A collection of reports and materials presented at the recreational demand workshop designed to modify the economic add on to the Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistics Surveys. A draft copy of the meeting minutes is also included.

Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council ( 1996).  Summary of the Standing and Special Shrimp Scientific and Statistical Committee Meeting.  Lincoln Center, Suite 331, 5401 West Kennedy Boulevard, Tampa, Florida, June 12, 2 pp.

Review of shrimp amendment 9 to reduce bycatch in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery with recommendations to improve the amendment.

Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council ( 1997).  Amendment Number 9 to the Fishery Management Plan for the Shrimp Fishery of the Gulf of Mexico, U. S. Waters With Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement, Regulatory Impact Review, Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis, and Social Impact Assessment.  The Commons at Rivergate, 3018 U. S. Highway 301 North, Suite 1000, Tampa, Florida, February, 153 pp.

The Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council proposes an amendment to the Fishery Management Plan for the Shrimp Fishery of the Gulf of Mexico, U. S. Waters, to reduce unwanted bycatch of juvenile red snapper with ancillary benefits to other finfish species. The requirement of bycatch reduction devices in shrimp trawls is proposed to allow rebuilding of the overfished stock of red snapper at a cost to society net of benefits of $ 117 million and a 3.3% reduction in fleet size.

Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council ( 1997).  Amendment Number 15 to the Fishery Management Plan for the Reef Fish Fishery of the Gulf of Mexico ( Includes Regulatory Impact Review, Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis, and Environmental Assessment).  The Commons at Rivergate, 3018 U. S. Highway 301 North, Suite 1000, Tampa, Florida, June, 99 pp. 2 6 5 This document principally includes alternatives for creating a license limitation system for the commercial red snapper fishery; alternatives for defining harvest allowances of reef fish from traps, other than permitted fish traps, stone crab traps and lobster traps; size limits for vermilion snapper, removal of grunts, porgies, and sea bass from the FMP; greater amberjack seasonal closure; and 20 fish aggregate bag limit modifications.

Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council ( 1997).  Draft Minutes Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council One Hundred and Fifty Third Meeting, Duck Key Florida.  The Commons at Rivergate, 3018 U. S. Highway 301 North, Suite 1000, Tampa, Florida, July, 68 pp.

Draft minutes of the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council meeting held in Duck Key, Florida.

Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council ( 1998).  Checklist For FMP Amendments.  The Commons at Rivergate, 3018 U. S. Highway 301 North, Suite 1000, Tampa, Florida, August, 9 pp.

This checklist addresses questions that should be considered in making amendments to FMP  s to comply with National Standard 1 of the SFA, following NMFS  National Standard Guidelines. Most items in the checklist make reference to specific sections in the document  Technical Guidance on the Use of Precautionary Approaches to Implementing National Standard 1 of the Magnuson Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act,  which should be consulted for further elaboration.

Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council ( 1998).  Generic Amendment for Addressing Essential Fish Habitat Requirements in the Following Fishery Management Plans of the Gulf of Mexico: Shrimp, Red Drum, Reef Fish, Coastal Migratory Pelagic Resources, Stone Crab, Spiny Lobster, and Coral and Coral Reefs.  The Commons at Rivergate, 3018 U. S. Highway 301 North, Suite 1000, Tampa, Florida, October, 238 pp.

Essential fish habitat ( EFH) is identified and described based on areas where various life stages of 26 representative managed species and coral complex commonly occur. They were selected because sufficient information existed to document and map their habitat associations and use. Threats to EFH from fishing and non fishing activities are identified. Options to conserve and enhance EFH are provided. Research needs also are identified.

Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council ( 1998).  Draft Minutes Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council Joint Reef Fish/ Shrimp Management Committees Meeting, Mobile, Alabama.  The Commons at Rivergate, 3018 U. S. Highway 301 North, Suite 1000, Tampa, Florida, September.

Shrimp and finfish bycatch discard rates based on gear testing, and bycatch characterization studies are presented to the Council by NMFS. Bycatch reduction device evaluation analysis presents the results for new devices and the observer program that went into effect to determine if sufficient red snapper had been saved in the shrimp fishery to justify the release of additional quota to commercial and recreational fishermen.

Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council and the National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1990). " Regulatory Impact Review of Changes in TAC, Quotas, and Bag Limits for King and Spanish Mackerel, Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Migratory Groups, Managed under the Fishery Management Plan for the Coastal Migratory Pelagic Resources of Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic." Southeast Regional 2 6 6 Office, 9450 Koger Blvd., St. Petersburg, Fl, May, 14 pp.

The RIR addresses the problems of ( 1) Atlantic and Gulf Spanish mackerel and Gulf king mackerel stocks are being overfished and ( 2) new recruits into the Atlantic and Gulf Spanish mackerel and Gulf king mackerel stocks need protection to allow for an increase in the spawning stock biomass.

Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council and the National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1991). " Regulatory Impact Review of 1991/ 1992 Fishing Year Changes in TAC, Quotas, and Bag Limits for King and Spanish Mackerel, Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Migratory Groups, Managed under the Fishery Management Plan for the Coastal Migratory Pelagic Resources of Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic." Southeast Regional Office, 9450 Koger Blvd., St. Petersburg, Fl, August, 14 pp.

The RIR addresses the problems of ( 1) Atlantic and Gulf Spanish mackerel and Gulf king mackerel stocks are being overfished and ( 2) new recruits into the Atlantic and Gulf Spanish mackerel and Gulf king mackerel stocks need protection to allow for an increase in the spawning stock biomass.

Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council and South Atlantic Fishery Management Council ( 1985). " Final Amendment 1, Fishery Management Plan, Environmental Impact Statement for the Coastal Migratory Pelagic Resources ( Mackerels)." Lincoln Center, Suite 881, 5401 West Kennedy Boulevard, Tampa, Florida, April.

The proposed action will amend an existing fishery management plan in response to new scientific findings particularly with respect to the king mackerel stock. This stock is to be divided into migratory groups for management purposes. The plan is to be provided with more flexibility to address changes in the fish populations. In the initial plan years restrictions are proposed for the Gulf migratory group of king mackerel to restore reduced populations resulting from overfishing.

Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council and South Atlantic Fishery Management Council ( 1986). " Amendment Number 2 and Environmental Assessment and Supplemental Regulatory Impact Review and Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis to the Fishery Management Plan for the Coastal Migratory Pelagic Resources ( Mackerels)." Draft, Lincoln Center, Suite 881, 5401 West Kennedy Boulevard, Tampa, Florida, September, 25 pp.

This amendment clarifies the intent of the Councils to set total allowable catch ( TAC) for mackerels within framework guidelines, revises maximum sustainable yield, adjusts TAC, and establishes allocation procedures for Spanish mackerel, regulates mackerel fishing gear, and provides for fishing permits.

Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council and South Atlantic Fishery Management Council ( 1987). " Revised Amendment Number 2 to the Fishery Management Plan for the Coastal Migratory Pelagic Resources ( Mackerels), Includes Environmental Assessment, Supplemental Regulatory Impact Review, and Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis." Lincoln Center, Suite 881, 5401 West Kennedy Boulevard, Tampa, Florida, March, 32 pp.

This amendment clarifies the intent of the Councils to set total allowable catch ( TAC) for mackerels within framework guidelines, revises 2 6 7 maximum sustainable yield, adjusts TAC, and establishes allocation procedures for Spanish mackerel, regulates mackerel fishing gear, and provides for fishing permits.

Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council and South Atlantic Fishery Management Council ( 1987). " Supplemental Regulatory Impact Review of Pre Season Changes in TAC, Quotas, and Bag Limits for King and Spanish Mackerel Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Migratory Groups managed under the Fishery Management Plan for the Coastal Migratory Pelagic Resources of Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic." Lincoln Center, Suite 881, 5401 West Kennedy Boulevard, Tampa, Florida.

This amendment clarifies the intent of the Councils to set total allowable catch ( TAC) for mackerels within framework guidelines, revises maximum sustainable yield, adjusts TAC, and establishes allocation procedures for Spanish mackerel.

Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council and South Atlantic Fishery Management Council ( 1994). " Amendment 2 to the Fishery Management Plan for Coral and Coral Reefs of the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic Including a Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement, Regulatory Impact Review, and Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis." Lincoln Center, Suite 331, 5401 West Kennedy Boulevard, Tampa, Florida, July, 56 pp.

The Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic Councils ( Councils) propose an amendment to the Fishery Management Plan for Coral and Coral Reefs of the Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic ( FMP) that adds " live rock" to the fishery management unit. Live rock means certain living marine organisms or an assemblage thereof attached to a hard substrate ( including dead coral or rock). In addition to corals, these organisms include anemones, sponges, tube worms, bryozoans, sea squirts, and algae. Management will include harvest limitations and prohibitions to prevent fishery habitat loss, permitting of harvesters, and a provision for aquaculture of live rock.

Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council and South Atlantic Fishery Management Council ( 1995). " Amendment 8 to the Fishery Management Plan for Coastal Migratory Pelagic Resources in the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic Includes Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement, Regulatory Impact Review, and Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis." Lincoln Center, Suite 331, 5401 West Kennedy Boulevard, Tampa, Florida, October, 84 pp.

The Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic Fishery Management Councils ( Councils) propose an amendment to the Fishery Management Plan for Coastal Migratory Pelagic Resources in the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic ( FMP) to adjust management procedures for king and Spanish mackerels, cobia, and dolphin. Proposed changes include requirements for gear, transfer of mackerel at sea, stock boundary adjustments, change in the definition of overfishing, permitting requirements, and extension of the range of management for cobia. Also proposed is a reallocation of Atlantic Spanish mackerel, possible changes in trip limits for cobia and dolphin, and additional flexibility for changes to be made as seasonal adjustment by regulatory amendment.

Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council and South Atlantic Fishery Management Council ( 1995). " Draft Amendment 8 to the Fishery Management Plan for Coastal Migratory Pelagic Resources in the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic Includes Draft Supplemental 2 6 8 Environmental Impact Statement, Regulatory Impact Review, and Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis." Lincoln Center, Suite 331, 5401 West Kennedy Boulevard, Tampa, Florida, November, 97 pp.

The Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic Fishery Management Councils ( Councils) propose an amendment to the Fishery Management Plan for Coastal Migratory Pelagic Resources in the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic ( FMP) to adjust management procedures for king and Spanish mackerels, cobia, and dolphin. Proposed changes include requirements for gear, transfer of mackerel at sea, stock boundary adjustments, change in the definition of overfishing, permitting requirements, and extension of the range of management for cobia. Also proposed is a reallocation of Atlantic Spanish mackerel, possible changes in trip limits for cobia and dolphin, and additional flexibility for changes to be made as seasonal adjustment by regulatory amendment.

Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission ( 1986).  Striped Bass Fishery Management Plan.  Larry Nicholson ( ed.), P. O. Box 726, Ocean Springs, MS, November.

A management plan to restore and maintain the striped bass population throughout the Gulf of Mexico.

Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission ( 1992).  Striped Bass Fishery Management Plan, Amendment 1.  P. O. Box 726, Ocean Springs, MS, May, 13 pp.

To restore and maintain the striped bass population throughout the Gulf of Mexico, it is recommended that the sale and/ or purchase of striped bass harvested from public waters be prohibited, a bag limit of six fish per person per day with a minimum size limit of eighteen inches total length be established, and that the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico region participate in the stocking of striped bass fry and/ or fingerlings in coastal areas on an annual basis, with the goal of ten million fish per year stocked with at least 500,000 being phase two fingerling.

Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission ( 1995).  A Profile of the Western Gulf Stone Crab, Menippe adina.  Number 31, P. O. Box 726, Ocean Springs, MS, January.

The western Gulf stone crab ( Menippe adina) ranges in coastal waters from northwest Florida around the Gulf of Mexico to the state of Tamaulipus, Mexico. Currently, M. adina supports small, directed commercial fisheries in Louisiana and Texas. In Mississippi and Alabama, the fishery exists as a limited, seasonal bycatch component of the blue crab ( Callinectes sapidus) fishery. High dockside value of stone crab claws and an apparently unsatisfied market demand have created interest in further development of commercial fisheries for stone crabs. The goal of this document is to provide a data base for use in development of management measures. The objectives are to summarize available literature, data, and regulations pertaining to the western Gulf stone crab and to describe the fishery.

Gulland, John A. ( 1974). The Management of Marine Fisheries. University of Washington Press, Seattle.

The management of marine fisheries presents a complex mixture of biological, economic, social, and political problems. In recent years this subject has earned increasing attention owing both to the growing pressures on the world fish stocks, and to the general concern with the proper use of the environment, of which the rational harvesting of fish in the sea is an 2 6 9 important special case.

