NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS U. S. Department of Education Office of Educational Research and Improvement NCES 2002   130 Digest of Education Statistics 2001 Thomas D. Snyder Project Director Charlene M. Hoffman Production Manager U. S. Department of Education Rod Paige Secretary Office of Educational Research and Improvement Grover J. Whitehurst Assistant Secretary National Center for Education Statistics Gary W. Phillips Deputy Commissioner The National Center for Education Statistics ( NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting, analyzing, and reporting data related to education in the United States and other nations. It fulfills a congressional mandate to collect, collate, analyze, and report full and complete statistics on the condition of education in the United States; conduct and publish reports and specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics assist state and local education agencies in improving their statistical systems; and review and report on education activities in foreign countries.

NCES activities are designed to address high priority education data needs; provide consistent, reliable, complete, and accurate indicators of education status and trends; and report timely, useful, and high quality data to the U. S. Department of Education, the Congress, the states, other education policymakers, practitioners, data users, and the general public.

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National Center for Education Statistics Office of Educational Research and Improvement U. S. Department of Education 1990 K Street, NW Washington, DC 20006   5561 February 2002 The NCES World Wide Web Home Page is: http:// nces. ed. gov The NCES World Wide Web Electronic Catalog is: http:// nces. ed. gov/ pubsearch/ index. asp Suggested Citation U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Digest of Education Statistics, 2001, NCES 2002   130, by Thomas D. Snyder. Production Manager, Charlene M. Hoffman. Washington, DC: 2002.

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Content Contact: Thomas D. Snyder ( 202) 502   7452 iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have contributed in one way or another to the development of the Digest. Thomas D. Snyder was responsible for the overall development and preparation of this edition of the Digest, which was prepared under the general direction of Valena Plisko. Charlene M. Hoffman provided technical assistance in all phases of its preparation and was responsible for chapter 4, `` Federal Programs for Education and Related Activities,'' and for tables on degrees conferred. William Sonnenberg provided statistical computing consultation on all phases of the report. Celestine Davis provided statistical assistance on a variety of materials. Debra Gerald and William Hussar prepared projections of school enrollment and finance statistics. William Hussar conducted a technical review. Marilyn McMillen, Chief Statistician of the National Center for Education Statistics ( NCES), conducted the adjudication. A number of individuals outside of NCES also expended time and effort on the Digest. Ben Young, Gray King, Satoshi Watanabe, Stephen Provasnik, Charmaine Llagas, and Kathryn Hoffman of the American Institutes for Research provided research and statistical analysis. Ellen Harkavy, Thea Kruger, Mary McLaughlin, David Miller, Michael Planty, Jason Sellers, and Molly Soule of the Education Statistics Services Institute ( ESSI) of the American Institutes for Research assisted with the technical review of the document. Linda Darby in Media and Information Services provided editorial assistance. Jerry Fairbanks of ESSI managed the typesetting. This year's edition of the Digest has received extensive reviews by several other individuals within and outside of the U. S. Department of Education. We wish to thank them for their time and expert advice. W. Vance Grant of the Office of Educational Research and Improvement and Rosemary Clark, U. S. Census Bureau, reviewed the entire document. NCES staff who reviewed portions of the manuscript were: Ilona Berkovits, Stephen Broughman, Janis Brown, Patricia Brown, Chris Chapman, Steve Gorman, Kerry Gruber, Frank Johnson, Frank Morgan Taslima Rahman, John Sietsema, Jeff Williams, and Beth Young. The Office of the Deputy Secretary, Office of Intergovernmental and Interagency Affairs, Office of Vocational and Adult Education, Office for Civil Rights, and the Planning and Evaluation Service conducted agency reviews. v Foreword The 2001 edition of the Digest of Education Statistics is the 37th in a series of publications initiated in 1962. ( The Digest has been issued annually except for combined editions for the years 1977   78, 1983   84, and 1985   86.) Its primary purpose is to provide a compilation of statistical information covering the broad field of American education from prekindergarten through graduate school. The Digest includes a selection of data from many sources, both government and private, and draws especially on the results of surveys and activities carried out by the National Center for Education Statistics ( NCES). To qualify for inclusion in the Digest, material must be nationwide in scope and of current interest and value. The publication contains information on a variety of subjects in the field of education statistics, including the number of schools and colleges, teachers, enrollments, and graduates, in addition to educational attainment, finances federal funds for education, libraries, and international education. Supplemental information on population trends, attitudes on education, education characteristics of the labor force, government finances and economic trends provides background for evaluating education data. Although the Digest contains important information on federal education funding, more detailed information on federal activities is available from federal education program offices For example, the Office of Bilingual Education and Minority Languages Affairs supports the National Clearinghouse on Bilingual Education, which compiles information on students and teachers involved in bilingual education. The Digest contains seven chapters: `` All Levels of Education,'' `` Elementary and Secondary Education,'' `` Postsecondary Education,'' `` Federal Programs for Education and Related Activities,'' `` Outcomes of Education,'' `` International Comparisons of Education and `` Libraries and Educational Technology.'' Preceding these chapters is an introduction that provides a brief overview of current trends in American education, which supplements the tabular materials in chapters 1 through 7. The Digest concludes with an appendix that is divided into several sections. For example, information on the structure of the statistical tables is contained in the `` Guide to Tabular Presentation.'' The `` Guide to Sources'' provides a brief synopsis of the surveys used to generate the tabulations for the Digest. Also, a `` Definitions'' section is included to help readers understand terms. In addition to updating many of the statistics that have appeared in previous years, this edition contains a significant amount of new material, including:

  Use of various instructional approaches by kindergarten teachers, table 50;

  Pupil/ teacher ratio in public schools, by level and size of school, table 64;

  Percent distribution of elementary and secondary school children, by average grades, table 139.

Beginning in 2002, updates to some tables from the Digest of Education Statistics will appear on the NCES Web Site prior to printing. The Digest and other NCES reports can be accessed from http:// nces. ed. gov. In particular, updates of tables based on the new Schools and Staffing Survey, will be posted to the Digest Web Site in the second quarter of 2002.

