6. Use:  Sweet varieties are eaten fresh or used in salads, garnishes, and juices.  Tart varieties are used for cooking; flowers and leaves are consumed; unripe fruit has high oxalate content and can be used to remove rust and clean metals; also used in place of a conventional mordant in dyeing; wood used for furniture; medicinal purposes (GRIN, MARKLE, MORTON).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Whole fruit.
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  005 (FT 0289) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  Guava = Starfruit
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, CULL, BARWICK, MARKLE, MORTON, NAKASONE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, LAMBERTS, VAN WYK, JANICK.
11. Production Map:  EPA Crop Production Region 3, 10 and 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  AVRCA

                                      589
1. Surinam Cherry [(Cayenne cherry, Brazil-cherry, cerisier carré, cerisier de Cayenne, Cayennekirsche, Surinamkirsche, pitanga-da-praia, pitanga-mulata, pitanga-roxa, pitanga-vermelha, cerezo de Cayena, nagapiry, pitanga (GRIN, MARKLE))]
      Myrtaceae
      Eugenia uniflora L. [(syn:  Eugenia brasiliana (L.) Aubl., Eugenia michelii Lam. (GRIN))]
2. An evergreen shrub or small multi-trunked tree with a spreading growth habit, reaching a height of 6 to 10 meters (20 to 33 feet).  Native to Surinam, Guyana, French Guiana, Southern Brazil, and Uruguay.  Branches are slender.  Young stems and leaves are bright red to bronze and may contain red hairs.  Dark green leaves are small, simple, opposite, short-petioled, shiny, resinously aromatic, ovate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate in shape, blunt to sharp-pointed, and 2.5 to 8 centimeters (1 to 3 inches) long by 1.3 to 2 centimeters (0.5 to 0.75 inch) wide.  In cold, dry weather, leaves turn red.  Flowers are borne on long slender stalks in the leaf axils and occur singly or in clumps of up to four.  Each small, fragrant creamy white flower contains 4 delicate, recurved petals and 50 to 60 white stamens with yellow anthers.  Individual flowers measure 1 centimeter (0.375 inch) in diameter.  Bright red, deep scarlet red, dark purplish maroon, purple or black fruit is an oblate to depressed-globose berry that is seven-eight-ribbed, and 2 to 4 centimeters (0.8 to 1.6 inches) in diameter.  Fruit are cherry-like and are connected to slender stalks.  Immature fruit is green to orange.  The peel is very thin and smooth.  Each fruit contains one large seed or up to seven small seeds.  The pulp is orange to orange-red in color, soft and juicy.  The flavor is sweet, spicy, acid, tangy, or resinous.  The two main cultivars are red-colored fruit and a less resionous, sweet, dark-purple or black fruit (PERENNIAL, JANICK, VAN WYK, LOVE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON, FLEPPC).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  In Florida and the Bahamas, flowering mainly occurs from March to May; occasional blooming occurs during other times of the year.  In Brazil, flowering occurs in September and December.  Flowers are borne on the previous season's growth or the basal part of the current season's shoots.  Flowering lasts 6 to 8 weeks.  In Florida and the Bahamas, fruit is harvested from March and April to May and June and again in September through November.  In California, harvesting occurs late summer.  In Brazil, fruit is harvested in October and again in January.  In Israel, harvesting occurs in May.  In many parts of Hawaii, fruiting occurs year-round.  In many areas, there are two fruit crops per year; some trees produce multiple crops per year.  Fruit matures in 3 weeks to 50 days.  Flowering and fruiting begins 2 to 6 years after planting (PERENNIAL, JANICK, LOVE, MORTON).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires tropical to warm subtropical climates, full sun to partial shade, and medium to high rainfall.  Found growing along streams, river banks, and the edges of forests in Brazil.  Grows at elevations of sea level to 1,800 meters (5,906 feet).  Favors deep loamy soil.  Tolerates a variety of well-drained soil conditions including sand, sandy loam, stiff clay, and limestone-based soils, long dry seasons, periodic flooding, temperatures down to -6 °C (21 °F), and light frost.  Not tolerant of saline conditions.  Propagation is by seed, marcottage, air-layering, or veneer or cleft grafting.  Germination occurs within 3 to 4 weeks after removal from the fruit.  Seedlings are used for rootstocks of Surinam cherry.  Trees should be planted 3 to 5 meters (10 to 16 feet) apart or in hedgerows with an in-row spacing of 1 to 2 meters (3 to 7 feet) and a between-row spacing of 5 meters (16 feet).  During the first 5 years of growth, trees should not be pruned.  For ornamental purposes, trees are pruned into square hedges.  For fresh consumption, fruit should be harvested and immediately packaged when fully ripe.  Following harvesting, fruit should be chilled immediately.  For jelly manufacturing, fruit are harvested when orange or orange-red in color.  Fruit is easily damaged and the postharvest shelf life is short.  With refrigeration, shelf life is 14 days.  Fruit has commercial potential as a processed fruit (PERENNIAL, JANICK, LOVE, MORTON).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Currently, fresh fruit is only available at local markets.  The only commercial production is in Brazil and India.  However, the demand for the fruit is increasing.  Currently, most fruit products are made in the home (JANICK, VAN WYK, LOVE, MORTON).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit is consumed fresh after picking.  To reduce the resinous flavor, the fruit is cut open, the seeds are removed, the fruit is sprinkled with sugar, and it is chilled for 2 to 3 hours.  Fruit is also used fresh in fruit salads and processed into jellies, jams, pickles, juices, candies, ice cream, sorbets, marmalade, syrup, vinegar and wine; preserved whole in syrup.  Fruit is placed in pies, chutneys, sauces, curries, puddings, custards, relish, and distilled liquor (PERENNIAL, JANICK, VAN WYK, LOVE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit is low in sugar; good source of carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron, and iodine.  The fruit contains a large quantity of antioxidants including lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin, gamma-carotene, and rubixanthin.  Seeds are toxic (JANICK, VAN WYK, LOVE).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  In Brazil, a leaf infusion is made to aid stomach ailments and reduce fevers; used as an astringent.  In Surinam, leaf decoctions are taken as a cold remedy and fever reducer.  Leaves produce essential oils (LOVE).
      g. Crop photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Hawaii, California and Florida as a small bush-like tree or hedge; naturalized in the Southeastern United States, Puerto Rico, Samoa, and the U.S. Virgin Islands; yields of trees in Hawaii have varied from 2.7 kilograms (6 pounds) from a 4-year-old tree to 11 kilograms (24 pounds) from a 6 meter (20-foot) untrimmed wild tree.  Average yields range from 2.7 to 3.6 kilograms (6 to 8 pounds) per plant per year (GRIN, MORTON, JANICK, FLEPPC, LOVE).
5. Other production regions:  South America including Brazil, Bolivia, Venezuela, Colombia, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Surinam, Guyana and French Guiana; Southeast Asia, southern China, along the Atlantic coast of Central America, India, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Israel, Italy; cultivated elsewhere in the tropics; naturalized in South Africa, Australia, and the West Indies.  In India, the yield is approximately 2.7 to 3.6 kilograms (6 to 8 pounds) per plant.  The highest yield was recorded in Israel and was 11 kilograms (24 pounds) from one untrimmed plant.  The approximate yield from a Brazilian test plot was 7 kilograms (15.4 pounds) per tree per year.  Some plants produce up to 10 kilograms (22 pounds) of fruit per year (GRIN, JANICK, VAN WYK, LOVE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON).
6. Use: consumed as fresh fruit; jams, jelly, relish, pickles or sherbet; grown in plantations; grown as an ornamental or hedge plant; medicinal purposes, weed (potential seed contaminant); invasive species; leaves are spread over floors of Brazilian homes to repel flies; bark contains tannin and can be used for treating leather; flowers are a source of pollen for bees (GRIN, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, VAN WYK, LOVE, MORTON).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit (GRIN).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  005 (FT 0311) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit - edible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, VAN WYK, LOVE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON, FLEPPC.
11. Production Map:  EPA Crop Production Region 3, 10 and 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  EUEUN