Gulland, John A. ( ed.) ( 1978). Fish Population Dynamics. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

A review of the status of fish population dynamics. The historical development of the science is followed by a description of methods and practical applications using different species of fish. The intent of this volume is to make a fuller and more rational use of the resources of the sea.

Gulland, John A. ( 1982). " Long Term Potential Effects from Management of the Fish Resources of the North Atlantic." J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer., 40( 1): 8 16.

Long term benefits from improved fishery management can be placed in four classes  greater gross value of the catch; reduced costs of capture; better allocation of benefits, e. g. between different regions, or different sections of the community; and reduced administrative and similar burdens. These benefits are discussed in general terms, and in relation to the value of the North Sea fisheries. Though the volume of the catch from the North Sea has more than doubled in the last 20 years, the value ( at fixed prices) has probably not changed much. Different patterns of fishing might increase the value of the North Sea catch by 50% or more. The total net benefits from better management of the northeast Atlantic fisheries might be a billion dollars annually.

Gulland, John A. ( 1989). " Comments on Giulio Pontecorvo's " The State of Worldwide Fishery Statistics: A Modest Proposal"." Marine Resource Economics, 6( 1): 85 86.

Gulland takes exception to Pontecorvo's view of FAO's ability to supply world wide fishery statistics data.

Gulland, John A. and M. A. Robinson ( 1973). " Economics of Fishery Management." Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 30( 12 2): 2042 2050.

In an unmanaged fishery the costs of catching a unit weight of fish will tend to rise until they are equal to the value of the catch. There is likely to be an excessive amount of fishing that adds to the costs, but adds little or nothing to the total catch, and may even decrease it. In practice the amount of fishing will often exceed the equilibrium, due to delays in reacting to falling catch rates, year to year fluctuation in the fishery, etc. The labor and capital engaged in fishing is often relatively immobile, and once excess capacity has developed it is not easily reduced without special measures. A number of different measures are available to control both the amount of fishing and the sizes of the fish caught. These are outlined, and the advantages and disadvantages briefly discussed. Several of the methods of controlling the amount of fishing tend to add to unit costs, and therefore offer little long term benefits. These benefits can only be assured by control of the total capacity engaged in a fishery, such as through allocation of shares to individual countries in an international fishery, or by license limitation in a national fishery.

Gulland, John A. and Brian J. Rothschild ( eds.) ( 1984). Penaeid shrimps  their biology and management, Fishing News Books Ltd., Farnham, Surrey, UK.

Proceedings of an international workshop on the scientific basis for the 2 7 0 management of penaeid shrimp held at Key West, Florida, in November, 1981. Primarily biological papers were presented covering policy in different countries, behavior, types of analysis, interaction with other species, environmental factors, and management.

Gutherz, Elmer J. and Gilmore J. Pellegrin ( 1985). " Report on Snapper Grouper Mortality by Shrimp Trawlers in the U. S. Gulf of Mexico." Report prepared for the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council. Mississippi Laboratories, Pascagoula Laboratory, Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Pascagoula, MS 39567 0112.

The purpose of this report, utilizing available commercial discard and resource assessment data, is to provide a more precise estimate of juvenile red snapper mortality caused by shrimp trawlers than that reported in the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council Reef Fish Management Plan. In addition, the information provided can be used to establish timing of recruitment into the fishery; not the snapper fishery, but the first exploitation of red snapper by the shrimp fishery.

Gutherz, Elmer J. and Gilmore J. Pellegrin ( 1988). " Estimate of the Catch of Red Snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, by Shrimp Trawlers in the U. S. Gulf of Mexico." Marine Fisheries Review, 50( 1): 17 25.

This paper, utilizing available commercial bycatch and resource assessment data, provides a more precise estimate of the catch of juvenile red snapper by shrimp trawlers than that reported in the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council ( 1980) Reef fish Management Plan. In addition, the information provided may be useful for estimating the timing of first exploitation of red snapper by the shrimp fishery.

Haab, Timothy C. and Robert L. Hicks ( 1997).  Accounting for Choice Set Endogeneity in Random Utility Models of Recreational Demand.  Draft, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, January, 24 pp.

Modeling the choice among a discrete set of recreation alternatives is driven by the possible patterns of substitution among sites. Researchers typically assume that the individual  s choice set is the same as the set of alternatives included in the recreation survey instrument. This need not be the case. We derive a generalization of the standard multinomial logit random utility model which allows for the possibility of heterogeneous choice sets that are endogenously determined in the model. The possible biases introduced by erroneously specifying each individual  s choice set are investigated in two examples. Using these examples, we show that parameter and compensating variation estimates differ greatly between the endogenous choice set model and the traditional logit model. The new endogenous choice set model is shown to be manageable for a small number of alternatives, and two examples provide grounds for optimism in further applications of the model.

Habron, Geoffrey B., Pamela M. Mace, Steven Koplin, and Gerry Scott ( 1994).  United States Imports of Swordfish ( 1974 June 1994).  ICCAT Working Document SCRS/ 94/ 120, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD.

Total and country specific data are presented for U. S. swordfish imports in terms of both dressed weight and value in U. S. dollars. Total imports increased from 11.6 mt in 1975 to 1240 mt in 1984, then jumped to 4114 mt in 2 7 1 1985 and peaked in 1990 at 7475 mt. Imports fell to 5838 mt in 1993, and have only reached 1741 mt through June of 1994. Swordfish imports now exceed domestic Atlantic swordfish production. In recent years, most of the imports have come from the western Pacific. Since 1990, imports have fallen from every country except Canada, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Grenada, St. Vincent, Bermuda, Venezuela, Uruguay, Italy, and New Zealand, where total swordfish imports have steadily increased. Imports from countries such as Trinidad and Tobago, Japan, Singapore, and Taiwan have fluctuated.

Haby, Michael G. and Richard E. Tillman ( 1992). " The Texas Shrimp Industry: A Briefing Report." TAMU SG 92 501, Texas Marine Advisory Service, July, 18 pp.

This report presents current trends and conditions in the Texas shrimp industry and evaluates how these factors impact individual production, processing, and marketing firms for 1991.

Haby, Michael G., Richard E. Tillman, and Lucy Gibbs ( 1991). " The Texas Shrimp Industry: A Summary of Production, Processing, and Marketing Activities." Report, Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas.

Shrimp is the backbone of the Texas seafood economy, and is easily the most valuable fishery in the state. Shrimp are harvested year round with 70 percent harvested between July and December. With increased production came investment in shore side processing facilities. Lender participation has been essential in making the Texas shrimp industry an economic success. Every attempt has been made to incorporate the most recent data into this report.

Haby, Michael G., Russell J. Miget, and Gary L. Graham ( 1992). " A Preliminary Assessment of the 1992 Shrimping Season." Departments of Agricultural Economics and Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Sea Grant College Program, Texas A& M University, September, 51 pp.

This report quantifies current and anticipated shrimp production in 1992 and offers reasons why landings in some ports are significantly below historic expected values. It begins with a review of shrimp production in Texas from both a long run and seasonal perspective followed by a discussion of habitat requirements of larval and subadult penaeid shrimp. Next, the methods used to evaluate the 1992 season are enumerated. The report concludes with a discussion of the 1992 season ( both realized and anticipated) from both a coastal and county perspective. Detailed data tables that support this section are found in the appendix. All data pertaining to each county are presented alphabetically, followed by a coastal summary.

Haby, Michael G., Richard A. Edwards, E. Anthony Reisinger, Richard E. Tillman, and William R. Younger ( 1993). " The Importance of Seafood Linked Employment and Payroll in Texas." TAMU SG 93 503, Texas Marine Advisory Service, May, 10 pp.

This report quantifies the employment and payroll attributable to businesses that depend on the Texas seafood industry for sales or purchases. Seafood linked in 1989 is estimated at 30,036 full time jobs with an annual payroll of $ 326.5 million. Among coastal counties, the seafood industry is often the largest taxpayer as well as the largest employer.

Hadden, Gerald ( 1995).  Funding for Fisheries Bycatch Initiatives.  In Brad 2 7 2 Warren, Win Win Bycatch Solutions. National Fisheries Conservation Center, Seattle WA.

A list of funding sources for bycatch reduction research within and outside the federal government is presented. In addition, information on preparing proposals, cooperating with academic researchers and the fishing industry, and the most appropriate means of approaching the funding sources is provided.

Hadden, Gerald ( 1995).  Watching the Pot.  In Brad Warren, Win Win Bycatch Solutions. National Fisheries Conservation Center, Seattle WA.

Maine lobstermen have been successful conservationists well before federal regulations required the use of escape hatches and biodegradable vents, the v notching of female lobster tails, and limiting the number of traps per fisherman.

Hadley, David ( 1998).  Estimation of Shadow Prices for Undesirable Outputs: An Application to UK Dairy Farms.  Paper presented at the American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meetings, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 2 5, 16 pp.

Analysis of agricultural production generally ignores the undesirable outputs ( such as nitrate or pesticide contamination of water) that are produced alongside desirable, marketable outputs. This paper presents the results of research which integrates a simple physical model of nitrate leaching from dairy production into a multiple input/ multiple output representation of the production technology: the output distance function. Estimation of the output distance function as a frontier allows for the derivation of shadow prices of the undesirable output which can be interpreted as the marginal abatement costs that each producer faces. The study uses an unbalanced panel data set derived from annual survey returns from 330 individual UK dairy farms which span the period 1982 to 1992 and totals to 2130 observations. The shadow price for the undesirable output evaluated at the mean of the data is estimated to be  29.34 Pounds Sterling.

Hagan, Philip and Gary Henry ( 1986).  Potential Effects of Differing Management Programs on the Southern Bluefin Tuna Fishery.  Marine Resource Economics, 3( 4): 353 389.

A model of the Southern Bluefin Tuna ( SBT) fishery is developed and used to explore the likely biological and economic consequences of adopting various management programs for the fishery. Issues addressed include both regional and international aspects since SBT are exploited by Japanese and New Zealand fishermen as well as their Australian counterparts. Simulation results from the model suggest that there exists an annual sustainable level of catch on the part of Australian and Japanese fishermen which would maintain fish stocks at a  safe  level but this level of catch, as well as its composition, is not unique so that there is room for negotiation between the major fishing nations on a mutually agreeable management program; that the effects of heavy fishing of younger fish early in their migratory path has disproportionate consequences for all other users of the resource; and that there exists some scope for some form of socially acceptable tradeoff between biological and economic objectives.

Hair, Jay D. ( 1984). " Confronting Habitat Constraints." Chapter 14 in Richard H. Stroud ( ed.) Marine Recreational Fisheries, 9, Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Marine Recreational Fisheries Symposium, Virginia Beach, Virginia, April 24 and 25, National 2 7 3 Coalition for Marine Conservation, Inc., Savannah, Georgia.

Habitat can no longer be ignored in decisions that affect recreational fisheries. Habitat must be protected, enhanced, and restored to develop recreational fisheries.

Hall, Martin A. ( 1997).  Strategic Issues in Managing Fishery Bycatches.  In Solving Bycatch, Considerations for Today and Tomorrow, Alaskan Sea Grant College Program Report No. 96 03, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, 322 pp.

A brief analysis is made of the strategies that can be used to reduce bycatches in fisheries. They fall under two basic types: reduction of the level of effort, and reduction of the average bycatch per unit of effort ( BPUE). The former frequently results in lower catches of the target species. Reduction in BPUE, on the other hand, may offer a way to mitigate the problems with fewer negative impacts on the fisheries. Identifying the environmental, biological, and technological reasons why bycatches happen is the key point of those strategies that attempt to deal with the problems while at the same time maintaining the use of the resources involved. Five  lines of defense  are identified to try to mitigate or solve bycatch problems. The Tuna Dolphin Program of the Inter American Tropical Tuna Commission, is used as a case study to illustrate different issues. Finally, some of the conditions that have helped solve this problem are presented. Even though it is clear that each fishery will have to develop its own set of solutions, there are some common traits that may help in the search for solutions.

Halstead, John M. and Minkang Zhu ( 1987). " Managing Risk and Uncertainty in Agricultural Nonpoint Source Contamination of Ground Water: Sources and Solutions (?)." Department of Agricultural Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, June, 25 pp.

This paper describes the nature and sources of uncertainty faced by the economist attempting to analyze alternative policies for management of agricultural nonpoint source pollution of ground water. Since the nature of the nonpoint problem makes many of the techniques used to control point source pollutants infeasible, approaches to the ground water problem often involve a modeling component to simulate both physical movement of agricultural chemicals and decision making of economic units. This paper focuses primarily on how uncertainty affects this modeling process.

Hamalainen, Raimo P., Jukka Ruusunen, and Veijo Kaitala ( 1986). " Myopic Stackelberg Equilibria and Social Coordination in a Share Contract Fishery." Marine Resource Economics, 3( 3): 209 235.

