Asian or Pacific Islander .................... 242 36 25 25 12 2 245 34 25 28 12 2 256 30 23 27 16 4 American Indian ................................. 254 25 39 28 7 1 254 27 37 29 7 ( 4) 250 33 32 28 7 1 Hispanic, Mexican .............................. 206 54 25 16 5 ( 4) 205 54 25 16 4 ( 4) 205 54 25 17 4 ( 4)

Hispanic, Cuban ................................. 211 53 24 17 6 1 212 48 30 16 4 2 223 46 20 25 6 3 Hispanic, Puerto Rican ...................... 218 47 32 17 3 ( 4) 215 49 29 18 3 ( 4) 212 51 28 17 3 1 Hispanic, Central/ South American ..... 207 56 22 17 4 ( 4) 206 53 25 16 4 ( 4) 203 53 25 18 4 ( 4)

Hispanic, other ................................... 260 25 27 33 13 2 254 28 26 32 12 2 246 31 25 31 11 1 Highest level of education Still in high school .............................. 271 16 36 37 11 ( 4) 274 15 35 38 12 1 269 19 35 32 12 1 0 to 8 years, not enrolled ................... 177 75 20 4 ( 4) ( 4) 170 79 18 3 ( 4) ( 4) 169 76 18 5 1 ( 4)

9 to 12 years, not enrolled ................. 231 42 38 17 2 ( 4) 227 46 37 15 2 ( 4) 227 45 34 17 3 ( 4)

GED .................................................... 268 14 39 39 7 ( 4) 264 17 42 34 7 ( 4) 268 16 38 35 10 1 High school diploma ........................... 270 16 36 37 10 1 264 20 38 33 9 1 270 18 33 37 12 1 Some college ..................................... 294 8 23 45 22 3 290 9 27 42 20 2 295 8 23 42 23 4 Associate degree ............................... 308 4 19 41 32 4 299 6 23 43 25 3 307 4 19 43 29 5 Bachelor's degree .............................. 322 4 11 35 40 10 314 4 15 37 36 8 322 4 12 35 38 12 Graduate studies/ degree .................... 336 2 7 28 47 16 326 3 10 34 41 12 334 2 9 30 42 17 Region Northeast ............................................ 270 22 28 31 16 3 264 24 29 30 14 2 267 24 25 31 16 4 Midwest .............................................. 279 16 28 35 18 3 274 19 30 33 16 2 280 17 26 34 19 4 South .................................................. 267 23 28 30 15 3 262 26 29 29 14 2 265 25 27 29 15 4 West ................................................... 276 20 23 33 21 4 271 22 24 32 18 3 276 20 22 32 20 5 Prison population .................................... 246 31 37 26 6 ( 4) 240 33 38 25 4 ( 4) 236 40 32 22 6 1 1 Prose literacy is the ability to understand and use information contained in various kinds of textual material. A level 1 task rated 0 to 225 requires the reader to locate a single piece of information in a short text. A level 2 task rated 226 to 275 requires the reader to locate a single piece of information in the text with several distractors or to make low level inferences. A level 3 task rated 276 to 325 requires the reader to make literal or synonymous matches between the text and information given in the task, or to make low level inferences. A level 4 task rated 326 to 375 requires the reader to perform multiple feature matches and to integrate or synthesize information from complex passages A level 5 task rated 376 to 500 requires the reader to search for information in dense text which contains a number of distractors.

2 Document literacy reflects the knowledge and skills used to process information from documents. A level 1 task rated 0 to 225 requires the reader to locate pieces of information based on a literal match. A level 2 task rated 226 to 275 requires the reader to match a single piece of information among several distractors. A level 3 task rated 276 to 325 requires the reader to integrate multiple pieces of information from one or more documents. A level 4 task rated 326 to 375 requires the performance of multiple feature matches, cycling through documents, and integrating information A level 5 task rated 376 to 500 requires the reader to search through complex displays that contain multiple distractors, to make high level text based inferences.

3 Quantitative literacy is the ability to perform numerical operations in everyday life. A level 1 task rated 0 to 225 requires the reader to perform a single, relatively simple, arithmetic operation. A level 2 task rated 226 to 275 requires the reader to perform a single operation using numbers that are either stated in the task or easily located in the material A level 3 task rated 276 to 325 requires the reader to use two or more numbers to solve the problem. A level 4 task rated 326 to 375 requires the reader to perform two or more sequential operations or a single operation in which the quantities are found in different types of displays. A level 5 task rated 376 to 500 requires the reader to perform multiple operations sequentially. They must extract the features of the problem from text or rely on background knowledge to determine the quantities or operations needed.

4 Less than .5 percent.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Adult Literacy Survey,

Adult Literacy in America, 1992, prepared by Educational Testing Service. ( This table was prepared February 1994.) 445 CHAPTER 6 International Comparisons of Education This chapter offers a broad perspective on education across the nations of the world. It also provides an international context for examining the condition of education in the United States. In the early 1990s, the National Center for Education Statistics ( NCES) expanded its role in collecting international data by serving as the national research center for the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement ( IEA) Reading Literacy Study. In addition, NCES has provided funding for international research studies comparing mathematics and science education, including the Third International Mathematics and Science Study ( TIMSS) and the Second International Assessment of Educational Progress. NCES is also cooperating with international agencies in the compilation of statistics and the development of education indicators. Some of the data in this chapter were drawn from materials prepared by the United Nations Educational Scientific, and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO), the Institute of International Education, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD), and the International Assessment of Educational Progress ( IAEP). The basic summary data on enrollments, teachers, enrollment ratios, and finances were synthesized from information appearing in Education at a Glance published by OECD. Even though OECD tabulations are very carefully prepared, international data users should be cautioned about the many problems of definition and reporting involved in the collection of data about the educational systems in the world. This chapter provides information from the Third International Mathematics and Science Study ( TIMSS), carried out by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement ( IEA). The mathematics and science performance of 8thgrade students in 41 countries, and 4th grade students in 26 countries, was studied through assessments administered during 1994   95. The mathematics and science performance of students at the end of secondary schooling ( 12th grade in the United States) was also assessed at the same time. A different perspective is provided by data on foreign students enrolled in U. S. institutions of higher education. These data from the Institute of International Education provide information on the number of foreign students and their countries of origin. Further information on survey methodologies is in the `` Guide to Sources'' in the appendix and in the publications cited in the source notes.

Population The percent of young people in a population can influence the proportion of national income spent per student. Countries with a greater proportion of young people must set aside larger proportions of domestic product for their education. Among the OECD countries Turkey had the largest percentage of young people ages 5 to 13 at 19.7 percent in 1995. The closest followers were Ireland at 15.2 percent, and Korea at 14.5 percent. Countries with relatively small numbers of persons in this age group included Italy at 9.1 percent, and Denmark at 9.7 percent. The proportion of 5 to 13 year olds in the United States was 13.0 percent, which was higher than most other OECD countries ( table 391).

Enrollments In 1995, over 1 billion students were enrolled in schools around the world. Of these students, 650 million were in elementary level programs, 372 million were in secondary programs, and 82 million were in higher education programs ( table 393). Between 1980 and 1995, enrollment changes varied from region to region. Elementary enrollment changes ranged from increases of 54 percent in Africa and 25 percent in Central and South America to a 9 percent decrease in Europe. Enrollment increases at the secondary level generally outpaced increases at the primary ( elementary) level, especially in Africa ( 112 percent), Oceania ( 76 percent), Central and South America ( 52 percent), and Asia ( 51 percent Secondary level enrollment increased in Europe by 11 percent, and decreased in Northern America ( United States, Canada, and Greenland) by 1 percent ( table 393). Pupil/ teacher ratios in elementary and secondary schools vary from country to country. Developed countries with relatively low pupil/ teacher ratios at the elementary level in 1995 were Italy ( 11.0) and Denmark ( 11.1). Countries with relatively high ratios in 446 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION cluded Turkey ( 27.7) and Ireland ( 23.4) ( table 395). At the postsecondary level, developing areas of the world had substantial increases in enrollment between 1980 and 1995. Postsecondary enrollment rose by 146 percent in Africa and by 116 percent in Asia. Postsecondary enrollment in Oceania and Central and South America increased by 181 percent and 65 percent, respectively, followed by Europe at 30 percent and Northern America at 22 percent. These increases are due to growth in the postsecondary attendance rates and increased population ( tables 393 and 394). Postsecondary enrollment varied among countries partially due to differing definitions of postsecondary education and at what age it begins. In 1994, among the OECD countries, Canada reported the largest proportion of 18 to 21 year olds enrolled in postsecondary education at 40 percent, followed by the United States ( 35 percent), France ( 33 percent), Ireland ( 31 percent), and New Zealand ( 31 percent). For the 22 to 25 age group, Finland's enrollment rate was highest at 27 percent, with Norway following at 24 percent, Canada at 23, Denmark at 22 percent, and the United States at 21 ( table 392). In 1996   97 there were 458,000 foreign students studying at U. S. colleges and universities. This was about the same as the year before. Approximately 57 percent of the students were from South and East Asian countries ( table 414).

Achievement TIMSS is the largest, most comprehensive comparative study of education that has ever been undertaken testing a half million students. The study was designed to focus on students at different stages in school: midway through elementary school, midway through lower secondary school, and at the end of upper secondary school. Results from the 4th and 8th grade levels were released in late 1996 and 1997, respectively. Findings for 12th grade were released in early 1998. The results of the 1994   95 TIMSS show U. S. 4thgraders performing above the international average in both mathematics and science, and showing a stronger standing relative to other countries than 8thand 12th graders in both subjects. In addition, U. S. students perform better in science overall than in mathematics compared to their international counterparts at the 4th and 8th grade levels.

Mathematics In the 1994   95 TIMSS assessment in mathematics U. S. 4th graders scored above the international average of the 26 countries that participated. Fourth graders performed below students in 7 countries not significantly different from students in 6 countries, and above students in 12 countries. U. S. 4th graders scored below Japan, not significantly different from Canada, and above England ( table 403). U. S. 8th graders scored below the international average of the 41 countries that were tested. In mathematics U. S. 8th graders scored below their counterparts in 20 countries, including top performer Singapore but not significantly different from England and Germany ( table 397). U. S. 12th graders performed below the international average, and among the lowest of the 21 TIMSS countries on the assessment of mathematics general knowledge. U. S. students were outperformed by those in 14 countries, outperformed students in 2 countries, and were not significantly different from those in 4 countries ( table 405).

Science U. S. 4th graders performed above the international average of the 26 countries assessing 4th grade students in science. Only Korea scored above the United States, with U. S. 4th graders outperforming 19 other countries, including England and Canada. The remaining countries' scores, including Japan's, were not significantly different from those of U. S. 4th grade students ( table 404). U. S. 8th graders compared more favorably with other countries in science than in mathematics, scoring above the international average of 41 countries. U. S. 8th grade students scored below their peers in 9 countries, not significantly different from 16 countries, including Canada, England, and Germany, and outperformed students in 15 nations ( table 399). U. S. 12th graders performed below the international average and among the lowest scoring of the 21 TIMSS countries on the assessment of general science knowledge. U. S. students were outperformed by students in 11 countries, outperformed students in 2 countries, and did not score significantly different from students in 7 countries ( table 406). U. S. 4th grade students were above the international average in all four science content areas studied by TIMSS. Among the five science content areas assessed at the 8th grade level in TIMSS, U. S. students performed above the international average in earth science, life science, and environmental issues and no different from the international average in chemistry and physics ( table 404).

Degrees Ratios of bachelor's degrees conferred per hundred 22 or 23 year olds in 1994 ranged from 7 in Turkey and 9 in Switzerland to 32 in the United States and 35 in Australia. In 1994, women had higher bachelor's degree ratios than men in 13 out of 16 countries reporting data ( table 409). Countries pay careful attention to the percent of graduates in the fields of mathematics and science. Regarding the percent of undergraduate degrees 447 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION awarded in science fields ( including natural sciences, mathematics and computer science, and engineering OECD countries reported rates from 15 to 37 percent for 1995. Ireland, Germany and Finland were over 30 percent, while Canada, Australia, Italy, Norway Portugal, and Spain were under 20 percent ( table 410). The proportion of graduate degrees awarded in science fields also ranged widely across countries in 1991. Among the countries with the highest proportions were Japan ( 54 percent), Sweden ( 44 percent), and Austria ( 37 percent). Among the countries with the lowest proportions were the United States ( 14 percent), Australia ( 14 percent), New Zealand ( 19 percent), and Canada ( 20 percent) ( table 411).

Finances In general, higher income countries spend more per student than lower income countries. At the primary level of education, Sweden, the United States, and Switzerland ranked at the upper end of per pupil expenditures in 1993. For primary education per student Sweden spent about $ 4,900 per student, the United States spent $ 5,500, and Switzerland spent about $ 5,800. At the secondary level, Switzerland, Austria, United States, Germany and Denmark had expenditures over $ 6,000 per student. Switzerland, the United States, and Sweden spent relatively large amounts per student in higher education, with each having expenditures per student over $ 12,000 ( table 412). A comparison of public expenditures on education as a percent of gross domestic product ( GDP) in OECD countries shows that national investment in education in 1994 ranged from 3.3 percent of GDP in Turkey to 6.9 percent in Norway ( table 413). 448 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, unpublished data. Figure 29. Public expenditures for education as a percentage of the gross domestic product: Selected countries, 1994 27.6 42.7 26.4 37.4 31.9 22.3 25.1 22.0 22.7 19.9 10.8 20.9 12.9 30.4 14.9 20.6 23.4 5.2 28.6 17.2 28.9 19.6 28.6 14.0 17.0 8.6 SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, unpublished data. 29.3 37.3 42.7 14.0 18.2 6.8 11.4 30.3 32.9 Australia Belgium Denmark France Germany Ireland Italy Japan Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4.4 5.5 6.5 5.6 4.5 5.1 4.6 3.8 4.5 5.4 6.9 5.3 4.8 6.6 5.5 3.3 4.6 4.8 Country Percentage of GDP Figure 30. Bachelor's degree recipients as a percentage of population of the theoretical age of graduation, by sex: Selected countries, 1995 Australia Canada Denmark Finland Germany Ireland Italy Japan Netherlands New Zealand Norway Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States 0 10 20 30 40 50 Country Percentage of population Men Women 449 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Fourth grade Twelfth grade Average scores not significantly different from the United States Average scores significantly lower than the United States Singapore Korea Japan Hong Kong ( Netherlands) Czech Republic ( Austria)

( Slovenia) Ireland ( Hungary) ( Australia)

( Latvia) Scotland England Cyprus Norway New Zealand Greece ( Thailand) ( Netherlands) Sweden ( Denmark) Switzerland ( Iceland) ( Norway) ( France) New Zealand ( Australia) ( Canada) ( Austria) ( Slovenia) ( Germany) Hungary ( Italy) ( Russian Federation) ( Lithuania) Czech Republic ( Cyprus) ( South Africa)

Fourth grade Twelfth grade Average scores significantly higher than the United States Korea Japan ( Austria) ( Australia) ( Netherlands) Czech Republic England Canada Singapore ( Slovenia) Ireland Scotland Hong Kong ( Hungary) New Zealand Norway ( Latvia) ( Israel) Iceland Greece Portugal Cyprus ( Thailand) Iran, Islamic Republic ( Kuwait) Sweden ( Canada) ( Austria) ( Netherlands) New Zealand( Slovenia) ( Iceland) ( Australia) ( Denmark) ( Norway) Switzerland ( Germany) ( France) Czech Republic ( Russian Federation)

( Cyprus) ( South Africa) Canada ( Israel)

( Italy) Hungary ( Lithuania) Portugal Iceland Iran, Islamic Republic ( Kuwait) Figure 31. Average mathematics performance of other countries compared with the United States: 1995 Figure 32. Average science performance of other countries compared with the United States: 1995 Average scores significantly higher than the United States Average scores not significantly different from the United States Average scores significantly lower than the United States SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Pursuing Excellence: A Study of U. S. Fourth Grade Mathematics and Science Achievement in International Context, 1997 and Pursuing Excellence: A Study of U. S. Twelfth Grade Mathematics and Science Achievement in International Context, 1998 . SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Pursuing Excellence: A Study of U. S. Fourth Grade Mathematics and Science Achievement in International Context, 1997 and Pursuing Excellence: A Study of U. S. Twelfth Grade Mathematics and Science Achievement in International Context, 1998 .

Average scores significantly higher than the United States Average scores significantly higher than the United States Average scores not significantly different from the United States Average scores not significantly different from the United States Average scores significantly lower than the United States Average scores significantly lower than the United States NOTE. Nations not meeting international guidelines are shown in parentheses. NOTE: Nations not meeting international guidelines are shown in parentheses. 450 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 391.   School age populations as a percent of total population: Selected countries, 1985, 1990, and 1995 Country 5 to 13 year olds as a percent of total population 14 to 17 year olds as a percent of total population 1985 1990 1995 1985 1990 1995 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Australia .................................................................................................... 14.5 13.1 12.9 6.6 6.4 5.6 Belgium ..................................................................................................... 11.4 10.9 10.7 5.8 5.1 4.9 Canada ..................................................................................................... 12.8 12.4 12.2 6.1 5.5 5.4 Czech Republic ........................................................................................     11.6     6.5 Denmark ................................................................................................... 12.0 10.1 9.7 5.8 5.7 4.7 Finland ...................................................................................................... 11.5 11.8 11.4 5.6 4.9 5.1 France ...................................................................................................... 12.8 12.1 12.0 6.2 5.8 5.3 Germany 1 ................................................................................................. 9.1 8.7 10.0 6.1 4.1 4.3 Greece ......................................................................................................     10.7   5.5 5.8 Iceland ...................................................................................................... 15.7 15.0 14.3 6.7 6.8 6.4 Ireland ....................................................................................................... 17.9 17.5 15.2 7.7 8.0 7.8 Italy ........................................................................................................... 12.7 10.3 9.1 6.5 6.0 4.8 Japan ........................................................................................................ 14.0 11.8 10.2 6.2 6.5 5.4 Korea ........................................................................................................     14.5     7.1 Luxembourg .............................................................................................. 10.2 10.1 10.5 5.5 4.4 4.4 Netherlands .............................................................................................. 12.0 10.7 10.8 6.8 5.4 4.8 New Zealand ............................................................................................ 15.3 13.5 13.5 7.5 6.7 5.7 Norway ..................................................................................................... 12.5 11.0 11.2 6.4 5.8 4.9 Portugal .................................................................................................... 15.3 14.3 10.9 6.9 6.8 6.1 Russian Federation ..................................................................................     14.3     5.8 Spain ........................................................................................................ 15.0 12.9 10.2 6.8 6.8 6.2 Sweden ..................................................................................................... 11.3 10.2 10.8 5.4 5.2 4.6 Switzerland ............................................................................................... 10.6 10.1 10.4 5.8 4.8 4.5 Turkey ....................................................................................................... 20.6 20.6 19.7 8.7 8.9 8.8 United Kingdom ........................................................................................ 11.4 11.1 11.6 6.3 5.2 4.8 United States ............................................................................................ 12.6 12.8 13.0 6.2 5.4 5.5 1 Data for 1985 are for the former West Germany.   Data not available. SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Education at a Glance, 1996; and unpublished data. ( This table was prepared July 1997.)