                                      599

1. Tamarind [(Indian date, Indian tamarind, kilytree, tamarin, tamarindier, tamariner, Tamarinde, Tamarindenbaum, tamarindeiro, tâmara-da-Índia, tamarinda, tamarindo-do-Egito, tamarino, tamarindo (GRIN, MARKLE))]
      Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae); also placed in: Caesalpiniaceae
      Tamarindus indica L.
2. A large, compact, semi-deciduous, slow-growing, graceful tree that reaches a height of 10 to 30 meters (33 to 98 feet).  Native to Tropical Central Africa.  Trees have a deep extensive root system with a long taproot.  Sapwood is light yellow and moderately soft.  Heartwood is dark, purplish-brown, hard and heavy.  The trunk is short, stout, and up to 7.5 meters (25 feet) in diameter.  Trees are often multistemmed.  Branches are strong, symmetrical, pliable, and drooping at the ends.  Bark is light grey, dark grey or brown in color, strongly fissured, rough, and scaly on the trunk.  Bark is smooth on the branches.  When damaged, a blood-red gum exudes from the trunk and branches.  The crown is large, deep-seated, spreading, and up to 12 meters (39 feet) in diameter.  Bluish green to bright green fine feathery leaves are alternate, thick, even, and pinnately compound with two terminal leaflets.  The rachis is 7 to 15 centimeters (3 to 6 inches) long.  Each leaf contains 6 to 20 pairs of opposite leaflets that are narrowly oblong, unequal, entire, rounded to almost square, slightly notched at the tip with a tuft of yellow hairs, rounded at the base, pale underneath, and 1.2 to 3.2 by 0.3 to 1.1centimeters (0.5 to 1.3 by 0.1 to 0.4 centimeters) in size.  Leaves fold in at night.  Small, short, drooping, branched inflorescence racemes are borne in the axils of the branches, are contained in groups of 5 to 10, and measure 5 to 13 centimeters (2 to 5 inches) long.  Individual flowers are 2 to 2.5 centimeters (0.8 to 1 inch) in diameter, showy, fragrant, and contain four unequal, ovate, pink, cream or pale yellow sepals (up to 1.5 centimeters (0.6 inch) long), 5 oblong, white, cream, pale yellow or pinkish (streaked with red, orange or yellow) petals (posterior and lateral petals are large and showy, anterior petals are reduced), a calyx, and both female and male reproductive organs.  Flowers are cross-pollinated or self-pollinated.  Cinnamon-brown, greyish-brown or light greyish fruit is a pendulous pod that occurs in clusters on new branches.  Individual fruit is oblong, sausage-shaped, curved or straight with rounded ends, heavy, lumpy, flattish, bean-like, and 5 to 18 centimeters (2 to 7 inches) long by 2.5 to 3 centimeters (1 to 1.2 inch) wide by 2 to 3.2 centimeters (0.8 to 1.3 inch) in diameter.  The mature shell (pod) is minutely scaly, rusty velvety, indehiscent, constricted between seeds, and brittle.  Immature fruit contain tender shells with green, acid flesh and soft, whitish under-developed seeds.  Blackish brown, dark golden, reddish brown or rosy brown pulp resembles dried dates, surrounds the seed cavities and is soft, firm, pasty, sticky, fibrous, thick and juicy.  The flavor is sweet-sour.  There are two main types of tamarind, those with sweet pulp and those with sour pulp.  Each pod contains one to 12 seeds.  Individual reddish or purplish brown seeds are enclosed by a parchment-like membrane, irregular in shape, flattened, rhomboid to obovoid, hard, shiny, and 3 to 10 by 1.3 centimeters (1.2 to 4 by 0.5 inch) in size.   Fruit has been consumed since ancient times (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, VAN WYK, LORENZI, MORTON, CRFG, WINROCK).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering can occur several times per year in some tropical locations.  Flowering occurs from May to June in Florida, September to October in Brazil, summer in Central America and the West Indies and spring to summer in other locations.  Two flowering periods occur in India and Sri Lanka.  Fruit development occurs in the rainy season in many locations.  Fruiting occurs in summer in Brazil, late spring to summer in California, late summer to fall in Hawaii, and April to June in Central America, Florida, and the West Indies.  Fruit matures in 6 to 10 months.  Fruit production occurs in 7 to 10 years from seed and 3 to 4 years from vegetative propagation.  Trees can produce fruit for up to 200 years (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, LORENZI, MORTON, CRFG).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires hot subtropical to tropical lowlands or humid monsoonal climate, full sun, elevations of sea level to 1,500 meters (4,921 feet), a mean annual rainfall of 50 to 150 centimeters (20 to 59 inches), a dry period (for tamarind fruit development), a maximum annual temperature of 33 to 37 °C (91 to 99 °F), a minimum annual temperature of 9.5 to 20 °C (49 to 68 °F), and fertile, deep, well-drained, slightly acid loamy to alluvial soils.  An easily managed tree.  Grown in the sub- and semi-arid tropics, stream banks, and dry coastal plains.  Thrives in USDA zones 10 to 12.  Tolerates a variety of well-drained soils (sandy soil, clay loam, rocky soils, saline soils, calcareous soils, sodic soils).  Large, mature trees are tolerant of frost as low as -3 °C (27 °F), and high temperatures of up to 47 °C (117 °F).  Propagation is by seed, layering, cuttings, budding, grafting, and micropropagation.  Most plants are grown by seed.  Seeds remain viable for 6 months to several years when kept in proper storage conditions.  Seeds should be planted 1.3 centimeters ((1/2) inch) deep.  Germination occurs in 7 to 25 days.  Germination rate is 30 to 92 percent.  Soaking seed in cold water and scarifying the seed coat can increase germination percentage.  Vegetative propagation can result in good genetic quality, a younger bearing age, and a smaller tree height.  After trees reach a height of 80 centimeters (31.5 inches), transplanting should occur during the rainy season.  Spacing should be 10 to 20 meters (33 to 66 feet) between trees.  Young trees should be pruned to establish the framework of the tree.  Mature trees should be pruned to remove dead and weak branches.  Fertilizer can aid growth.  Trees can be intercropped.  Fruit are hand-harvested when fully mature and the moisture content is reduced to to approximately 20 percent.  Fruit maturity is determined by tapping the fruit and listening for a hollow, loose sound.  Fruit mature at different times on the same tree, therefore selective harvesting must be done.  In some countries, fruit are harvested at a green stage (flavoring), and a ripe stage (fresh consumption and processing).  Unharvested fruit fall from the tree a year after flowering.  There are a number of different processing techniques involved with the tamarind.  Fresh fruit can be dried using dehydrators or the sun.  Shells, fibers, and seeds are removed and the pulp is pressed and preserved in large masses.  In eastern India, pulp is covered with salt, rolled into balls, exposed to dew, and stored in jars.  In Java, the salted pulp is rolled into balls, steamed, and sun dried, and exposed to dew for a week before packing in stone jars.  In some countries, tamarind is processed for shipment to large-scale processors by layering the pulp with sugar and covering it with boiling sugar syrup.  There are also mechanical methods of extracting pulp, including a tamarind dehuller.  Pulp is most often stored by mixing with salt and storing in transparent containers.  Pulp can be stored in a cool, dry area for 3 to 6 months.  Fresh fruit can be stored for a few days in a refrigerator or freezer or packed in high-density polyethylene bags in a dry place below 10 °C (50 °F) for 4 to 6 months.  Tamarind production is expanding.  Grows wild and is widely cultivated around the world, most notably in India, Puerto Rico, and Thailand  (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, LORENZI, CRFG).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  Fruit is marketed worldwide fresh and in sauces, syrups, and processed foods.  Pulp is sold in shops and bazaars by weight.  Seeds are sold in markets in Thailand (JANICK, MORTON).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Pulp is consumed fresh, dried, candied, and in beverages; used as a flavoring in foods and sauces including English Worcestershire sauce, barbeque sauce, and Angostura Bitters.  Pulp is widely used as an ingredient in confectionary items, sauces, syrups, jellies, ice cream, curries, chutneys, preserves, wine, condiments, sweetmeats, spice mixtures, jams, fruit purées, vegetable purées, pickles, sherbets, and beverages.  In Sri Lanka, fruit can be used to preserve fish; used as a garnish in soups and other dishes.  Green fruit are used for flavoring purposes.  The tender immature pods are eaten as a vegetable, cooked, or pickled; cooked as a seasoning with rice, fish, and meats in India.  In the Bahamas, mature, but unripe fruit are roasted in coals and the pulp is eaten.  The seeds are cooked (roasted, soaked to remove the seedcoat and boiled or fried) and consumed.  Seeds can be ground into flour or used as a coffee substitute.  Kernels can be used to make a type of pectin that is used in the manufacture of jellies and stabilization of foods.  Pods are easily broken if pressed.  Flowers, seedlings, and young leaves are consumed in salads, curries and soups (PERENNIAL, JANICK, VAN WYK, MORTON).