A general dynamic model of fishing under harvest share contracts is developed. Vessel owners hire fishermen to work on the vessels and pay them a share of the catch and an additional wage. The harvest rate depends on labor input, capital input, and stock level. Neither of the agents is unionized. On each vessel we have a principal agent setting where the crews  labor input decisions and vessel owners  decisions about harvest shares are based on myopic optimization. However, in this first analysis of the model risk is not included in the formulation. The paper concentrates on the incentive effects and in this framework the reason for a share contract to exist is the avoidance of transaction costs. In a share contract fishery both labor input and resource use are inefficient. A detailed analysis of the effectiveness of different regulation policies is presented. 2 7 4 Hamalainen, Raimo P., Jukka Ruusunen, and Veijo Kaitala ( 1990). " Cartels and Dynamic Contracts in Sharefishing." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 19: 175 192.

This paper studies a principal agent model of a fishery, where cooperative vessel owners hire unorganized fishermen to operate the vessels. On each vessel fishermen's remuneration is a share of the value of the catch. The results show that harvest shares of myopic fishermen will be reduced when cartels are established. Intertemporal optimization of the resource use by the cartel is accompanied by the problem of the cartel's viability. Share contracts are traditionally motivated by risk sharing and by the avoidance of labor monitoring. The results of this paper suggest new important reasons for the commonness of share contracts in fishing. Sharefishing is a self adaptive and time consistent remuneration system as it automatically accommodates differences in individual crews' labor supplies due to differences in fishermen's skills and cost factors. An essential result found that supports harvest sharing is the relative simplicity of the social management policy; optimal regulation is accomplished by a constant subsidy on the price of fish. The subsidy policy is time consistent and does not change as the stock level changes. The paper also addresses conditions under which stock extinction does not occur in sharefishing.

Hamilton, Marcia S. and Stephen W. Huffman ( 1997).  Cost Earnings Study of Hawaii  s Small Boat Fishery, 1995 1996.  SOEST 97 01, JIMAR Contribution 97 314, Pelagic Fisheries Research Program, Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, HI, 102 pp.

The focus of the study was Hawaii  s 1995 1996 small pelagic fishery. Vessel owners and operators were surveyed through both in person and mail back surveys. Information was obtained on 569 small boat fishermen. Data includes information on vessel operations and characteristics, investment and fixed costs, trip costs, annual catches, sales and gross revenue, as well as operator demographics. Surveys were stratified into four groups based on fishermen  s motivations and reliance on fishing income: full time fishermen were defined as those who reported receiving over 50% of their income from fishing profits, part time fishermen received 50% or less of their income from fishing, expense fishermen sold fish only to cover trip costs, and recreational fishermen did not sell any part of their catch over the previous 12 months. Clear differences were evident among groups. Fishing intensity ( number of trips taken over the previous 12 months), catch, and gross revenue were all found to decrease as operators  reliance on fishing income decreased ( from full time to recreational). A majority of fishermen reported using more than one gear type, however, full time fishermen reported doing more handlining relative to trolling when compared to other groups. Average trip costs were similar across groups, with full time fishermen spending more on ice and bait than others. An examination of the data on pelagic vessels by vessel length was also carried out. Sixty six percent of the completed surveys belonged to vessels between 16 and 24 feet in length overall. In general, investment, costs, and catches rose along with vessel size. Operators of larger vessels reported a greater emphasis on handlining than did smaller vessels but all sizes utilized multiple gear types during the previous 12 months.

Hamilton, Marcia S., Rita E. Curtis, and Michael D. Travis ( 1996).  Cost Earnings Study of the Hawaii Based Domestic Longline Fleet.  SOEST 96 03, JIMAR Contribution 96 300, Pelagic Fisheries Research Program, Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, HI, 59 pp. 2 7 5 This project provides baseline information to fishery managers and participants in the Hawaii based domestic longline fishery. The focus of study was the 1993 Hawaii based domestic longline fleet. This fishery has been a limited entry fishery since 1991. In 1993, there were 167 permits issued to longline vessels, of which 122 vessels made at least one landing. Total 1993 fleet landings as estimated by National Marine Fishery Service were 25 million pounds with an exvessel value of $ 55 million. This report provides a summary of 1993 vessel operations and earnings; information on other years can be expected to vary substantially.

Hamilton, Marcia S., Rita E. Curtis, and Michael D. Travis ( 1996).  Hawaii Longline Vessel Economics.  Marine Resource Economics, 11( 2): 137 140.

This report provides a summary of 1993 vessel operations and earnings. While the Hawaii longline fleet averaged a positive net return from their 1993 operations, the level of profits varied substantially between groups of vessels. When analyzed by target species, mixed target vessels earned the highest net return. Although the gross revenue earned by this group was less than that earned by swordfish vessels, mixed vessels had somewhat lower variable costs and substantially lower fixed costs.

Hammack, Judd and Gardner Mallard Brown, Jr. ( 1974). Waterfowl and Wetlands: Toward Bioeconomic Analysis. Resources for the Future, Inc., Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

The book deals with alternative methods of valuing outdoor recreational resources in general and develops a theoretical framework for the valuation of waterfowl in particular. Empirical results are derived from the waterfowl valuation model, biometric relationships are posited and tested with mallard data, crude cost benefit analyses on existing prairie wetlands are determined, and the questions of how many waterfowl and how many ponds are appropriate in a dynamic setting is explored.

Hamnett, Michael P., Christopher B. Jones, Wendy L. Schultz ( 1989). " Policy Development and Planning for Global Climate Change and Sea Level Rise in the Pacific Islands." Joint Working Group on Policy and Planning Implications for Global Climate Change in the Pacific Basin, Pacific Basin Development Council, UH Social Science Research Institute.

This paper outlines the approach developed to address the five public policy problems associated with global climate change in the Pacific Islands; i. e. ( 1) the potential impacts of global climate change could be so catastrophic that neither our policy makers nor the people we serve want to consider the possibility; ( 2) compared to other policy issues, the potential impacts of global warming appear much less immediate; ( 3) Pacific Island countries and territories do not contribute even a fraction of global emissions of greenhouse gases, and laws or domestic policies developed in the islands to restrict emissions would have little or no impact on the intensification of the greenhouse effect; ( 4) the lack of scientific certainty about the relationships between emissions and global warming and between warming and other environmental changes allows policy makers to dismiss the problem; ( 5) policy makers have been provided with little guidance about what they could possibly do about the global climate change and its impacts. It is organized in terms of those policy problems and concludes with a brief description of the methods to be employed in the pilot project.

Hanemann, W. Michael ( 1984). " Discrete/ Continuous Models of Consumer Demand." Econometrica, 52( 3): 541 561. 2 7 6 This paper develops a unified framework for formulating econometric models of discrete/ continuous consumer choices in which the discrete and continuous choices both flow from the same underlying ( random) utility maximization decision. As a special case a number of models suitable for empirical application are developed where the discrete choice is among different f= brands of a commodity. Since these brands are essentially substitutes, the consumer prefers to buy only one brand at any time; the discrete choice is which brand to select and the continuous choice is how many units to buy.

Hanemann, W. Michael ( 1984). " Welfare Evaluations in Contingent Valuation Experiments with Discrete Responses." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 66( 3): 339 341.

Since the work of Bishop and Heberlein, a number of contingent valuation experiments have appeared involving discrete responses that are analyzed by logit or similar techniques. This paper addresses the issues of how the logit models should be formulated to be consistent with the hypothesis of utility maximization and how measures of compensating and equivalent surplus should be derived from the fitted models. Two distinct types of welfare measures are introduced and then estimated from Bishop and Heberlein's data.

Hanemann, W. Michael ( 1994). " Valuing the Environment Through Contingent Valuation." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8( 4): 19 43.

This paper focuses generally on the use of contingent valuation to measure people's values for environmental resources, rather than specifically on natural resource damages. It will describe how researchers go about conducting reliable surveys. It then addresses some common objections to surveys and, lastly, considers the compatibility between contingent valuation and economic theory.

Hanemann, W. Michael and Edward Morey ( 1992). " Separability, Partial Demand Systems, and Consumer's Surplus Measures." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 22: 241 258.

In practice, complete demand systems are not estimated. Rather, either an incomplete demand system is estimated, or separability is invoked and a partial demand system is estimated. This paper considers the relationship between the conventional compensating variation ( equivalent variation) and the corresponding welfare measure that can be derived from a partial demand system and the current budget allocation to the separable group. Even assuming the separability assumption invoked is appropriate, these partial measures provide, in general, only a limited amount of information about the compensating variation and no information about the equivalent variation. Great care is therefore needed when using partial welfare measures to evaluate policy.

Hanemann, W. Michael and Ivar E. Strand ( 1993). " Natural Resource Damage Assessment: Economic Implications for Fisheries Management." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 75( 5): 1188 1193 This paper considers similarities and contrasts between the economic concepts and procedures used in connection with natural resources damages assessment and those that arise in connection with fisheries management. The more significant point that we make is the requirement for a consistent approach to economic valuation, to eliminate opportunities for mistakes in the 2 7 7 economic analysis and to provide a coherent economic argument for politicians, bureaucrats, and the public. The problem arises because of the fragmentation in the legal and political setting within which economic analysis is conducted and the fact that these different entities have different viewpoints and adopt different guidelines.

Hanna, Susan S. ( ( 1994).  Co management.  In Karyn L. Gimbel ( ed.) Limiting Access to Marine Fisheries: Keeping the Focus on Conservation, Center for Marine Conservation and the World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D. C.

Successful common property resource management systems are based on effective control. Effective control of the exploitation of natural resource systems is often extremely difficult to obtain due to underlying ecological uncertainty, resource scale, heterogeneity of users, diverse objectives, high coordination and enforcement costs, and a lack of understanding about organizational structure and process. These difficulties often lead to attempts to manage by  technical expertise  to obtain  efficient  solutions. Co management, as power sharing between government agencies and user groups, is a mechanism for realizing effective control. Co management extends beyond the efficiency objective to encompass legitimacy and equity. Structuring comanagement requires investment in human capital of scientists, decision makers, and user groups to build required skills of coordination and negotiation. The history of a fishery and its existing institutions both formal and informal influence the probability of co management success. This paper focuses on the benefits and costs of co management; its necessary conditions as well as its vulnerabilities. Some key aspects of building a comanagement process are identified and compared to other management processes.

Hannesson, Rognvaldur ( 1974). Economics of Fisheries: Some Problems of Efficiency. Studentlitteratur, Lund, Sweden.

Thesis focusing on fisheries economics in general and the North Atlantic cod and the fishing limits controversy in particular.

Hannesson, R. ( 1975). " Fishery Dynamics: A North Atlantic Cod Fishery." Canadian Journal of Economics, 8( 2): 151 173.

First, the optimal harvesting of a single cohort is discussed, assuming that a unit of fishing effort always removes a constant proportion of the fish stock. Discounting is shown to imply a longer fishing season, and only in special cases should the stock be depleted to an uneconomic level as quickly as possible. Then the relative merits of periodic and sustained fishing of a stock consisting of several cohorts are studied by simulating a Beverton Holt model of a cod fishery. The impact of cost, discounting, and natural fluctuations on the time pattern of fishing is discussed, as well as the practicability of periodic fishing.

Hannesson, Rognvaldur ( 1978). Economics of Fisheries, An Introduction. Universitetsforlaget, Begen, Columbia University Press, New York.

An introductory text in fisheries economics using comparative statics.

Hannesson, R. ( 1983). " Bioeconomic Production Function in Fisheries: Theoretical and Empirical Analysis." Can. J. fish. Aquat. Sci. 40: 968 982.

The traditional fishing effort approach to fisheries economics implies the existence of a production function with fishing effort and fish abundance as independent variables. The existence of bionomic equilibrium depends on 2 7 8 the shape of this production function, as well as the demand and effort cost functions. The fishing effort approach is integrated with neoclassical production function analysis where labor and capital produce an effort frontier production function that can be estimated for selected Norwegian fisheries. Optimal vessel size and capital intensity can be estimated. Fishing vessels appear to be undersized but not too capital intensive.

Hannesson, Rognvaldur ( 1983). " Optimal Harvesting of Ecologically Interdependent Fish Species." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 10: 329 345.

The optimal exploitation of a two species predator prey system is considered, using Lotka Volterra type equations. Due to the density dependence of ecological efficiency, both species should be harvested simultaneously over a range of relative prices. Beyond the limits of this price range, either the prey species should be utilized indirectly by harvesting the predator, or the predator should be eliminated to maximize the prey yield. Neglecting harvesting costs, the simultaneous harvest of prey and predators requires that a unit of prey biomass increase in value by being " processed" by predators. Certain results from single species fishery models are shown not to apply to multispecies models. These are as follows: ( i) Optimal regulation of a free access fishery may call for subsidizing instead of taxing the harvest of predator species. ( ii) Increasing the discount rate may, at " moderate" levels, imply that the optimal standing stock of biomass increases instead of decreasing. ( iii) a rising price of a falling cost per unit fishing effort of a species may raise and not lower the optimal standing stock of that species.