Table 392.   Percent of population enrolled in secondary and postsecondary institutions, by age group: Selected countries, 1985, 1990, and 1995 Country Secondary schools, 16 years old 1 Secondary schools, 17 years old 1 Postsecondary institutions 1985 1990 1995 1985 1990 1995 18 to 21 years old 22 to 25 years old 26 to 29 years old 1985 1990 1995 1985 1990 1995 1985 1990 1995 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Belgium ......................................... 90.0   98.9 80.9   96.7 24.5   40.7 7.2   16.5 1.5   4.4 Canada .........................................     86.5     68.5     37.9     22.0     9.5 Denmark ....................................... 31.2 34.6 28.9 69.3 73.1 73.3 7.4 7.4 8.9 16.3 17.9 22.6 8.2 9.3 11.2 Finland .......................................... 74.6 89.7 84.3 80.5 81.7 88.5 9.3 13.6 17.5 17.3 20.7 27.4 7.9 10.2 12.9 France ........................................... 67.0 68.2 78.6 72.4 79.7 86.5 19.3 24.6 34.2 10.0 11.8 17.7 4.3 3.9 4.6 Germany 2 ..................................... 52.3 46.5 42.6 82.7 81.2 80.1 8.8 8.5     15.9 17.0 8.9 10.3 11.4 Ireland ...........................................   79.2 83.8   68.0 74.9   20.5 29.1     15.0       Japan ............................................   93.5 100.4   88.6 96.6                   Netherlands .................................. 41.7 45.0 53.0 55.6 58.5 73.7 14.4 17.9 23.2 11.9 13.4 18.7 5.7 4.7 5.6 New Zealand ................................   79.9 98.5   57.2 76.9   20.7 27.9   14.8 11.9     7.3 Norway .......................................... 83.4 90.4 94.1 76.1 82.6 90.2 8.6 13.5 17.5 13.9 17.4 23.6 6.2 7.5 10.0 Portugal ........................................ 18.0   49.3 22.3   58.8 5.9   17.9 5.4   15.7 2.3   5.9 Spain ............................................. 58.2 70.6 82.3 50.9 62.1 74.4 15.0 21.3 25.6 10.7 13.5 17.5 4.0 4.5 5.5 Sweden ......................................... 86.7 83.1 92.4 82.4 84.6 95.6 7.8 8.7 13.0 11.3 11.4 16.6 6.5 6.1 7.5 Switzerland ................................... 58.1 61.9 52.9 78.8 81.7 76.4 5.7 6.4 7.7 10.6 12.1 14.7 5.2 6.4 7.2 Turkey ........................................... 20.5 27.3 37.8 12.7 17.3 23.9   7.3 10.3   4.3 7.3   2.2 3.2 United Kingdom ............................ 67.0 75.6 83.9 45.9 57.4 72.0 15.0 16.1 26.2 7.4 10.6 9.4     4.8 United States 3 .............................. 83.6 84.8 81.7 78.1 78.4 73.9 33.2 35.6 34.1 14.6 17.3 21.2 8.2 8.6 10.8 1 Includes full time and part time enrollment.

2 Data for 1985 are for the former West Germany.

3 Postsecondary includes higher education only.   Data not available. NOTE.   Some increases in enrollment rates may be due to more complete reporting by countries.

SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Education at a Glance, 1996; andunpublished data. ( This table was prepared September 1998.) 451 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 393.   Estimated population, school enrollment, teachers, and public expenditures for education in major areas of the world: 1980, 1990, 1994, and 1995 Item World total 1 Major areas of the world Africa 2 Asia 3 Europe 4 Central and South America 5 Northern America 5 Oceania 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1980 Population, all ages, 7 in thousands .................................................................... 4,447,405 475,714 2,641,312 693,264 359,306 255,109 22,700 Enrollment, all levels, 8 in thousands ................................................................... 857,017 78,024 494,813 132,112 87,211 60,042 4,815 First ( primary) level 9 ...................................................................................... 541,002 62,128 335,946 52,255 65,310 22,611 2,752 Second level 10 ............................................................................................... 264,855 14,354 144,617 63,352 16,972 23,913 1,647 Third level 11 ................................................................................................... 51,160 1,542 14,250 16,505 4,930 13,516 416 Teachers, all levels, 8 in thousands ..................................................................... 38,158 2,340 19,554 8,245 3,731 4,015 272 First ( primary) level 9 ...................................................................................... 19,009 1,663 10,849 2,530 2,260 1,580 129 Second level 10 ............................................................................................... 15,360 583 7,491 4,411 1,083 1,679 112 Third level 11 ................................................................................................... 3,788 94 1,215 1,304 388 756 31 Public expenditures on education, in millions of U. S. dollars ............................ $ 516,400 $ 22,900 $ 93,800 $ 200,600 $ 33,500 $ 155,100 $ 10,400 As a percent of gross national product ............................................................... 4.8 5.3 4.0 11 5.1 3.8 5.2 5.6 1990 Population, all ages, 7 in thousands .................................................................... 5,282,359 629,390 3,184,342 722,317 437,822 282,020 26,468 Enrollment, all levels, 8 in thousands ................................................................... 981,455 107,796 569,719 131,789 104,937 62,007 5,208 First ( primary) level 9 ...................................................................................... 596,637 80,595 364,117 48,889 75,504 24,811 2,721 Second level 10 ............................................................................................... 316,154 24,345 182,222 64,079 22,079 21,569 1,859 Third level 11 ................................................................................................... 68,665 2,856 23,380 18,821 7,353 15,628 628 Teachers, all levels, 8 in thousands ..................................................................... 47,001 3,791 24,396 9,389 5,166 3,927 331 First ( primary) level 9 ...................................................................................... 22,571 2,390 12,684 2,765 3,006 1,582 143 Second level 10 ............................................................................................... 19,362 1,240 9,893 5,114 1,519 1,449 146 Third level 11 ................................................................................................... 5,068 161 1,819 1,511 641 896 41 Public expenditures on education, in millions of U. S. dollars ............................ $ 986,500 $ 25,700 $ 199,800 $ 367,500 $ 44,600 $ 330,300 $ 18,600 As a percent of gross national product ............................................................... 4.8 5.6 3.7 12 5.1 4.1 5.4 5.6 1994 Population, all ages, 7 in thousands .................................................................... 5,607,060 700,695 3,387,959 727,604 468,945 293,882 27,975 Enrollment, all levels, 8 in thousands ................................................................... 1,078,000 125,746 628,247 138,196 112,931 66,135 6,746 First ( primary) level 9 ...................................................................................... 639,762 92,902 389,493 47,925 80,295 26,243 2,903 Second level 10 ............................................................................................... 358,867 29,216 209,251 69,413 24,686 23,597 2,703 Third level 11 ................................................................................................... 79,371 3,627 29,503 20,857 7,950 16,294 1,140 Teachers, all levels, 8 in thousands ..................................................................... 50,848 4,263 26,285 10,121 5,651 4,099 428 First ( primary) level 9 ...................................................................................... 24,024 2,706 13,353 2,874 3,318 1,622 150 Second level 10 ............................................................................................... 21,050 1,364 10,801 5,548 1,618 1,503 216 Third level 11 ................................................................................................... 5,773 193 2,131 1,699 714 974 62 Public expenditures on education, in millions of U. S. dollars ............................ $ 1,329,900 $ 29,100 $ 302,100 $ 492,600 $ 72,800 $ 408,900 $ 23,500 As a percent of gross national product ............................................................... 4.9 5.9 3.6 5.4 4.5 5.5 6.0 1995 Population, all ages, 7 in thousands .................................................................... 5,687,174 719,497 3,437,791 728,249 476,641 296,644 28,352 Enrollment, all levels, 8 in thousands ................................................................... 1,103,959 129,552 645,271 139,580 115,582 66,975 6,999 First ( primary) level 9 ...................................................................................... 650,179 95,378 395,658 47,663 81,678 26,861 2,941 Second level 10 ............................................................................................... 372,037 30,378 218,851 70,458 25,784 23,675 2,891 Third level 11 ................................................................................................... 81,742 3,795 30,762 21,459 8,121 16,438 1,168 Teachers, all levels, 8 in thousands ..................................................................... 51,919 4,451 26,851 10,220 5,814 4,155 428 First ( primary) level 9 ...................................................................................... 24,329 2,782 13,491 2,851 3,386 1,668 153 Second level 10 ............................................................................................... 21,670 1,460 11,167 5,627 1,699 1,504 212 Third level 11 ................................................................................................... 5,919 209 2,193 1,742 728 984 64 Public expenditures on education, in millions of U. S. dollars ............................               As a percent of gross national product ...............................................................               1 Enrollment and teacher data exclude the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Expenditure data exclude Albania, Cambodia, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lebanon, Mongolia, Mozambique, South Africa, and Viet Nam. 2 Excludes Rodrigues and other small islands. 3 Excludes the former U. S. S. R., the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, and Arab states, but includes both the Asian and the European portions of Turkey. 4 Includes the former U. S. S. R. 5 Northern America includes Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, St. Pierre, and the United States of America. Hawaii is included in Northern America rather than Oceania. Central and South America includes Latin America and the Caribbean. 6 Includes American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Pacific Islands, Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Republic of Vanuatu, and Wallis and Fortuna Islands. 7 Estimate of midyear population. 8 Excludes special and adult education provided outside regular schools. Data prior to 1992 exclude preprimary. 9 First level enrollment generally consists of elementary school, grades 1   6. 10 Second level enrollment includes general education, teacher training ( at the second level), and technical and vocational education. This level generally corresponds to secondary education in the United States, grades 7   12. 11 Third level enrollment includes college and university enrollment, and technical and vocational education beyond the high school level. There is considerable variation in reporting from country to country. 12 This figure is for Europe, not including the former U. S. S. R.   Data not available.

SOURCE: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris, 1996 Statistical Yearbook, Facts on Education, Technology, and Culture Worldwide. ( This table was prepared October 1998.) 452 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 394.   Selected statistics for countries 1 with populations over 10 million, by continent: 1980, 1990, and 1995 Country Population in millions Persons per square kilometer in 1995 First level 2 1980 1990 1995 Enrollment in thousands Enrollment ratio 6 1980 1990 1995 1980 1990 1995 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 World total 7 .................................................................. 4,447.4 5,282.4 5,687.2 42 541,002 596,637 650,179 96 99 100 Africa Algeria 8 ............................................................................... 18.7 24.9 28.1 12 3,119 4,189 4,618 94 100 107 Angola ................................................................................. 7.0 9.2 10.8 9 1,301 990   174 91   Cameroon ........................................................................... 8.7 11.5 13.2 28 1,379 1,964 9 1,897 98 101 9 88 Cote D'Ivoire ....................................................................... 8.2 11.7 13.7 42 1,025 1,415 1,662 75 67 69 Egypt 8 ................................................................................. 43.7 56.3 62.1 62 4,663 6,964 15 7,470 73 94 100 Ethiopia ............................................................................... 36.4 48.1 56.4 51 2,131 2,466 9 2,722 36 33 9 31 Ghana ................................................................................. 10.8 15.0 17.3 73 19 1,378 1,945   79 77   Kenya 8 ................................................................................ 16.6 23.5 27.2 47 3,927 5,392 5,545 115 95 85 Madagascar 8 ...................................................................... 9.1 12.6 14.9 25 1,724 1,571 10 1,505 133 84 10 72 Morocco .............................................................................. 19.4 24.0 26.5 59 2,172 2,484 3,102 83 67 83 Mozambique 8 ..................................................................... 12.1 14.2 17.3 22 1,387 1,260 1,415 99 67 60 Nigeria 8 .............................................................................. 72.0 96.2 111.7 121 22 12,117 13,607 9 16,191 105 85 9 89 South Africa ........................................................................ 29.2 37.1 41.5 34 4,353 6,952 8,061 85 109 117 Sudan 8 ............................................................................... 18.7 24.1 26.7 11 1,464 2,043 3,024 50 50 9 54 Uganda ............................................................................... 13.1 16.6 19.7 82 1,292 2,470 2,912 26 50 26 74 26 73 United Republic of Tanzania .............................................. 18.6 25.5 30.0 34 27 3,368 27 3,379 3,878 93 70 67 Zaire .................................................................................... 27.0 37.4 45.5 19 4,196 4,562 9 5,418 92 70 9 72 Zimbabwe ........................................................................... 7.1 9.9 11.2 29 1,235 2,116 2,483 85 116 116 Asia Afghanistan 8 ....................................................................... 16.1 14.8 19.7 30 1,116 623 1,312 34 27 49 Bangladesh ......................................................................... 88.2 109.8 118.2 821 8,240 11,940   61 69   China 8 ................................................................................ 998.9 1,155.3 1,220.2 127 146,270 122,414 131,951 113 127 118 India .................................................................................... 688.9 850.8 929.0 283 73,873 99,118 109,734 83 97 100 Indonesia ............................................................................ 151.0 182.8 197.5 104 25,537 29,754 9 29,722 107 115 9 114 Iran, Islamic Republic of 8 ................................................... 39.3 59.2 68.4 42 4,799 9,370 9 9,746 87 110 9 99 Iraq ...................................................................................... 13.0 18.1 20.1 46 2,616 3,328   113 111   Japan .................................................................................. 116.8 123.5 125.1 331 11,827 9,373 8,370 101 100 102 Kazakstan ........................................................................... 14.9 16.7 16.8 6 1,064 1,197 1,373 84 87 96 Korea, North ( DPR) ............................................................ 17.7 20.4 22.1 183   29 1,543         Korea, South ( Republic of) ................................................. 38.1 42.9 44.9 452 5,658 4,869 3,916 110 105   Malaysia .............................................................................. 13.8 17.9 20.1 61 2,009 2,456 2,803 93 93 91 Myanmar ( former Burma) ................................................... 33.8 41.4 45.1 67 4,148 5,385 5,414 91 105 100 Nepal 8 ................................................................................ 14.5 18.8 21.5 152 1,068 2,789 10 3,092 86 108 10 110 Pakistan .............................................................................. 85.3 119.1 136.3 171 5,474 11,451 10 15,532 39 61 10 74 Philippines ........................................................................... 48.3 60.8 67.8 226 19 8,034 10,427 11,542 112 113 116 Saudi Arabia ....................................................................... 9.6 16.0 18.3 8 927 1,877 2,248 61 73 78 Sri Lanka 8 .......................................................................... 14.8 17.1 17.9 273 2,081 2,112 1,962 103 105 113 Syrian Arab Republic .......................................................... 8.7 12.4 14.2 77 1,556 2,452 2,673 100 108 101 Thailand 8 ............................................................................ 46.7 55.6 58.2 114 7,393 6,957 5,962 99 99 87 Turkey ................................................................................. 44.4 56.1 60.8 79 5,656 6,862 9 6,467 96 99 9 105 Uzbekistan .......................................................................... 16.0 20.5 22.8 51 1,391 1,778 9 1,906 81 81 9 77 Vietnam 8 ............................................................................. 53.7 66.7 73.8 222 7,887 8,862 10,229 109 103 114 Yemen ................................................................................. 8.2 11.6 15.0 28 703.369 31 1,671 10 2,679   1 10 79 Europe Belarus ................................................................................ 9.7 10.3 10.4 50 750 615 632 104 95 97 Czechoslovakia ( former) 8 ................................................... 15.3 15.6 15.6   1,904 1,924 9,34 861   96 9 103 Czech Republic .............................................................. 10.3 10.3 10.3 130   546 9 539   96 9 103 Slovakia .......................................................................... 5.0 5.3 5.3 109     330     100 France ................................................................................. 53.9 56.7 58.1 105 4,610 4,149 9 4,072 111 108 9 106 Germany 35 ......................................................................... 78.3 79.4 81.6 229 3,636 3,431 9 3,727   101 9 102 Greece ................................................................................ 9.6 10.2 10.5 79 901 813 9 711 103 98   Hungary .............................................................................. 10.7 10.4 10.1 109 1,162 1,131 9 985 96 95 9 97 Italy ..................................................................................... 56.4 57.0 57.2 190 4,423 3,056 9 2,816 100 97 9 98 Netherlands 8 ...................................................................... 14.1 15.0 15.5 379 1,333 1,082 9 1,189 100 102 9 107 Poland ................................................................................. 35.6 38.1 38.6 119 4,167 5,189 9 5,205 100 98 9 98 Romania .............................................................................. 22.2 23.2 22.7 95 3,237 1,253 1,392 102 91 100 Russian Federation ............................................................. 138.7 148.3 148.5 9 6,009 7,596 9 7,849 102 109 9 108 Spain ................................................................................... 37.5 39.3 39.6 78 3,610 2,820 9 2,365 109 107 9 105 Ukrainian S. S. R. ................................................................. 50.0 51.9 51.8 86 3,592 3,991 9,38 2,659 102 89 10 87 United Kingdom .................................................................. 56.3 57.6 58.1 238 19 4,911 19 4,533 9,19 5,209 103 104 9,40 115 Yugoslavia, Federal Republic ............................................. 9.5 10.2 10.3 100 1,432 467 449   72 72 North America Canada ............................................................................... 24.6 27.8 29.4 3 2,185 2,376 9 2,413 99 103 9 102 Cuba 8 ................................................................................. 9.7 10.6 11.0 99 1,469 888 1,074 106 98 105 Mexico ................................................................................. 67.6 83.2 91.1 47 14,666 14,402 9 14,574 120 114 9 115 United States 42 .................................................................. 230.4 254.1 267.1 29 20,420 22,429 9 23,824 99 102 9 102 South America Argentina ............................................................................. 28.1 32.5 34.8 13 3,917 4,965 9 5,181 106 106 44 113 Brazil 8 ................................................................................. 121.7 148.0 159.0 19 22,598 28,944 9 31,220 98 106 9 112 Chile .................................................................................... 11.1 13.1 14.2 19 2,185 27 1,991 2,150 109 100 99 Colombia ............................................................................. 26.5 32.6 35.8 31 4,168 4,247 4,693 124 112 114 Ecuador ............................................................................... 8.0 10.3 11.5 40 1,534 1,846 9 1,777 117 116 9 109 Peru .................................................................................... 17.3 21.6 23.5 18 3,161 3,855 4,131 114 25 118 9 121 Venezuela ........................................................................... 15.1 19.5 21.8 24 45 3,158 45 4,053 10,45 4,217 93 96 10 94 Oceania Australia .............................................................................. 47 14.6 47 16.9 17.9 2 1,718 1,583 1,647 112 108 108 1 Selection based on total population for midyear 1993.

2 First level enrollment generally consists of elementary school, grades 1   6.

3 Second level enrollment includes general education, teacher training ( at the second level), and technical and vocational education. This level generally corresponds to secondary education in the United States, grades 7   12.

4 Third level enrollment includes college and university enrollment, and technical and vocational education beyond the high school level. There is considerable variation in reporting from country to country.

5 In many countries, a child may be exempt from school attendance if there is no suitable school within a reasonable distance of his/ her home.

6 Data are the total enrollment of all ages in the school level divided by the population of the specific age groups which correspond to the school level. The year shown in this column is the one in which the school or academic year starts. Adjustments have been made for the varying lengths of first and second level programs. Because some countries have many students from outside the normal age range, ratios may exceed 100.

