Tsoa, Eugene, William E. Schrank, and Noel Roy ( 1986). " U. S. Demand for Selected Groundfish Products, 1967 80: Reply." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 68( 4): 1025 1027.

A reply to criticisms raised by Crutchfield ( 1986) and Lin, Johnston, and Rettig ( 1986) about their paper on U. S. demand for groundfish ( 1982).

Tuininga, Chris ( 199?).  The Groundfish Industry in the Denmark.  Draft report, Department of Agricultural and resource Economics, Oregon State University, Ballard Extension Hall # 205, Corvallis, Oregon, 20 pp.

A review of the groundfish industry in Denmark including landings, production, trade, fleet characteristics, the domestic market, fishery policy, and its economy.

Tuininga, Chris and Richard Johnston ( 199?).  The Groundfish Industry in the Netherlands.  Draft report, Department of Agricultural and resource Economics, Oregon State University, Ballard Extension Hall # 205, Corvallis, Oregon, 21 pp.

A review of the groundfish industry in the Netherlands including landings, production, trade, fleet characteristics, the domestic market, fishery policy, and its economy.

Turnbull, Deborah ( 1980). " Provisional Bibliography: Fish By Catch From Shrimp Trawling." Prepared for Round Table on Non Traditional Fishery Products for Mass Human Consumption, September 15 19, Washington, D. C. Compiled by I. D. R. C. 5990 Iona Drive, U. B. C., Vancouver, B. C. V6T1L4, Canada.

Many of the listed papers are part of the holdings of the IDRC fisheries library in Vancouver, B. C., Canada. The citations are listed alphabetically according to the author's name. The citations are numbered to facilitate the use of the subject and geographical indices.

Turner, Matthew A. ( 1996).  Value based ITQ  s.  Marine Resource Economics, 11( 2): 59 69.

There is empirical and theoretical evidence indicating that quota induced high grading is a problem in weight based ITQ programs. This paper examines value based ITQ programs as a possible solution to this problem. It is shown that value based ITQ programs do not provide an incentive to high grade and may achieve a target harvest with greater accuracy than weight based ITQ programs. Two ways of administering value based ITQ programs are suggested. Though both are arguably more difficult to administer than a 6 8 2 weight based ITQ program, a value based ITQ program may be less complicated that a weight based ITQ program coupled with the sorts of taxes, landings restrictions, or multiple quotas, that have been proposed as remedies for quota induced high grading.

Turris, Bruce R. ( 1994).  Canada  s Pacific Halibut Fishery: A Case Study of an Individual Quota Fishery.  In Karyn L. Gimbel ( ed.) Limiting Access to Marine Fisheries: Keeping the Focus on Conservation, Center for Marine Conservation and the World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D. C.

The halibut fishery is one of the oldest commercial fisheries in the North Pacific, dating back to the 1890' s. In Canada, as in most competitive fisheries around the globe, by the late 1980' s the halibut fishery was becoming increasingly unsafe, overcapitalized, wasteful, and difficult to manage. As the number of fishing days diminished annually, product quality worsened, and landed price fell, fishermen started wondering if there was not a better way to manage the halibut fishery. Their quest for an alternative management approach for the halibut fishery resulted in the implementation of individual quotas in 1991. This presentation will discuss the Canadian Pacific halibut fishery before and after the introduction of individual quotas. The presentation addresses the problems and concerns in the fishery that led to a change in management, provides details of how the program was implemented, and describes the benefits of the system to date.

Turvey, Ralph ( 1964). " Optimization and Suboptimization in Fishery Regulation." American Economic Review, 56: 207 218.

The purpose of this article is to show that fishery regulation is one of those spheres of economic policy where what is the best thing to do depends on what can be done. What follows is a static analysis of a single trawl fishery where there is only one fish stock, fished from ports that supply a common competitive market and that are equidistant from the fishing ground with free and easy entry by new firms. The purpose is to provide an interesting and important example of the notions of optimization and suboptimization and of the proposition that coping with external diseconomies will sometimes involve interfering with the nature as well as the scale of private productive activities.

Twomley, Bruce ( 1994). " License Limitation in Alaskan Salmon Fisheries." In Karyn L. Gimbel ( ed.) Limiting Access to Marine Fisheries: Keeping the Focus on Conservation, Center for Marine Conservation and the World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D. C.

Information from Alaska  s license limitation program in its salmon fisheries may help participants address the two questions posed at the conference: ( 1) is limited access appropriate and effective and ( 2) if so, what form limited access works best for a particular fishery?

Upton, Graham J. G. and Bernard Fingleton ( 1985). " Regression and Autoregression." Chapter 5 in Spatial Data Analysis by Example, john Wiley & Sons, New York.

This chapter focuses attention on certain aspects of regression analysis that come to the fore with spatial data.

Upton, Harry ( 1992). " Problems in the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery." Chapters 4 and 5 of a draft report, Center for Marine Conservation, 1725 DeSales St, NW, STE 500, Washington, D. C. 6 8 3 Problems associated with the Gulf shrimp fishery can be divided into two general categories. Those relating directly to the Gulf shrimp harvesting sector and those relating to other natural and human induced changes occurring in the Gulf of Mexico coastal zone. The seven basic problems are: overcapitalization and overcapacity, incidental bycatch, overfishing, habitat loss, management/ enforcement problems and gaps in research, increasing imports that are competing with domestic production, and introduction of alien species of shrimp or viruses. Problems in research and management may be tied to both of these categories.

Upton, Harry, Peter Hoar, and Melissa Upton ( 1992). The Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery: Profile of a Valuable National Resource. Center for Marine Conservation, 1725 DeSales Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036.

This report provides an overview of the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery  its biology, habitat, economics, and management  and to show how these elements interact. After the overview, the primary problems of the fishery are defined and summarized. The final chapter provides some management alternatives and recommendations for solving some of the problems facing the fishery.

United Nations ( 1995).  Draft Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks.  United Nations Conference on Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, Sixth Session, New York, 24 July  4 August 1995.

The objective of this agreement is to ensure the long term conservation and sustainable use of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks through effective implementation of the relevant provisions of the Convention.

United States Department of Commerce ( 1989).  Style Guide, Regional Fishery Management Councils, Other Applicable Law, Guidelines for Council Operations and Administration.  Federal Register, January 17, 54( 10): 1700 1720.

NOAA issues this rule to revise regulations and guidelines concerning the operation of Regional Fishery Management Councils under the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act. This action implements parts of Title 1 of Pub. 1, 99 659, which amends the Magnuson Act, clarifies instructions of the Secretary of Commerce on other statutory and regulatory requirements affecting the Councils and adjusts the fishery management planning and development procedures in line with recommendations of two fishery management studies commissioned by NOAA in 1986. This action includes the uniform standards for the operation of the Councils required by the Magnuson Act.

United States Department of Commerce ( 1989).  Guidelines for Fishery Management Plans.  Federal Register, July 24, 54( 140): 30826 30844.

NOAA issues this rule to revise the advisory guidelines for two of the seven national standards for fishery conservation and management set forth in section 301( a) of the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act. Standards 1 requires conservation and management measures to prevent  overfishing  on a continuing basis. Standard 2 requires conservation and management measures to be based on the best scientific information available. The revised guidelines stipulate that : ( 1) Each existing and future FMP 6 8 4 specify, to the maximum extent possible, an objective and measurable definition of overfishing for each managed stock or stock complex, with an analysis of how the definition was determined and how it relates to biological potential; and ( 2) the Secretary is responsible for assuring that a Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation ( SAFE) report is prepared and updated as necessary, for each fishery.

United States Department of Commerce ( 1995).  Atlantic Swordfish Fishery.  50 CFR Part 630, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, September, 20 pp.

An unofficial compilation of federal regulations for the swordfish fishery, proposed rules, public hearing announcements, and updates.

United States Department of Commerce ( 1995).  Atlantic Tuna Fishery.  50 CFR Part 285, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, September, 60 pp.

An unofficial compilation of federal regulations for the Atlantic tuna fishery, proposed rules, public hearing announcements, and updates.

United States Department of Commerce ( 1995).  Atlantic Sharks.  50 CFR Part 678, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, October, 15 pp.

An unofficial compilation of federal regulations for the Atlantic shark fishery, proposed rules, public hearing announcements, and updates.

United States Department of Commerce ( 1996).  Atlantic Swordfish Fisheries: Limited Access Program.  50 CFR Parts 600 and 678, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, 31 pp.

The National Marine Fisheries Services proposes to implement a limited access system contained in Amendment 1 to the Fishery Management Plan for Atlantic Swordfish that would redefine permits as directed or incidental, develop eligibility criteria for these permits based on historical participation, and specify rules for transferability of permits.

United States Department of Commerce ( 1996).  Atlantic Swordfish and Shark Fisheries: Establishing an Interim Rule.  50 CFR Parts 630 and 678, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, July, 9 pp.

NMFS proposes to amend those regulations governing the Atlantic swordfish and Atlantic shark fisheries by establishing a limited access system and defining criteria for participation in both fisheries. Amendment 1 to the Fishery Management Plan for Atlantic Swordfish and Amendment 1 to the Fishery Management Plan for Atlantic Sharks describe the proposed action in detail. NMFS proposes to institute a limited access system for the fisheries, develop eligibility criteria for participating in the fisheries based on historical participation, specify rules for transferability of permits, and prohibit the possession or sale of swordfish or sharks caught incidentally as bycatch in fisheries targeting other species ( e. g., tuna). The intent of this regulation is to cap commercial harvesting capacity at recent historic levels to prevent additional vessels from entering these fisheries thus leading to additional overcapitalization.

United States Department of Commerce ( 1996).  Fisheries of the Caribbean, Gulf, and South Atlantic.  50 CFR Part 622, National Oceanic and 6 8 5 Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, November, 85 pp.

An unofficial compilation of federal regulations for the southeast region fisheries, proposed rules, public hearing announcements, and updates.

United States Department of Commerce ( 1996). Magnuson Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS F/ SPO 23, December, 121 pp.

An act to provide for the conservation and management of the fisheries and for other purposes.

United States International Trade Commission ( 1976). Shrimp. USITC Publication 773, Washington, D. C., May, 111 pp.

This study analyses the impact of shrimp aquaculture imports on the domestic, open access fishery in the Gulf of Mexico and the south Atlantic. The commission determined that shrimp, fresh, chilled, frozen, prepared, or preserved is being imported into the United States in such increased quantities as to be a substantial cause of serious injury to the domestic industry catching and landing shrimp.

United States International Trade Commission ( 1985). Conditions of Competition Affecting the U. S. Gulf and South Atlantic Shrimp Industry. USITC Publication 1738, August, 277 pp.

This study analyses the impact of shrimp aquaculture imports on the domestic, open access fishery in the Gulf of Mexico and the south Atlantic.

Urner Barry ( 1995). " U. S. Imports of Shrimp ( All Types) by Country." Fishery Market News Report, 5: 10, Wednesday, January 25.

Table of imports of shrimp by country comparing November 1993 to November 1994 with cumulative totals.

Valatin, Gregory ( 1992).  The Relationship Between Fleet Capacity and Fishing Effort.  Fifth IIFET Conference, Paris, Sea Fish Industry Authority, 10 Young Street, Edinburgh EH2 4JQ, United Kingdom, July, 12 pp.

It appears by no means a simple task to quantify how fleet capacity is translated into effort and catches of the particular stocks of interest. Some of the important considerations entailed in the use of structural policies to reduce fleet capacity and effort are highlighted.

Valencia, Mark J. And James Barney Marsh ( 1986).  Southeast Asia: Marine Resources, Extended Jurisdiction, and Development.  Marine Resource Economics, 3( 1): 3 27.

This paper is an analytical survey of the supply and demand for marine resources in Southeast Asia region. Of particular interest are the net resource gains or losses to specific countries resulting from extended maritime jurisdiction and the impact these changes may have on development. First approximation estimates are presented as to the growth rates of demand for specific resources ( hydrocarbons, living resources, etc.) and the net value of the resources to the various countries.

van Kooten, G. Cornelis ( 1995).  Climatic Change and Canada  s Boreal Forest: 6 8 6 Socio economic Issues and Implications for Land Use.  Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 43( 1): 133 148.

This paper reviews the effect of climate change and policies to sequester carbon on forest land use. Efficient mitigation strategies often require the conversion of agricultural land to forestry in order to sequester carbon, but such strategies could be wrong for Canada  s boreal forest region if global warming is inevitable. It is argued that, from both an economic and a social perspective, conversion of the southern boreal forest to grassland or agriculture might be a better policy.

Van Meter, Victoria Brook ( 1987). Florida's Sea Turtles. Florida Power and Light Company.