Hannesson, Rognvaldur ( 1984). " Fisheries Management and Uncertainty." Marine Resource Economics, 1( 1): 89 96.

This paper explores likely changes in the types and extent of uncertainty resulting from increased regulation of fisheries. Specifically, fisheries management may be a principal source of uncertainty, and institutional uncertainty may be substituted for the uncertainty of nature.

Hannesson, Rognvaldur ( 1985). " The Effects of a Fishermen's Monopoly in the Market for Unprocessed Fish." Marine Resource Economics, 2( 1): 75 85.

This paper considers the effects of granting a fishermen's sales organization exclusive rights to sell unprocessed fish. On the assumption that the fishermen's monopoly is able to discriminate between plants and end use alternatives in its pricing policy, the conditions for profit maximization are derived and compared with the conditions for social efficiency. It is found that the monopoly would be efficient if its costs for obtaining the fish are identical to the social costs, the marginal processing cost is constant, and either the price of the finished product is constant or the product is exported so that consumer's surplus is not a part of the social benefit. A fishermen's monopoly may thus achieve the objectives of an export cartel. When the marginal processing cost is rising the monopoly will over conserve the fish resource, provided that its cost of providing the fish is not sufficiently below the social cost. Finally, the analysis is extended to the special case in which processors have established a price discriminating monopoly in the market for the finished products but distribute the resulting profit through higher accounting prices while leaving individual processors to decide how much fish to buy for processing. This system passes the benefits from price discrimination in the markets for finished products on to the fishermen's monopoly. 2 7 9 Hannesson, Rognvaldur ( 1985). " Inefficiency Through Government Regulations: The Case of Norway  s Fishery Policy." Marine Resource Economics, 2( 2): 115 141.

The fishery is a classic example of market failure. Government intervention does not necessarily correct this, but may instead seek economically inefficient solutions, because of either a deliberate trade off between efficiency and equity or political expediency. Norway  s fishery policy is seen as a case in point. Its stated objectives put a low priority on economic efficiency, while various objectives based on equity are put in the foreground. The result is that the contribution of Norway  s fisheries to the national income is slight. Norway  s fishery policy consists of two largely uncoordinated parts, one concerned with maintaining fishermen  s incomes and the other with managing fish stocks. Since the introduction of the 200 mile limit, most fish stocks exploited by Norway have been managed by total allowable catches ( TACs). While this has prevented the depletion of fish stocks, the regulations introduced to enforce the TACs have been an economic failure. The setting of TACs has in some cases revealed a willingness to attain solutions expedient in the short term at the expense of long term benefits.

Hannesson, Rognvaldur ( 1986). " The Effect of the Discount Rate on the Optimal Exploitation of Renewable Resources." Marine Resource Economics, 3( 4): 319 329.

In a recent paper, Farzin ( 1984) has shown that the impact of the discount rate on the optimal rate of depletion of an exhaustible resource is ambiguous. Since Clark  s ( 1973) paper on the extinction of animal species, it has been recognized that a higher discount rate increases the optimal rate of exploitation and increases the likelihood of extinction, but ignores the capital cost implication of a higher discount rate; the effect discussed by Farzin. In this paper, the effect of the discount rate on the optimal rate of exploitation and standing stock of a renewable resource such as fish is examined. This effect is ambiguous with the ambiguity depending on the dual role of the discount rate. On the one hand, the discount rate expresses a required rate of return on a growing asset. For a renewable resource with a concave growth function, a higher rate of discount implies a smaller standing stock. Ont the other hand, the discount rate expresses the opportunity cost of capital to be invested in harvesting equipment. A higher discount rate thus means more costly harvesting, which in turn implies a less intensive optimal harvesting and a larger standing stock.

Hannesson, Rognvaldur ( 1987). " Optimal Catch Capacity and Fishing Effort in Deterministic and Stochastic Fishery Models." Fisheries Research, 5: 1 21.

This paper is a survey of fisheries economics aimed mainly at fisheries biologists. The paper begins by reviewing the static theory, which established two major results. ( I) Free access leads to over exploitation, and ( ii) the optimal rate of exploitation is less than the maximum sustainable yield. The latter could be regarded as an antithesis to the biological doctrine that fish stocks should be managed to give maximum sustainable yield ( MSY). Dynamic theory, which is considered next, showed that the optimal rate of exploitation could be either less or greater than the MSY rate. In particular, a higher discount rate was shown to imply a higher rate of exploitation. This, however, ignores the role of capital invested in the harvesting sector. Once it is recognized that a higher discount rate implies a higher required rate of return on capital, the impact of the discount rate 2 8 0 on the optimal rate of exploitation becomes ambiguous. The paper examines the impact of the discount rate with and without stock dependent harvesting costs. This leads on to the question o how the risk of extinction under free access depends on the sensitivity of unit harvesting costs, or catch per unit of effort, to the size of the exploited stock. Finally, stochastic fishery models are briefly considered. The main purpose of this part of the paper is to demonstrate that deterministic fishery models may give poor guidance for managing the stochastic fisheries of the real world, even if risk neutrality and constant prices are assumed. To demonstrate this as clearly as possible, the unit cost of harvesting is assumed to be constant, implying that the optimal rate of exploitation is constant in a deterministic model. First, we consider the simple case of time invariant stochastic catch quotas ( no population dynamics), and demonstrate how optimal catch capacity depends on the cost of investing in the necessary equipment. Then we consider population dynamics, where expected future catch quotas depend on how much is being taken presently. Optimal catch capacity depends on the cost of investment in this case as well, but the derivation of optimal harvesting and investment policies becomes more complicated.

Hannesson, R. ( 1988). " Fixed or Variable Catch Quotas? The Importance of Population Dynamics and Stock Dependent Costs." Marine Resource Economics, 5( 4): 415 432.

This article considers two questions concerning fluctuations in fish stocks and catches: are they possible beneficial and would fishery managers opt for a strategy that enhances stock or catch quota variability or both? For this analysis, three models are followed: in the first, variations in stock abundance are stochastic with no population dynamics; in the second, the stock in a certain time period depends on a stochastic recruitment to the stock and survivors from the previous time period; and the third is a year class model that has more complicated population dynamics but is more realistic. The article implicitly assumes that property rights exist by using profit maximizing mathematical techniques.

Hannesson, Rognvaldur ( 1993). " Enclosure of the Commons: Two Paradoxes." Presented at the International Conference on Fisheries Economics, Os, Norway, May 26 28.

de Meza and Gould ( 1992) show that the rent from enclosing a free access resource may, at the wage rate prior to enclosure, be positive while the social benefit is negative. Hence there may be an incentive to privatize a common resource even when this is not warranted for reasons of efficiency. Books and Heijdra ( 1990) have criticized Buchanan ( 1980) for a similar approach when demonstrating that the potential benefits of enclosing the commons may be dissipated through rent seeking. In this paper we show that de Meza and Gould's conclusion that the rent from enclosure will be higher than the social benefit at the free access wage rate still holds when there is a real cost of the enclosure and diminishing returns in both sectors of the economy. It may, however, happen that the resource rent after enclosure is negative while the social benefit of enclosure is positive. Hence we might end up in the curious situation that neither free access nor enclosure is an equilibrium.

Hannesson, Rognvaldur ( 1993). " Fishing Capacity and Harvest Rules." Marine Resource Economics, 8( 2): 133 143.

In this note we consider the choice of optimum fishing capacity for fish stocks that vary at random. In models with stochastic variations of fish 2 8 1 stocks, optimum fishing capacity is normally a decision variable separate from fishing effort. It is shown how the optimum fishing capacity depends on the price of fish, the cost of capacity, and the  harvest rule  linking the permitted catch to the size of the fish stock. Operating costs may also influence the optimum capacity through the effect of stock  thinning  on the cost per unit of fish caught and the level at which further depletion becomes unprofitable.

Hannesson, Rognvaldur ( 1994). " Optimum Fishing Capacity and International Transfer of Excess Allowable Catches." Land Economics, 70( 3): 330 344.

This paper considers optimum fleet capacity for fish stocks that vary randomly and are managed by separate states. Assigning a particular fleet to a particular stock will be less profitable than allowing fleets to move between stocks. Transfer of excess catch quotas between states improves profitability, but produces a global optimum only if payments are attached to the transfer. A free transfer of excess quotas results in overcapacity and dissipation of rents. A Nash bargaining solution with respect to transfer prices, but without side payments, gives solutions very close to the global optimum.

Hannesson, Rognvaldur ( 1997). " Fishing as a Supergame." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 32: 309 322.

This paper considers how cooperative solutions to games of sharing fish resources can be supported by threat strategies. With highly mobile fish stocks, the number of agents compatible with a cooperative self enforcing solution is not very high for reasonable values of the discount rate, but sensitive to changes in the discount rate and costs and to cost heterogeneity. With migrating stocks, where growth and reproduction depend on how much all agents leave behind after harvesting, the likelihood of a cooperative, selfenforcing equilibrium is increased. With a dominant player and a competitive fringe the rents and optimum stock level of the dominant player fall quickly as the share of the competitive fringe increases.

Hannesson, Rognvaldur ( 1998).  Distribution of Benefits from International Trade in Fishery Products?  Discussion paper prepared for the FAO EMail Conference on Fisheries Trade and Food Security, The Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen, Norway, 7 pp.

The subject of international trade is controversial and at times emotional. Yet the theory of international trade, its generation of economic benefits and its impact on their distribution is well developed and uncontroversial. The generation and the distribution of gains from fish trade can be in unexpected directions, as they depend critically on how well countries manage their fish resources. Countries that do so badly or not at all are more likely than not to lose from trading in fish; opening up trade is like opening up a waste disposal bin into which productive resources will be thrown to little or no good purpose. If on the other hand such countries were to import fish as a result of trade they might in fact gain; lower fish prices would lower the temptation to waste resources. The need for fish exporting countries to manage their fisheries prudently can hardly be overstated.

Hannesson, Rognvaldur ( 1998). " Marine Reserves: What Would They Accomplish?" Marine Resource Economics, 13( 3): 159 170.

A marine reserve is defined as a subset of the area over which a fish stock is dispersed and closed to fishing. This paper investigates what will 2 8 2 happen to fishing outside the marine reserve and to the stock size in the entire area as a result of establishing a marine reserve. Three regimes are compared: ( i) open access to the entire area, ( ii) open access to the area outside the marine reserve, and ( iii) optimum fishing in the entire area. Two models are used: ( i) a continuous time model, and ( ii) a discrete time model, both using the logistic growth equation. Both models are deterministic equilibrium models. The conservation effect of a marine reserve is shown to be critically dependent on the size of the marine reserve and the migration rate of fish. A marine reserve will increase fishing costs and overcapitalization in the fishing industry, to the extent that it has any conservation effect on the stock, and in a seasonal fishery it will shorten the fishing season. For stocks with moderate to high migration rates, a marine reserve of a moderate size will have only a small conservation effect, compared with open access to the entire area inhabited by a stock. The higher the migration rate of fish, the larger the marine reserve must be in order to achieve a given level of stock conservation. A marine reserve of an appropriate size would achieve the same conservation effect as optimum fishing, but with a smaller catch.

Hannesson, Rognvaldur and Stein Ivar Steinshamn ( 1991). " How to Set Catch Quotas: Constant Effort or Constant Catch?" Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 20: 71 91.

This paper considers whether the total allowable catch from a fish stock should be a fixed annual quantity or based on constant fishing effort. It consists of two parts, a theoretical part and an empirical part based on data from the Arcto Norwegian cod stock. In the theoretical part it is shown that realistic cost and revenue functions have opposite effects on whether a constant quota or a constant effort yields the highest expected profit. A concave revenue function implies that a constant quota will be preferable, while a stock dependent unit cost of landed fish has the opposite implication. The empirical part investigates how large the difference between the average profit yielded by the two strategies is likely to be, on the basis of some stylized facts about the Arcto Norwegian cod stock. The size of this stock fluctuates considerably over time, due mainly to fluctuations in the size of year classes. Spectral analysis indicates cyclical movements, and so a sine curve was used to generate recruitment cycles. The difference in average profit yielded by the two harvest strategies is very small in most cases, or of the order of 1 2%. This result is relatively robust with respect to alternative specifications of the cost and the revenue functions, but a maximum difference of 20% was produced by a non stock dependent unit cost of fish and a kinked revenue function, where catches exceeding a certain quantity are worthless.