7 Enrollment totals and ratios exclude Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Data do not include adult education or special education provided outside regular schools. 8 Classification of first and/ or second levels have been revised. Data by level may not be comparable over time. 9 Data for 1994   95. 10 Data for 1993   94. 11 Data exclude Ecole Nationale d'Administration et de Magistrature ( ENAM). 12 Eastern Cameroon. 13 Data for 1986   87. 14 Data for 1988   89. 15 Data do not include Al Azhar. 16 Excludes all private institutions. 17 Data for 1985   86. 18 Data for 1992. 19 Data refer to public education only. 20 Data for 1989   90. 21 The educational system allows for other alternatives. 22 Data for 1979. 23 Data for 1984. 24 Data for 1981. 453 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 394.   Selected statistics for countries 1 with populations over 10 million, by continent: 1980, 1990, and 1995   Continued Second level 3 Third level 4 Age for compulsory attendance 5 Enrollment in thousands Enrollment ratio 6 Enrollment in thousands Enrollment ratio 6 1980 1990 1995 1980 1990 1995 1980 1990 1995 1980 1990 1995 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 264,855 316,154 372,037 46 52 58 51,160 68,665 81,742 12.2 13.8 16.2   1,028 2,176 2,545 33 61 62 79 286 9 299 5.9 11.4 10.9 6   15 191 186   21 12   2 7   0.4 0.8   7   15 234 500 10 550 18 28 9 27 11 12 33 10 51 1.6 3.3   12 6   12 222   9 475 19 22 23 20 13 24   2.8 14 3.1   7   13 2,929 15 5,507 15 6,143 50 76 74 716 16 628   16.1 15.9 9 18.1 6   13 17 666 866 9 756 9 14 9 11 14 34   0.4 0.8 9 0.7 7   13 693 20 830   41 37   8 10   1.6 1.4   21 6   14 428 17458   20 24 24 13 20 31   0.9 1.6   6   14 22 234     23 29 17 10 14 23 36   2.6 3.1   6   13 797 1,194 1,412 26 35 39 112 256 9 295 5.9 10.6 9 11.3 7   13 24108 160 185 5 8 7 1 18 5 7 0.1 17 0.1 0.5 21 6   12 22 1,865 2,908 9 4,451 16 23 9 30 150 20 336   2.2 17 3.3 18 4.1 6   12   25 2,939 9 3,571 13 55 68 84   439 9 618   12.8 17.3 7   16 384 732 9 254 16 23 9 13 29 20 60   1.7 3.0   6   14 87 268 292 26 5 26 13 26 12 6 18 9 28 26 0.5 26 1.2 9 1.5   27 79 27 167 213 3 5 5   205 13   17 0.3 0.5 7   13 862 25 1,097 9 1,541 24 17 23 9 26 28 80 9 93 1.2 2.4 9 2.3 6   12 75 661 711 8 49 47 8 49 46 1.3 5.2 6.9 7   15 137 182 513 10 9 22 13 22 24     1.8   7   13 2,659 3,593   18 21   240 434   2.8 4.4   6   10 56,778 53,063 63,800 46 49 67 28 1,161 28 3,822 5,622 1.7 2.9 5.3 21 7   16 32,748 17 44,485 66,634 30 44 49 3,545 4,951 5,582 5.2 6.0 6.4 6   14 5,722 10,965 9 12,224 29 44 9 48 543 1,591 2,303 3.6 9.2   7   13 2,718 5,085 9 7,653 42 54 9 69 17 184 312 1,048 0.0 9.6 9 14.8 6   10 1,033 17 1,191 18 1,145 57 47   107 14 210   8.7 12.6   6   12 9,558 11,026 9 9,879 93 97 9 99 2,412 25 2,899 9 3,918 30.5 29.1 9 40.3 21 6   15 1,996 2,144 10 2,020 93 98 83 525 537 419 34.1 40.1 32.7 6   18   29 2,468           29 390 196       5   15 4,286 4,560 4,707 78 90 101 30 648 1,691 2,225 14.7 38.6 52.0 6   15 1,084 1,456 1,625 48 58 57 58 121 9 191 4.1 7.2   21 6   16 1,066 1,281 9 1,753 22 23 32 163 25 196 9 245 4.7 4.3 9 5.4 5   10 512 709 10 910 22 33 10 38 19 34 94 10 102 2.7 4.4 5.2 6   11 2,166 4,345   14 23   17 268 20 337   18 2.5 2.9     2,929 4,034 4,810 64 73 79 1,276 1,709 9 1,833 24.4 27.4 9 27.4 7   13 349 893 1,425 29 44 58 62 154 9 234 7.1 11.6 9 15.3   1,267 2,082 2,314 55 74 75 43 25 55 64 2.7 4.6 5.1 5   15 604 914 941 46 52 44 140 222 18 194 16.9 18.2 10 17.9 6   11 1,920 2,230 3,794 29 30 55 17 1,027 20 952 1,220 14.7 15.7 20.1 6   11 2,218 3,808 9 4,726 35 47 9 56 246 750 9 1,174 5.4 13.1 9 18.2 6   14 2,879 3,195 9 3,319 105 99 9 93 516 603   28.5 30.4 18 31.7         42 32 47 115 130 298 2.1 1.9 4.1 6   11 73 32 421 10 212     10 23 8 25 53     25 4.4   6   15 760 968 1,055 98 93 94 340 322 314 38.9 45.7 42.6 21,33 6   15 781 864   89 83   197 190   17.4 16.0   6   16     9 1,193     9 96 120 118 9 179 17.5 16.0 9 20.8 6   15     666     91   18 66 92     20.2 6   15 5,014 5,522 9 6,004 85 100 9 111 1,077 1,699 10 2,083 25.3 39.6 10 49.6 6   16 36 8,457 7,398 9 8,152   98 9 103 1,624 2,049 9 2,140 27.2 33.9 9 42.7 6   18 740 851 10 851 81 93 9 95 121 283 9 296 17.1 24.8 9 38.1 21 6   15 357 514 9 523 70 79 9 81 101 102 9 155 14.1 14.0 9 19.1 6   16 5,308 5,118 10 4,938 72 79 9 88 1,118 1,452 9 1,792 27.0 30.8 9 40.6 6   13 37 1,391 1,402 9 1,509 93 120 9 139 360 479 10 532 29.3 39.8 10 48.9 21 5   16 1,674 1,888 9 2,443 77 81 9 96 589 545 10 748 18.1 21.7 10 27.4 7   14 871 2,838 2,223 71 92 78 193 20 165 337 12.1 20 8.5 18.3 7   14 12,991 13,956 10 13,732 96 93 10 87 5,700 5,100 9 4,458 46.1 52.2 9 42.9 21 7   17 3,977 4,755 9 4,745 87 105 9 118 698 1,222 9 1,527 23.2 36.7 9 46.1 6   15 3,406 3,408 10 4,731 94 93 10 91 39 1,684 39 1,652 1,541 41.6 46.6 10 40.6 21,33 7   15 5,342 4,336 9 6,678 83 85 134 827 1,258 9 1,813 19.1 30.2 9 48.3 5   16   788 832   63 65   25 133 160   18.2 21.1 7   15 2,323 2,292 9 2,470 88 101 9 106 41 1,173 1,917 10 2,011 57.1 94.7 10102.9 21 6   16 1,146 1,002 705 81 89 80 152 242 122 17.3 20.9 12.7 6   11 4,742 6,704 9 7,265 49 53 9 58 930 1,311 9 1,420 14.3 14.5 9 14.3 6   14 43 21,585 43 19,270 9,43 21,123 91 93 9 97 12,097 13,710 14,419 55.5 75.2 9 81.1 21 7   16 1,327 2,160 44 2,594 56 68 44 77 491 25 1,008 9 1,070 21.8 25 38.1   21 6   14 2,819 3,499 9 4,510 33 38 9 45 1,409 1,540 9 1,716 11.1 11.2 9 11.3 7   14 538 699 679 53 73 69 145 25 262 343 12.3 25 23.2 28.2 6   13 1,733 25 2,378 3,025 41 18 61 67 272 25 511 588 9.1 14.7 17.2 6   12 592 17 730 18 814 53 55 9 50 270 207   34.9 20.0   6   14 1,203 25 1,711 1,863 59 67 69 306 682 9 756 17.3 30.4 9 31.1 6   16 46 222 46 281 10,45 311 21 35 10 35 307 550   20.6 29.0   5   15 1,100 1,278 2,182 71 82 147 324 485 965 25.4 35.5 71.7 21 6   16 25 Data for 1991   92. 26 Data refer to government maintained and aided schools only. 27 Data refer to Tanzania mainland only. 28 Includes full time students only. 29 Data for 1987   88. 30 Data do not include Air and Correspondence courses. 31 Data for Former Democratic Yemen do not include schools for nomads. 32 Former Yemen Arab Republic only. 33 Grade levels changed for compatibility with ISCED. 34 Data are a combination of data for the Czech Republic and Slovakia. 35 Data include both former East and West Germany. 36 Excludes technical education, consisting of both on the job training and school education 37 Data do not include apprenticeships and health care training. 38 Enrollment data refer to grades 1   4 only. 39 Excludes students enrolled in third level programs in secondary specialized schools. 40 Includes infant classes in primary schools, previously considered as preprimary education 41 Excludes trade and vocational programs. 42 Population data are from the U. S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports Population Estimates. Enrollment totals and ratios are based on data compiled by the National Center for Education Statistics and the U. S. Bureau of the Census. First level includes grades 1 through 6 ( ages 5   10), second level includes grades 7 through 12 ( ages 11   16), and third level includes ages 20   24. 43 Revised data series corresponding to grades 7   12. 44 Data for 1996   97. 45 Data refer to grades 1 to 9 ( basic education). 46 Data refer to grades 10 and 11. 47 Includes Norfolk Island.   Data not available.

NOTE.   Some data have been revised from previously published figures.

SOURCE: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO), Paris, Statistical Yearbook, various years; U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P 20; and U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data and `` Fall Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education'' surveys, and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System ( IPEDS), `` Fall Enrollment'' surveys. ( This table was prepared October 1998.) 454 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 395.   Pupils per teacher in public and private elementary and secondary schools, by level of education: Selected countries, 1985 to 1995 Country Elementary Junior high schools ( lower secondary) Senior high schools ( upper secondary)

1985 1990 1992 1994 1995 1985 1990 1992 1994 1995 1985 1990 1992 1994 1995 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Australia .................................. 1 13.8   2 18.4 18.5 18.1           3.2         Austria ..................................... 11.3 11.6 12.2 11.9 12.9 9.2 7.7 7.7 8.3 9.0 15.2 12.4 11.6 7.8 8.2 Belgium ...................................     13.7 13.3 12.8                     Canada .................................... 18.1 17.1   16.5 16.7 16.0 15.5   19.1 19.7 16.0 15.3   19.1 19.2 Denmark .................................. 12.7 11.2 3 10.9 11.0 11.1 10.2 9.3 9.1 9.0 9.4 14.8 13.3 3 10.4 9.1 9.9 France .....................................     4 20.4 19.6 19.5                     Germany 5 ............................... 20.7 20.3 6 19.6 20.5 20.7 16.9 14.6 14.6 15.7 15.8 23.7 21.0 6 19.0 12.0 13.0 Ireland .....................................     25.6 24.3 23.4           7.2 8.3       Italy .......................................... 12.8 10.7 10.9 10.2 11.0 9.6 8.5 9.0 8.0 9.9 10.8 10.7 8.8 8.9 9.3 Japan ......................................   1 20.8 7 19.8 19.2 19.5   18.6 16.8 16.2 16.6   16.2 7 16.4 15.8 16.4 Netherlands ............................. 20.2 19.2 8 23.6 22.4   12.7 12.4   16.9         16.5   New Zealand ........................... 20.1 19.1 18.5 20.2 22.3       16.7 18.4       13.2 15.6 Norway ....................................                               Portugal ...................................       12.2                       Spain ....................................... 26.8 21.2 21.2 19.2 17.8 21.4 18.8 17.6 18.2 17.5 15.3 14.8 15.9 14.8 14.8 Sweden ................................... 11.6 10.6 11.9 12.5 12.3 10.8 10.2 10.6 10.9 12.2 13.1 11.9 16.0 14.6 14.8 Turkey ..................................... 31.1 30.6 29.3 27.4 27.7 41.3 48.4 47.5 45.6 41.2 11.0 12.1 13.2 14.1 14.9 United Kingdom ...................... 19.7 22.0 20.8 20.7 21.0   18.5 15.9 16.9 16.0 11.1 13.9 9 14.8 15.1 15.9 United States .......................... 17.0 15.6     17.1 16.5 15.9 16.8   17.6 16.2 15.8 15.0   10 14.7 1 Public schools only. 2 Teachers include principals, deputy principals and senior teachers mainly involved in administrative tasks. 3 Full time and part time teachers are estimates. Distribution by school level ( elementary and junior high school levels) is also an estimate. Kindergartens are classified as public institutions. 4 The number of full time equivalent teachers does not take into account the additional hours given by teachers. In public secondary education institutions, an increase of 6.6 per cent of total full time equivalents would be observed if the additional hours were taken into account. The number of teachers in independent private secondary education institutions are entirely estimates. About 18 per cent of all the pedagogical and support staff, and about 7 per cent of all the staff employed in education have been estimated. 5 Data for 1985 are for the former West Germany. 6 Most components are estimates.

7 Principals and vice principals are included. Full time equivalents of part time teachers are not included.

8 Teaching staff do not include direction staff.

9 Some teachers at lower secondary education are included in upper secondary education

10 Teachers and pupils in independent upper secondary vocational education and nursing and paramedical establishments are excluded.   Data not available.

SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Education at a Glance, various years; and unpublished data. ( This table was prepared July 1998.)

Table 396.   Geography proficiency of 13 year olds in educational systems participating in the International Assessment of Educational Progress: 1991 Country Average percent correct All geography items 1 Geographic skills and tools 2 Physical geography items 3 Cultural geography items 4 1 2 3 4 5 Hungary ............................................................ 69.8 ( 0.6) 76.3 ( 0.5) 67.8 ( 0.7) 65.0 ( 0.7) Slovenia ............................................................ 65.3 ( 0.6) 67.9 ( 0.5) 63.6 ( 0.7) 64.3 ( 0.9) Canada 5 ........................................................... 63.0 ( 0.5) 69.5 ( 0.4) 61.0 ( 0.6) 58.2 ( 0.6) Soviet Union ( former) 6 ..................................... 62.6 ( 1.1) 72.2 ( 0.9) 61.2 ( 1.0) 53.4 ( 1.8) United States .................................................... 61.9 ( 0.8) 69.4 ( 0.6) 58.3 ( 1.0) 58.1 ( 1.0) Spain 7 ............................................................... 60.1 ( 0.7) 62.4 ( 0.9) 58.9 ( 0.7) 58.9 ( 1.1) Korea ................................................................ 59.7 ( 0.5) 67.8 ( 0.5) 52.1 ( 0.7) 60.3 ( 0.6) Ireland ............................................................... 58.5 ( 0.6) 62.7 ( 0.6) 59.5 ( 0.8) 52.3 ( 0.8) Scotland ............................................................ 58.3 ( 0.6) 66.2 ( 0.5) 57.1 ( 0.8) 50.6 ( 0.8)

1 All 24 geography items. 2 Eight items testing ability to use maps, charts, and globes. 3 Nine items testing knowledge of location of physical features and concepts of climate. 4 Seven items testing knowledge of cultural entities and interactions between people and their environment. 5 Eight provinces. 6 Schools in 14 republics where instruction is in Russian. 7 Schools where instruction is in Spanish, in all regions except Cataluna.

NOTE.   Standard errors appear in parentheses.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, International Assessment of Educational Progress, Learning About The World, 1992. ( This table was prepared May 1993.) 455 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 397.   Average 8th grade mathematics scores by content areas, and average time spent studying out of school, by country:

1994   95 Country Average percent correct by content area Distribution of daily out of school study time in all subjects, with mean mathematics scores Mathematics overall Fractions and number sense Geometry Algebra Data representation

analysis and probability Measurement Proportionality Less than 1 hour At least 1, but less than 2 hours 2 to 3 hours More than 3 hours Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 International average percent correct ........................... 55 ( 0.1) 58 ( 0.1) 56 ( 0.1) 52 ( 0.2) 62 ( 0.1) 51 ( 0.1) 45 ( 0.2)                                 Australia 1 ......................................... 58 ( 0.9) 61 ( 0.9) 57 ( 1.0) 55 ( 1.0) 67 ( 0.8) 54 ( 1.0) 47 ( 0.9) 15 ( 0.9) 486 ( 5.7) 46 ( 1.0) 541 ( 4.4) 22 ( 0.6) 543 ( 5.2) 17 ( 0.7) 532 ( 4.8)

Austria 1 ............................................ 62 ( 0.8) 66 ( 0.8) 57 ( 1.0) 59 ( 0.8) 68 ( 0.8) 62 ( 1.0) 49 ( 0.9) 9 ( 0.8) 524 ( 6.7) 46 ( 1.3) 551 ( 4.1) 21 ( 0.9) 544 ( 4.5) 24 ( 1.2) 528 ( 5.3)

Belgium ( Flemish) ............................ 66 ( 1.4) 71 ( 1.2) 64 ( 1.5) 63 ( 1.7) 73 ( 1.3) 60 ( 1.3) 53 ( 1.8) 2 ( 0.4)     25 ( 1.3) 552 ( 8.9) 28 ( 1.1) 592 ( 5.9) 45 ( 1.6) 560 ( 4.6)

Belgium ( French) 1 ........................... 59 ( 0.9) 62 ( 1.0) 58 ( 1.0) 53 ( 1.1) 68 ( 1.0) 56 ( 1.0) 48 ( 0.9) 7 ( 0.8) 466 ( 7.4) 32 ( 1.0) 543 ( 4.6) 21 ( 1.3) 544 ( 5.5) 40 ( 1.5) 519 ( 4.5)

Bulgaria 1 .......................................... 60 ( 1.2) 60 ( 1.4) 65 ( 1.3) 62 ( 1.5) 62 ( 1.1) 54 ( 1.6) 47 ( 1.5)                                 Canada ............................................. 59 ( 0.5) 64 ( 0.6) 58 ( 0.6) 54 ( 0.7) 69 ( 0.5) 51 ( 0.7) 48 ( 0.7) 14 ( 1.2) 514 ( 5.6) 47 ( 1.1) 538 ( 2.8) 18 ( 0.7) 534 ( 3.7) 21 ( 1.1) 511 ( 3.6)

Colombia 1 ........................................ 29 ( 0.8) 31 ( 0.9) 29 ( 0.9) 28 ( 0.9) 37 ( 1.0) 25 ( 1.5) 23 ( 0.9) 2 ( 0.4)     17 ( 1.1) 394 ( 5.2) 20 ( 1.2) 389 ( 3.6) 61 ( 1.9) 390 ( 3.5)

Cyprus .............................................. 48 ( 0.5) 50 ( 0.6) 47 ( 0.6) 48 ( 0.7) 53 ( 0.6) 44 ( 0.9) 40 ( 0.7) 9 ( 0.5) 442 ( 5.8) 19 ( 0.7) 475 ( 3.9) 26 ( 0.8) 491 ( 4.0) 46 ( 0.9) 475 ( 2.9)

