Summary of macroinvertebrate temperature requirements: While few studies have been conducted to test the thermal limits of macroinvertebrate species, those that have been reported in the literature suggest that individual species may be significantly more sensitive than the salmonids and other fish examined in this review document. Tests reviewed focused only on mortality as an endpoint, so any sublethal effects of temperature on macroinvertebrates ( such as reproductive impairment) remain undocumented. For the lethality testing, even short term exposure ( 4 days) resulted in 50 percent mortality at constant temperatures from range of 11.7 16 ° C, with three of the four species having LT50 values between 14.5 16 ° C. These sensitive species are all ones that naturally occur in high mountain streams. For the purpose of this analysis the lowest value will be assumed to be anomalous, and the range of 14.5 16 ° C will be used to represent the range for sensitive species. For the other macroinvertebrates tested, 4 day LT50 values ( 21.5 30.1 ° C) were above those typically found for salmonid species. These two groups of macroinvertebrates are treated separately in this analysis, since one best represents species that would be found in headwater regions and the other best represents those which would be found at lower altitudes and in more main stem stream areas. Treating both groups of species as if their Evaluating Standards for Protecting Aquatic Life in Page 127 Washington's Surface Water quality Standards corresponding laboratory tests correlate as if they were either daily average or weekly average temperatures ( and then converting to a 7DADMax metric) bounds the estimate for an appropriate field based temperature criteria. Conversions assume that summer diel temperatures average 4 6 ° C ( similar to what was previously assumed for salmon and trout). Based on the above information and recommended conversion methodology, a temperature threshold can be estimated that will prevent lethality in macroinvertebrates. Headwater assemblages of macroinvertebrates should be expected to experience 50 percent mortality if the 7DADMax temperature exceeds 15.08   19.18 ° C ( 17.13) [ the lower end of the range would decrease to 12.38 ° C ( midpoint 15.78) if the most sensitive species tested were included]. Main stem and lower elevation assemblages of macroinvertebrates should be expected to experience 50 percent mortality if the 7DADMax temperature exceeds 22.08 33.28 ° C ( 27.68)   although, greater confidence should be placed on the lower portion of this range ( 22.08 27.68 ° C, with a median of 24.88) because the range of macroinvertebrate species tested was not limited to those that would occur in waters inhabited by salmonids ( typical mid to lower elevation rivers in Washington). To prevent any mortality the temperatures associated with 50 percent mortality should be decreased by 2 ° C, similar as was explained previously for converting lethality studies for salmonids. To protect macroinvertebrates from lethal effects in cold water stream assemblages the 7DADMax temperature should not exceed 13.08 17.18 ° C ( 15.13) in headwater streams, and not exceed 20.08 25.68 ° C ( 22.88) in the low lying streams. Page 128 Evaluating Standards for Protecting Aquatic Life in Washington's Surface Water quality Standards f) Miscellaneous Indigenous Fish Species The following graphical summary includes only those species for which temperature information was available. In many cases the information pertains only to their general habitat associations and life history traits. Information is not adequate to propose temperature thresholds for any of these species; however, the information is useful in evaluating whether the temperature thresholds recommended to protect the native salmonids and char also appear protective of these other species.

Western Brook Lamprey 10 ( Spawn peak, May)

Pacific Lamprey 12.8 ( Too cold for incubation) 15.6 ( Successful incubation) 15 25 ( Successful incubation)

White Sturgeon 8.9 17.2 ( Spawn, May July) 10 18 ( Spawning) 14 ( Optimal Incubation) 14 ( Most spawning occurred) 17.2 17.8 ( summer occupation) 18 ( Elevated embryonic mortality) 18 20 ( Limited spawning occurs) 20 ( Complete embryonic mortality)

Eulachon Smelt 2 10 ( River temp during spawning migration) < 13 ( Successful egg deposition) 18 ( Rapidly lethal to adults)

Longfin Smelt 18.3 ( Limit to occurrence) 4.4 7.2 ( Spawn, primarily February) 9.4 10.6 ( Eggs hatch)

Smelt ( general) 7.2 8.3 ( Preferred spawning) 8.3 ( Optimal hatch)

Mountain Whitefish 8.8 11.1 ( Average temp of habitat) <  23.2 ( 95% of distribution) 6 ( Upper optimal incubation)

Chiselmouth 17  > ( Spawn in summer)