Valena White Plisko Associate Commissioner, Early Childhood, International, and Crosscutting Studies Division National Center for Education Statistics February 2002 vii Contents Page Foreword ................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................... v Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1. All Levels of Education ........................................................................................... 5 Chapter 2. Elementary and Secondary Education ................................................................... 41 Chapter 3. Postsecondary Education ....................................................................................... 197 Degree Granting ................................................................................................................ 204 Vocational and Adult Education ........................................................................................ 402 Chapter 4. Federal Programs for Education and Related Activities ........................................ 409 Chapter 5. Outcomes of Education .......................................................................................... 443 Chapter 6. International Comparisons of Education ................................................................ 461 Chapter 7. Libraries and Educational Technology ................................................................... 487 Appendix Guide to Tabular Presentation .......................................................................................... 501 Guide to Sources .............................................................................................................. 503 Definitions .......................................................................................................................... 539 Index of Table Numbers .................................................................................................... 553 viii CONTENTS Figures 1. The structure of education in the United States ............................................................ 7 2. Enrollment and total expenditures in current and constant dollars, by level of education: 1960   61 to 2000   01 ................................................................................. 8 3. Years of school completed by persons 25 years old and over: 1940 to 2000 ............. 9 4. Years of school completed by persons 25 to 29 years of age: 1940 to 2000 .............. 9 5. Highest level of education attained by persons 25 years and older: March 2000 ........ 10 6. Items most frequently cited by the public as a major problem facing the local public schools: 1980 to 2001 ................................................................................................ 10 7. Preprimary enrollment of 3 to 5 year olds, by attendance status: October 1970 to October 2000 .................................................................................. 44 8. Enrollment, number of teachers, pupil/ teacher ratios, and expenditures in public schools: 1960   61 to 2000   01 .................................................................................... 45 9. Percentage change in public elementary and secondary enrollment, by state: Fall 1995 to fall 2000 .................................................................................................. 46 10. Average annual salary for public elementary and secondary school teachers: 1970   71 to 2000   01 .................................................................................................. 46 11. Sources of revenue for public elementary and secondary schools: 1970   71 to 1998   99 .................................................................................................. 47 12. Current expenditure per pupil in average daily attendance in public elementary and secondary schools: 1970   71 to 2000   01 .................................................................. 47 13. Enrollment, degrees conferred, and expenditures in degree granting institutions: 1960   61 to 2000   01 .................................................................................................. 200 14. Percentage change in total enrollment in degree granting institutions, by state: Fall 1990 to fall 1999 ......................................................................................................... 201 15. Enrollment in degree granting institutions, by age: Fall 1970 to fall 2011 .................... 201 16. Full time equivalent students per staff member in public and private degree granting institutions: 1976 and 1999 ........................................................................................ 202 17. Trends in bachelor's degrees conferred in selected fields of study: 1989   90, 1994   95, and 1999   2000 .......................................................................... 202 18. Sources of current fund revenue for public degree granting institutions: 1996   97 ...... 203 19. Sources of total revenue for private not for profit degree granting institutions: 1996   97 ...................................................................................................................... 203 20. Federal on budget funds for education, by agency: Fiscal year 2001 .......................... 419 21. Federal on budget funds for education, by level or other educational purpose: 1965 to 2001 .............................................................................................................. 420 22. Department of Education outlays, by type of recipient: Fiscal year 2001 ..................... 420 23. Labor force participation of persons 20 years old and over, by age and highest level of education: 2000 ...................................................................................................... 444 ix CONTENTS 24. Unemployment rates of persons 25 years old and over, by highest level of education: 2000 ........................................................................... 445 25. Labor force status of 1998   99 high school dropouts and graduates not enrolled in college: October 2000 ................................................................................................ 445 26. Median annual income of persons with income 25 years old and over, by highest degree attained and sex: 1999 .................................................................................. 446 27. Salaries of recent bachelor's degree recipients 1 year after graduation, by field: 1987, 1991, and 1994 ................................................................................................ 446 28. Percent change in enrollment, by area of the world and level of education: 1990 to 1997 .............................................................................................................. 463 29. Public direct expenditures for education as a percentage of the gross domestic product: Selected countries, 1998 .............................................................................. 464 30. Bachelor's degree recipients as a percentage of population of the theoretical age of graduation: Selected countries, 1999 ......................................................................... 464 31. Average mathematics performance of other countries compared with the United States: 1995 ............................................................................................................... 465 32. Average science performance of other countries compared with the United States: 1995 ............................................................................................................................ 465 33. Percent of all public schools and instructional rooms having Internet access: Fall 1994 to fall 2000 ......................................................................................................... 488 Tables 1. All Levels of Education Enrollment, Teachers, and Schools 1. Estimated number of participants in educational institutions, by level and control of degree granting institution: Fall 2001 ......................................................................... 11 2. Enrollment in educational institutions, by level and control of institution: Fall 1980 to fall 2005 .................................................................................................. 11 3. Enrollment in educational institutions, by level and control of institution: 1869   70 to fall 2011 ................................................................................................... 12 4. Teachers in elementary and secondary schools, and senior instructional staff in degree granting institutions, by control of institution: Fall 1970 to fall 2011 ............. 13 5. Educational institutions, by level and control of institution: 1980   81 to 1999   2000 ..... 14 Enrollment Rates 6. Percent of the population 3 to 34 years old enrolled in school, by age: April 1940 to October 2000 ........................................................................................ 15 7. Percent of the population 3 to 34 years old enrolled in school, by race/ ethnicity, sex, and age: October 1975 to October 2000 ................................................................... 16 Educational Attainment 8. Years of school completed by persons age 25 and over and 25 to 29, by race/ ethnicity and sex: 1910 to 2000 .................................................................... 17 x CONTENTS 9. Highest level of education attained by persons age 18 and over, by age, sex, and race/ ethnicity: March 2000 ............................................................. 18 10. Number of persons age 18 and over who hold a bachelor's or higher degree, by field of study, sex, race/ ethnicity, and age: 1996 ................................................. 19 11. Educational attainment of persons 18 years old and over, by state: 1990 to 2000 ..... 20 12. Educational attainment of persons 25 years old and over, by state and race/ ethnicity: April 1990 ................................................................................................................... 21 13. Educational attainment of persons 25 years old and over, for the 25 largest states, by sex: March 2000 .................................................................................................... 22 14. Educational attainment of persons 25 years old and over, for the 15 largest metropolitan areas, by sex: March 2000 .................................................................... 22 Population 15. Estimates of resident population, by age group: July 1, 1970 to July 1, 2000 ............. 23 16. Estimates of school age resident population, by race and sex: July 1, 1970 to July 1, 2000 ....................................................................................... 23 17. Estimated total and school age resident populations, by state: 1970 to 1999 ............. 24 Characteristics of Families with Children 18. Families, by family status and presence of own children under 18: 1970 to 2000 ....... 25 19. Characteristics of families with own children under 18, by family status and race/ ethnicity: 2000 .................................................................................................... 26 20. Household income and poverty rates, by state: 1990 and 1997   99 ............................. 27 21. Poverty status of persons, families, and children under 18, by race/ ethnicity: 1959 to 1999 .............................................................................................................. 28 Opinions on Education 22. Average grade that the public would give the schools in their community and in the nation at large: 1974 to 2001 ..................................................................................... 29 23. Items most frequently cited by the general public as a major problem facing the local public schools: 1970 to 2001 ..................................................................................... 