Czech Republic ................................ 66 ( 1.1) 69 ( 1.1) 66 ( 1.1) 65 ( 1.3) 68 ( 0.9) 62 ( 1.2) 52 ( 1.3) 13 ( 1.1) 551 ( 7.1) 57 ( 1.1) 571 ( 5.1) 17 ( 0.9) 568 ( 8.2) 13 ( 0.8) 542 ( 7.6)

Denmark 1 ........................................ 52 ( 0.7) 53 ( 0.9) 54 ( 0.9) 45 ( 0.7) 67 ( 0.9) 49 ( 1.0) 41 ( 0.8) 39 ( 1.6) 517 ( 4.4) 39 ( 1.4) 508 ( 3.8) 13 ( 0.8) 479 ( 4.1) 9 ( 0.7) 468 ( 6.9)

England 1 .......................................... 53 ( 0.7) 54 ( 0.8) 54 ( 1.0) 49 ( 0.9) 66 ( 0.7) 50 ( 0.9) 41 ( 1.1)                                 France .............................................. 61 ( 0.8) 64 ( 0.8) 66 ( 0.8) 54 ( 1.0) 71 ( 0.8) 57 ( 0.9) 49 ( 0.9) 8 ( 0.7) 505 ( 8.0) 33 ( 1.2) 545 ( 3.6) 28 ( 1.0) 547 ( 4.5) 31 ( 1.2) 537 ( 3.7)

Germany 1 ........................................ 54 ( 1.1) 58 ( 1.1) 51 ( 1.4) 48 ( 1.3) 64 ( 1.2) 51 ( 1.1) 42 ( 1.3) 14 ( 1.1) 476 ( 6.7) 51 ( 1.2) 521 ( 4.3) 18 ( 1.0) 524 ( 7.0) 17 ( 0.9) 498 ( 5.0)

Greece 1 ........................................... 49 ( 0.7) 53 ( 0.8) 51 ( 0.7) 46 ( 0.8) 56 ( 0.8) 43 ( 0.9) 39 ( 1.1) 6 ( 0.6) 450 ( 7.4) 14 ( 0.7) 483 ( 5.2) 21 ( 0.7) 485 ( 3.9) 59 ( 1.2) 491 ( 3.3)

Hong Kong ....................................... 70 ( 1.4) 72 ( 1.4) 73 ( 1.5) 70 ( 1.5) 72 ( 1.3) 65 ( 1.7) 62 ( 1.4) 13 ( 1.0) 539 ( 9.3) 32 ( 0.9) 586 ( 6.6) 25 ( 0.9) 607 ( 6.1) 30 ( 1.1) 604 ( 7.2)

Hungary ............................................ 62 ( 0.7) 65 ( 0.8) 60 ( 0.8) 63 ( 0.9) 66 ( 0.7) 56 ( 0.8) 47 ( 0.9) 4 ( 0.4) 483 ( 11.3) 33 ( 1.1) 536 ( 5.0) 22 ( 0.9) 541 ( 5.2) 41 ( 1.3) 545 ( 3.7)

Iceland .............................................. 50 ( 1.1) 54 ( 1.2) 51 ( 1.4) 40 ( 1.3) 63 ( 1.1) 45 ( 1.4) 38 ( 1.4) 5 ( 1.0) 450 ( 12.0) 46 ( 1.7) 501 ( 5.1) 25 ( 1.3) 489 ( 5.4) 23 ( 1.4) 477 ( 7.3)

Iran, Islamic Republic ...................... 38 ( 0.6) 39 ( 0.6) 43 ( 0.8) 37 ( 0.8) 41 ( 0.6) 29 ( 1.2) 36 ( 0.8) 1 ( 0.2)     5 ( 0.5) 428 ( 5.6) 12 ( 1.0) 436 ( 4.8) 82 ( 1.3) 431 ( 2.4)

Ireland .............................................. 59 ( 1.2) 65 ( 1.2) 51 ( 1.3) 53 ( 1.3) 69 ( 1.1) 53 ( 1.3) 51 ( 1.2) 5 ( 0.6) 465 ( 8.8) 29 ( 1.0) 517 ( 5.3) 40 ( 1.1) 547 ( 5.5) 26 ( 1.2) 533 ( 5.7)

Israel 1 .............................................. 57 ( 1.3) 60 ( 1.4) 57 ( 1.4) 61 ( 1.6) 63 ( 1.3) 48 ( 1.6) 43 ( 1.6) 5 ( 0.6) 539 ( 10.9) 36 ( 2.2) 546 ( 6.3) 26 ( 1.5) 521 ( 6.8) 33 ( 2.1) 502 ( 6.3)

Japan ............................................... 73 ( 0.4) 75 ( 0.4) 80 ( 0.4) 72 ( 0.6) 78 ( 0.4) 67 ( 0.5) 61 ( 0.5) 13 ( 0.8) 578 ( 5.3) 39 ( 0.8) 607 ( 2.6) 20 ( 0.6) 609 ( 4.0) 28 ( 1.0) 612 ( 2.7)

Korea ................................................ 72 ( 0.5) 74 ( 0.5) 75 ( 0.6) 69 ( 0.6) 78 ( 0.6) 66 ( 0.7) 62 ( 0.6) 15 ( 0.9) 582 ( 4.9) 32 ( 1.1) 604 ( 3.5) 25 ( 0.8) 607 ( 4.0) 29 ( 1.2) 628 ( 4.3)

Kuwait 1 ............................................ 30 ( 0.7) 27 ( 0.8) 38 ( 1.0) 30 ( 1.0) 38 ( 1.0) 23 ( 1.0) 21 ( 0.7) 3 ( 0.6) 358 ( 10.3) 13 ( 1.5) 401 ( 5.5) 19 ( 1.3) 397 ( 5.1) 65 ( 1.8) 392 ( 2.0)

Latvia ( Latvian speaking schools) 1 51 ( 0.8) 53 ( 0.9) 57 ( 0.8) 51 ( 0.9) 56 ( 0.8) 47 ( 0.9) 39 ( 0.9) 4 ( 0.5) 467 ( 9.4) 35 ( 1.1) 507 ( 4.4) 32 ( 1.2) 497 ( 4.9) 29 ( 1.2) 487 ( 3.4)

Lithuania 1 ........................................ 48 ( 0.9) 51 ( 1.0) 53 ( 1.1) 47 ( 1.2) 52 ( 1.0) 43 ( 0.9) 35 ( 0.9) 5 ( 0.6) 453 ( 9.4) 39 ( 1.4) 487 ( 3.9) 28 ( 1.0) 481 ( 4.6) 28 ( 1.4) 474 ( 5.4)

Netherlands 1 .................................... 60 ( 1.6) 62 ( 1.6) 59 ( 1.8) 53 ( 1.6) 72 ( 1.7) 57 ( 1.6) 51 ( 1.9) 3 ( 0.9) 492 ( 16.2) 54 ( 1.7) 539 ( 9.0) 27 ( 1.7) 562 ( 7.0) 16 ( 0.8) 524 ( 6.0)

New Zealand .................................... 54 ( 1.0) 57 ( 1.1) 54 ( 1.1) 49 ( 1.1) 66 ( 1.0) 48 ( 1.2) 42 ( 1.0) 12 ( 0.9) 472 ( 5.6) 51 ( 1.2) 519 ( 4.7) 21 ( 1.0) 518 ( 6.1) 17 ( 0.9) 495 ( 5.6)

Norway ............................................. 54 ( 0.5) 58 ( 0.6) 51 ( 0.6) 45 ( 0.7) 66 ( 0.6) 51 ( 0.6) 40 ( 0.6) 6 ( 0.5) 481 ( 6.8) 50 ( 1.2) 514 ( 2.9) 24 ( 0.9) 510 ( 3.6) 21 ( 0.9) 483 ( 3.6)

Portugal ............................................ 43 ( 0.7) 44 ( 0.7) 44 ( 0.8) 40 ( 0.8) 54 ( 0.7) 39 ( 0.7) 32 ( 0.8) 3 ( 0.3) 458 ( 8.1) 41 ( 1.1) 463 ( 3.1) 18 ( 0.7) 455 ( 3.3) 38 ( 1.2) 448 ( 3.0)

Romania 1 ......................................... 49 ( 1.0) 48 ( 1.0) 52 ( 0.9) 52 ( 1.3) 49 ( 1.0) 48 ( 1.1) 42 ( 1.2) 9 ( 0.7) 459 ( 10.4) 16 ( 1.0) 464 ( 7.0) 15 ( 0.7) 481 ( 5.4) 60 ( 1.6) 494 ( 4.2)

Russian Federation .......................... 60 ( 1.3) 62 ( 1.2) 63 ( 1.4) 63 ( 1.5) 60 ( 1.2) 56 ( 1.5) 48 ( 1.5) 4 ( 0.5) 493 ( 10.3) 33 ( 1.1) 538 ( 5.3) 25 ( 1.0) 538 ( 5.2) 38 ( 1.4) 544 ( 6.9)

Scotland 1 ......................................... 52 ( 1.3) 53 ( 1.3) 52 ( 1.4) 46 ( 1.5) 65 ( 1.3) 48 ( 1.6) 40 ( 1.4) 17 ( 1.4) 461 ( 4.8) 54 ( 1.2) 506 ( 5.7) 17 ( 1.0) 517 ( 8.6) 12 ( 0.8) 503 ( 7.4)

Singapore ......................................... 79 ( 0.9) 84 ( 0.8) 76 ( 1.0) 76 ( 1.1) 79 ( 0.8) 77 ( 1.0) 75 ( 1.0) 2 ( 0.3)     7 ( 0.4) 642 ( 8.0) 13 ( 0.6) 652 ( 6.6) 78 ( 0.9) 643 ( 4.9)

Slovak Republic ............................... 62 ( 0.8) 66 ( 0.8) 63 ( 0.8) 62 ( 0.9) 62 ( 0.7) 60 ( 0.9) 49 ( 1.0) 6 ( 0.5) 549 ( 8.3) 46 ( 0.9) 556 ( 3.9) 25 ( 0.7) 548 ( 4.4) 23 ( 1.0) 532 ( 4.1)

Slovenia 1 ......................................... 61 ( 0.7) 63 ( 0.7) 60 ( 0.9) 61 ( 0.8) 66 ( 0.7) 59 ( 0.9) 49 ( 0.8) 5 ( 0.5) 551 ( 9.8) 36 ( 1.0) 561 ( 4.1) 21 ( 0.8) 537 ( 4.8) 37 ( 1.1) 523 ( 3.4)

South Africa 1 ................................... 24 ( 1.1) 26 ( 1.4) 24 ( 1.0) 23 ( 1.1) 26 ( 1.2) 18 ( 1.1) 21 ( 0.9)                                 Spain ................................................ 51 ( 0.5) 52 ( 0.5) 49 ( 0.6) 54 ( 0.8) 60 ( 0.7) 44 ( 0.7) 40 ( 0.8) 3 ( 0.4) 443 ( 5.5) 26 ( 1.0) 490 ( 3.1) 18 ( 0.9) 495 ( 3.3) 53 ( 1.3) 487 ( 2.4)

Sweden ............................................ 56 ( 0.7) 62 ( 0.8) 48 ( 0.7) 44 ( 0.9) 70 ( 0.7) 56 ( 0.9) 44 ( 0.9) 7 ( 0.6) 496 ( 6.9) 55 ( 1.2) 528 ( 3.1) 17 ( 0.8) 525 ( 4.3) 21 ( 0.9) 503 ( 4.2)

Switzerland 1 .................................... 62 ( 0.6) 67 ( 0.7) 60 ( 0.8) 53 ( 0.7) 72 ( 0.7) 61 ( 0.8) 52 ( 0.7) 4 ( 0.3) 523 ( 7.9) 44 ( 1.2) 556 ( 3.4) 19 ( 0.8) 548 ( 5.1) 33 ( 1.1) 536 ( 4.0)

Thailand 1 ......................................... 57 ( 1.4) 60 ( 1.5) 62 ( 1.3) 53 ( 1.7) 63 ( 1.1) 50 ( 1.4) 51 ( 1.5) 3 ( 0.3) 495 ( 11.9) 26 ( 1.0) 514 ( 5.4) 18 ( 0.7) 515 ( 5.7) 54 ( 1.5) 531 ( 6.6)

United States ................................... 53 ( 1.1) 59 ( 1.1) 48 ( 1.2) 51 ( 1.2) 65 ( 1.1) 40 ( 1.1) 42 ( 1.1) 17 ( 1.1) 471 ( 7.2) 42 ( 0.9) 514 ( 4.2) 17 ( 0.7) 507 ( 5.5) 24 ( 0.8) 498 ( 5.9)

1 Countries not meeting all International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement's sampling specifications

  Data not available or not applicable.

NOTE.   Data are for 8th grade or equivalent in most countries. Standard errors appear in parentheses. SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, Mathematics Achievement in the Middle School Years: IEA's Third International Mathematics and Science Study, 1997, by Albert E. Beaton et al.

Copyright Ó   1996 Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA. ( This table was prepared June 1997.) 456 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 398.   Instructional practices and time spent teaching mathematics in 8th grade, by country: 1994   95 Country Percent of students whose teachers report using each organizational approach `` most of every lesson'' Average number of hours mathematics is taught weekly to mathematics classes Work together as a class and students respond to one another Work together as a class and teacher teaches whole class Work individually with assistance from teacher Work individually without assistance from teacher Work in pairs or groups with assistance from teacher Work in pairs or groups without assistance from teacher Less than 2 hours At least 2, but less than 3.5 hours At least 3.5, but less than 5 hours 5 hours or more Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Australia 1 ......................................... 2 14 2 46 2 64 2 27 2 25 2 9 2 5 ( 1.7) 528 ( 19.5) 50 ( 3.7) 518 ( 6.2) 44 ( 3.7) 552 ( 7.6) 1 ( 0.7)     Austria 1 ............................................ 2 6 2 52 2 51 2 23 2 19 2 7 2 0 ( 0.0)     99 ( 0.1) 549 ( 4.1) 1 ( 0.1)     0 ( 0.0)     Belgium ( Flemish) ............................ 10 59 57 36 6 5 3 0 ( 0.0)     50 ( 4.4) 572 ( 5.6) 50 ( 4.4) 603 ( 5.4) 0 ( 0.0)     Belgium ( French) 1 ........................... 3 7 3 38 3 55 3 29 3 11 3 5 3 0 ( 0.0)     3 ( 1.8) 486 ( 12.9) 83 ( 4.2) 544 ( 4.7) 14 ( 3.8) 564 ( 10.0)

Bulgaria 1 ..........................................                                             Canada ............................................. 2 12 37 57 2 25 2 28 2 14 3 ( 1.2) 528 ( 11.8) 31 ( 3.8) 521 ( 5.0) 50 ( 3.6) 537 ( 4.3) 17 ( 3.1) 520 ( 10.2)

Colombia 1 ........................................ 25 41 55 2 19 44 2 22 2 4 ( 2.0) 389 ( 8.2) 25 ( 5.5) 367 ( 8.8) 58 ( 5.4) 397 ( 3.9) 13 ( 3.3) 390 ( 8.2)

Cyprus .............................................. 2 13 2 61 2 73 2 23 2 26 2 9                                 Czech Republic ................................ 5 47 72 42 13 8 1 ( 0.9)     6 ( 2.0) 587 ( 17.2) 90 ( 2.7) 561 ( 5.1) 3 ( 1.6) 535 ( 10.2)

Denmark 1 ........................................ 5 41 74 16 18 4                                 England 1 .......................................... 3 19 3 46 3 57 3 25 3 14 3 8                                 France .............................................. 11 48 56 26 17 4 2 2 ( 1.4)     10 ( 3.2) 532 ( 13.4) 87 ( 3.3) 539 ( 3.9) 2 ( 1.3)     Germany 1 ........................................ 3 23 3 70 3 54 3 15 3 20 3 9 3 2 ( 1.5)     85 ( 3.1) 523 ( 5.3) 12 ( 2.9) 463 ( 13.3) 1 ( 0.9)     Greece 1 ........................................... 4 58 60 18 14 3 4 ( 1.7) 459 ( 10.8) 88 ( 2.8) 486 ( 3.5) 3 ( 1.6) 459 ( 12.3) 4 ( 1.6) 480 ( 8.9)

Hong Kong ....................................... 11 37 62 17 9 4 5 ( 2.4) 612 ( 47.4) 26 ( 5.2) 590 ( 19.5) 63 ( 5.8) 590 ( 7.6) 6 ( 2.9) 567 ( 30.1)

Hungary ............................................ 11 60 65 22 7 1 0 ( 0.0)     75 ( 3.6) 538 ( 3.9) 23 ( 3.6) 536 ( 7.0) 1 ( 1.0)     Iceland .............................................. 2 2 2 39 2 82 2 38 2 32 2 17 2 0 ( 0.0)     90 ( 2.9) 492 ( 5.3) 8 ( 2.9) 467 ( 3.5) 1 ( 0.2)     Iran, Islamic Republic ...................... 33 66 55 8 42 10                                 Ireland .............................................. 27 67 47 37 2 9 2 6 2 1 ( 0.7)     86 ( 3.7) 524 ( 6.4) 12 ( 3.4) 555 ( 15.2) 1 ( 1.1)     Israel 1 .............................................. 2 70 2 65 2 35 2 68 2 51 2 62 2 6 ( 4.1) 523 ( 13.7) 41 ( 8.0) 520 ( 12.7) 47 ( 8.1) 514 ( 9.2) 6 ( 3.7) 579 ( 22.6)

Japan ............................................... 22 78 27 15 7 1 4 ( 1.8) 607 ( 24.3) 91 ( 2.3) 602 ( 2.7) 4 ( 1.4) 649 ( 18.5) 0 ( 0.5)     Korea ................................................ 39 89 41 30 12 11 1 ( 0.7)     90 ( 3.0) 610 ( 2.8) 5 ( 1.8) 608 ( 13.8) 5 ( 2.3) 604 ( 19.5)

Kuwait 1 ............................................ 3 34 48 14 7 5 2 ( 1.6)     21 ( 6.5) 396 ( 6.8) 76 ( 6.6) 391 ( 2.3) 1 ( 1.0)     Latvia ( Latvian speaking schools) 1 24 86 90 2 55 28 2 11 1 ( 0.5)     30 ( 4.8) 491 ( 5.8) 62 ( 5.3) 492 ( 4.3) 8 ( 2.6) 489 ( 15.0)

Lithuania 1 ........................................ 10 55 72 25 32 10 1 ( 0.8)     61 ( 4.1) 482 ( 5.0) 29 ( 3.9) 481 ( 7.5) 9 ( 2.3) 448 ( 13.8)

Netherlands 1 .................................... 7 56 65 38 49 34 3 ( 1.9) 529 ( 54.2) 97 ( 1.9) 542 ( 8.1) 0 ( 0.0)     0 ( 0.0)     New Zealand .................................... 19 52 63 28 25 14 5 ( 1.8) 484 ( 11.6) 42 ( 4.3) 514 ( 7.1) 50 ( 4.3) 507 ( 6.4) 3 ( 1.5) 503 ( 27.3)

Norway ............................................. 2 17 2 58 2 71 4 4 2 36 4 6 2 7 ( 2.6) 502 ( 5.0) 80 ( 3.9) 508 ( 3.1) 8 ( 2.8) 502 ( 7.7) 5 ( 2.1) 513 ( 7.7)

