       10,832
779..........................................             0.5         14.9         59.6        4,416           60        3,025           60        3,611
781..........................................             1.5         14.9        178.8       13,249          179        9,075          179       10,832
807..........................................             0.5         14.9         59.6        4,416           60        3,025           60        3,611
815..........................................             0.5         14.9         59.6        4,416           60        3,025           60        3,611
841..........................................               1         14.9        119.2        8,832          119        6,050          119        7,221
973..........................................             0.5         14.9         59.6        4,416           60        3,025           60        3,611
1092.........................................             0.5         14.9         59.6        4,416           60        3,025           60        3,611
1145.........................................               1         14.9        119.2        8,832          119        6,050          119        7,221
1305.........................................             1.5         14.9        178.8       13,249          179        9,075          179       10,832
1311.........................................             0.5         14.9         59.6        4,416           60        3,025           60        3,611
1353.........................................             0.5         14.9         59.6        4,416           60        3,025           60        3,611
1357.........................................             0.5         14.9         59.6        4,416           60        3,025           60        3,611
1397.........................................             0.5         14.9         59.6        4,416           60        3,025           60        3,611
1401.........................................             0.5         14.9         59.6        4,416           60        3,025           60        3,611
1419.........................................             0.5         14.9         59.6        4,416           60        3,025           60        3,611
1443.........................................             0.5         14.9         59.6        4,416           60        3,025           60        3,611
1505.........................................             0.5         14.9         59.6        4,416           60        3,025           60        3,611
1545.........................................             0.5         14.9         59.6        4,416           60        3,025           60        3,611
1549.........................................             2.5         14.9          298       22,081          298       15,125          298       18,054
                                              ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Totals...................................              19          343         2205      163,400         2205      111,923         2205      133,597
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* These numbers are subject to rounding error.

    Using these yearly cost estimates, over 20 years $25.1 million in
man-hours would be spent on applying for and processing special
conditions, exemptions, and ELOS. However under the proposed rule, the
FAA believes that the need to demonstrate compliance through special
conditions, exemptions, or ELOS would largely be eliminated. Instead
new products will simply need to demonstrate compliance by following
consensus standards acceptable to the Administrator, or by submitting
their own novel demonstrations of compliance. As a conservative
estimate, the FAA estimates that special conditions, exemptions, and
ELOS would be reduced by half for a savings to the FAA and applicant of
roughly $12.6 million ($5.8 million present value). Savings by year is
shown in the chart below. The FAA asks for comment regarding the amount
of reduction in the alternative means of compliance.

    In addition to this savings, there would also be additional
paperwork burden associated with proposed Sec.  23.200. As proposed,
this provision could result in a change to a limitation or a
performance number in the flight manual, which would reqire an update
to the training courseware or flight manual. Industry believes that
this proposed change could cost from $100,000 to $150,000. Therefore,
the FAA uses $125,000 (($100,000 + $150,000)/2) as an average cost for
this proposed change.
    There would also be additional paperwork associated with this
requirement that is not part of the costs discussed above. The FAA
estimates the paperwork costs for these proposed provisions by
multiplying the number of hours the FAA estimates for each page of
paperwork, by the number of pages for the training courseware, or
flight manual, by the hourly rate of the person responsible for the
update. The Small Aircraft Directorate of the FAA provided average
hourly times and the number of additional pages of paperwork the
proposal would add. The FAA estimates that this section would add a
total of four pages to the training courseware and flight manual. The
FAA also estimates that it would take a part 23 certification engineer
eight hours to complete the one page required for each new type
certification. The eight hours to complete a page includes the
research, coordination, and review each document requires. Therefore,
the FAA estimates the total paperwork costs for proposed
controllability section would be about $1,939 (8 hours * 4 pages *
$60.58 per hour) in 2014 dollars.
    The FAA is expecting part 23 airplane manufacturers to update their
engineering procedures manuals to reflect the changes from this
proposed rulemaking. However, most of the engineering procedures
manuals are not written around the requirements of part 23, but around
the requirements of part 21. Since the part 23 changes would have
minimal impact on the part 21 requirements, there should be little
change in the engineering procedures manuals. Conversations with
industry indicate that there may need to be some changes to the
engineering manuals to describe how the accepted means of compliance
must be related to the regulations. Depending on the complexity of each
company's manual, industry estimates that these changes could run from
about $50,000 up to $200,000. This would be a one-time cost per new
type certification.
    Since the FAA is unable to determine the complexity of each
company's manual, we assume that the manufacturers of the two new part
23 reciprocating engine airplane type certifications, discussed in the
``Fleet Discussion'' section of the regulatory impact analysis, would
spend $50,000 to make the changes to the engineering manual. We also
assume that the one new part 23 turboprop airplane certification and
the two new part 23 turbojet airplane certifications, discussed in the
``Fleet Discussion'' section, would use the more complex and costly
approach of $200,000.
    The FAA notes that either the simple approach or the more complex
approach to updating the manuals could also either take place in-house
or could be contracted out to a consultant.
    Table 4 shows the total costs for the proposed changes to the
controllability section.

                            Table 4--Estimate Costs for Updating Engineering Manuals
                                                    [2014 $]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                               Number of
                                                               estimated      Simple      Complex
                          Airplane                             new type      approach     approach      Total
                                                             certificates
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Recip......................................................             2      $50,000           $0     $100,000
Turboprop..................................................             1            0      200,000      200,000
Turbojet...................................................             2            0      200,000      400,000
                                                            ----------------------------------------------------
    Total..................................................  ............  ...........  ...........      700,000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* These numbers are subject to rounding error.

F. International Compatibility and Cooperation

    In keeping with U.S. obligations under the Convention on
International Civil Aviation, it is FAA policy to conform to
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Standards and
Recommended Practices to the maximum extent practicable. The FAA has
reviewed the corresponding ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices and
has identified the following differences with these proposed
regulations. The ICAO Standards for small airplanes use weight and
propulsion to differentiate between some requirements. The proposed
regulations use certification levels and performance to differentiate
between some requirements. Furthermore, part 23 will still allow the
certification of airplanes up to 19,000 pounds. If this proposal is
adopted, the FAA intends to file these differences with ICAO. Executive
Order (EO) 13609, Promoting International Regulatory Cooperation, (77
FR 26413, May 4, 2012) promotes international regulatory cooperation to
meet shared challenges involving health, safety, labor, security,
environmental, and other issues and reduce, eliminate, or prevent
unnecessary differences in regulatory requirements. The FAA has
analyzed this action under the policy and agency responsibilities of
Executive Order 13609, Promoting International Regulatory Cooperation.
The agency has determined that this action would eliminate differences
between U.S. aviation standards and those of other CAAs by aligning the
revised part 23 standards with the new CS-23 standards that are being
developed concurrently by EASA. Several other CAAs are participating in
this effort and intend to either adopt the new part 23 or CS-23
regulations or revise their airworthiness standards to align with these
new regulations.
    The Part 23 Reorganization ARC included participants from several
foreign CAAs and international members from almost every GA
manufacturer of both airplanes and avionics. It also included several
Light-Sport Aircraft manufacturers who are interested in certificating
their products using the airworthiness standards contained in part 23.
The rulemaking and means of compliance documents are international
efforts. Authorities from Europe, Canada, Brazil, China, and New
Zealand all are working to produce similar rules. These rules, while
not identical, are intended to allow the use

of the same set of industry developed means of compliance. Industry has
told that FAA that it is very costly to address the differences that
some contrived means of compliance imposes. If there is substantial
agreement between the major CAAs to use the same industry means of
compliance document, then U.S. manufactures expect a significant saving
for exporting their products.
    Furthermore, this project is a harmonization project between the
FAA and EASA.
    EASA has worked a parallel rulemaking program for CS-23. The FAA
provided comments to the EASA A-NPA The EASA and other authorities will
have an opportunity to comment on this NPRM when it is published. These
efforts will allow the FAA, EASA and other authorities to work toward a
harmonized set of regulations when the final rules are published.