29 24. Public opinion on the difference in education quality and funding within states: 1993 and 2001 ........................................................................................................... 30 25. Percent of elementary and secondary school children whose parents are involved in school activities, by selected child, parent, and school characteristics: 1996 and 1999 ........................................................................................................... 30 26. Percent of elementary school children whose parents are involved in education related activities, by selected child, parent, and school characteristics: 1996 and 1999 ........................................................................................................... 31 27. Public's level of confidence in various institutions: 1996 and 1998 .............................. 32 xi CONTENTS Charitable Contributions 28. Percentage of households contributing to education and other charitable organizations and average annual donation, by type of charity: 1989, 1991, 1993, and 1995 ...................................................................................... 32 Finances 29. Total expenditures of educational institutions related to the gross domestic product, by level of institution: 1929   30 to 2000   01 ............................................................... 33 30. Total expenditures of educational institutions, by level and control of institution: 1899   1900 to 2000   01 .............................................................................................. 34 31. Governmental expenditures, by level of government and function: 1970   71 to 1996   97 .................................................................................................. 35 32. Direct general expenditures of state and local governments for all functions and for education, by level and state: 1997   98 ..................................................................... 36 33. Direct general expenditures per capita of state and local governments for all functions and for education, by level and state: 1997   98 ......................................... 37 34. Gross domestic product, state and local expenditures, personal income, disposable personal income, median family income, and population: 1929 to 2000 .................. 38 35. Gross domestic product deflator, Consumer Price Index, education price indexes, and federal budget composite deflator: 1919 to 2001 ............................................... 39 2. Elementary and Secondary Education Enrollment 36. Historical summary of public elementary and secondary school statistics: 1869   70 to 1998   99 .................................................................................................. 48 37. Enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by level and state: Fall 1986 to fall 2000 .................................................................................................. 50 38. Enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by grade and state: Fall 1999 ..................................................................................................................... 52 39. Enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by grade and state: Fall 1998 ..................................................................................................................... 54 40. Enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by grade: Fall 1985 to fall 1999 .................................................................................................. 56 41. Average daily attendance in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: 1969   70 to 1998   99 .................................................................................................. 57 42. Enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by race/ ethnicity and state: Fall 1986 and fall 1999 ............................................................................................... 58 43. Enrollment of 3, 4, and 5 year old children in preprimary programs, by level and control of program and by attendance status: October 1965 to October 2000 ......... 59 44. Percentage distribution of preschool children under 6 years old, by type of primary nonparental care arrangement, and average hours in center based programs, by child and family characteristics: 1995 ................................................................... 60 45. Child care arrangements of preschool children, by age, race/ ethnicity, and household income: 1991, 1995, and 1999 .................................................................................. 61 xii CONTENTS 46. Children of prekindergarten through second grade age, by enrollment status, maternal characteristics, and household income: 1991, 1995, and 1999 ................. 62 47. Participation of public kindergarten children in selected activities 5 days a week, by length and size of class and teacher preparation: Spring 1993 ........................... 62 48. Children's mean reading, mathematics and general knowledge performance in kindergarten and first grade, by child and family characteristics: Fall 1998, spring 1999, fall 1999, and spring 2000 ................................................... 63 49. Percentage of kindergarten teachers indicating the importance of various factors for kindergarten readiness, by school type: Fall 1998 ............................................... 64 50. Percentage distribution of kindergarten teachers' time spent on certain instructional approaches, by program and school type: Fall 1998 ................................................ 64 51. Public school pupils transported at public expense and current expenditures for transportation: 1929   30 to 1998   99 .......................................................................... 65 52. Children 0 to 21 years old served in federally supported programs for the disabled, by type of disability: 1976   77 to 1999   2000 ............................................................. 66 53. Percentage distribution of disabled persons 6 to 21 years old receiving education services for the disabled, by age group and educational environment: United States and outlying areas, 1998   99 ............................................................... 67 54. State legislation on gifted and talented programs and number and percent of students receiving services in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: 1993   94 and 1995   96 ................................................................................ 67 55. Number of children served under Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and Chapter 1 of the Education Consolidation and Improvement Act, State Operated Programs, by age group and state: 1990   91, 1997   98 to 1999   2000 ..... 68 56. Enrollment in grades 9 to 12 in public and private schools compared with population 14 to 17 years of age: 1889   90 to fall 2000 .............................................................. 69 57. Enrollment in foreign language courses compared with enrollment in grades 9 to 12 in public secondary schools: Fall 1948 to fall 1994 ................................................... 70 58. Student participation in school programs and services, by control, level of school, and type of community: 1993   94 .................................................................. 71 Private Elementary and Secondary Schools 59. Private elementary and secondary enrollment, teachers, and schools, by selected characteristics: Fall 1999 ............................................................................. 71 60. Private elementary and secondary staff and student/ staff ratios, by level and orientation of school: 1993   94 ................................................................................... 72 61. Private elementary and secondary enrollment and schools, by amount of tuition, level, and orientation of school: 1993   94 .................................................................. 73 62. Summary statistics on Catholic elementary and secondary schools, by level: 1919   20 to 2000   01 .................................................................................................. 73 63. Private elementary and secondary schools, enrollment, teachers, and high school graduates, by state: 1991 to 1999 ............................................................................. 74 xiii CONTENTS Teachers and Other Instructional Staff 64. Public elementary and secondary pupil/ teacher ratios, by level, type, and enrollment size of school: Fall 1987 to fall 1999 ......................................................................... 75 65. Public and private elementary and secondary teachers, enrollment, and pupil/ teacher ratios: Fall 1955 to fall 2001 ................................................................. 76 66. Public elementary and secondary teachers, by level and state: Fall 1995 to fall 2000 .................................................................................................. 77 67. Teachers, enrollment, and pupil/ teacher ratios in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: Fall 1994 to fall 1999 .................................................................... 78 68. Teachers in public and private elementary and secondary schools, by selected characteristics: 1993   94 ............................................................................................. 79 69. Highest degree earned, number of years teaching experience, and average class size for teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: 1993   94 .. 80 70. Selected characteristics of public school teachers: Spring 1961 to spring 1996 .......... 81 71. Public secondary school teachers, by subject taught: Spring 1966 to spring 1996 ..... 82 72. Percent of vocational and nonvocational public school teachers of grades 9 to 12, by selected demographic and educational characteristics: 1993   94 ........................ 82 73. Teachers' perceptions about serious problems in their schools, by type and control of school: 1990   91 and 1993   94 ............................................................................... 83 74. Teachers' perceptions about teaching and school conditions, by type and control of school: 1993   94 ......................................................................................................... 83 75. Mobility of public and private elementary and secondary teachers, by selected school and teacher characteristics: 1987   88 to 1994   95 ......................................... 84 76. Average salaries for full time teachers in public and private elementary and secondary schools, by selected characteristics: 1993   94 ......................................... 85 77. Estimated average annual salary of teachers in public elementary and secondary school: 1959   60 to 2000   01 ...................................................................................... 86 78. Estimated average annual salary of teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: 1969   70 to 2000   01 ..................................................................... 87 79. Minimum and average teacher salaries, by state: 1990   91, 1998   98, and 1999   2000 .......................................................................... 88 80. Average annual salary of instructional staff in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: 1939   40 to 2000   01 ..................................................................... 89 81. Estimated average annual salary of instructional staff in public elementary and secondary schools and average annual earnings of full time employees in all industries: 1929   30 to 2000   01 ............................................................................ 90 82. Staff employed in public elementary and secondary school systems, by functional area: 1949   50 to fall 1999 ......................................................................................... 