Redside shiner 6.7 23.9 ( Range) 10  > ( Spawn, April July) 12.8 20 ( Summer preference) 19 22 ( Fluct. better than 12 15) 25 ( 24 hr LT50 at 9 11C acclimation) Evaluating Standards for Protecting Aquatic Life in Page 129 Washington's Surface Water quality Standards 27.6 ( 24 hr LT50 at 14C acclimation) Longnose Dace 11.7  > ( Spawn, June early July) 12.8 21.2 ( Prefers) 19.4 30 ( Found over two years)

N. Pikeminnow 16.1 24.4 ( Prefers) 18.3 ( Spawn, late May July, hatch) 29.3 ( 24 hr LT50 at 19 22C acclimation)

Tui Chub 12.8 15.6 ( Spawn, May June)

Peamouth 12.2  > ( Spawn, late May early June) 26.6 ( 24 hr LT50 at 14C acclimation) 27 ( 24 hr LT50 at 11.5C acclimation)

Lake Chub 13.9 ( In streams) 18.9 ( Spawn, Apr Jun, lakes)

Speckled Dace 17.8   18.9 ( Eggs hatch)

Largescale sucker 29.4 ( 24 hr LT50 at 19C acclimation)

Sucker ( generic ref.) 11.7 21.7 ( Prefers)

Longnose Sucker 5  > ( Spawn, early spring)

Mtn. Sucker 12.8 21.1 ( Summer preference)

11.1 18.9 ( Spawn, June July)

Burbot 1.7 ( Spawn, Jan Feb) 21.2 ( Final preferendum)

T S. Stickleback 17.8 ( Spawn, May Aug, hatch) 26 ( LT50 in 6 days)

Shorthead Sculpin <  15.6 ( Prefers) 23.8 ( Found)

Piute Sculpin 15  > ( Frequents) 25 ( Found) 12.2 ( Spawn, May June)

Prickly Sculpin 10 17.8 ( Typical) 24.1 ( 24 hr LT50, 18 19C acclimation) 27.8 ( Found)

Margined Sculpin 12.8 18.9 ( Typical)

Mottled Sculpin 12.8 18.3 ( Preferred) Page 130 Evaluating Standards for Protecting Aquatic Life in Washington's Surface Water quality Standards 15.6 23.3 ( Found over two years) 16.5 ( Preferred)

21.1 ( Found) 10 15.6 ( Spawn, Feb June, hatch)

Riffle Sculpin <  15.6 ( Prefers) 22.2 ( Found) <  27.8 ( Survive in lab) Reticulate Sculpin 10 17.8 ( Typical) 25.6 ( Found) Starry Founder 11.1 ( Ave. temp., spawn late Nov Feb)

Although the temperature preferences of most of these species appears to overlap that of the upper end of the fully protective temperature range for rainbow trout, some of these species will thrive in waters warmer than what is fully protective for rainbow trout. Species such as dace and redside shiner may actually rely on their ability to tolerate warmer water to maintain strong populations where they exist in sympatry with rainbow trout or other salmonids. Evaluating Standards for Protecting Aquatic Life in Page 131 Washington's Surface Water quality Standards g) Summary of Temperature Requirements for Indigenous Aquatic Life i) Cold Water Species The following table summarizes the individual conclusions made previously to protect the state's cold water aquatic habitats. For the two salmonid guilds examined, the life stages are presented along with other thermal stressors that would influence the health of these lifestages ( e. g., disease, and interactions with other associated community and prey species). This approach is useful in identifying what temperature criteria would be most appropriate to provide for a fully protective thermal environment. The conclusions are provided as summary statements in Table 4.25 below.

Table 4.25. Ranges within which lie temperatures likely to fully protect specific species and lifestages

Requirements by Species Guild and Life Stage 7DADMax Temperature Range ( ° C) Midpoint of Range ( ° C)

Bull Trout and Dolly Varden ( Char) Char spawning and incubation 7.31 8.32 7.82 Char juvenile rearing 12.61 13.96 13.29 Disease  Virtual elimination of warmwater disease effects in salmon and trout 12.58 16.18 14.38 Macroinvertebrate lethality in headwater streams 13.08 17.18 15.13 Char lethality ( 7 day exposure) 20.73 212.88 21.31 Summary: Temperatures ( 7DADMax) should be below 7.5 8 ° C at the time of spawning for char and below 13 13.5 ° C outside of the incubation period. This temperature regime will also provide full protection from warm water disease and support sensitive headwater species of macroinvertebrates.

