VOLUME 2

             Monographs:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel

List of monographs:

   1. Abiu,  Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk,  (Sapotaceae)
   2. Aisen,  Boscia senegalensis (Pers.) Lam.,  (Capparaceae (also placed in Brassicaceae))
   3. Akee apple,  Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig,  (Sapindaceae)
   4. Atemoya,  Annona cherimola Mill. X A. squamosa L.,  (Annonaceae)
   5. Avocado,  Persea americana Mill.,  (Lauraceae).  Also includes:  Avocado, Guatemalan,  Persea americana Mill. var. guatemalensis,  (Lauraceae);  Avocado, Mexican,  Persea americana Mill. var. drymifolia (Schltdl. & Cham.) S. F. Blake,  (Lauraceae) and Avocado, West Indian,  Persea americana var. americana,  (Lauraceae)
   6. Bacury,  Platonia insignis Mart.,  (Clusiaceae (alt. Guttiferae))
   7. Bael fruit,  Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa,  (Rutaceae)
   8. Banana,  Musa spp. and hybrids,  (Musaceae).  Also includes:  Banana, dwarf,  Musa hybrids; Musa acuminata Colla,  (Musaceae) and Plantain,  Musa x paradisiaca L. (Musaceae)
   9. Binjai,  Mangifera caesia Jack,  (Anacardiaceae)
   10. Biriba,  Annona mucosa Jacq.,  (Annonaceae)
   11. Breadfruit,  Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg,  (Moraceae)
   12. Burmese grape,  Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.,  (Phyllanthaceae (also placed in Euphorbiaceae))
   13. Canistel,  Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni,  (Sapotaceae)
   14. Cat's-eyes,  Dimocarpus longan Lour. subsp. malesianus Leenh.,  (Sapindaceae)
   15. Champedak,  Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr.,  (Moraceae)
   16. Cherimoya,  Annona cherimola Mill.,  (Annonaceae)
   17. Cupuacú,  Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. Ex Spreng.) K. Schum.,  (Malvaceae (also placed in Sterculiaceae))
   18. Custard apple,  Annona reticulata L.,  (Annonaceae)
   19. Dragon fruit,  Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose,  (Cactaceae)
   20. Durian,  Durio zibethinus L.,  (Malvaceae (also placed in Bombacaceae, Durionaceae))
   21. Elephant-apple,  Limonia acidissima L.,  (Rutaceae)
   22. Etambe,  Mangifera zeylanica (Blume) Hook. F.,  (Anacardiaceae)
   23. Granadilla,  Passiflora ligularis Juss.,  (Passifloraceae)
   24. Granadilla, Giant,  Passiflora quadrangularis L.,  (Passifloraceae)
   25. Guriri,  Allagoptera arenaria (Gomes) Kuntze,  (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))
   26. Ilama,  Annona macroprophyllata Donn. Sm.,  (Annonaceae)
   27. Ingá ,  Inga vera Willd. subsp. affinis (DC.) T. D. Penn.,  (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae) (also placed in Mimosaceae))
   28. Jackfruit,  Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.,  (Moraceae)
   29. Jatobá,  Hymenaea courbaril L.,  (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae) (also placed in Caesalpiniaceae))
   30. Kei apple,  Dovyalis caffra (Hook. F. & Harv.) Warb.,  (Salicaceae (also placed in Flacourtiaceae))
   31. Langsat,  Lansium domesticum Corrêa,  (Meliaceae)
   32. Lanjut,  Mangifera lagenifera Griff.,  (Anacardiaceae)
   33. Longan,  Dimocarpus longan Lour.,  (Sapindaceae)
   34. Lucuma,  Pouteria lucuma (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze,  (Sapotaceae)
   35. Lychee,  Litchi chinensis Sonn.,  (Sapindaceae)
   36. Mabolo,  Diospyros blancoi A. DC.,  (Ebenaceae)
   37. Madras-thorn,  Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.,  (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae); (also placed in Mimosaceae))
   38. Mammy-apple,  Mammea americana L.	Clusiaceae (alt. Guttiferae))
   39. Manduro,  Balanites maughamii Sprague,  (Zygophyllaceae (also placed in Balanitaceae))
   40. Mango,  Mangifera indica L.,  (Anacardiaceae)
   41. Mango, horse,  Mangifera foetida Lour.,  (Anacardiaceae)
   42. Mango, Saipan,  Mangifera odorata Griff.,  (Anacardiaceae)
   43. Mangosteen,  Garcinia mangostana L.,  (Clusiaceae (alt. Guttiferae))
   44. Marang,  Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco,  (Moraceae)
   45. Marmalade-box,  Genipa americana L.,  (Rubiaceae)
   46. Matisia,  Matisia cordata Humb. & Bonpl.,  (Malvaceae (also placed in Bombacaceae))
   47. Mesquite,  Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.,  (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae); (also placed in Mimosaceae))
   48. Mongongo,  Schinziophyton rautanenii (Schinz) Radcl.-Sm,  (Euphorbiaceae)
   49. Monkey-bread-tree,  Adansonia digitata L.,  (Malvaceae (also placed in Bombacaceae))
   50. Monstera,  Monstera deliciosa Liebm.,  (Araceae)
   51. Muriti,  Mauritia flexuosa L.f.,  (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))
   52. Paho,  Mangifera altissima Blanco,  (Anacardiaceae)
   53. Palmyra palm,  Borassus flabellifer L.,  (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))
   54. Papaya,  Carica papaya L.,  (Caricaceae)
   55. Passionflower, Winged-stem,  Passiflora alata Curtis,  (Passifloraceae)
   56. Passionfruit,  Passiflora edulis Sims,  (Passifloraceae).  Also includes:  Passionfruit, Purple,  Passiflora edulis Sims forma edulis,  (Passifloraceae) and Passionfruit, Yellow,  Passiflora edulis Sims forma flavicarpa O. Deg.,  (Passifloraceae)
   57. Passionfruit, Banana,  Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima (Kunth) Holm-Niels. & P. Jorg., (Passifloraceae)
   58. Pawpaw,  Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal,  (Annonaceae).  Also includes:  Pawpaw, Small-flower,  Asimina parviflora (Michx.) Dunal,  (Annonaceae)
   59. Pelipisan,  Mangifera casturi Kosterm.,  (Anacardiaceae)
   60. Pequi,  Caryocar brasiliense Cambess,  (Caryocaraceae).  Also includes:  Pequia,  Caryocar villosum (Aubl.) Pers.,  (Caryocaraceae)
   61. Persimmon, American,  Diospyros virginiana L.,  (Ebenaceae)
   62. Pineapple,  Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.,  (Bromeliaceae)
   63. Pitaya,  Hylocereus sp. Including H. megalanthus, H. ocamponis and H. polychizus,  (Cactaceae).  Also includes:  Pitahaya,  Hylocereus polyrhizus,  (Cactaceae);  Pitaya Amarilla,  Hylocereus triangularis,  (Cactaceae);  Pitaya Roja,  Hylocereus ocamponis,  (Cactaceae) and Pitaya, Yellow,  Hylocereus megalanthus (K. Schum. ex Vaupel) Ralf Bauer,  (Cactaceae)
   64. Pomegranate,  Punica granatum L.  (Lythraceae (also placed in Punicaceae))
   65. Poshte,   Baill.  (Annonaceae)
   66. Prickly pear,   (L.) Mill.  (Cactaceae).  Also includes:  Prickly pear, Texas,  Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck ex Engelm. var. lindheimeri (Engelm.) B. D. Parfitt & Pinkava,  (Cactaceae)
   67. Pulasan,  Nephelium ramboutan-ake (Labill.) Leenh.,  (Sapindaceae)
   68. Quandong,  Santalum acuminatum (R. Br.) DC.,  (Santalaceae)
   69. Rambutan,  Nephelium lappaceum L.,  (Sapindaceae)
   70. Saguaro,  Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britton & Rose,  (Cactaceae)
   71. Salak,  Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss,  (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))
   72. Sapodilla,  Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen,  (Sapotaceae)
   73. Sapote, black,  Diospyros digyna Jacq.,  (Ebenaceae)
   74. Sapote, green,  Pouteria viridis (Pittier) Cronquist,  (Sapotaceae)
   75. Sapote, mamey,  Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stearn,  (Sapotaceae)
   76. Sapote, white,  Casimiroa edulis La Llave & Lex,  (Rutaceae)
   77. Sataw,  Parkia speciosa Hassk.,  (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae); also placed in Mimosaceae)
   78. Satinleaf,  Chrysophyllum oliviforme L.,  (Sapotaceae)
   79. Screw-pine,  Pandanus tectorius Parkinson,  (Pandanaceae).  Also includes:  Karuka,  Pandanus julianettii Martelli,  (Pandanaceae); Pandanus,  Pandanus utilis Bory,  (Pandanaceae) and Nicobar-breadfruit,  Pandanus leram Jones ex Fontana,  (Pandanaceae)
   80. Sierra Leone-tamarind,  Dialium guineense Willd.,  (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae); (also placed in Caesalpiniaceae))
   81. Soncoya,  Annona purpurea Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal,  (Annonaceae)
   82. Soursop,  Annona muricata L.,  (Annonaceae)
   83. Spanish lime,  Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq.,  (Sapindaceae)
   84. Star apple,  Chrysophyllum cainito L.,  (Sapotaceae)
   85. Sugar apple,  Annona squamosa L.,  (Annonaceae)
   86. Sun Sapote,  Licania platypus (Hemsl.) Fritsch,  (Chrysobalanaceae)
   87.    Tamarind-of-the-Indies,  Vangueria madagascariensis J. F. Gmel.,  (Rubiaceae)
   88.    Velvet Tamarind,  Dialium indum L.,  (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae); (also placed in Caesalpiniaceae))
   89.    Wampi,  Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels,  (Rutaceae)
   90.    White star apple,  Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don,  (Sapotaceae)
   91.    Wild loquat,  Uapaca kirkiana Müll. Arg.,  (Phyllanthaceae; (also placed in Euphorbiaceae, Uapacaceae))

1. Abiu [(caimito, caimo, cauje (GRIN))]
      Sapotaceae
      Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Radlk. [(syn: Achras caimito Ruiz & Pav. (basionym), Lucuma caimito (Ruiz & Pav.) Roem. & Schult. (GRIN))]
2. A small to medium size evergreen tree that grows to a height of 6 to 12 meters (20 to 39 feet).  Some trees may reach up to 35 meters (115 feet) high.  Native to South America, specifically Western Amazonia.  The tree is narrow when young and spreads up to 10 meters (33 feet) in diameter when mature.  The crown is pyramidal to rounded in shape.  In productive areas, the tree has a densely leafed crown.  The trunk of large trees is fluted.  Bark is rough, scaling, fissured, grey, grayish-brown or dark reddish-brown in color and contains white to reddish latex.  Leaves are alternate, glossy, smooth or slightly hairy, dark green above and pale underneath, entire, pointed at both ends, ovate-oblong, obovate or elliptic in shape, and 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches) long by 3 to 6 centimeters (1.2 to 2.4 inches) wide.  Leaves cluster at the end of the shoot.  The acute apex of the leaf is curved.  The petiole is 0.2 to 2.3 centimeters (0.08 to 0.9 inch) long.  Slightly scented, cylindrical-shaped, 4- to 5-lobed, white to greenish flowers are almost sessile and occur solitary or in clusters of 2 to 5 along the branches between the shoot tip and the trunk in the leaf axils.  Flowers are enclosed by two bracts and four light-green sepals.  The corolla is white, cylindrical, encloses four stamens, and measures 0.5 centimeters (0.2 inch) long.  Flowers contain both male and female reproductive organs.  Individual flowers measure 0.4 to 0.8 centimeters (0.2 to 0.3 inch) long.  Some trees require cross-pollination.  Pollination is by insects.  Yellow fruit is ellipsoid, ovoid, or spherical in shape, 4 to 12 centimeters (1.6 to 5 inches) long, and 50 to 250 grams (2 to 9 ounces) in weight.  Some fruit can weigh up to 1,000 grams (35 ounces).  Fruit grows solitary on the tree.  When immature, the skin is downy.  Skin of mature fruit is smooth, thin, tough, leathery, and 0.5 centimeters (0.2 inch) thick.  The pulp is translucent to whitish in color, and jelly-like in consistency.  The flavor is sweet to bland.  Some believe the taste resembles caramel.  Each fruit contains one to five large, oblong, shiny black seeds.  Immature fruit is green and contains sticky white latex.  When mature, the latex is not present in the pulp but remains in the peel.  Fruit has been cultivated for centuries (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, PIER).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs from June to August in Florida.  In Central Amazonia, three flowering periods occur from the early rainy season in February, to the mid-dry season in August.  Major flowering occurs from September to November.  In other areas, flowering occurs several times during the year.  Fruiting periods occur from the mid-rainy season to the late dry season.  In Ecuador, fruit ripening occurs from March to April.  In Brazil, fruit are in season from September to April; some fruiting occurs from February to March at Bahia.  In Florida, fruiting has occurred during the month of October.  Fruit in different stages can be present on the tree at the same time.  Fruit matures in 180 days.  Fruit is produced in 2 to 10 years from seed and 3 to 4 years from grafts.  Trees may remain productive for 20 years (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires hot, wet tropical lowlands.  Prefers well-drained, moist, loamy to clay soil with organic matter and a slightly acidic to neutral pH.  Grows best within 12 to 25 degrees of the equator in warm areas with an elevation below 1,000 meters (3,281 feet).  Can be grown up to an elevation of 1,900 meters (6,234 feet).  Grows in areas with well-distributed rainfall of 170 to 300 centimeters (67 to 118 inches), and a mean annual temperature greater than 20 °C (68 °F).  Found frequently on periodically flooded land in lowland tropical rainforests, seasonal evergreen rainforests, beach forests and wet montane forests.  Tolerant of seasonal drought but not tolerant of extreme frost.  In areas with hot, dry conditions, sun scorching may occur.  Propagation is by seed and grafting.  Seeds should be washed, dried in the shade and planted 5 centimeters (2 inches) deep in fertile soil.  Germination occurs from 15 to 50 days.  When the seedlings are 30 to 40 centimeters (12 to 16 inches) high, the seedling is planted in the permanent location.  Most propagation is by seed.  However, seeds do not remain viable for a long period of time and trees grown from seed result in great variation in form, yield and fruit quality.  Although grafting results in uniform trees, grafting is difficult due to latex accumulation.  Trees should be planted 7 by 7 meters (23 by 23 feet) apart.  Young trees require staking, irrigation, fertilizer, and shade for the first 6 months.  Plants require occasional pruning, fertilizer after harvest, and irrigation during the dry months.  Fruit are harvested when half yellow.  Fruit can be stored for one week at 12 °C (54 °F).  Not widely commercially grown.  Small commercial orchards occur in Northern Peru, Ecuador, Western Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela (PERENNIAL, JANICK, PIER).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  Fruit are sold in the markets of Guayaquil, Ecuador.  Fruit are sold in Brazilian markets from September to April and sometimes in February to March at Bahia (MORTON).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Pulp is consumed fresh; mostly consumed out-of-hand.  Gummy latex can cling to the lips.  Fruit is used in desserts; can be used dried, in sherbets, ice creams, jams, fruit salads, and yogurt (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  The pulp contains insignificant amounts of nutrients, minerals and vitamins (JANICK).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  The leaves are used in popular medicines.  Fruit pulp is consumed to relieve pulmonary issues including coughs and bronchitis.  Latex from the tree is used to remove intestinal worms; it is also placed on abscesses (JANICK, MORTON).
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Florida; no yield data is available (MORTON).
5. Other production regions:  Central America, northern and western South America, Amazonia, The Tropics, Trinidad, Australia.  The tree grows wild on the eastern slopes of the Andes.  A mature tree can yield up to 500 fruit per year.  100 to 125 kilograms (220 to 276 pounds) of fruit can be produced per tree.  A 6-year-old tree can produce a yield of 60 to 85 kilograms (132 to 187 pounds) per tree (GRIN, JANICK).
6. Use:  Fruit; wood is used for construction, ornamental (GRIN, MORTON, TRADE WINDS).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit pulp (MORTON).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits-inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, PIER, TRADE WINDS.
11. Production Map:  EPA Region 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  POJCM