Portugal ............................................ 10 67 69 5 50 4 1 ( 0.8)     89 ( 2.9) 455 ( 2.7) 10 ( 2.8) 452 ( 7.8) 0 ( 0.0)     Romania 1 ......................................... 12 86 56 19 18 3 8 ( 2.6) 497 ( 17.6) 80 ( 3.4) 481 ( 5.0) 9 ( 2.5) 482 ( 12.4) 2 ( 0.6)     Russian Federation .......................... 6 66 65 37 22 13 0 ( 0.0)     17 ( 3.6) 519 ( 8.6) 70 ( 5.6) 533 ( 5.1) 14 ( 4.8) 567 ( 18.0)

Scotland 1 ......................................... 2 5 2 34 2 62 2 28 2 7 2 3 5 ( 2.0) 473 ( 14.7) 35 ( 4.4) 500 ( 11.6) 60 ( 4.6) 494 ( 7.1) 0 ( 0.0)     Singapore ......................................... 15 61 48 27 20 6 0 ( 0.0)     52 ( 4.7) 654 ( 6.9) 48 ( 4.7) 633 ( 7.6) 0 ( 0.0)     Slovak Republic ............................... 35 47 50 31 8 7 0 ( 0.0)     2 ( 1.3)     86 ( 3.0) 544 ( 3.2) 11 ( 2.9) 561 ( 11.0)

Slovenia 1 ......................................... 2 11 2 60 2 87 2 34 2 40 2 11 2 0 ( 0.0)     87 ( 3.4) 542 ( 4.0) 12 ( 3.3) 525 ( 9.5) 1 ( 0.8)     South Africa 1 ...................................                                             Spain ................................................ 2 15 2 68 2 58 2 24 2 15 2 10 2 2 ( 1.1)     28 ( 4.0) 480 ( 5.5) 62 ( 4.7) 490 ( 3.6) 8 ( 2.6) 494 ( 9.2)

Sweden ............................................ 2 24 2 50 2 72 2 1 2 43 2 5 2 3 ( 1.2) 506 ( 24.2) 97 ( 1.3) 520 ( 3.2) 0 ( 0.4)     0 ( 0.3)     Switzerland 1 .................................... 3 4 3 48 3 61 3 25 3 35 3 20 3 2 ( 1.4)     14 ( 3.4) 520 ( 17.8) 71 ( 3.5) 557 ( 6.5) 13 ( 3.0) 566 ( 12.4)

Thailand 1 ......................................... 2 19 3 58 2 41 2 18 2 22 2 5                                 United States ................................... 2 22 2 49 2 50 2 19 2 26 2 12 3 8 ( 1.4) 492 ( 26.2) 24 ( 3.4) 501 ( 9.9) 58 ( 4.4) 507 ( 5.4) 11 ( 2.8) 498 ( 10.0)

1 Countries not meeting all International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement's sampling specifications

2 Teacher response data available for 70 to 84 percent of students.

3 Teacher response data available for 50 to 69 percent of students.

  Data not available or not applicable. NOTE.   Data are for 8th grade or equivalent in most countries. Standard errors appear in parentheses.

SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, Mathematics Achievement in the Middle School Years: IEA's Third International Mathematics and Science Study, 1997, by Albert E. Beaton et al.

Copyright Ó   1996 Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA. ( This table was prepared June 1997.) 457 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 399.   Average 8th grade science scores by content areas, and average time spent studying out of school, by country: 1994   95 Country Average percent correct by content area Distribution of daily out of school study time in all subjects, with mean science scores Overall science scores Earth science Life science Physics Chemistry Environmental issues and the nature of science Less than 1 hour At least 1, but less than 2 hours 2 to 3 hours More than 3 hours Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 International average percent correct ........................... 56 ( 0.1) 55 ( 0.1) 59 ( 0.1) 55 ( 0.1) 51 ( 0.2) 53 ( 0.2)                                 Australia 1 ......................................... 60 ( 0.7) 57 ( 0.8) 63 ( 0.8) 60 ( 0.7) 54 ( 0.9) 62 ( 1.0) 15 ( 0.9) 505 ( 6.9) 46 ( 1.0) 556 ( 4.1) 22 ( 0.6) 557 ( 4.9) 17 ( 0.7) 546 ( 5.0)

Austria 1 ............................................ 61 ( 0.7) 62 ( 0.8) 65 ( 0.7) 62 ( 0.7) 58 ( 1.1) 55 ( 0.9) 9 ( 0.8) 551 ( 9.9) 46 ( 1.3) 563 ( 4.8) 21 ( 0.9) 561 ( 5.0) 24 ( 1.2) 553 ( 4.8)

Belgium ( Flemish) ............................ 60 ( 1.1) 62 ( 1.2) 64 ( 1.1) 61 ( 1.1) 51 ( 1.3) 58 ( 1.5) 2 ( 0.4)     25 ( 1.3) 545 ( 5.0) 28 ( 1.1) 562 ( 5.9) 45 ( 1.6) 547 ( 3.6)

Belgium ( French) 1 ........................... 50 ( 0.7) 50 ( 0.9) 55 ( 0.9) 51 ( 0.7) 41 ( 0.8) 46 ( 1.0) 7 ( 0.8) 428 ( 6.9) 32 ( 1.0) 481 ( 4.7) 21 ( 1.3) 481 ( 4.5) 40 ( 1.5) 467 ( 4.0)

Bulgaria 1 .......................................... 62 ( 1.0) 58 ( 1.2) 64 ( 1.0) 60 ( 1.0) 65 ( 1.7) 59 ( 1.5)                                 Canada ............................................. 59 ( 0.5) 58 ( 0.6) 62 ( 0.6) 59 ( 0.4) 52 ( 0.7) 61 ( 0.7) 14 ( 1.2) 524 ( 6.1) 47 ( 1.1) 541 ( 2.8) 18 ( 0.7) 531 ( 3.9) 21 ( 1.1) 517 ( 3.6)

Colombia 1 ........................................ 39 ( 0.8) 37 ( 0.8) 44 ( 0.9) 37 ( 0.8) 32 ( 1.0) 40 ( 1.1) 2 ( 0.4)     17 ( 1.1) 421 ( 5.3) 20 ( 1.2) 422 ( 4.9) 61 ( 1.9) 413 ( 5.8)

Cyprus .............................................. 47 ( 0.4) 46 ( 0.6) 49 ( 0.5) 46 ( 0.4) 45 ( 0.6) 46 ( 0.8) 9 ( 0.5) 430 ( 7.0) 19 ( 0.7) 468 ( 4.4) 26 ( 0.8) 475 ( 3.4) 46 ( 0.9) 466 ( 2.9)

Czech Republic ................................ 64 ( 0.8) 63 ( 1.2) 69 ( 0.8) 64 ( 0.7) 60 ( 1.2) 59 ( 1.1) 13 ( 1.1) 558 ( 9.0) 57 ( 1.1) 579 ( 3.9) 17 ( 0.9) 582 ( 7.2) 13 ( 0.8) 560 ( 6.4)

Denmark 1 ........................................ 51 ( 0.6) 49 ( 0.7) 56 ( 0.7) 53 ( 0.7) 41 ( 0.8) 47 ( 1.0) 39 ( 1.6) 494 ( 4.4) 39 ( 1.4) 479 ( 4.1) 13 ( 0.8) 459 ( 5.5) 9 ( 0.7) 457 ( 6.8)

England 1 .......................................... 61 ( 0.6) 59 ( 0.8) 64 ( 0.8) 62 ( 0.6) 55 ( 0.8) 65 ( 1.0)                                 France .............................................. 54 ( 0.6) 55 ( 0.8) 56 ( 0.8) 54 ( 0.5) 47 ( 0.9) 53 ( 0.9) 8 ( 0.7) 481 ( 6.8) 33 ( 1.2) 497 ( 3.3) 28 ( 1.0) 506 ( 4.0) 31 ( 1.2) 499 ( 3.4)

Germany 1 ........................................ 58 ( 1.0) 57 ( 1.0) 63 ( 1.1) 57 ( 1.0) 54 ( 1.3) 51 ( 1.3) 14 ( 1.1) 505 ( 8.2) 51 ( 1.2) 541 ( 4.6) 18 ( 1.0) 544 ( 7.0) 17 ( 0.9) 525 ( 6.5)

Greece 1 ........................................... 52 ( 0.5) 49 ( 0.6) 54 ( 0.6) 53 ( 0.5) 51 ( 0.5) 51 ( 1.0) 6 ( 0.6) 473 ( 4.8) 14 ( 0.7) 497 ( 5.0) 21 ( 0.7) 500 ( 3.1) 59 ( 1.2) 502 ( 2.5)

Hong Kong ....................................... 58 ( 1.0) 54 ( 1.0) 61 ( 1.0) 58 ( 0.9) 55 ( 1.0) 55 ( 1.3) 13 ( 1.0) 489 ( 7.3) 32 ( 0.9) 519 ( 4.7) 25 ( 0.9) 534 ( 4.8) 30 ( 1.1) 534 ( 5.2)

Hungary ............................................ 61 ( 0.6) 60 ( 0.8) 65 ( 0.7) 60 ( 0.6) 60 ( 0.8) 53 ( 0.8) 4 ( 0.4) 519 ( 10.0) 33 ( 1.1) 553 ( 4.4) 22 ( 0.9) 557 ( 5.6) 41 ( 1.3) 557 ( 3.0)

Iceland .............................................. 52 ( 0.9) 50 ( 1.2) 58 ( 1.0) 53 ( 0.9) 42 ( 0.8) 49 ( 1.0) 5 ( 1.0) 470 ( 8.7) 46 ( 1.7) 505 ( 5.6) 25 ( 1.3) 493 ( 4.5) 23 ( 1.4) 488 ( 7.5)

Iran, Islamic Republic ...................... 47 ( 0.6) 45 ( 0.6) 49 ( 0.6) 48 ( 0.7) 52 ( 0.8) 39 ( 1.1) 1 ( 0.2)     5 ( 0.5) 476 ( 6.0) 12 ( 1.0) 479 ( 5.2) 82 ( 1.3) 471 ( 2.7)

Ireland .............................................. 58 ( 0.9) 61 ( 1.0) 60 ( 1.1) 56 ( 0.8) 54 ( 1.0) 60 ( 1.1) 5 ( 0.6) 475 ( 9.0) 29 ( 1.0) 529 ( 5.4) 40 ( 1.1) 550 ( 4.7) 26 ( 1.2) 550 ( 4.9)

Israel 1 .............................................. 57 ( 1.1) 55 ( 1.1) 61 ( 1.1) 57 ( 1.1) 53 ( 1.5) 52 ( 1.6) 5 ( 0.6) 532 ( 13.5) 36 ( 2.2) 555 ( 7.7) 26 ( 1.5) 523 ( 6.9) 33 ( 2.1) 505 ( 5.2)

Japan ............................................... 65 ( 0.3) 61 ( 0.4) 71 ( 0.4) 67 ( 0.3) 61 ( 0.5) 60 ( 0.7) 13 ( 0.8) 551 ( 4.4) 39 ( 0.8) 573 ( 2.2) 20 ( 0.6) 572 ( 3.0) 28 ( 1.0) 577 ( 2.4)

Korea ................................................ 66 ( 0.3) 63 ( 0.5) 70 ( 0.4) 65 ( 0.5) 63 ( 0.6) 64 ( 0.8) 15 ( 0.9) 544 ( 5.0) 32 ( 1.1) 564 ( 2.9) 25 ( 0.8) 562 ( 3.1) 29 ( 1.2) 581 ( 3.7)

Kuwait 1 ............................................ 43 ( 0.9) 43 ( 1.0) 45 ( 1.1) 43 ( 0.7) 40 ( 1.5) 39 ( 1.3) 3 ( 0.6) 400 ( 10.4) 13 ( 1.5) 436 ( 7.8) 19 ( 1.3) 432 ( 7.1) 65 ( 1.8) 431 ( 3.4)

Latvia ( Latvian speaking schools) 1 50 ( 0.6) 48 ( 0.8) 53 ( 0.7) 51 ( 0.7) 48 ( 0.8) 47 ( 1.0) 4 ( 0.5) 468 ( 8.5) 35 ( 1.1) 492 ( 4.1) 32 ( 1.2) 490 ( 4.1) 29 ( 1.2) 481 ( 3.0)

Lithuania 1 ........................................ 49 ( 0.7) 46 ( 0.9) 52 ( 0.9) 51 ( 0.7) 48 ( 0.9) 40 ( 1.0) 5 ( 0.6) 457 ( 9.1) 39 ( 1.4) 484 ( 4.5) 28 ( 1.0) 483 ( 3.8) 28 ( 1.4) 472 ( 4.7)

Netherlands 1 .................................... 62 ( 1.0) 61 ( 1.4) 67 ( 1.4) 63 ( 0.9) 52 ( 0.9) 65 ( 1.6) 3 ( 0.9) 519 ( 17.1) 54 ( 1.7) 559 ( 6.1) 27 ( 1.7) 578 ( 5.4) 16 ( 0.8) 545 ( 5.7)

New Zealand .................................... 58 ( 0.8) 56 ( 0.9) 60 ( 1.0) 58 ( 0.7) 53 ( 1.1) 59 ( 1.2) 12 ( 0.9) 488 ( 7.6) 51 ( 1.2) 536 ( 4.6) 21 ( 1.0) 537 ( 5.7) 17 ( 0.9) 516 ( 5.7)

Norway ............................................. 58 ( 0.4) 61 ( 0.6) 61 ( 0.5) 57 ( 0.4) 49 ( 0.6) 55 ( 0.8) 6 ( 0.5) 501 ( 7.3) 50 ( 1.2) 533 ( 2.5) 24 ( 0.9) 536 ( 3.4) 21 ( 0.9) 516 ( 3.7)

Portugal ............................................ 50 ( 0.6) 50 ( 0.7) 53 ( 0.6) 48 ( 0.5) 50 ( 0.9) 45 ( 0.8) 3 ( 0.3) 465 ( 8.8) 41 ( 1.1) 488 ( 2.9) 18 ( 0.7) 478 ( 4.1) 38 ( 1.2) 474 ( 2.8)

Romania 1 ......................................... 50 ( 0.8) 49 ( 1.0) 55 ( 1.0) 49 ( 0.8) 46 ( 1.0) 42 ( 1.0) 9 ( 0.7) 460 ( 11.7) 16 ( 1.0) 468 ( 7.0) 15 ( 0.7) 487 ( 5.7) 60 ( 1.6) 499 ( 5.2)

Russian Federation .......................... 58 ( 0.8) 58 ( 0.8) 62 ( 0.7) 57 ( 0.9) 57 ( 1.3) 50 ( 0.8) 4 ( 0.5) 511 ( 10.1) 33 ( 1.1) 542 ( 4.4) 25 ( 1.0) 538 ( 4.4) 38 ( 1.4) 543 ( 4.6)

Scotland 1 ......................................... 55 ( 1.0) 52 ( 1.0) 57 ( 1.1) 57 ( 0.8) 51 ( 1.3) 57 ( 1.4) 17 ( 1.4) 470 ( 5.3) 54 ( 1.2) 526 ( 5.1) 17 ( 1.0) 537 ( 8.5) 12 ( 0.8) 532 ( 6.5)

Singapore ......................................... 70 ( 1.0) 65 ( 1.1) 72 ( 1.0) 69 ( 0.8) 69 ( 1.2) 74 ( 1.1) 2 ( 0.3)     7 ( 0.4) 604 ( 8.4) 13 ( 0.6) 617 ( 7.3) 78 ( 0.9) 607 ( 5.4)

Slovak Republic ............................... 59 ( 0.6) 60 ( 0.7) 60 ( 0.6) 61 ( 0.6) 57 ( 0.8) 53 ( 0.9) 6 ( 0.5) 551 ( 7.1) 46 ( 0.9) 552 ( 3.7) 25 ( 0.7) 541 ( 3.8) 23 ( 1.0) 536 ( 4.7)

Slovenia 1 ......................................... 62 ( 0.5) 64 ( 0.7) 65 ( 0.6) 61 ( 0.6) 56 ( 0.9) 59 ( 0.9) 5 ( 0.5) 559 ( 9.2) 36 ( 1.0) 580 ( 3.5) 21 ( 0.8) 557 ( 3.2) 37 ( 1.1) 544 ( 3.3)

South Africa 1 ................................... 27 ( 1.3) 26 ( 1.1) 27 ( 1.3) 27 ( 1.4) 26 ( 1.4) 26 ( 1.3)                                 Spain ................................................ 56 ( 0.4) 57 ( 0.5) 58 ( 0.5) 55 ( 0.4) 51 ( 0.7) 53 ( 0.6) 3 ( 0.4) 482 ( 7.9) 26 ( 1.0) 522 ( 2.8) 18 ( 0.9) 522 ( 3.5) 53 ( 1.3) 516 ( 2.2)

Sweden ............................................ 59 ( 0.6) 62 ( 0.7) 63 ( 0.7) 57 ( 0.5) 56 ( 0.7) 52 ( 0.8) 7 ( 0.6) 520 ( 6.0) 55 ( 1.2) 544 ( 3.2) 17 ( 0.8) 539 ( 4.9) 21 ( 0.9) 523 ( 4.9)

Switzerland 1 .................................... 56 ( 0.5) 58 ( 0.6) 59 ( 0.6) 58 ( 0.5) 50 ( 0.7) 51 ( 0.8) 4 ( 0.3) 500 ( 8.3) 44 ( 1.2) 530 ( 3.1) 19 ( 0.8) 526 ( 6.2) 33 ( 1.1) 514 ( 3.5)

Thailand 1 ......................................... 57 ( 0.9) 56 ( 1.0) 66 ( 0.9) 54 ( 0.7) 43 ( 1.2) 62 ( 1.1) 3 ( 0.3) 510 ( 8.8) 26 ( 1.0) 520 ( 4.0) 18 ( 0.7) 519 ( 4.3) 54 ( 1.5) 532 ( 4.1)

United States ................................... 58 ( 1.0) 58 ( 1.0) 63 ( 1.1) 56 ( 0.8) 53 ( 1.2) 61 ( 1.0) 17 ( 1.1) 507 ( 9.5) 42 ( 0.9) 548 ( 4.1) 17 ( 0.7) 541 ( 5.2) 24 ( 0.8) 533 ( 5.7)

1 Countries not meeting all International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement's sampling specifications

  Data not available or not applicable.