G. Environmental Analysis

    FAA Order 1050.1F identifies FAA actions that are categorically
excluded from preparation of an environmental assessment or
environmental impact statement under the National Environmental Policy
Act in the absence of extraordinary circumstances. The FAA has
determined this rulemaking action qualifies for the categorical
exclusion identified in paragraph 5-6.6 and involves no extraordinary
circumstances.

H. Regulations Affecting Intrastate Aviation in Alaska

    Section 1205 of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 1996 (110 Stat.
3213) requires the Administrator, when modifying 14 CFR regulations in
a manner affecting intrastate aviation in Alaska, to consider the
extent to which Alaska is not served by transportation modes other than
aviation, and to establish appropriate regulatory distinctions. Because
this proposed rule would apply to GA airworthiness standards, it could,
if adopted, affect intrastate aviation in Alaska. The FAA, therefore,
specifically requests comments on whether there is justification for
applying the proposed rule differently in intrastate operations in
Alaska.

VIII. Executive Order Determination

A. Executive Order 13132, Federalism

    The FAA has analyzed this proposed rule under the principles and
criteria of Executive Order 13132, Federalism. The agency has
determined that this action would not have a substantial direct effect
on the States, or the relationship between the Federal Government and
the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among
the various levels of government, and, therefore, would not have
Federalism implications.

B. Executive Order 13211, Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy
Supply, Distribution, or Use

    The FAA analyzed this proposed rule under Executive Order 13211,
Actions Concerning Regulations that Significantly Affect Energy Supply,
Distribution, or Use (May 18, 2001). The agency has determined that it
would not be a ``significant energy'' action under the executive order
and would not be likely to have a significant adverse effect on the
supply, distribution, or use of energy.

IX. Additional Information

A. Comments Invited

    The FAA invites interested persons to participate in this
rulemaking by submitting written comments, data, or views. The agency
also invites comments relating to the economic, environmental, energy,
or federalism impacts that might result from adopting the proposals in
this document. The most helpful comments reference a specific portion
of the proposal, explain the reason for any recommended change, and
include supporting data. To ensure the docket does not contain
duplicate comments, commenters should send only one copy of written
comments, or if comments are filed electronically, commenters should
submit only one time.
    The FAA will file in the docket all comments it receives, as well
as a report summarizing each substantive public contact with FAA
personnel concerning this proposed rulemaking. Before acting on this
proposal, the FAA will consider all comments it receives on or before
the closing date for comments. The FAA will consider comments filed
after the comment period has closed if it is possible to do so without
incurring expense or delay. The agency may change this proposal in
light of the comments it receives.
    Proprietary or Confidential Business Information: Commenters should
not file proprietary or confidential business information in the
docket. Such information must be sent or delivered directly to the
person identified in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section of
this document, and marked as proprietary or confidential. If submitting
information on a disk or CD-ROM, mark the outside of the disk or CD-
ROM, and identify electronically within the disk or CD-ROM the specific
information that is proprietary or confidential.
    Under 14 CFR 11.35(b), if the FAA is aware of proprietary
information filed with a comment, the agency does not place it in the
docket. It is held in a separate file to which the public does not have
access, and the FAA places a note in the docket that it has received
it. If the FAA receives a request to examine or copy this information,
it treats it as any other request under the Freedom of Information Act
(5 U.S.C. 552). The FAA processes such a request under Department of
Transportation procedures found in 49 CFR part 7.

B. Availability of Rulemaking Documents

    An electronic copy of rulemaking documents may be obtained from the
Internet by--
    1. Searching the Federal eRulemaking Portal (http://www.regulations.gov);
    2. Visiting the FAA's Regulations and Policies Web page at http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies or
    3. Accessing the Government Printing Office's Web page at http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/.
    Copies may also be obtained by sending a request to the Federal
Aviation Administration, Office of Rulemaking, ARM-1, 800 Independence
Avenue SW., Washington, DC 20591, or by calling<PHONE_NUMBER>.
Commenters must identify the docket or notice number of this
rulemaking.
    All documents the FAA considered in developing this proposed rule,
including economic analyses and technical reports, may be accessed from
the Internet through the Federal eRulemaking Portal referenced in item
(1) above.

Appendix 1 to the Preamble--Current to Proposed Regulations Cross-
Reference Table