Hanson, Gregory D., James W. Dunn, and Ganesh P. Rauniyar ( 1996).  Marketing Characteristics Associated with Seafood Counters in Grocery Stores.  Marine Resource Economics, 11( 1): 11 22.

This study provides a benchmark analysis of seafood counter characteristics corresponding to the peaking of per capita seafood demand in the U. S. Logistic regression results show separate seafood counters are less likely in small stores, in rural stores, and in stores in low or medium income areas. Chain stores and stores with a significant number of non white customers were more likely to have a seafood counter. Stores in the East South Central region were less likely, and stores in New England more likely to have a seafood counter. The likelihood that sores will develop seafood counters was related to differences in sales volume, floor space, urban/ rural location, income level of clients and regional location. Continuing innovations in marketing technology of seafood counters are likely to provide 2 8 3 expanded marketing opportunities in the future.

Hanson, J. S., W. L. Griffin, J. W. Richardson, and C. J. Nixon ( 1985). " Economic Feasibility of Shrimp Farming in Texas: An Investment Analysis for Semi Intensive Pond Grow Out." Journal of World Mariculture, 16: 129 150.

A firm level simulation model ( MARSIM) was developed to analyze the survival of different shrimp farm sizes in Texas. The model simulates the annual activities of a shrimp farm: production, finances, cash receipts, capital replacement and depreciation, cash flows, income taxes, balances, and growth. A firm is replicated 50 times over a 10 year planning horizon. Random values for shrimp growth and survival, temperature, hurricanes, and prices received in each of 10 years are generated from multivariate empirical probability density functions ( pdf) for these variables. For the analysis summarized here, a shrimp farm was simulated using 3 different size systems and 4 different pond sizes. Results indicate that higher rates of return and faster payback are associated with larger total farm size and larger ponds. For large farms ( 400 surface hectares), pond size becomes less critical to obtaining an acceptable rate of return to investment. The amount of time taken to construct a facility significantly impacts the rate of return. Hurricanes, prices, production, and temperature variation are also critical factors affecting the firm's returns and survival.

Harberger, Arnold C. ( 1971). " Three Basic Postulates for Applied Welfare Economics: An Interpretive Essay." Journal of Economic Literature, 9( 3): 785 797.

The postulates are ( a) the competitive demand price for a given unit measures the value of that unit to the demander; ( b) the competitive supply price for a given unit measures the value of that unit to the supplier; and ( c) when evaluating the net benefits for costs of a given action, the costs and benefits accruing to each member of that relevant group should normally be added without regard to the individual to whom they accrue.

Hardin, Garrett ( 1968). " The Tragedy of the Commons." Science, 162( December): 1243 1248.

The population problem has no technical solution; it requires a fundamental extension in morality.

Hardy, Linda ( 1995). " Data Request." National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast fisheries Science Center, Beaufort Laboratory, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, N. C., March.

Formats describing south Atlantic shrimp landings data for 1991 to 1993 and the vessel operating units file for the southeastern region for 1990 to 1993.

Harper, Douglas E. ( 1994). " The 1994 Spiny Lobster Update of Trends in Landings, CPUE, and Size of Harvested Lobster." Miami Laboratory Contribution No. MIA 93/ 94 82, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL, September, 14 pp.

The objectives of this report are to examine ( 1) trends in commercial landings and effort, ( 2) catch per unit effort ( CPUE), and ( 3) size of lobster in commercial and recreational catches. 2 8 4 Harper, Douglas E. and David B. McClellan ( 1997). " A Review of the Biology and Fishery for Gray Triggerfish, Balistes capriscus, in the Gulf of Mexico." Miami Laboratory Contribution No. MIA 96/ 97 52, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL, September, 17 pp.

The commercial and recreational harvest trends are examined and the biological, life history, and population parameters presented in the literature are summarized.

Harrington, Dave ( 1994). " Bycatch Reduction of TEDS." Presented to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, Corpus Christi, TX, May, 7 pp.

This paper reviews the reduction in finfish bycatch in shrimp trawls that are equipped with turtle excluder devices. It argues that finfish bycatch should be reduced as much as possible without harm to the shrimp fishery since the impact of bycatch on finfish stock size may not be as great as is sometimes claimed.

Harrington, David L. ( 1994). " A Case of Double Deception." Georgia Sea Grant College Program, Marine Extension Service and MAS Leader, University of Georgia.

A news release that describes video footage used to promote the cause of the Florida net ban as fraudulent.

Harris, Kenneth C. ( 1994). " 1993 94 Wreckfish Season Quota Report." Memorandum, United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, N. C. 28516 9722.

Status of the wreckfish fishery ITQ program from 1991 to 1993 fishing seasons.

Harris, Kenneth C. ( 1996). " 1995 96 Wreckfish Fishery Annual Report." United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, N. C. 28516 9722.

Status of the wreckfish fishery ITQ program from 1991 to 1995 fishing seasons.

Harris, Kenneth C. and Linda F. Hardy ( 1995). " The 1994 95 Wreckfish Fishery Annual Report." United States Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, N. C. 28516 9722.

Status of the wreckfish fishery ITQ program from 1991 to 1995 fishing seasons.

Harrison, David, Jr. and Daniel L. Rubinfeld ( 1978). " Hedonic Housing Prices and the Demand for Clean Air." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 5: 81 102.

This paper investigates the methodological problems with the use of 2 8 5 housing market data to measure the willingness to pay for clean air. With the use of a hedonic housing price model and data for the boston metropolitan area, quantitative estimates of the willingness to pay for air quality improvements are generated. Marginal air pollution damages as revealed in the housing market are found to increase with the level of air pollution and with household income. The results are relatively sensitive to the specification of the hedonic housing price equation, but insensitive to the specification of the air quality demand equation.

Hartley, Michael J. ( 1976). " The Tobit and Probit Models: Maximum Likelihood Estimation by Ordinary Least Squares." Discussion Paper Number 374, Economic Research Group, Department of Economics, State University of New York at Buffalo.

This paper proposes an alternative method for the calculation of the Maximum Likelihood Estimator ( MLE) for the Tobit and Probit models, that resolves the difficulties with the convergence of the Gauss Newton algorithm, has the virtue that it is computationally much simpler, and affords a unified interpretation of each of these models from the perspective of incomplete data regression models.

Hartwick, John M. ( 1978). " Exploitation of Many Deposits of an Exhaustible Resource." Econometrica, 46( 1): 201 217.

Given a known demand schedule for a mineral at each instant of time and many deposits with different known extraction costs per ton ( different qualities) and different known sizes, how should exploitation be organized? How does an exogenous change in the size of deposit i or in the extraction costs per unit in deposit i affect the program of exploitation? These questions are investigated for the case of extraction costs constant per ton for deposit i. The comparative static analysis parallels that for a problem with many income classes in location theory.

Harvey, David J. ( 1992). " Farmed Raised Shrimp: Impacts on U. S. Seafood Trade." Aquaculture, Situation and Outlook Report, Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Aqua 8, March, 7 pp.

Improvements in techniques for producing farm raised shrimp in the 1980' s greatly increased total supplies, which caused real prices for both domestic landings and imports to fall. With real import prices declining 25 percent between 1986 and 1990, U. S. imports increased dramatically, especially from countries with expanding farm raised shrimp production. The effect of these trends has been to increase U. S. shrimp supplies over 73 percent and to make shrimp imports the largest component of the trade deficit in seafood.

Hashim, Ali and Jonathan Cook ( 1994). " Resource Rent in the Fisheries Sector." Draft, EPCS Economics Paper No. 2, Fisheries Economics and Statistics Program, Third Fisheries Project, Economic Planning And Coordination Section, Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, Male, Republic of Maldives, April.

This study analyses the capacity of the major sectors of the Maldivian fishing industry to pay resource rent to the government in relation to its access to the country's fish resources. A major objective of the study is to provide input to a second study being undertaken under the project; Study 4 that analyses the fiscal alternatives open to the government. The ability of the fishing industry to meet an increased proportion of the national budget is a direct function of the profitability of the industry that is analyzed in some detail in this report. 2 8 6 Hashim, Ali and Jonathan Cook ( 1994). " Resource Rent in the Fisheries Sector." Draft, EPCS Economics Paper No. 6, Fisheries Economics and Statistics Program, Third Fisheries Project, Economic Planning And Coordination Section, Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture, Male, Republic of Maldives, November, 19 pp.

Fisheries in many countries have been demonstrated to generate super normal profits in either the short or long run. In the short run, such profits may be realized when a new fishery is developed and there are consequently few boats fishing a relatively large resource. In an open access fishery, these rents are normally dissipated as more vessels enter the fishery and catch per unit effort ( CPUE) falls. If, however, the resource is large and/ or effort is limited by government regulation, super normal profits may continue in the long run. In this case, the government may appropriate some of these profits as a ' resource rent'; a payment by users for the use of a common property resource. Examples, are widely found in the mining sector, where the minerals are owned by the government and companies are granted extraction rights in return for a royalty or rent.

Haspel, Abraham E. and F. Reed Johnson ( 1982). " Multiple Destination Trip Bias in Recreation Benefit Estimation." Land Economics, 58( 3): 364 372.

This study examines the consequences of multiple destination trips on travel cost estimates of benefits, suggests a means of correcting the bias that arises under such circumstances, and obtains nearly identical value estimates from the travel cost method and from a direct question on willingness to pay. The magnitude of multiple destination bias is illustrated and possible solutions to this problem are considered using itinerary information from visitors to Bryce Canyon National Park.

Hatch, Upton and Chien Feng Tai ( 1997). " A Survey of Aquaculture Production Economics and Management." Aquaculture Economics and Management, 1( 1): 1 15.

The literature on production economics and management of fish culture has grown as aquaculture has matured as a commercial industry. Salmon, catfish, shrimp, and trout are the focus of this literature survey as a reflection of the volume of research that has been completed on these species and their importance in U. S. production and world trade. In addition, a discussion of low resource production systems is included that is dominated by tilapia and carp culture systems. A brief overview of the principles of aquaculture production economics and management is presented followed by a review of economic studies.

Hatch, Upton, R. Agbayani, and E. Belleza ( 1996). " Economic Analysis of Prawn ( Penaeus monodon) Culture in the Philippines, II: Grow out Operations." Asian Fisheries Science, 9: 127 141.

The dramatic fall in prawn prices coupled with environmental concerns has resulted in a relative stagnation of prawn grow out operations in the Philippines. The sector recently experienced a lack of direction and growth, combined with crowded watersheds, excessive use of water bodies, overuse of groundwater and continued destruction of mangrove. A field survey of prawn growers conducted in 1992 was used to develop economic estimates for representative production systems: intensive, semi intensive, extensive, and prawn milkfish rotation. Existing intensive facilities can be operated efficiently and profitably, but new intensive operations will most likely need to include water treatment capabilities for water entering and exiting grow 2 8 7 out ponds. Canals, reservoirs, or ponds used for water quality improvement may be able to concurrently produce a profitable crop, such as milkfish prawn rotation. Internal rate of return for semi intensive ponds using earthen ponds was higher than for other culture systems. If, over time, water quality and conservation constraints are sufficiently addressed, stocking densities might be increased. Research and extension programs targeting equity should focus on integrated systems.

Hausman, Jerry A. ( 1981). " Exact Consumer's Surplus and Deadweight Loss." American Economic Review, 71( 4): 662 676.

In this paper, the primary case of a single price change considered by Willig, that is also the situation in which consumer surplus is often used in applied work, no approximation is necessary. From an estimate of the demand curve, the exact consumer surplus can be derived whether it is the compensating variation, equivalent variation, or some measure of utility change. The basic idea used in deriving the exact measure of consumer surplus is to use the observed market demand curve to derive the unobserved compensated demand curve. It is this latter demand curve that leads to the compensating variation and equivalent variation.

Hausman, Jerry A. and Daniel McFadden ( 1984). " Specification Tests for the Multinomial Logit Model." Econometrica, 52( 5): 1219 1240.

Discrete choice models are now used in a variety of situations in applied econometrics. By far the model specification that is used most often is the multinomial logit model. Yet it is widely known that a potentially important drawback of the multinomial logit model is the independence from irrelevant alternatives property. While most analysts recognize the implications of the independence of irrelevant alternatives property, it has remained basically a maintained assumption in applications. In this paper we provide two sets of computationally convenient specification tests for the multinomial logit model. The first test is an application of the Hausman ( 1978) specification test procedure. The basic idea for the test here is to test the reverse implication of the independence from irrelevant alternatives property. The test statistic is easy to compute sine it only requires computation of a quadratic form that involves the difference of the parameter estimates and the differences of the estimated covariance matrices. The second set of specification tests that we propose is based on more classical test procedures. We consider a generalization of the multinomial logit model that is called the nested logit model. Since the multinomial logit model is a special case of the more general model when a given parameter equals one, classical test procedures such as the Wald, likelihood ratio, and Lagrange multiplier tests can be used. The two sets of specification test procedures are then compared for an example where exact and approximate comparisons are possible.