1. Aisen
      Capparaceae.  Also placed in:  Brassicaceae
      Boscia senegalensis (Pers.) Lam. [(syn:  Podoria senegalensis Pers. (basionym) (GRIN)]
2. Evergreen shrub 1 to 5 meters (3 to 16 feet) high with a dense, rounded crown. Grows in open scrub or savanna woodlands and drylands; can also form a thick understory in woodlands and dry forests in Africa.  Blackish-grey bark is smooth, but somewhat crumbly.  Leaves are alternate and stiff, ovate or elliptic in shape, 9 to 14 centimeters (3.5 to 5.5 inches) long and 2 to 4 centimeters (0.8 to 1.6 inches) wide.  Inflorescence is a terminal corymb 3 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) long.  Flowers are hairy with 4 greenish-white to yellowish sepals ranging in size from 0.8 to 0.9 centimeters (0.3 to 0.4 inch) in diameter.  Fruit is a spherical berry, 1 to 1.5 centimeters (0.4 to 0.6 inch) in diameter.  Mature yellow fruits are found in small bunches of 2 to 3.  Skin is hard and slightly pubescent.  After being husked, the pea-like berry is consumed.  Pulp is translucent and jelly-like.  Each fruit contains 1-2 flattened seeds.  Fruit is used as a famine food and can be fermented into beer; seeds are used as a coffee substitute.  Other uses include fuel, wood, pesticides, medicinal purposes, and natural coagulants for water purification in Africa (ARBONNIER, AGROFORESTRY, FREEDMAN).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs in the first part of the cool dry season (October to January); fruits ripen at the beginning of the rainy season (AGROFORESTRY).
      b. Cultivation:  Grown at an altitude of 60 to 1,450 meters (197 to 4,757 feet), a temperature of 22 to 30 °C (72 to 86 °F) and a mean annual rainfall of 10 to 30 centimeters (4 to 12 inches); soil types include sandy dunes, rocky soils, sandy clay-compacted soils, and termite mounds
      (AGROFORESTRY).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  Plants are not domesticated; fruit is gathered for human consumption and sold in local African markets (AGROFORESTRY).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit can be eaten raw but is very acidic; fruit becomes edible after soaking in water for one week; seeds are dried in the sun, pounded to remove the outer seed coat and soaked for several days to remove toxins; seeds are boiled in a cauldron with potash, soaked in cold water, and mixed with salt and butter for serving; fruit is fermented into beer; seeds are roasted and used as a coffee substitute (AGROFORESTRY, FREEDMAN).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit is very acidic; leaves contain alkaloids (AGROFORESTRY).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Wide range of purposes in Africa including use as a diuretic in the treatment of syphillis, rheumatism, ulcers, gastritis, and an eye wash; used to remove intestinal parasites from camels.  Entire tree is used for medicinal purposes (FREEDMAN, AGROFORESTRY).
      g. Crop Photos.
4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN).
5. Other commercial production regions:  Northern Africa, northeast tropical Africa, west-central tropical Africa, west tropical Africa; no yield data is available (GRIN).
6. Use:  Fruit, vegetable, beverage base, seeds used as coffee substitute, medicinal purposes, wood, fuel, pesticide (AGROFORESTRY, GRIN).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Bark, leaves, roots, seeds, fruit (AGROFORESTRY).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  GRIN, BAYER, ARBONNIER, AGROFORESTRY, FREEDMAN.
11. Production Map:  No entry.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  BSCSN

                                      007
1. Akee apple [(akee, akí, seso vegetal, ackee, akée, fisanier, Akibaum, castanheiro-da-África, huevo vegetal (GRIN))]
      Sapindaceae
      Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig [(syn:  Cupania sapida Voigt (GRIN)]
2. A fast-growing medium to large evergreen tree that reaches a height of 8 to 20 meters (26 to 66 feet).  Native to tropical west African forests.  The tree contains a large, moderately dense crown and stiff, spreading branches.  The trunk is short and measures 1.8 meters (6 feet) in diameter.  The bark is gray and smooth.  Bright green leaves are large, smooth, alternate, elliptic, coarsely pinnate and 30 centimeters (12 inches).  Leaves contain three to five pairs of leaflets.  Leaflets are green, glossy on the upper surface, dull, pale and finely hairy on the underside, opposite or sub-opposite, elliptical, oblong-obovate, or oblong in shape, rounded at the base, short-pointed at the apex, shortly acuminate, and 6 to 30 centimeters (2 to 12 inches) long by 7 centimeters (3 inches) wide.  The upper leaflets are the longest.  Flowers occur in pendulous, pubescent compound racemes that are 4 to 17.5 centimeters (1.6 to 7 inches) long.  Individual flowers are showy, creamy-white to greenish in color, hairy, fragrant, small, and 0.5 centimeters (0.2 inch) long.  Each flower contains a five- to six-parted light green calyx and five petals.  Bisexual and male flowers occur on the same plant.  The main pollinators are insects, including bees.  Large, red and yellow to orange-yellow fruit is a fleshy, dehiscent capsule that is pear-shaped, occurs in clusters of 3 to 10, and measures 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long and 4 to 5 centimeters (1.6 to 2 inches) in diameter.  Individual fruit weigh 70 to 150 grams (2 to 5 ounces) and hang on long stalks from the tips of the branches.  Each capsule contains three to four chambers that each contains a large, glossy, rounded, smooth, hard, black seed.  The seed is embedded in the kidney-shaped, spongy, waxy, cream-colored aril.  Each aril is 3 to 4.5 centimeters (1.2 to 2 inches) long by 2.5 to 3.5 centimeters (1 to 1.4 inches) wide.  There are two main types of arils:  a soft yellow aril known as "butter" and a hard cream-colored aril known as "cheese".  The pink, fibrous tissue extends into the groove between the two lobes of the aril and connects the aril to the seed.  The skin is smooth, shiny to waxy and leathery.  The flavor of the aril is rich, nutty and buttery.  Immature fruit is green.  When mature, the fruit splits lengthwise, exposing the aril.  The light dispels hypoglycin, a highly toxic substance.  Fruit may be consumed only after dehiscing naturally on the tree.  One of the most commonly planted trees in Jamaica.  National fruit of Jamaica (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON, TRADE WINDS).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs from April to May in Florida and can occur during the fall.  In other areas including Jamaica, flowering can occur throughout the year.  Flowering usually occurs after extended periods of rain.  Three or more crops may be produced annually.  In the Caribbean, fruiting occurs from January to March and July to September.  In Florida, fruiting occurs midsummer.  Fruit matures in approximately 50 to 90 days.  Fruit production occurs in 3 to 4 years from seed and 1 to 2 years from by vegetative propagation (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires hot tropical to subtropical lowlands and forests.  Indigenous to the forests of the Ivory Coast and Gold Coast of West Africa.  Grown from sea level to 900 meters (2,953 feet) in Jamaica.  Prefers full sun, well distributed rainfall, a seasonal dry period, elevations up to 600 meters (1,969 feet), and fertile, slightly alkaline, well-drained soils.  Grown in zones 10 to 12.  Tolerant of a variety of soils including fertile and infertile rocky soils, drought, and light frost.  Not tolerant of high winds.  Propagation is mainly by seed and cuttings.  For commercial production, trees should be spaced 6 to 9 meters (20 to 30 feet) apart.  Trees should be pruned, topped at 5 meters (16 feet), and fertilized.  Fruit are harvested when they open on the tree.  For processing purposes, mature, unopened fruit are harvested and placed on racks in the sun.  Fruit that open within 3 days are processed.  Cultivated in Africa, India, and Tropical America.  Jamaica is the main producer of the fruit.  Fruit is beginning to be produced on a commercial scale (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK).

      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  Fruit is sold fresh for domestic consumption in Jamaica.  Fruit is canned in Jamaica and exported.  Because the fruit is toxic, canned fruit that is imported to the U.S. is subject to a Hazard Analysis and Critical Point (HACCP) manufacturing system.  Found in specialty markets around the world (JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, TRADE WINDS).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  The ripe aril is consumed fresh and cooked.  The aril is often boiled, sautéed, fried with seasonings, placed in pastry, or placed into soup.  Arils are prepared by parboiling in salted water or milk, discarding the liquid, and frying in oil or butter.  Arils resemble scrambled eggs and are sometimes referred to as "vegetable brains"; considered a delicacy.  The national dish of Jamaica is akee and dried codfish.  Parboiled arils are also added to a stew containing beef, salt-pork, scallions, thyme and other seasonings; can be curried and eaten with rice.  Served in restaurants.  In West Africa, the aril may be consumed raw, fried or roasted.  Arils must be detached entirely from the pink tissue around the aril and the large seed before being consumed.  The immature or over-ripe arils, the pink tissue around the aril, the seed, and the rest of the fruit are extremely toxic (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, VAN WYK, MORTON).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Immature arils and seeds contain the amino acid hypoglycin.  This can cause vomiting, convulsions, severe hypoglycemia, coma, and death.  Arils are a good source of fat, protein, vitamin A, vitamin B1 and B2 and vitamin C (JANICK, VAN WYK).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Aril mixtures are consumed to reduce severe diarrhea and fevers.  Seed extracts are used to remove parasites.  Ripe arils, crushed leaves, and leaf, seed or bark extracts are made into topical treatments to cure headaches, severe pain, conjunctivitis and ulcers.  A mixture of the bark and hot peppers is rubbed on the body as a stimulant (JANICK, MORTON).
      g. Crop Photos:
4. Production in U.S.:  Florida; no yield data is available (JANICK)
5. Other commercial production regions:  India, tropical America, Mexico, Central America, South America, West Africa, the tropics, the Caribbean including Jamaica.  According to the 2001 Jamaican External Trade Statistics, 1.74 million kilograms (3.84 million pounds) of canned fruit was exported mainly to Canada, the UK and the U.S.  Small amounts of this fruit were exported to the Caribbean, Europe and Japan.   In 2001, 13,140 kilograms (28,969 pounds) of frozen fruit was exported.  In 1999, there were approximately 130 hectares (321 acres) of orchards (GRIN, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK).
6. Use:  The aril is consumed fresh or is cooked and used as a vegetable; beads, medicinal purposes, vertebrate poison (mammals); ornamental; oil from the seed is mixed with the dried husks of the tree to make soap; dried husks are rich in potash; fruit are used in Ghana for washing; wood is used for building and tool-making; flowers are used for perfume; honey plant (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK, BARWICK).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  The firm and oily aril is the edible portion.  Only naturally opened fruits can be eaten, immature fruit are very toxic.
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Aril
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group: 006 (FI 0325) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON, TRADE WINDS.
11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  BLISA