An overview of the marine turtle for the general public.

Vannuccini, Stefania ( 1995). World Production and Trade in Small Pelagics ( 1988 95) Statistical Survey. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, GLOBEFISH, Fishery Industries Division, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy, June.

The world market for small pelagic species is reviewed in tabular and graphic form. The major species groups covered are mackerel, jack and horse mackerel, herring, sprat, pilchard, sardine and sardinella. Landings are reported by species and by major countries, by production and major producing countries and by product type; exports and imports are broken down by product type and by country of origin and destination.

Varaiya, P. P. ( 1972). Notes on Optimization. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.

The objective of these notes is to present the main concepts and techniques of mathematical programming and optimal control to students having diverse technical backgrounds. An understanding of this material should enable the reader to follow much of the recent technical literature on nonlinear programming, deterministic optimal control, and mathematical economics.

Varian, Hal R. ( 1984). Microeconomic Analysis. 2nd edition, Chapters 0, 1, 2, 3, and 8. W. W. Norton & Company, New York.

A description of economics, the theory of the firm, the theory of the market, the theory of the consumer, and topics in the economics of information are included.

Vaughan, Douglas S. and James M. Nance ( 1998). " Estimates of Bycatch of Mackerel and Cobia in U. S. South Atlantic Shrimp Trawls." Report for Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic Fishery Management Councils, National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina, February, 25 pp.

Estimates of bycatch of king and Spanish mackerel and cobia were requested to be made for inclusion in the 1998 stock assessments of these species by the Gulf and South Atlantic Fishery Management Councils using two approaches to expand bycatch finfish samples with shrimp trawl catch and effort information to obtain estimates of total finfish bycatch withing larger temporal/ geographic strata. First, expansion by trip and the second, finfish to shrimp catches withing strata. 6 8 7 Vaughan, Douglas S. and James R. Waters ( 1994). " Comparison of Weighted Nonlinear Regressions on the Von Bertalanffy Growth Curve Using Data with Unequal Numbers at Age." Draft report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina.

When estimating parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth curve from length at age data for marine fishes, often most length measurements are from younger fish, with fewer measurements of older fish. Plots of observed and predicted lengths or comparisons of the estimated parameter L"  with maximum lengths observed may suggest that poor estimates of L"  were obtained. In this study, growth in length of individual fish was simulated from a von Bertalanffy growth curve with known parameters, with the number of fish sampled at each age depending on the instantaneous mortality rate, Z. Methods of weighted nonlinear regression, applied to simulated growth data, included: ( 1) unweighted; or weighted by the inverse of ( 2) the numbers of fish measured at each age ( 1/ Ni), ( 3) the standard error of the mean length at each age ( 1/ SEi), and ( 4) the estimated standard deviation in length at each age ( 1/  Ã  ) . Less accurate and precise estimates of L"  and K were obtained with increasing Z for all weighting methods; except for large K, when more accurate parameter estimates were obtained with increasing Z. Weighting by 1/ Ni yielded more precise estimates of the growth parameter than the other weighting methods. In practice, the advice of looking for patterns in the residuals should be followed before making the final choice among estimation methods.

Vaughan, Douglas S., Joseph E. Powers, and Gerald P. Scott ( 1990). " Preliminary Production Model Analysis of the North Atlantic Swordfish Resource." ICCAT Working Document, SCRS/ 90/, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina.

The status of the North Atlantic swordfish resource is considered using production model analysis. Sensitivity of the production model fits to stock hypotheses, model parameters, and equilibrium assumptions as well as error in measures of effective effort are considered in the analysis. When the catch and effort time series is of short duration compared to the life span of the fish species ( as with swordfish), simulation results suggest that traditional production model fits to data representing non equilibrium ( transitional) conditions in a fishery may give spurious results and can form a poor basis for management decisions.

Vaughan, Douglas S., John V. Merriner, Charles S. Manooch III, and Jennifer Potts ( 1995). " Assessment of Southeastern U. S. Atlantic Wreckfish Stock for Fishing Years 1988 1994." Report for Snapper Grouper Assessment Group, South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina, January, 32 pp.

The material included in this report updates that provided in the February 1994 report ( Vaughan it al., 1994) to the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council's ( SAFMC) Snapper Grouper Assessment Group. Included are the latest analysis of length at age data, a summary of landings and length frequency data from the fishery for 1988 through 1994 fishing years, application of separable virtual population analysis to two catch at age matrices, and analysis of yield and spawning stock biomass per recruit. Appendix A presents a sensitivity analysis of the VPA by including limited data recently obtained from the eastern North Atlantic. Complete landings for 6 8 8 January of the 1994 fishing year ( January, 1995) were not available at the time this analysis was undertaken.

Vaughan, Douglas S., John V. Merriner, Charles S. Manooch III, and Jennifer Potts ( 1996). " Assessment of Southeastern U. S. Atlantic Wreckfish Stock for Fishing Years 1988 1995." Report for Snapper Grouper Assessment Group, South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina, January, 35 pp.

The material included in this report updates that provided in the February 1995 report ( Vaughan it al., 1995) to the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council's ( SAFMC) Snapper Grouper Assessment Group. Included are the latest analysis of length at age data, a summary of landings and length frequency data from the fishery for 1988 through 1995 fishing years, application of separable virtual population analysis to two catch at age matrices, and analysis of yield and spawning stock biomass per recruit. Complete landings for January of the 1995 fishing year ( January, 1996) were not available at the time this analysis was undertaken. hood methods ( Kmenta, 1971).

Vaughan, William J. and Clifford S. Russell ( 1982). " Valuing a Fishing Day: An Application of a Systematic Varying Parameter Model." Land Economics, 58( 4): 450 463.

The objective of this study is to estimate the value in average willingness to pay terms of a day of freshwater recreational fishing differentiated by fish species sought. The approach employed involves the estimation of a varying parameter travel cost model from cross sectional data on fee fishing sites. This refinement of the traditional travel cost model attempts to account for the influence of site characteristics  especially the fish species available for capture  on the demand function for fishing days.

Vaughan, William J., Clifford S. Russell, and Michael Hazilla ( 1982). " A Note on the Use of Travel Cost Models with Unequal Zonal Populations: Comment." Land Economics, 58( 3): 400 407.

In this comment, we show, using data from Bowes and Loomis ( 1980), that misspecification of functional form can produce distorted estimates of consumers' surplus and commensurate errors in estimates of site value. Further, we suggest that estimating a linear visitation travel cost relationship when the true relationship is nonlinear can produce variance in the residuals that could be erroneously diagnosed as heteroskedasticity if either a constructive ( Park, 1966) test is applied to the OLS residuals or if the heteroskedasticity parameter is estimated directly using maximum likeli( 1981). " Research Priorities in the Gulf Shrimp Industry." Mississippi State University, Mississippi Cooperative Extension Service, Sea Grant Advisory Services, 4646 W. Beach Blvd., Suite 1 E, Biloxi, MS 39531.

Nominal grouping is used to arrive at a list of priorities and a consensus of their importance. The ten items that were considered to be most important are ( 1) high cost of fuel, ( 2) market research to increase per capita consumption, ( 3) research on the impact of foreign shrimp imports and alternative solutions to minimize this impact, ( 4) excessive governmental regulation, ( 5) research on the impact of uniform conservation laws for all national and international fisheries, ( 6) pollution of estuaries, ( 7) increased utilization of bycatch, ( 8) loss of the fishing area ( Texas closure), ( 9) the impact of high interest rates on vessels and inventory, and 6 8 9 ( 10) possible overcapitalization of the shrimp fleet. A brief description of each problem by a technical specialist is provided.

Veal, C. David and John R. Kelly ( 1983). " Fuel Conservation in the Gulf and South Atlantic Shrimp Fishing Fleet." Report VIII in Assessment of Shrimp Industry Potentials and Conflicts, Shrimp Notes Incorporated, 417 Eliza Street, New Orleans, Louisiana, August, 62 pp.

The problems associated with improving fuel efficiency in the Gulf and south Atlantic shrimp fishing fleet are complex. While the technology exists, the data necessary to do an adequate job of designing fuel efficient technologies for each vessel do not exist since they were not constructed in shipyards using marine engineers or naval architects. The authors propose the formation of a number of task forces and delivery mechanism that should provide adequate information to allow each individual vessel owner to make appropriate decision on fuel saving technologies that affect him.

Veal, David, Ron Lukens, and Dave Burrange ( 1984). " Structure, Strategy and Fuel Consumption in the Mississippi Alabama Shrimp Fleet." Final report, NMFS Award No. NA82 GA H 00007, GASAFDFI Project No. 21 04 15000, January, 27 pp.

This study develops a base of information on present fuel use patterns and gear characteristics in the Mississippi and Alabama shrimp fleets as examples of operations that demand high mobility and are fuel intensive. The information can be used in planning fuel use patterns that may be more efficient and in the evaluation of potential needs for research and fuel conservation technology.

Veal, David, Mac V. Rawson, Jr., and William Hosking ( 1981). " Structure, Strategy and Fuel Consumption in the Gulf Shrimp Fleet." The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, No. 3. Papers to be presented at Fishing Industry Energy Conservation Conference, Seattle, WA, October 26 27, 1981.

For the Gulf fleet, fuel and oil account for 40 54 percent of total operating cost for vessels over 15 m ( 50 ft.). The Gulf shrimp fleet consumes 33 percent of the diesel fuel used by the U. S. fishing industry; the shrimp industry is second only to the Maine lobster industry in energy inefficiency per unit of protein produced.

Veal, C. David, Gary Graham, J. E. Easley, and J. R. Kelly ( 1983). " Gear Development, Harvesting Strategies and Fleet Capacity of the Gulf and South Atlantic Shrimp Industry." Report II in Assessment of Shrimp Industry Potentials and Conflicts, Shrimp Notes Incorporated, 417 Eliza Street, New Orleans, Louisiana, August, 74 pp.

A discussion of limited entry options for the south Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico shrimp fisheries.

Veim, Anne Kjos, Knut Sunnana, Per Sandberg, and Peter Gullestad ( 1994). " Bycatch of Juvenile Fish in the Shrimp Fishery  Management Based on Bioeconomic Criteria." C. M. 1994/ T: 14, Theme Session on Improving the Link Between Fisheries Science and Management: Biological, Social, and Economic Considerations, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, September, 14 pp. 6 9 0 The bycatch of juvenile fish can be a major problem in fisheries with small meshed trawls, such as fisheries for shrimp, ( Pandalus borealis). A sorting grid that effectively removes most of the undersized fish has been developed for shrimp trawls and it is not legal to fish for shrimp in the Barents Sea without the use of this sorting grid. Apart from this, the existing catch regulation of the shrimp fishery in the Barents Sea is the closing of shrimp fisheries on fishing grounds when the bycatch of juvenile fish exceeds the criteria for allowable bycatch in numbers per ton of shrimp set by the Norwegian  Russian Fishery Commission. In this paper, a new method for the calculation of a criteria for closing shrimp fisheries based on both biological and economic considerations is established. This bioeconomic approach is an alternative to the existing biological approach. The main concept in the bioeconomic approach is that if the expected future value of the bycatch exceeds the value of the shrimp catches, the shrimp fishery should be closed. In this paper, a joint criteria for allowable bycatch is developed and calculated, including all the commercially interesting species whose juveniles are caught as bycatch in the shrimp fisheries in the Barents Sea.

Vestergaard, Niels ( 1996).  Discard Behavior, Highgrading, and Regulation: The Case of the Greenland Shrimp Fishery.  Marine Resource Economics, 11( 4): 247 266.

A formal economic analysis of the discarding problem is presented, focusing on the individual fisherman and the effect of different regulations on the fisherman  s incentives to discard. If the marginal trip profit of an extra fishing day is greater than the average trip profit in a nonregulated multispecies or single species/ multisize fishery constrainted only by the hold capacity and the length of the season, the fisherman may have rational incentives to discard/ highgrade. Regulation by TAC does not change the incentives to discard. However, under individual nontransferable quotas ( INTQs) and individual transferable quotas ( ITQs), the incentives to discard increase. The incentives to discard decrease under ITQs compared to INTQs, if the unit quota price is smaller than the shadow price of the quota. The model is applied to the Greenland shrimp fishery, where it demonstrates the reported discard behavior in the fishery. Finally, different regulations of discard are applied and discussed in the model. The analysis suggests that regulation of fishing days could be a promising alternative to usual suggested measures like tax/ subsidies and landings obligations.