Hausman, Jerry A. and David A. Wise ( 1976). " The Evaluation of Results from Truncated Samples: The New Jersey Income Maintenance Experiment." Annuals of Economic and social Measurement, 5: 421 445.

Estimates of the effects of tax and income guarantee values on hours worked by white males in the New Jersey income maintenance experiment are presented after developing a procedure to take explicit account of the truncating sampling procedure used to select participants in the experiment. The estimated effects of an income maintenance scheme like that imposed by the experiment are substantially larger than those obtained by other 2 8 8 investigators.

Hausman, J. A. and D. A. Wise ( 1978). " A Conditional Probit Model for Qualitative Choice: Discrete Decisions Recognizing Interdependence and Heterogeneous Preferences." Econometrica, Mar., pp. 403 26.

A three response, unordered ( general) probit model, an independent logit model, and independent probit model are estimated to explain the modal choice between driving own car, sharing a ride, and riding a bus for 557 workers in Washington, D. C. Logit and independent probit give similar results both in estimation and in the forecast of the probability of using a new mode. General probit differs significantly from the other two models both in estimation and the forecast about the new mode. General probit fits best. Primarily an article about the creation of a new computer program to estimate the parameters of a model.

Havenner, Arthur and Masanao Aoki ( 1987). " Econometrics and Linear Systems Theory in Multivariate Time Series Analysis." Draft report, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of California, Davis, March, 24 pp.

An approach to modelling multivariate time series based on linear systems theory is presented and related to more traditional econometric methods to the advantage of both. The linear system theory development provides direct information on model choice, a set of exclusion restrictions that are not sequence dependent and are stable, an extension to multiple period forecast error tradeoffs, and a formal norm on the approximation of the model to the observed autocovariance sequence, among other things. The link to econometrics, on the other hand, provides an interpretation of the criterion underlying the estimators, the sampling theory of the resulting estimators, and their properties, an understanding of certain ( econometric) identification issues related to these estimators and suggested improvements based on the analysis, and straightforward tests of model order  in addition to relating the linear systems procedure to a body of logic familiar to econometricians and statisticians.

Hayenga, Wayne A., Ronald D. Lacewell, and Wade L. Griffin ( 1974). " An Economic and Financial Analysis of Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Vessels." MP 1138, The Texas A& M University System, Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.

This report includes budgeted estimates of variable and fixed costs of landing shrimp, estimated break even annual shrimp catches with various shrimp prices for the vessel sizes of 53 65 foot and 66 to 72 foot lengths, evaluation of a prospective investment in a shrimp vessel entering the Gulf shrimping fleet, using internal rate of return and payback procedures of investment analysis, and an updated estimated cost level for spring 1974.

Hayes, Robert G. ( 1984). " Recommendations for Action: Panel 1 Marine Recreational Fisheries Development." Chapter 20 in Richard H. Stroud ( ed.) Marine Recreational Fisheries, 9, Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Marine Recreational Fisheries Symposium, Virginia Beach, Virginia, April 24 and 25, National Coalition for Marine Conservation, Inc., Savannah, Georgia.

This paper attempts to define what Marine Recreational Fisheries development is and to suggest appropriate development actions for the future. I would like to start by making two fundamental points: 1) fisheries development cannot be accomplished in a vacuum  it is clear that we need 2 8 9 responsible and good fisheries management to ensure the efficacy of development and viability of the resource, and 2) we have got to look at fisheries development in the recreational sector differently than we've looked at it in the past.

Hayne, Don W. ( 1990). " Report of my Attendance of Workshop at Pascagoula, Mississippi in mid May, 1990." Memorandum to Douglas R. Gregory, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, June, 7 pp.

Comments concerning a workshop to compare the results of two studies of the red snapper fishery with divergent results by Gutherz and Pellegrin ( 1987) and Nichols et al. ( 1987).

Haynes, Jos and Sean Pascoe ( 1988). " A Policy Model of the Northern Prawn Fishery." Occasional Paper 103, Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, GPO Box 1563, Canberra 2601.

The northern prawn fishery has been subject to management since the early 1970' s in an attempt to control the expansion of effort and prevent the overexploitation of the resource. Many of the management policies developed over this period have proved to be ineffective in controlling effort. Moreover, the increasing cost of management and the need to avoid costly and ineffective measures will lead to increasing demands for analysis of the cost effectiveness of such policies. This report outlines the mathematical programming model of the fishery designed to assess current and alternative management policies on both effort and profitability. Then the short and long run effects of the current and alternative management policies on the fishery are assessed.

Heaps, Terry ( 1995).  Density Dependent Growth and the Culling of Farmed Fish.  Marine Resource Economics, 10( 3): 285 298.

The aquaculture model of Arnason ( 1992) is extended to allow for density dependent growth. It is then shown that the optimal management policy for a fish farm may include a period in which there is culling of the stock up to a final slaughter date when all the remaining fish are slaughtered. Results in Heaps ( 1993), who dealt with density independent growth, for the effects of changes in model parameters on the optimal final slaughter weight are shown to generalize to the case of density dependent growth. As well, a numerical example is provided where culling is definitely part of the optimal management plan.

Heckman, James ( 1974). " Shadow Prices, Market Wages, and Labor Supply." Econometrica, 42( 4): 679 694.

A common set of parameters that underlie the functions determining the probability that a woman works, her hours of work, her observed wage rate, and her asking wage or shadow price of time is derived in this paper. Two behavioral schedules are relied upon: the function determining the wage a woman faces in the market ( the offered wage), and the function determining the value a woman places on her time ( the asking wage). If a woman works, her hours of work adjust to equate these wages if she has freedom to set her working hours. If a woman does not work, no offered wage matches her asking wage. If both wage schedules are estimated, the estimated parameters can be used to determine the probability that a woman works, her actual hours of work given that she works, the potential market wage rates facing nonworking women, and the implicit value of time for nonworking women. 2 9 0 Heckman, James ( 1974). " Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error." Econometrica, 47( 1): 153 162.

This paper discusses the bias that results from using nonrandomly selected samples to estimate behavioral relationships as an ordinary specification error or omitted variables bias. A simple consistent two stage estimator is considered that enables analysts to utilize simple regression methods to estimate behavioral functions by least squares methods. The asymptotic distribution of the estimator is derived.

Heckman, James ( 1976). " The Common Structure of Statistical Models of Truncation, Sample Selection and Limited Dependent Variables and a Simple Estimator for Such Models." Annals of Economic and Social Measurement, 5: 475 492.

This paper presents a unified treatment of statistical models for truncation, sample selection and limited dependent variables. A simple estimator is proposed that permits estimation of those models by least squares, and probit analysis. In an empirical example, it is shown that the estimator yields estimates close to the maximum likelihood estimates.

Heen, Knut ( 1989).  Impact Analysis of Multispecies Marine Resource Management.  Marine Resource Economics, 6( 4): 331 348.

In an attempt to study the regional income and employment impact of different harvesting regimes and harvesting patterns of marine resources, this article demonstrates an approach of combining multispecies bioeconomic modeling and input output ( I)) analysis. The applicability and usefulness of this approach is demonstrated by implementing the model with data from North Norway and the Barents Sea fisheries.

Hein, Stephen and Paul Meier ( 1995).  Skimmers: Their Development and Use in Coastal Louisiana.  Marine Fisheries Review, 57( 1): 17 24.

The origin, development, and utilization of the skimmer net is reviewed along with other historical shrimp gears used in coastal Louisiana. The skimmer was developed to catch white shrimp, Penaeus setiferus, observed jumping over the cork line ( headrope) of trawls being worked in shallow waters. A description of the gear is presented including basic components and various frame designs used by fishermen during its development. The advantages of skimmers over bottom trawls include; multiple use as both trawl and butterfly net ( wing net), ease of deployment, increased maneuverability, reduction and greater survivability of bycatch, and ability to cover more area due to increased speed and continuous fishing capability. Disadvantages may include compromising vessel stability when stored upright on the deck, possible damage to water bottoms when improperly rigged, and limitation to a 12 foot ( 3.6 m) maximum depth due to size restrictions. The growing popularity of the skimmer net is evident by its introduction into North Carolina and inquiries from other southeastern Atlantic and Gulf coast states.

Heinsohn, George E. ( 1972). " A Study of Dugongs ( Dugong) in Northern Queensland, Australia." Biological Conservation, 4( 3): 205 213.

The Dugong population in the vicinity of Townsville, Queensland, has been severely decimated as a result of a government sponsored shark netting program begun in 1964. Only 7 out of a total of 158 Dugongs netted from 1964 to 1971 survived drowning and were released. Eight two Dugongs were caught during the first year ( 1964 65), after which the yearly catch has fluctuated between 16 and 6. Females constituted 48 ( 69.6 percent) of 69 sexed Dugongs 2 9 1 caught. Births appear to be seasonal, occurring mainly in August and September. A growth curve has been constructed, making it possible to estimate ages on the basis of body length. Young accompany their mothers for more than a year after birth. Sexual maturity is attained at about 2 years of age by both sexes. Mature Dugongs have a total body length of 2.4 meters or longer. The majority of Dugongs caught after the first 14 months of shark netting were young animals estimated to be from 1 to 3 years old. There were no size and sex data available for the first 14 months of netting. Dugongs prefer extensive protected shallow water areas where they feed selectively on four genera of sea grasses occurring near Townsville. Aspects of Dugong conservation and the need for extensive ecological work discussed.

Helfand, Gloria E. and Brett W. House ( 1995).  Regulating Nonpoint Source Pollution Under Heterogeneous Conditions.  American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77( 4): 1024 1032.

Because of difficulties in measuring effluent from nonpoint pollution, proposals for regulating agricultural runoff often suggest instruments applied to inputs or management practices. When pollution functions vary across sources, uniform input instruments cannot achieve a least cost pollution reduction, but efficient instruments may be difficult to administer. In this paper we analyze lettuce production on two soils in California  s Salinas Valley to consider empirical costs associated with uniform input taxes and regulations. The results suggest that uniform instruments may mot be costly relative to an efficient baseline. Though taxes are more efficient, farmers have higher profits with regulations.

Helgath, Sheila and Richard Rainery ( 1987). " Fishery Management Alternatives." Research Request Number 87 003188, The Alaska Board of Fisheries, Senate Advisory council, Alaska State Legislature, October, 106 pp.

This report considers some of the pertinent issues central to fisheries management in Alaska in terms of the effectiveness of the Board of Fisheries as presently organized given the collapse of the December, 1986 meeting and the renewed call for a reappraisal of the board structure and process.

Hellerstein, Daniel ( 1995).  Welfare Estimation Using Aggregate and Individual Observation Models: A Comparison Using Monte Carlo Techniques.  American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77( 3): 620 630.

Due to the weak behavioral foundations of aggregate demand models, zonal travel cost models have been largely abandoned in favor of models based on individual observations. However, sample selection difficulties in individual observation models often require the use of distribution sensitive limited dependent variables estimators. In this paper I use Monte Carlo simulations to investigate whether the bias form aggregation is worse than possible bias from these narrowly specified estimators. Somewhat surprisingly, the results indicate that zonal models often outperform the individual observation models, especially when using an aggregate model that incorporates intra zonal variance of the explanatory variables.

Hellsten, Martin ( 1988). " Socially Optimal Forestry." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 15: 387 394.

The Faustmann rule is the major contribution of economic theory to the analysis of forestry management. It is typical to consider the Faustmann rule in the context of a model of a forestry firm in which there is some periodicity in the rate of harvesting over time. This paper on the other hand 2 9 2 shows the Faustmann rule to be associated with socially optimal sustained yield or steady state regimes. In the course of so doing, attention is placed on the role of the shadow price of a tree in the determination of an optimal harvesting policy.

Helvey, Mark, Stephen J. Crooke, and Peter A. Milone ( 1987). " Marine Recreational Fishing and Associated State Federal Research in California, Hawaii, and the Pacific Island Territories." Marine Fisheries Review, 49( 2): 8 14.

This paper provides an overview of marine recreational fishing within the NMFS southwest region and briefly outlines a few of the ongoing and future state federal research and assistance programs addressing recreational fishing.

Henderson, J. V. and M. Tugwell ( 1979). " Exploitation of the Lobster Fishery: Some Empirical Results." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 6: 287 296.

This paper analyzes the optimal and free market utilization of the lobster fishery and applies the results to two fishing areas in Canada. Biomass relationships and a production function are estimated and the empirical results are used to calculate hypothetical optimal fishing solutions. The welfare losses from overutilization of the fishing areas are examined.