                                      036
1. Atemoya
      Annonaceae
      Annona x atemoya Mabb.
2. A semi-deciduous, fast-growing, small to medium tree that reaches a height of 3 to 10 meters (10 to 33 feet).  Similar in appearance to the cherimoya.  A hybrid of the cherimoya and sugar apple that was made by   P.J. Wester at the USDA subtropical laboratory of Miami, Florida in 1908.  The trunk is short.  The canopy is open, symmetrical, round and dense.  Branches are drooping.  Leaves are alternate, leathery, slightly hairy, simple, entire, elliptical, ovate or lanceolate in shape, and 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches) long by 4 to 8 centimeters (1.6 to 3 inches) wide.  Vegetative buds are subpetiolar.  Trees are dormant during late winter to early spring.  Bud break occurs during the late spring.  Yellowish green flowers are long-stalked, triangular in shape, contain two series of three petals, and are 6 centimeters (2.4 inches) long by 4 to 5 centimeters (1.5 to 2 inches) wide.  The outer series of petals are thick and fleshy.  Flowers are borne in the axils of the leaves singly or in clusters of two or three on one-year-old wood or new shoots.  Buds are produced at the same time as the current season's shoot growth.  Flowers contain both male and female reproductive organs.  Female flowers open from 2 to 4pm and convert to the male stage approximately 27 hours later.  Some varieties require hand-pollination in order to obtain high yields.  Self-pollination is rare.  Beetles are the main insect pollinators.  Dark green, light green, or pale bluish-green fruit is a pseudocarp that grows solitary on the tree, measures 10 centimeters (4 inches) long, 9.5 centimeters (3.75 inches) wide, 8 to 15 centimeters (3 to 6 inches) in diameter, and 300 to 900 grams (11 to 32 ounces) or more in weight.  The shape of the fruit can be round, ovoid, conical or heart-shaped.  The knobby rind is 0.3 centimeters (0.125 inch) thick and is covered with fused, firm, pliable, smooth to pointed U-shaped areoles.  The pulp is white in color, fine-textured, custard-like and solid.  The flavor is sweet, subacid and resembles the cherimoya.  10 to 40 seeds are distributed throughout the pulp and are dark brown, hard, smooth, cylindrical, 2 centimeters (0.75 inch) long and 0.8 centimeters (5/16 inch) wide.  Popular in the Americas (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, TRADE WINDS, IPMCENTERS, CRANE).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs from April to June and August to September in Florida.  In Australia, flowers are produced once during the early summer, and a second time during the late summer or fall.  The main flowering period in Australia is October and November.  If fruit set is low, flowering occurs in February.  Flowering can occur from 3 to 6 months and can occur from two to three times per year.  In Florida, fruit ripens from August to January.  In Australia, fruits mature in April and May.  Fruit matures in 150 to 180 days.  Fruit production occurs in 4 to 5 years from seed and 2 to 3 yeas from grafting (PERENNIAL, JANICK, CRANE).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires warm, sunny, humid tropical conditions or cool subtropical lowlands.  Grows in areas with a dry season.  Prefers moist, deep, rich, well-drained sandy to sandy loam soil with organic matter and a pH of 5 to 7.  Does well near the coast where rainfall and humidity are high and winters are warm.  Grows in the tropics at elevations above 1,000 meters (3,281 feet).  Tolerant of a variety of climates, soil conditions including sandy loam, red basalt or heavy clay, and light frost.  Does not tolerate extreme cold, wind, drought, and water logging; trees in the tropics do not tolerate lowland conditions.  Young trees do not tolerate frost and die at -1 °C (30 °F).  Mature trees do not tolerate temperatures below -3 °C (27 °F).  Fruits may split when the weather is rainy during the ripening period.  Propagated by seed, budding and grafting.  Atemoyas for rootstocks are raised from seed.  Germination occurs in 4 weeks.  At one year of age, seedlings are planted in the nursery.  Whip and cleft grafting is performed most.  Cuttings should be taken at the end of the cool season.  Rooting occurs in 8 to 12 weeks and potting occurs in 16 to 20 weeks.  Cherimoya is a good rootstock for atemoya.  Transplanting should occur when trees are 30 to 46 centimeters (12 to 18 inches) and dormant.  Trees should be planted 15 centimeters (6 inches) above the ground, irrigated and protected from sun and wind.  In Australia and Florida, trees should be planted 4 to 6 meters (13 to 20 feet) apart within the row and 6 to 8 meters (20 to 26 feet) between rows.  Trees should be pruned, irrigated and fertilized.  Specific temperatures, humidity, pruning, irrigation, and pollination factors control productivity and growth.  Mature green fruit are harvested every 3 to 7 days by clipping the fruit from the branch.  Fruit must be picked when creamy lines appear around the areoles.  If picked too early, fruit darkens and shrivels.  Because fruit is highly perishable, it is usually shipped by air.  Fruit should be stored at 10 to 13 °C (50 to 55 °F) and 90 to 95% relative humidity.  Fruit can be stored for at least 3 weeks.  There are currently commercial plantings around the world (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, ECOCROP, CRANE).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Fruit are shipped to northern fruit dealers.  Fruit are sold in local markets in Florida (MORTON, IPMCENTERS).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Atemoya is a dessert fruit that is usually served chilled.  Pulp is consumed fresh by cutting the fruit in half or quartering it and eating the flesh from the rind with a spoon.  Fruit is prepared into sherbets, beverages and other desserts.  The white pulp can be easily separated from the seeds, cubed or sliced and added to fruit cups or salads.  Pulp is also blended with orange juice, lime juice and cream and frozen as ice cream (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, ECOCROP).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit is rich in starch when firm, but increases in sugar content when soft.  Fruit contains significant amounts of vitamin C, thiamine, potassium, magnesium and fiber; high in calories.  The seeds are toxic (JANICK, MORTON).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  No specific entry.
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Florida, Hawaii, Southern California; a commercial fruit in southern Florida.   In 1994, there were 18 hectares (45 acres) grown in Florida.  During the late 1990s, Florida produced 200 tonnes (220 tons) of fruit.  A report prepared in 2002 and revised in 2009 reported an annual production of approximately 22,680 kilograms (50,000 pounds).  In 1989-1990, 49 hectares (120 acres) of atemoya were produced and the current acreage is less than 10 hectares (25 acres).  In 1992, there were 24 hectares (60 acres) in Hawaii with about 15 tonnes (16 tons) produced.  During the late 1990s, Hawaii produced 50 tonnes (55 tons) of fruit (CRANE 1995a, KAWATE 1996a, JANICK, TRADE WINDS).
5. Other commercial production regions:  Tropics and subtropics, Venezuela, Israel, Philippines, Australia.  Cherimoya is native to the tropical highlands of Peru and Ecuador.  Sugar apple is native to tropical South America.  In good conditions, mature trees can produce approximately 23 to 34 kilograms (51 to 75 pounds) per tree or 5 to 20 tonnes (5.5 to 22 tons) per hectare per year.  In Australia, commercial groves produce 5 bushels of fruit per tree and 67 bushels) per acre (165.5 bushels per hectare.  During the late 1990s, atemoya production was important in Australia, Israel, Florida, and Hawaii.  During this time, Australia produced 3,000 tonnes (3,307 tons) of fruit and Israel produced 500 tonnes (551 tons) of fruit.  The annual production of atemoya is expected to double over the next 10 years due to new higher yielding cultivars.  Approximately 150 to 180 kilograms (331 to 397 pounds) of fruit per hectare can be harvested (GRIN, CRANE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, ECOCROP, IPMCENTERS).
6. Use:  Fruit; ornamental; green fruit and seeds contain vermicidal and insecticidal properties (MARKLE,
GRIN, QUISQUALIS, ECOCROP).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit pulp
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:   Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel.
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  Sugar apple = atemoya
10. References: GRIN, CRANE 1995a, KAWATE 1996a, MORTON, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, TRADE WINDS, IPMCENTERS, CRANE, ECOCROP, QUISQUALIS.
11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 3, 10 and 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code: No specific entry.
                                     037
1. Avocado [(Alligator pear, Aguacate, abacate (GRIN, MARKLE))]
      Lauraceae
      Persea americana Mill. [(syn:  Laurus persea L., Persea drymifolia Schltdl. & Cham., Persea floccosa Mez, Persea  gigantea L. O. Williams, Persea gratissima C.F. Gaertn., Persea leiogyna S. F. Blake, Persea nubigena L. O. Williams, Persea nubigena var. guatemalensis L. O. Williams, Persea perglauca Lundell, Persea persea (L.) Cockerell, Persea steyermarkii C. K. Allen, Persea tolimanensis Zentmyer & Schieber, nom, inval., Persea zentmyeri Schieber & B. Bergh, nom. inval. (GRIN))]

      West Indian Avocado [(avocado-pear, lowland avocado, Trapp avocado, avocatier, Avocadobaum, Avocadopalme, abokado, aguacate, palto (GRIN))]
      P. americana Mill. var. americana [(syn:  Laurus persea L., Persea gratissima C. F. Gaertn., Persea leiogyna S. F. Blake, Persea persea (L.) Cockerell (GRIN))]

      Guatemalan avocado
      P. americana Mill. var. guatemalensis (L. O. Williams) Scora, nom. inval. [(syn:  Persea nubigena
      var. guatemalensis L. O. Williams (GRIN))] [Note that this name was not validly published as a
      complete reference to the basionym was not provided.