91 83. Staff employed in public school systems, by type of assignment and state: Fall 1999 ..................................................................................................................... 92 84. Staff employed in public school systems, by type of assignment and state: Fall 1998 ..................................................................................................................... 93 xiv CONTENTS 85. Staff and teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: Fall 1993 to fall 1999 .................................................................................................. 94 86. Staff, enrollment, and pupil/ staff ratios in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: Fall 1993 to fall 1999 ................................................................................... 95 87. Principals in public and private elementary and secondary schools, by selected characteristics: 1993   94 ............................................................................................. 96 88. Public elementary and secondary students, schools, pupil/ teacher ratios, and finances, by type of locale: 1998 and 1999 ............................................................... 97 Schools and School Districts 89. Public school districts and public and private elementary and secondary schools: 1869   70 to 1999   2000 .............................................................................................. 98 90. Public school districts and enrollment, by size of district: 1989   90 to 1999   2000 ....... 98 91. Number of public elementary and secondary local education agencies, by state and type of agency: 1998   99 and 1999   2000 ............................................ 99 92. Selected statistics on enrollment, teachers, graduates, and dropouts in public school districts enrolling more than 15,000 students, by state: 1990, 1998, and 1999 ................................................................................................ 100 93. Revenues and expenditures of public school districts enrolling more than 15,000 pupils, by state: 1997   98 ........................................................................................... 109 94. Enrollment, poverty, and federal funds for the 100 largest school districts: 1996   97, 1997   98, 1999, and 2001   02 .................................................................... 118 95. Public elementary and secondary schools, by type of school: 1967   68 to 1999   2000 .............................................................................................. 120 96. Public elementary and secondary schools, by type and size of school: 1999   2000 .... 120 97. Average size and distribution of enrollment of public elementary and secondary schools, by type: 1982   83 to 1999   2000 .................................................................. 121 98. Public elementary and secondary school students, by racial/ ethnic enrollment concentration of school: Fall 1994 and fall 1999 ....................................................... 121 99. Public elementary and secondary schools, by type and state: 1990   91 to 1999   2000 .............................................................................................. 122 100. Public elementary schools, by grade span and average school size, by state: 1999   2000 .................................................................................................................. 123 101. Public secondary schools, by grade span and average school size, by state: 1999   2000 .................................................................................................................. 124 102. Percent of public schools with building deficiencies and renovation plans, by level, enrollment size, metropolitan status, and free lunch eligibility: 1999 ........................ 125 High School Seniors, Completions, and Dropouts 103. High school graduates compared with population 17 years of age, by sex and control of school: 1869   70 to 2000   01 ...................................................................... 126 104. Public high school graduates, by state: 1969   70 to 2000   01 ...................................... 127 xv CONTENTS 105. High school graduates and dropouts in public elementary and secondary schools, by race/ ethnicity and state: 1998   99 ......................................................................... 128 106. General Educational Development ( GED) credentials issued, and number and age of test takers: United States and outlying areas, 1971 to 2000 ................................ 129 107. Distribution of 18 to 29 year olds, by high school completion status and selected characteristics: 1998 to 2000 ..................................................................................... 129 108. Percent of high school dropouts ( status dropouts) among persons 16 to 24 years old, by sex and race/ ethnicity: April 1960 to October 2000 ............................. 130 109. Percent of high school dropouts ( status dropouts) among persons 16 to 24 years old, by income level, and distribution of dropouts by labor force status and educational attainment: October 1970 to October 2000 ............................................ 131 110. Students with disabilities exiting the educational system, by age, type of disability, and basis of exit: United States and outlying areas, 1997   98 and 1998   99 ............ 132 111. Postsecondary education and employment status, wages earned, and living arrangements of special education students out of secondary school up to 3 years, by type of disability: 1990 ............................................................................ 132 Educational Achievement 112. Average student proficiency in reading, by age and selected characteristics of students: 1971 to 1999 ............................................................................................... 133 113. Student proficiency in reading, by percentile, age and sex: 1971 to 1999 ................... 134 114. Student proficiency in reading, by age, amount of time spent on homework, and reading habits: 1984, 1994, 1996, and 1999 ............................................................. 135 115. Percent of students at or above selected reading proficiency levels, by sex, race/ ethnicity, and age: 1971 to 1999 ........................................................................ 136 116. Average proficiency in reading for 4th graders in public schools, by selected characteristics, and state: 1994 and 1998 ................................................................. 137 117. Average proficiency in reading for 8th graders in public schools, by selected characteristics, and state: 1998 ................................................................................. 138 118. Percentage distribution of 4th graders, by time spent on homework and television viewing each day: 1992 to 2000 ................................................................ 139 119. Average writing performance of 4th, 8th, and 11th graders, by selected characteristics of students: 1984 to 1996 .................................................................. 140 120. Student values and attitudes toward writing, by grade level: 1984 to 1994 ................. 141 121. Percent of students at or above selected history proficiency levels, by selected characteristics and grade level: 1994 ........................................................................ 141 122. Average student proficiency in geography and U. S. history, by selected characteristics and grade level: 1994 ........................................................................ 142 123. Percent of students at or above selected geography proficiency levels, by selected characteristics and grade level: 1994 ........................................................................ 142 124. Average mathematics proficiency, by age and by selected characteristics of students: 1973 to 1999 ............................................................................................... 143 xvi CONTENTS 125. Percent of students at or above selected mathematics proficiency levels, by sex, race/ ethnicity, control of school, and age: 1978 to 1999 .............................. 144 126. Mathematics performance of 17 year olds, by highest mathematics course taken, sex, and race/ ethnicity: 1978 to 1999 ........................................................................ 145 127. Mathematics proficiency and selected statistics on mathematics education for 4th graders in public schools, by region and state: 1996 and 2000 .......................... 146 128. Mathematics proficiency of 8th graders in public schools, by state: 1990 to 2000 ............................................................................................... 147 129. Length of school year and selected statistics on mathematics education for students in public schools, by region and state: 1998 and 2000 ............................................. 148 130. Average science proficiency, by age and by selected characteristics of students: 1970 to 1999 .............................................................................................................. 149 131. Percent of students at or above selected science proficiency levels, by sex, race/ ethnicity, control of school, and age: 1977 to 1999 ........................................... 150 132. Average proficiency in science for 8th graders in public schools, by selected characteristics and state: 1996 .................................................................................. 151 133. Performance of 8th grade students in music, theatre, and visual arts, by selected characteristics of students: 1997 ................................................................................ 152 134. Scholastic Assessment Test ( SAT) score averages, by race/ ethnicity: 1986   87   2000   01 ...................................................................................................... 152 135. Scholastic Assessment Test score averages for college bound high school seniors, by sex: 1966   67 to 2000   01 ...................................................................................... 153 136. Scholastic Assessment Test score averages, by selected student characteristics: 1995   96   2000   01 ...................................................................................................... 154 137. Scholastic Assessment Test score averages, by state: 1987   88 to 2000   01 .............. 155 138. American College Testing ( ACT) score averages, by sex: 1970 to 2001 ..................... 156 139. Distribution of elementary and secondary school children, by average grades, by selected child, parent, and school characteristics: 1996 and 1999 ........................................................................................................... 157 140. Average number of Carnegie units earned by public high school graduates in various subject fields, by student characteristics: 1982 to 1998 ............................... 158 141. Average number of Carnegie units earned by public school graduates in vocational education courses, by student characteristics: 1982 to 1998 .................................... 159 142. Percentage of public high school graduates taking selected mathematics and science courses in high school, by sex and race/ ethnicity: 1982 to 1998 ................ 161 143. Percent of public high school graduates earning minimum credits in selected combinations of academic courses, by sex and race/ ethnicity: 1982 to 1998 .......... 161 Student Activities and Behavior 144. Percentage of 3 to 5 year olds not yet enrolled in kindergarten, who have participated in home literacy activities with a family member, by selected child and family characteristics: 1993 and 1999 .................................... 162 xvii CONTENTS 145. Percent of high school seniors who say they engage in various activities, by student characteristics: 1982 and 1992 .................................................................................. 