Salmon and Trout Waters Spawning and Incubation Salmon and trout spawning and incubation 12.55 13.92 13.24 Reproduction of Smelt ( prior to May 1) 12 14 13 Summary: Temperatures ( 7DADMax) should be below 13 13.5 ° C at the time of spawning for salmon and trout. This temperature should also fully protect the reproduction of smelt and other non salmonid species.

Juvenile rearing Page 132 Evaluating Standards for Protecting Aquatic Life in Washington's Surface Water quality Standards Salmon and trout juvenile rearing 15.18 18.05 16.62 Juvenile smoltification ( typically ends prior to late June late August when summer temperatures peak) 15.18 16.18 15.68 Macroinvertebrate lethality in headwaters 13.08 17.18 15.13 Disease  Virtual elimination of warmwater disease effects 12.58 16.18 14.38 Disease  Avoiding serious rates of infection and mortality 15.58 19.18 17.38 Macroinvertebrate lethality in main stems 20.08 25.68 22.88 Summary: Temperatures ( 7DADMax) should be below 16 16.5 ° C to fully protect juvenile rearing of salmon and trout. However, in lower portions of rivers where smoltification interference is less likely, the natural macroinvertebrate community would not be expected to include the most sensitive taxa, the waters tend to be more productive for food organisms, and where holding by ripe adult fish is naturally uncharacteristic; slightly warmer temperatures ( 17 17.5 ° C) may still be fully protective of the indigenous aquatic community during the summer rearing period. In waters supporting the eastside redband trout, a 7DADMax of 17.5 18 ° C should also be considered fully protective.

Adult migration Direct Lethality ( 7 day) to salmon and trout 21.09 23.36 22.23 Direct lethality ( 7 day exposure) to char ( recognizing use by migratory populations). 20.73 21.88 21.31 Barriers to migration in salmon and trout 20.05 24.6 22.1 Non barrier migratory effects 18.1 20.4 19.25 Disease  Avoiding serious rates of infection and mortality 15.58 19.18 17.38 Salmon and trout juvenile rearing ( used here as a general sign of low thermal stress) 15.18 18.05 16.62 Summary: Adult migrants are likely to be detrimentally impacted at a 7DADMax above 17 19 ° C; and barriers to migration and direct mortality should be expected when 7DADMax temperatures exceed 21.5 22 ° C. One day maximum temperatures for which lethality should be expected to begin would be 22.5 23 ° C.

Adult holding prior to spawning Prespawning effects 13.48 14.96 14.22 Disease   Virtual elimination of warmwater disease effects. 12.58 16.18 14.38 Summary: Locations in streams where adult migrants hold the week or two just prior to spawning should have temperatures not exceeding a 7DADMax of 14.5 ° C to avoid prespawning losses of adults or potential offspring. Evaluating Standards for Protecting Aquatic Life in Page 133 Washington's Surface Water quality Standards ii) Warm water Species Water quality standards must be applied in some fashion to all types of waterbodies; however, some waters will naturally have higher temperatures than what would support healthy populations of salmonids. A natural warm water fish community in Washington would be characterized by the presence of redside shiner; tui chub; margined, mottled, or piute sculpin; longnose or speckled dace, sucker, and northern pikeminnow. These fish are known to exist in some of Washington's warmest waters, where they often out compete introduced populations of rainbow trout.

Insufficient research information exists on these species to allow a similar analysis as was provided previously for the state's cold water species. The following conclusions of authors who have studied the thermal habitat and tolerances of Washington's indigenous warm water species are provided to support establishing appropriately protective criteria:

Redside Shiner ( Richardsonius balteatus)

Found in streams and lakes throughout Washington, redside shiners are found in ponds, lakes and irrigation ditches with summer water temperatures of about 12.8 to 20 ° C. However, they have been found at water temperatures as cold as 6.7 ° C and as high as 23.9 ° C. The fish move about in schools and tend to stay in vegetation when in shallow areas. They move to near shore areas in the spring and remain there until July, when they move to the deep water zone; by August, when the surface waters become warmer they descend into deeper water. During September and October some movement from deep to shallow water occurs as the near shore temperatures decrease. Between October and May the shiner probably stay in deep water. Spawning takes place in the spring and early summer ( April  July). Movement to the inlet and outlet streams in British Columbia occurs when the temperatures first exceed 10 ° C. Spawning occurs at night over the gravel bottom of streams or in vegetation along the lake shoreline ( Wydoski and Whitney, 1979).