    The below cross-reference table is intended to permit easy access
from proposed to current regulations. The preamble is organized
topical, section-by-section, proposed to current regulations. This
table should assist the reader in following the section discussions
contained in the preamble.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
          Current section                      Title               Proposed section          Proposed title
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                               Subpart A--General
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
23.1..............................  Applicability.............  23.1.................  Applicability.
23.2..............................  Special retroactive         .....................  --Deleted--
                                     requirements.
23.3..............................  Airplane categories.......  23.5.................  Certification of normal
                                                                                category airplanes.
                                    ..........................  23.10................  Accepted means of
                                                                                compliance.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                Subpart B--Flight
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
23.21.............................  Proof of compliance.......  23.100...............  Weight and center of
                                                                                gravity.
23.23.............................  Load distribution limits..  23.100...............  Weight and center of
                                                                                gravity.
23.25.............................  Weight limits.............  23.100...............  Weight and center of
                                                                                gravity.
23.29.............................  Empty weight and            23.100...............  Weight and center of
                                     corresponding center of                            gravity.
                                     gravity.
23.31.............................  Removable ballast.........  23.100...............  Weight and center of
                                                                                gravity.
23.33.............................  Propeller speed and pitch   23.900...............  Powerplant installation.
                                     limits.
23.45.............................  Performance--General......  23.105...............  Performance.
23.49.............................  Stalling speed............  23.110...............  Stall Speed.
23.51.............................  Takeoff speeds............  23.115...............  Takeoff performance.
23.53.............................  Takeoff performance.......  23.115...............  Takeoff performance.
23.55.............................  Accelerate-stop distance..  23.115...............  Takeoff performance.
23.57.............................  Takeoff path..............  23.115...............  Takeoff performance.
23.59.............................  Takeoff distance and        23.115...............  Takeoff performance.
                                     takeoff run.
23.61.............................  Takeoff flight path.......  23.115...............  Takeoff performance.
23.63.............................  Climb: General............  23.120...............  Climb.
23.65.............................  Climb: All engines          23.120...............  Climb.
                                     operating.
23.66.............................  Takeoff climb: one engine   23.125...............  Climb.
                                     inoperative.
23.67.............................  Climb: One engine           23.120...............  Climb.
                                     inoperative.
23.69.............................  Enroute climb/descent.....  23.125...............  Climb.
23.71.............................  Glide: single engine        23.125...............  Climb.
                                     airplanes.
23.73.............................  Reference landing approach  23.130...............  Landing.
                                     speed.
23.75.............................  Landing distance..........  23.130...............  Landing.
23.77.............................  Balked landing............  23.120...............  Climb.
23.141............................  Flight Characteristics--    23.200...............  Controllability.
                                     General.
23.143............................  Controllability and         23.200...............  Controllability.
                                     Maneuverability--General.
23.145............................  Longitudinal control......  23.200...............  Controllability.
23.147............................  Directional and lateral     23.200...............  Controllability.
                                     control.
23.149............................  Minimum control speed.....  23.200...............  Controllability.
23.151............................  Acrobatic maneuvers.......  23.200...............  Controllability.
23.153............................  Control during landings...  23.200...............  Controllability.
23.155............................  Elevator control force in   23.200...............  Controllability.
                                     maneuvers.
23.157............................  Rate of roll..............  23.200...............  Controllability.
23.161............................  Trim......................  23.205...............  Trim.
23.171............................  Stability--General........  23.210...............  Stability.
23.173............................  Static longitudinal         23.210...............  Stability.
                                     stability.
23.175............................  Demonstration of static     23.210...............  Stability.
                                     longitudinal stability.
23.177............................  Static directional and      23.210...............  Stability.
                                     lateral stability.
23.179............................  Instrument stick force      23.210...............  Stability.
                                     measurements.
23.181............................  Dynamic stability.........  23.210...............  Stability.
23.201............................  Wings level stall.........  23.215...............  Stall characteristics,
                                                                                stall warning, and
                                                                                spins.
23.203............................  Turning Flight and          23.215...............  Stall characteristics,
                                     accelerated turning                                stall warning, and
                                     stalls.                                            spins.
23.207............................  Stall Warning.............  23.215...............  Stall characteristics,
                                                                                stall warning, and
                                                                                spins.
23.221............................  Spinning..................  23.215...............  Stall characteristics,
                                                                                stall warning, and
                                                                                spins.
23.231............................  Longitudinal stability and  23.220...............  Ground handling.
                                     control.
23.233............................  Directional stability and   23.220...............  Ground handling.
                                     control.
23.235............................  Operation on unpaved        23.220...............  Ground handling.
                                     surfaces.
23.237............................  Operation on water........  23.220...............  Ground handling.
23.239............................  Spray characteristics.....  23.220...............  Ground handling.
23.251............................  Vibration and buffeting...  23.225...............  Vibration, buffeting, and
                                                                                high-speed
                                                                                characteristics.
23.253............................  High speed characteristics  23.225...............  Vibration, buffeting, and
                                                                                high-speed
                                                                                characteristics.
23.255............................  Out of trim                 23.225...............  Vibration, buffeting, and
                                     characteristics.                                   high-speed
                                                                                characteristics.
                                                                23.230...............  Performance and flight
                                                                                characteristics
                                                                                requirements for flight
                                                                                in icing conditions.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                              Subpart C--Structure
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
23.301............................  Loads.....................  23.310, 23.330.......  Structural design loads,
                                                                                Limit and ultimate
                                                                                loads.
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.330...............  Limit and ultimate loads.
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.310...............  Structural design loads.
(c)...............................  ..........................  23.310...............  Structural design loads.
(d)...............................  ..........................  23.310...............  Structural design loads.
23.302............................  Canard or tandem wing       23.310...............  Structural design loads.
                                     configurations.
23.303............................  Factors of safety.........  23.330...............  Limit and ultimate loads.
23.305............................  Strength and deformation..  23.400...............  Structural strength.
                                                                23.305...............  Interaction of systems
                                                                                and structures.
23.307............................  Proof of structure........  23.400...............  Structure strength.
23.321............................  Flight Loads--General.....  23.310...............  Structural design loads.
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.310...............  Structural design loads.
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.300...............  Structural design
                                                                                envelope.
(c)...............................  ..........................  23.300...............  Structural design
                                                                                envelope.
23.331............................  Symmetrical flight          23.310...............  Structural design loads.
                                     conditions.
23.333............................  Flight envelope...........  23.300...............  Structural design
                                                                                envelope.
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.300...............  Structural design
                                                                                envelope.
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.300...............  Structural design
                                                                                envelope.
(c)...............................  ..........................  23.315...............  Flight load conditions.
(d)...............................  ..........................  23.300...............  Structural design
                                                                                envelope.
23.335............................  Design airspeeds..........  23.300...............  Structural design
                                                                                envelope.
23.337............................  Limit maneuvering load      23.300...............  Flight load conditions.
                                     factors.
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.300...............  Structural design
                                                                                envelope.
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.300...............  Structural design
                                                                                envelope.
(c)...............................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
23.341............................  Gust load factors.........  23.315...............  Flight load conditions.
23.343............................  Design fuel loads.........  23.300...............  Structural design
                                                                                envelope.
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.300...............  Structural design
                                                                                envelope.
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.300...............  Structural design
                                                                                envelope.
(c)...............................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
23.345............................  High lift devices.........  23.325...............  Component loading
                                                                                conditions.
23.347............................  Unsymmetrical flight loads  23.315...............  Flight load conditions.
23.349............................  Rolling conditions........  23.315...............  Flight load conditions.
23.351............................  Yawing conditions.........  23.315...............  Flight load conditions.
23.361............................  Engine torque.............  23.325...............  Component loading
                                                                                conditions.
23.363............................  Side load on engine mount.  23.325...............  Component loading
                                                                                conditions.
23.365............................  Pressurized cabin loads...  23.325...............  Flight load conditions.
(e)...............................  ..........................  23.405...............  Structural durability.
23.367............................  Unsymmetrical loads due to  23.315...............  Flight load conditions.
                                     engine failure.
23.369............................  Rear lift truss...........  Means of Compliance..
23.371............................  Gyroscopic and aerodynamic  23.325...............  Component loading
                                     loads.                                             conditions.
23.373............................  Speed control devices.....  23.325...............  Component loading
                                                                                conditions.
23.391............................  Control surface loads.....  23.325...............  Component loading
                                                                                conditions.
23.393............................  Loads parallel to hinge     23.325...............  Component loading
                                     line.                                              conditions.
23.395............................  Control system loads......  23.325...............  Component loading
                                                                                conditions.
23.397............................  Limit control forces and    23.325...............  Component loading
                                     torques.                                           conditions.
23.399............................  Dual control system.......  23.325...............  Component loading
                                                                                conditions.
23.405............................  Secondary control system..  23.325...............  Component loading
                                                                                conditions.
23.407............................  Trim tab effects..........  23.325...............  Component loading
                                                                                conditions.
23.409............................  Tabs......................  23.325...............  Component loading
                                                                                conditions.
23.415............................  Ground gust conditions....  23.325...............  Component loading
                                                                                conditions.
23.421............................  Balancing loads...........  Means of Compliance..
23.423............................  Maneuvering loads.........  23.315...............  Flight load conditions.
23.425............................  Gust loads................  23.315...............  Flight load conditions.
23.427............................  Unsymmetrical loads due to  23.315...............  Flight load conditions.
                                     engine failure.
23.441............................  Maneuvering loads.........  23.315...............  Flight load conditions.
23.443............................  Gust loads................  23.315...............  Flight load conditions.
23.445............................  Outboard fins or winglets.  Means of Compliance..
23.455............................  Ailerons..................  23.325...............  Component loading
                                                                                conditions.
23.459............................  Special devices...........  23.325...............  Component loading
                                                                                conditions.
23.471............................  Ground Loads--General.....  23.320...............  Ground and water load
                                                                                conditions.
23.473............................  Ground load conditions and  23.320...............  Ground and water load
                                     assumptions.                                       conditions.
23.477............................  Landing gear arrangement..  23.320...............  Ground and water load
                                                                                conditions.
23.479............................  Level landing conditions..  23.320...............  Ground and water load
                                                                                conditions.
23.481............................  Tail down landing           23.320...............  Ground and water load
                                     conditions.                                        conditions.
23.483............................  One-wheel landing           23.320...............  Ground and water load
                                     conditions.                                        conditions.
23.485............................  Side load conditions......  23.320...............  Ground and water load
                                                                                conditions.
23.493............................  Braked roll conditions....  23.320...............  Ground and water load
                                                                                conditions.
23.497............................  Supplementary conditions    23.320...............  Ground and water load
                                     for tail wheels.                                   conditions.
23.499............................  Supplementary conditions    23.320...............  Ground and water load
                                     for nose wheels.                                   conditions.
23.505............................  Supplementary conditions    23.320...............  Ground and water load
                                     for skiplanes.                                     conditions.