NOTE.   Data are for 8th grade or equivalent in most countries. Standard errors appear in parentheses. SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, Science Achievement in the Middle School Years: IEA's Third International Mathematics and Science Study, 1997, by Albert E. Beaton et al. Copyright Ó   1996 Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA. ( This table was prepared June 1997.) 458 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 400.   Instructional practices and time spent teaching science in 8th grade, by country: 1994   95 Country Percent of students whose teachers report using each organizational approach `` most of every lesson'' Average number of hours science is taught weekly to science classes Work together as a class and students respond to one another Work together as a class and teacher teaches whole class Work individually with assistance from teacher Work individually without assistance from teacher Work in pairs or groups with assistance from teacher Work in pairs or groups without assistance from teacher Less than 2 hours At least 2, but less than 3.5 hours At least 3.5, but less than 5 hours 5 hours or more Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Australia 1 .........................................                                             Austria 1 ............................................ 2 3 2 65 2 13 2 3 2 18 2 12                                 Belgium ( Flemish) ............................ 2 11 2 62 2 19 2 6 2 13 2 7                                 Belgium ( French) 1 ........................... 3 11 3 53 3 24 3 8 3 8 3 4                                 Bulgaria 1 ..........................................                                             Canada ............................................. 3 17 2 28 2 26 2 23 2 33 3 24 2 11 ( 2.1) 512 ( 8.9) 69 ( 3.9) 540 ( 3.8) 11 ( 2.5) 528 ( 5.5) 8 ( 2.1) 517 ( 10.3)

Colombia 1 ........................................ 2 33 2 48 2 55 2 10 2 43 2 13 2 6 ( 2.3) 416 ( 4.5) 75 ( 4.2) 415 ( 5.6) 13 ( 3.2) 404 ( 5.5) 6 ( 2.4) 403 ( 18.6)

Cyprus .............................................. 3 3 3 74 3 35 3 3 3 17 3 6 4                               Czech Republic ................................ 11 70 2 46 15 14 4                                 Denmark 1 ........................................ 3 2 3 22 3 25 3 3 3 46 3 13                                 England 1 ..........................................                                             France .............................................. 16 57 34 16 27 12                                 Germany 1 ........................................ 3 30 3 69 3 28 3 7 3 19 3 5                                 Greece 1 ........................................... 3 67 45 10 13 1                                 Hong Kong ....................................... 12 45 35 2 44 13 7 ( 2.3) 492 ( 29.9) 82 ( 3.9) 526 ( 5.3) 9 ( 3.3) 518 ( 8.6) 2 ( 1.6)     Hungary ............................................ 7 80 54 13 11 2                                 Iceland .............................................. 3 1 2 35 2 30 2 9 2 16 2 6                                 Iran, Islamic Republic ...................... 25 57 36 2 25 11                                 Ireland .............................................. 3 7 3 62 3 25 3 6 3 20 3 6 3 4 ( 1.9) 578 ( 16.5) 94 ( 2.1) 540 ( 6.2) 2 ( 0.8)     0 ( 0.0)     Israel 1 .............................................. 3 17 2 41 2 30 2 15 2 32 2 18 3 19 ( 7.9) 547 ( 19.6) 77 ( 7.2) 520 ( 9.1) 4 ( 3.5) 529 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0)     Japan ............................................... 19 79 12 8 12 6 5 ( 1.6) 618 ( 15.2) 94 ( 1.7) 569 ( 1.5) 0 ( 0.0)     1 ( 0.6)     Korea ................................................ 34 83 28 8 15 3 43 ( 2.9) 569 ( 3.3) 51 ( 3.2) 561 ( 3.1) 1 ( 0.8)     5 ( 2.3) 568 ( 12.7)

Kuwait 1 ............................................ 2 9 2 46 2 45 2 0 2 36 2 2 2 3 ( 2.6) 409 ( 1.9) 97 ( 2.6) 426 ( 4.4) 1 ( 0.5)     0 ( 0.0)     Latvia ( Latvian speaking schools) 1 325 3 84 3 59 3 32 3 24 3 8                                 Lithuania 1 ........................................ 2 16 2 60 2 57 2 22 2 26 2 8                                 Netherlands 1 .................................... 2 5 2 63 2 36 2 23 2 25 2 18                                 New Zealand .................................... 15 41 33 26 44 20 1 ( 0.9)     52 ( 4.1) 527 ( 6.3) 47 ( 4.2) 525 ( 6.6) 0 ( 0.0)     Norway ............................................. 3 24 3 62 3 23 3 1 3 23 3 4 3 27 ( 4.9) 526 ( 3.0) 73 ( 4.9) 524 ( 2.6) 1 ( 0.6)     0 ( 0.0)     Portugal ............................................ 14 66 54 3 54 5                                 Romania 1 ......................................... 15 86 47 8 27 2 2                                 Russian Federation .......................... 9 68 43 21 13 7                                 Scotland 1 ......................................... 3 7 3 22 3 27 3 11 3 56 3 19 3 14 ( 3.1) 538 ( 23.4) 83 ( 3.6) 519 ( 4.8) 3 ( 1.7) 488 ( 22.5) 0 ( 0.0)     Singapore ......................................... 12 59 41 17 40 19 0 ( 0.0)     24 ( 4.4) 618 ( 14.6) 76 ( 4.4) 603 ( 6.0) 0 ( 0.0)     Slovak Republic ............................... 2 48 2 64 2 45 2 15 2 3 2 1                                 Slovenia 1 ......................................... 2 7 2 65 2 57 2 19 2 34 2 13                                 South Africa 1 ...................................                                             Spain ................................................ 2 14 2 65 2 46 2 14 2 18 2 7 2 5 ( 2.6) 532 ( 2.5) 84 ( 3.9) 518 ( 2.1) 11 ( 3.0) 502 ( 9.4) 1 ( 0.7)     Switzerland 1 .................................... 3 3 3 56 3 21 3 6 3 30 8 3 41 ( 4.7) 532 ( 6.6) 37 ( 4.4) 524 ( 8.4) 9 ( 3.1) 486 ( 13.7) 13 ( 3.5) 519 ( 15.6)

Thailand 1 ......................................... 2 16 2 38 2 33 2 10 2 32 2 11                                 United States ...................................                                             1 Countries not meeting all International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement's sampling specifications

2 Teacher response data available for 70 to 84 percent of students.

3 Teacher response available for 50 to 69 percent of students.

  Data not available or not applicable.

NOTE.   Data are for 8th grade or equivalent in most countries. Standard errors appear in parentheses. SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, Science Achievement in the Middle School Years: IEA's Third International Mathematics and Science Study, 1997, by Albert E. Beaton et al. Copyright Ó   1996 Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA. ( This table was prepared June 1997.) 459 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 401.   Average size of 8th grade mathematics classes, and frequency teachers assign mathematics homework, by country: 1994   95 Country Average size of mathematics classes Percent of students, by frequency and average length of mathematics assignments 1 to 20 students 21 to 30 students 31 to 40 students 41 or more students Never assigning homework Assigning homework less than once a week Assigning homework once or twice a week Assigning homework 3 or more times a week 30 minutes or less More than 30 minutes 30 minutes or less More than 30 minutes 30 minutes or less More than 30 minutes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Australia 1 ......................................... 2 13 ( 2.4) 71 ( 3.3) 16 ( 2.6) 1 ( 0.5) 2 1 ( 0.8) 6 ( 1.6) 0 ( 0.2) 21 ( 2.6) 4 ( 1.9) 62 ( 3.4) 5 ( 1.7) Austria 1 ............................................                 2 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 0.5) 0 ( 0.0) 24 ( 4.4) 3 ( 1.4) 63 ( 5.0) 10 ( 2.1) Belgium ( Flemish) ............................ 49 ( 3.6) 51 ( 3.6) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 17 ( 3.5) 2 ( 1.1) 52 ( 4.8) 10 ( 2.6) 15 ( 2.9) 5 ( 2.1) Belgium ( French) 1 ........................... 3 43 ( 5.3) 57 ( 5.3) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 1.2) 2 ( 1.4) 0 ( 0.0) 30 ( 5.1) 5 ( 2.2) 55 ( 5.5) 7 ( 2.8) Bulgaria 1 ..........................................                                             Canada ............................................. 2 11 ( 2.1) 65 ( 4.0) 23 ( 3.6) 1 ( 0.5) 2 2 ( 1.1) 2 ( 0.9) 1 ( 0.7) 22 ( 3.4) 2 ( 0.9) 59 ( 3.7) 13 ( 2.7) Colombia 1 ........................................ 2 16 ( 4.2) 6 ( 2.2) 29 ( 4.0) 48 ( 4.6) 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 0.9) 1 ( 0.8) 17 ( 4.7) 13 ( 2.9) 29 ( 4.2) 39 ( 4.2) Cyprus .............................................. 1 ( 0.0) 37 ( 3.9) 62 ( 3.9) 0 ( 0.0) 2 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 50 ( 5.3) 50 ( 5.3) Czech Republic ................................ 13 ( 3.3) 77 ( 5.3) 11 ( 4.5) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.4) 14 ( 4.5) 0 ( 0.0) 62 ( 5.2) 0 ( 0.3) 23 ( 3.5) 1 ( 0.6) Denmark 1 ......................................... 2 49 ( 4.8) 51 ( 4.8) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 4 ( 1.8) 0 ( 0.0) 42 ( 4.7) 3 ( 1.6) 49 ( 5.2) 2 ( 1.0)

England 1 .......................................... 3 18 ( 3.1) 62 ( 3.7) 20 ( 3.4) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 3 ( 1.0) 1 ( 0.6) 44 ( 3.8) 47 ( 3.7) 3 ( 1.4) 2 ( 1.1) France .............................................. 11 ( 2.6) 86 ( 2.9) 3 ( 1.8) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 2 ( 0.9) 7 ( 2.5) 4 ( 1.2) 77 ( 3.9) 10 ( 2.8) Germany 1 ........................................ 3 25 ( 4.4) 72 ( 4.5) 3 ( 1.8) 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 1.4) 1 ( 1.4) 0 ( 0.0) 22 ( 4.4) 0 ( 0.0) 73 ( 5.0) 3 ( 1.8) Greece 1 ........................................... 9 ( 2.3) 64 ( 4.4) 27 ( 3.9) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 0.9) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.2) 31 ( 3.4) 67 ( 3.5) Hong Kong ....................................... 3 ( 1.9) 4 ( 2.2) 56 ( 5.7) 37 ( 5.9) 1 ( 1.4) 4 ( 2.2) 3 ( 1.8) 25 ( 4.7) 15 ( 4.1) 38 ( 6.0) 14 ( 4.1)

Hungary ............................................ 37 ( 4.0) 57 ( 4.1) 6 ( 2.2) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 0.7) 0 ( 0.0) 2 ( 1.3) 0 ( 0.0) 82 ( 3.0) 15 ( 3.1) Iceland .............................................. 2 36 ( 5.9) 64 ( 5.9) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 5 ( 2.0) 1 ( 1.0) 75 ( 5.5) 19 ( 5.5) Iran, Islamic Republic ....................... 2 1 ( 0.9) 26 ( 4.5) 54 ( 5.3) 19 ( 4.4) 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 0.5) 3 ( 1.4) 10 ( 3.0) 59 ( 4.4) 2 ( 1.1) 26 ( 4.3) Ireland .............................................. 2 12 ( 2.7) 68 ( 4.5) 20 ( 3.9) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 0.9) 0 ( 0.0) 94 ( 2.2) 5 ( 2.0) Israel 1 .............................................. 2 14 ( 5.1) 36 ( 7.4) 49 ( 9.1) 2 ( 1.6) 2 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 1.2) 0 ( 0.0) 3 ( 2.2) 0 ( 0.0) 48 ( 7.1) 48 ( 6.8)

Japan ................................................ 0 ( 0.2) 4 ( 1.4) 88 ( 2.0) 8 ( 1.5) 0 ( 0.0) 27 ( 4.0) 4 ( 1.7) 37 ( 3.7) 10 ( 2.3) 16 ( 2.9) 6 ( 1.5) Korea ................................................ 2 ( 1.2) 1 ( 1.0) 4 ( 1.5) 93 ( 2.0) 0 ( 0.0) 5 ( 1.6) 8 ( 2.2) 27 ( 3.7) 21 ( 3.3) 21 ( 3.2) 18 ( 3.4) Kuwait 1 ............................................ 0 ( 0.0) 49 ( 6.5) 49 ( 6.3) 2 ( 1.9) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 19 ( 6.1) 2 ( 2.0) 60 ( 8.3) 18 ( 6.0) Latvia ( Latvian speaking schools) 1 241 ( 4.0) 51 ( 3.8) 4 ( 2.1) 4 ( 2.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 8 ( 2.8) 1 ( 0.9) 83 ( 3.9) 9 ( 2.4) Lithuania 1 ......................................... 2 43 ( 3.8) 54 ( 3.7) 3 ( 1.6) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 2 ( 1.3) 0 ( 0.0) 76 ( 3.9) 22 ( 3.9)

Netherlands 1 .................................... 16 ( 4.7) 77 ( 5.6) 7 ( 3.6) 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 1.2) 1 ( 0.9) 0 ( 0.0) 12 ( 3.5) 2 ( 1.4) 81 ( 4.2) 4 ( 2.2) New Zealand .................................... 11 ( 2.2) 68 ( 3.8) 21 ( 3.1) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 5 ( 1.9) 2 ( 0.1) 34 ( 4.3) 4 ( 1.5) 54 ( 4.2) 2 ( 1.2) Norway ............................................. 2 20 ( 3.5) 79 ( 3.7) 1 ( 0.5) 1 ( 0.8) 2 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 7 ( 2.7) 8 ( 2.7) 67 ( 4.3) 18 ( 4.0) Portugal ............................................ 12 ( 2.8) 80 ( 3.7) 7 ( 2.6) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 0.9) 1 ( 0.5) 30 ( 4.0) 2 ( 1.1) 57 ( 4.1) 9 ( 2.4) Romania 1 ......................................... 23 ( 2.7) 51 ( 4.3) 24 ( 4.1) 2 ( 1.2) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 0.8) 1 ( 0.6) 11 ( 2.8) 87 ( 2.8)

Russian Federation .......................... 15 ( 2.7) 75 ( 3.6) 9 ( 2.3) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 2 ( 0.9) 1 ( 0.8) 42 ( 3.5) 55 ( 3.4) Scotland 1 ......................................... 2 12 ( 2.8) 80 ( 3.8) 8 ( 2.7) 0 ( 0.0) 2 0 ( 0.4) 20 ( 4.3) 4 ( 2.0) 46 ( 5.1) 6 ( 2.3) 24 ( 4.1) 0 ( 0.0) Singapore ......................................... 1 ( 0.7) 10 ( 2.5) 72 ( 4.3) 18 ( 4.0) 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 0.9) 0 ( 0.0) 3 ( 1.5) 11 ( 3.1) 26 ( 4.1) 58 ( 4.5) Slovak Republic ............................... 15 ( 2.8) 67 ( 4.2) 19 ( 3.6) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 0.9) 0 ( 0.0) 12 ( 2.8) 1 ( 0.7) 83 ( 3.4) 4 ( 1.7) Slovenia 1 ......................................... 2 15 ( 3.1) 80 ( 3.6) 5 ( 1.8) 0 ( 0.0) 2 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 2 ( 1.4) 0 ( 0.0) 74 ( 4.4) 24 ( 4.2)

South Africa 1 ...................................                                             Spain ................................................ 2 13 ( 2.8) 48 ( 4.0) 36 ( 4.2) 4 ( 1.7) 2 0 ( 0.0) 4 ( 1.6) 0 ( 0.0) 18 ( 3.3) 9 ( 2.7) 47 ( 4.4) 22 ( 3.7) Sweden ............................................ 2 36 ( 3.9) 61 ( 4.0) 2 ( 1.2) 0 ( 0.0) 2 0 ( 0.4) 19 ( 3.0) 7 ( 1.9) 45 ( 4.0) 26 ( 3.3) 2 ( 1.2) 1 ( 1.2) Switzerland 1 ..................................... 3 56 ( 4.5) 44 ( 4.5) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 0.4) 1 ( 0.3) 26 ( 4.2) 4 ( 1.5) 61 ( 4.4) 6 ( 2.3) Thailand 1 .........................................                 2 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 6 ( 3.5) 20 ( 4.8) 16 ( 4.7) 58 ( 6.6)

United States .................................... 3 24 ( 3.0) 59 ( 3.9) 12 ( 2.2) 4 ( 1.8) 2 0 ( 0.1) 3 ( 1.3) 0 ( 0.0) 7 ( 1.8) 3 ( 0.9) 64 ( 2.9) 23 ( 3.1)

1 Countries not meeting all International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement's sampling specifications.

2 Teacher response data available for 70 to 84 percent of students.

3 Teacher response data available for 50 to 69 percent of students.   Data not available or not applicable. NOTE.   Data are for 8th grade or equivalent in most countries. Standard errors appear in parentheses.

SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, Mathematics Achievement in the Middle School Years: IEA's Third International and Science Study, 1997, by Albert E. Beaton et al. Copyright Ó   1996 Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA. ( This table was prepared June 1997.) 460 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 402.   Eighth grade students' perceptions about mathematics achievement and hours spent on leisure activities, by country: 1994   95 Country Students' self perceptions about usually doing well in mathematics Average hours each day Strongly disagree Disagree Agree Strongly agree Watching TV or videos Playing or talking with friends Doing jobs at home Playing sports Reading for enjoyment Playing computer games Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Australia 1 ......................................... 3 ( 0.3) 457 ( 7.9) 17 ( 0.7) 487 ( 5.6) 60 ( 0.8) 530 ( 3.9) 20 ( 0.9) 586 ( 4.7) 2.4 ( 0.05) 1.4 ( 0.03) 0.9 ( 0.02) 1.6 ( 0.03) 0.6 ( 0.02) 0.6 ( 0.02)

Austria 1 ............................................ 3 ( 0.4) 512 ( 10.1) 21 ( 1.1) 508 ( 5.4) 45 ( 1.2) 535 ( 4.0) 31 ( 1.4) 572 ( 4.3) 1.9 ( 0.06) 2.9 ( 0.08) 0.8 ( 0.03) 1.9 ( 0.07) 0.8 ( 0.03) 0.6 ( 0.03)

Belgium ( Flemish) ............................ 5 ( 0.4) 512 ( 6.7) 29 ( 1.0) 548 ( 5.9) 48 ( 1.1) 567 ( 6.4) 17 ( 0.9) 609 ( 7.2) 2.0 ( 0.05) 1.6 ( 0.05) 1.1 ( 0.03) 1.8 ( 0.07) 0.7 ( 0.03) 0.5 ( 0.06)

Belgium ( French) 1 ........................... 3 ( 0.4) 467 ( 7.8) 19 ( 1.3) 505 ( 5.4) 48 ( 1.3) 528 ( 3.8) 29 ( 1.5) 550 ( 5.0) 1.9 ( 0.08) 1.7 ( 0.10) 0.8 ( 0.03) 1.8 ( 0.04) 0.8 ( 0.03) 0.7 ( 0.03)

Bulgaria 1 ..........................................                                                         Canada ............................................. 3 ( 0.3) 480 ( 9.0) 13 ( 0.6) 480 ( 4.9) 49 ( 1.1) 514 ( 2.3) 35 ( 1.1) 570 ( 3.4) 2.3 ( 0.04) 2.2 ( 0.05) 1.0 ( 0.02) 1.9 ( 0.03) 0.8 ( 0.02) 0.5 ( 0.02)

Colombia 1 ........................................ 2 ( 0.4)     17 ( 1.3) 373 ( 3.7) 51 ( 1.9) 385 ( 4.6) 30 ( 1.4) 398 ( 5.3) 2.2 ( 0.07) 1.9 ( 0.06) 2.3 ( 0.07) 1.9 ( 0.06) 0.9 ( 0.05) 2 0.4 ( 0.06)