      Mexican avocado
      P. americana Mill. var. drymifolia (Schltdl. & Cham.) S. F. Blake [(syn:  Persea drymifolia Schltdl. & Cham. (basionym) (GRIN))]
2. An evergreen tree that varies in height from 15 to 18 meters (49 to 59 feet).  Tree shape varies from tall and upright to wide and spreading with multiple branches.  Native to the lowlands of Central America, South America and Mexico.  A food source since 8,000 BC.  The trunk is 30 to 60 centimeters (12 to 24 inches) in diameter.  Leaves are dark green, smooth, spirally arranged, simple, entire, alternate, elliptic, oval, obovate, ovate or lanceolate in shape, variable in size and 10 to 13 centimeters (4 to 5 inches) wide by 20 to 25 centimeters (8 to 10 inches) long.  All or some leaves are shed during flowering and are quickly replaced by new leaves.  New leaves occur in flushes.  Pale green, greenish white or yellowish-green fragrant flowers are small and borne on multibranched axillary panicles terminating in a shoot bud.  Flowers contain both male and female reproductive organs.  Individual flowers lack petals but contain 2 whorls of 3 perianth lobes, nine stamens, a pair of nectaries and one pistil.  Approximately 1 to 2 million flowers are produced on each tree.  Flowers are placed into 2 groups.  Type `A' flowers open in the morning for 2 to 3 hours as female flowers, close at noon, and reopen the next day in the afternoon for 3 to 4 hours as male flowers.  Type `B' flowers open in the afternoon as female flowers, close in the evening and reopen the next morning as male flowers.  Cross-pollination is used for production purposes.  Self-pollination, and pollination by insects and wind can also occur.  Fruit (green, yellow-green, red or purple) is a large berry that is round, ovoid, ellipsoid, or pear-shaped, 8 to 33 centimeters (3 to 13 inches) long, up to 15 centimeters (6 inches) wide, and 200 to 2,000 grams (0.4 to 4 pounds) in weight.  The skin is approximately 0.65 centimeters (0.26 inch) thick, smooth or pebbled, thin or leathery, glossy or dull and pliable or granular and brittle.  The pulp is yellow, greenish-yellow, bright yellow or whitish in color.  The flavor is nutty, buttery, or bland.  Each fruit contains one seed that is hard, ivory in color, enclosed in two brown seed coats, oblate, round, conical or ovoid in shape and 5 to 6.4 centimeters (2 to 2.5 inches) long.  Each tree produces 200 to 300 fruit.  The `Hass' cultivar is the leading cultivar in international trade.  Consumption of avocado continues to increase over the years.
     The West Indian race Persea americana var. americana is native to the lowlands of Central America.  Leaves are not aromatic.  This tree produces small fruit with thin, leathery, pliable, non-granular skin, low oil content and loose seed.  This type of avocado is summer fruiting.  The main cultivars grown in Florida are mainly West Indian and West Indian-Guatemalan hybrids.
     The Guatemalan race Persea americana var. guatemalensis grows up to 40 meters (131 feet) tall.  It is native to the highlands of Guatemala and adjacent areas.  Leaves are coarse and oak-like.  Blackish green pebbled fruit is medium to large, ovoid, round, or pear shaped, 2.5 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) long, and 1.4 to 2 kilograms (3 to 4.4 pounds) or more in weight.  The skin can be thin or thick and granular to gritty, hard, brittle or warty.
     The Mexican race Persea americana var. drymifolia is grown in the higher elevations of Mexico.  Leaves are anise scented.  The green to black fruit is small and 227 grams (0.5 pound) or less in weight.  The skin is paper-thin, glossy, tender and clings to the flesh.  There is high oil content in the pulp.  The main cultivars grown in California are mainly Mexican x Guatemalan hybrids (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON, CRFG).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs from February to March in Florida.  In general, fruit maturation occurs in 120 to 400 days.  Fruit production occurs in 5 to 8 years from seed and 3 to 4 years from grafting.  P. americana var. americana fruit mature 160 to 240 days after flowering.  With P. americana var. guatemalensis flowering occurs from March to May; called the winter avocado in Hawaii.  Fruit mature more than 250 days after anthesis.  With P. americana var. drymifolia, flowering occurs north of the equator October to December and into spring; called the summer avocado in Hawaii.  Fruit matures 150 to 240 days after anthesis (PERENNIAL, JANICK).
      b. Cultivation:  In general, avocados require humid, warm, sunny tropical or near tropical lowlands and medium to high rainfall or monsoon rains.  Trees grow best with a well-distributed annual rainfall of 125 to 175 centimeters (49 to 69 inches) per year, temperatures of 25 to 28 °C (77 to 82 °F), and coastal limestone soils.  Prefers night temperatures of 15 to 20 °C (59 to 68 °F) and day temperatures of 20 °C (68 °F) during floral development, pollen tube growth and embryo development.  High humidity aids flowering and early fruit set.  Grows well in Indonesia at elevations of 200 to 1,000 meters (656 to 3,281 feet).  In Hawaii, trees grow well with an annual rainfall of approximately 310 centimeters (122 inches).  Tolerant of a variety of ecological conditions from the tropics to latitudes of 30 °N and 30 °S, and a variety of well-drained soils including deep volcanic soils, sandy loam and calcareous soils with a pH of 5 to 7.  Not tolerant of excessively high temperatures, frost, excess moisture and extended periods of dry conditions.  Compared to other the Mexican avocado, Persea americana var. americana is more tolerant to saline conditions.  Persea americana var. americana is more tolerant of high summer rains.  Propagation is by seed, budding or grafting.  Seeds are removed from the fruit, placed in a water bath at 49 to 50 °C (120 to 122 °F) for 30 minutes, cooled and dried in a shaded area.  Seeds are planted broad side down in polyethylene bags with a well-drained potting mix.  Germination occurs in a month.  Seedlings can be cleft or side wedge grafted 2 to 4 weeks after germination occurs.  Grafted container-grown trees can be transplanted easily.  Transplanting should be performed during the beginning of the rainy season.  Plants are spaced in the field according to the cultivar's natural growth habit, vigor of the rootstock, and the environment.  Spacing in Florida is 7.5 to 10.5 meters (25 to 34 feet) in row and 7.5 to 12 meters (25 to 39 feet) between rows.  Plants can be spaced at 4.5 to 6 meters (15 to 20 feet) in row and 6 to 7.5 meters (20 to 25 feet) between rows for higher yields.  Trees should be pruned towards the end of fall.  Fertilizer should be applied at the appropriate time, depending on climate, soil, cultivar, and management practices.  Irrigation should be performed during the flowering period and other dry periods during the year.  Fruit are harvested when mature.  Skin color, oil content, fruit weight, size and moisture content are used as indications of maturity.  Picking poles and clippers are used to harvest fruit.  Fruit should be stored at 12.5 °C (55 °F) with a relative humidity of 80 to 90%.  Deterioration of flavor and enzymatic discoloration occur during commercial processing of the fruit.
          P. americana var. guatemalensis is a subtropical to semitropical plant that grows well in the cool highlands in full sun.  Adapted to cool tropical to warm humid climate.  Grown in Guatemalan cloud forests at elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 meters (4,921 to 9,843 feet) and in mountain chains in Central America and Mexico.  Prefers fertile, well-drained, acidic soil.  Compared to the Mexican cultivar, the Guatemalan cultivar is less tolerant of low temperatures.  Tolerates temperatures of -3 to 1 °C (26 to 30 °F).  Not tolerant of high winds.  Fruit should be stored at 8 °C (46 °F) with a relative humidity of 80 to 90%.
           P. americana var. drymifolia:  a cool, subtropical plant that is grown in dry plateaus and highlands in full sun.  Prefers a Medditerranean climate.  Thrives in Mexico at an elevation of 152 meters (500 feet).  Prefers well-drained, loose, decomposed, granite or sandy loam.  Compared to other cultivars, the Mexican avocado tolerates water stress and lower humidity well.  Mexican cultivars are also tolerant of temperatures as low as -5 °C (23 °F).  Compared to Persea americana var. americana, the Mexican avocado is not very tolerant to saline conditions and high winds.  Hardiest type of avocado.  Fruit should be stored at 4 °C (39 °F) with a relative humidity of 80 to 90%.  Fruit of Mexican types discolor quickly and should be immediately consumed (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, BARWICK, CRFG, WHILEY).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Fruit are sold locally and exported to markets all over the world.  Small to medium fruit are used for commercial production and large fruit are sold locally.  Europe and the U.S. are the main markets for all exports.  Cultivars are produced for local markets in each country.  Guacamole, frozen avocado purée and avocado oil is sold as a major commercial product.  Avocados are sold pickled (JANICK, MORTON).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  The pulp is consumed fresh and is combined with other ingredients in salads and desserts.  The high fat content of avocadoes combines well with acidic fruit, vegetables, and dressings.  Fruit is made into the popular dip guacamole.  Fruit is sometimes used to supply the fat content of frozen desserts including ice cream.  Ripe pulp is mashed with milk and sugar or made into ice cream in the Philippines.  In tropical America, fruit is cut in half, salted and eaten with tortillas.  Fruit can be stuffed with seafood.  Used as a garnish; placed in sandwiches; pickled.  Frozen avocado purée is used as a base for many products.  Avocado oil is used for cosmetic products and culinary purposes.  It is similar to olive oil.  Added to hot foods including soup, stew, chili, or omelettes prior to serving the dishes.  Due to the tannin content, pulp becomes bitter if cooked.  Unripe avocados are toxic (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  One of the most nutritious fruit in the world.  It is a good source of oil, minerals, phosphorus, provitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin E, potassium, riboflavin and niacin.  The protein content is greater than any other fresh fruit.  The fruit has the highest fiber content of any fruit and contains antioxidants.  Fruit is composed of the major fatty acids monounsaturated oleic acid, palmitic acid and linoleic acid.  Avocado oil can reduce blood cholesterol (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  The seed and roots contain an antibiotic that prevents bacterial spoilage of food.  The fruit skin is antibiotic and is used to treat parasitic worms and diarrhea.  Leaves contain antibiotic activity and are taken to cure gum issues, diarrhea, sore throat and appetite issues; placed on wounds.  The seed is used to aid diarrhea, dandruff, toothaches, and skin problems     (MORTON).
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Persea americana:  California, Florida, Hawaii, Puerto Rico.  P. americana var. guatemalensis:  Coastal California; P. americana var. drymifolia:  California; not suited to southern Florida, Puerto Rico or other areas of similar climate.
     According to the USDA, during the 2009/2010 season in California, 222 260 tonnes (245,000 tons) of avocados were produced.  During the 2009/2010 season in Florida, 2,046 tonnes (23,200 tons) of avocados were produced.  According to NASS, Hawaii produced approximately 471 tonnes (520 tons) of avocados during the 2008/2009 season.  Total avocado acreage in Hawaii in the 2008/2009 season was 162 hectares (400 acres).  According to the USDA, harvest of avocados in Puerto Rico was 52,837 hundreds in 2007.  According to the USDA, total production in the United States in the 2009/2010 season was 24,778tonnes (268,720 tons).   There was minor production in Guam and Texas.  `Hass' avocadoes are the dominant cultivar in California.  Florida cultivates early-, mid-, and late- season West Indian cultivars
(MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, USDA, NASS, MORTON).
 5. Other production regions:  Persea americana:  Mexico, Central America including Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, South America including Chile, Peru, Brazil and Colombia, the Caribbean including Jamaica and the Dominican Republic, the Philippines, Indonesia, Israel, South Africa, Ethiopia, Spain, Asian tropics, India, Australia, New Zealand, Madagascar, Mauritius, Madeira, the Canary Islands, France, Sicily, Crete, Egypt; widely cultivated in the tropics and subtropics; origin Mesoamerica.  P. americana var. americana:  widely cultivated in the tropics and subtropics; P. americana var. guatemalensis:  Mexico, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela; P. americana var. drymifolia:  Mexico; cultivated elsewhere.
     According to FAOSTAT, in 2007, the top five avocado production countries were Chile (approximately 250,000 tonnes (275,578 tons)), Indonesia (201,635 tonnes (222,265 tons)), United States of America (188,100 tonnes (207,345 tons)), Dominican Republic (183,535 tonnes (202 313 tons)), and Colombia (157,552 tonnes (173,671 tons)).  Total world avocado production in 2007 was approximately 3,569,256 tonnes (3,934,431 tons).  The top five exporting countries in 2001 were Mexico, Chile, Israel, Spain and South Africa.  European and U.S. markets are the main markets for avocado exports (GRIN, PERENNIAL, JANICK, FAOSTAT, MORTON).
6. Use:  Persea americana:  Fruit; mainly fresh eating, salads, "guacamole;" medicinal purposes, vertebrate poison (mammals), ornamental; fresh pulp is used in the hair as a tonic and restorer; oil is used for culinary purposes, soaps, cosmetics and aromatherapy; seeds produce a reddish brown dye for use on clothing; wood is used for construction purposes; honey plant; P. americana var. americana:  fruit; P. americana var. guatemalensis:  fruit; P. americana var. drymifolia:  probable progenitor of avocado; fruit; Mexican avocados are strong growers and are used as rootstocks (GRIN, MARKLE, BARWICK, CRFG).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Pulp only
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit with pit and stem removed and discarded.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel.
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  006 (FI 0326) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  Avocado = avocado, papaya, star apple, black sapote, mango, sapodilla, canistel and mamey sapote
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON, CRFG, WHILEY, USDA, NASS, FAOSTAT.
11. Production map: EPA Crop Production Regions 3, 10 and 13 with some production in Region 6.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  PEBAM (Persea americana MILL); no specific entry for P. americana var. guatemalensis; PEBAM (Persea americana MILL. var. drymifolia (CHAM. & SCHLECHT.) BLAKE); no specific entry for P. americana Mill. var. americana

1. Bacury [(bacuri, parcouri, bacouré (GRIN))]
      Clusiaceae (alt. Guttiferae).
      Platonia insignis Mart.  [(syn: Aristoclesia esculenta (Arruda) Stuntz, Moronobea esculenta Arruda, Platonia esculenta (Arruda) Oken (GRIN))]
2. A tree that grows up to 25 meters (82 feet) in height.  Native to Brazil, Guyana and Amazonia.  The second most popular dicot fruit species in eastern Amazonia.  A mid- to upper canopy tree in forests.  The crown is pyramidal.  The bark contains yellow latex.  Branches grow at angles of 50 to 60 degrees from the trunk.  Dark green leaves are smooth, glossy, leathery, short-petioled, deciduous, opposite, oblong or elliptic in shape, acute, and 8 to 15 centimeters (3 to 6 inches) long by 4 to 8 centimeters (1.6 to 3 inches) wide.  Leaves are borne singly or in groups of three.  Showy, pale rose-colored flowers are solitary, 7 centimeters (3 inches) long, and borne terminally on young branches after leaf fall.  Individual flowers contain five sepals, five petals, numerous stamens, and a superior ovary with five locules.  Flowers contain both male and female reproductive organs.  Trees are cross-pollinated.  Pollinators include birds and insects.  Pale yellow, brownish-yellow or brown fruit is ovoid to subglobose in shape, 7 to 15 centimeters (3 to 6 inches) long, 5 to 15 centimeters (2 to 6 inches) in diameter, and 200 to 1,000 grams (7 to 35 ounces) in weight.  The rind is 1 to 3 centimeters (0.4 to 1.2 inches) thick, tough, hard, smooth, leathery, elastic, and exudes yellow, gummy, resinous latex when bruised.  The pulp is creamy-white in color, pithy, mucilaginous, fibrous or juicy, and can be divided into 6 sections.  The flavor is strong, acidic, and sweet.  Each fruit contains one to five seeds within the pulp.  Seeds are large, oblong-ovoid in shape, 4 to 6 centimeters (1.6 to 2.4 inches) long and 2 to 3 centimeters (0.8 to 1.2 inches) in diameter.  When seeds do not develop, the pulp forms a parthenocarpic segment that can be consumed by humans.  Plants may bear well one year and bear poorly the following year (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, CAMPBELL, POPENOE).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs during the dry season, which takes place from June to September in Brazil.  Fruit are harvested from December to May, and especially from February to March in Brazil.  Fruit matures in 200 to 300 days (PERENNIAL, JANICK).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires hot, humid tropical lowlands.  A mid- to upper canopy tree in forests.  Thrives along the forest-savannah transitional zone south of the Amazon forest, from the Atlantic to Paraguay, in the open forests of eastern Amazonia north of the Amazon River, and on Marajo Island.  Approximately 1 to 100 trees per hectare can be found in these locations.  Prefers upland soils, rainfall of 150 to 210 centimeters (59 to 83 inches) per year and a pronounced dry season lasting 3 to 8 months.  Trees also grow in the city of Belém where the rainfall is 250 centimeters (98 inches) per year and no dry season occurs.  Tolerant of many types of soils including poor soils with poor drainage and different environmental conditions.  Not tolerant of strong winds and temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F).   Propagation is by seed.  Seed should be planted immediately after harvest.  Germination of the radicle occurs in 12 to 30 days and germination of the shoot bud occurs in 150 to 750 days.  This occurs as a result of the long dry seasons.  The tree also produces suckers from the roots.  Cultivated plants are grown in open fields.  Trees should be grown to a height of 15 to 20 meters (49 to 66 feet) and a crown of 10 to 15 meters (33 to 49 feet) in diameter.  Pruning can be done to limit tree size.  Fruit is popular and is collected from wild or managed plants maintained on farms in Brazil.  When ripe, fruit falls from the tree.  Fruit that are stored in a shaded and well-ventilated area can last for 7 to 10 days.  Demand is increasing, but currently, the demand has not exceeded supply.  Starting to be considered as an orchard crop.  Industrial processing and commercialization is underway (PERENNIAL, JANICK, CAMPBELL, POPENOE).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  Fruit is sold in small local markets and large markets in Belém, Brazil; sold commercially to a limited extent (JANICK, POPENOE).

      d. Preparation for cooking:  Because of the strong flavor, the pulp (except for the sweeter parthenocarpic sections) is usually not consumed out of hand.  The pulp is used in desserts including ice creams, sherberts, bakery fillings, jams, marmalade, jellies, juices and candies; flavoring for beverages.  Fruit are preserved in tins (PERENNIAL, JANICK, NAGY, MORTON, TRADE WINDS, POPENOE).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruits contain high amounts of vitamin C (TRADE WINDS).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Latex from the bark is used in veterinary practice in Guyana; oil from the seeds is mixed with almond oil and is used to treat eczema and herpes (MORTON).
      g. Crop Photos:
4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN).
5. Other commercial production regions:  South America including Guyana, Surinam, Brazil (especially the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil), Colombia, Paraguay, Marajo Island.  Although there is no collected data, it was estimated in 2002 that 7 million fruit were commercialized yearly in Belém, Brazil at the end of the 1990s.  Yields vary each year; a mature tree that is 15 to 20 years old can produce 500 to 1,000 fruit per season.  115 plants per hectare have yielded 11 to 20 tonnes (12 to 22 tons) of fruit (GRIN, JANICK).
6. Use:  fruit, wax, wood for construction and furniture; the seed is usually discarded but can be used for oil and animal feed (GRIN, JANICK, MORTON).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit pulp (JANICK).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel.
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, CAMPBELL, POPENOE, NAGY, TRADE WINDS.
11. Production Map:  No entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  PAWES