Vestergaard, Niels ( 1998).  Property Rights Based Regulation of Fishery: Applications and Theory.  Ph. D. Dissertation, ROD Serie, nr. 50, Okonomisk Institut, Kobenhavns Universitet, December, 92 pp.

A collection of papers on the application of ITQs in the cod, shrimp, multispecies, and Danish fisheries as well as sunk costs and entry exit decisions.

Vieira, Luis Fernando ( 1987). " Forecasting with Multivariate Time Series Models: An Application to the Sea Scallop Fishery." Dissertation, Department of Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI.

The objective of this research is to develop time series forecasting models for economic variables characterizing the U. S. Atlantic sea scallop fishery, namely, ex vessel prices, effort, and landings. The proposal is included with the dissertation.

Voiland, Michael P., Jr. ( 1984). " Coastal Fishing Access: Needs And New 6 9 1 Initiatives." Chapter 12 in Richard H. Stroud ( ed.) Marine Recreational Fisheries, 9, Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Marine Recreational Fisheries Symposium, Virginia Beach, Virginia, April 24 and 25, National Coalition for Marine Conservation, Inc., Savannah, Georgia.

The need to develop coastal fishing activities is examined in terms of its capacity to satisfy myriad human needs. The Lake Ontario experience suggests a scenario of processes and initiatives that bring about improvements to access in coastal settings in the future.

Vondruska, John ( 1981). " Drop in Shrimp Prices and Shrimp Business Survival." Memorandum, United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Washington, D. C., August, 4 pp.

A market situation and outlook report for 1981 covering 1973 to 1981 with special emphasis on July to August, 1981.

Vondruska, John ( 1983). " Fishery Commodity Report: Sea Scallops and American Lobster." National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Utilization Research, August, pp. 8.

Report of the landings and imports trends of sea scallops and American lobsters for 1983.

Vondruska, John ( 1983). " Fishery Commodity Report: Shrimp." National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Utilization Research, August, 9 pp.

Report of the landings and imports of shrimp for 1983.

Vondruska, John ( 1985). " Market Trends and Outlook for Surimi Based Foods." Report for the International Symposium on Engineered Seafoods, Seattle, Washington, November 19 21, pp. 59.

The U. S. market for surimi based foods reached 70 million pounds in 1984, mostly imitation crab products containing 0 to 35 percent crab meat. This report presents the market trends and outlook for surimi based foods in the U. S.

Vondruska, John ( 1986). " Shrimp Situation and Outlook." National Marine Fisheries Service, 9450 Koger Blvd., St. Petersburg, FL, August, 2 pp.

Situation and outlook for the shrimp processing and harvesting industries including landings, imports, inventories, consumption, prices, Japan's imports, and the outlook for the near future.

Vondruska, John ( 1986). " Investment in the Fishing Industry." Draft report, NMFS, SERO, 9450 Koger Blvd., St. Petersburg, FL 33702.

Estimated investment in U. S. commercial fishing increased sharply in the late 1970' s, but has subsided in the 1980' s. The smaller growth in number of vessels than in investment in vessels indicates that larger, more expensive vessels were being added to the fleet.

Vondruska, John ( 1987). " An Assessment of Gulf Shrimp Landings Data Published in New Orleans Market News Report." Report, National 6 9 2 Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, 9450 Koger Blvd., St. Petersburg, FL, November, 5 pp.

An assessment of market news data for 1987 that seemed to indicate some errors in data collection.

Vondruska, John ( 1987). " The Gulf Shrimp Industry." Report presented at the Gulf States Marine Fishery Commission's Industry Advisory Committee Meeting, NOAA, NMFS, SERO, St. Petersburg, FL.

A review of harvesting and processing sector employment, production, and investment trends for 1986.

Vondruska, John ( 1989). " Shrimp Situation and Outlook  1988." National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, 9450 Koger Blvd., St. Petersburg, FL 33702.

A review of harvesting and processing sector employment, production, and investment trends for 1988.

Vondruska, John ( 1990). " Swordfish Market Issues." Draft report, NMFS, SERO, 9450 Koger Blvd., St. Petersburg, FL 33702.

Respecting draft Amendment 1 to the Fishery Management Plan for Atlantic Swordfish of December 1989, several hypothetical situations are assessed. This is followed by some background information dealing with some aspects of the assessment.

Vondruska, John ( 1990). " Shrimp Situation and Outlook  1990." Draft report, NMFS, SERO, 9450 Koger Blvd., St. Petersburg, FL 33702.

A review of harvesting and processing sector employment, production, and investment trends for 1990.

Vondruska, John ( 1991). " Data for Shark Plan Update." Memorandum for Paul Leach, NMFS, SERO, 9450 Koger Blvd., St. Petersburg, FL 33702.

Landings data for 1989 and 1990 and an analysis of trends in the shark fishery is provided.

Vondruska, John ( 1991). " International Swordfish Market and Fishery Issues Revisited." Draft report, NMFS, SERO, 9450 Koger Blvd., St. Petersburg, FL 33702.

The international market and fishery effects of the drastic Council proposed U. S. catch and import quotas for swordfish are assessed.

Vondruska, John ( 1991). " Trends in World Production and Major Markets for Shrimp." Draft report, Southeast Regional Office, National Marine Fisheries Service, St. Petersburg, Fl.

Trends in production, trade, and consumption are described for the world's three major shrimp markets; the U. S., Japan, and European Economic Community. Trends in world production are also described, including breakdowns for farmed shrimp and cold water shrimp.

Vondruska, John ( 1991). " World Shrimp Situation 1990: Effects on Southeast Harvesting." U. S. Department of Commerce, National 6 9 3 Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS SERO 294, October, 22 pp.

U. S. shrimp landings and use fell slightly in 1990. Use was up slightly for Japan, Europe, and the world. Prices and production problems continued to plague shrimp farms that accounted for most of the growth in world supplies over the past decade. Shrimp fishermen faced problems too. Whether the price strength of larger shrimp will be overcome by supplies of farmed black tiger shrimp over the long haul as in 1988 89 is unclear, but along with the longterm downward trend in real prices this could affect decisions by fishery and business managers.

Vondruska, John ( 1992). " Economic Assessment, Florida Spiny Lobster Fishery." Draft report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, 9450 Koger Blvd., St. Petersburg, FL.

This report updates previous economic assessments of the spiny lobster fishery of the southeastern continental United States, that now occurs mostly on the southern tip of Florida. The assessment is for the commercial fishery. Data on the sport fishery is scant, but a 1991 survey suggests that its catch is more significant than once thought.

Vondruska, John ( 1992). " Economic Assessment for Red Drum." Report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, St. Petersburg, FL.

Economic assessment of the red drum fishery in the Gulf of Mexico and south Atlantic. This report updates previous analysis of trends in Atlantic and Gulf coast Commercial and recreational landings, ex vessel prices and supplies, using data mostly for 1962 90.

Vondruska, John ( 1992). " Southeast Shrimp Fishery Market Conditions, 1991 1992." Preliminary draft report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, December, 16 pp.

Prices, market supplies, and aquaculture trends facing the shrimp wholesale market and harvesting industry for 1991 and 1992.

Vondruska, John ( 1993). " Economic Assessment for Coastal Pelagic Fish." Draft report presented at the Socio economic Panel Meeting, April 13 14, Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, Tampa FL, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, St. Petersburg, FL.

Economic assessment of the coastal migratory pelagic stocks in the Gulf of Mexico and south Atlantic.

Vondruska, John ( 1994). " Southeast Shrimp Fishery Market Conditions, 1993." Preliminary draft report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, December, 9 pp.

Prices, market supplies, and aquaculture trends facing the shrimp wholesale market and harvesting industry for 1993.

Vondruska, John ( 1997). " List of Tables on Commercial Fishing Activity, Coastal Migratory Pelagic Species." Socioeconomic Panel Report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, April, 10 tbs. 6 9 4 Landings, real exvessel value, prices, by region, species, month, and gear for the migratory coastal pelagic fishery management plan socioeconomic panel meeting.

Vondruska, John ( 1997). " Some Discussion of Data on Commercial Landings of Coastal Migratory Pelagic Species and Federal Fishing Permits." Socioeconomic Panel Report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, April.

Summaries of commercial landings and value of coastal migratory pelagic species and their value. Attributes of vessels and boats and a cross tabulation of permit records is also provided.

Vondruska, John ( 1998). " Some Discussion of the Methods and Potential Use of Federal Fishing Permits Data in Descriptive Fishery Analysis, with Emphasis on Commercial Fishing for Mackerels." SERO ECON 98 11, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, Fisheries Economics Office, December, 48 pp.

Permit data, while imperfect, is the only means to describe boats in the commercial mackerel and some other managed fisheries. Among the 6,177 boats with federal fishing permits in 1996, net income could be computed for 3,045 boats. Using medians, the average boat was 31 feet, 240 horsepower, grossed $ 19,000 from fishing, incurred $ 13,000 in fishing expense, and had about $ 4,000 in net income from fishing. In 1996, 3,432 boats had permits for commercial fishing for mackerel. For the most part, they engaged in more than one fishing activity, three or four on average, according to cross tabulations of boats by permit, fish sold, or gear used. Using data on fish sold and gear used as a qualitative indicator of participation in commercial fishing for king mackerel, Spanish mackerel, or both, an estimate of 40 to 2900 boats is obtains, compared with 3,432 boats that had permits.

Vondruska, John ( 1998). " Description of Boats with Federal Fishing Permits in 1997." SERO ECON 98 14, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, March, 50 pp.

This report provides descriptive statistics for some 6000 boats with federal fishing permits administered in the NMFS Southeast Regional Office, excepting golden crab, wreckfish and coral permits.

Vondruska, John ( 1998). " Commercial Landings of Coastal Migratory Pelagic Fish, East and Gulf Coasts, 1962 1997." SERO ECON 98 16, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, Fisheries Economics Office, March, 42 pp.

This report summarizes data on commercial landings of coastal migratory pelagic fish for the east and Gulf coasts ( Maine to Texas) in calender years 1962 to 1997.

Vondruska, John and Jeffrey Cunningham ( 1985). " Southeast Finfish Situation and Outlook  1984." National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, 9450 Koger Boulevard, St. Petersburg, FL, May.

This report describes market trends for selected finfish landed in southeastern U. S. ports from North Carolina to Texas. Including these and other finfish, landings of all finfish in southeastern ports totaled 2.58 billion pounds ( live weight) in 1984, valued at $ 207 million, according to preliminary data. This represents an increase from the 1983 landings of 2.44 6 9 5 billion pounds, valued at $ 173 million. Much of the increase in the overall total was for menhaden, which reached 2.33 billion pounds, compared with 2.24 billion pounds in 1983 and a 1979 83 average of 1.93 billion pounds. Landings of other selected finfish declined in 1984. They were off 7 percent to 105 million pounds, and down 6 percent in value to $ 79 million, compared with a 1979 83 average of 132 million pounds.

Vondruska, John and Mark Godcharles ( 1995). " Use of Social and Economic Data in the Development and Implementation of Federal Regulations for the Spanish Mackerel Fishery  a Case Study." Draft report for the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission Workshop on Socio Economic Data and Analysis for Recreational Fisheries Management, July 11 12, 1994, Annapolis Ramada Inn, 173 Jennifer Road, Annapolis, MD. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, 9721 Executive Center Drive, North, St. Petersburg, FL.

Social and economic data is used at several points of decision in the development and implementation of Federal fisheries management regulations. This case study is concerned primarily with the economic data contained in official fishery management plan documents for Spanish mackerel. The efficacy of arguments developed from this data and their impact on the decision making process, however, is indeterminable.

Vondruska, John and Steve Holiman ( 1995). " Availability of Information for Commercial Fisheries For Coastal Migratory Pelagic Species." Southeast Regional Office, National Marine Fisheries Service, 9721 Executive Center Drive N., St. Petersburg, FL, February, 5 pp.

A description of ongoing federal and state statistical and administrative data collection activities for use in economic analysis of commercial fisheries. Includes a discussion of recreational data as well.

Voss, Gilbert L. ( 1955). " A Key to the Commercial & Potentially Commercial Shrimp of the Family Penaeidae of the Western North Atlantic & the Gulf of Mexico." M. L. 10017, The Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, May, 23 pp.

This paper provides a key for nineteen of the 20 commercially valuable shrimp in the hopes that it may be of use to the field worker or fisherman in the identification of shrimp in their catches.

Wade, Robert ( 1988). Village Republics. Cambridge University Press, New York.

In what circumstances will those who face a potential ' tragedy of the commons' be able to organize a system of rules by which the tragedy is averted? This book is about villages in south India. Some villages in this area have organized the public aspects of resource use to a more sophisticated degree than has been reported previously in the literature on Indian villages, while others have not organized at all. An explanation of the variation and an account of how the collective action problems are overcome in those villages with a large amount of organization is offered.