Cyprus .............................................. 5 ( 0.4) 411 ( 7.6) 18 ( 0.8) 432 ( 3.7) 46 ( 1.0) 469 ( 2.6) 31 ( 1.0) 521 ( 4.4) 2.3 ( 0.04) 1.7 ( 0.04) 1.0 ( 0.03) 1.4 ( 0.04) 0.8 ( 0.02) 0.8 ( 0.03)

Czech Republic ................................ 2 ( 0.3)     37 ( 1.4) 516 ( 4.2) 48 ( 1.4) 584 ( 5.2) 13 ( 1.0) 640 ( 8.0) 2.6 ( 0.05) 2.9 ( 0.09) 1.3 ( 0.04) 1.9 ( 0.06) 1.0 ( 0.03) 0.6 ( 0.03)

Denmark 1 ........................................ 1 ( 0.2)     8 ( 0.6) 431 ( 7.0) 53 ( 1.4) 492 ( 3.0) 38 ( 1.3) 537 ( 4.0) 2.2 ( 0.06) 2.8 ( 0.07) 1.1 ( 0.04) 1.7 ( 0.06) 0.7 ( 0.03) 0.7 ( 0.03)

England 1 .......................................... 1 ( 0.2)     6 ( 0.6) 475 ( 8.3) 69 ( 1.0) 500 ( 3.0) 24 ( 1.0) 538 ( 5.8) 2.7 ( 0.07) 2.5 ( 0.06) 0.8 ( 0.03) 1.5 ( 0.05) 0.7 ( 0.03) 0.9 ( 0.05)

France .............................................. 6 ( 0.7) 495 ( 6.1) 26 ( 1.1) 513 ( 4.0) 46 ( 1.0) 548 ( 3.4) 22 ( 0.8) 564 ( 5.1) 1.5 ( 0.04) 1.5 ( 0.05) 0.9 ( 0.03) 1.7 ( 0.04) 0.8 ( 0.03) 0.5 ( 0.02)

Germany 1 ........................................ 7 ( 0.5) 474 ( 7.1) 24 ( 1.0) 491 ( 5.2) 33 ( 1.1) 511 ( 5.1) 36 ( 1.1) 529 ( 5.3) 1.9 ( 0.04) 3.5 ( 0.07) 0.9 ( 0.02) 1.7 ( 0.04) 0.7 ( 0.02) 0.8 ( 0.04)

Greece 1 ........................................... 2 ( 0.3)     16 ( 0.7) 454 ( 3.6) 55 ( 0.8) 481 ( 3.2) 27 ( 0.8) 515 ( 4.2) 2.1 ( 0.04) 1.5 ( 0.04) 0.9 ( 0.03) 1.8 ( 0.04) 1.0 ( 0.03) 0.7 ( 0.03)

Hong Kong ....................................... 11 ( 0.9) 536 ( 9.5) 51 ( 1.2) 577 ( 6.7) 33 ( 1.2) 620 ( 6.7) 5 ( 0.5) 643 ( 8.2) 2.6 ( 0.05) 1.2 ( 0.04) 0.7 ( 0.02) 0.9 ( 0.03) 0.9 ( 0.02) 0.8 ( 0.03)

Hungary ............................................ 3 ( 0.3) 469 ( 11.7) 25 ( 0.9) 490 ( 4.2) 57 ( 1.0) 545 ( 3.4) 15 ( 0.8) 608 ( 4.8) 3.0 ( 0.06) 2.3 ( 0.05) 2.0 ( 0.04) 1.7 ( 0.04) 1.2 ( 0.04) 0.7 ( 0.03)

Iceland .............................................. 3 ( 0.6) 421 ( 10.1) 14 ( 1.4) 447 ( 4.9) 55 ( 1.6) 486 ( 4.5) 28 ( 1.8) 519 ( 9.5) 2.2 ( 0.05) 3.1 ( 0.06) 0.8 ( 0.03) 1.8 ( 0.06) 0.9 ( 0.06) 0.7 ( 0.06)

Iran, Islamic Republic ...................... 1 ( 0.4)     8 ( 0.7) 403 ( 4.3) 62 ( 1.4) 423 ( 2.6) 29 ( 1.4) 450 ( 3.7) 1.8 ( 0.06) 1.2 ( 0.04) 1.8 ( 0.06) 1.2 ( 0.09) 1.1 ( 0.04) 2 0.2 ( 0.02)

Ireland .............................................. 3 ( 0.3) 475 ( 7.7) 18 ( 1.0) 492 ( 5.5) 61 ( 0.9) 530 ( 5.2) 18 ( 1.0) 572 ( 7.6) 2.1 ( 0.03) 1.5 ( 0.06) 0.9 ( 0.03) 1.4 ( 0.05) 0.6 ( 0.02) 0.5 ( 0.03)

Israel 1 .............................................. 2 ( 0.4)     12 ( 1.3) 494 ( 10.1) 45 ( 1.9) 513 ( 6.2) 41 ( 1.9) 549 ( 8.3) 3.3 ( 0.10) 2.4 ( 0.08) 1.2 ( 0.05) 1.9 ( 0.09) 1.0 ( 0.04) 0.9 ( 0.04)

Japan ............................................... 10 ( 0.5) 523 ( 3.7) 45 ( 0.7) 577 ( 2.3) 40 ( 0.7) 650 ( 2.5) 4 ( 0.3) 669 ( 7.8) 2.6 ( 0.04) 1.9 ( 0.04) 0.6 ( 0.01) 1.3 ( 0.03) 0.9 ( 0.02) 0.6 ( 0.02)

Korea ................................................ 9 ( 0.5) 535 ( 5.7) 53 ( 1.0) 572 ( 3.0) 32 ( 0.9) 669 ( 3.0) 6 ( 0.6) 702 ( 5.7) 2.0 ( 0.04) 0.9 ( 0.03) 0.5 ( 0.02) 0.5 ( 0.02) 0.8 ( 0.03) 0.3 ( 0.02)

Kuwait 1 ............................................ 3 ( 0.7) 364 ( 11.3) 9 ( 0.9) 382 ( 3.6) 49 ( 1.7) 386 ( 2.4) 39 ( 2.1) 405 ( 3.9) 1.9 ( 0.07) 1.5 ( 0.11) 1.2 ( 0.08) 1.5 ( 0.10) 1.0 ( 0.04) 0.7 ( 0.05)

Latvia ( Latvian speaking schools) 1 2 ( 0.3)     43 ( 1.2) 471 ( 3.5) 43 ( 1.2) 505 ( 3.7) 12 ( 0.8) 542 ( 5.5) 2.6 ( 0.05) 2.1 ( 0.06) 1.5 ( 0.04) 1.2 ( 0.04) 1.1 ( 0.03) 0.7 ( 0.04)

Lithuania 1 ........................................ 5 ( 0.5) 446 ( 7.5) 46 ( 1.2) 454 ( 3.4) 38 ( 1.2) 492 ( 4.3) 11 ( 0.8) 544 ( 6.0) 2.8 ( 0.05) 2.7 ( 0.06) 1.2 ( 0.03) 1.2 ( 0.04) 1.0 ( 0.03) 0.9 ( 0.04)

Netherlands 1 .................................... 4 ( 0.5) 487 ( 12.4) 21 ( 1.4) 504 ( 7.1) 43 ( 1.3) 537 ( 8.4) 32 ( 1.6) 580 ( 7.3) 2.5 ( 0.09) 2.8 ( 0.08) 0.9 ( 0.04) 1.8 ( 0.06) 0.6 ( 0.03) 0.7 ( 0.04)

New Zealand .................................... 2 ( 0.3)     13 ( 0.8) 466 ( 6.1) 62 ( 0.9) 501 ( 4.5) 22 ( 0.8) 559 ( 5.5) 2.5 ( 0.05) 1.5 ( 0.04) 0.9 ( 0.02) 1.5 ( 0.04) 0.8 ( 0.02) 0.7 ( 0.03)

Norway ............................................. 3 ( 0.3) 434 ( 7.4) 18 ( 0.9) 455 ( 3.2) 58 ( 1.0) 504 ( 2.2) 21 ( 0.8) 555 ( 4.4) 2.5 ( 0.04) 3.2 ( 0.06) 1.1 ( 0.03) 1.9 ( 0.05) 0.7 ( 0.02) 0.8 ( 0.03)

Portugal ............................................ 7 ( 0.5) 419 ( 3.6) 37 ( 1.1) 435 ( 2.3) 42 ( 1.1) 463 ( 2.5) 14 ( 0.8) 502 ( 5.2) 2.0 ( 0.04) 1.7 ( 0.05) 1.0 ( 0.04) 1.7 ( 0.04) 0.7 ( 0.02) 0.7 ( 0.03)

Romania 1 ......................................... 6 ( 0.6) 455 ( 12.0) 25 ( 1.0) 459 ( 4.6) 49 ( 0.9) 488 ( 4.3) 20 ( 1.0) 505 ( 6.3) 1.9 ( 0.06) 1.5 ( 0.06) 1.9 ( 0.08) 1.3 ( 0.05) 1.3 ( 0.07) 0.6 ( 0.05)

Russian Federation .......................... 2 ( 0.3)     37 ( 1.4) 501 ( 7.1) 43 ( 1.1) 547 ( 5.1) 18 ( 0.8) 590 ( 4.9) 2.9 ( 0.05) 2.9 ( 0.05) 1.5 ( 0.03) 1.0 ( 0.03) 1.3 ( 0.04) 1.0 ( 0.04)

Scotland 1 ......................................... 2 ( 0.3)     10 ( 0.8) 455 ( 5.5) 66 ( 1.3) 491 ( 4.8) 22 ( 1.3) 553 ( 9.3) 2.7 ( 0.05) 2.8 ( 0.08) 0.7 ( 0.02) 1.9 ( 0.05) 0.7 ( 0.02) 1.0 ( 0.04)

Singapore ......................................... 6 ( 0.4) 587 ( 9.0) 38 ( 1.2) 624 ( 5.2) 46 ( 1.1) 659 ( 4.9) 11 ( 0.6) 677 ( 6.2) 2.7 ( 0.05) 1.5 ( 0.04) 1.0 ( 0.03) 0.7 ( 0.03) 1.1 ( 0.02) 0.6 ( 0.03)

Slovak Republic ............................... 1 ( 0.2)     28 ( 1.1) 496 ( 3.8) 55 ( 1.1) 555 ( 3.8) 15 ( 0.7) 619 ( 5.2) 2.7 ( 0.05) 2.9 ( 0.07) 1.5 ( 0.05) 1.8 ( 0.04) 1.0 ( 0.03) 0.6 ( 0.03)

Slovenia 1 ......................................... 2 ( 0.3)     24 ( 1.1) 497 ( 4.0) 53 ( 1.0) 538 ( 3.6) 21 ( 0.9) 602 ( 4.2) 2.0 ( 0.04) 1.7 ( 0.05) 1.6 ( 0.05) 1.6 ( 0.03) 0.9 ( 0.02) 0.6 ( 0.02)

South Africa 1 ...................................                                                         Spain ................................................ 5 ( 0.5) 441 ( 4.6) 23 ( 1.0) 456 ( 2.6) 45 ( 1.1) 488 ( 2.6) 27 ( 1.0) 522 ( 3.4) 1.8 ( 0.05) 1.8 ( 0.06) 1.1 ( 0.03) 1.7 ( 0.04) 0.6 ( 0.02) 0.3 ( 0.02)

Sweden ............................................ 2 ( 0.3)     16 ( 0.7) 475 ( 3.4) 61 ( 0.9) 517 ( 3.0) 21 ( 0.8) 565 ( 3.8) 2.3 ( 0.04) 2.3 ( 0.05) 0.9 ( 0.02) 1.6 ( 0.04) 0.7 ( 0.02) 0.6 ( 0.02)

Switzerland 1 .................................... 3 ( 0.4) 497 ( 10.1) 21 ( 0.9) 528 ( 4.0) 47 ( 0.9) 541 ( 3.0) 28 ( 1.1) 575 ( 3.3) 1.3 ( 0.03) 2.4 ( 0.05) 1.0 ( 0.03) 1.8 ( 0.03) 0.8 ( 0.02) 0.4 ( 0.02)

Thailand 1 ......................................... 2 ( 0.3)     38 ( 1.5) 510 ( 5.1) 45 ( 1.1) 529 ( 6.6) 15 ( 0.9) 537 ( 7.4) 2.1 ( 0.07) 1.2 ( 0.03) 1.6 ( 0.03) 1.1 ( 0.02) 1.0 ( 0.02) 0.3 ( 0.02)

United States ................................... 3 ( 0.3) 430 ( 5.1) 11 ( 0.6) 462 ( 4.8) 52 ( 0.9) 491 ( 4.3) 34 ( 1.0) 534 ( 5.9) 2.6 ( 0.07) 2.5 ( 0.06) 1.2 ( 0.04) 2.2 ( 0.05) 0.7 ( 0.02) 0.7 ( 0.03)

1 Countries not meeting all International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement's sampling specifications

2 Student response data available for 70 to 84 percent of students.

  Data not available or not applicable. NOTE.   Data are for 8th grade or equivalent in most countries. Standard errors appear in parentheses.

SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, Mathematics Achievement in the Middle School Years: IEA's Third International Mathematics and Science Study, 1997, by Albert E. Beaton et al.

Copyright Ó   1996 Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA. ( This table was prepared June 1997.) 461 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 403.   Average 4th grade mathematics scores, 1 by content areas, and average time spent studying mathematics out of school, by country:

1994   95 Country Average percent correct by content area Amount of daily out of school study time in mathematics Overall mathematics scores Whole numbers Fractions and proportionality Measurement estimation,

and number sense Data representation,

analysis,

and probability Geometry Patterns, relations,

and functions No time Less than 1 hour 1 hour or more Average hours 2 Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Australia 3 .......................... 63 ( 0.6) 67 ( 0.6) 51 ( 0.7) 60 ( 0.7) 67 ( 0.8) 74 ( 0.7) 64 ( 0.9) 15 ( 0.9) 526 ( 5.6) 61 ( 1.2) 559 ( 3.2) 24 ( 1.0) 530 ( 4.4) 0.8 ( 0.02)

Austria 3 ............................. 65 ( 0.7) 74 ( 0.8) 51 ( 0.8) 69 ( 0.8) 66 ( 1.1) 67 ( 0.8) 64 ( 1.1) 4 ( 0.7) 555 ( 8.6) 58 ( 1.8) 571 ( 3.8) 38 ( 1.6) 546 ( 4.1) 1.0 ( 0.03)

Canada .............................. 60 ( 1.0) 68 ( 0.9) 48 ( 1.0) 54 ( 1.1) 68 ( 1.4) 72 ( 1.4) 62 ( 1.5) 14 ( 1.1) 526 ( 4.4) 60 ( 1.4) 544 ( 4.0) 26 ( 1.2) 522 ( 5.0) 0.8 ( 0.02)

Cyprus ............................... 54 ( 0.6) 65 ( 0.7) 48 ( 0.7) 48 ( 0.8) 52 ( 0.9) 53 ( 0.9) 55 ( 1.1) 9 ( 0.7) 473 ( 6.1) 51 ( 1.9) 519 ( 3.6) 40 ( 1.6) 495 ( 3.8) 1.1 ( 0.03)

Czech Republic ................. 66 ( 0.6) 75 ( 0.6) 53 ( 0.8) 68 ( 0.7) 67 ( 0.9) 71 ( 0.7) 67 ( 0.9) 9 ( 0.9) 547 ( 6.6) 69 ( 1.2) 576 ( 3.6) 22 ( 1.1) 560 ( 4.3) 0.7 ( 0.02)

England 3,5 ......................... 57 ( 0.7) 58 ( 0.7) 45 ( 0.8) 52 ( 0.7) 64 ( 0.9) 74 ( 0.8) 55 ( 1.0)                             Greece .............................. 51 ( 0.9) 62 ( 1.0) 42 ( 1.1) 48 ( 1.0) 50 ( 1.2) 53 ( 1.2) 47 ( 1.2) 6 ( 0.5) 453 ( 6.8) 38 ( 1.6) 512 ( 4.1) 56 ( 1.7) 493 ( 4.0) 1.6 ( 0.04)

Hong Kong ........................ 73 ( 0.9) 79 ( 0.9) 66 ( 1.0) 69 ( 0.9) 76 ( 1.0) 74 ( 0.8) 73 ( 1.2) 6 ( 0.7) 550 ( 7.9) 44 ( 1.2) 595 ( 4.2) 50 ( 1.2) 586 ( 4.5) 1.3 ( 0.03)

Hungary 3 ........................... 64 ( 0.8) 76 ( 0.7) 49 ( 0.9) 64 ( 0.9) 60 ( 1.0) 66 ( 0.8) 69 ( 1.1) 5 ( 0.7) 543 ( 10.8) 58 ( 1.3) 563 ( 3.9) 37 ( 1.4) 533 ( 4.2) 1.0 ( 0.03)

Iceland ............................... 50 ( 0.8) 56 ( 0.9) 36 ( 1.0) 44 ( 0.9) 58 ( 1.2) 63 ( 1.0) 48 ( 1.4) 10 ( 0.8) 457 ( 4.3) 63 ( 1.4) 483 ( 3.5) 27 ( 1.4) 472 ( 3.2) 0.8 ( 0.02)

Iran, Islamic Republic 4 ..... 38 ( 0.9) 51 ( 1.2) 32 ( 1.0) 36 ( 0.9) 23 ( 0.9) 42 ( 0.9) 40 ( 1.4) 5 ( 0.7) 402 ( 6.6) 17 ( 1.3) 433 ( 6.0) 78 ( 1.5) 443 ( 4.5) 2.3 ( 0.07)

Ireland ............................... 63 ( 0.8) 70 ( 0.8) 58 ( 1.0) 56 ( 0.9) 69 ( 0.9) 66 ( 0.8) 64 ( 1.0) 7 ( 0.6) 516 ( 7.1) 70 ( 1.3) 565 ( 3.2) 23 ( 1.2) 530 ( 4.9) 0.8 ( 0.02)

Israel 3,4 ............................. 59 ( 1.0) 71 ( 1.0) 48 ( 1.1) 54 ( 1.0) 64 ( 1.2) 62 ( 1.0) 60 ( 1.5) 14 ( 1.3) 525 ( 6.4) 46 ( 2.2) 535 ( 4.7) 40 ( 1.9) 528 ( 4.1) 1.1 ( 0.05)

Japan ................................ 74 ( 0.4) 82 ( 0.4) 65 ( 0.6) 72 ( 0.5) 79 ( 0.5) 72 ( 0.6) 76 ( 0.6) 10 ( 0.7) 558 ( 4.3) 60 ( 1.1) 598 ( 2.3) 31 ( 1.2) 610 ( 3.0) 0.9 ( 0.02)

Korea ................................. 76 ( 0.4) 88 ( 0.3) 65 ( 0.5) 72 ( 0.5) 80 ( 0.6) 72 ( 0.6) 83 ( 0.7) 14 ( 0.8) 593 ( 4.2) 44 ( 1.1) 610 ( 2.5) 42 ( 1.2) 621 ( 2.3) 1.0 ( 0.02)

Kuwait 3 ............................. 32 ( 0.5) 36 ( 0.5) 25 ( 0.5) 35 ( 0.6) 26 ( 0.6) 36 ( 0.6) 33 ( 1.0) 5 ( 0.7) 372 ( 5.7) 34 ( 1.4) 410 ( 3.0) 60 ( 1.5) 401 ( 2.8) 1.9 ( 0.05)