163 146. Percent of high school seniors who participate in selected school sponsored extracurricular activities, by student characteristics: 1980 and 1992 ........................ 163 147. Percentage of students in grades 9 through 12 who reported experience with drugs and violence on school property, by race/ ethnicity, grade, and sex: 1997 and 1999 ........................................................................................................... 164 148. Percent of 12 to 17 year olds reporting drug use during the past 30 days and the past year: 1982 to 1999 ............................................................................................. 164 149. Percent of high school seniors reporting drug use, by type of drug and frequency of use: 1975 to 2000 .................................................................................................. 165 150. Percent of public schools reporting crime incidents and the seriousness of crime incidents reported, by school characteristics: 1996   97 ............................................. 166 State Regulations 151. Ages for compulsory school attendance, special education services for students, policies for year round schools and kindergarten programs, by state: 1997 and 2000 ........................................................................................................... 168 152. Tenth and twelfth graders' attendance patterns, by selected student and school characteristics: 1990 and 1992 .................................................................................. 169 153. State requirements for high school graduation, in Carnegie units: 2001 ...................... 170 154. States which use criterion referenced assessments aligned to state standards, by level and subject area: 2001   02 ........................................................................... 175 155. States using minimum competency testing, by grade levels assessed, and expected uses of standards: 1998   99 ....................................................................................... 176 156. States requiring testing for initial certification of teachers, by authorization, year enacted, year effective, and test used: 1990 and 1999 ............................................ 177 Revenues and Expenditures 157. Revenues for public elementary and secondary schools, by source of funds: 1919   20 to 1998   99 .................................................................................................. 178 158. Revenues for public elementary and secondary schools, by source and state: 1998   99 ...................................................................................................................... 179 159. Revenues for public elementary and secondary schools, by source and state: 1997   98 ...................................................................................................................... 180 160. Funds and staff for state education agencies, by source of funding and state: 1992   93 ...................................................................................................................... 181 161. Current expenditures for public elementary and secondary education, by state: 1969   70 to 2000   01 ................................................................................... 182 162. Total expenditures for public elementary and secondary education, by function and state: 1998   99 ............................................................................................................ 184 163. Total expenditures for public elementary and secondary education, by function and state: 1997   98 ............................................................................................................ 186 xviii CONTENTS 164. Summary of expenditures for public elementary and secondary education, by purpose: 1919   20 to 1998   99 .............................................................................. 188 165. Total expenditures for public elementary and secondary education, by function and subfunction: 1990   91 to 1998   99 .............................................................................. 189 166. Expenditures for instruction in public elementary and secondary schools, by subfunction and state: 1997   98 and 1998   99 ...................................................... 190 167. Total and current expenditure per pupil in public elementary and secondary schools: 1919   20 to 2000   01 .................................................................................................. 191 168. Current expenditure per pupil in average daily attendance in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: 1959   60 to 1998   99 ................................................... 192 169. Current expenditure per pupil in fall enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: 1969   70 to 1998   99 ..................................................................... 194 3   A. Postsecondary Education: College and University Education Enrollment 170. Enrollment, staff, and degrees conferred in postsecondary institutions participating in Title IV programs, by level and control of institution: Fall 1997 and 1999 and 1999   2000 .......................................................................... 204 171. Historical summary of faculty, students, degrees, and finances in degree granting institutions: 1869   70 to 1999   2000 ........................................................................... 205 172. Total fall enrollment in degree granting institutions, by attendance status, sex of student, and control of institution: 1947 to 1999 ........................................................ 206 173. Total fall enrollment in degree granting institutions, by control and type of institution: 1965 to 1999 .............................................................................................................. 207 174. Total fall enrollment in degree granting institutions, by attendance status, sex, and age: 1970 to 2011 ...................................................................................................... 208 175. Total fall enrollment in degree granting institutions, by level, sex, age, and attendance status of student: 1999 ............................................................................ 209 176. Total fall enrollment in degree granting institutions, by type and control of institution, and age and attendance status of student: 1999 ..................................... 210 177. Total fall enrollment in degree granting institutions, by level of enrollment, sex, attendance status, and type and control of institution: 1999 ............................. 211 178. Total fall enrollment in degree granting institutions, by level of enrollment, sex, attendance status, and type and control of institution: 1998 ............................. 212 179. Total fall enrollment in degree granting institutions, by type and control of institution, attendance status, and sex of student: 1970 to 1999 ............................................... 213 180. Fall enrollment and number of degree granting institutions, by affiliation of institution: 1980 to 1999 .................................................................... 214 181. Total fall enrollment in degree granting institutions, by type and control of institution, attendance status, sex and level of student: 1997 to 1999 ....................................... 216 182. Total first time freshmen enrolled in degree granting institutions, by sex of student, attendance status, and type and control of institution: Fall 1955 to fall 1999 ........... 217 xix CONTENTS 183. Total first time freshmen enrolled in degree granting institutions, by attendance status, sex, control of institution, and state: Fall 1994 to fall 1999 ........................... 218 184. College enrollment rates of high school graduates, by race/ ethnicity: 1960 to 2000 ... 219 185. College enrollment rates of high school graduates, by sex: 1960 to 2000 ................... 220 186. Graduation, college preparation, and college application rates of high school students, by selected school characteristics: 1993   94 .............................................. 220 187. Enrollment rates of 18 to 24 year olds in degree granting institutions, by race/ ethnicity: 1967 to 2000 .................................................................................. 221 188. Total undergraduate fall enrollment in degree granting institutions, by attendance status, sex of student, and control of institution: 1969 to 1999 ......... 222 189. Total graduate fall enrollment in degree granting institutions, by attendance status, sex of student, and control of institution: 1969 to 1999 ......... 223 190. Total first professional fall enrollment in degree granting institutions, by attendance status, sex of student, and control of institution: 1969 to 1999 ......... 224 191. Total fall enrollment in degree granting institutions, by state: 1970 to 1999 ................ 225 192. Total fall enrollment in public degree granting institutions, by state: 1970 to 1999 ...... 226 193. Total fall enrollment in private degree granting institutions, by state: 1970 to 1999 .... 227 194. Total fall enrollment in all degree granting institutions, by attendance status, sex, and state: 1998 and 1999 ................................................................................................. 228 195. Total fall enrollment in public degree granting institutions, by attendance status, sex, and state: 1998 and 1999 .......................................................................................... 229 196. Total fall enrollment in private degree granting institutions, by attendance status, sex, and state: 1998 and 1999 .......................................................................................... 230 197. Total fall enrollment in degree granting institutions, by control, type of institution, and state: 1998 and 1999 ......................................................................... 231 198. Total fall enrollment in degree granting institutions, by level of enrollment and state: 1998 and 1999 ........................................................................................................... 232 199. Total fall enrollment in degree granting institutions, by control, level of enrollment, and state: 1999 ........................................................................................................... 233 200. Total fall enrollment in degree granting institutions, by control, level of enrollment, and state: 1998 ........................................................................................................... 234 201. Full time equivalent fall enrollment in degree granting institutions, by control and type of institution: 1969 to 1999 ......................................................................................... 235 202. Full time equivalent fall enrollment in degree granting institutions, by control, type of institution, and state: 1997 to 1999 ............................................................................ 236 203. Full time equivalent fall enrollment in degree granting institutions, by control and state: 1980 to 1999 .................................................................................................... 237 204. Residence and migration of all freshmen students in degree granting institutions, by state: Fall 1999 ................................................................................... 238 205. Residence and migration of all freshmen students in degree granting institutions graduating from high school in the past 12 months, by state: Fall 1998 .................. 239 xx CONTENTS 206. Residence and migration of all freshmen students in 4 year degree granting institutions graduating from high school in the past 12 months, by state: Fall 1998 ...................................................................................................... 