Hendrickson, Holly M. and Wade L. Griffin ( 1993). " An Analysis of Management Policies for Reducing Shrimp Bycatch in the Gulf of Mexico." North American Journal of Fisheries Management, forthcoming.

Every year the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fleet catches and discards millions of pounds of finfish. Dwindling populations of some commercially and recreationally valuable fish species have raised concerns over the effects of shrimp bycatch on fish stocks. The General Bioeconomic Fisheries Simulation model was used to estimate the changes in economic rent and bycatch of red snapper Lutjanus campechanus, king mackerel Scomberomorus cavalla, and Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus, that would result under two fishery management policies: Bycatch Reduction Devices ( BRDs) and season/ area closures. The BRDs were found to be more effective than closures at reducing bycatch and also less costly to fishermen. Under the BRD scenarios, reductions in discards ranged from 20.2 to 42.5% for red snapper, king mackerel discards fell approximately 89%, and Atlantic croaker discards fell about 45%. Under closure policies, the change in discards ranged from a 2.1 to 15% decline for red snapper, a 1.9% increase to a 39.3% decrease for king mackerel, and a 0.1 to 12.9% decline for Atlantic croaker. The BRD policies produced present value 10 year rent streams ( 1985 US$) ranging from $ 16.434 to $ 27.007 million, and closure policies generated 10 year rent streams ranging from $ 35.181 to $ 54.563 million.

Hendrickson, Holly M. and Wade L. Griffin ( 1993). " An Analysis of Management Policies for Reducing Shrimp Bycatch in the Gulf of Mexico." North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 13: 686 697.

Every year the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fleet catches and discards millions of pounds of finfish. Dwindling populations of some commercially and recreationally valuable fish species have raised concerns over the effects of shrimp bycatch on fish stocks. The general bioeconomic fisheries simulation 2 9 3 model was used to estimate the changes in economic rent and bycatch of red snapper Lutjanus campechanus, king mackerel Scomberomorus cavalla, and Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus, that would result under two fishery management policies: Bycatch Reduction Devices ( BRDs) and season/ area closures. The BRDs were found to be more effective than closures at reducing bycatch and also less costly to fishermen. Under the BRD scenarios, reductions in discards ranged from 20.2 to 42.5% for red snapper, king mackerel discards fell approximately 89%, and Atlantic croaker discards fell about 45%. Under closure policies, the change in discards ranged from a 2.1 to 15% decline for red snapper, a 1.9% increase to a 39.3% decrease for king mackerel, and a 0.1 to 12.9% decline for Atlantic croaker. The BRD policies produced present value 10 year rent streams ( 1985 US$) ranging from $ 16.434 to $ 27.007 million, and closure policies generated 10 year rent streams ranging from $ 35.182 to $ 54.561 million.

Hendrix, Sherman S. ( 1994). " Marine Flora and Fauna of the Eastern United States, Platyhelminthes: Monogenea." NOAA Technical Report NMFS 121, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, Washington, August, 107 pp.

This manual includes an introduction to the general biology of the platyhelminth class Monogenea, an illustrated key to the generic level, an annotated systematic list of 108 species in 75 genera and 28 families, a glossary of terms, a host parasite list, a selected bibliography, and a systematic index. The species listed have been reported on fishes taken in the coastal waters of the northwestern Atlantic Ocean from the U. S. Canada border to Beaufort, North Carolina. Many of the species, however, have wider geographic distributions that are not reported herein unless adjacent to the geographic area above. In addition, a single species of Neodermata, Udonella caligorum, that is found attached to copepods on fish gills is also listed.

Hennessy, David A. ( 1995).  Microeconomics of Agricultural Grading: Impacts on the Marketing Channel.: American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77( 4): 980 989.

In this paper, I focus on how grade prices affect the provision of product transformation skills in the food marketing system. A self protection model is used to show how resources are allocated to protect the potential value of commodities in the marketing channel. Resource allocations may be complementary, and complementarity may be exploited to expand an industry. Further, uncertainty concerning skill levels may inhibit expansion. Because two primary objectives of agricultural extension involve facilitating skill acquisition and disseminating market information, the model confirms roles for extension personnel. The optimal location of transformation skills in a sequence of operations is also studied.

Henwood, Tyrrell A. ( 1987). " Age, Growth, Survival and Mortality in Loggerhead Turtles, Caretta, Estimated from Tag Recapture Experiments." Draft report, NMFS, SEFC, Pascagoula Laboratory, Pascagoula, MS.

Recaptures of previously measured and tagged loggerhead turtles from coastal waters of Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina were analyzed to determine growth rates in the wild. Fitting the von Bertalanffy and logistic growth models to loggerhead data, age estimates are computed and survival and mortality estimates are derived. In Adult turtles mean survival rate was 0.92 and mean mortality rate was 0.08. 2 9 4 Henwood, Tyrrell A. and Jonathan D. Moulding ( 19??). " Some Morphohometric Relationships in the Western Atlantic Loggerhead Turtle, Caretta." Draft Report, NMFS.

The relationship of total tail length to total straight line carapace length was found to be an accurate indicator of sex in mature male turtles, and is assumed to be a good indicator of sex in adult female turtles as well. In subadult turtles, the tail measurement does not appear to be a usable indicator of sex.

Henwood, Tyrrell A. and Larry H. Ogren ( 1987). " Distribution and Migrations of Immature Kemp's Ridley Turtles ( Lepidochelys kempi) and Green turtles ( chelonia mydas) Off Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina." Northeast Gulf Science, 9( 2): 153 159.

This paper presents results of sea turtle research at Cape Canaveral, FL from 1978 1984. Captures of Kemp's ridley and green turtles were analyzed to determine seasonal occurrence, size composition, and movement patterns. For Kemp's ridley, additional capture records from Georgia and South Carolina were included in the analyses for comparative purposes.

Henwood, Tyrrell A. and Warren E. Stuntz ( 1987). " Analysis of Sea Turtle Captures and Mortalities During Commercial Shrimp Trawling." Fishery Bulletin, Notes, 85( 4): 813 816.

This report provides a preliminary analysis of existing data collected by fisheries observers during commercial U. S. shrimp trawling. Estimated turtle CPUE and mortalities for loggerhead, Kemp's ridley, and green turtles are provided.

Henwood, Tyrrell A., Warren E. Stuntz, and Nancy Thompson ( 1991). " Evaluation of U. S. Turtle Protective Measures Under Existing TED Regulations, Including Estimates of Shrimp Trawler Related Mortality in the Greater Caribbean." Draft Report, USDOC, NMFS, SERO, 9450 Koger Blvd., St. Petersburg, FL 33702, 20 pp.

Sea turtle catch and mortality by U. S. shrimp trawlers under current sea turtle conservation regulations and import restrictions were evaluated. This required a rather complex analysis of shrimping effort, turtle catch rates, turtle mortality rates, effectiveness of TEDs and tow time restrictions, and compliance with existing regulations. Results of these analyses were used in determining ( 1) whether changes in existing regulations to provide additional protection to endangered and threatened sea turtles were warranted and ( 2) the rates with which foreign, shrimp importing nations would have to comply under P. L. 101 162.

Henwood, Tyrrell A., Warren E. Stuntz, and Nancy Thompson ( 1992). " Evaluation of U. S. Turtle Protective Measures Under Existing TED Regulations, Including Estimates of Shrimp Trawler Related Mortality in the Wider Caribbean." NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS SEFSC 303, USDOC, NMFS, SEFC, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, Florida 33149, March, 15 pp.

Sea turtle catch and mortality by U. S. shrimp trawlers under current sea turtle conservation regulations were evaluated. This required a rather complex analysis of shrimping effort, turtle catch rates, turtle mortality rates, effectiveness of TEDs and tow time restrictions, and compliance with existing regulations. Results of these analyses were used in determining whether changes in existing regulations to provide additional protection to 2 9 5 endangered and threatened sea turtles were warranted.

Herfindahl, Orris C. ( 1955). " Some Fundamentals of Mineral Economics." Land Economics, 31: 131 138.

The paper provides a simple account of some processes involved in the economics of exhausting assets, especially on account of exploration. The resulting analytic framework should be helpful in evaluating recent suggestions on materials policy and also in thinking about currently pressing problems flowing from widely advertised " shortages" of certain minerals.

Herfindahl, Orris C. and Allen V. Kneese ( 1974). Economic Theory of Natural Resources, Resources for the Future, Inc., Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, Columbus, Ohio.

The main goal is to provide theoretical constructs in a somewhat narrow sense that are useful in analyzing problems in the management of natural resources. Empirical material on particular natural resources are included only to show how theory can be used.

Herfindahl, Orris C. and Allen V. Kneese ( 1974). " Dynamics Capital Theory." Chapter 3 in Orris C. Herfindahl and Allen V. Kneese, Economic Theory of Natural Resources, Resources for the Future, Inc., Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, Columbus, Ohio.

Capital theory develops a coherent view of the forces that determine saving and investment and their rates of return from one period to the next. If this task is fulfilled not only for the next period but for many periods into the future, the theory will also have explained the forces determining the size of the capital stock at any time and any equilibria or quasiequilibria to which the system is moving. A stationary state without capital accumulation is one of the possibilities.

Herrick, Samuel F., Jr. ( 1984). " U. S. Tuna Trade Summary, 1982." Marine Fisheries Review, 46( 1): 1 6.

Information pertaining to the production of raw and processed tuna by the U. S. tuna industry during 1983 and the consumption of tuna products by U. S. consumers is reviewed in detail. In the last section, the economic impact of reduced tuna harvesting and processing activity during 1982 is analyzed for the California based segment of the U. S. tuna industry.

Herrick, Samuel F., Jr. and Steven J. Koplin ( 1984). " 1983 U. S. Tuna Trade Summary." Administrative Report SWR 84 1, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Region, 300 S. Ferry Street, Terminal Island, CA, June, 20 pp., 12 tables.

Information pertaining to the production of raw and processed tuna by the U. S. tuna industry during 1983 and the consumption of tuna products by U. S. consumers is reviewed in detail. A number of issues and events are discussed that affected the industry's performance during 1983.

Herrick, Samuel F., Jr. and Steven J. Koplin ( 1984). " U. S. Tuna Trade Summary, 1983." Marine Fisheries Review, 46( 4): 65 72.

The 1983 production of white and light meat tuna by the U. S. tuna industry and consumption of tuna products by U. S. consumers is reviewed in detail. Some of the issues and events that affected the industry's performance in 1984 are analyzed in the final section of the paper. 2 9 6 Herrick, Samuel F., Jr. and Steven J. Koplin ( 1985). " U. S. Tuna Trade Summary, 1984." Administrative Report SWR 85 6, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Region, 300 S. Ferry Street, Terminal Island, CA, June, 24 pp.

The 1984 production of white and light meat tuna by the U. S. tuna industry and consumption of tuna products by U. S. consumers is reviewed in detail. Some of the issues and events that affected the industry's performance in 1984 are analyzed in the final section of the paper.

Herrick, Samuel F., Jr. and Steven J. Koplin ( 1986). " U. S. Tuna Trade Summary, 1984." Marine Fisheries Review, 48( 3): 28 37.

The 1984 production of white and light meat tuna by the U. S. tuna industry and consumption of tuna products by U. S. consumers is reviewed in detail. Some of the issues and events that affected the industry's performance in 1984 are analyzed in the final section of the paper.

Herrick, Samuel F., Jr. and Steven J. Koplin ( 1987). " U. S. Tuna Trade Summary, 1985." Marine Fisheries Review, 49( 3): 73 84.

The white and light meat tuna produced by the U. S. tuna industry and consumption of tuna products by U. S. consumers is reviewed for 1985. In addition, the economic performance of the U. S. tropical tuna purse seine fleet is analyzed over the period 1979 83.

Herrick, Samuel, Jr., Jeffery G. Lee, and Dale Squires ( 1992).  Documentation for the West Coast Fishing Fleet Cost Earnings Data Base.  Administrative Report LF 92 23, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, P. O. Box 271, La Jolla, CA, June.

The west coast fishing fleet cost earnings data base ( CEDB) was created to consolidate fishing vessel cost and earnings data into an informational and analytical data base that would support economic research and provide economic information on selected U. S., west coast fisheries.

Herrick, Samuel F., Jr., Byron Rader, and Dale Squires ( 1997).  Access Fees and Economic Benefits in the Western Pacific United States Purse Seine Tuna Fishery.  Marine Policy, 21( 1): 83 96.

Ideally, fees paid by distant water fishing nations for access to tuna resources in exclusive economic zones would approximate the net economic value of the tuna harvested, while leaving fishing operations profitable. This paper develops a linear programming approach to assess short run profitability, optimum access fees, and net economic benefits for U. S. tropical tuna purse seiners operating under the South Pacific Tuna Treaty. Results suggest that there is potential for sizable short run profits and net economic benefits after payment of an access fee equal to the imputed marginal value of the tuna harvested.