Wahyuhadi, Joe ( 198?). " Factors Influencing Used Fishing Vessel's Prices." REN 591 Special Project, Department of Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island. 6 9 6 This paper determined that vessel age, hull type, and length affect the minimum price set by the owner using regression analysis of data collected from boats for sale advertisements.

Walker, Henry A. and Saul B. Saila ( 1986). " Incorporating Climatic and Hydrographic Information into Shrimp Yield Forecasts Using Seasonal Climatic Component Models." In Landry, Andre M., Jr. and Edward F. Klima ( eds.) Proceedings of the Shrimp Yield Prediction Workshop, TAMU SG 86 110, April, Texas A& M University at Galveston, Mitchell Campus, Galveston, Texas.

Conditions were favorable for offshore brown shrimp production in the vicinity of the Texas and Louisiana boundary when there were strong northward winds and eastward Ekman transport during the winter, followed by a dry spring. These conditions may have resulted in higher survival rates for postlarvae and juvenile stages in the estuaries. High springtime river discharges and resulting low salinity in nursery areas reduced offshore brown shrimp yields regardless of wind direction. White shrimp landings were positively correlated with summer river discharges in the region. Strong winds toward the northwest and northeast Ekman transport in the spring and summer during periods of spawning and larval transport into nursery areas correlated with decreased offshore yields of white shrimp. In the fall, strong easterly winds, low river discharge and relatively cold water temperatures correlated with increased offshore white shrimp landings.

Walker, James M., Roy Gardner, and Elinor Ostrom ( 1990). " Rent Dissipation in a Limited Access Common Pool Resource: Experimental Evidence." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 19: 203 211.

This paper examines group behavior in an experimental environment designed to parallel the conditions specified in noncooperative models of limited access common pool resources. Using experimental methods, we investigate the strength of theoretical models that predict that users of such resources will appropriate units at a rate at which the marginal returns from appropriation are greater than the marginal appropriation costs. Our results confirm the prediction of suboptimal accrual of rents and offer evidence on the effects of increasing investment capital available to appropriators.

Wallace, Richard K. and C. Lance Robinson ( 1994). " Bycatch and Bycatch Reduction in Recreational Shrimping." Northeast Gulf Science, 13( 2): 139 144.

Bycatch from recreational shrimping is estimated by quantifying the catch from fishery independent trawling and through a survey of licensed recreational shrimpers in Alabama during 1990. Paired trawls are used to test tow net modifications ( fish shooter and Florida fisheye) for bycatch reduction. The mean fish bycatch was 5.4 kilograms per 20 minutes tow and contained 426 fish primarily from three families ( Sciaenidae, Engraulidae, and Clupeidae). The total recreational shrimping effort for Alabama was an estimated 37,244 hours resulting in a potential fish bycatch of 603,000 kg or 47.6 million fish. The fish shooter did not significantly reduce the bycatch in either weight or numbers while the Florida fisheye significantly reduced bycatch in Both weight ( 26 percent) and number ( 46 percent). Further testing of the Florida fisheye with the position of the nets reversed revealed no significant reduction in weight but a significant reduction in bycatch number ( 36 percent). 6 9 7 Wallace, Richard K., William Hosking, and Stephen T. Szedlmayer ( 1994).  Fisheries Management for Fishermen: A manual for helping fishermen understand the federal management process.  MASGP 94 012, Auburn University Marine Extension and Research Center, 4170 Commanders Drive, Mobile, Alabama, 56 pp.

The purpose of the manual is to unlock the mysteries of fisheries jargon and to explain how regulations are made in the hope that fishermen will get more involved.

Wallace, Stein W. and Karl Brekke ( 1986). " Optimal Fleet Size When National Quotas Can Be Traded." Marine Resource Economics, 2( 4): 315 329.

Assuming stochastic quotas for a fish stock that is shared between two nations, we find the optimal fleet size for one of them by maximizing expected profit under the assumption that national quotas can be traded and that stable national quotas is a political goal. As an example we use the Norwegian purse seiner fleet and the summer capelin fishery in the Barents Sea.

Walters, A. A. ( 1963). " Production and Cost Functions: An Econometric Survey." Econometrica, 31( 1 2): 1 66.

A survey article of econometric studies of cost and production functions.

Walters, Carl J. ( 1981). " Optimum Escapements in the Face of Alternative Recruitment Hypotheses." Can. J. fish. Aquat. Sci., 38: 678 689.

Available data are often inadequate to discriminate among alternative models that make different predictions about the consequences of allowing escapement outside the range of recent historical experience. Dynamic programming is used to show that the optimum policy in such situations can involve active probing or experimentation with escapements. The optimum adaptive policy is usually difficult to compute, but generally may be closely approximated by a " Bayes equivalent" policy that is simpler to estimate but does not account explicitly for the value of information associated with allowing more extreme escapements. While there are various practical difficulties in estimating and implementing an optimum policy, it is concluded that regular probing experiments should be included in every fishery management plan.

Walters, Carl J. and Ray Hilborn ( 1976). " Adaptive Control of Fishing Systems." J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 33: 145 159.

This paper discusses some formal techniques for deciding how harvesting policies should be modified in the face of uncertainty. Parameter estimation and dynamic optimization methods are combined for the Ricker stock recruitment model to show how exploitation rates should be manipulated to give more information about the model parameters; in general, harvesting rates should be lower than would be predicted by the best fitting recruitment curve unless this curve predicts that the stock is very productive. A decision procedure is developed for comparing alternative stock recruitment models; when applied to the Fraser River sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka), the procedure indicates that an experimental increase in escapements would be quite worthwhile. It appears that there is considerable promise for extending these methods and procedures to cases where the stock size is unknown and where fishing effort is poorly controlled. 6 9 8 Wang, Der Hsiung, Louis J. Goodreau, and Joseph J. Mueller ( 1986). " Economics of Atlantic Sea Scallop Management." Marine Resource Economics, 3( 2): 111 135.

We present a brief discussion of the Atlantic sea scallop fisheries, a 12 equation model, and an evaluation using the model of management strategies proposed by the New England Fishery Management Council. The demand for sea scallops at all market levels is price inflexible. Income price flexibility is positive but less than 1 for demand at all market levels. Cross price flexibility is positive but also less than 1 and is approximately the same for demand at all market levels ( between 0.36 and .037). In general fishing effort elasticities for each fishing area with respect to scallop abundance for that area are larger than 1. Effort elasticities with respect to exvessel price are 0.42 and 0.32 for the New England fleet's effort to the South Channel and eastern Georges Bank fishing areas, respectively. The partial elasticity of production with respect to inputs is higher for scallop abundance than for fishing effort in all Georges Bank resource areas. Reduction in fishing effort or in meat count would accrue positive benefits to the sea scallop industries and consumers, and the greater the reduction in effort and/ or in meat count, the larger the benefits under long term equilibrium conditions. However, the short term economic impacts of the various management strategy scenarios are generally the reverse of the long term benefits.

Wang, Stanley ( 1988). " Chart and Statistical Book of the U. S. Northeast Fisheries." National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Regional Office, Services Division, Analytical Services Branch, Gloucester, MA, February, 52 pp.

Trends in investment, landings, biological abundance, productivity, and costs and earnings are emphasized for northeastern region fisheries of the U. S.

Wang, Stanley D. and Christopher B. Kellogg ( 1988). " An Econometric Model for American Lobster." Marine Resource Economics, 5( 1): 61 70.

An econometric model for the wholesale and ex vessel markets of American lobster, Homarus americanus, was developed to determine the market impact of proposed increases in the minimum size for American lobster. Prices were found to be inflexible with respect to landing, imports, and income ( i. e., the price flexibilities were less than one) in both wholesale and ex vessel markets. The size of lobster has a statistically significant effect on wholesale and ex vessel prices and revenues. On average, wholesalers pass along 52% of any price changes to lobstermen. The ex vessel price impact of a given change in supply is about the same as for changes in either landings or imports. Any changes in public policies leading to increases in total landings of American lobster and/ or decreases in the proportion of small lobsters in the landings would result in increases in gross revenues to fishermen and wholesalers. While the long term impact would be favorable, the short term market impact of increases in the minimum size for lobster would be uncertain.

Wang, Stanley D. and Vuong H. Tang ( 1993). " The Performance of US Atlantic Surf Clam and Ocean Quahog Fisheries under Limited Entry and Individual Transferable Quota Systems." Fishery Analysis Division, Northeast Regional Office, National Marine Fisheries Service, Gloucester, MA, May, 26 pp. 6 9 9 U. S. Atlantic surf clam and quahog fisheries are the first fisheries managed under a limited entry program and an individual transferable quota ( ITQ) system under the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act. Relative to the limited entry program, the ITQ system shrank the offshore surf clam fleet by about 40% in 1991. Savings in fishing capital and labor under the ITQ system have occurred at no expense to the fleet's expansion of ocean quahog harvesting. The ITQ system has created some economic and social dislocation. Vessel capacity utilization increased by roughly 90%, and vessel productivity increased by 46% to a record level in 1991 as the fleet reduced its excess capital and capacity. Under the ITQ system, in 1992, the off shore surf clam and quahog resources were worth $ 84 million and generated resource rents to the original ITQ owners of $ 14 million. Seasonal supply patterns showed market distortion under the limited entry system. The surf clam exvessel price in constant dollars has moved downward and the 1991 price under the ITQ system was the lowest since 1980. The clam ex vessel markets have become highly concentrated with a small number of buyers. Under the ITQ system, the largest buyers continued to gain market shares in the surf clamquahog market in 1991. Other behaviors of these highly concentrated markets include; vertical integration, unbalanced entry exit conditions and price stability. From the inception of the ITQ system through March 1992, the number of ITQ owners declined by a third and the ITQ ownership concentration increased slightly.

Wang, Stanley D. and Vuong H. Tang ( 1995). " The Surf Clam ITQ Management: An Evaluation." Marine Resource Economics, 10( 1): 93 98.

U. S. Atlantic surf clam and quahog fisheries are the first fisheries managed under a limited entry program and an individual transferable quota ( ITQ) system under the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act. Relative to the limited entry program, the ITQ system shrank the offshore surf clam fleet by about 40% in 1991. Savings in fishing capital and labor under the ITQ system have occurred at no expense to the fleet's expansion of ocean quahog harvesting. The ITQ system has created some economic and social dislocation. Vessel capacity utilization increased by roughly 90%, and vessel productivity increased by 46% to a record level in 1991 as the fleet reduced its excess capital and capacity. Under the ITQ system, in 1992, the off shore surf clam and quahog resources were worth $ 84 million and generated resource rents to the original ITQ owners of $ 14 million. Seasonal supply patterns showed market distortion under the limited entry system. The surf clam exvessel price in constant dollars has moved downward and the 1991 price under the ITQ system was the lowest since 1980. The clam ex vessel markets have become highly concentrated with a small number of buyers. Under the ITQ system, the largest buyers continued to gain market shares in the surf clamquahog market in 1991. Other behaviors of these highly concentrated markets include; vertical integration, unbalanced entry exit conditions and price stability. From the inception of the ITQ system through March 1992, the number of ITQ owners declined by a third and the ITQ ownership concentration increased slightly.

Ward, Frank A. ( 1983). " On the Necessity of Simultaneous Recreation Demand Equation Estimation: Comment." Land Economics, 59( 4): 455 458.

Hof and King ( 1982) develop an improved and simplified method for estimating the recreational benefits of a single new site given the existence of a system of substitute and complement sites. The authors essentially conclude that when only one new site is involved, its benefits can be evaluated without bias by merely estimating the demand function for that 7 0 0 single site, while accounting for the presence of substitutes ( other site prices). This is as opposed to estimating the entire system of demand equations, such as was done by Burt and Brewer ( 1971) and Cicchetti, Fisher, and Smith ( 1976). The conclusion of Hof and King ( 1982) is important for empirical work, for by use of their procedure, unbiasedness in benefit estimates can be maintained while data requirements and associated costs are greatly reduced since use data are required for only the site in question rather than the system of sites. The author agrees with the approach and adds additional theoretical evidence to support it. See Hof and King ( 1983) for a reply.

Ward, John ( 1982). " Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Economic Working Papers Series: Annotated Bibliography." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Memorandum NMFS SEFC 86, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami, FL, February, 37 pp.

The economic staff of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries and later the National Marine Fisheries Service compiled a series of approximately 177 economic working papers between 1969 and 1973. The papers deal with various subjects in the area of fisheries economics. Abstracts from 122 of these papers have been collected here for the purpose of indicating those studies that may be utilized for further research or as reference by the Southeast Fisheries Center economic staff. This list will be expanded as more of the working papers become available.