1. Bael fruit [(bael, baeltree, belfruit-tree, Bengal-quince, golden-apple, Indian baelfruit, mu ju, bel indien, Belbaum, beli, bela, milva (GRIN))]
      Rutaceae
      Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa [(syn: Belou marmelos (L.) A. Lyons, Crateva marmelos L. (basionym) (GRIN))]
2. A small to medium, spreading, slow-growing, deciduous tree that reaches a height of 6 to 15 meters (20 to 49 feet).  Native to India.  A sacred tree to Hindus.  Leaves are used as religious offerings.  The tree slightly arches or droops.  The trunk is short and contains thick, soft, flaking, corky bark.  The sap is slimy, clear and gummy.  Spreading branches are smooth or finely fissured and flaking.  Mature branches may contain 1 to 2 centimeter (0.4 to 0.8 inch) long spines and suckers contain spines.  Bright green leaves are compound, trifoliate, alternate, emit a disagreeable odor, can contain winged petioles, and are borne singly or in twos or threes.  Each leaf contains three to five oval, pointed, slightly serrated leaflets that measure 4 to 10 centimeters (1.6 to 4 inches) long by 2 to 5 centimeters (0.8 to 2 inches) wide.  Terminal leaflets contain long petioles.  New leaves are glossy and pinkish-maroon in color.  Flowers are borne in axillary cymes on young branchlets.  Each cluster contains four to seven flowers.  The waxy, fragrant, showy flowers are citrus-like in appearance and 2 centimeters (0.8 inch) wide.  Individual flowers contain both male and female reproductive organs, four to five recurved petals that are green outside and yellowish inside or greenish-white, 5 hairy sepals, and numerous stamens.  Grey-green to yellowish fruit is a round, pyriform, oval or oblong berry that is gourd-like in appearance, and measures 5 to 20 centimeters (2 to 8 inches) in diameter.  Immature fruit is green in color.  The rind of unripened fruit is soft, smooth and thin.  Mature fruit contain a thin to moderately thick, hard, brittle, smooth, tough, woody shell with oil glands.  Within the fruit, there is a hard central core.  Inside the core, there are eight to 20 triangular segments with thin, dark-orange walls.  Segments are filled with yellow to pale orange pulp that is pasty, soft, mucilaginous, slimy, sticky or doughy.  Six to 15 seeds are contained within the pulp and each is enclosed in a mucilaginous sac.  Seeds are flattened-oblong, hairy, and 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) in length.  The flavor is sweet, aromatic, resinous, or astringent (JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON, MISRA, PARMAR, TRADE WINDS).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  The main flowering occurs from early to mid-spring; in India, flowering occurs from April to May after new leaves appear.  Flowering can occur intermittently all year.  Fruit are harvested 10 to 11 months after flowering.  In many areas, fruit are harvested from late spring to early summer.  In India, fruiting occurs from March to June, with a peak from May to June.  However, fruit can be harvested in January before fruit is fully ripened.  The highest yields occur in 15 years.  Trees produce fruit in 6 to 7 years from seed and 5 years from grafts (JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON, PARMAR).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires subtropical areas with full sun, altitudes of 1,200 meters (3,937 feet) and fertile, well-drained soils with a pH of 5 to 8.  Thrives in the dry, hilly forests of India, dry and humid lowland woodlands, and mixed deciduous and dry dipterocarp forests of former French Indochina.  For good production, a long dry season is preferred.  Tolerant of extreme temperatures (7 to 49 °C or 20 to 120 °F), drought, high and low pH, and various soil types including rocky soils, oolitic limestone, and poorly drained soils.  Propagation is by seed, grafting, budding, air layering, marcottage, and cuttings.  Seeds should be planted directly after being removed from the fruit.  Most trees grow wild.  Grown on a large scale only on the subcontinent.  Main cultivation is in India.  Fruit is grown commercially from non-formal plantings.  Trees should be spaced 6 to 9 meters (20 to 30 feet) apart.  Cultivated fruit can be trained, pruned, irrigated and fertilized.  Fruit are harvested when the peel is yellowish-green in color and the stem separates from the fruit.  Then fruit is stored for 8 days until the green color fades.  In addition, fruit can be harvested 2 to 3 months before color development and exposed to ethylene.  Fruit storage is 2 weeks at 30 °C (86 °F) or 4 months at 9 °C (48.2 °F) (JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON, MISRA, TRADE WINDS).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  Fresh fruit, processed fruit and beverages made from the fruit are sold commercially in India and Southeast Asian countries.  Leaves are harvested and sold commercially during late summer.  Young fruit are sliced horizontally, sun-dried, and sold in local markets for medicinal purposes; exported to Malaya and Europe (JANICK, MORTON).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit pulp is consumed fresh or processed.  Fresh fruit is consumed by cutting the fruit in half and sprinkling palm sugar on the pulp; consumed for breakfast.  Fruit is processed as nectar.  In India, pulp is beaten with milk and sugar to create a drink.  A drink is also prepared by combining the pulp with tamarind.  Pulp is used to make sherbet, jelly, beverages, preserves, syrup, and toffee.  Ripe pulp is pickled.  Unripe fruit is made into jam.  Young leaves and shoots are eaten as a vegetable and seasoning.  An infusion of the flowers is used in drinks (JANICK, MORTON).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  The fruit contains vitamin A, vitamin C and pectin.  Pulp is rich in riboflavin and protein.  The peel contains tannins. (JANICK, MISRA, PARMAR).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  In many areas, the plant is used more for medicinal purposes than food purposes.  Fruit, bark, leaves and flowers are used for various medicinal purposes in Asia.  Immature fruit is boiled, strained, sweetened and consumed to treat diarrhea, hemorrhoids, hepatitis, tuberculosis, digestive issues, skin conditions, and sleeping problems; ripe fruit is used as a laxative and aphrodisiac.  Many claim the fruit aids the heart and brain.  Oil from the seeds is used as a purgative.  Leaf juice is used to reduce fever and alleviate asthma; flowers are prepared into an eye lotion; a decoction of the bark is used to treat malaria; the root is used for a wide variety of conditions; fruit, roots, and leaves have antibiotic activity (JANICK, BARWICK, MISRA).
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.: Florida; no yield data is available (JANICK).
5. Other commercial production regions:  India, Burma, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Java, Thailand, Egypt, Surinam, Trinidad, Myanmar; cultivated in Malesia region (includes Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines).  Trees can produce 150 to 200 fruit per year.  Superior cultivars can produce 400 to 1,000 fruit per year (GRIN, JANICK, MORTON).
6. Use:  Fruit; essential oils are extracted from the rind and flowers and used to make perfume and soap; gum/resin, and glue is made from the sap; fruit are used to make paint; ornamental, medicinal purposes; dried shells of the fruit are made into decorative boxes; the rind is used to produce a yellow dye; wood is used to make small objects; honey plant; leaves and flowers are consumed; bark is used as a fish poison; leaves and twigs are used for fodder; leaves are used as religious offerings (GRIN, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON, PARMAR).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit pulp (MORTON).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel.
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON, MISRA, PARMAR, TRADE WINDS.
11. Production Map:  EPA Crop Production Region 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  AELMA
                                      043
1. Banana
      Musaceae
      Musa spp. [(syn:  Musa martinii Van Geert, Musa paradisiaca subsp. seminifera (Lour.) K. Schum., Musa seminifera Lour. (GRIN))]
1. Banana, Dwarf  [(Banano, Guineo niño, banana, bungulan, bananier, bananier nain, Banane, Zwergbanane, banana-nanica, nanicão, plátano, Cavendish banana, Chinese banana (GRIN, MARKLE))]
	Musa acuminata Colla [(syn: Musa cavendishii Lamb., Musa chinensis Sweet, nom. nud., Musa nana Lour., Musa sapientum var. suaveolens (Blanco) Malag., Musa sinensis Sagot ex Baker, Musa zebrina Van Houtte ex Planch. (GRIN))]
1. Plantain  [(banana, French plantain, bananier, Banane, Mehlbanane, banana-caturra, banana-da-terra, banana-de-São-Tomé, banana-macã, banana-ouro, banana-prata, banano (GRIN))]
      Musa x paradisiaca L. [(syn: Musa dacca Horan., Musa paradisiaca var. dacca (Horan.) Baker ex K. Schum., Musa paradisiaca subsp. sapientum (L.) Kuntze, Musa rosacea Jacq., Musa sapientum L. (GRIN))]
2. Musa spp. are fast-growing, giant perennial herbs that reach a height of 2 to 15 meters (7 to 49 feet).  The largest perennial herb in the world.  Native to Southeast Asia or Malesia (Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Borneo, and Papua New Guinea).  First domesticated in Southeast Asia.  All cultivars of bananas and plantains were developed from intra- and interspecific crosses of Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana.  Classification of cultivars depends on the ploidy level and contribution of genomes of both species.  Musa spp. (banana) includes all wild species, landraces and cultivars.  Musa spp. is divided into dessert bananas, cooking bananas, beer bananas, and plantains.  Bananas have been used as fertility and prosperity symbols for many centuries in countries including India and China.  The banana is considered a sacred fruit in India.  Used as a crop in Papua New Guinea since 5000 BCE.  The plant contains an underground corm (which is the real Musa stem) that produces suckers and adventitious roots.  The corm contains many leaf scars that form rings.  Each leaf scar on the corm contains a bud that can develop into a sucker.  Suckers, or lateral shoots become the source of conventional planting material for farmers.  Each true stem bears flowers and fruit only once.  The pseudostem grows from the corm and consists of encircling leaf sheaths that carry the leaves.  The meristem of the plant is located near the soil level.  Leaves form from the apical meristem and emerge from the middle of the pseudostem.  The two types of leaves that can form are scale leaves and foliage leaves.  Scale leaves are almost without lamina and are formed underground on buds.  Foliage leaves contain a sheath, petiole, midrib and lamina.  These leaves are large, mid-gray, green, green with maroon splotches, or green on the upperside and reddish purple underneath, tender, smooth, oblong or elliptic in shape, sometimes waxy, and up to 3 meters (9 feet) long by 0.6 meter (2 feet) wide.  Petioles are fleshy, deeply grooved, and short.  Each plant contains 4 to 15 spirally-arranged leaves.  In good conditions, new leaves emerge every 7 to 10 days until flowering.  When flowering begins, the apical meristem turns into an inflorescence.  The inflorescence emerges as a terminal spike from the pseudostem at the top of the plant.  Most bananas and French plantains contain pendant bunches.  All bananas have a complete inflorescence with 12 to 20 flowers per hand.  A complete inflorescence contains female flowers, neutral flowers and a male bud.  Before opening, the male bud is large, long-oval, tapering, and purple to reddish-purple in color.  Male buds occur at the end of the inflorescence and contain bracts that cover two rows of male flowers.  Male flowers contain a short, slender ovary, a slender style and stigma, and well-developed stamens that do not usually produce pollen.  Female flowers consist of a large ovary with approximately 300 ovules, a style with a six-lobed stigma, stamens or staminodes and a perianth.  Only female parts develop fully.  These flowers are located on the lower 5 to 15 rows.  Neutral flowers follow female flowers on the inflorescence and do not develop into fruit.  In addition, stamens do not produce pollen.  Individual yellow, white, or cream-colored flowers are large, slim, tubular, toothed, and clustered in whorled double rows along the stalk.  The rachis (fruit stalk) attaches the inflorescence to the pseudostem.  Almost all Musa cultivars are triploids, do not require pollination for fruit production, and are sterile.  Inedible wild banana fruit require pollination from bats, honeybees and birds.  Clusters of fruit (also known as "hands" of bananas) develop from the female flowers.  Fruit bunches consist of 5 to 10 hands that bear 65 to 155 fruit.  When immature, fruit resemble skinny, green fingers.  As the bananas develop, the stalk droops until the bunch turns upside down.  The yellow, red or green-and-white-striped fruit is a berry that is oblong, cylindrical and blunt to 3-angled, curved, and hornlike in shape, and 6.4 to 30.5 centimeters (2.5 to 12 inches) long by 2 to 5 centimeters (0.75 to 2 inches) wide.  The peel is smooth and thin.  The pulp is ivory-white, yellow or salmon-yellow in color.  When unripe, pulp is firm, and may contain latex.  When ripe, pulp is tender, slippery and soft.  The flavor may be astringent when unripe and mild, sweet, subacid, dry and mealy or starchy when ripe.  Triploid cultivars do not contain seeds.  Wild banana fruit contain black, hard, rounded to angled seeds that measure 0.3 to 1.6 centimeter (0.125 to 0.625 inch) wide.  Banana and plantain are considered the most important fruit crop in the world and the seventh most important food crop in the tropics.  Major source of income for farmers.
     Dwarf banana grows to a height of 1.2 to 8 meters (4 to 26 feet).  Native to Southeast Asia and Northern Queensland, Australia.  The smallest well-known banana.  The trunk is slender.  The root system is extensive to prevent plants from blowing over in high winds.  The outer sheaths contain streaks or patches that are dark-brown or reddish-brown.  Leaves are yellowish and non-waxy.  Fruit is usually produced without fertilization.  Greenish, yellow, orange, or red fruit is small, 6 to 35 centimeters (2 to 14 inches) long and 2.5 to 10 centimeters (1 to 4 inches) in diameter.  Fruit bunches are usually small and contain 10 to 150 or more fruit per cluster.  The peel is smooth and thin.  Pulp is white, yellow or orange in color.  The flavor is sweet to starchy.  Fruit can contain seeds.  There are many varieties of dwarf bananas.  Musa acuminata is considered the most important diploid species because it is the source of fruit parthenocarpy, has the widest distribution in Asia and a center of origin and diversification in Indonesia.  Most commercial cultivars belong to the species Musa acuminata or Musa x paradisiaca.
     Plantains grow up to 15 meters (49 feet) high.  Native to Southeast Asia.  A polyploidy species.  Fruit are produced without pollination.  Plantain types are classified according to the inflorescence type and include:  French, French Horn, Flase Horn and True Horn.  True Horn types do not contain neutral flowers and only contain one to five hands and one to 50 fruit.  French plantains contain both neutral flowers and male buds, six to 12 hands and 60 to 170 fruit.  French plantains contain pendant flower bunches and other plantain cultivars consist of sub-horizontal or horizontal flower bunches.  Plantains are also grouped into giant, medium and small according to pseudostem height and the total number of foliage leaves produced until flowering.  Compared to other Musa spp., plantain fruit are larger and more angular.  Fruit are used mostly for cooking (PERENNIAL, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON, NAKASONE, CRFG).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering can occur during any time of the year.  The growth cycle of the plant depends on planting time, nutrition, maturity, location, and cultivar.  Small cultivars flower earlier.  The plant requires 10 to 15 months to produce a flower stalk.  Fruit-filling occurs from the time of flowering to harvest and takes from 3 to 4 months in lowlands to up to 6 months in the mid-altitudes or highlands.  Ripening occurs from when the fruit reaches its full size until the peel turns yellow.  This takes approximately 2 weeks.  Fruit production occurs in 12 months after planting.  Fruit is produced year-round (PERENNIAL, JANICK, CRFG, NAKASONE).
      b. Cultivation:  Banana, dwarf banana, and plantain are grown in the warm, humid, tropical lowlands and subtropics from sea level to altitudes of 1,000 to 2,100 meters (3,281 to 6,890 feet).  Some dwarf cultivars can tolerate elevations up to 1,616 meters (5,302 feet).  Bananas, dwarf bananas, and plantains prefer temperatures of 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F), full sun, at least 100 millimeters (4 inches) of rainfall monthly, and flat, deep, non-compacted, well-drained loam, with high water-holding capacity, high fertility, high organic matter, a pH of 5.8 to 6.5, and low salinity.  Alluvial soils, sands and clays are also ideal for growing bananas.  Plants do not prefer temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F) and above 38 °C (100 °F), dry seasons lasting more than 3 months, and windy conditions.  Cool weather and drought disrupt growth.  Bananas, dwarf bananas and plantains are sensitive to frost.  Banana seeds are only used in breeding programs.  Water suckers that contain small, broad leaves and small corms are used as a source of planting material in the field.  The perennial crop is harvested by leaving the lower parts of the plant and roots uncut during harvesting.  A ratoon, or sucker is formed after the plant is harvested.  This technique allows for the production of succeeding generations of crops.  Once suckers are planted, the first growth occurs in the roots.  Adventitious roots grow over 40 centimeters (16 inches) before leaves appear.  Another method of propagation in commercial plantations is shoot tip culture.  Tissue culture micropropagation is used to produce clones.  Planting time depends on desired time of harvest, but is usually done at the end of the dry season or beginning of the wet season.  In Puerto Rico, plantains are planted monthly year round.  In commercial plantations in the tropics, there should be approximately 1,667 banana plants per hectare or a spacing of 6 m2 per plant (3 meters (10 feet) between rows and 2 meters (7 feet) among plants within rows).  In the subtropics, banana planting density should be approximately 2,000 plants per hectare.  The spacing of many dwarf cultivars ranges from 3 by 2 meters to 5 by 4 meters (10 by 6 feet to 15 by 12 feet).  In Puerto Rico, 1,235 to 1,976 plantain plants per hectare are grown in plantations.  Mulching aids root development.  The application of inorganic fertilizers is important during plant growth.  Weeds, infected leaves and excess suckers should be removed to prevent competition.  Cooking bananas and plantains not grown in plantations are not usually thinned.   Wind breaks should be planted in plantations to protect trees.  Trees in plantations should be propped.  Polyethylene bagging is used to prevent fruit loss due to insect damage, bat damage, and leaf scarring.  Fruit for export are harvested when fruit are immature and contain a green peel.  The bunch is cut from the pseudostem using a curved knife.  The fruit are transported in plastic bags to the packing room where the fruit are washed, rinsed, treated to prevent fungus growth, graded for size and quality and packed.  Fruit are then ripened with ethylene at a rate of 1,000 ppm for 24 hours at temperatures of 13 °C (55 °F) to 18 °C (64 °F) with 90% humidity.  Plantain ripening occurs in 4 to 5 days when stored at 13 to 22 °C (56 to 72 °F), 95 to 100% relative humidity and exposed to ethylene gas once.  If stored at room temperature, plantain fruit will ripen in 9 days from harvest (PERENNIAL, MORTON, JANICK, CRFG, NAKASONE).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  Fruit has been consumed locally and exported for centuries.  Gros Michel and Cavendish cultivars are the most important cultivars for worldwide export trade.  Due to disease problems with other cultivars, Cavendish cultivars provide almost all export dessert bananas.  Fruit is sold canned, dried, frozen, extracted, puréed, and fermented.  Plantains are sold canned, frozen, dried, and in mixes; plantain chips are widely sold (MORTON, JANICK, NAKASONE).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Dessert bananas are peeled and consumed fresh; mostly eaten as a dessert in the northern hemisphere.  Fruit are added to fruit salads and sandwiches; used as a snack, smoothie, or meal.  Fruit can be consumed whole, sliced or mashed; baked, boiled or broiled and served with meat; fruit are sliced and cooked with lemon juice and sugar to make jam, syrup or sauce; spiced.  In the South Pacific, unpeeled or peeled unripe fruit are baked whole.  Fruit is pureed and used in baby foods, baked goods, ice cream, yogurts, or beverages.  Fruit can be canned and frozen; also made into beer and wine.  Dwarf banana pulp is consumed fresh and cooked.  Dwarf banana fruit are the most preferred for drying.  Plantains are a type of cooking banana where fruit remain starchy after ripening; usually processed before consumption.  Fruit are usually peeled, wrapped up in Musa leaves, cooked whole or grated, and mixed with coconut milk.  Cooking bananas and plantains are fried, grilled, boiled or stewed.  Ripe plantains are allowed to ripen until the skin has turned black, peeled, sliced, and fried in olive oil.  A common dish in the Caribbean is made by boiling and mashing ripe plantains, and adding eggs, flour, butter, milk and cloves.  This mixture is added to a casserole with beef and cheese; many other dishes are made from plantains.  Fruit are stored by drying; fruit are also ground into flour that is later used for bread.  Ripe fruit are used to make banana ketchup in the Philippines.  Fruit can also be consumed raw when ripe.  Fruit are canned and frozen.  Dried green plantains can be ground, roasted and used as a substitute for coffee.
           In India and Ethiopia, the heart of the banana stem is consumed as a delicacy; stems are canned, added to curry sauce, candied, or consumed as a vegetable; corms are consumed as a vegetable; ash from burned leaves and stems are used as a seasoning in curries; in the Far East and Sri Lanka, the male buds are consumed in salads; in Southeast Asia, flowers are soaked in salt water, boiled, and consumed as a vegetable; may also be consumed in curries, or eaten with palm oil.  A clear liquid called banana essence is added to desserts, juices and drinks (PERENNIAL, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON, NAKASONE).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  The fruit is a staple food that is high in potassium, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B6, and carbohydrates; considered an energy food; contains starch and sugars.  Fruit are easily digestible, low in fat, and contain no cholesterol; fruit neutralize acid in the stomach.  Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin are found in the fruit (JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, NAKASONE, MORTON).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  The entire plant has medicinal purposes; flowers are used to aid bronchitis, dysentery, diabetes and ulcers; sap is used to cure hysteria, epilepsy, leprosy, fevers, insect bites, hemorrhages, and diarrhea; leaves are used to aid burns; ashes of the peel and leaves are used to cure dysentery and ulcers; roots are used to cure digestive problems; seeds are used to cure diarrhea.  The ripe peel and pulp of bananas contain antifungal and antibiotic principles (MORTON).
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Grown commercially in the U.S. in Hawaii, Guam, the Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico, with some small plantings in south Florida, Texas and California.
     According to FAOSTAT, the United States produced 7,890 tonnes (8,697 tons) of bananas in 2008.  According to NASS, in 2008, Hawaii produced 7,893 tonnes (17.4 million pounds) of bananas for the fresh market.  In 2008, Hawaii grew approximately 526 hectares (1,300 acres) of bananas.  According to the USDA, in 2007, Florida grew 113 hectares (280 acres) of bananas, California grew 18 hectares (44 acres) of bananas, and Texas grew 2.5 hectares (6 acres) of bananas.  According to the USDA, in 2007 in Puerto Rico, there were 5,505,051 total banana trees and 373,667,000 bananas were harvested.  According to the USDA, in Guam in 2007, there were 108 tonnes (238,246 pounds) of bananas (all types) harvested and there were 13,673 trees of bearing age.  According to the USDA, in the Virgin Islands in 2007, there were 44 tonnes (95,924 pounds) of bananas harvested and there were 5,291 trees of bearing age.
     Plantains are produced in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands; some production occurs in Florida.
     According to the USDA, in 2007 in Puerto Rico, there were 16,524,666 total plantain trees and 249,948,000 plantains were harvested.  According to the USDA, in the Virgin Islands in 2007, there were 13 tonnes (27,763 pounds) of plantains harvested and there were 1,738 trees of bearing age (USDA, FAOSTAT, NASS, GRIN).
5. Other commercial production regions:  Latin America; major producing countries include Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Mexico, Honduras, Panama and Costa Rica; Africa; major producing countries include: Uganda, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Côte d'Ivoire; Egypt, India, China, Australia, Israel, the Canary Islands, Taiwan, Indonesia, South Asia, the Middle East, the Pacific islands including the Philippines, the Caribbean, Martinique, Guadeloupe and Western Samoa.  Ornamental plants and plants grown for fiber are grown in Pakistan, Burma, the Philippines, and Ethiopia.  Dwarf bananas are produced in Colombia, Brazil, east tropical Africa (Tanzania), China, India, Sri Lanka, Indochina, Myanmar, Burma, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Australia, the West Indies; widely cultivated.  Plantains are widely cultivated in Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Dominican Republic and Ghana.
     According to FAOSTAT, world production of bananas in 2008 was approximately 90,705,922 tonnes (99,705,922 tons)).  According to FAOSTAT, the top five production countries for banana in 2007 were India (21,766,400 tonnes (23,993,348 tons)), China (8,038,729 tonnes (8,861,182 tons)), the Philippines (7,484,073 tonnes (8,249,778 tons)), Brazil (7,098,350 tonnes (7,824,591 tons)), and Ecuador (6,002,302 tonnes (6,616,405 tons)).  World plantain production in 2008 was 34,343,343 tonnes (37,857,055 tons) (GRIN, JANICK, FAOSTAT, MORTON).
6. Use:  Fruit is consumed fresh, cooked, or processed; leaves are used to wrap and cook food; also used as roofing materials, umbrellas or organic plates; flowers are consumed and used in floral arrangements; heart of the stem is consumed as a delicacy; pseudostems are used to make dams; also used as livestock feed; fibers are used to make straps, clothing, hats, fishing nets, materials for car fittings;, partitions, and banknotes; seed are used to make necklaces; non-edible Musa species are grown as ornamental plants or plants for fiber; dried banana peel is used to blacken leather; ash from the dried peel is used to make soap and dye; plant sap is used as an emergency beverage.  Dwarf banana is used as a beverage base, fruit, vegetable; related to A-genome bananas; wax; container plant.  Plantains are used as a beverage base, fruit, and starch; medicinal purposes; in Colombia, plantain fruits and plants are used as animal feed (GRIN, CRFG, MARKLE, JANICK, MORTON).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Internal pulp. The whole green plantain fruit can be ground into flour.
8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit for both.  Banana:  Field residue data on both bagged and unbagged bananas should be provided.  The required number of field trials may be split between bagged and unbagged bananas.  Alternatively, one sample each of bagged and unbagged bananas may be taken from each site.  For establishing tolerances, data are required on the whole commodity including peel after removing and discarding crown tissue and stalk.  Residue data on just the banana pulp may be provided for purposes of dietary risk assessment: Banana tolerance will cover plantain.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  006 (FI 0327 for banana; FI 0328 for dwarf banana and FI 0354 for plantain) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition: Banana = Banana, Plantain
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON, NAKASONE, CRFG, USDA, FAOSTAT, NASS.
11. Production Map:  EPA Crop Production Regions 3, 10 and 13 (primarily 13).
12. Plant Codes:
a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  MUBSS  (Musa spp. = Banana tree), MUBAC (M. acuminata = Dwarf banana tree), MUBPK (M. x paradisiaca = Plantain, French plantain)