Reeves et al. ( 1987) used laboratory streams to determine that the production of redside shiner increased by 30% when moved from a temperature regime of 12 15 ° C to one fluctuating between 19 22 ° C. Black ( 1953) measured the upper lethal temperature values for fish captured from lakes in southern Okanogan Valley of British Columbia. The upper temperature ( ° C) at which 50% of the fish died in 24 hours was estimated for redside Shiner ( Richardsonius balteatus) as 25 ° C ( 9 11 ° C), 27.6 ° C ( 14 ° C) ( with the approximate acclimation temperature being given in brackets).

Chiselmouth ( Acrocheilus alutaceus)

In Washington this species is found in the upper Columbia River ( east of the Cascade Mountains) and its tributaries. It inhabits both streams and lakes. It prefers the warmer areas of streams in moderately fast to fast water. Although chiselmouth are also found in lakes, they migrate into tributary streams to spawn. Spawning occurs in late June and early July in British Columbia when water temperatures exceed 17 ° C. This species may serve as a major Page 134 Evaluating Standards for Protecting Aquatic Life in Washington's Surface Water quality Standards link in the food chain from the primary production of plants to piscivorous fish ( Wydoski and Whitney, 1979).

Longnose Dace ( Rhinichthys cataractae)

Found throughout Washington, this dace inhabits the swift running water of streams. it prefers summer temperatures of 12.8 21.1 ° C. Spawning occurs in the late spring or early summer ( June and early July) on gravel bottoms of shallow riffles when the water temperature reaches 11.7 ° C. Fry hatch in 7 10 days at about 15.6 ° C ( Wydoski and Whitney, 1979). Stauffer et al. ( 1976) studied the distribution of longnose dace ( Rhinicthys cataractae). They found 14 specimens at water temperatures of 20.6 26.7 ° C one year, and 32 specimens at 19.4 30 ° C the following year.

Northern Pikeminnow ( Ptychocheilus oregonensis)

In Washington it is found in the Columbia River system and coastal and Puget Sound drainages. Northern pikeminnow inhabit lakes and areas of slow to moderate currents in streams. They prefer the highest temperatures ( 20 22.8 ° C) that occur in Lake Washington. Spawning occurs from late May through July, with a peak in Washington of early July. The eggs hatch in 7 days at 18.3 ° C and the young become free swimming in 14 days ( Wydoski and Whitney, 1979). Bell ( 1986) in a review on the temperature requirements of fish stated that the range for northern pikeminnow was from 16.1 24.4 ° C. The hatching temperature is around 18.3 ° C. Black ( 1953) measured the upper lethal temperature values for fish captured from lakes in southern Okanogan Valley of British Columbia. The upper temperature at which 50% of the fish died in 24 hours was estimated as 29.3 ° C ( with the approximate acclimation temperature being 19 22 ° C). Based on field observations, northern pikeminnow have also been reported to prefer temperatures of about 16 22 º C ( Dimick and Merryfield 1945; as cited in Vigg and Burley, 1991).

Tui Chub ( Gila bicolor)

In Washington this species is found primarily in the central part of the state, east of the Columbia River. Tui chub migrate to shallow water in spring, but stay in the deeper water during the winter. Tui chub first spawn in their third year of life. Spawning occurs in May and June ( when water temperatures are between 12.8 15.6 ° C) in areas with many aquatic plants. The eggs hatch in about 2 weeks; the larvae are well developed at hatching and the yolk sac has already been absorbed. Tui chub often overpopulate and compete with trout ( Wydoski and Whitney, 1979).

Peamouth ( Mylocheilus caurinus)

Peamouth occur in much of the Columbia River system and are also found in the Coastal and Puget Sound provinces. It is tolerant of salt water. In Lake Washington, young peamouth inhabit very shallow water in spring, summer, and fall; and deep water during the winter. Peamouth in Lake Washington grew fastest when the lake was most eutrophic, but their Evaluating Standards for Protecting Aquatic Life in Page 135 Washington's Surface Water quality Standards growth declined after the sewage was completely diverted from the lake. Spawning occurs in late May and early June in streams and along lake shores on a gravel and rubble bottom when water temperatures warm to about 12.2 ° C. Eggs hatch in 7 8 days at 12.2 ° C ( Wydoski and Whitney, 1979). Black ( 1953) measured the upper lethal temperature values for fish captured from lakes in southern Okanogan Valley of British Columbia. The upper temperature at which 50% of the fish died in 24 hours was estimated as for Peamouth ( Mylocheilus caurinus) as 27 ° C ( 10 ° C) and 27.1 ° C ( 14 ° C) ( with the approximate acclimation temperature being given in brackets).