Ward, John M. ( 1984). " A Synthesis of Cost and Revenue Surveys for Vessels Operating in the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery." Draft Report, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami Laboratory, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL, May, 22 pp.

Hedonic cost and revenue functions are estimated for the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery using data published in annual surveys of the fleet from 1971 to 1980. Comparable costs, revenues, and profits are estimated for three vessel size classes for the Texas, Louisiana, and Florida inshore and offshore fleets. The cost and revenue estimates indicate that fishing firms have generally been profitable over the time period of the analysis, exclusive of opportunity costs.

Ward, John M. ( 1988). " A Synthesis of Cost and Revenue Surveys for Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Vessels." Marine Fisheries Review, 50( 1): 47 52.

Since detailed cost data are not routinely collected and the published survey data from various sources are not easily compared, trends in costs and revenues for the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishing fleet cannot be readily determined. A consistent data set for comparing vessel operating costs and revenues between states, vessel sizes, and years was estimated using weighted least squares regression analysis. Differences in the sample variance between the published cost and revenue data caused by time, type of survey, region surveyed, vessel size, sample size, or area of operation are accounted for in the econometric model. The coefficient of determination adjusted for the degrees of freedom and the F statistic indicate that the model specification provides a good statistical fit to the survey data.

Ward, J. M. ( 1988). " Vessel Operating Behavior in the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery: Annotated Bibliography." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Memorandum NMFS SEFC 212, 7 0 1 National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, St. Petersburg, FL.

An annotated bibliography of literature pertaining to an analysis of fleet size change over time that is divided into sections on economic theory, fisheries biology, statistical methodologies, and examples of their application.

Ward, J. M. ( 1989). " Modeling Fleet Size in the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery, 1966  1979." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Memorandum NMFS SEFC 229, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, St. Petersburg, FL.

The Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishing fleet is modeled extending the approach developed by Prochaska and Cato ( 1981) by including economic and biological variables. Changes in fleet size are found to be responsive to economic and biological conditions in the fishery. The model indicates that the fleet size is approximately three times that necessary to efficiently harvest the resource. While the model is handicapped by insufficient degrees of freedom, results suggest that alternative modeling approaches could be used to develop a model that successfully predicts changes in fleet size.

Ward, J. M. ( 1990). " Reduction in Shrimp Bycatch: Effort/ Stock Responses Based on the Elasticity of Demand," NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS SEFC 274, October, 1990.

The economic implications of adopting a bycatch reduction device in a fishery that discards a fish species that is the focus of a directed commercial fishery when demand is relative elastic and inelastic are discussed. The stock of the bycatch species collapses when the bycatch reduction device increases the supply of fish in the directed fishery when demand is relatively elastic. This outcome is dependent on the assumptions of the model that link fishing effort levels in the two directed commercial fisheries.

Ward, John M. ( 1992). " Bycatch." Draft reports, NMFS, SERO, 9450 Koger Blvd., St. Petersburg, Fl.

Contains mathematical notes and draft reports concerning the bycatch problem in the Gulf of Mexico.

Ward, John M. ( 1992). " Conservation and Economic Benefits of Limiting Access in Marine Fisheries." Presented at the Center for Marine Conservation and World Wildlife Fund Workshop Managing Marine Fisheries By Limiting Access at Annapolis, Maryland, September 20 22, 1992.

Often when economics is discussed, it is in terms of gross national product, personal disposable income, number of jobs, and unemployment rates. While these are important outcomes of an economic analysis, they are not in and of themselves economics. Economics is the study of how scarce resources are allocated amongst unlimited wants. The scarce resources are the capital stocks, the stocks of fish, and labor. The unlimited wants include those of commercial and recreational fishermen as well as final consumers of fish products. Allocation concerns the best use of all resources ( capital, labor, and fish) in the production of fishery products so that the return to society is maximized. Economics provides the methodology by which the optimal levels of the various inputs in the production process, such as labor, can be determined. For example, increasing the level of employment in a fishery 7 0 2 eventually leads to a decline in the productivity of labor and in the size of the fish stock. More importantly, the excessive use of labor in the fishery deprives the marketplace of not only fish but the productive use of that labor in another industry; leading to a reduced total level of production. Therefore, more jobs in a fishery are not necessarily better for the nation since diverting labor to other industries could result in more products being produced at lower cost. Markets are considered to be economically efficient when they produce the highest level of output at the lowest possible cost. Efficient markets are defined by clearly defined, transferable, and enforceable property rights. Markets tend to be inefficient where these property rights are not clearly defined such as in open access fisheries. By applying the economic modeling framework to the fishery problem in cases where property rights are nonexistent, management regulations can be evaluated to determine if they improve or exacerbate market efficiency.

Ward, John M. ( 1993). " The Bioeconomic Implications of A Bycatch Reduction Device as a Stock Conservation Management Measure." Draft report submitted to the Journal of Marine Resource Economics.

The proposed regulation to reduce bycatch and discarding of finfish in the southeastern region is a gear modification that excludes finfish from shrimp trawls. This regulation is analyzed using a simple theoretical model of a multispecies fishery whose bycatch is harvested in a directed fishery consisting of commercial and recreational fishermen. The costless reduction in bycatch fishing mortality imposed on the multispecies fishery does not result in an increased stock size for the bycatch fish species or a substantial increase in its level of harvest. Instead, the fish stock is reallocated from the multispecies fishery to the fishery directed at the bycatch species causing fishing effort to expand in the bycatch species fishery that drives the stock size down to the previously existing equilibrium level. Recreational harvest and effort levels remain unchanged since the model is linear in effort and the commercial fishery is given access to the fishery first.

Ward, John M. ( 1993).  1996 Pelagic Logbook Trip Summary Form.  Cost and earnings data collection questionnaire and proposed model, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, 2 pp.

An indirect cost model is proposed based on a modification to data collected via logbook.

Ward, John M. ( 1993).  1996 Pelagic Logbook Trip Summary Form.  Cost and earnings data collection questionnaire and proposed model, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, 2 pp.

An indirect cost model is proposed based on a modification to data collected via logbook.

Ward, John M. ( 1994). " An Annotated Bibliography of Economic and Biological Research Related to the Fishery Resources of the United States." NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS SEFSC 342, 454 pp.

An annotated bibliography of approximately 1500 articles, reports, memorandas, and text books concerning renewable and nonrenewable resources. 7 0 3 Ward, John M. ( 1994). " The Bioeconomic Implications of A Bycatch Reduction Device as a Stock Conservation Management Measure." Marine Resource Economics, 9( 3): 227 240.

The proposed regulation to reduce bycatch and discarding of finfish in the southeastern region is a gear modification that excludes finfish from shrimp trawls. This regulation is analyzed using a simple theoretical model of a multispecies fishery whose bycatch is harvested in a directed fishery consisting of commercial and recreational fishermen. The costless reduction in bycatch fishing mortality imposed on the multispecies fishery does not result in an increased stock size for the bycatch fish species or a substantial increase in its level of harvest. Instead, the fish stock is reallocated from the multispecies fishery to the fishery directed at the bycatch species causing fishing effort to expand in the bycatch species fishery that drives the stock size down to the previously existing equilibrium level. Recreational harvest and effort levels remain unchanged since the model is linear in effort and the commercial fishery is given access to the fishery first.

Ward, John M. ( 1994). " Conservation and Economic Benefits of Limiting Access in Marine Fisheries." In Karyn L. Gimbel ( ed.) Limiting Access to Marine Fisheries: Keeping the Focus on Conservation, Center for Marine Conservation and the World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D. C.

Often when economics is discussed, it is in terms of gross national product, personal disposable income, number of jobs, and unemployment rates. While these are important outcomes of an economic analysis, they are not in and of themselves economics. Economics is the study of how scarce resources are allocated amongst unlimited wants. The scarce resources are the capital stocks, the stocks of fish, and labor. The unlimited wants include those of commercial and recreational fishermen as well as final consumers of fish products. Allocation concerns the best use of all resources ( capital, labor, and fish) in the production of fishery products so that the return to society is maximized. Economics provides the methodology by which the optimal levels of the various inputs in the production process, such as labor, can be determined. For example, increasing the level of employment in a fishery eventually leads to a decline in the productivity of labor and in the size of the fish stock. More importantly, the excessive use of labor in the fishery deprives the marketplace of not only fish but the productive use of that labor in another industry; leading to a reduced total level of production. Therefore, more jobs in a fishery are not necessarily better for the nation since diverting labor to other industries could result in more products being produced at lower cost. Markets are considered to be economically efficient when they produce the highest level of output at the lowest possible cost. Efficient markets are defined by clearly defined, transferable, and enforceable property rights. Markets tend to be inefficient where these property rights are not clearly defined such as in open access fisheries. By applying the economic modeling framework to the fishery problem in cases where property rights are nonexistent, management regulations can be evaluated to determine if they improve or exacerbate market efficiency.

Ward, John M. ( 1994). " The South Atlantic Shrimp Stock Assessment and Fisheries Evaluation Report; 1994 Update." National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, 9450 Koger Boulevard, St. Petersburg, FL, February.

An update of the south Atlantic shrimp SAFE report that includes an exvessel price analysis to determine if seasonal closures would enhance the 7 0 4 economic return to the fishery and an annotated bibliography of biological, economic, and sociological research related to the shrimp fishery.

Ward, John M. ( 1994). " Economic Analysis of Finfish Bycatch in the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery." MARFIN Cooperative Agreement Number 92NMFS11, Division of Economics and Trade Analysis, Southeast Regional Office, National Marine Fisheries Service, St. Petersburg, FL, July.

A primary data collection effort was contracted for using MARFIN funds. A request for proposals was prepared and Resource Economics Consultants were selected to interview and collect costs, returns, and bycatch information from a sample of shrimp fishermen in the Gulf of Mexico. Data was collected for the three most current years of vessel operation in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery and combined with historic data from other sources. Preliminary data was analyzed to ensure that accurate information was collected and data entry errors were minimized. This information was then used to estimate a vessel operating cost model. This approach permits the estimation of costs and returns for individual vessels in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. Estimates of costs, revenues, and net revenues have been prepared and are presented in the Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation Report for the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery, 1994 Update ( SAFE). The SAFE report also provides a discussion of the impacts of proposed fishery management regulations to reduce finfish bycatch in the shrimp fishery. The final contract report by Resource Economics Consultants is attached.

Ward, John M. ( 1994). " Factor Rents and Windfall Profits." Position Paper presented at the Limited Access Workshop, Seattle, Washington, November 1 3. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, St. Petersburg, FL.

Individual transferable quota programs that have been adopted in the U. S. have allocated the fishing rights at no charge to the historical fishermen. As a result of subsequent trading in an ITQ market, the initially free ITQ market shares and poundage coupons become valuable. It is the contention of this paper, however, that this increase in ITQ value reflects a reallocation of resource rents from the quasi fixed factor inputs of capital and labor to a relatively more fixed factor input; the ITQ. As a result, the initial sale does not represent a windfall profit to the fisherman who was initially allocated the ITQ, at least in fully developed or over developed common property fisheries.

Ward, John M. ( 1994). " Trawl Bycatch Presentation." Division of Economics and Trade Analysis, Southeast Regional Office, National Marine Fisheries Service, St. Petersburg, FL.

A presentation of the static and dynamic impacts of a gear modification to reduce finfish bycatch in another directed fishery. The effects of a bycatch reduction device on a fishery that generates a bycatch of finfish in its directed fishery operations on the commercial and recreational sectors of a fishery directed at the bycatch species is determined. The implications are that the costs to society exceed the benefits for this management approach, commercial and recreational fishing effort levels for the bycatch species fishery increase, and alternative management measures such as individual transferable quotas would be more successful in reaching management objectives.

Ward, John M. ( 1995). " Cost and Revenues in the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery." Draft report, National Marine Fisheries Service, 7 0 5 Southeast Regional Office, Economics and Trade Analysis Division, 9721 Executive Center Drive, North, St. Petersburg, FL While cost and revenue data is not routinely collected in the southeastern region of the United States, many specialized data collection efforts have been funded by Sea Grant, Salstonstall/ Kennedy grants, and Marine Fisheries Initiative cooperative agreements to collect data concerning the financial viability of the shrimp fishery in the Gulf of Mexico. This study describes new data collection efforts in the Gulf of Mexico and presents a statistical analysis of a data set that combines the newly collected data with historical data sets provided by the authors of existing studies. The statistical analysis suggests that home port and hull construction material do not directly affect the total costs of operating in the shrimp fishery. The resulting statistical model allows the estimation of total operating costs for vessels operating in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery so that the impacts of proposed fishery management regulations can be determined for cost benefit analysis.