1. Binjai [(wani, beluno (GRIN))]
      Anacardiaceae
      Mangifera caesia Jack [(syn: Mangifera verticillata C. B. Rob. (GRIN))]
2. A large deciduous tree that grows to a height of 20 to 45 meters (66 to 148 feet).  Native to Southeast Asia, specifically Borneo.  One of the most common mango species in Western Malesia.  The trunk is straight and 50 to 120 centimeters (20 to 47 inches) or more in diameter.  The bark is grey to greyish-brown in color, fissured and contains pale yellow sap that is irritating to the skin.  Bark strips are glossy, hard, smooth and pale.  Branches are large.  The crown is dense and is shaped like a dome.  Medium green leaves are shiny on the upper surface, leathery, blunt or tapered to a sharp point, elliptic, lanceolate, or obovate in shape, 7 to 30 centimeters (3 to 12 inches) long and 3 to 10 centimeters (1.2 to 4 inches) wide.  Petioles are short, flattened and 1 to 2.5 centimeters (0.4 to 1 inch) long.  Leaves are located at the ends of branchlets.  The inflorescence is a densely flowered, branched terminal panicle that is 15 to 40 centimeters (6 to 16 inches) long.  Individual pale pink, blue or lilac flowers are fragrant.  Each flower contains slightly reflexed linear petals that are up to 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) long, five sepals, a stamen, a 0.5 centimeter (0.2 inch) long filament, 4 teeth-like staminodes, an ovary and style.  Light brown, pale-green, yellowish or yellowish-brown fruit is an obovate-oblong, elliptical, subellipsoid, oval or pear-shaped drupe that is necked at the base, 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches) long and 6 to 7 centimeters (2.4 to 2.8 inches) in diameter.  The skin is very thin (approximately 0.1 centimeters (0.04 inch) thick), smooth, glossy or slightly scaly.  The pulp is whitish to yellowish-white in color, soft, juicy, and fibrous.  The flavor is sweet or sour and resembles a mixture of mango and pineapple.  The large, pinkish-brown seed is ellipsoid-lanceolate in shape, and 7 centimeters (3 inches) long by 3.5 to 4 centimeters (1.4 to 1.6 inches) wide.  The seed is contained in matted fibers.  Mature fruit produce a strong, disagreeable smell.  The `wani' cultivars contain pear to ellipsoid shaped fruit that have a glossy pale green skin and pulp that is nearly fiberless and sweet.  Fruit of this cultivar are 9 to 11 centimeters (3.5 to 4.3 inches) long by 6 To 7 centimeters (2.4 to 2.8 inches) wide.  Wild fruit are acidic and fibrous.  The juice of immature fruit are irritating to skin and the digestive tract (PERENNIAL, FRUITIPEDIA, WIKIPEDIA, TRADE WINDS, MORTON, KOSTERMANS).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Fruit ripen 3 months after anthesis (FRUITIPEDIA).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires hot tropical lowlands or gentle sloped land and a monsoon climate.  Also grown in wet, evergreen, tropical lowland forests.  Grows well up to an elevation of 400 meters (1,312 feet).  Prefers sandy clay soils and evenly distributed rainfall.  Tolerates temporary flooding.  Propagation is by seed.  Plant spacing should be 12 to 16 meters (39 to 52 feet).  Widely cultivated in Southeast Asia (PERENNIAL, WIKIPEDIA, KOSTERMANS).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Fruit of the beluno and wani cultivars are sold at high prices in local markets in Malaya and Singapore (FRUITIPEDIA, MORTON, KOSTERMANS).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit pulp of green or ripe fruit can be consumed fresh, cooked, or preserved.  Fruit is often used to make a spice that is based on chillies (called sambal) and is eaten with fish.  Fruit is commonly eaten with chili and soy sauce.  Pulp of ripe fruit can be pickled or preserved with salt.  In Bali, fruit are used to make creamy juices.  The seed is edible; young leaves are edible and are consumed raw (PERENNIAL, FRUITIPEDIA, MORTON, KOSTERMANS).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit pulp contains vitamin A and 58 milligrams of vitamin C (PERENNIAL, FRUITIPEDIA).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  No specific entry.
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  No data (GRIN).
5. Other production regions:  Southeast Asia including Thailand, region of Malesia (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Singapore); naturally grown in Sumatra, Borneo, and Malaysia; cultivated in Bali, Thailand and Java.  A single tree can produce thousands of fruits; no yield data is available (GRIN, PERENNIAL, FRUITIPEDIA).
6. Use: Fruit, wood (GRIN, FRUITIPEDIA).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit flesh
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel.
      d. EPA Crop Definition: None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, FRUITIPEDIA, WIKIPEDIA, TRADE WINDS, MORTON, KOSTERMANS.
11. Production Map:  No entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  No specific entry