Leopard Dace ( Rhinichthys falcatus)

In Washington it is found in the upper Columbia River and in the Similkameen River, which flows into the Okanogan and then into the Columbia. Leopard dace usually inhabit slower and deeper water than that preferred by long nose dace. Spawning probably occurs in July and August ( Wydoski and Whitney, 1979). Black ( 1953) measured the upper lethal temperature values for fish captured from lakes in southern Okanogan Valley of British Columbia. The upper temperature ( ° C) at which 50% of the fish died in 24 hours was estimated for leopard dace ( Rhinichthys falcatus) as 28.3 ° C ( with the approximate acclimation temperature being 14 ° C).

Speckled Dace ( Rhinichthys osculus)

It is common throughout Washington. This species inhabits the colder waters of streams with currents ranging from slow to swift, and sometimes is found in lakes. Spawning occurs from June through August, peaking in late June. Eggs hatch in 6 days at 17.8 to 18.9 ° C ( Wydoski and Whitney, 1979). Li et al. ( 1993) studied stream enhancement works in the John Day Basin of Oregon. The authors noted that speckled dace continued to feed when temperatures reached as high as 33 ° C. Baltz, Moyle, and Knight ( 1982) studied the distribution of riffle sculpin ( Cottus gulosus) and speckled dace ( Rhinichthys osculus) in a California creek. While both species occupied the same physical habitat types in the stream, riffle sculpin were confined to the upper reaches of the creek. In testing the swimming performance, metabolic rates, and competitive interactions between these two species they concluded that competitive interactions between dace and sculpin for preferred microhabitat were mediated by temperature with sculpin showing dominance in the cooler water and dace showing dominance in warmer water. The highest daily maximum temperatures in the upper portion of the creek was 29 ° C ( though the data would suggest that daily maximum temperatures are more commonly below 24 26 ° C) and in the lower portion of the creek reached 32 ° C ( temperatures approaching 32 ° C appears to be common in the lower portion of the stream). In studying prey selection the authors found that high proportion of the dace had empty stomachs. The swimming performance of dace increased significantly with temperature, but performances at 15 and 20 ° C were not significantly different thus poor swimming performance at cooler summer temperatures probably was not a factor contributing to dace displacement in upstream riffles.

Largescale Sucker ( Catostomus macrocheilus) Page 136 Evaluating Standards for Protecting Aquatic Life in Washington's Surface Water quality Standards Found throughout Washington in both lakes and streams. Spawning occurs during April or May ( Wydoski and Whitney, 1979). Black ( 1953) measured the upper lethal temperature values for fish captured from lakes in southern Okanogan Valley of British Columbia. The upper temperature at which 50% of the fish died in 24 hours was estimated for large scale sucker ( Catostomus macrocheilus) as 29.4 ° C ( with the approximate acclimation temperature being 19 ° C).

Piute Sculpin ( Cottus beldingi)

In Washington this sculpin is found east of the Cascade Mountains, in the Columbia, Yakima, Snake, and Walla Walla rivers and their tributaries. It inhabits streams that have a slight to moderate gradient, and is found in riffle areas among rubble and large gravel. It often frequents water warmer than 15 ° C and has been found at 25 ° C. Usually it is found in the lowlands but has been collected as high as 4,000 feet in Oregon. Piute sculpin in Lake Tahoe spawn in May and June at temperatures of about 12.2 ° C ( Wydoski and Whitney, 1979).

Margined Sculpin ( Cottus marginatus)

In Washington this species is found in the Walla Walla, Touchet, and Tucannon rivers. It has been collected in streams with temperatures of 12.8 18.9 ° C, but have also been found as high as 23.9 ° C. In Oregon it is associated with rainbow trout, speckled dace, longnose dace, and the Piute sculpin. It may have a similar life history as the reticulate sculpin ( Wydoski and Whitney, 1979).