23.507............................  Jacking loads.............  23.320...............  Ground and water load
                                                                                conditions.
23.509............................  Towing loads..............  23.320...............  Ground and water load
                                                                                conditions.
23.511............................  Ground load: unsymmetrical  23.320...............  Ground and water load
                                     loads on multiple-wheel                            conditions.
                                     units.
23.521............................  Water load conditions.....  23.320...............  Ground and water load
                                                                                conditions.
23.523............................  Design weights and center   23.320...............  Ground and water load
                                     of gravity positions.                              conditions.
23.525............................  Application of loads......  23.320...............  Ground and water load
                                                                                conditions.
23.527............................  Hull and main float load    23.320...............  Ground and water load
                                     factors.                                           conditions.
23.529............................  Hull and main float         23.320...............  Ground and water load
                                     landing conditions.                                conditions.
23.531............................  Hull and main float         23.320...............  Ground and water load
                                     takeoff conditions.                                conditions.
23.533............................  Hull and main float bottom  23.320...............  Ground and water load
                                     pressures.                                         conditions.
23.535............................  Auxiliary float loads.....  23.320...............  Ground and water load
                                                                                conditions.
23.537............................  Seawing loads.............  23.320...............  Ground and water load
                                                                                conditions.
23.561............................  Emergency Landing           23.600...............  Emergency conditions.
                                     Conditions--General.
23.562............................  Emergency landing dynamic   23.600...............  Emergency conditions.
                                     conditions.
23.571............................  Metallic pressurized cabin  23.405...............  Structural durability.
                                     structures.
23.572............................  Metallic wing, empennage,   23.405...............  Structural durability.
                                     and associated structures.
23.573............................  Damage tolerance and        23.405...............  Structural durability.
                                     fatigue evaluation of
                                     structure.
23.574............................  Metallic damage tolerance   23.405...............  Structural durability.
                                     and fatigue evaluation of
                                     commuter category
                                     airplanes.
23.575............................  Inspections and other       23.405...............  Structural durability.
                                     procedures.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       Subpart D--Design and Construction
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
23.601............................  General...................  23.500...............  Structural design.
23.603............................  Materials and workmanship.  23.500...............  Structural design.
23.605............................  Fabrication methods.......  23.510...............  Materials and processes.
23.607............................  Fasteners.................  23.505...............  Protection of structure.
23.609............................  Protection of Structure...  23.505...............  Protection of structure.
23.611............................  Accessibility.............  23.505...............  Protection of structure.
23.613............................  Material strength           23.510...............  Materials and processes.
                                     properties and design
                                     values.
23.619............................  Special factors...........  23.515...............  Special factors of
                                                                                safety.
23.621............................  Casting factors...........  23.515...............  Special factors of
                                                                                safety.
23.623............................  Bearing factors...........  23.515...............  Special factors of
                                                                                safety.
23.625............................  Fitting factors...........  23.515...............  Special factors of
                                                                                safety.
23.627............................  Fatigue strength..........  23.405...............  Structural durability.
23.629............................  Flutter...................  23.410...............  Aeroelasticity.
23.641............................  Proof of strength.........  Means of Compliance..
23.651............................  Proof of strength.........  Means of Compliance..
23.655............................  Installation..............  Means of Compliance..
23.657............................  Hinges....................  23.515...............  Special factors of
                                                                                safety.
23.659............................  Mass balance..............  23.315...............  Flight load conditions.
23.671............................  Control Surfaces--General.
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.500...............  Structural design.
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.1305..............  Function and
                                                                                installation.
23.672............................  Stability augmentation and  23.1305..............  Function and
                                     automatic and power-                               installation.
                                     operated systems.
23.673............................  Primary flight controls...  23.1305..............  Function and
                                                                                installation.
23.675............................  Stops.....................  23.1305..............  Function and
                                                                                installation.
23.677............................  Trim systems..............
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.700...............  Flight control systems.
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.700...............  Flight control systems.
(c)...............................  ..........................  23.410...............  Aeroelasticity.
(d)...............................  ..........................  23.700...............  Flight control systems.
23.679............................  Control system locks......  23.1305..............  Function and
                                                                                installation.
23.681(a).........................  Limit load static tests...  23.325(b)............  Component loading
                                                                                conditions.
23.681(b).........................  Limit load static tests...  23.515...............  Special factors of
                                                                                safety.
23.683............................  Operation tests...........  23.500(d)............  Structural design.
23.685(a), (b), (c)...............  Control system details....  23.500(d)............  Structural design.
23.685(d).........................  Control system details....  23.1305..............  Function and
                                                                                installation.
23.687............................  Spring devices............  23.410 and 23.500....  Aeroelasticity and
                                                                                Structural design.
23.689............................  Cable systems.............
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.700...............  Flight control systems.
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.325(b), 23.500(d).  Component loading
                                                                                conditions, Structural
                                                                                design.
(c)...............................  ..........................  23.325(b), 23.500(d).  Component loading
                                                                                conditions, Structural
                                                                                design.
(d)...............................  ..........................  23.325(b), 23.500(d).  Component loading
                                                                                conditions, Structural
                                                                                design.

(e)...............................  ..........................  23.325(b), 23.500(d).  Component loading
                                                                                conditions, Structural
                                                                                design.
(f)...............................  ..........................  23.700...............  Flight control systems.
23.691............................  Artificial stall barrier
                                     system.
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.700...............  Flight control systems.
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.700...............  Flight control systems.
(c)...............................  ..........................  23.1305..............  Function and
                                                                                installation.
(d)...............................  ..........................  23.700...............  Flight control systems.
(e)...............................  ..........................  23.700...............  Flight control systems.
(f)...............................  ..........................  23.700...............  Flight control systems.
(g)...............................  ..........................  23.1315..............  Equipment, systems and
                                                                                Installations.
23.693............................  Joints....................  23.515...............  Special factors of
                                                                                safety.
23.697............................  Wing flap controls........
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.700...............  Flight control systems.
(b) and (c).......................  ..........................  23.200...............  Controllability.
23.699............................  Wing flap position          23.1500..............  Flightcrew interface.
                                     indicator.
23.701............................  Flap interconnection......  Means of Compliance..
23.703............................  Takeoff warning system....
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.700...............  Flight control systems.
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.700...............  Flight control systems.
(c)...............................  ..........................  Definition...........
23.721............................  General...................  23.910...............  Powerplant installation
                                                                                hazard assessment.
23.723............................  Shock absorption tests....  Means of Compliance..
23.725............................  Limit drop tests..........  Means of Compliance..
23.726............................  Ground load dynamic tests.  Means of Compliance..
23.727............................  Reserve energy absorption   Means of Compliance..
                                     drop tests.
23.729............................  Landing gear extension and
                                     retraction system.
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.705...............  Landing gear systems.
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.705...............  Landing gear systems.
(c)...............................  ..........................  23.705...............  Landing gear systems.
(d)...............................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
(e)...............................  ..........................  23.705...............  Landing gear systems.
(f)...............................  ..........................  23.1315..............  Equipment, systems and
                                                                                installation.
(g)...............................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
23.731............................  Wheels....................  23.705...............  Landing gear systems.
23.733............................  Tires.....................
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.705...............  Landing gear systems.
(b)...............................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
(c)...............................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
23.735............................  Brakes....................  23.705...............
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.705...............  Landing gear systems.
(1)...............................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
(2)...............................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.705...............  Landing gear systems.
(c)...............................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
(d)...............................  ..........................  1315.................  Equipment, systems and
                                                                                installation.
(e)...............................  ..........................  705..................  Landing gear systems.
(1)...............................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
(2)...............................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
23.737............................  Skis......................  23.705...............  Landing gear systems.
23.745............................  Nose/Tail wheel steering..  23.1500..............  Flightcrew interface.
23.751............................  Main float buoyancy.......
(a)...............................  ..........................  710..................  Buoyancy for seaplanes
                                                                                and amphibians.
(b)...............................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
23.753............................  Main float design.........  23.320...............  Ground and water load
                                                                                conditions.
23.755............................  Hulls.....................  23.710...............  Buoyancy for seaplanes
                                                                                and amphibians.
23.757............................  Auxiliary floats..........  23.710...............  Buoyancy for seaplanes
                                                                                and amphibians.
23.771............................  Pilot compartment.........
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.1500..............  Flightcrew interface.
(b)...............................  ..........................  755..................  Occupant physical
                                                                                environment.
(c)...............................  ..........................  755..................  Occupant physical
                                                                                environment.
23.773............................  Pilot compartment view....
(a)...............................  ..........................  1500.................  Flightcrew interface.
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.755...............  Occupant physical
                                                                                environment.
23.775............................  Windshields and windows...
(a), (b), (c), (d)................  ..........................  23.755...............  Occupant physical
                                                                                environment.
(e)...............................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
(f)...............................  ..........................  23.1405..............  Flight in icing
                                                                                conditions.
(g)...............................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
(h)...............................  ..........................  23.755...............  Occupant physical
                                                                                environment.
23.777............................  Cockpit controls..........  23.1500..............  Flightcrew interface.
23.779............................  Motion and effect of        23.1500..............  Flightcrew interface.
                                     cockpit controls.
23.781............................  Cockpit control knob shape  23.1500..............  Flightcrew interface.