240 207. Total fall enrollment in degree granting institutions by type and control of institution and race/ ethnicity of student: 1976 to 1999 .............................................. 241 208. Total fall enrollment in degree granting institutions, by level of study, sex, and race/ ethnicity of student: 1976 to 1999 .............................................................................. 242 209. Total fall enrollment in degree granting institutions, by level, attendance status, sex, and race/ ethnicity of student: 1998 and 1999 .................................................... 244 210. Total number of institutions and fall enrollment in degree granting institutions, by percentage of minority enrollment: 1999 ............................................................... 245 211. Total fall enrollment in degree granting institutions, by race/ ethnicity of student and by state: 1994 to 1999 ............................................................................................... 246 212. Number and percent of students enrolled in postsecondary institutions, by disability status and selected student characteristics: 1995   96 ............................................... 247 213. Enrollment in postsecondary education, by major field of study, age, and level of student: 1995   96 ........................................................................................................ 248 214. Graduate enrollment in science and engineering programs in degree granting institutions, by field of study: United States and outlying areas, fall 1987 to fall 1999 ................................................................................................... 249 215. Size of enrollment of degree granting institutions, by type and control of institution: Fall 1999 ............................................................................................... 250 216. Enrollment of the 120 largest degree granting college and university campuses: Fall 1999 ..................................................................................................................... 251 217. Selected statistics for degree granting institutions enrolling more than 14,600 students in 1999 ......................................................................................................... 252 218. Enrollment and degrees conferred in women's colleges, by institution: Fall 1999 and 1999   2000 .......................................................................................... 258 219. Enrollment and degrees conferred in Hispanic serving institutions, by institution: Fall 1999 and 1999   2000 .......................................................................................... 259 220. Enrollment and degrees conferred in tribally controlled institutions, by institution: Fall 1997, 1998, 1999, 1998   99 and 1999   2000 ...................................................... 263 221. Fall enrollment, degrees conferred, and expenditures in degree granting historically black colleges and universities by institution: 1999, 1999   2000, amd 1998   99 ....... 264 222. Selected statistics on degree granting historically black colleges and universities: 1980, 1990, 1996   97, 1999, and 1999   2000 ............................................................ 266 223. Fall enrollment in degree granting historically black colleges and universities, by type and control of institution: 1976 to 1999 ......................................................... 267 Staff 224. Employees in degree granting institutions of hgher education, by primary occupation, employment status, and control of institution: Fall 1976, fall 1991, and fall 1999 .............................................................................. 267 xxi CONTENTS 225. Employees in degree granting institutions, by race/ ethnicity, primary occupation, employment status, sex and type and control of institution: Fall 1999 ...................... 268 226. Employees in degree granting institutions, by primary occupation, sex, employment status, and by type and control of institution: Fall 1999 ....................... 269 227. Staff and student/ staff ratios in degree granting institutions, by type and control of institution and by state: Fall 1999 .............................................................................. 270 Faculty 228. Full time and part time senior instructional faculty in degree granting institutions, by employment status, control, and type of institution: Fall 1970 to fall 1999 .......... 271 229. Full time instructional faculty in degree granting institutions, by race/ ethnicity, academic rank, and sex: Fall 1999 ............................................................................ 271 230. Full time and part time instructional faculty and staff in degree granting institutions, by selected characteristics and type and control of institution: Fall 1992 and fall 1998 ............................................................................................... 272 231. Full time and part time instructional faculty and staff in degree granting institutions, by type and control, academic rank, age, salary, race/ ethnicity, and sex: Fall 1998 ............................................................................................................. 274 232. Full time and part time instructional faculty and staff in degree granting institutions, by faculty characteristics and field: Fall 1992 and fall 1998 ...................................... 276 233. Full time instructional faculty and staff in degree granting institutions, by instruction activities and type and control of institution: Fall 1998 ....................... 278 234. Part time instructional faculty and staff in degree granting institutions, by instruction activities and type and control of institution: Fall 1998 ....................... 279 235. Percentage distribution of full time and part time instructional faculty and staff in degree granting institutions, by program area, race/ ethnicity, and sex: Fall 1992 and fall 1998 ............................................................................................... 280 236. Average base salaries of full time instructional faculty and staff in degree granting institutions, by type and control of institution and by field of instruction: 1987   88, 1992   93, and 1998   99 .............................................................................. 281 237. Average salary of full time instructional faculty on 9 month contracts in degree granting institutions, by academic rank, sex, and control and type of institution: 1970   71, to 1998   99 ................................................. 282 238. Average salary of full time instructional faculty on 9 month contracts in degree granting institutions, by academic rank, sex, and by type and control of institution: 1980   81 to 1998   99 ................................................................................. 284 239. Average salary of full time instructional faculty on 9 month contracts in degreegranting institutions, by type and control of institution and by state: 1998   99 .......... 285 240. Average salary of full time instructional faculty on 9 month contracts in degreegranting institutions, by type and control of institution and by state: 1997   98 .......... 286 241. Average salary of full time instructional faculty on 9 month contracts in 4 year degree granting institutions, by type and control of institution and rank of faculty and by state: 1998   99 ................................................................................................ 287 242. Average salary of full time instructional faculty on 9 month contracts in 4 year degree granting institutions, by type and control of institution and rank of faculty and by state: 1997   98 .................................................................................... 288 xxii CONTENTS 243. Full time instructional faculty with tenure for degree granting institutions reporting tenure status, by academic rank, sex, and type and control of institution: 1980   81, to 1998   99 ................................................................................ 289 Institutions 244. Degree granting institutions, by control and type of institution: 1949   50 to 2000   01 .................................................................................................. 290 245. Degree granting institutions and branches, by type, control of institution, and state: 2000   01 ...................................................................................................................... 291 246. Degree granting institutions that have closed their doors, by control and type of institution: 1960   61 to 2000   01 ................................................................................. 292 Degrees 247. Earned degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by level of degree and sex of student: 1869   70 to 2010   11 ................................................................................ 293 248. Degrees awarded by degree granting institutions, by control, level of degree, and state: 1999   2000 .................................................... 294 249. Degrees awarded by degree granting institutions, by control, level of degree, and state: 1998   99 ........................................................ 295 250. Total bachelor's and master's degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by field of study and by state: 1999   2000 ................................................................. 296 251. Earned degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by level of degree and by state: 1998   99 and 1999   2000 ....................................... 297 252. Associate degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, of higher education, by field of study: 1988   89 to 1999   2000 ................................................................... 298 253. Associate degrees and other subbaccalaureate awards conferred by degree granting institutions, by length of curriculum, sex of student, and field of study: 1999   2000 ........................................................................................... 299 254. Associate degrees and other subbaccalaureate awards conferred by degree granting institutions, by length of curriculum, sex of student, and field of study: 1998   99 ............................................................................................... 300 255. Bachelor's degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by discipline division: 1970   71 to 1999   2000 ................................................................................ 301 256. Master's degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by discipline division: 1970   71 to 1999   2000 ................................................................................ 302 257. Doctor's degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by discipline division: 1970   71 to 1999   2000 ................................................................................ 303 258. Bachelor's, master's, and doctor's degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by sex of student and field of study: 1999   2000 ....................................................... 304 259. Bachelor's, master's, and doctor's degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by sex of student and field of study: 1998   99 ........................................................... 312 260. Degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by control of institution: 1969   70 to 1999   2000 .............................................................................................. 320 261. Degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by control of institution, level of degree, and discipline division: 1999   2000 ............................................................... 