Ward, John M. ( 1995). " Present Value of Total Revenue from Predicted Yield for the Gulf of Mexico King Mackerel Fishery." Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, Tampa, FL. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, Economics and Trade Analysis Division, 9721 Executive Center Drive, North, St. Petersburg, FL.

Development of discounted present value of total revenue generated by the king mackerel fishery in the Gulf of Mexico. Analysis is based on a general equilibrium demand model ( Easley, et al., 1993) and yield estimates ( Powers, 1995).

Ward, John M. ( 1996).  Annotated Bibliography of Biological and Economic Literature Related to the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery.  NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS SEFSC 388, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, July, 122 pp.

An annotated bibliography of articles concerning the biology, economics, sociology, and anthropology of the shrimp fishery in the Gulf of Mexico. The articles are not strictly related to the Gulf fishery and are primarily economic studies from peer review journals, in house analyses, gray literature, and from MARFIN, S/ K, and Sea Grant funded projects.

Ward, John M. ( 1996).  Bioeconomic Model of the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery.  SAS program, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, 6 pp.

A SAS computer model of the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery used to determine the costs and benefits of adopting proposed bycatch reduction fishery management regulations in amendment 9 to the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery management plan regulatory impact review. This program is set up to investigate the impacts of an embargo of shrimp imported into the U. S. required by Congress to ensure that TED regulations are enforced world wide.

Ward, John M. and Wade L. Griffin ( 1994). " Transferable Limited License Market Model." Notes, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, 9721 Executive Center Drive, North, St. Petersburg, FL.

Simple model of a market for transferable licenses to determine license 7 0 6 prices and their impact on fishing effort levels. Capital stuffing in a fishery with transferable licenses can be determined.

Ward, John M. and Walter R. Keithly, Jr. ( 1998).  Practical Implications of Property Rights Based Management Using Empirical Models of a Common Property Fishery: The Case of the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery.  Fisheries Management and Development presentation, Ninth IIFET Conference, Norway.

Individual transferable quota ( ITQ) prices are theoretically assumed to affect prices and harvesting costs symmetrically. In this analysis, the incidence of two different ITQ programs on the U. S. Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery are investigated. First, the impact of the ITQ prices are assumed to affect only the ex vessel price of shrimp. Second, the impact of ITQ prices is assumed to affect only the harvesting cost per pound. This empirically based simulation model demonstrates that if the annual ITQ prices affect the harvesting costs, net benefits to the vessel owners are reduced and crew share increases substantially; suggesting that owners and crews would negotiate to achieve a more equitable distribution of wealth generated by the adoption of ITQ programs. If the incidence of the ITQ regulations impact is on price, on the other hand, then crew receives only a small increase in income and vessel owner captures most of the increase in net benefits. In both cases, fleet size declines causing a reduction in capacity.

Ward, John M. and Walter R. Keithly, Jr. ( 1999).  Determining the Impacts of Adopting Property Rights as a Fisheries Management Tool in Regulated Open Access Fisheries.  FAO Fish Rights 99 Conference, 14 17 November, Fremantle, Australia.

In " A Critical Review of the Individual Quota as a Device in Fisheries Management," Parzival Copes( 1986) presents many sound arguments against the use of individual quotas as a fishery management instrument citing the results of actual applications. While individual quotas are not useful in the fisheries " rationalization" process without transferability, transferability has unsightly equity and income reallocation effects. The question that remains unanswered is whether ITQ's are preferable to the common property or open access fishery scenario. This question can be addressed by analyzing the effect of adopting ITQ  s in a computer simulation of a dynamic bioeconomic model of the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. The computer simulation model is based on empirical research conducted on the shrimp fishery, which developed models of market supply and demand, fleet dynamics, and operating costs. This dynamic simulation model will also address the question of whether fisheries with highly variable recruitment are appropriate subjects for ITQ management. Although a simulation model, the advantages of this approach are that the actual behavior of a group of individual fishermen is the basis for the model, various scenarios can be compared based on the same set of initial assumptions, transition paths can be compared to long run equilibrium conditions, and an index based on the present value of net benefits can be generated for open access, common property, and rights based fishery resource management.

Ward, John M. and Seth Macinko ( 1993). " Using Theory: Rethinking Fisheries Bycatch Problems." Presented at the International Conference on Fisheries Economics, Os, Norway, May 26 28.

A dynamic bioeconomic model that incorporates a commercial and recreational fishery for a species of fish that is discarded in another directed commercial fishery is developed and used to determine the economic implications of a bycatch reduction device in a common property fishery. 7 0 7 Ward, John M. and Seth Macinko ( 1996). " Static and Dynamic Implications of a Gear Modification Designed to Reduce Bycatch in a Stylized Fishery.  Submitted to The Southern Business Journal.

The harvesting of finfish in shrimp fishing operations, known as incidental take or bycatch, is a complex multi disciplinary and international fisheries management problem. The discarded bycatch problem in commercial shrimp fisheries has been addressed internationally with annual estimates of finfish bycatch ranging from 64 thousand tons to 1 million tons with potential benefits ranging from $ 28 million to $ 1.273 billion. Finfish bycatch is also a significant domestic fishery management problem with annual estimates varying from 700 million to 1.7 billion pounds. National concern has been expressed by an amendment to the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act ( MFCMA), the need expressed by National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS) to determine the economic impacts on the domestic fishery, the recognition of non target species bycatch in three fishery management plans, and the bycatch policy of the American Fisheries Society. To this end, the bioeconomic implications of bycatch reduction regulations are addressed employing both static and dynamic simulation models of a stylized fishery. The intent is to present an overview of the fishery management problem and the bioeconomic implications of the proposed management scenario.

Ward, John M. and Seth Macinko ( 1996). " Static and Dynamic Implications of a Gear Modification Designed to Reduce Bycatch in a Stylized Fishery.  The Southern Business and Economic Journal, 19( 4): 273 292.

The harvesting of finfish in shrimp fishing operations, known as incidental take or bycatch, is a complex multidisciplinary and international fisheries management problem. The discarded bycatch problem in commercial shrimp fisheries has been addressed internationally with annual estimates of finfish bycatch ranging from 64 thousand tons to 1 million tons with potential benefits ranging from $ 28 million to $ 1.273 billion. Finfish bycatch is also a significant domestic fishery management problem with annual estimates varying from 700 million to 1.7 billion pounds. National concern has been expressed by an amendment to the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act ( MFCMA), the need expressed by National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS) to determine the economic impacts on the domestic fishery, the recognition of non target species bycatch in three fishery management plans, and the bycatch policy of the American Fisheries Society. To this end, the bioeconomic implications of bycatch reduction regulations are addressed employing both static and dynamic simulation models of a stylized fishery. The intent is to present an overview of the fishery management problem and the bioeconomic implications of the proposed management scenario.

Ward, John M. and James M. Nance ( 1994). " 1994 Update to the Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation ( SAFE) Report for the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery." National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, 9721 Executive Drive, North, St. Petersburg, FL.

A comprehensive review of the available economic and biological data for the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. Trends in vessel level operating costs, total revenue, landings, and net revenue are provided over time. Net revenue per vessel is declining with the increase in operating costs and the decline in ex vessel prices.

Ward, John M. and John R. Poffenberger ( 1981). " A Report on the Economic Data Bases for the Coastal Migratory Pelagic Resource 7 0 8 ( Mackerel) Management Unit." NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFSSEFC 84, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami, FL, March, 42 pp.

This report presents an inventory of existing economic data useful in the analysis of the coastal migratory pelagic resources ( mackerel) within the southeast region. The actual list providing an inventory of the existing data describes the available data and provides representative examples. The second section of this report discusses this data inventory and describes near term plans to supplement the existing data bases. A fairly complete list of the bibliographic influences applicable to the economic analysis of the coastal pelagic fishery is also presented.

Ward, John M. and John R. Poffenberger ( 1982). " Survey of Ice Plants in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, 1980 81." Marine Fisheries Review, 44( 9 10): 55 57.

This report presents the findings of the 1980 81 survey of ice plants in the coastal areas of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. The survey was undertaken by the National Marine Fisheries Service's Southeast Fisheries Center to determine the impact of the Texas Closure regulation on the level of ice sales in this region. The 1980 survey was limited to Louisiana ice plants during the 13 week period of the spring brown shrimp season. The 1981 survey of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama ice plants covered an 18 week period. The two surveys were compared using the 13 week period of the 1980 Louisiana survey. Results of the analysis indicate that weekly ice sales did not exceed productive and storage capacity in either year despite both the increased shrimp landings and the Texas closure regulation in 1981.

Ward, John M. and Jon G. Sutinen ( 1992). " Modeling Vessel Mobility: The Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fleet." NOAA Technical Report, National Marine Laboratory, F/ AKC3, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way, N. E., Seattle, WA 98115 0070.

Given the heterogeneous nature of the fishing fleet and the complex behavior of vessels, the traditional marginalist supply models are not well suited for modeling vessel mobility. A discrete choice model is utilized in this analysis to predict the probability that a vessel will enter, exit, or remain in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery based on a myopic profit maximization criteria. The multinomial logit model indicates that stock variability does not influence fisherman behavior in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. The crowding externality, represented by the size of the fishing fleet, exhibits a strong negative impact on the probability of entry by fishing vessels independent of changes in abundance, ex vessel prices, or harvesting costs. Lastly, the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery is not the autonomous system of fishing vessels as was initially believed.

Ward, John M. and Jon G. Sutinen ( 1992). " Modeling Vessel Entry Exit Behavior in the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery." Draft report submitted to the American Journal of Agricultural Economics.

Given the heterogeneous nature of the fishing fleet and the complex behavior of vessels, the traditional marginalist supply models are not well suited for modeling vessel mobility. A discrete choice model is utilized in this analysis to predict the probability that a vessel will enter, exit, or remain in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery based on a myopic profit maximization criteria. The multinomial logit model indicates that stock variability does not influence fisherman behavior in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp 7 0 9 fishery. The crowding externality, represented by the size of the fishing fleet, exhibits a strong negative impact on the probability of entry by fishing vessels independent of changes in abundance, ex vessel prices, or harvesting costs. Lastly, the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery is not the autonomous system of fishing vessels as was initially believed.

Ward, John M. and Jon G. Sutinen ( 1994). " Vessel Entry Exit Behavior in the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 76( 4): 916 923.

Given the heterogeneous nature of the fishing fleet and the complex behavior of vessels, the traditional marginalist supply models are not well suited for modeling vessel mobility. A discrete choice model is utilized in this analysis to predict the probability that a vessel will enter, exit, or remain in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery based on a myopic profit maximization criteria. The multinomial logit model indicates that stock variability does not influence fisherman behavior in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. The crowding externality, represented by the size of the fishing fleet, exhibits a strong negative impact on the probability of entry by fishing vessels independent of changes in abundance, ex vessel prices, or harvesting costs. The Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery is not the autonomous system of fishing vessels as was initially believed.

Ward, John M., Theophilus R. Brainerd, and John R. Gauvin ( 1994). " A Description and Evaluation of the Individual Transferable Quota ( ITQ) Fishery Management Program for the south Atlantic Wreckfish ( Polyprion Americanus) Fishery." C. M. 1994/ T: 22, Theme Session on Improving the Link Between Fisheries Science and Management: Biological, Social, and Economic Considerations, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, 82nd Statutory Meeting, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, September.

The individual transferable quota ( ITQ) program for wreckfish in the south Atlantic was first implemented during the 1992 1993 season. The program has now entered its third year and so far no changes have been made to the initial actions that established the ITQ program. A monitoring program has been tracking landings, shares and coupons transactions, among others and has provided information to the stock assessment group that meets annually to evaluate the status of the fishery. This paper presents a brief background of the fishery, the conception, development, and implementation of the ITQ program. Monitoring the progress of the program is vital to evaluating whether it is fulfilling its objectives. The use of socioeconomic data is important not only for this process, but also in developing the ITQ program. A close look is given to the role socioeconomic data has played in this process. Some thoughts are provided on the lessons learned from this process and to what types of socioeconomic data could improve future implementation of ITQ programs.

Ward, John, Wade Griffin, and James Nance ( 1996).  A Bioeconomic Analysis of Existing and Proposed Fishery Management Alternatives to Control Sea Turtle Mortality In the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery.  Draft report prepared for Congress, Southeast Regional Office, National Marine Fisheries Service, 9721 Executive Center Drive, North, St. Petersburg, FL, July, 58 pp.