Herrick, Samuel, Jr., Ivar Strand, Dale Squires, Morton Miller, Douglas Lipton, John Walden, Stephen Freese ( 1994).  Application of Benefit Cost Analysis to Fisheries Allocation Decisions: The Case of Alaska Walleye Pollock and Pacific Cod.  North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 14: 726 741.

The controversy surrounding a proposal to allocate walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma and Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus harvested in U. S. fisheries off Alaska is reviewed. The walleye pollock allocation, which 2 9 7 generated the most concern, would apportion specific shares of the allowable catch to each of the two harvesting sectors, inshore and offshore, along with a set aside for Alaska community development. The potential transfer is of enormous economic value for industry participants and underscores the importance of identifying the net economic gains or losses to the nation that might arise under the proposed allocation scheme. For these reasons, a benefit cost analysis was pivotal in the allocation decisions reached by the U. S. Department of Commerce. The benefit cost analysis of the allocation proposal served to focus attention on the need for consistent social welfare accounting, of the kind that benefit cost analysis provides, when management actions are evaluated. Conceptual and practical problems associated with the analysis are discussed as well as their solutions, and fundamental concerns that may be peculiar to benefit cost analysis in fisheries are specifically noted.

Herrmann, Mark ( 1993). " Using an International Econometric Model to Forecast Alaska Salmon Revenues." Presented at the International Conference on Fisheries Economics, Os, Norway, May 26 28.

A revenue analysis was performed as part of a comprehensive review of the Alaska salmon enhancement program to examine the effects of various salmon enhancement production levels on future revenue generated to salmon fishers working in Alaska waters. The results were then used in a cost benefit analysis of the state's enhancement program for sockeye, chinook, coho, chum, and pink salmon. Results of the revenue analysis indicate that for all species, except pink salmon, future revenues would increase if output from salmon enhancement were expanded. For pink salmon, revenues would decrease if salmon enhancement were expanded and increase if salmon enhancement were scaled back. However, a complete elimination of the pink hatchery program would decrease revenues. For all species, there are important regional differences.

Herrmann, Mark ( 1993). " Using an International Econometric Model to Forecast Alaska Salmon Revenues." Marine Resource Economics, 8( 3): 249 271.

As Alaska prices tumbled in the 1990' s, Alaska's Senate Special Committee on Domestic and International Commercial Fisheries requested a comprehensive review of the Alaska salmon enhancement program. As a part of this review, a revenue analysis was performed to examine the effects of various salmon enhancement production levels on future revenue generated to salmon fishers working in Alaska waters. The results were then used in a cost/ benefit analysis of the state's enhancement program for sockeye, chinook, coho, chum, and pink salmon. This report focuses on the two most important Alaska salmon species, sockeye and pink. Results of the revenue analysis indicate that for sockeye salmon, future revenues would increase if output from salmon enhancement were expanded. For pink salmon, revenues would decrease if salmon enhancement were expanded and increase if salmon enhancement were scaled back. However, a complete elimination of the pink hatchery program would decrease revenues. For both species, there are important regional differences.

Herrmann, Mark and Joshua A. Greenberg ( 1994). " A Revenue Analysis of the Alaska Pink Salmon Fishery." North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 14: 537 549.

The Alaska salmon industry is suffering from declining prices due to an increasing supply of Salmon worldwide. This has led to a much needed economic evaluation of the Alaska salmon enhancement program and especially of the 2 9 8 hatchery system for pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha. An econometric model of world salmon markets was used to evaluate possible future pink salmon enhancement production scenarios, as requested by the Alaska State Legislature and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Results of this model, based on point estimates, indicate that if pink salmon production for enhancement were decreased, revenues to pink salmon fishers in Alaska would rise, although there would be regional differences. However, a complete elimination of the Alaska salmon enhancement program would decrease revenues.

Hewett, Steven W. and Barry L. Johnson ( 1989).  A General Bioenergetics Model for Fishes.  American Fisheries Society Symposium, 6: 206 208.

Bioenergetics models allow fish growth or food consumption to be estimated from a combination of laboratory and field data. Models for many different species of fish have been developed, with slight variations in approach. Our current microcomputer model merges and simplifies many of the models that have been developed, with the hope that fisheries researchers and managers can apply these models to questions relating to fish growth and consumption under any given environmental or biotic conditions. Model documentation includes energetics parameters for a wide variety of species that have been modeled in the past. Other applications specific inputs include seasonal temperature regimes, seasonal or ontogenetic changes in energy density, diet composition, and end points of growth over some time interval. Adjustments in biomass, due to biotic or abiotic factors, occur more quickly through growth than through population density. The growth of an individual is an integrator of food consumption over time. This model uses the observed growth over some interval of time to calculate an estimate of the prey biomass consumed over that interval under the given environmental conditions, and thus it is a powerful tool for estimating predator impact on prey populations. It can also be used to predict the effect of an environmental change on growth, or to predict the growth of fish introduced to new conditions.

Hicks, J. R. ( 1939). " The Foundations of Welfare Economics." The Economic Journal, Dec.: 696 712.

The basics of the new welfare economics are set out in this paper.

Hicks, J. R. ( 1942). " Consumers' Surplus and Index Numbers." The Review of Economic Studies, 9/ 10( 9): 126 137.

What happens to consumer surplus when several prices vary?

Hicks, J. R. ( 1943). " The Four Consumer's Surpluses." The Review of Economic Studies, : 31 41.

A proof of the correct measure of consumer surplus and the Marshallian measure is presented that greatly simplifies the results of the earlier series of articles.

Hicks, Robert L. ( 1994). " Indirect Environmental Effects of U. S. Marine Mammal and Trade Policies." Chapter 5 in Commercial Fisheries Harvesting, Conservation and Pollution: Preferences and Conflicts, NMFS Contract NA 26FD 0135 01, National Saltonstall Kennedy Program, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.

The implications for trade liberalization by Japan for beef products of seafood demand and environmental impacts are considered by discussing 2 9 9 important components of Japanese meat demand, development and estimation of a demand model, and using the price elasticity estimates simulate several policy scenarios.

Hicks, Robert L. ( 1994). " Production and Marine Mammals." Chapter 4 in Commercial Fisheries Harvesting, Conservation and Pollution: Preferences and Conflicts, NMFS Contract NA 26FD 0135 01, National Saltonstall Kennedy Program, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.

The impact of regulations to prevent marine mammal mortality in association with commercial fishing activities on producers is addressed. Specifically, the welfare affects of a regulation in the eastern tropical Pacific tuna fishery that is designed to reduce dolphin bycatch is assumed to cause firms to make either spacial or technical substitution is investigated.

Hicks, R. L. ( 1995). " The Cost of Marine Mammal Protection: A Spatial Model of Dolphin Avoidance by Tuna Fishermen in the Eastern Tropical Pacific." Ph. D. Thesis Prospectus, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, March 24, 27 pp.

A proposal to analyze the cost of U. S. marine mammal policies to fishermen by studying the trade offs resulting from dolphin protection. In the process, a discrete choice model of tuna fishing incorporating uncertainty, dynamic aspects of decision making, and cost estimates of dolphin avoidance will be presented. The model and applied work will add to the marine resource economic literature by introducing geographical modeling and econometric analysis which are more sophisticated than currently practiced.

Hicks, Rob, Scott Steinback, Amy Gautam, and Eric Thunberg ( 1998).  The Economic Value of New England and Mid Atlantic Sportfishing in 1994.  Volume 2, Draft report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Science and Technology, Fishery Statistics and Economics Division, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, September.

The main goals of the survey of anglers in 1994 in the Northeastern United states were to ( 1) collect demographic and economic data on marine recreational fishing participants, and ( 2) estimate statistical demand models for recreational fisheries that were under management in 1994 or were expected to be managed in the near future. This volume presents the results of the estimation of the demand models, and reports the estimated value of recreational fishing in the Northeast.

Hiett, Robert L., Kathryn A. Chandler, Audrey K. Reniere, and A. Richard Bolstein ( 1983). " Socioeconomic Aspects of Marine Recreational Fishing." Final report, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Contract No. 80 ABC 00152. Prepared by KCA Research, Inc., 5501 Cherokee Avenue, Suite 111, Alexandria, Virginia, May, 101 pp.

The results from the telephone survey of 2,400 households and 7,000 personal interviews to collect information about marine recreational fishermen, information about marine fishing trips in general, trip expenditure information, catch and disposition of catch information, and information about angler satisfaction.

Highly Migratory Species Management Division ( 1993). " Swordfish Fact 3 0 0 Sheet." Office of Fisheries Conservation and Management, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1335 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD.

List of regulations that affect the swordfish fishery of the United States.

Highly Migratory Species Management Division ( 199?). " A Guide to the Tunas of the Western Atlantic Ocean.  Office of Sustainable Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1335 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD.

The National Marine Fisheries Service has develop this pamphlet to assist commercial, charter/ headboat, and recreational users and dealers/ buyers in identifying the seven regulated Atlantic tuna species as well as one unregulated Atlantic tuna species.

Highly Migratory Species Management Division ( 1993). " Framework Seasonal Adjustment of Management Measures under the Fishery Management Plan for Atlantic Sharks, Includes Environmental Assessment and Regulatory Impact Review." Office of Fisheries Conservation and Management, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD.

Regulations that impose trip limits on the large coastal sharks for commercial fishing vessels are evaluated and enacted.

Highly Migratory Species Management Division ( 1994). " Draft Environmental Impact Statement for a Regulatory Amendment for the Western Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Fishery." Office of Fisheries Conservation and Management, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1335 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD.

The National Marine Fisheries Service proposes to implement a regulatory amendment for the 1995 Atlantic bluefin tuna fishery consistent with recommendations from the 1993 and 1994 meetings of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas ( ICCAT). Five national quota alternatives are examined, in combination with four domestic quota allocation alternatives, as well as three access control alternatives. There are clear tradeoffs between the commercial and recreational fishery in establishing domestic quota allocations. Overall, long term economic gains, whether from commercial net revenues or angler consumer surplus or a combination of the two, can only occur under short term economic losses. Access control alternatives address overcapitalization in the fishery and vary widely in operation and effects on the fishery, such as equitability, acceptability, management costs, employment, and overall economic efficiency.

Highly Migratory Species Management Division ( 1995). " Amendment 1 to the Fishery Management Plan for Atlantic Swordfish Including an Environmental Assessment, Regulatory Impact Review, and Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis.  Office of Fisheries Conservation and Management, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1335 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, September, 3 pp.

An outline for developing a permit moratorium amendment to the swordfish fishery management plan.

Highly Migratory Species Management Division ( 1995). " Amendment 1 to the Fishery Management Plan for Atlantic Shark Including an 3 0 1 Environmental Assessment, Regulatory Impact Review, and Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis.  Office of Fisheries Conservation and Management, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1335 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, December, 134 pp.

An outline for developing a permit moratorium amendment to the swordfish fishery management plan.

Highly Migratory Species Management Division ( 1995). " Amendment 1 to the Fishery Management Plan for Atlantic Shark Including an Environmental Assessment, Regulatory Impact Review, and Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis.  Office of Fisheries Conservation and Management, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1335 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, May, 135 pp.

A permit moratorium for the shark fishery is developed in this fishery management plan amendment.

Highly Migratory Species Management Division ( 1995). " Atlantic Sharks Fishery Management.  Office of Fisheries Conservation and Management, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1335 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD.

Summary of the fishery management plan, plan development, objectives, measures, list of actions, and list of major actions. A description of the fishery from Our Living Oceans ( 1993) is also attached.

Highly Migratory Species Management Division ( 1995). " Draft Environmental Assessment and Draft Regulatory Impact Review on a Proposed Rule to Establish 1995 Catch Limits for the Atlantic Swordfish Fishery.  Office of Fisheries Conservation and Management, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1335 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, June, 32 pp.

This document has been prepared to provide background on the fishery and to assess the likely economic effects of the proposed rule which is to impose the 1995 U. S. quota recommendation approved by ICCAT.

Highly Migratory Species Management Division ( 1995). " Final Environmental Assessment for a Regulatory Amendment for the Western Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Fishery.  Office of Fisheries Conservation and Management, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1335 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, July, 142 pp.

The National Marine Fisheries Service proposes to implement a regulatory amendment for the 1995 Atlantic bluefin tuna fishery consistent with recommendations from the 1994 meeting of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas ( ICCAT). Four national quota alternatives are examined in combination with five domestic quota allocation alternatives and three access control alternatives; lottery, limited entry with fleet wide quota, and individual transferable quotas.