      e. Nutritional aspects:  Pulp is a good source of calories, calcium, phosphorus, iron, riboflavin, niacin, thiamine, minerals, B complex vitamins, and vitamin C.  Pulp contains the richest natural source of tartaric acid of any fruit; pulp also contains acetic and citric acids, alcohol, pectin, and sucrose.  The peel of young fruits contains a higher amount of vitamin C than mature fruit peels.  The seeds are a rich source of protein with a favorable amino acid composition (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  The tree produces many valued medicines.  Ripe fruit especially has a recognized and proven medicinal value.  The American pharmacedtical industry processes 100 tonnes (110 tons) of tamarind pulp each year.  Fruit is used to reduce fever, aid sore throats and arthritis, treat sunstroke, aid leprosy, paralysis, and poisonings, and cure intestinal ailments and scurvy; pulp is used as an astringent on skin infections.  It is an ingredient in cardiac and blood sugar-reducing medicines.  A tea of young leaves and/or flowers is used to heal irritations, swollen joints, sprains, boils, and skin eruptions.  Lotions made from the tree are used to remove intestinal worms, and treat pink-eye, dysentery, jaundice, hemorrhoids and other ailments.  The bark is used as an astringent, tonic, digestive aid, and cure for gingivitis, asthma, eye problems, and fevers.  Powdered seeds are used to aid diarrhea.  Roots are taken to ease chest pain.  Pectin from the seed kernel is used in pharmaceutical products (JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON).
      g. Crop Photos:
4. Production in U.S.:  New Mexico, Florida, California, Hawaii, Puerto Rico.  For the most part, tamarind production is of minor importance in the US (MARKLE, VAN WYK, CRFG).
5. Other commercial production regions:  The Caribbean including Bermuda, Jamaica, Haiti, Grenada, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and the Bahamas; Central America including Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Panama, and Costa Rica; South America including Brazil; India; Southeast Asia including Thailand, Malaya, Malaysia, and Indonesia; tropical Africa including Madagascar, Cape Verde, Sudan and central and east Africa; Fiji, Australia, the Middle East; Egypt, Yemen, the Greater Antilles; East Indies; Islands of the Pacific; other tropical and subtropical countries.  There are no statistical records on tamarind.  However, it is known that 95 percent of total world production is the sour type tamarind.  India is the largest producer of sour tamarind in Asia; annual production in India is estimated at 250,000 to 300,000 tonnes (275,578 to 330,693 tons).  Tamarind kernel powder is in demand and approximately 20,000 tonnes (22,046 tons) are produced annually in India.  Thailand is the second largest producer of tamarind in Asia; Thailand produces 30 percent of the sweet type, and also produces the sour type.  Each tree can produce approximately 90 kilograms (198 pounds) of purified pulp (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK, VAN WYK, LORENZI, MORTON, WINROCK).
6. Use:  The young seedlings, tender leaves and flowers can be used as a salad crop; immature pods can be used as a seasoning; the pulp is an important ingredient in Worcestershire and barbecue sauces.  The pulp can also be used in drinks, preserves and in meat sauces.  Overripe fruit is used to clean copper and brass.  Seeds are consumed after cooking or can be ground or used to make a type of pectin.  Dried leaves, flowers and pods are used as mordants in dyeing; yellow dye is obtained from the leaves; pulp is used in dyeing and to coagulate rubber latex; ornamental; shade/shelter, windbreak, prevents soil erosion; wood for tools, fuel and charcoal; beads, medicinal purposes; seeds can be used as a substitute in livestock feed; side branches of the tree and leaves are used as livestock fodder; leaves are consumed by silkworms; honey plant; powder from tamarind kernels is used in sizing and finishing cotton and has many other industrial purposes; oil from the seed is used in varnish; bark and twigs are used for twine and tanning (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Every part of the tree can be utilized, however and pulp and seeds are most often used part.
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit

9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit - edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  006 (FI 0369) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  GRIN, MARKLE, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, VAN WYK, LORENZI, MORTON, CRFG, WINROCK.
11. Production Map:  EPA Crop Production Region 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  TAMIN

1. Uvalha [(uvaia, jamboisier rouge, Kirschmyrte, perita costeña (GRIN))]
      Myrtaceae
      Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. [(syn:  Eugenia uvalha Cambess.)]
      Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. var. pyriformis
      Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. var. uvalha (Cambess.) D. Legrand [(syn:  Eugenia uvalha Cambess. (basionym) (GRIN))]
2. An evergreen shrub or tree growing to a height of 8 meters (26 feet).  Native to Southern Brazil.  Leaves are oblong to obtuse in shape and are aromatic when crushed.  Yellow to orange fruit is round to oblate in shape, 1 to 5 centimeters (0.4 to 2 inches) in diameter and weighs 8.5 grams (0.3 ounce).  Remnants of the calyx are found at the apex of the fruit.  The skin is thin and smooth.  Pulp is soft and juicy.  The flavor is sweet, bland or very acidic.  The fruit can emit an unpleasant odor.  Related to Eugenia uniflora (PERENNIAL, JANICK, POPENOE, HAWAIIFRUIT).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs from March to May and fruit are harvested from May to July in Florida.  Fruit matures in 60 days.  Fruit production occurs in 3 to 4 years from seed (PERENNIAL, JANICK, POPENOE, HAWAIIFRUIT).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires tropical or warm subtropical climates with low to medium rainfall.  Tolerant of light frost and drought.  Propagation is by seed.  Fertilization and irrigation aid fruit quality.  Fruit should be harvested when ripe.  Fruit is processed commercially by small growers in rural areas in Brazil (PERENNIAL).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  Processed commercially (HAWAIIIFRUIT).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit is consumed fresh; processed into juice and jelly; used as a flavoring in alcoholic beverages (PERENNIAL).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit has a moderate vitamin C content (JANICK).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  No specific entry.
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Florida; no yield data is available (PERENNIAL).
5. Other production regions:  Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay; introduced elsewhere; no yield data is available (GRIN, PERENNIAL).
6. Use:  Beverage base, fruit, ornamental (GRIN, JANICK, HAWAIIFRUIT).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Whole fruit (JANICK).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel.
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, POPENOE, HAWAIIFRUIT.
11. Production Map:  No specific entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  EUEUV (listed as Eugenia uvalha CAMBESS.)

1. Water apple [(watery rose-apple, bellfruit, jambo ayer, Wasserjambuse, jambu air, perita costeña, tambis (GRIN))]
      Myrtaceae
      Syzygium aqueum (Burm. f.) Alston [(syn:  Eugenia aquea Burm. f. (basionym) (GRIN))]
2. A small to medium sized tree growing to a height of 3 to 10 meters (10 to 33 feet).  Native to India through Malaysia.  The trunk branches close to the ground; it is short, crooked, and reaches 30 to 60 centimeters (12 to 24 inches) in diameter.  Bark is red, brown or dark grey in color, smooth or slightly rough, and fissured, scaly or flaky.  The crown is non-symmetrical and open.  Dull, leathery, light-green leaves are opposite, simple, elliptic-oblong, elliptic-cordate or obovate-oblong in shape, cordate at the base, blunt and notched or short-pointed at the apex, yellowish-green on the underside, and 5 to 25 centimeters (2 to 10 inches) long by 2.5 to 16 centimeters (1 to 6 inches) wide.  The short, thick leafstalk is 0.5 to 1.5 centimeters (0.2 to 0.6 inch) long.  Leaves are slightly aromatic when crushed.  Slightly fragrant pale-yellow, yellowish-white, pinkish or white flowers are borne in loose terminal or axillary clusters of 3 to 7.  Each flower measures 2.5 to 3.5 centimeters (1 to 1.4 inches) in diameter, contains a 4-parted calyx, 4 petals, numerous 2 centimeter long stamens and a long style.  Flowers are hairless, and petals connate in a cap.  Male and female organs are located on the same flower.  Green, white, light red or pink berry fruit is pear-shaped, grows solitary on the tree, and measures 1.6 to 2 centimeters (0.6 to 0.8 inch) long and 3.5 to 4.5 centimeters (1.4 to 1.8 inches) in diameter.  The apex is concave; thick calyx segments and a protruding, slender bristle-like style is found on each fruit.  The skin is thin and shiny.  Pulp is white to pink in color, dry or juicy, and crisp or spongy.  Fruit may be seedless or contain 1 to 6 small seeds.   The flavor is slightly sweet to bland; fruit may be mildly fragrant; mainly used to relieve thirst.  The two main cultivars are the white-fruited and the red-fruited cultivars (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, PNGPLANTS, AGROFORESTRY).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Main flowering occurs May to July in Florida and can occur during other seasons.  In Indonesia, flowering occurs in July and September.  Flowering usually occurs during the early or late portion of the dry season.  Fruit matures in 30 to 40 days.  In Malaya, the two main crops are in the spring and the fall.  In Indonesia, ripening occurs in August and November.  Fruit production occurs in 7 to 8 years from seed and 3 to 4 years from layers (PERENNIAL, MORTON, AGROFORESTRY).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires hot, wet tropical lowlands with light, well-drained mildly acid soils.  Prefers a long dry season, elevations up to 1,200 meters (3,937 feet) and well-spaced rainfall.  Planted along streams and ponds.  Tolerant of heavy soils.  Not tolerant of temperatures below freezing.  Propagation is by seed, air-layering, cuttings, or budding.  Seeds lose viability quickly and should be planted fresh from the fruit.  Trees are spaced 5 to 7 meters (16 to 23 feet) apart.  During the first couple of years, trees should be weeded, mulched, fertilized and watered.  Fertilizers should be applied after harvest and flowering.  Cultivated in India, Southeast Asia, and Indonesia.  Due to the thin skin, fruit are delicate and must be picked by hand twice per week.  Shelf life is only a few days (PERENNIAL, MORTON, AGROFORESTRY).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  Fruit are sold in markets in piles or skewered on slender bamboo sticks in Indonesia.  Fruit are almost available the entire year.  Export is limited to border trade including Singapore (MORTON, AGROFORESTRY).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit is consumed fresh, served in salads, cooked, stewed or pickled;  mainly consumed by children.  Young leaves are used to wrap snacks of fermented sticky rice (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, AGROFORESTRY, FAO).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Low in nutritional value; 90% water (JANICK).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  In Hawaii, a decoction of the bark is used to treat thrush; various parts of the tree possess antibiotic activity (JANICK, AGROFORESTRY).
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Hawaii; no yield data is available (MORTON).
5. Other production regions:  Southeast Asia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, Taiwan, region of Malesia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea), the Philippines, Australia, Pacific Islands, Central and South America, Trinidad; cultivated elsewhere in tropical Asia; introduced into the Tropics; no yield data is available (GRIN, PERENNIAL, JANICK, PNGPLANTS, AGROFORESTRY, FAO).
6. Use:  Fruit, home gardens, wood is used for construction or handicrafts, flowers are a source of nectar;
some parts of the tree contain tannin that is used for dyeing (GRIN, JANICK, AGROFORESTRY).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Whole fruit (AGROFORESTRY).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  No specific entry.  General entry is 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel.
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, FAO, PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, PNGPLANTS, AGROFORESTRY.
11. Production Map:  EPA Crop Production Region 3 and 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  SYZAQ