The General Bioeconomic Fishery Simulation Model was used to determine the effects on net benefits and real days fished of four proposed fishery management alternatives to reduce marine turtle bycatch and strandings in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. The analysis greatly exceeded the capabilities 7 1 0 of the model and the results should not be considered to accurately reflect the conditions in the shrimp fishery.

Ward, John, Wade Griffin, and James Nance ( 1996).  A Bioeconomic Analysis of Existing and Proposed Fishery Management Alternatives to Control Sea Turtle Mortality In the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery.  Final report prepared for Congress, Southeast Regional Office, National Marine Fisheries Service, 9721 Executive Center Drive, North, St. Petersburg, FL, July, 44 pp.

The General Bioeconomic Fishery Simulation Model was used to determine the effects on net benefits and real days fished of four proposed fishery management alternatives to reduce marine turtle bycatch and strandings in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. The analysis greatly exceeded the capabilities of the model and the results should not be considered to accurately reflect the conditions in the shrimp fishery.

Ward, John M., Wade L. Griffin, and Teofilo Ozuna ( 1995). " Cost and Revenues in the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery." Draft report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, Economics and Trade Analysis Division, 9721 Executive Center Drive, North, St. Petersburg, FL While cost and revenue data is not routinely collected in the southeastern region of the United States, many specialized data collection efforts have been funded by Sea Grant, Salstonstall/ Kennedy grants, and Marine Fisheries Initiative cooperative agreements to collect data concerning the financial viability of the shrimp fishery in the Gulf of Mexico. This study describes new data collection efforts in the Gulf of Mexico and presents a statistical analysis of a data set that combines the newly collected data with historical data sets provided by the authors of existing studies. The statistical analysis suggests that home port and hull construction material do not directly affect the total costs of operating in the shrimp fishery. The resulting statistical model allows the estimation of total operating costs for vessels operating in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery so that the impacts of proposed fishery management regulations can be determined for cost benefit analysis.

Ward, John M., Teofilo Ozuna, and Wade L. Griffin ( 1995). " Cost and Revenues in the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery." NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS SEFSC 371, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, Economics and Trade Analysis Division, 9721 Executive Center Drive, North, St. Petersburg, FL, May, 76 pp.

While cost and revenue data is not routinely collected in the southeastern region of the United States, many specialized data collection efforts have been funded by Sea Grant, Salstonstall/ Kennedy grants, and Marine Fisheries Initiative cooperative agreements to collect data concerning the financial viability of the shrimp fishery in the Gulf of Mexico. This study describes new data collection efforts in the Gulf of Mexico and presents a statistical analysis of a data set that combines the newly collected data with historical data sets provided by the authors of existing studies. The statistical analysis suggests that home port and hull construction material do not directly affect the total costs of operating in the shrimp fishery. The resulting statistical model allows the estimation of total operating costs for vessels operating in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery so that the impacts of proposed fishery management regulations can be determined by cost benefit analysis. 7 1 1 Ward , John M., Theo Brainerd, Steve Freese, Pamela Mace, Matteo Milazzo, Dale Squires, Joe Terry, Eric Thunberg, Mike Travis, and John Walden ( 1999).  Report of the National Task Force for Defining and Measuring Fishing Capacity.  National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Science and Technology, Silver Spring, Maryland, June.

Report on the definition of capacity, its measurement using DEA, Peak to Peak, and SPF techniques, and potential management regulations to control and reduce excess capacity in domestic fisheries.

Wardlaw, N. J. and Wade L. Griffin ( 1974). " Economic Analysis of Costs and Returns for Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Vessels: 1973." Departmental Technical Report No. 74 3, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas, December, 43 pp.

A budget generating computer program was established to assimilate and report the data according to the desired vessel classifications, interest rate, percent financed, number of years financed, number of loan payments per year, depreciation method, crew share agreement, rate of packing charges, payroll tax rate, discount rate, planning horizon, and object year under consideration. The program reported results in the form of total costs and returns budgets, unit costs and returns budgets, and projected cash flow budgets.

Warren, Brad ( 1994).  The  Bycatch Zone,  Alaska Longliners Hope for a Way Out.  In Brad Warren, Win Win Bycatch Solutions. National Fisheries Conservation Center, Seattle WA.

A brief discussion of the halibut, blackcod, and sablefish fisheries in Alaska and the effect the individual fishermen  s quota will have on bycatch of these species in each fishery.

Warren, Brad ( ed.) ( 1994). Win Win Bycatch Solutions. National Fisheries Conservation Center, Seattle WA.

The unintentional capture of nontarget organisms has become a critical issue in world fisheries. Our aim is to provide models, strategies, and information to help stakeholders in the fisheries join forces to fashion their own bycatch solutions. The problems faced are complex enough to require a broadly inclusive approach.

Warren, John P. and Wade L. Griffin ( 1978). " Costs and Returns Trends for Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Vessels." DIR 78 1, SP 4, Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas, September, 20 pp.

The profitability of Gulf shrimp vessels in recent years has been highly variable, due largely to changes in input costs, shrimp prices, landings, and the cost, financing terms, and configuration of vessels. Ownership of a Gulf shrimp vessel can be a satisfactory investment given the variation in landings over an extended period of time.

Warren, John P. and Wade L. Griffin ( 1980). " Costs and Returns Trends in the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Industry, 1971 78." Marine Fisheries Review, ( February): 1 7.

This report describes the magnitude and past performance of the Gulf of Mexico shrimp industry, the recent performance of an " average" Gulf shrimp vessel in terms of costs, returns, and basic investment analysis, summarizes 7 1 2 data and analyses and, finally, discusses implications.

Warren, John P., Wade L. Griffin, and William E. Grant ( 1982). " Regional Fish Stock Management: A Model for Northwest Africa." Marine Policy, 6: 121 130.

Development of a bioeconomic model for applications in managing an important north African fishery is reported in this article. The model is applied through identification of baseline conditions and analysis of two alternative fishery management plans; limiting the number of vessels and instituting a closed season. Several key assumptions relative to biological and fleet variables are necessarily made, since in some areas historical data are limited. However, results strongly suggest that rents to resource owners ( African coastal countries) can be substantially increased by either method of limiting access to the fishery and by licensing vessels and fishermen.

Warren, John P., Wade L. Griffin, and Ronald D. Lacewell ( 1974). " Applying An Index of Fishing Effort to Estimate 1971 Costs and Returns for Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Vessels." TAMU SG 74 217, Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A& M University, February, 11 pp.

Shrimp vessels operating in the Gulf of Mexico are heterogeneous with respect to physical characteristics. In this study, the investigators developed a more effective and useful method of classifying vessels for costs and returns analysis by the introduction of an index of fishing effort. This effort index is defined as the fishing power of any given vessel relative to the fishing power of a base or standard vessel. The results indicate that the use of an effort index to establish relatively homogeneous groups of vessels for costs and returns studies, that are needed by the industry and by agencies responsible for management of the resource, constitutes an improvement over use of a classification based on a single criterion such as length only.

Washington, Percy M. and Ann M. Koziol ( 1993).  Overview of the Interactions and Environmental Impacts of Hatchery Practices on Natural and Artificial Stocks of Salmonids.  Fisheries Research, 18: 105 122.

Artificial propagation of Pacific salmon has been carried out for over a century. Salmonid stocks used in hatcheries were made homogeneous to be more easily manipulated. The stocks that form the basis for most coastal net and troll fisheries are currently of hatchery origin, and a 3 5% escapement of hatchery stocks is considered adequate for reproduction. During the period 1960 1980, although numbers and average sizes of coho released from Columbia River hatcheries increased, returning adults declined between 1970 and 1980. Massive efforts were made to improve the efficiency of production in salmon hatcheries. Adult biomass potential decreased where there was a proportional increase in precociousness, resulting in decrease in older mature individuals. Fisheries based upon enhancement have consistently fostered the over fishing of naturally reproduced stock. For reasons never satisfactorily explained, salmonids have been released for decades in upstream areas without a basic understanding of instream ecological requirements of the salmonids, a knowledge of what resources these released salmonids are being superimposed upon, or a concern for the ecological devastation caused by these practices. A policy based on artificial propagation served as an accomplice in reducing wild salmonid stock genetic diversity among wild salmonid stocks and average size and age of returning adults. Fishery policy makers were provided a convenient excuse for the worst possible resource use practices, and used hatcheries to affect wild salmonid stocks profoundly. 7 1 3 Waters, James ( 1982). " Review of the 1982 Shrimp Fishery Along the South Atlantic Coast." Draft report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami Laboratory, Miami, FL 33149, March, 21 pp.

This report summarizes available information about the 1982 shrimp fishery along the south Atlantic coast. Four aspects of the fishery are discussed in relation to historical trends: ( 1) ex vessel value received by commercial shrimpers, ( 2) landings, ( 3) productivity of commercial vessels and ( 4) profitability. Overall, 1982 was a good year for commercial shrimpers in the south Atlantic, and the relatively mild winter of 1982 83 suggests that 1983 will be a good year as well.

Waters, James ( 1983). " Dynamics of Establishing Minimum Size Limits in the South Atlantic Snapper Grouper Fishery." A Summary of Work Performed for the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC, January, 25 pp.

An objective of minimum size limits is to increase biomass landed by harvesting fewer but heavier fish. Biological yield per recruit models adequately predict equilibrium yield per recruit with and without the size limit, but they do not quantify the trade offs between short run losses and long run gains in yield per recruit during the transition between equilibria. This study quantifies the transition between equilibria and suggests the internal rate of return as a suitable criterion for evaluating the effectiveness of a proposed minimum size limit. In addition, two new variables are introduced into the yield per recruit framework, one representing the probability that undersized fish are caught and released and the other defining the probability that a released fish will survive. Minimum size limits for ten species in the south Atlantic snapper grouper fishery are evaluated.

Waters, James ( 1983). " Review of the Snapper Grouper Fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico, 1982." National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami Laboratory, Miami, FL, August.

In 1982, commercial landings of snappers and groupers exceeded 21 million pounds worth approximately $ 25.8 million. Grouper landings increased from less than 5 million pounds in 1978 to a record 12.4 million pounds worth a record $ 12.3 million in 1982, primarily due to the increased use of bottom longlines. In 1982, groupers represented nearly 59 percent of the commercial snapper grouper catch. Red snapper landings increased from 4.5 to nearly 6 million pounds from 1978 to 1982, which reverses a long run decline that began in 1966. Red snapper landings were worth a record $ 10.2 million in 1982. Recreational fishermen harvest significant numbers of snappers, groupers, and sea basses, but recreational catch data have not been available since 1979 when approximately 9 million fish were caught.

Waters, James ( 1984). " Review of the Reef Fish Fisheries in the South Atlantic, 1982." National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami Laboratory, Miami, FL, April.

A review of the commercial and recreational landings and value of reef fish species in the southeastern Atlantic region of the United States from 1977 to 1982.

Waters, James ( 1984). " Review of the Commercial Reef Fish Fisheries along the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic Coasts, 1983." 7 1 4 National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami Laboratory, Miami, FL, August.

A review of the commercial landings and value of reef fish species in the southeastern region of the United States.

Waters, James ( 1986). " Aggregate Models of Limited Entry." Draft report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami Laboratory, Miami, FL 33149, April, pp. 9.

Models for analysis of limited entry regulations.

Waters, James ( 1986). " Estimation of Production Functions for Shrimping Trips in Inshore Waters." Draft report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina.

A production function describes the relationship between inputs and outputs. The concept of a production function could be used to describe the technology of the fishing firm or the technology of the entire industry. Empirical applications of fishery production functions usually have estimated either an industry wide production function or an annual production function for a representative vessel. For example, Griffin et al. ( 1976) estimated an annual industry production function for the shrimp fishery in the Gulf of Mexico. This study uses data from the inshore shrimp fisheries in Galveston Bay and Calcasieu Lake to estimate catch per trip as a function of fishing effort and some measure of population abundance or biomass as inputs. Doll ( 1988) discusses the fishery production function and its underlying assumptions.

Waters, James R. ( 1991). " Restricted Access vs. Open Access Methods of Management: Toward More Effective Regulation of Fishing Effort." Marine Fisheries Review, 53( 3): 1 10.