23.783............................  Doors.....................
(a), (b), (c), (d)................  ..........................  23.750...............  Means of egress and
                                                                                emergency exits.
(e), (f), (g).....................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
23.785............................  Seats, berths, litters,     23.515 and 23.600....  Special factors of
                                     safety belts, and                                  safety, Emergency
                                     shoulder harnesses.                                landing conditions.
23.787............................  Baggage and cargo           23.600(e)............  Emergency landing
                                     compartments.                                      conditions.
23.791............................  Passenger information       23.755...............  Occupant physical
                                     signs.                                             environment.
23.803............................  Emergency evacuation......
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.750...............  Means of egress and
                                                                                emergency exits.
(b)...............................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
23.805............................  Flightcrew emergency exits  23.750...............  Means of egress and
                                                                                emergency exits.
23.807............................  Emergency exits...........
(a)(3), (b)(1), (c), (d)(1),        ..........................  Means of Compliance..
 (d)(4).
Balance of 23.807.................  ..........................  23.750...............  Means of egress and
                                                                                emergency exits.
23.811............................  Emergency exit marking....  23.750...............  Means of egress and
                                                                                emergency exits.
23.812............................  Emergency lighting........  23.750...............  Means of egress and
                                                                                emergency exits.
23.813............................  Emergency exit access.....
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.750...............  Means of egress and
                                                                                emergency exits.
(b)...............................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
CS-VLA 853........................  ..........................  23.750...............  Means of egress and
                                                                                emergency exits.
23.815............................  Width of aisle............  23.750...............  Means of egress and
                                                                                emergency exits.
23.831............................  Ventilation...............  23.755...............  Occupant physical
                                                                                environment.
23.841(a), (b)(6), (c) ,(d).......  Pressurized cabins........  23.755...............  Occupant physical
                                                                                environment.
(b)(1) through (5) and (7)........  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
23.843............................  Pressurization tests......  23.755...............  Occupant physical
                                                                                environment.
23.851............................  Fire extinguishers........
(a) and (b).......................  ..........................  23.800...............  Fire protection outside
                                                                                designated fire zones.
(c)...............................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
23.853............................  Passenger and crew
                                     compartment interiors.
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.800...............  Fire protection outside
                                                                                designated fire zones.
(b)(c) and (d)(1)(2)..............  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
(d)(3)(i), (d)(3)(iii), (d)(3)(iv)  ..........................  23.800...............  Fire protection outside
                                                                                designated fire zones.
(e)...............................  ..........................  23.800...............  Fire protection outside
                                                                                designated fire zones.
(f)...............................  ..........................  23.800...............  Fire protection outside
                                                                                designated fire zones.
23.855............................  Cargo and baggage           23.800...............  Fire protection outside
                                     compartment fire                                   designated fire zones.
                                     protection.
23.856............................  Thermal/acoustic            23.800...............  Fire protection outside
                                     insulation materials.                              designated fire zones.
23.859............................  Combustion heater fire
                                     protection.
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.800...............  Fire protection outside
                                                                                designated fire zones.
(b) thru (i)......................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
23.863............................  Flammable fluid fire
                                     protection.
(a) and (d).......................  ..........................  23.800...............  Fire protection outside
                                                                                designated fire zones.
(b) and (c).......................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..  Fire protection outside
                                                                                designated fire zones.
23.865............................  Fire protection of flight   23.805...............  Fire protection in
                                     controls, engine mounts,                           designated fire zones.
                                     and other flight
                                     structure.
23.867............................  Electrical bonding and
                                     protection against
                                     lightning and static
                                     electricity.
(a) and (c).......................  ..........................  23.810...............  Lightning protection of
                                                                                structure.
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.1320..............  Electrical and electronic
                                                                                system lightning
                                                                                protection.
23.871............................  Leveling means............  Means of Compliance..
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                              Subpart E--Powerplant
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
23.901............................  Installation..............  23.900(c)............  Powerplant Installation.
(a), (b), (f).....................  ..........................  23.900(b)............
(c)...............................  ..........................  23.900(b)............
(d) and (e).......................  ..........................  23.900(b)............  Note: In addition to
                                                                                900(b) these rules are
                                                                                covered under Part
                                                                                33.63, 76, 77 and 78.
23.903............................  Engines...................

(a)...............................  ..........................  23.900(c)............
(a)(2)............................  ..........................  23.940(b)............  Powerplant ice
                                                                                protection.
(b)(c)............................  ..........................  23.910 and 23.920....  Powerplant installation
                                                                                hazard assessment;
                                                                                Reversing systems.
(b)(1)............................  ..........................  23.405(d)............  Structural durability.
(d) thru (g)......................  ..........................  23.925...............  Powerplant operational
                                                                                characteristics.
23.904............................  Automatic power reserve     23.915...............  Automatic power control
                                     system.                                            systems.
23.905............................  Propellers................
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.910(a)............  Powerplant installation
                                                                                hazard assessment.
(b), (d), (g).....................  ..........................  .....................  Note: Intent covered
                                                                                under part 35.
(c)...............................  ..........................  23.905...............  Propeller installation.
(e)...............................  ..........................  23.940...............  Powerplant ice
                                                                                protection.
(f)...............................  ..........................  23.905...............  Propeller installation.
(h)...............................  ..........................  23.910...............  Powerplant installation
                                                                                hazard assessment.
23.907............................  Propeller vibration and     .....................  Note: Intent covered
                                     fatigue.                                           under part 35.
23.909............................  Turbocharger systems......
(a) and (c).......................  ..........................  23.900...............  Powerplant installation.
(b), (d), (e).....................  ..........................  23.910...............  Powerplant installation
                                                                                hazard assessment.
23.925............................  Propeller clearance.......  23.905(c)............  Installation.
23.929............................  Engine installation ice     23.940...............  Powerplant ice
                                     protection.                                        protection.
23.933............................  Reversing systems.........  23.920...............
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.920...............  Reversing systems.
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.920...............  Reversing systems.
23.934............................  Turbojet and turbofan       23.920...............  Note: In addition to Sec.
                                     engine thrust reverser                               23.920, this rule is
                                     systems tests.                                     covered under Sec.
                                                                                33.97.
23.937............................  Turbopropeller-drag         23.920...............
                                     limiting systems.
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.920...............  Reversing systems.
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.920...............  Reversing systems.
23.939............................  Powerplant operating        23.925...............  In addition to 925 this
                                     characteristics.                                   rule is covered under
                                                                                Part 33, subpart D and
                                                                                F--Block Tests.
23.943............................  Negative acceleration.....  23.925...............  Operational
                                                                                characteristics.
23.951............................  Fuel System--General......  23.930(a)(3).........
(a) and (b).......................  ..........................  23.930(a)(3).........  Fuel systems.
(c)...............................  ..........................  23.930(a)(3).........
(d)...............................  ..........................  23.930(a)(3).........  Intent covered under Part
                                                                                34.
23.953............................  Fuel system independence..  23.930...............  Fuel systems.
23.954............................  Fuel system lightning       23.930...............  Fuel systems.
                                     protection.
23.955............................  Fuel flow.................  23.930...............  Fuel systems.
23.957............................  Flow between                23.930(a)(7).........  Fuel systems.
                                     interconnected tanks.
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.930(a)(7).........
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.930(a)(7).........
23.959............................  Unusable fuel supply......  23.930(c)............  Hazard assessment.
23.961............................  Fuel system hot weather     23.930(a)(3).........  Fuel systems.
                                     operation.
23.963............................  Fuel tank: general........
(a), (d), (e).....................  ..........................  23.930(b)(4).........  Fuel systems.
(b) and (c).......................  ..........................  23.930(b)(6).........
23.965............................  Fuel tank tests...........  23.930(b)(1).........
23.967............................  Fuel tank installation....  23.930(b)(6).........
23.969............................  Fuel tank expansion space.  23.930(b)(6).........
23.971............................  Fuel tank sump............  23.930(b)(6).........
23.973............................  Fuel tank filler            23.930(b)(6).........
                                     connection.
23.975............................  Fuel tank vents and         23.930(b)(6).........
                                     carburetor vapor vents.
(a)(1)............................  ..........................  23.940...............  Powerplant ice
                                                                                protection.
23.977............................  Fuel tank outlet..........  23.930(b)(6).........  Fuel systems.
23.979............................  Pressure fueling systems..  23.930(d)............
(a) and (b).......................  ..........................  23.930(d)............  Fuel systems.
(c) and (d).......................  ..........................  23.930(d)............  Hazard assessment.
23.991............................  Fuel pumps................  23.930(a)(8).........
(a), (b), (c).....................  ..........................  23.930(a)(8).........  Fuel systems.
(d)...............................  ..........................  23.910...............  Powerplant installation
                                                                                hazard assessment.
23.993............................  Fuel system lines and       23.930...............
                                     fittings.
23.994............................  Fuel system components....  23.930(a)(7).........  Hazard assessment.
23.995............................  Fuel valves and controls..  23.930(d)............
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.930(d)............  Powerplant installation.
(b) thru (g)......................  ..........................  23.930(d)............
23.997............................  Fuel strainer or filter...  23.930(a)............
(a) thru (d)......................  ..........................  23.930(a)(6).........  Fuel systems.
(e)...............................  ..........................  23.950...............  Powerplant ice
                                                                                protection.
23.999............................  Fuel system drains........  23.930(a)(4).........  Fuel systems.
23.1001...........................  Fuel jettisoning system...  23.930(b)(5).........
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.930(b)(5).........  Fuel systems.
(b) thru (g)......................  ..........................  23.930(b)(5).........
(h)...............................  ..........................  23.910...............  Powerplant installation
                                                                                hazard assessment.
23.1011...........................  General...................  23.935...............  Intent covered under Part
                                                                                33.