320 xxiii CONTENTS 262. Number of degree granting institutions conferring degrees, by level of degree and discipline division: 1999   2000 .................................................................................... 321 263. First professional degrees conferred by degree granting institutions in dentistry, medicine, and law, by sex, and number of institutions conferring degrees: 1949   50 to 1999   2000 .............................................................................................. 322 264. First professional degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by sex of student, control of institution, and field of study: 1985   86 to 1999   2000 ................. 323 265. Associate degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by racial/ ethnic group and sex of student: 1976   77 to 1999   2000 ........................... 324 266. Associate degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by racial/ ethnic group, major field of study, and sex of student: 1999   2000 ............ 325 267. Associate degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by racial/ ethnic group, major field of study, and sex of student: 1998   99 ................ 326 268. Bachelor's degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by racial/ ethnic group and sex of student: 1976   77 to 1999   2000 ........................... 327 269. Bachelor's degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by racial/ ethnic group, major field of study, and sex of student: 1999   2000 ............ 328 270. Bachelor's degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by racial/ ethnic group, major field of study, and sex of student: 1998   99 ................ 329 271. Master's degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by racial/ ethnic group and sex of student: 1976   77 to 1999   2000 ........................... 330 272. Master's degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by racial/ ethnic group, major field of study, and sex of student: 1999   2000 ............ 331 273. Master's degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by racial/ ethnic group, major field of study, and sex of student: 1998   99 ................ 332 274. Doctor's degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by racial/ ethnic group and sex of student: 1976   77 to 1999   2000 ........................... 333 275. Doctor's degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by racial/ ethnic group, major field of study, and sex of student: 1999   2000 ............ 334 276. Doctor's degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by racial/ ethnic group, major field of study, and sex of student: 1998   99 ................ 335 277. First professional degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by racial/ ethnic group and sex of student: 1976   77 to 1999   2000 ........................... 336 278. First professional degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by racial/ ethnic group, major field of study, and sex of student: 1999   2000 ............ 337 279. First professional degrees conferred by degree granting institutions, by racial/ ethnic group, major field of study, and sex of student: 1998   99 ................ 337 280. Earned degrees in agriculture and natural resources conferred by degree granting institutions, by level of degree and sex of student: 1970   71 to 1999   2000 ............. 338 281. Earned degrees in architecture and related programs conferred by degree granting institutions, by level of degree and sex of student: 1949   50 to 1999   2000 ............. 338 xxiv CONTENTS 282. Earned degrees in the biological/ life sciences conferred by degree granting institutions, by level of degree and sex of student: 1951   52 to 1999   2000 ............. 339 283. Earned degrees in biology, microbiology, and zoology conferred by degree granting institutions, by level of degree: 1970   71 to 1999   2000 ............................................ 339 284. Earned degrees in business conferred by degree granting institutions, by level of degree and sex of student: 1955   56 to 1999   2000 ................................ 340 285. Earned degrees in communications conferred by degree granting institutions, by level of degree and sex of student: 1970   71 to 1999   2000 ................................ 340 286. Earned degrees in computer and information sciences conferred by degree granting institutions, by level of degree and sex of student: 1970   71 to 1999   2000 ............. 341 287. Earned degrees in education conferred by degree granting institutions by level of degree and sex of student: 1949   50 to 1999   2000 ................................ 341 288. Earned degrees in engineering conferred by degree granting institutions, by level of degree and sex of student: 1949   50 to 1999   2000 ................................ 342 289. Earned degrees in chemical, civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering conferred by degree granting institutions, by level of degree: 1970   71 to 1999   2000 ............. 342 290. Earned degrees in English language and literature/ letters conferred by degree granting institutions, by level of degree and sex of student: 1949   50 to 1999   2000 .............................................................................................. 343 291. Earned degrees in modern foreign languages and literatures conferred by degree granting institutions, by level of degree and sex of student: 1949   50 to 1999   2000 .............................................................................................. 343 292. Earned degrees in French, German, and Spanish conferred by degree granting institutions, by level of degree: 1949   50 to 1999   2000 ............. 344 293. Earned degrees in the health professions and related sciences conferred by degree granting institutions, by level of degree and sex of student: 1970   71 to 1999   2000 .............................................................................................. 344 294. Earned degrees in mathematics conferred by degree granting institutions, by level of degree and sex of student: 1949   50 to 1999   2000 ................................ 345 295. Earned degrees in the physical sciences conferred by degree granting institutions, by level of degree and sex of student: 1959   60 to 1999   2000 ................................ 345 296. Earned degrees in chemistry, geology, and physics conferred by degree granting institutions, by level of degree: 1970   71 to 1999   2000 ............. 346 297. Earned degrees in psychology conferred by degree granting institutions, by level of degree and by sex of student: 1949   50 to 1999   2000 ........................... 346 298. Earned degrees in public administration and services conferred by degree granting institutions, by level of degree and sex of student: 1970   71 to 1999   2000 .............................................................................................. 347 299. Earned degrees in the social sciences and history conferred by degree granting institutions, by level of degree and sex of student: 1970   71 to 1999   2000 .............................................................................................. 347 300. Earned degrees in economics, history, political science and government, and sociology conferred by degree granting institutions, by level of degree: 1949   50 to 1999   2000 .............................................................................................. 348 xxv CONTENTS 301. Earned degrees in visual and performing arts conferred by degree granting institutions, by level of degree and sex of student: 1970   71 to 1999   2000 ............. 348 302. Statistical profile of persons receiving doctor's degrees, by field of study: 1998   99 ... 349 303. Statistical profile of persons receiving doctor's degrees in education: 1979   80 to 1998   99 .................................................................................................. 350 304. Statistical profile of persons receiving doctor's degrees in engineering: 1979   80 to 1998   99 .................................................................................................. 350 305. Statistical profile of persons receiving doctor's degrees in the humanities: 1979   80 to 1998   99 .................................................................................................. 351 306. Statistical profile of persons receiving doctor's degrees in the life sciences: 1979   80 to 1998   99 .................................................................................................. 351 307. Statistical profile of persons receiving doctor's degrees in the physical sciences: 1979   80 to 1998   99 .................................................................................................. 352 308. Statistical profile of persons receiving doctor's degrees in the social sciences: 1979   80 to 1998   99 .................................................................................................. 352 309. Doctor's degrees conferred by 60 large degree granting institutions: 1990   91 to 1999   2000 .............................................................................................. 353 Outcomes 310. Percentage distribution of 1980 high school sophomores, by highest level of education completed through 1992, by selected student characteristics: 1980 to 1992 .............................................................................................................. 354 311. Mean number of semester credits completed by bachelor's degree recipients, by major and course area: 1976, 1984, and 1992   93 .............................................. 355 312. Percent of colleges and universities using various selection criteria for admission, by type and control of institution: 1990   91 to 1999   2000 .............................................. 356 313. Percent of degree granting institutions offering remedial services, by type and control of institution: 1987   88 to 2000   01 ................................................................. 356 314. Percentage distribution of enrollment and completion status of first time postsecondary students starting during the 1995   96 academic year, by type of institution and other student characteristics: 1998 ................................... 357 315. Scores on Graduate Record Examination ( GRE) and subject matter tests: 1965 to 1999 .............................................................................................................. 358 Student Charges and Student Financial Assistance 316. Average undergraduate tuition and fees and room and board rates paid by full time equivalent students in degree granting institutions, by type and control of institution: 1964   65 to 2000   01 ............................................. 359 317. Average undergraduate tuition and fees and room and board rates paid by full time equivalent students in degree granting institutions, by control of institution and by state: 1999   2000 and 2000   01 ................................ 361 318. Average undergraduate tuition and fees and room and board rates in degree granting institutions, by percentile distribution of students, type and control of institution: 1999   2000 and 2000   01 .......................................................... 362 xxvi CONTENTS 319. Average graduate and first professional tuition and required fees in degree granting institutions, by control of institution: 1987   88 to 1999   2000 ..................................... 362 320. Percent of undergraduates receiving financial aid, by type and source of aid and selected student characteristics: 1995   96 ................................................................. 363 321. Average amount of financial aid awarded in 1995   96 per student, by type and source of aid and selected student characteristics .................................................... 