Summary on Temperature Requirements of Indigenous Warm Water Species:

Insufficient information exists to develop individual water quality thresholds for each of these native warmwater species, so it is recommended that they be considered broadly as a community. The lack of available experiential data for which to base sound recommendations on combined with the conflicts that are presented in what is available, strongly suggest that these recommendations may need to be revisited periodically to determine if changes are warranted. Establishing criteria to protect our temperature tolerant non salmonid fish species will also provide protection for desirable introduced warm water sport fish species such as bass and crappie. In general, Washington's indigenous warm water fish communities thrive in waters that have summer maximum temperatures as high as 25 27 ° C, although most seem to prefer waters below 18 20 ° C.

Warm Water Habitat Recommendation: It is recommended that in waters supporting communities of indigenous warm water fish, the highest moving 7 day average of the daily maximum temperatures should not exceed 20 ° C. Evaluating Standards for Protecting Aquatic Life in Page 137 Washington's Surface Water quality Standards To avoid conflicts with the thermal requirements of cold water fish, it should probably be explicitly specified in the regulation that: " The Warm Water Aquatic Life category may only be applied to waters that do not have self reproducing populations of, or serve as migration corridors for, indigenous salmonids or char. It is appropriate only where the dominant species under natural conditions would be temperature tolerant indigenous non salmonid species such as dace, redside shiner, chiselmouth, sucker, and northern pikeminnow; and which may also be serving as habitat for introduced warm water tolerant sport fish species such as bass and crappie." Page 138 Evaluating Standards for Protecting Aquatic Life in Washington's Surface Water quality Standards 5. References Reviewed Adams, B. L., W. S. Zaugg and L. R. McLain. 1973. Temperature Effect on Parr Smolt Transformation in Steelhead Trout ( Salmo Gairdneri) as Measured by Gill Sodium Potassium Stimulated Adenosine Triphosphatase. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 44A: 1333 1339.

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In other words, can a single criterion be developed that will protect rearing and spawning/ incubation? This section describes the physical characteristics of streams in Washington in order to help make that decision.

Comparison of Summer Rearing Temperatures and Spawning/ Incubation Temperatures The crux of whether or not to apply separate spawning/ incubation criteria is a comparison of summer rearing temperatures and the spawning/ incubation temperatures. Before a single rearing criterion can be used, the question must be asked " Will a single rearing criterion protect spawning and incubation when it occurs?"

In order to answer this question, Ecology gathered continuous temperature data from a variety of sources. Ecology obtained data from 126 sites over various years ( a large percentage of the data was from 2000 and 2001). The data came from a variety of sources ( Ecology, WDFW, USFS, and USGS) and a variety of streams from across the state. Given the relatively small sample size, Ecology made no attempt to make the data representative with respect to the year the monitoring occurred, elevation, geography, stream temperature, stream size, stream type, or any other factor. Although the sites do not proportionately represent water bodies in Washington, they do provide a broad sample of water body types.

Ecology used the WDFW Salmonid Stock Inventory ( SaSI) to determine when spawning occurred. Sites with no temperature data during the spawning/ incubation period were excluded.

The following chart shows how streams with different summer maximum 7 DADMax temperatures cooled down by the time spawning began. The multiple lines of evidence approach ( described in Part 2 of this document) showed that the water temperature at spawning should be less than 12.5 14 º C ( 7 DADM). During non spawning and non incubating times, the temperature should be less than 16 17.5 º C ( 7 DADM). These temperatures fully protect salmonids. Page 178 Evaluating Standards for Protecting Aquatic Life in Washington's Surface Water quality Standards Streams that Met a Spawning Criteria of 12.5, 13, 13.5, and 14 º C ( 7 DADM)

55% 64% 82% 100%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

100% < 13 º 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 > 20 º Summer ( Rearing) Maximum 7 DADM Temperature Percentage of Streams that Meet the Spawning Criteria (

7

DADM) 12.5 º 13 º 13.5 º 14 º Evaluating Standards for Protecting Aquatic Life in Page 179 Washington's Surface Water quality Standards Summer ( Rearing) Maximum Temperature Ranges ( 7 DADMax in º C) Number of Sites with Data < 13 º 12 13 14 º 7 14 15 º 7 15 16 º 11 16 17 º 20 17 18 º 13 18 19 º 5 19 20 º 8 > 20 º 23 Looking at the streams with a summer 7 DADMax of 15 16 º C, one can see that 55% of those streams were 12.5 º C ( 7 DADMax) or less by the time spawning occurred, 64% were 13 º C or less, 82% were 13.5 º C or less, and all of the streams were 14 º C or less. As the summer temperatures decreased, a higher percentage of streams reach temperatures of 12.5 14 º C ( 7 DADMax) during spawning. As the summer temperatures increased, a lower percentage of streams reached temperatures of 12.5 14 º C ( 7 DADMax) during spawning.