1. Water Pear [(waterpeer, white umdoni (GRIN))]
      Myrtaceae
Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. [(Calyptranthes guineensis Willd. (basionym) (GRIN))]
2. A medium to large evergreen shrub or tree growing 12 to 30 meters (39 to 98 feet) in height.  Native to tropical Africa.  The crown is rounded, heavy, and drooping.  The stems are thick and angular.  Bark is grayish-white or silver mottled and smooth in young trees.  Older trees contain bark that is rough, flaky, and creamy, light grey, dark brown, or black in color.  Bark scales are in rectangular flakes and exude red, watery sap when cut.  The wood resembles that of a pear.  Branchlets droop.  Trees may produce bundles of fibrous aerial roots 2 meters (7 feet) up the trunk.  Grey-green leaves are simple, opposite, leathery, glabrous, tough, shiny, elliptic, lanceolate, or ovate-elliptic in shape, narrow at both ends, and 5 to 17.5 centimeters (2 to 7 inches) long by 1.3 to 7.5 centimeters (0.5 to 3 inches) wide.  Most leaves contain slightly wavy margins; aromatic when crushed.  Fragrant, creamy white flowers are borne in terminal panicles measuring 10 by 10 centimeters (4 by 4 inches); flowers may also be borne in widely-spaced clusters of 4 to 8 inch branched heads, measuring up to 3 centimeters (1.2 inches) in diameter.  Individual flowers are sessile or sub-sessile, measure 1.5 centimeters (0.6 inch) in diameter, and contain 4 petals, red or pink calyx tips, and numerous 0.6 centimeter (0.2 inch) long stamens.   Petals fall in a short period of time, leaving behind the showy white stamens.  Pollination is by insects.   Black to purplish-black fruit is an oval, oblong, or ellipsoid drupe.  Fruit occur in bunches of 20 to 30, and measure 1 to 3.5 centimeters (0.4 to 1.4 inches) long by 3 centimeters (1.2 inch) in diameter.  The skin is smooth and shiny.  Immature fruit is whitish-green.  Each fruit contains 1 yellowish to brownish round seed measuring 1.3 to 1.4 centimeters (0.5 to 0.6 inch) in diameter (PERENNIAL, JANICK, AGROFORESTRY, BIODIVERSITY).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  In areas with two rainy seasons, flowering occurs twice, once during the short dry season and once at the end of the long rains.  In areas with one rainy season, flowering occurs once, at the end of the dry season and extending into the rainy season.  In some areas, flowering occurs September to December.  Fruit ripen from February to May in some locations and October to June in other locations (AGROFORESTRY, FAO, BIODIVERSITY).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires a tropical climate, fresh, permanently moist, well-drained areas with a high water table, full sun, mean annual temperatures ranging from 10 to 30 °C (50 to 86 °F), and mean annual rainfall of 100 to 230 centimeters (39 to 91 inches).  Thrives at elevations of 0 to 2,100 meters (0 to 6,890 feet).  Found growing along stream banks, valleys, gullies or streambeds, floodplains, lowland and mountain rainforests, fringing riverian swampy forests, rocky ground in high rainfall savannah, open woodlands, and the shore.  Grows in standing water.  Propagation is by seed and coppice.  Seeds should be planted in moist mineral soil in pots soon after being removed from the fruit.  Germination of 80 to 90% is attained after 20 to 50 days.  Trees should be planted on cleared sites.  Fruit should be harvested by shaking the branches with hooks.  S. guineense may interbreed with other species in the genus (PERENNIAL, JANICK, AGROFORESTRY, BIODIVERSITY).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  No specific entry; gathered and eaten (AGROFORESTRY).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit is consumed fresh; made into beverages.  Fruits are especially consumed by children (PERENNIAL, FAO).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  The bark is poisonous and has been known to cause death in humans (AGROFORESTRY).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Fruit is used to treat dysentery; a decoction of the bark is used to treat diarrhea; liquid from the pounded bark and roots mixed with water is used as a purgative (AGROFORESTRY).
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  No data (GRIN).
5. Other production regions:  Northeast tropical Africa, east tropical Africa, west-central tropical Africa, west tropical Africa, south tropical Africa, southern Africa, Arabian Peninsula (Yemen); no yield data is available (GRIN).