This paper gives an overview of the economic rationale for limited entry as a method of fishery management and discusses general advantages and disadvantages of license limitation and catch rights as the two primary methods of restricting access to marine fisheries. Traditional open access methods of regulation can be temporarily effective in protecting fish populations, but they generally fail to provide lasting biological or economic benefits to fishermen because they do not restrict access to the fishery. The general result of regulation with unrestricted access to a fishery is additional, ore costly and complex regulations as competition increases for dwindling fishery resources. Regulation that restricts access to a fishery in conjunction with selected traditional methods of regulation would encourage efficient resource usage and minimize the need for future regulatory adjustments, provided that enforcement and monitoring costs are not too great. In theory, catch rights are superior to license limitation as a means of restricting access to a fishery.

Waters, James R. ( 1991). " Restricted Access vs. Open Access Methods of Management: Toward More Effective Regulation of Fishing Effort." Draft report, Southeast Regional Office, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 9450 Koger Boulevard, St. Petersburg, FL 33702.

This paper gives an overview of the economic rationale for limited entry as a method of fishery management and discusses general advantages and disadvantages of license limitation and catch rights as the two primary methods of restricting access to marine fisheries. Traditional open access 7 1 5 methods of regulation can be temporarily effective in protecting fish populations, but they generally fail to provide lasting biological or economic benefits to fishermen because they do not restrict access to the fishery. The general result of regulation with unrestricted access to a fishery is additional, ore costly and complex regulations as competition increases for dwindling fishery resources. Regulation that restricts access to a fishery in conjunction with selected traditional methods of regulation would encourage efficient resource usage and minimize the need for future regulatory adjustments, provided that enforcement and monitoring costs are not too great. In theory, catch rights are superior to license limitation as a means of restricting access to a fishery. Includes a limited entry presentation outline.

Waters, James R. ( 1993). " Economic Analyses of Minimum Size Limits for Selected Reef Fishes Along the U. S. South Atlantic Coast." Report for the South Atlantic Fisheries Management Council, June, 22 pp.

This paper investigates the economic effects of alternative minimum size limits for white grunt, gray triggerfish, mutton snapper, and greater amberjack. A bioeconomic simulation model was used to predict changes in commercial and recreational landings over time. The economic concept of net present value was used as the criterion for evaluation of the tradeoffs between short term losses and long term gains in commercial revenues. The utility that fishermen receive from recreational fishing could not be evaluated due to a lack of data.

Waters, James R. ( 1993). " Ideas for Analysis of ITQs in the Gulf Red Snapper Fishery." Memorandum to John Ward, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Piver's Island Road, Beaufort, NC, May.

An outline of ideas for analyzing ITQs in the Gulf red snapper fishery.

Waters, James R. ( 1994). " Economic Implications of Potential Changes in Management for the Reef Fisheries in the U. S. Gulf of Mexico." National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Piver's Island Road, Beaufort, NC, August.

This report describes the economic implications of potential changes in management that were recommended by the Reef Fish Stock Assessment Panel for the reef fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico.

Waters, James R. ( 1994). " Recent Trends in the Commercial Reef Fisheries in the U. S. Gulf of Mexico." National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Piver's Island Road, Beaufort, NC, August.

Trends in landings and value for the northern, western, and eastern Gulf of Mexico reef fish fishery are presented along with a management history. A descriptive analysis of the impacts of management regulations is presented for each managed area.

Waters, James R. ( 1995). Reef Fish Cost and Earnings Data. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Piver's Island Road, Beaufort, NC, August.

A copy of a data set for the cost and returns per trip made by Gulf of Mexico ( Florida West Coast) and south Atlantic reef fish fishermen with a set of memorandums that indicate corrections to the data that have been made over 7 1 6 time, documentation of the file contents, and a copy of the questionnaires.

Waters, James R. ( 1995). " Management with Individual Transferable Quotas in a Multispecies Fishery." Draft, National Marine Fisheries Service, 101 Piver's Island Road, Beaufort, North Carolina, January.

This paper examines the conditions under which management with individual transferable quotas might be successfully implemented in a multispecies fishery. The first section briefly describes the concept of individual transferable quotas, while the second and third sections identify its advantages and disadvantages as a method of fishery management. More detailed discussions are available in the papers by Waters ( 1991) and Copes ( 1986). The fourth section examines the complications of applying individual transferable quotas in a multispecies fishery and identifies conditions under which the method might be successfully implemented. The fifth section discusses several characteristics of the snowy grouper and tilefish fisheries along the U. S. south Atlantic coast to see if individual transferable quotas are likely to be successful if implemented there.

Waters, James R. ( 1995).  A Model of Commercial Fishing Behavior.  National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Piver's Island Road, Beaufort, NC, August.

A discreet trip level model of commercial fishing firm behavior in a multi species fishery using individual transferable quotas.

Waters, James R. ( 1996). " Economic Aspects of a 14 vs. 15 Inch Minimum Size Limit for Red Snapper in the Gulf of Mexico." National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Piver's Island Road, Beaufort, NC, August.

An economic analysis of a recent proposal to reduce the minimum size limit for red snapper from 15 to 14 inches determines a net benefit of $ 23,650 change in revenue for one year in the fishery.

Waters, James R. ( 1996). " An Economic Survey of Commercial Reef Fish Vessels in the U. S. Gulf of Mexico." National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Piver's Island Road, Beaufort, NC, July.

This report summarizes the results of a survey of reef fish fishermen in the southeastern U. S. waters. The primary objective of the survey was to collect information needed to describe the financial performance of commercial reef fish vessels in the Gulf of Mexico. Results are presented in terms of group averages, frequency distributions, and other methods of summarization as needed to maintain the confidentiality of individual respondents. The ultimate aim of the study is to determine the economic effects of regulation in the commercial reef fish fishery. Regulation affects fishermen through constraints on how and when they may fish and what they may catch and keep. The economic effects of a particular rule would be calculated as the difference between net revenues with and without that rule.

Waters, James R. ( 1997). " Graphical Summary of Economic Trends in the Commercial Red Snapper Fishery of the U. S. Gulf of Mexico." National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Piver's Island Road, Beaufort, NC, October. 7 1 7 Landings, value, ex vessel prices, linear and log linear demand equations, imports, reef fish boats household income, number of boats, and net return per day for owners, captain, and crew for red snapper and related reef fish species presented in graphical form.

Waters, James R. ( 1997). " Tabular Summary: Commercial Landings and Ex Vessel Value of Reef Fishes in the U. S. Gulf of Mexico ( Texas to Monroe County, FL)." National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Piver's Island Road, Beaufort, NC, October.

A set of tables listing landings and value from 1962 to 1996 for reef fish species in the Gulf of Mexico.

Waters, James R. ( 1998). " Economic Review of the Commercial Fisheries for Vermilion Snapper and Gag in U. S. Waters of the Gulf of Mexico." National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Piver's Island Road, Beaufort, NC, August, 52 pp.

This report reviews available data pertaining to the economic status of the commercial reef fish fisheries for vermilion snapper ( Rhomboplites aurorubens) and gag ( Mycteroperca microlepis) in the Gulf of Mexico. Aggregated data about landings and ex vessel value received by fishermen provided information about general trends in the fisheries between 1986 ( the first year for which reasonably accurate species identifications were available) and 1997. Information about the activities of individual participants were obtained from trip reports submitted to the reef fish logbook program.

Waters, James R. and Bill Antozzi ( 1997). " Likely Economic Effects of Mini Derbies." Report, NOAA, NMFS, SERO, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, April, 4 pp.

A discussion of the likely economic effects of a proposed regulation to limit the fishing season for red snapper to the first 15 days of each month using the change in total revenue as a measure of net benefits. The authors conclude that the total revenue received by fishermen will be reduced because of the impact the proposed regulations will have on exvessel prices.

Waters, James R. and James M. Nance ( 1989). " Production Functions for Shrimping Trips in Inshore Waters." Draft report, NOAA, NMFS, SEFC Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516 and Galveston Laboratory, Galveston TX 77551, May, 34 pp.

Personnel at the NMFS Laboratory at Galveston, Texas, interviewed fishermen at dockside to collect economic information about fishing activities in two major estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico: Galveston Bay, Texas, and Calcasieu Lake, Louisiana. Interviews were conducted between May 20 and October 30, 1987. This study estimated production functions for trips with bay licenses in Galveston Bay and for trips with shrimp trawls in Calcasieu Lake. In one specification, catch per trip was estimated as a function of hours fished, trawl width, vessel length and time as a proxy for the unknown shrimp biomass. Another specification estimated catch per trip as a function of the number of tows per trip, average duration of each tow, trawl width, vessel length and time. These functions could be used in future analyses of the proposal to require fishermen to limit their tow times to 90 minutes or less. Data collection techniques ( data collected exclusively between the hours of 8: 00 am and 5: 00 pm) allegedly biased the data set and may have led 7 1 8 to erroneous results.

Waters, James R. and James M. Nance ( 1990). " A Description of Trip Data Collected from the 1987 Inshore Shrimp Fishery of Galveston Bay, Texas." NOAA, Technical Memorandum NMFS SEFC 257, 63 pp.

Economic information about inshore shrimping trips in Galveston Bay, Texas was collected from fishermen at dockside between May 20 and October 30, 1987. This study presents information about fishing effort, operating costs, landings and revenues per trip for trips with bay and bait licenses in Galveston Bay.

Waters, Jim and Jon Platt ( 1990). " Economic Analyses of Alternative Management Options for the Red Snapper Fishery in the Gulf of Mexico." Report prepared for the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council by National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, 9450 Koger Boulevard, St. Petersburg, FL 33702.

Biological investigations have determined that the red snapper ( Lutianus campechanus) resource in the Gulf of Mexico has been significantly overfished and that regulations implemented in 1990 and earlier years will not restore the red snapper population to desired levels ( Goodyear and Phares, 1990). This report describes economic implications of management alternatives to govern the directed commercial and recreational reef fish fisheries and to reduce the incidental catch and discard of juvenile red snappers and other species by the shrimp trawl fishery. Economic effects of various management alternatives on the commercial and recreational red snapper fisheries were based on projections of future landings made with a simulation model developed by Goodyear ( 1989). Economic effects of management alternatives on the commercial shrimp fishery were based on the results of a simulation model described by Griffin et al. ( 1990). This report was reviewed by a panel of economists that met at council headquarters on June 5 6, 1990, whose recommendations were subsequently ignored by the authors.

Waters, James R., Leon E. Danielson, and J. E. Easley, Jr. ( 1978). " Economic Evaluation of the Shrimp Discard Problem in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina." Contribution Paper, AAEA Annual Meeting, VPI and SU, August, 12 pp.

In North Carolina, commercially undersized pink shrimp are incidentally landed, killed, and discarded during harvest of brown shrimp. This study analyzed the incidental catch ( discard) problem and management policies to protect pink shrimp. Results showed incidental catch does not generally reduce fishermen's income sufficiently to adopt a discard abatement policy.

Waters, James R., Leon E. Danielson, and J. E. Easley, Jr. ( 1979). " An Economic Analysis of the Shrimp Discard Problem in Pamlico Sound." Economics Research Report No. 40, Department of Economics and Business, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, February, 47 pp.

The North Carolina shrimp catch is composed of three different species, brown ( Penaeus aztecus), pink ( P. duorarum), and white ( P. setiferus). Brown shrimp mature and are harvested in the fall. During this same period the pink shrimp are primarily in juvenile stages and are below commercial size. However, because they utilize the same areas, pink shrimp are caught incidentally while harvesting brown shrimp and are killed. Hence they are lost to the fishery and represent foregone future earnings to the fishery since they would otherwise have reached commercial size in late fall and 7 1 9 spring. This incidental ( or discard) catch problem is analyzed to ascertain whether alternative shrimp management policies should be instituted that would reduce the extent of the discard problem. The basis for evaluating the policies was whether or not net income to the fishery increased. Because of the lack of required data, the analysis was primarily a sensitivity analysis on the parameters involved. Results showed that the potential for increasing income to the fishery through reduced discard exists only at high discard rates. This is primarily due to high natural mortality and the low probability of catching those pink shrimp that are save from being discarded.

Waters, James R., J. E. Easley, Jr., and Leon E. Danielson ( 1980). " Economic Trade Offs and the North Carolina Shrimp Fishery." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 62( 1): 124 129.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the incidental catch ( or discard) problem to ascertain whether discard abatement policies should be instituted during August and September to protect juvenile pink shrimp. Interest is focused on whether or not the range of observed discard rates is sufficiently large to warrant protection. Because of the lack of required data, the study is primarily a simulation analysis.

Waters, James R., Raymond J. Rhodes, and Robert Wiggers ( 1997).  Description of Economic Data Collected With a Random Sample of Commercial Reef Fish Boats in the Florida Keys.  U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, 101 Piver's Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 and South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Marine Resources Division, Office of Fisheries Management, P. O. Box 12559, Charleston, SC, October, 117 pp.