For streams with a summer 7 DADMax of 16 17 º C, one can see that only 15% of those streams were 12.5 º C ( 7 DADMax) or less by the time spawning occurred, 30% were 13 º C or less, 40% were 13.5 º C or less, and 55% were 14 º C or less.

These data show that a single criterion of 16 º C 7 DADMax would have protected spawning in many, but not all streams. Before drawing conclusions about the protectiveness of a single criterion, two additional factors should be taken into account. These factors are inter annual variability ( how the maximum temperature of a water body varies from year to year) and spatial variability ( how the temperature of a water body varies as it flows downstream).

Inter Annual Variability Most of the data just described was from one or just a few years. An important issue to address when setting temperature criteria is how maximum river temperatures fluctuate from year to year, also known as inter annual variability. Unfortunately, there is very little continuous temperature data over a long period of time ( i. e. ten or more years). It is not known how much of the inter annual variability in the historic record is due to natural conditions ( i. e. climate and rainfall) and how much is due to human activity ( i. e. canopy shade reduction).

To illustrate inter annual variability, consider the Cispus River. The USGS had a monitoring station on the Cispus River near Randle, Washington from 1952 1971. The Cispus River is in Lewis and Skamania Counties and is a tributary of the Cowlitz River. Other rivers have Page 180 Evaluating Standards for Protecting Aquatic Life in Washington's Surface Water quality Standards similar, but not identical, inter annual variability. A lack of data, especially on the east side, makes a more robust, statistical look at inter annual variability impossible. The following table and chart show how the maximum 7 DADMax river temperature varied from year to year in the Cispus River:

Year Maximum 7 DADMax Temperature ( º C) Year Maximum 7 DADMax Temperature ( º C) 1952 15.6 1963 15.7 1953 14.2 1964 13.4 1954 12.8 1965 15.2 1955 incomplete 1966 14.0 1956 13.6 1967 15.0 1957 14.8 1968 16.0 1958 16.4 1969 14.0 1959 15.3 1970 14.9 1960 15.6 1971 13.5 1961 14.4 1972 incomplete 1962 15.2 Inter Annual Variability of the Cispus River 10 º C 11 º C 12 º C 13 º C 14 º C 15 º C 16 º C 17 º C 18 º C 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 Year Maximum 7 DADM Temperature While during the hottest years the Cispus River reached 16 º C, during the colder years the river typically stayed below 13 14 º C.

When deciding if a one criterion standard is protective enough, it is important to keep interannual variability in mind. While a water body might have a low probability of protecting Evaluating Standards for Protecting Aquatic Life in Page 181 Washington's Surface Water quality Standards spawning/ incubation during warm years, during colder years it would be have a much higher probability of protecting spawning/ incubation.

Spatial Variability In general, streams warm as they flow downstream. The temperature criteria apply throughout the entire length of the stream, including the furthest downstream point. This means that in order to meet the temperature criteria at the furthest downstream point, upstream areas will have to be cooler than the criterion. How much a stream changes temperature as it flows downstream   spatial variability   is quite different for each water body and depends on the characteristics of the individual water body.

To illustrate spatial variability, consider the Chiwawa River, a tributary of the Wenatchee River in Chelan County. On August 12, 2001, the temperature along the Chiwawa River was measured. The temperatures were instantaneous measurements, not 7 DADMax, so they should not be compared with the proposed criteria. However, they are still useful for illustrating the effects of spatial variability. Other rivers have different spatial variability, but the Chiwawa River can be used as an example. A lack of data makes a more robust, statistical look at spatial variability impossible.

The following chart shows the river temperature generally increasing as the river flows downstream from the headwaters to the mouth.

Instaneous Temperature along the Chiwawa River on August 12, 2001 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 Distance from mouth ( miles) Water Temperature ( º C)

( Headwaters) ( Mouth) Page 182 Evaluating Standards for Protecting Aquatic Life in Washington's Surface Water quality Standards As the chart shows, the river stayed between 14 º C and 16 º C for many miles. Over the last about 17 miles, the river warmed steadily. While some of this warming is probably due to human influences, some of it is also naturally occurring. As this example shows, in order for the entire river to meet a criterion, most of the river would be cooler than the criterion.