6. Use:  Fruit, wood for poles, posts, building and bridge construction; firewood, charcoal; smoke from the
wood is used to season milk containers; ornamental; source of shade and shelter (AGROFORESTRY).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Whole fruit (AGROFORESTRY).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, AGROFORESTRY, BIODIVERSITY, FAO.
11. Production Map:  No entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  SYZGU

1. Water Berry [(umdoni, waterbessie, watertree, waterwood (GRIN))]
      Myrtaceae
      Syzygium cordatum Hochst. Ex C. Krauss
2. A small to medium-sized evergreen tree that grows to a height of 8 to 20 meters (26 to 66 feet).  Native to Africa.  The tree contains a compact and rounded crown.  Young stems are four-angled and slightly winged.  Young trunks contain bands; bark of young trees is smooth and blotched with grey and white.  Bark of mature trees is dark brown, light grey or reddish in color, rough, flaking and thick.  The foliage is dense.  Bluish-green leaves are simple, thick, leathery, smooth, glossy, elliptic, lanceolate-elliptic, oblong-elliptic, oblong, oval, or circular in shape, heart-shaped at the base, rounded to subacute at the apex, pale green on the underside, and 2.5 to 13 centimeters (1 to 5 inches) long by 1.9 to 8 centimeters (0.7 to 3 inches) wide.  Young leaves are reddish in color.  Leaves are found close to the ends of the branches and pairs of leaves are set at right angles to each other.  The petiole is up to 0.2 centimeter (0.08 inch) long.  Creamy white to pinkish fragrant flowers are borne in branched terminal clusters.  Each flower contains numerous fluffy stamens and produces a large quantity of nectar.  Red, pink-purple or dark-purple fruit are oval berries that measure up to 1.8 centimeters (0.6 inch) long and 0.9 centimeters (0.4 inch) wide.  The skin is smooth.  The pulp is crisp, crunchy and acidic.  The flavor is sour and each fruit contains one seed (JANICK, TRADE WINDS, ALUKA, ECOCROP, ZIMBABWEFLORA, BIODIVERSITY).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering time varies and occurs in June, September to October, August to November, or August to January.  Fruiting varies and can occur in August, October, and December.  Fruiting can occur while the tree is still flowering (JANICK, ZIMBABWEFLORA, BIODIVERSITY).
      b. Cultivation:  The tree prefers subtropical to warm-temperate climates, lowlands, medium to high elevation (10 to 1,660 meters or 33 to 5,446 feet) forests, full sun, and locations near water and along watercourses.  Grows along stream banks, swampy areas, riverine thickets, forest margins, moist gullies in montane forest, seasonally waterlogged grasslands, sandy coastal plains and bush or open grassy and sometimes high country.  Tolerates cold, but not tolerant of frost.  Propagated by seed.  Germination is aided by pre-treating the seed with a pre-emergence fungicide to prevent dampening off.  Seeds should be placed in a seed tray and covered with a thin layer of well-drained soil.  Regular watering, fertilization and good ventilation are needed.  Once large enough, seedlings should be potted into individual plant bags or pots (JANICK, PLANTZAFRICA, TRADE WINDS, ALUKA, ZIMBABWEFLORA, ECOCROP).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  No specific entry.
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit are consumed fresh; used to make alcoholic drinks and jelly (PLANTZAFRICA, ECOCROP).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  No specific entry.
      f. Medicinal aspects:  In central Africa, the tree is used to treat stomachaches, diarrhea, respiratory ailments and tuberculosis; a decoction of boiled roots and bark is used to treat indigestion and giddiness; extraction of the leaves is used as a purgative or treatment for diarrhea   (PLANTZAFRICA, ECOCROP).
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  No data (GRIN).
5. Other production regions:  East tropical Africa, west-central tropical Africa, south tropical Africa, southern Africa; no yield data is available (GRIN).
6. Use:  Fruit, habitat and food source for native birds and other animals; bark is extracted for dye; powdered bark is used as a fish poison; wood is used for making mortars and fence poles; construction
material for boat planking; firewood, charcoal; leaves are used as fodder; the tree is used for erosion control;
shade tree; ornamental; living fence; the tree is used as an indicator of underground water and an indicator of
areas suitable for sugarcane farming; protected species in South Africa (JANICK, PLANTZAFRICA,
ALUKA, BIODIVERSITY, ECOCROP).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Whole fruit.
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  No specific entry.  General entry is 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel.
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, JANICK, TRADE WINDS, ALUKA, ECOCROP, ZIMBABWEFLORA, BIODIVERSITY, PLANTZAFRICA
11. Production Map:  No entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  No specific entry.