23.1013...........................  Oil tanks.................  23.935(b)(1).........  Intent covered under Part
                                                                                33.
23.1015...........................  Oil tank tests............  23.935(b)(1).........  Intent covered under Part
                                                                                33.
23.1017...........................  Oil lines and fittings....  23.935(b)(1).........  Intent covered under Part
                                                                                33.
23.1019...........................  Oil strainer or filter....  23.935(b)(2).........  Intent covered under Part
                                                                                33.
23.1021...........................  Oil system drains.........  23.935(b)(2).........  Intent covered under Part
                                                                                33.
23.1023...........................  Oil radiators.............  23.935(b)(1).........  Intent covered under Part
                                                                                33.
23.1027...........................  Propeller feathering        23.935(b)(2).........  Hazard assessment.
                                     system.
23.1041...........................  Cooling--General..........  23.940(a)............  Intent covered under Part
                                                                                33.
23.1043...........................  Cooling tests.............  23.940(a)............  Intent covered under Part
                                                                                33.
23.1045...........................  Cooling test procedures     23.940(a)............  Intent covered under Part
                                     for turbine engine                                 33.
                                     powered airplanes.
23.1047...........................  Cooling test procedures     23.940(a)............  Intent covered under Part
                                     for reciprocating engine                           33.
                                     powered airplanes.
23.1061...........................  Installation..............  23.940(b)............  Intent covered under Part
                                                                                33.
23.1063...........................  Coolant tank tests........  23.940(b)............  Intent covered under Part
                                                                                33.
23.1091...........................  Air induction system......  23.945(a)............  Intent covered under Part
                                                                                33.
23.1093...........................  Induction system icing      23.940...............  Powerplant ice
                                     protection.                                        protection.
23.1095...........................  Carburetor deicing fluid    23.940...............  Powerplant ice
                                     flow rate.                                         protection.
23.1097...........................  Carburetor deicing fluid    23.940...............  Powerplant ice
                                     system capacity.                                   protection.
23.1099...........................  Carburetor deicing fluid    23.940...............  Powerplant ice
                                     system detail design.                              protection.
23.1101...........................  Induction air preheater     23.935...............
                                     design.
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.935...............  Powerplant induction and
                                                                                exhaust systems.
(b) and (c).......................  ..........................  23.935...............
23.1103...........................  Induction system ducts....  23.935...............  Powerplant induction and
                                                                                exhaust systems.
23.1105...........................  Induction system screens..  23.935...............
23.1107...........................  Induction system filters..  23.935...............  Powerplant induction and
                                                                                exhaust systems.
23.1109...........................  Turbocharger bleed air      23.910...............
                                     system.
23.1111...........................  Turbine engine bleed air    23.910...............
                                     system.
(a) and (c).......................  ..........................  23.910...............  Hazard assessment.
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.910...............
23.1121...........................  Exhaust System--General...  23.935...............
(a) thru (g)......................  ..........................  23.935...............  Powerplant induction and
                                                                                exhaust systems.
(h)...............................  ..........................  23.910...............  Hazard assessment.
23.1123...........................  Exhaust system............  23.910...............  Hazard assessment.
23.1125...........................  Exhaust heat exchangers...  23.910...............
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.910...............  Hazard assessment.
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.910...............
23.1141...........................  Powerplant controls:        23.1505(b)...........
                                     general (a)(c)(g).
                                    (b)(d)(e) and (f).........  23.910...............  Powerplant installation
                                                                                hazard assessment.
23.1142...........................  Auxiliary power unit        23.1500(b)...........
                                     controls.
23.1143...........................  Engine controls...........  23.1500(b)...........
23.1145...........................  Ignition switches.........  23.1500(b)...........
23.1147...........................  Mixture controls..........  23.1500(b)...........
23.1149...........................  Propeller speed and pitch   23.1500(b)...........
                                     controls.
23.1153...........................  Propeller feathering        23.1500(b)...........
                                     controls.
23.1155...........................  Turbine engine reverse      23.910 and 23.1500(b)  Hazard assessment.
                                     thrust and propeller
                                     pitch settings below the
                                     flight regime.
23.1157...........................  Carburetor air temperature  23.1500(b)...........
                                     controls.
23.1163...........................  Powerplant accessories....  23.910(a)............  Powerplant installation
                                                                                hazard assessment.
(a), (c), (e).....................  ..........................  23.910(a)............
(b) and (d).......................  ..........................  23.910(a)............
23.1165...........................  Engine ignition systems...  Means of Compliance..
23.1181...........................  Designated fire zones:      23.1000(a)...........  Powerplant fire
                                     regions included.                                  protection.
23.1182...........................  Nacelle areas behind        23.1000(b)...........
                                     firewalls.
23.1183...........................  Lines, fittings, and        23.1000(b)...........
                                     components.
23.1189...........................  Shutoff means.............  23.1000(c)...........
23.1191...........................  Firewalls.................  23.1000(d)...........
(a) thru (e), (g), (h)............  ..........................  23.1000(d)...........
(f)...............................  ..........................  23.910...............  Powerplant installation
                                                                                hazard assessment.
23.1192...........................  Engine accessory            23.1000(d)...........
                                     compartment diaphragm.
23.1193...........................  Cowling and nacelle.......  23.1000(d)...........
(a) thru (e)......................  ..........................  23.1000(d)...........
(f) and (g).......................  ..........................  23.1000(d)...........  Hazard assessment.
23.1195...........................  Fire extinguishing systems  23.1000(e)...........
23.1197...........................  Fire extinguishing agents.  23.1000(e)...........
23.1199...........................  Extinguishing agent         23.1000(e)...........
                                     containers.
23.1201...........................  Fire extinguishing system   23.1000(e)...........
                                     materials.
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.1000(e)...........  Hazard assessment.
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.1000(e)...........
23.1203...........................  Fire detector system......  23.1000(f)...........
(a), (d), (e).....................  ..........................  23.1000(f)...........
(b) and (c).......................  ..........................  23.1000(f)...........  Hazard assessment.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                              Subpart F--Equipment
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
23.1301...........................  Function and installation.
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.1300(a) and         Airplane level systems
                                                                 23.1305(a).            requirements; Function
                                                                                and installation.
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.1305(a)(3)........  Function and
                                                                                installation.
(c)...............................  ..........................  23.1305(a)(2)........  Function and
                                                                                installation.
23.1303...........................  Flight and navigation       23.1300, 23.1310,      Airplane level systems
                                     instruments.                23.1305(b) and (c),    requirements; Flight,
                                                                 and 23.1330(c).        navigation, and
                                                                                powerplant instruments;
                                                                                Function and
                                                                                installation; System
                                                                                power generation,
                                                                                storage, and
                                                                                distribution.
23.1305...........................  Powerplant instruments....  23.1300, 23.1310 and   Airplane level systems
                                                                 23.1305(c).            requirements; Flight,
                                                                                navigation, and
                                                                                powerplant instruments;
                                                                                Function and
                                                                                installation.
23.1306...........................  Electrical and electronic   23.1320..............  Electrical and electronic
                                     system lightning                                   system lightning
                                     protection.                                        protection.
23.1307...........................  Miscellaneous equipment...  23.1300 and 23.1310..  Airplane level systems
                                                                                requirements; Flight,
                                                                                navigation, and
                                                                                powerplant instruments.
23.1308...........................  High-Intensity Radiated     23.1325..............  High-intensity Radiated
                                     Fields (HIRF) protection.                          Fields (HIRF)
                                                                                protection.
23.1309...........................  Equipment, systems, and     23.1315..............  Equipment, systems, and
                                     installations.                                     installations.
(a)(1)............................  ..........................  23.1300(a)...........  Airplane level systems
                                                                                requirements.
(a)(2)............................  ..........................  23.1300(b)...........  Airplane level systems
                                                                                requirements.
(b)...............................  ..........................  .....................  --Deleted--.
(c)...............................  ..........................  23.1315(b)...........  Equipment, systems, and
                                                                                installations.
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.1305(c)...........  Function and
                                                                                installation.
23.1310...........................  Power source capacity and   23.1330..............  System power generation,
                                     distribution.                                      storage, and
                                                                                distribution.
23.1311...........................  Electronic display          23.1300 and 23.1310..  Airplane level systems
                                     instrument systems.                                requirements; Flight,
                                                                                navigation, and
                                                                                powerplant instruments.
23.1321...........................  Arrangement and visibility  23.1300 and 23.1310..  Airplane level systems
                                                                                requirements; Flight,
                                                                                navigation, and
                                                                                powerplant instruments.
23.1322...........................  Warning, caution, and       23.1305(b) and (c)...  Flight, navigation, and
                                     advisory lights.                                   powerplant instruments.
23.1323...........................  Airspeed indicating system  23.1300, 23.1305,      Airplane level systems
                                                                 23.1310, and 1315.     requirements; Function
                                                                                and installation;
                                                                                Flight, navigation, and
                                                                                powerplant instruments;
                                                                                and Equipment, systems,
                                                                                and installations.
(d)...............................  ..........................  23.1405..............  Flight in icing
                                                                                conditions.
23.1325...........................  Static pressure system....  23.1300, 23.1310, and  Airplane level systems
                                                                 23.1315.               requirements; Flight,
                                                                                navigation, and
                                                                                powerplant instruments;
                                                                                and Equipment, systems,
                                                                                and installations.
(b)(3) and (g)....................  ..........................  1405.................  Flight in icing
                                                                                conditions.
23.1326...........................  Pitot heat indication       23.1305..............  Function and
                                     systems.                                           installation.
23.1327...........................  Magnetic direction          23.1300, 23.1305 and   Airplane level systems
                                     indicator.                  23.1310.               requirements; Function
                                                                                and installation;
                                                                                Flight, navigation, and
                                                                                powerplant instruments.
23.1329...........................  Automatic pilot system....  23.1300, 23.1305 and   Airplane level systems
                                                                 23.1315.               requirements; Function
                                                                                and installation;
                                                                                Equipment, systems, and
                                                                                installations.
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.1300 and 23.1315..  Airplane level systems
                                                                                requirements; Equipment,
                                                                                systems, and
                                                                                installations.
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.700 and 23.1500...  Flight control systems;
                                                                                Flightcrew interface.
(c)...............................  ..........................  23.1305..............  Function and
                                                                                installation.
(d)...............................  ..........................  23.700 and 23.1500...  Flight control systems;
                                                                                Flightcrew interface.
(e), (f), (g).....................  ..........................  23.1300 and 23.1315..  Airplane level systems
                                                                                requirements; Equipment,
                                                                                systems, and
                                                                                installations.
(h)...............................  ..........................  23.1305..............  Function and
                                                                                installation.
23.1331...........................  Instruments using a power
                                     source.
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.1305(c)...........  Function and
                                                                                installation.
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.1315(b) and         Equipment, systems, and
                                                                 23.1330(b).            installations; System
                                                                                power generation,
                                                                                storage, and
                                                                                distribution.
(c)...............................  ..........................  23.1310(b)...........  Flight, navigation, and
                                                                                powerplant instruments.
23.1335...........................  Flight director systems...  23.1300, 23.1305,      Airplane level systems;
                                                                 23.1315, and 23.1500.  Function and
                                                                                installation; Equipment
                                                                                systems and
                                                                                installations; and
                                                                                Flightcrew interface.
23.1337...........................  Powerplant instruments
                                     installation.
(a)...............................  ..........................  23.800(g)............  Fire protection outside
                                                                                designated fire zones.
                                                                23.930...............  Fuel systems.
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.1305(c) and (d)...  Function and
                                                                                installation.