Latvia ( Latvian speaking schools) 3 ....................... 59 ( 1.0) 68 ( 0.9) 44 ( 1.3) 60 ( 1.0) 54 ( 1.3) 67 ( 1.0) 65 ( 1.2) 7 ( 0.7) 476 ( 7.5) 61 ( 1.9) 542 ( 6.3) 33 ( 1.7) 518 ( 5.1) 1.0 ( 0.03)

Netherlands 3 ..................... 69 ( 0.7) 75 ( 0.8) 60 ( 0.9) 70 ( 0.8) 75 ( 0.9) 71 ( 0.8) 65 ( 1.1) 47 ( 2.7) 593 ( 4.3) 39 ( 2.3) 578 ( 3.6) 14 ( 1.5) 541 ( 6.1) 0.5 ( 0.03)

New Zealand ..................... 53 ( 1.0) 57 ( 1.0) 41 ( 1.1) 49 ( 1.1) 61 ( 1.3) 66 ( 1.1) 52 ( 1.2) 21 ( 1.6) 488 ( 9.7) 54 ( 1.7) 512 ( 4.4) 25 ( 1.4) 493 ( 5.2) 0.8 ( 0.03)

Norway .............................. 53 ( 0.7) 61 ( 0.8) 38 ( 0.7) 56 ( 0.7) 59 ( 0.9) 58 ( 0.9) 50 ( 1.2) 23 ( 1.3) 503 ( 4.1) 58 ( 1.2) 512 ( 3.3) 19 ( 1.1) 497 ( 5.3) 0.6 ( 0.02)

Portugal ............................. 48 ( 0.7) 57 ( 0.8) 38 ( 0.7) 49 ( 0.8) 43 ( 1.1) 52 ( 1.0) 47 ( 1.1) 3 ( 0.5) 420 ( 9.1) 55 ( 1.7) 489 ( 3.9) 42 ( 1.6) 470 ( 3.9) 1.3 ( 0.03)

Scotland 4 .......................... 58 ( 0.8) 61 ( 0.8) 46 ( 1.0) 53 ( 0.9) 66 ( 1.0) 72 ( 0.8) 57 ( 1.0) 26 ( 1.8) 519 ( 7.2) 63 ( 2.0) 528 ( 3.8) 11 ( 1.0) 501 ( 8.9) 0.5 ( 0.02)

Singapore .......................... 76 ( 0.8) 83 ( 0.7) 74 ( 1.0) 67 ( 1.0) 81 ( 0.8) 72 ( 0.8) 76 ( 0.9)                             Slovenia 3 .......................... 64 ( 0.6) 74 ( 0.6) 50 ( 0.9) 64 ( 0.9) 64 ( 1.0) 72 ( 0.8) 68 ( 0.8) 3 ( 0.4) 502 ( 11.4) 57 ( 1.5) 563 ( 3.7) 40 ( 1.4) 548 ( 3.7) 1.0 ( 0.03)

Thailand 3 .......................... 50 ( 1.1) 58 ( 1.3) 44 ( 1.0) 44 ( 1.0) 56 ( 1.5) 53 ( 1.2) 50 ( 1.3) 17 ( 1.3) 470 ( 4.3) 44 ( 1.6) 496 ( 4.5) 39 ( 1.8) 489 ( 6.1) 1.0 ( 0.03)

United States .................... 63 ( 0.6) 71 ( 0.7) 51 ( 0.8) 53 ( 0.6) 73 ( 0.9) 71 ( 0.7) 66 ( 0.9) 8 ( 0.5) 516 ( 4.4) 60 ( 1.1) 561 ( 3.1) 32 ( 1.1) 528 ( 2.9) 1.0 ( 0.03)

1 Fourth grade students or equivalent in most countries.

2 Average hours based on: No time = 0; Less than 1 hour = .5; 1   2 hours = 1.5; 3   4 hours = 3.5; More than 4 hours = 5.

3 Countries not meeting all International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement's sampling specifications

4 Indicates a 70 to 84 percent student response rate on question about time spent studying mathematics.   Data not available or not applicable.

NOTE.    Standard errors appear in parentheses.

SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, Mathematics Achievement in the Primary School Years: IEA's Third International Mathematics and Science Study, 1997, by Albert E. Beaton et al.

Copyright Ó   1997 Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA. ( This table was prepared July 1997.) 462 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 404.   Average 4th grade science scores, 1 by content areas, and average time spent teaching science in school, by country: 1994   95 Country Science content areas Average number of hours science is taught weekly to science classes Overall science scores Earth science Life science Physical science Environmental issues and the nature of science Less than 1 hour 1 to 2 hours 2 to 3 hours More than 3 hours Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Australia 2,3 ........................ 66 ( 0.5) 61 ( 0.6) 72 ( 0.5) 63 ( 0.7) 63 ( 0.8) 35 ( 3.9) 556 ( 5.0) 55 ( 4.0) 568 ( 5.9) 5 ( 1.5) 562 ( 18.1) 5 ( 2.1) 562 ( 8.4)

Austria 2 ............................. 66 ( 0.7) 62 ( 0.8) 72 ( 0.7) 64 ( 0.8) 54 ( 1.0) 0 ( 0.0)     0 ( 0.0)     97 ( 1.8) 566 ( 3.6) 3 ( 1.8) 540 ( 30.3)

Canada .............................. 64 ( 0.6) 62 ( 0.6) 68 ( 0.6) 61 ( 0.7) 56 ( 0.7) 8 ( 2.0) 536 ( 10.1) 42 ( 3.8) 542 ( 5.1) 27 ( 3.3) 567 ( 5.4) 23 ( 3.2) 550 ( 4.6)

Cyprus ............................... 51 ( 0.5) 48 ( 0.7) 55 ( 0.5) 50 ( 0.7) 42 ( 1.0)                                 Czech Republic ................. 65 ( 0.5) 64 ( 0.6) 71 ( 0.5) 62 ( 0.7) 56 ( 0.9) 2 ( 1.1)     79 ( 3.6) 557 ( 3.9) 3 ( 1.4) 572 ( 6.8) 16 ( 3.2) 563 ( 7.3)

England 4,5 ......................... 63 ( 0.6) 61 ( 0.6) 68 ( 0.6) 60 ( 0.8) 56 ( 1.0) 6 ( 1.7) 540 ( 8.7) 27 ( 4.1) 548 ( 7.5) 44 ( 4.8) 556 ( 5.9) 23 ( 3.8) 550 ( 8.2)

Greece .............................. 54 ( 0.8) 52 ( 0.9) 61 ( 0.9) 49 ( 0.9) 43 ( 1.2)                                 Hong Kong ........................ 62 ( 0.7) 61 ( 0.6) 68 ( 0.7) 60 ( 0.8) 50 ( 1.1) 13 ( 3.4) 530 ( 13.3) 84 ( 3.7) 534 ( 4.3) 2 ( 1.5)     1 ( 0.8)     Hungary 2 ........................... 62 ( 0.6) 62 ( 0.7) 66 ( 0.6) 59 ( 0.8) 50 ( 0.9) 6 ( 2.2) 556 ( 13.3) 72 ( 4.1) 529 ( 3.7) 8 ( 3.0) 521 ( 8.4) 14 ( 3.1) 549 ( 10.5)

Iceland 3 ............................ 55 ( 0.7) 55 ( 0.7) 60 ( 0.8) 52 ( 0.7) 47 ( 1.2) 17 ( 4.1) 513 ( 7.3) 41 ( 5.6) 504 ( 7.7) 30 ( 5.1) 499 ( 6.5) 12 ( 4.3) 523 ( 6.8)

Iran, Islamic Republic ....... 40 ( 0.7) 38 ( 0.7) 44 ( 0.7) 40 ( 0.9) 26 ( 0.9)                                 Ireland ............................... 61 ( 0.6) 60 ( 0.8) 66 ( 0.6) 57 ( 0.7) 55 ( 0.9) 47 ( 5.0) 536 ( 5.6) 40 ( 4.4) 540 ( 5.8) 11 ( 3.1) 550 ( 7.1) 2 ( 0.9)     Israel 2,3,6 ........................... 57 ( 0.8) 51 ( 0.8) 61 ( 0.9) 55 ( 0.9) 51 ( 1.3) 0 ( 0.0)     53 ( 5.6) 508 ( 5.5) 32 ( 5.8) 494 ( 6.9) 15 ( 4.3) 493 ( 10.6)

Japan ................................ 70 ( 0.3) 66 ( 0.4) 73 ( 0.3) 70 ( 0.4) 62 ( 0.6) 2 ( 1.3)     1 ( 0.6)     95 ( 1.8) 575 ( 1.8) 2 ( 1.2)     Korea ................................. 74 ( 0.4) 72 ( 0.5) 76 ( 0.4) 75 ( 0.5) 70 ( 0.8) 0 ( 0.0)     1 ( 0.6)     95 ( 1.8) 597 ( 1.9) 5 ( 1.7) 588 ( 10.3)

Kuwait 2,3 ........................... 39 ( 0.5) 36 ( 0.6) 45 ( 0.6) 37 ( 0.5) 25 ( 0.7) 0 ( 0.0)     1 ( 0.7)     96 ( 2.0) 402 ( 3.9) 4 ( 1.8) 416 ( 42.2)

Latvia ( Latvian speaking schools) 2 ....................... 56 ( 0.8) 57 ( 1.0) 60 ( 0.8) 54 ( 0.9) 46 ( 1.2) 89 ( 2.9) 505 ( 5.7) 5 ( 2.2) 538 ( 47.2) 5 ( 2.2) 532 ( 11.9) 1 ( 0.8)     Netherlands 2 ..................... 67 ( 0.5) 61 ( 0.6) 73 ( 0.5) 65 ( 0.6) 61 ( 0.9) 38 ( 5.1) 559 ( 4.0) 44 ( 4.8) 556 ( 4.5) 9 ( 2.6) 556 ( 7.2) 9 ( 2.7) 549 ( 20.1)

New Zealand 3 ................... 60 ( 0.9) 57 ( 0.9) 66 ( 0.9) 57 ( 1.1) 54 ( 1.2) 29 ( 4.2) 542 ( 8.3) 48 ( 4.4) 536 ( 6.1) 14 ( 3.1) 537 ( 17.2) 9 ( 2.6) 509 ( 21.2)

Norway 3 ............................ 60 ( 0.6) 60 ( 0.6) 67 ( 0.7) 55 ( 0.7) 53 ( 0.9) 73 ( 5.0) 527 ( 5.4) 27 ( 5.0) 535 ( 7.6) 0 ( 0.0)     0 ( 0.0)     Portugal ............................. 50 ( 0.7) 50 ( 0.8) 54 ( 0.8) 49 ( 0.9) 39 ( 1.0) 2 ( 1.1)     3 ( 1.4) 486 ( 28.2) 12 ( 3.1) 474 ( 8.8) 84 ( 3.6) 481 ( 4.8)

Scotland 3,4 ........................ 60 ( 0.8) 58 ( 0.9) 65 ( 0.8) 57 ( 0.8) 53 ( 1.2) 35 ( 4.7) 543 ( 5.9) 44 ( 4.7) 534 ( 6.4) 14 ( 3.3) 531 ( 13.2) 7 ( 2.5) 529 ( 12.5)

Singapore .......................... 64 ( 0.8) 58 ( 0.8) 70 ( 0.8) 64 ( 0.8) 53 ( 1.1) 0 ( 0.0)     4 ( 1.5) 548 ( 18.9) 96 ( 1.5) 547 ( 5.1) 0 ( 0.0)     Slovenia 2 .......................... 64 ( 0.7) 64 ( 0.7) 68 ( 0.7) 61 ( 0.8) 54 ( 0.8) 3 ( 1.9) 544 ( 18.9) 60 ( 5.3) 541 ( 4.6) 18 ( 4.0) 550 ( 9.5) 19 ( 3.4) 548 ( 6.8)

Thailand 2,3 ........................ 49 ( 0.9) 48 ( 0.9) 52 ( 0.8) 46 ( 1.0) 48 ( 1.4) 2 ( 1.2)     9 ( 3.5) 463 ( 21.5) 17 ( 6.1) 469 ( 16.5) 73 ( 6.6) 477 ( 6.5)

United States 3 .................. 66 ( 0.5) 64 ( 0.7) 71 ( 0.6) 60 ( 0.6) 65 ( 0.8) 9 ( 2.1) 562 ( 11.5) 16 ( 2.9) 550 ( 10.2) 33 ( 3.8) 578 ( 5.9) 42 ( 4.1) 565 ( 5.1)

1 Fourth grade or equivalent in most countries.

2 Did not satisfy one or more guidelines for sample participation rates, age/ grade specification, or classroom sampling procedures.

3 Teacher response rate for number of hours science is taught is 84 percent or less.

4 Met guidelines for sample participation rates only after replacement schools were included.

5 National defined population covers less than 90 percent of international desired population.

6 National defined population does not cover all of international desired population.   Data not available or not applicable.

NOTE.    Standard errors appear in parentheses.

SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, Science Achievement in the Primary School Years: IEA's Third International Mathematics and Science Study, 1997, by Albert E. Beaton et al.

Copyright Ó   1997 Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA. ( This table was prepared July 1997.) 463 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 405.   Average 12th grade mathematics scores, 1 by sex, and average time spent studying mathematics out of school, by country: 1994   95 Country Average score in mathematics Amount of daily out of school study time in mathematics Mathematics overall Males Females Less than 1 hour One to two hours Three or more hours Average hours 2 Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Australia 3 ..................................... 522 ( 9.3) 540 ( 10.3) 510 ( 9.3) 59 ( 2.2) 521 ( 8.3) 36 ( 2.2) 557 ( 10.2) 5 ( 0.8) 534 ( 13.4) 1.0 ( 0.04) Austria 3 ....................................... 518 ( 5.3) 545 ( 7.2) 503 ( 5.5) 77 ( 1.7) 526 ( 5.8) 19 ( 1.6) 533 ( 9.4) 4 ( 0.8) 502 ( 13.7) 0.6 ( 0.04) Canada 3 ...................................... 519 ( 2.8) 537 ( 3.8) 504 ( 3.5) 56 ( 2.1) 539 ( 5.1) 38 ( 1.9) 547 ( 5.0) 7 ( 1.0) 526 ( 14.6) 1.1 ( 0.05) Cyprus 3 ....................................... 446 ( 2.5) 454 ( 4.9) 439 ( 3.7) 63 ( 2.1) 435 ( 4.3) 29 ( 1.8) 471 ( 4.8) 8 ( 1.3) 451 ( 9.0) 1.0 ( 0.05) Czech Republic ........................... 466 ( 12.3) 488 ( 11.3) 443 ( 16.8) 92 ( 1.5) 464 ( 13.8) 8 ( 1.4) 482 ( 17.8) 0 ( 0.2)     0.4 ( 0.03)

Denmark 3 .................................... 547 ( 3.3) 575 ( 4.0) 523 ( 4.0) 68 ( 2.0) 571 ( 4.9) 28 ( 1.6) 563 ( 4.7) 4 ( 0.7) 562 ( 11.9) 0.9 ( 0.04) France 3 ....................................... 523 ( 5.1) 544 ( 5.6) 506 ( 5.3) 59 ( 2.3) 517 ( 5.1) 35 ( 2.3) 539 ( 6.7) 5 ( 0.7) 505 ( 14.7) 1.0 ( 0.04) Germany 3 .................................... 495 ( 5.9) 509 ( 8.7) 480 ( 8.8)                             Hungary ....................................... 483 ( 3.2) 485 ( 4.9) 481 ( 4.8) 74 ( 0.9) 480 ( 3.2) 24 ( 0.8) 496 ( 5.5) 2 ( 0.2)     0.7 ( 0.02) Iceland 3 ....................................... 534 ( 2.0) 558 ( 3.4) 514 ( 2.2) 79 ( 1.1) 553 ( 3.2) 19 ( 1.1) 542 ( 7.0) 2 ( 0.4)     0.7 ( 0.02)

Italy 3 ............................................ 476 ( 5.5) 490 ( 7.4) 464 ( 6.0) 55 ( 2.6) 479 ( 6.3) 40 ( 2.2) 486 ( 7.2) 5 ( 0.9) 477 ( 11.2) 1.0 ( 0.05) Lithuania 3 .................................... 469 ( 6.1) 485 ( 7.3) 461 ( 7.7) 67 ( 1.8) 472 ( 5.8) 29 ( 1.7) 480 ( 5.2) 4 ( 0.5) 484 ( 11.5) 0.8 ( 0.03) Netherlands 3 ............................... 560 ( 4.7) 585 ( 5.6) 533 ( 5.9) 82 ( 1.7) 606 ( 6.2) 16 ( 1.6) 581 ( 11.1) 1 ( 0.3)     0.7 ( 0.03) New Zealand ............................... 522 ( 4.5) 536 ( 4.9) 507 ( 6.2) 75 ( 1.4) 544 ( 6.1) 23 ( 1.4) 552 ( 5.9) 2 ( 0.3)     0.7 ( 0.03) Norway 3 ...................................... 528 ( 4.1) 555 ( 5.3) 501 ( 4.8) 85 ( 1.4) 541 ( 5.1) 14 ( 1.3) 558 ( 9.5) 1 ( 0.3)     0.5 ( 0.03)

Russian Federation 3 ................... 471 ( 6.2) 488 ( 6.5) 460 ( 6.6) 56 ( 2.0) 463 ( 5.9) 33 ( 1.4) 484 ( 7.5) 11 ( 1.2) 494 ( 8.1) 1.2 ( 0.06) Slovenia 3 ..................................... 512 ( 8.3) 535 ( 12.7) 490 ( 8.0) 72 ( 2.7) 521 ( 9.4) 25 ( 2.6) 518 ( 9.5) 2 ( 0.6)     0.7 ( 0.05) South Africa 3 ............................... 356 ( 8.3) 365 ( 9.3) 348 ( 10.8) 33 ( 1.8) 394 ( 17.1) 51 ( 1.8) 375 ( 10.9) 17 ( 1.2) 344 ( 7.2) 1.7 ( 0.05) Sweden ........................................ 552 ( 4.3) 573 ( 5.9) 531 ( 3.9) 90 ( 0.9) 579 ( 5.4) 9 ( 0.9) 580 ( 7.8) 1 ( 0.2)     0.4 ( 0.02) Switzerland .................................. 540 ( 5.8) 555 ( 6.4) 522 ( 7.4) 67 ( 1.6) 569 ( 4.9) 28 ( 1.3) 550 ( 5.6) 5 ( 0.9) 522 ( 10.6) 0.9 ( 0.04) United States 3 ............................. 461 ( 3.2) 466 ( 4.1) 456 ( 3.6) 76 ( 1.5) 475 ( 3.8) 22 ( 1.5) 486 ( 5.9) 2 ( 0.2)     0.7 ( 0.02)

1 Twelfth grade students or equivalent in most countries.

2 Average hours based on: No time = 0; Less than 1 hour = .5; 1   2 hours = 1.5; 3   5 hours = 4; More than 5 hours = 7.

3 Countries not meeting all International Association for the Evaluation of Education Achievement's sampling specifications.   Data not available or not applicable. NOTE.    Standard errors appear in parentheses.