                                      071
1. Biriba [(Wild sweetsop, cachiman montagne, cachiman crème, Schleimapfel, biribarana, anona, cachimán, candón, cherimoya (GRIN))]
      Annonaceae
      Annona mucosa Jacq. [(syn: Rollinia deliciosa Saff., Rollinia jimenezii Saff., Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baill., Rollinia orthopetala A. DC., Rollinia pulchrinervia A. DC., Rollinia sieberi A. DC. (GRIN))]
2. A small to medium, deciduous, fast-growing tree that grows to a height of 4 to 15 meters (13 to 49 feet).  Native to Central and South America and the West Indies.  Cultivated during pre-Columbian times.  One of the most popular fruit grown in Western Amazonia.  The trunk is short, thick, and grey in color.  The canopy is round or conic in shape.  Branches are open and spreading.  Twigs are brown and hairy.  Glossy green leaves are alternate, simple, leathery, pubescent underneath, oblong, ovate-oblong, oblong-elliptic or elliptic in shape, pointed at the apex, rounded at the base, slightly folded, and 10 to 35 centimeters (4 to 14 inches) long by 5 to 12 centimeters (2 to 5 inches) wide.  The petiole is yellowish and 0.5 to 1 centimeter (0.2 to 0.4 inch) long.  Young growth is rusty, silky, hairy, and yellowish-green in color.  Inconspicuous yellowish-green to whitish flowers are 3.5 centimeters (1.4 inches) wide, borne 1 to 3 or more together in the leaf axils and triangular in shape.  Each flower contains 3 large, thick, winged outer petals, 3 inner petals, 3 hairy sepals, male and female reproductive organs, many stamens and pistils.  Flowers are contained on large stalks.  Fruit is a syncarp (compound fruit) that is formed from the fusion of pistils and is composed of many segments that each end in a point.  Each segment contains a brown, elliptic seed and pulp.  Fruits are yellow with black tipped points, solitary, variable in shape, size, consistency, and pericarp and measure 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches) long, 7 to 20 centimeters (3 to 8 inches) in diameter, and 200 to 1,000 grams (7 to 35 ounces) in weight.  Most fruit are spherical, conical, heart-shaped, oblate, or oblong in shape.  The rind is 0.3 centimeter (0.125 inch) thick, leathery, tough, sometimes bumpy, and is composed of hexagonal, conical segments that are tipped with a wart-like or soft spine protrusion.  Pulp is white in color, juicy, mucilaginous, transparent, and creamy.  Fruit contain a slender, white core with numerous seeds.  Seeds are black to dark-brown, elliptic to obovate in shape, shiny, and 1 to 2 centimeters (0.4 to 0.8 inch) long.  The flavor is sweet, sweet-sour, slightly acidic or bland.  Some describe the flavor as resembling lemon sherbet or lemon meringue pie.  Immature fruit is whitish-green in color.  Fruit is popular because of its unique flavor, large quantity of pulp, and fruit size.  Wild populations of the tree are threatened by deforestation (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON, FRUITIPEDIA, TOP TROPICALS).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  In some areas, flowering takes place once per year and occurs after leaf fall.  In other areas, flowering occurs during winter and summer.  In Amazonia, flowering and fruiting can occur off and on during the year.  Flowering occurs from April to May in Florida, from June to September (low rainfall season) in the Central Amazon, and from February to July in Costa Rica.  Fruit mature from October to May in the Amazonas, from February to Mach in Rio de Janeiro, from June to November in Costa Rica, and from November to December in Florida.  Fruit matures in approximately 90 days.  Fruiting occurs in 3 to 4 years from seed (MORTON, PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, FRUITIPEDIA).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires hot, humid tropical lowlands.  Trees thrive where there is a short, dry season, an average rainfall above 6 centimeters (2 inches) during July and August and over 30 centimeters (12 inches) during January to March.  Prefers full sun, an annual rainfall of 270 centimeters (106 inches), an annual average temperature of 26 °C (79 °F), deep, acidic soil with high organic matter and good drainage, and elevations up to 600 meters (2,000 feet).  Its natural habitat is lowland, humid limestone forests.  Tolerates poor, heavy-textured soils, yellow oxisols, lowlands subject to flooding along the Amazon, and some shade.  In its native environment, temperatures never go below 18 °C (64 °F) during the coldest months; does not tolerate frost.  Propagation is by seed, layering and grafting.  Seeds are planted directly after obtaining from fruit.  Germination occurs in approximately 30 days.  Trees require a spacing of 8 meters (26 feet) for proper development.  To promote growth, fertilizer should be applied.  Fruits are harvested in South America when green and hard for transportation to urban markets.  Fruit must be harvested and handled carefully; darkening occurs when injured.  The shelf life of the fruit is short and lasts 2 to 3 days.  Cooling can extend shelf life by up to one week.  Widely grown throughout the Amazon region; not commercially exploited.  Grown mostly in home gardens, urban yards and small farms.  Commercial cultivation is recommended around big cities (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON, FRUITIPEDIA).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Fruit is sold per unit at fresh fruit markets or street vendors in the Central Amazon; widely marketed in Peru and Brazil (JANICK, MORTON).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Pulp is consumed fresh; used in desserts.  Locals in the Amazon blend the fruit into a juice with or without milk.  In Brazil, fruit can be fermented to make wine (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit pulp is rich in vitamin C. (JANICK).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Both the fruit and seeds contain acetogenens and alkaloids that may act as anti-tumor agents.  These substances may also inhibit platelet aggregations.  Fruit is used to reduce fevers and cure scurvy; used as a stimulant.  Seeds are a remedy for enterocolitis (JANICK, MORTON).
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Puerto Rico, South Florida; no yield data is available (MORTON, PERENNIAL).
5. Other production regions:  South America including Northeastern Brazil, Peru, Northern Argentina, Paraguay, Guyana, Venezuela and Colombia; Central America, Southern Mexico, the Caribbean, the Lesser Antilles, Trinidad and Hispaniola.  Fifteen-year-old trees produce approximately 150 fruit per year.  The first three harvests of trees produced approximately 45 fruit per tree (GRIN, MORTON, JANICK).
6. Use: Eaten fresh; genetic resource (natural genetic variability); medicinal purposes;
wood is used to make boats, masks and boxes; ornamental; seeds are used to make an insecticide (MARKLE,
JANICK, BARWICK, FRUITIPEDIA).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit pulp (MORTON).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:   Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel.
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  Sugar apple = Biriba
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON, FRUITIPEDIA, TOP TROPICALS.
11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  No specific entry

                                      088
1. Breadfruit [(Pana de pepitas, Breadnut, Fruta de pan, arbre á pain, Brotfruchtbaum, fruta-pão, árbol del pan (GRIN, MARKLE))]
      Moraceae
      Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg [(syn: Artocarpus communis J. R. Forst. & G. Forst., Artocarpus incisus L. f., Sitodium altile Parkinson (basionym) (GRIN))]
2. An attractive, fast-growing tree that reaches a height of 15 to 30 meters (49 to 98 feet).  Native to Southeast Asia and Polynesia.  Cultivated in Malaya and the Pacific for over 3,000 years and considered a staple food in Polynesia.  The trunk is straight, buttressed at the base, and grows to a diameter of 2 meters (7 feet).  Branches are thick to slender and spreading.  The crown is broad.  The tree grows as an evergreen in humid, wet areas and as a partially deciduous tree during drought or the dry part of a monsoon climate.  Dark green leaves are alternate, shiny, hairy on the underside, broadly ovate to broadly obovate in shape, deeply cut into 5 to 13 pointed lobes, 20 to 90 centimeters (8 to 35 inches) long, and 20 to 51 centimeters (8 to 20 inches) wide.  Petioles are thick, yellow and 4 centimeters (1.5 inches) long.  Male and female inflorescences are borne on 4 to 15 centimeter (2 to 6 inch) peduncles in separate leaf axils on the same plant.  The male inflorescence is long, drooping, spongy, cylindrical to club-shaped, 15 to 45 centimeters (6 to 18 inches) long, and 3 to 4 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) wide.  It contains small, yellowish-green to brownish flowers with a single stamen.  The female inflorescence is rounded to elliptic in shape, 6 centimeters (2 inches) long by 3.8 centimeters (1.5 inches) wide, and contains many tiny flowers on a spongy axis.  Fruit develops from the entire female inflorescence.  Perianths of each flower attached to the core fuse together and become fleshy.  Mature pale green or greenish yellow fruit is a syncarp (compound fruit) that is spherical, ovoid, pear-shaped, cylindrical or oblong in shape, 5 to 30 centimeters (2 to 12 inches) in diameter and 0.2 to 4.5 kilograms (0.4 to 10 pounds) in weight.  Fruit grows solitary or in clusters of 2 to 3 on 2.5 to 13 centimeter (1 to 5 inch) long stalks at the ends of branches.  The rind is thin, tough and netted with 4 to 6-sided faces.  The surface of the rind may be smooth, rough, bumpy, or contain sharp, black points or soft, green spines that are 0.3 centimeter (0.125 inch) long.  Ripe fruit are yellow-brown.  The core is cylindrical to oblong and is surrounded by pulp.  Pulp is whitish or pale yellow in color and mealy.  The flavor is starchy to sweet.  There are seeded and seedless cultivars.  The wild, seedy form of the fruit is called breadnut.  This fruit contains skin that is covered in spines and 10 to 150 brown seeds that are irregularly oval-shaped and 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) long.  The core, skin and flesh can exude white latex that becomes reddish brown or greenish when exposed to air.  Latex is an indication of maturity.  The fruit is an important food in the hot Tropics.  Trees can live for up to 90 years (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON, RAGONE).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  In many locations, flowering occurs during summer and winter.  In India, flowering occurs in March and fruits are harvested 3 months later.  A period of drought followed by rainfall may be required for vegetative growth and flowering.  In optimal environmental condtions, trees flower and fruit throughout the year.  In some areas, the main crop is produced in summer and a second crop occurs in winter.  In Hawaii, fruit are produced from July to February.  Fruit are ripe from June to November in the Bahamas.  Seeded fruit are produced once a year from December to March.  Root suckers produce fruit in 3 to 5 years and seedling plants produce fruit in 8 to 10 years (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires hot, wet tropical lowlands.  Grows on the Pacific Islands on shallow coral soils.  Prefers 200 to 300 centimeters (79 to 118 inches) of rainfall per year, temperatures of 16 to 38 °C (60 to 100 °F), full sun, and high humidity.  Can be cultivated from sea level to 1,555 meters (5,100 feet).  Tolerates many types of deep, fertile, well-drained soils; also tolerates saline conditions.  Does not tolerate temperatures below 5 °C (41 °F).  Propagation is by seeds, cuttings, root suckers, air layering, budding, and grafting.  Seed should be planted as soon as it is removed from the fruit.  Roots (1.5 to 6 centimeter (0.6 to 2 inch) diameter) are cut into 12 to 30 centimeter (5 to 12 inch) long sections.  Roots are planted horizontally below the surface or diagonally in clean, washed sand or moist potting soil.  Trees should be planted 7 to 15 meters (23 to 49 feet) apart.  Rainfall and irrigation are needed during vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting.  Pruning aids tree shape and fertilization aids growth.  Fruit are harvested when mature and can be harvested at different growth stages for different uses.  Mature green fruit are hard, starchy, fibrous and used as a starch vegetable; ripe, soft, sweet fruit are eaten as dessert.  Latex should be drained from the fruit after harvest before washing is done.  Fruits are graded according to size, packed and stored at 12 to 14 °C (54 to 57 °F) in high humidity for 20 days; sold by weight.  Grown as a subsistence crop in many areas of the world.  Major production occurs on the Pacific and Caribbean islands (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  Fresh fruit and chips are sold in town markets in the Caribbean and Pacific Islands; shipped to specialty markets in the US, Europe and Canada; sold to ethnic markets; Hawaiian markets; commercially made into chips in Trinidad and Barbados; canned and shipped to Europe and America; seeds are sold by street vendors in Costa Rica (MORTON, RAGONE).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit is consumed when mature, firm and starchy.  Most varieties of fruit are purgative if consumed raw; very few varieties can be eaten raw.  Some varieties of fruit are boiled twice before eating.  Immature fruit are consumed cooked as a starchy vegetable.  Ripe fruit is consumed as a dessert and is used to make pies, cakes, and sweets; can also be used in savory dishes.  The entire fruit can be baked, boiled, roasted, dried, pickled, stuffed, candied, steamed, prepared into chowder, soup, paste, porridge or pudding, stored in brine, or fried into chips.  Fruit can be preserved by fermentation.  Fruit are cooked, dried, and milled to make flour that is used in breadmaking.  Used in Hawaii as a substitute for taro to make poi.  Excess fruit are buried in leaves and preserved.  Fruit absorb the flavor of other foods.  Seeds of seedy fruit can be boiled in salt water, steamed, pureed or roasted and salted; consumed like chestnuts (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit pulp is an important source of carbohydrates, minerals including potassium and zinc, and vitamins A, B1 and C.  The seeds are high in protein, low in fat and contain vitamins and minerals (BARWICK, VAN WYK, MORTON, RAGONE).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Latex is used for medicinal purposes including skin diseases and diarrhea.  A decoction of the leaves is used to lower blood pressure, treat certain infections and relieve asthma.  Flowers are used for toothaches (JANICK, MORTON).
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Scattered dooryard trees in Hawaii and South Florida.  Guam and the US Virgin Islands harvested 1.7 to 2.5 tonnes (3,720 and 5,535 lbs) in 1992, respectively (MARKLE).
5. Other commercial production regions:  The Caribbean including Jamaica and tropical Pacific areas including the Philippines, Tropical Asia (Indonesia; Papua New Guinea), India, the lowlands of Central America and Northern South America, Mexico, Africa, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, northern Australia.  Yield varies from 50 to 700 fruit per tree.  Estimates range from 16 to 50 tonnes (18 to 55 tons) of fruit per hectare based on a density of 100 trees per hectare (GRIN, MORTON, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, RAGONE).
6. Use:  Fruit, seeds.  Dried leaves used for tea; male flower spikes are boiled, peeled and eaten as vegetables or candied; leaves and fallen fruit are fed to animals; latex is used for medicinal purposes, as a caulk, glue and chewing gum; wood for construction purposes; bark fiber for clothing; ornamental (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Edible portion is the interior starchy pulp of the fruit
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel.
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  006 (FI 0329) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None