                                                                23.1310(a)...........  Flight, navigation, and
                                                                                powerplant instruments.
                                                                23.1315(b)...........  Equipment, systems, and
                                                                                installations.
(c)...............................  ..........................  23.1315(b)...........  Equipment, systems, and
                                                                                installations.
(d)...............................  ..........................  23.1305(c)...........  Function and
                                                                                installation.
                                                                23.1310(a)...........  Flight, navigation, and
                                                                                powerplant instruments.
23.1351...........................  Electrical Systems--        23.1300..............  Airplane level systems
                                     General.                                           requirements.
                                                                23.1305..............  Function and
                                                                                installation.
                                                                23.1315..............  Equipment, systems, and
                                                                                installations.
                                                                23.1330..............  System power generation,
                                                                                storage, and
                                                                                distribution.
23.1353...........................  Storage battery design and  23.1300..............  Airplane level systems
                                     installation.                                      requirements.
                                                                23.1305..............  Function and
                                                                                installation.
                                                                23.1315..............  Equipment, systems, and
                                                                                installations.
                                                                23.1330..............  System power generation,
                                                                                storage, and
                                                                                distribution.
23.1357...........................  Circuit protective devices  23.1300..............  Airplane level systems
                                                                                requirements.
                                                                23.1305..............  Function and
                                                                                installation.
                                                                23.1315..............  Equipment, systems, and
                                                                                installations.
                                                                23.1330..............  System power generation,
                                                                                storage, and
                                                                                distribution.
23.1359...........................  Electrical system fire
                                     protection.
(a)...............................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
(b)...............................  ..........................  805..................  Flammability in
                                                                                designated fire zones.
(c)...............................  ..........................  800..................  Fire protection outside
                                                                                designated fire zones.
23.1361...........................  Master switch arrangement.  23.1300 and 23.1305..  Airplane level systems
                                                                                requirements; Function
                                                                                and installation.
23.1365...........................  Electrical cables and       23.1305..............  Function and
                                     equipment.                                         installation.
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.805...............  Flammability in
                                                                                designated fire zones.
(a), (c) thru (f).................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
23.1367...........................  Switches..................
(a) and (b).......................  ..........................  23.1305..............  Function and
                                                                                installation.
(c) and (d).......................  ..........................  23.1500..............  Flightcrew interface.
23.1381...........................  Instrument lights.........
(a) and (b).......................  ..........................  23.1500..............  Flightcrew interface.
(c)...............................  ..........................  23.1335..............  External and cockpit
                                                                                lighting.
23.1383(a), (b), (c)..............  Taxi and landing lights...  23.1335..............  External and cockpit
                                                                                lighting.
(d)...............................  Taxi and landing lights...  23.800...............  Fire protection outside
                                                                                designated fire zones.
23.1385(a), (b), (c)..............  Position light system       23.1335..............  External and cockpit
                                     installation.                                      lighting.
(d)...............................  Position light system       23.800...............  Fire protection outside
                                     installation.                                      designated fire zones.
23.1387...........................  Position light system       23.1335..............  External and cockpit
                                     dihedral angles.                                   lighting.
23.1389...........................  Position light              23.1335..............  External and cockpit
                                     distribution and                                   lighting.
                                     intensities.
23.1391...........................  Minimum intensities in the  23.1335..............  External and cockpit
                                     horizontal plane of                                lighting.
                                     position lights.
23.1393...........................  Minimum intensities in any  23.1335..............  External and cockpit
                                     vertical plane of                                  lighting.
                                     position lights.
23.1395...........................  Maximum intensities in      23.1335..............  External and cockpit
                                     overlapping beams of                               lighting.
                                     position lights.
23.1397...........................  Color specifications......  23.1335..............  External and cockpit
                                                                                lighting.
23.1399...........................  Riding light..............  23.1335..............  External and cockpit
                                                                                lighting.
23.1401...........................  Anticollision light system
(a), (a)(1).......................  ..........................  23.1335..............  External and cockpit
                                                                                lighting.
(a)(2)............................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
(b) thru (f)......................  ..........................  23.1335..............  External and cockpit
                                                                                lighting.
23.1411...........................  Safety Equipment-General..
(a), (b)(1).......................  ..........................  23.1400..............  Safety equipment.
(b)(2)............................  ..........................  23.600...............  Emergency conditions.
23.1415...........................  Ditching equipment........  23.1400..............  Safety equipment.
(a), (c), (d).....................  ..........................  23.1400..............  Safety equipment.
(b)...............................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
23.1416...........................  Pneumatic de-icer boot      23.1300..............  Airplane level systems
                                     system.                                            requirements.
                                    ..........................  23.1305..............  Function and
                                                                                installation.
23.1419...........................  Ice protection............  23.230...............  Flight in icing
                                                                                conditions.
                                                                23.1405..............  Performance and flight
                                                                                characteristics
                                                                                requirements for flight
                                                                                in icing conditions.
23.1431...........................  Electronic equipment......  23.1315..............  Equipment, systems and
                                                                                installations.
23.1435...........................  Hydraulic systems.........
(a)(4) and (b)....................  ..........................  23.1410..............  Pressurized system
                                                                                elements.