                                      649
1. Wax jambu [(Wax apple, Water apple, Jumrool, Java-apple, Semarang rose-apple, Java-Apfel, cajuil de Surinam, makopa (GRIN, MARKLE))]
      Myrtaceae
      Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry [(syn: Eugenia javanica Lam., Myrtus
      samarangensis Blume (basionym) (GRIN))]
2. A large evergreen shrub or small tree growing from 5 to 15 meters (16 to 49 feet) tall.  Native from Malaysia to southeastern Asia.  The crown is open, wide and spreading.  The trunk is short and 25 to 30 centimeters (10 to 12 inches) thick.  Bark is pinkish-grey and flaking.  Yellowish to dark bluish-green leaves are opposite, leathery, nearly sessile, elliptic-oblong, rounded or slightly cordate in shape at the base, aromatic when crushed and 10 to 25 centimeters (4 to 10 inches) long by 5 to 12 centimeters (2 to 5 inches) wide.  Inflorescences are in drooping panicles of 3 to 30 and are borne at the branch tips or in small clusters in the axils of fallen leaves.  Fragrant, yellowish white, white or pinkish flowers are four-petalled, contain numerous 1.5 to 2.5 centimeter (0.6 to 1 inch) long stamens, and measure 2 to 4 centimeters (0.8 to 1.6 inches) wide.  Greenish-white, yellow, creamy white, light red, crimson, or pink fruit is pear shaped, narrow at the base, broad, flattened and indented at the apex with four fleshy calyx lobes, thick, 0.3 centimeter (0.1 inch) long leaf stalks, and a 1.5 centimeter (0.6 inch) long calyx.  Each fruit measures 3 to 5 centimeters (1.2 to 2 inches) long by 4.5 to 5 centimeters (1.8 to 2 inches) wide.  The skin is very thin and waxy.  Pulp is white in color, spongy, dry or juicy.  The flavor is sweet to bland.  Each fruit may be seedless or contain 1 to 2 rounded seeds measuring 0.5 centimeters (0.2 inch) wide.  Fruit have been collected since ancient times.  Taiwan and Thailand have an extensive commercial industry of wax jambu production (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, VAN WYK).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Main flowering occurs from April to June in Florida and Java, and March to April in India; flowering can occur during other seasons.  A dry season is required for flowering.  Fruit are harvested from May to July in Hawaii, March to May in Sri Lanka, May to June in India, and June to August in Java.  Production systems in Taiwan allow for fruit to be harvested during different times of the year.  With the regular system, fruit are harvested from May to July; simple flower forcing enables fruit to be harvested February to July; improved flower forcing allows fruit to be harvested December to July; the bald cut system and the bald cut plus shading system enables fruit to be harvested from December to February.  Fruit are harvested 1 to 3 times per year.  Fruit matures in 30 to 40 days.  Fruit production occurs in 5 to 6 years from seed (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires hot, wet tropical lowlands, a short dry season, and elevations of sea level to 1,200 meters (3,937 feet).  Prefers fertile, heavy soil, rich in organic matter, with a loam to clay-loam texture.  Grows wild in coastal forests.  In subtropical climates, fruit harvested during the winter are best to eat.  Tolerates a variety of soil conditions.  Does not tolerate frost or high wind.  Propagation is by seed, cuttings, budding, tissue culture, and air layering.  Seeds should be removed from the fruit and immediately planted.  Germination occurs in a short period of time.  Trees should be spaced 5 to 10 meters (16 to 33 feet) apart in the field.  Cultivated trees, especially in Taiwan, are pruned, thinned, root pruned, girdled, flooded, sprayed with flower and growth-inducing chemicals, irrigated and fertilized.  Fertilization should be performed after the formation of the inflorescence.  Light, temperature, and sugar affect fruit color.  Cytokinins and gibberellic acid aid the size and quality of the fruit.  Additional foliar applications of manganese and calcium aid the color and firmness of the fruit.  The thin skin is delicate and easily damaged, so proper harvesting and handling must be practiced.  Fruit should be harvested 2 to 3 times per week when the fruit is full of color and firm.  Fruit are sorted for size and shape before being packed in single layer tray packs with padding.  Fruit can be stored 4 to 6 days at ambient temperature (PERENNIAL, JANICK).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  Marketed in Asia, especially Malaysia (PERENNIAL, VAN WYK).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit is consumed fresh or preserved; processed into jams, jellies and preserves.  Green fruit are consumed raw with salt or cooked as a sauce in Malaysia; stewed with apples.  Pink fruit are juicier, more flavorful, consumed fresh, or cooked without spices except for sugar.  Salt or sugar is added to bland fruit (PERENNIAL, JANICK).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit are between 80 and 90% water; fruit contain a fair amount of vitamin C (JANICK, VAN WYK).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Flowers are astringent and contain tannins; used in Taiwan to reduce fevers and aid diarrhea.  Flowers also contain weak antibiotic action (JANICK).
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Florida; 0.4 hectare (1 acre) in Florida (CRANE 1995, FACCIOLA).
5. Other production regions:  Tropical Asia, southeast Asia, Malaya, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Solomon Islands, Jamaica, Surinam, the islands of Curacao, Aruba, and Bonaire, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam,; cultivated in India, Zanzibar, and Pemba; commercial production in the Philippines, Taiwan, Malaysia, Australia and Central and South America; cultivated elsewhere in the tropics; ornamental in Israel. Mature trees yields from 700 to over 1,000 fruit; each fruit weighs 65 to 100 grams (2 to 4 ounces) (GRIN, FACCIOLA, PERENNIAL, JANICK).
6. Use:  Fruit eaten raw or cooked as a sauce or in a stew with true apples; also grown as an ornamental tree;
wood is used for construction; flowers are a rich source of nectar (MARKLE, JANICK).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Whole fruit (JANICK).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  No specific entry.  General entry is 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel.
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  Guava = Wax jambu
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, CRANE 1995a, CRANE 1995, FACCIOLA, MORTON, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, VAN WYK.
11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 3.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  SYZSA

              TROPICAL FRUITS, EDIBLE PEEL MONOGRAPH REFERENCES:

AGGIE-HORT:  Texas A&M Department of Horticultural Sciences:  AgriLIFE Extension- Aggie Horticulture website   http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/.

AGROFORESTRY:  World Agroforestry Tree Database
      http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/af1/index.php

ALMONDETTE:  Picture of fruit.  http://botany.cs.tamu.edu/FLORA/pic1/mango-121.jpg.

ALUKA:  Aluka:  A digital library of scholarly resources from and about Africa.  www.aluka.org.

ANBG:  Australian National Botanic Gardens website http://www.anbg.gov.au/

ARBONNIER:  Arbonnier, Michel 2004.  Trees, Shrubs, and Lianas of West African Dry Zones.
	574 pp. Margraf Publishers. Accessed via Google Books 4/29/2009.

ARTAUD:  Artaud, Carlos R. . "Botanay Section-Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services- Division of Plant Industry." TRI-OLOGY 41, No. 3May to June 2002 Web.14 Aug 2009. <http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/triology/archive/02-may-june.html>.

ANPSA:  Australian Native Plants Society (Australia) website http://asgap.org.au/d-pru.html.

ASIA:  Asia Food website.  http://www.asiafood.org.

BARWICK:  Barwick, Margaret. Tropical and Subtropical Trees: An Encyclopedia. Oregon: Timber Press, 2004.

BAYER: Bayer Codes for Pests, http://cipm.ncsu.edu/names/index.cfm

BIODIVERSITY:  Biodiversity Explorer website. http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/.

BIOTIK:  Biodiversity and Informatics and Co-operation in Taxonomy for Interactive Shared and Knowledge Base website. http://www.biotik.org/

BONNER:  Dr. Franklin T. Bonner, USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station. www.nsl.fs.fed.us/wpsm/Pithecellobium.pdf

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BRAZILIAN:  Lorenzi, H., L. Bacher, L, Lacerda, M., Sartori, S, Brazilian Fruits & Cultivated Exotics (for consuming in natura), Instituto Plantarum de Estudos da Flora, 2006.

BUSH:  Bush Tucker Plants (Australian Native Food Plants) website. http://www.teachers.ash.org.au/bushtucker/index.html.