10. References: GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON, RAGONE.
11. Production Map:  EPA Crop Production Region 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  ABFAL

1. Burmese grape [(baccaurea (GRIN))]
      Phyllanthaceae.  Also placed in:  Euphorbiaceae
      Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.  [(syn: Baccaurea sapida (Roxb.) Müll. Arg., Pierardia sapida Roxb. (GRIN))]
2. A large, spreading, slow-growing evergreen tree with a dense, round crown growing to a height of 9 to 25 meters (30 to 82 feet).  Native to Southeast Asia.  Thrives as an understory tree in tropical lowland forests.  Tree diameter is 25 to 70 centimeters (10 to 27.5 inches).  The bark is thin and smooth or slightly flaking and pale cream or orange-brown in color.  The shiny, dark-green leaves are simple, alternate, ovate to ovate-lanceolate in shape and 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches) long by 4 to 9 centimeters (1.5 to 3.5 inches) wide.  Young leaves are reddish brown and pubescent.  The petiole is 1 to 8 centimeters (0.4 to 3 inches) long and contains stipules.  Red-pink inflorescences are borne on old branches and the trunk.  Pale yellow male racemes are 3 to 13 centimeters (1.2 to 5 inches) long and composed of many 3-flowered hairy cymes, 4 to 5 sepals, and 4 to 8 stamens.  Fragrant yellow female racemes are 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches) long, borne on the lower trunk, contain 4 to 5 sepals, two-lobed stigmas, and are solitary or fascicled.  Berry fruits are grown in strands that are 15 to 30 centimeters (6 to 12 inches) long.  Fruit is 2.5 to 3.5 centimeters (1 to 1.4 inches) in diameter and round or oval in shape.  The skin is smooth.  The pulp is whitish in color.  Each fruit contains 2 to 4 large seeds.  Fruits turn from ivory to yellowish, pinkish buff, purple or bright red in color.  Fruits are sweet, sour, or acid in flavor.  Fruits are consumed fresh, stewed or made into wine; the bark, roots, and wood are used medicinally and as a brown-red dye; wood is used for building purposes; ornamental.  Use by local populations has led to overexploitation (WIKIPEDIA, MORTON, FRUITIPEDIA, BIOTIK, FAO, JANICK).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering is from February to March; fruiting time is from August to September.  In India, flowering takes place during April to May and the fruits ripen during the rainy season.  In Thailand, harvesting occurs from June to July (BIOTIK, FRUITIPEDIA, JANICK).
      b. Cultivation:  Thrives in disturbed margins near streams, rain forests and humid evergreen forests in a deep moist soil with a wet climate and elevations of 50 to 1,700 meters (164 to 5,577 feet).  Tolerates many types of soils.  Propagated by seed, air layering, budding, and grafting.  Fruit can be stored for 4 to 5 days at ambient temperatures (FRUITIPEDIA, BIOTIK, JANICK).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Fruit is harvested, used and sold locally; the fruit has market value (BIOTIK, JANICK).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit is peeled and eaten raw, stewed, salted for storage, or fermented into wine (FRUITIPEDIA, BIOTIK, JANICK).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit must be eaten sparingly, or vomiting may occur.  The peel is a good source of pectin.  Fruit is high in fiber and vitamin C (FAO, FRUITIPEDIA, JANICK).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Fruit is used to treat skin diseases.  The bark, roots, and wood are dried and ground before boiling in water and are used for medicinal purposes (BIOTIK, JANICK).
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN).
5. Other production regions:  Southeast Asia, Vietnam, Laos, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Malacca, and northern Malaya.  Cultivated in Nepal, India, Myanmar, South China, Indochina, Thailand, the Andaman Islands, and peninsular Malaysia.  The tree is most commonly cultivated in India, Malaysia and home gardens.  Fruit yield varies between 20 to 25 kg (44 to 55 pounds) per tree (GRIN, FAO, MORTON, FRUITIPEDIA, BIOTIK, JANICK).
6. Use:  Fruit, wine, medicinal purposes, wood, ornamental, dye (GRIN, FAO, BIOTIK).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit (JANICK).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.

9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible pee
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit - edible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition: None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, WIKIPEDIA, MORTON, FRUITIPEDIA, BIOTIK, ECOCROP, JANICK.
11. Production Map:  No entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  BCCRF
                                      117
1. Canistel [(eggfruit-tree, yellow sapote (GRIN))]
      Sapotaceae
      Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni [(syn: Lucuma campechiana Kunth (basionym), Lucuma nervosa A. DC., Lucuma rivicoa var. angustifolia Miq., Lucuma salicifolia Kunth, Richardella nervosa (A. DC.) Pierre, Richardella salicifolia (Kunth) Pierre (GRIN))]
2. An upright to spreading evergreen tree growing to a height of 5 to 30 meters (16 to 98 feet).  Native to southern Mexico, Central America and the West Indies.  Grown by indigenous people for fruit and timber.  The tree contains milky sap, a thick trunk that is 25 to 60 centimeters (10 to 24 inches) in diameter, brown to dark gray furrowed bark, a spreading crown, and velvety brown branches.  Glossy, thin, papery leaves are simple, alternate, whorled at the ends of branches, elliptic, oblanceolate, lanceolate-oblong, obovate, or oblong in shape, 6 to 28 centimeters (2 to 11 inches) long and 2.5 to 8 centimeters (1 to 3 inches) wide.  Small, fragrant, silky-hairy, greenish-white to cream colored tubular flowers are borne solitary, or in small clusters in the leaf axils or at leafless nodes on pedicels.  Individual flowers contain both male and female reproductive organs, five sepals, a five to six-lobed green or white corolla, five stamens, and a hairy ovary with one stigma.  Flowers measure 0.8 to 1.1 centimeters (0.3 to 0.4 inch) long.  Flowers are pollinated by insects.  Large, yellow or orange fruit is a berry that grows solitary on young shoots of the tree.  Fruit varies in size from ovoid, rounded, or conical in shape, may contain a pointed apex, measures 4 to 12 centimeters (1.6 to 5 inches) in diameter, 5 to 8 centimeters (2 to 3 inches) in width, and weighs 70 to 715 grams (2.5 to 25 ounces).  Fruit may be bulged on one side and contains a 5-pointed calyx at the base.   The peel is smooth, waxy or glossy and thin.  Some fruit are coated with light-brown or reddish-brown russetting.  Immature fruit is green in color and tough.  Ripe fruit skin is easily damaged.  Ripe pulp is bright yellow to orange in color, highly nutritious, very soft and creamy.  Unripe pulp is dry, gummy and mealy, like a hard-boiled egg yolk.  Fruit may contain 1 to 4 oval to oblong-oval glossy, brown, inedible seeds that measure 0.6 to 5 centimeters (0.25 to 2.125 inches) long by 1.3 to 3 centimeters (0.5 to 1.25 inches) wide.  The flavor is very sweet and can be musky; similar in flavor to a baked sweet potato (PERENNIAL, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, VAN WYK, MORTON, ECOCROP).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  In tropical areas, flowering can occur over an extended period or year-round.  In Cuba, most flowering occurs from April to May.  In Mexico, flowering occurs from January to June.  Flowering in subtropical areas occurs during certain periods during the year.  In Florida, flowering occurs from June to August.  Flowering to harvest occurs in 5 to 6 months.  Most fruiting occurs from late fall to winter.  In the Bahamas, fruit mature from September to February.  In Florida, fruit are harvested from November to March.  In Cuba, fruiting can occur all year or from October to February.  Fruit production occurs in 3 to 7 years from seed and 2 to 4 years from grafts (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON).
      b. Cultivation: Trees grow best in hot tropical lowlands with medium to high rainfall.  Prefers elevations below 1,400 meters (4,593 feet).  Trees also grow in warm subtropical areas with a monsoon climate that consists of pronounced wet and dry periods.  Tolerates a seasonal dry period, light frosts of up to -5 °C (23 °F), part-shade or full sun, and a variety of deep, fertile, well-drained soils.  Propagation is by seed, grafting, budding, air-layering and marcottage.  Seeds should be planted immediately after being removed from the fruit.  Most superior cultivars are grafted.  Trees for commercial production should be planted 4.5 to 7.6 meters (15 fto 25 feet) in-row and from 6.1 to 7.6 meters (20 to 25 feet) between rows.  Trees in commercial production can be pruned and fertilized.  Mature, bright orange, firm fruit are harvested with clippers.  Ripe fruit split and fall when left on the tree.  Fruit are ripened at room temperature for 3 to 10 days.  Fruit can be stored at 13 to 15 °C (55 to 59 °F) and 85 to 90% humidity for up to 3 weeks.  Grown on a small commercial scale in some countries including Florida, Central America from Mexico to Panama, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Cuba, northern Australia and the Philippines (PERENNIAL, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, VAN WYK, MORTON, TRADE WINDS).

      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Fruits are sold in Cuban markets.  Mature fruit have been shipped from Florida to New York City and Philadelphia; sold in markets in the West Indies (MORTON).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  After removal of the skin and seeds, the pulp is consumed fresh or cooked; used more commonly in beverages and desserts including ice cream, milk shakes, and custards; used to make an eggnog-like beverage.  Pulp is placed into baked goods such as pies, cupcakes, and pancakes; dried or dehydrated and used as a food additive.  Pulp can be prepared into jams and marmalade.  Fruit pulp may be cooked and consumed as a vegetable with salt, pepper, and lemon juice or mayonnaise (PERENNIAL, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, VAN WYK, ECOCROP).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Ripe pulp is high in niacin, calcium, phosphorus, amino acids including tryptophan and lysine, vitamin A, vitamin C, proteins and carbohydrates (PERENNIAL, JANICK).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Various parts of the tree are used for medicinal purposes and have biological activity.  Bark is used to aid skin rashes and cure fevers.  Parts of the seed are used to aid scalp dermatitis and ulcers (JANICK, MORTON).
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Very minor production in South Florida.  In 1994, 0.4 hectare (1 acre) was grown; Puerto Rico; Hawaii; Southern California (CRANE 1995a, MORTON, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, TRADE WINDS).
5. Other commercial production regions:  Southern Mexico, Central America including Belize, Costa Rica, Panama, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and El Salvador, Northern South America, the West Indies including Cuba, Jamaica, and the Bahamas, some Southeast Asian countries including the Philippines; Eastern Africa; Northern Australia; no yield data is available (MORTON, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, VAN WYK).
6. Use:  Pulp eaten fresh or used in beverages and desserts; used as a dooryard tree in the home landscape;  wood for construction; latex is used to adulterate chicle; medicinal purposes (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK, MORTON).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Pulp only.
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  006 (FI 0330 and FI 4129) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits-inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  Papaya = canistel; Avocado = canistel
10. References: GRIN, MARKLE, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, VAN WYK, MORTON, ECOCROP, TRADE WINDS, CRANE 1995a.
11. Production map:   EPA Crop Production Regions 10 and 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  POJCA

1. Cat's-eyes [(isau, mata kuching (GRIN))]
      Sapindaceae
      Dimocarpus longan Lour. subsp. malesianus Leenh.  [(syn:  Euphoria cinerea (Turcz.) Radlk., Euphoria malaiensis (Griff.) Radlk., Nephelium malaiense Griff. (GRIN))]
2. A small to medium size tree that grows to a height of 10 to 20 meters (33 to 66 feet).  Native to southeast Asia.  Fruit grows in large clusters.  Individual fruit is brown in color, ovoid, oblong or round in shape, and 1.5 to 2 centimeters (0.6 to 0.8 inch) in diameter.  The skin can be smooth or warty.  The pulp is whitish to translucent.  The flavor is sweet.  In Malaysia, the most common form of the fruit is brown, round and smooth.  This is the `cat's eye'.  It has a very thin aril.  A more superior form of the fruit contains a densely thick, warty skin and a large aril.  The fruit forms are divided into three types:  the `isau' consists of round, green fruit; the `sau' consists of green oblong fruit; the `kakus' consists of brown, round fruit.  In addition, the characteristics of the leaves, flowers and tree forms differ for each fruit.  The greatest variation of the plant occurs in Borneo (PERENNIAL, FAO, ECOCROP).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs from March to May in Florida.  Fruit matures in approximately 120 days.  Fruit production occurs in 4 to 5 years (PERENNIAL).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires hot, humid, wet tropical lowlands or at sea level.  Trees are adapted to the unchanging heat, humidity, and day length of the equatorial zone.  Thrives in the understory in primary or secondary forests.  Some varieties grow near river banks of the Rajang river and Bareo valley.  Propagation is by seed.  Fruit is cultivated mainly in Asia; has potential for becoming a major commercial fruit (PERENNIAL, FAO, ECOCROP).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  No specific entry.
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit are usually consumed fresh (ECOCROP).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  No specific entry.
      f. Medicinal aspects:  No specific entry.
      g. Crop photos
4. Production in U.S.:  No data (GRIN).
5. Other commercial production regions:  Malaysia, Indo-China, Borneo, Southeast Asia (GRIN, PERENNIAL, ECOCROP).
 6. Use:  Fruit (GRIN).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  The thin aril is eaten fresh (PERENNIAL).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, FAO, ECOCROP.
11. Production Map:  No specific entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  NEEMA (listed as Nephelium malaiense GRIFF.)

1. Champedak	[(chempedak, campedak (GRIN))]
      Moraceae
      Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merr. [(syn: Artocarpus champeden (Lour.) Stokes, Artocarpus integrifolius L. f., Artocarpus polyphema Pers., Polyphema champeden Lour., Radermachia integra Thunb. (basionym) (GRIN))]