(a), (a)(1) through (3), (c)......  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
23.1437...........................  Accessories for             23.1410..............  Pressurized system
                                     multiengine airplanes.                             elements.
23.1438...........................  Pressurization and
                                     pneumatic systems.
(a), (b)..........................  ..........................  23.1410..............  Pressurized system
                                                                                elements.
(c)...............................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
                                                                23.1410(e)...........  Pressurized system
                                                                                elements.
23.1441...........................  Oxygen equipment and
                                     supply.
(a)...............................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.1315..............  Equipment, systems and
                                                                                installation.
(c), (d), (e).....................  ..........................  23.755...............  Occupant physical
                                                                                environment.
23.1443(a), (b), (c)..............  Minimum mass flow of        23.755...............  Occupant physical
                                     supplemental oxygen.                               environment.
(d)...............................  ..........................  Definition...........
23.1445...........................  Oxygen distribution system  23.755...............  Occupant physical
                                                                                environment.
23.1447...........................  Equipment standards for
                                     oxygen dispensing units.
(a), (b), (c), (d), (f)...........  ..........................  23.755...............  Occupant physical
                                                                                environment.
(e)...............................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
23.1449...........................  Means for determining use   23.755...............  Occupant physical
                                     of oxygen.                                         environment.
23.1450...........................  Chemical oxygen generators
(a)...............................  ..........................  Means of Compliance..
(b)...............................  ..........................  23.1315..............  Equipment, systems and
                                                                                installation.
(c)...............................  ..........................  23.1505..............  Instrument markings,
                                                                                control markings, and
                                                                                placards.
23.1451...........................  Fire protection for oxygen  23.1315..............  Equipment, systems and
                                     equipment.                                         installation.
23.1453...........................  Protection of oxygen        23.1315..............  Equipment, systems and
                                     equipment from rupture.                            installation.
23.1457...........................  Cockpit voice recorders...  23.1457..............  No Change.
23.1459...........................  Flight recorders..........
(a)(1)............................  ..........................  23.1459..............  Flight data recorders.
(a)(2) thru (d)...................  ..........................  23.1459..............  No Change.
23.1461...........................  Equipment containing high   23.755...............  Occupant physical
                                     energy rotors.                                     environment.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                Subpart G--Operating Limitations and Information
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
23.1501...........................  General...................  23.1505..............  Instrument markings,
                                                                                control markings, and
                                                                                placards.
23.1505...........................  Airspeed limitations......  23.1505..............  Instrument markings,
                                                                                control markings, and
                                                                                placards.
23.1507...........................  Operating maneuvering       23.1505..............  Instrument markings,
                                     speed.                                             control markings, and
                                                                                placards.
23.1511...........................  Flap extended speed.......  23.1505..............  Instrument markings,
                                                                                control markings, and
                                                                                placards.
23.1513...........................  Minimum control speed.....  23.1505..............  Instrument markings,
                                                                                control markings, and
                                                                                placards.
23.1519...........................  Weight and center of        23.1505..............  Instrument markings,
                                     gravity.                                           control markings, and
                                                                                placards.
23.1521...........................  Powerplant limitations....  23.1505..............  Instrument markings,
                                                                                control markings, and
                                                                                placards.
23.1522...........................  Auxiliary power unit        23.1505..............  Instrument markings,
                                     limitations.                                       control markings, and
                                                                                placards.
23.1523...........................  Minimum flight crew.......  23.1505..............  Instrument markings,
                                                                                control markings, and
                                                                                placards.
23.1524...........................  Maximum passenger seating   23.1505..............  Instrument markings,
                                     configuration.                                     control markings, and
                                                                                placards.
23.1525...........................  Kinds of operation........  23.1300..............  Airplane level system
                                                                                requirements.
                                                                23.1505..............  Instrument markings,
                                                                                control markings, and
                                                                                placards.
23.1527...........................  Maximum operating altitude  23.1505..............  Instrument markings,
                                                                                control markings, and
                                                                                placards.
23.1529...........................  Instructions for continued  23.1515..............  Instructions for
                                     airworthiness.                                     continued airworthiness.
23.1541...........................  Marking and Placards--      23.1505..............  Instrument markings,
                                     General.                                           control markings, and
                                                                                placards.
23.1543...........................  Instrument marking:         23.1505..............  Instrument markings,
                                     general.                                           control markings, and
                                                                                placards.
23.1545...........................  Airspeed indicator........  23.1505..............  Instrument markings,
                                                                                control markings, and
                                                                                placards.
23.1547...........................  Magnetic direction          23.1505..............  Instrument markings,
                                     indicator.                                         control markings, and
                                                                                placards.
23.1549...........................  Powerplant and auxiliary    23.1505..............  Instrument markings,
                                     power unit instruments.                            control markings, and
                                                                                placards.