CAMPBELL:  Campbell, R.J. 1996.  South American fruits deserving further attention. P. 431-439.  In:  J. Janick (ed.), Progress in new crops. ASHS Press, Arlington, VA.

CAMPBELL 1984:  Campbell, Carl W. "The Kwai Muk, A Tropical Fruit Tree For Southern Florida." Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 97.  1984 318-319. Web. 5 Aug 2009. <http://<IP_ADDRESS>/search?q=cache:PqkiZRiJQxcJ:www.fshs.org/Proceedings/Password%2520Protected/1984%2520Vol.%252097/318-319%2520(CAMPBELL).pdf+Kwai+Muk&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us>.

CDS:  Costa Rican Pacific Slope Trees. http://www.cds.ed.cr/teachers/harmon/page10.html.

CEYLON:  http://w3.cpami.gov.tw/khmp/plant-handbook2/html/page71.htm (translated from Chinese website).

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CROAT:  Croat, Thomas B.. Flora of Barro Colorado Island . First Ed.. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1978. Print.

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CULL:  Cull, Brian, and Pax Lindsay. Fruit Growing in Warm Climates For Commercial Growers and Home Gardens. Chatswood: Reed Books, 1995.

DALEYSFRUIT:  Daleys Fruit Tree Nursery website.  http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/.

DESERT TROPICALS:  Desert Tropicals website http://www.desert-tropicals.com.

DESTINATION:  Destination Tropicals webpage:  Tropical Fruit Trees and Plants http://www.destinationtropicals.com/.

DUKE:  Duke, James A. 1983. Handbook of Energy Crops. Unpublished. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Anacardium_occidentale.html

ECOCROP:  Ecocrop website.  http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/home.

EFLORAS:  Eforas website http://www.efloras.org

E-JARDIM:  E-Jardim (Garden) website http://www.e-jardim.com/.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE:  Encyclopedia of Life website.  http://www.eol.org/.

FACCIOLA:  Facciola, S. 1990.  Cornucopia:  A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publ. Vista, CA. 677 pp.

FAMINE:  "Category 3:  Wild Food Plants Attracting Additional Consumer Categories."  Famine Food Field Guide.
	http://www.africa.upenn.edu/faminefood/category3/cat3_Vitex_doniana.htm.

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FLEPPC:  Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council website.  http://www.fleppc.org.
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FLORA:  Flora of Peru website. http://www.archive.org/stream/floraofperufimacbr/floraofperufimacbr_djvu.txt

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FPI:  Food Plants International website. http://foodplantsinternational.org/index.php?sec=home.

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GILMAN 175:  Gilman, E.F, Dennis G. Watson.  November 1993.  Coccoloba uvifera Seagrape Fact 	Sheet.  3 pp. Fact Sheet ST-175, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative
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[Federal Register Volume 74, Number 122 (Friday, June 26, 2009)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Page 30481]
[FR Doc No: E9-14857]

========================================================================
Proposed Rules
                                                Federal Register
________________________________________________________________________

This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER contains notices to the public of
the proposed issuance of rules and regulations. The purpose of these
notices is to give interested persons an opportunity to participate in
the rule making prior to the adoption of the final rules.

========================================================================

Federal Register / Vol. 74, No. 122 / Friday, June 26, 2009 /
Proposed Rules

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 52

[EPA-R05-OAR-2007-1131; FRL-8921-6]

Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans;
Illinois; Oxides of Nitrogen Regulations, Phase II

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Proposed rule.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: EPA is proposing to approve a request submitted by the
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (Illinois EPA) on October 23,
2007, to revise the Illinois State Implementation Plan (SIP). The rules
submitted by Illinois EPA satisfy the requirements of EPA's
NOX SIP Call Phase II Rule (the Phase II Rule). We are
proposing to approve these regulations based on Illinois' demonstration
that the State will meet the emissions targets set forth in the Phase
II Rule through reductions from stationary internal combustion (IC)
engines and turbines which are identified in the NOX plan
submittal. Limiting NOX emissions from IC engines and
turbines will enable the State to meet the 7,055 ton reduction
requirement contained in the Phase II Rule, thereby improving air
quality and protecting the health of Illinois citizens.

DATES: Comments must be received on or before July 27, 2009.

ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. EPA-R05-
OAR-2007-1131, by one of the following methods:
    1. http://www.regulations.gov: Follow the on-line instructions for
submitting comments.
    2. E-mail<EMAIL_ADDRESS>    3. Fax:<PHONE_NUMBER>.
    4. Mail: John M. Mooney, Chief, Criteria Pollutant Section, Air
Programs Branch (AR-18J), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 77 West
Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois 60604.
    5. Hand Delivery: John M. Mooney, Chief, Criteria Pollutant
Section, Air Programs Branch (AR-18J), U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 77 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois 60604. Such
deliveries are only accepted during the Regional Office normal hours of
operation, and special arrangements should be made for deliveries of
boxed information. The Regional Office official hours of business are
Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., excluding Federal
holidays.

Please see the direct final rule which is located in the Final Rules
section of this Federal Register for detailed instructions on how to
submit comments.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Andy Chang, Environmental Engineer,
Criteria Pollutant Section, Air Programs Branch (AR-18J), Environmental
Protection Agency, Region 5, 77 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago,
Illinois 60604,<PHONE_NUMBER><EMAIL_ADDRESS>
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: In the Final Rules section of this Federal
Register, EPA is approving the State's SIP submittal as a direct final
rule without prior proposal because the Agency views this as a
noncontroversial submittal and anticipates no adverse comments. A
detailed rationale for the approval is set forth in the direct final
rule. If we do not receive any adverse comments in response to this
rule, we do not contemplate taking any further action. If EPA receives
adverse comments, we will withdraw the direct final rule, and will
address all public comments in a subsequent final rule based on this
proposed rule. EPA will not institute a second comment period. Any
parties interested in commenting on this action should do so at this
time. Please note that if EPA receives adverse comment on an amendment,
paragraph, or section of this rule and if that provision may be severed
from the remainder of the rule, EPA may adopt as final those provisions
of the rule that are not the subject of an adverse comment. For
additional information, see the direct final rule, which is located in
the Final Rules section of this Federal Register.

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52

    Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Incorporation by
reference, Intergovernmental relations, Nitrogen dioxide, Ozone,
Particulate matter, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

    Dated: June 11, 2009.
Walter W. Kovalick Jr.,
Acting Regional Administrator, Region 5.
[FR Doc. E9-14857 Filed 6-25-09; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P