364 322. Undergraduates enrolled full time and part time, by aid status and source of aid during 1995   96, and control and level of institution .................................................. 365 323. Percent of undergraduates receiving aid, by type and source of aid received, and by control and level of institution: 1992   93 and 1995   96 ......................................... 366 324. Undergraduates enrolled full time and part time, by federal aid program and by control and level of institution: 1995   96 .................................................................... 367 325. Postbaccalaureate students enrolled full time and part time, by aid status, source of aid, and by level of study and control and level of institution: 1992   93 and 1995   96 ............................................................................................... 368 326. Postbaccalaureate students enrolled full time and part time, by type of aid and by level of study, control, and level of institution: 1992   93 and 1995   96 ................. 369 327. Scholarship and fellowship awards of degree granting institutions, by control of institution: 1959   60 to 1996   97 ............................................................ 370 328. Pell Grant revenue of degree granting institutions compared to current fund revenue and tuition, by type and control of institution: 1985   86 to 1996   97 .......................... 371 329. State awards for need based undergraduate scholarship and grant programs, by state: 1987   88 to 1997   98 ................................................................................... 372 Income 330. Current fund revenue of degree granting institutions, by source: 1980   81 to 1995   96 ................................................................................ 373 331. Current fund revenue of public degree granting institutions, by source: 1980   81 to 1996   97 ................................................................................ 374 332. Current fund revenue of private degree granting institutions, by source: 1980   81 to 1995   96 ................................................................................ 375 333. Current fund revenue of private not for profit degree granting institutions, by source: 1980   81 to 1995   96 ................................................................................ 376 334. Current fund revenue of degree granting institutions, by source of funds: 1919   20 to 1995   96 .................................................................. 377 335. Currrent fund revenue of public degree granting institutions, by source of funds, and by type of institution: 1996   97 ............................................ 378 336. Total revenue of private not for profit degree granting institutions, by soure of funds and type of institution: 1996   97 .................................................... 379 337. Current fund revenue of public degree granting institutions, by state: 1980   81 to 1996   97 ................................................................................... 380 338. Current fund revenue of public degree granting institutions, by source of funds and state: 1996   97 ............................................................................................................ 381 xxvii CONTENTS 339. Appropriations from state and local governments for public degree granting institutions, by state: 1986   87 to 1996   97 ...................................... 382 340. Current fund revenue received from the federal government by the 120 degree granting institutions receiving the largest amounts: 1995   96 ....................... 383 Expenditures 341. Current fund expenditures and educational and general expenditures of degree granting institutions, by purpose and per student: 1929   30 to 1995   96 ...... 384 342. Expenditures of public degree granting institutions, by purpose and type of institution: 1996   97 .................................................................................................... 386 343. Current fund expenditures and expenditures per full time equivalent student in institutions of higher education, by type and control of institution: 1970   71 to 1995   96 .................................................................................................. 388 344. Total expenditures of private not for profit degree granting institutions, by purpose and type of institution: 1980   81 to 1996   97 .......................................... 389 345. Current fund expenditures of degree granting institutions, by purpose: 1980   81 to 1995   96 .............................................................................. 390 346. Current fund expenditures of public degree granting institutions, by purpose: 1980   81 to 1996   97 .............................................................................. 391 347. Current fund expenditures of private degree granting institutions, by purpose: 1980   81 to 1995   96 .............................................................................. 392 348. Voluntary support for degree granting institutions, by source and purpose of support: 1959   60 to 1998   99 .......................................... 392 349. Educational and general expenditures of degree granting public universities, by purpose: 1976   77 to 1996   97 .............................................................................. 393 350. Educational and general expenditures of public degree granting 4 year colleges, by purpose: 1976   77 to 1996   97 .............................................................................. 394 351. Educational and general expenditures of degree granting public 2 year colleges, by purpose: 1976   77 to 1996   97 .............................................................................. 395 352. Current fund expenditures of public degree granting institutions, by state: 1980   81 to 1996   97 .................................................................................................. 396 353. Educational and general expenditures of public degree granting institutions, by state: 1980   81 to 1996   97 ................................................................................... 397 354. Current fund expenditures and educational and general expenditures of private not for profit institutions of higher education, by state: 1985   86 to 1995   96 ........... 398 355. Additions to physical plant value of degree granting institutions, by type of addition and control of institution: 1969   70 to 1996   97 ........................... 399 356. Value of property and liabilities of degree granting institutions: 1899   1900 to 1995   96 .............................................................................................. 400 357. Endowment funds of the 120 colleges and universities with the largest amounts: 1999 and 2000 ........................................................................................................... 401 xxviii CONTENTS 3   B. Postsecondary Education: Vocational and Adult Education Adult Education 358. Participation of employed persons, 17 years old and over, in adult education during the previous 12 months, by selected characteristics of participants: 1995 and 1999 ........................................................................................................... 402 359. Participation in adult education during the previous 12 months by adults 17 years old and older, by selected characteristics of participants: 1991, 1995, and 1999 .... 404 360. Participants in adult basic and secondary education programs, by level of enrollment and state: Fiscal years 1980, 1990, and 1999 ....................... 406 Vocational Education 361. Nondegree granting institutions offering postsecondary education, by control and state: 1998   99, 1999   2000, and 2000   01 ........................................ 407 4. Federal Programs for Education and Related Activities 362. Federal support and estimated federal tax expenditures for education, by category: Fiscal years 1965 to 2001 .......................................................................................... 421 363. Federal on budget funds for education, by agency: Fiscal years 1965 to 2001 ........... 422 364. Federal on budget funds for education, by level or other educational purpose, by agency and program: Fiscal years 1965 to 2001 ................................................. 423 365. Estimated federal support for education, by agency and type of ultimate recipient: Fiscal year 2001 ......................................................................................................... 429 366. Federal on budget funds obligated for programs administered by the U. S. Department of Education: Fiscal years 1980 to 2001 ....................................... 430 367. U. S. Department of Education outlays, by level of education and type of recipient: Fiscal years 1980 to 2001 .......................................................................................... 432 368. U. S. Department of Education appropriations for major programs, by state or other area: Fiscal year 2000 .................................................................... 433 369. Appropriations for Title I and Title VI, Elementary and Secondary Education Act ( ESEA) of 1994, by state or other area and type of appropriation: 1999   2000 and 2000   01 ........................................................................................... 434 370. Federal obligations for research and development and R& D plant, by state and selected agency: Fiscal year 1999 ....................................................... 435 371. Federal science and engineering obligations to colleges and universities, by agency and state: Fiscal year 1999 ...................................................................... 436 372. Summary of federal funds for research, development, and R& D plant: Fiscal years 1993 to 2001 .......................................................................................... 437 373. U. S. Department of Agriculture obligations for child nutrition programs, by state or other area: Fiscal years 1999 and 2000 .................................................. 439 374. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services allocations for Head Start and enrollment in Head Start, by state or other area: Fiscal years 1997 to 2000 ........... 440 375. Public school students approved for federally funded free or reduced price lunches, by selected school characteristics: School year 1993   94 ......................................... 441 xxix CONTENTS 376. Public and private school students receiving federally funded Title 1 services, by selected school characteristics: School year 1993   94 .......................... 441 5. Outcomes of Education Educational Characteristics of the Workforce 377. Percent of 18 to 25 year olds reporting drug use during the past 30 days and the past year: 1982 to 1999 ............................................................................................. 447 378. Percent of 1972, 1982, and 1992 high school seniors who felt that certain life values were `` very important,'' by sex: 1972 to 1994 ............................................................ 447 379. Labor force participation of persons 16 years old and over, by age, sex, race/ ethnicity, and highest level of education: 2000 .................................................. 448 380. Occupation of employed persons 25 to 64 years old, by educational attainment and sex: 2000 .................................................................................................................... 448 381. Unemployment rate of persons 16 years old and over, by age, sex, race/ ethnicity, and highest degree attained: 1998, 1999, and 2000 ................................................. 449 382. Median annual income of year round, full time workers 25 years old and over, by level of education completed and sex: 1989 to 1999 ........................................... 450 383. Total annual money income and median income of persons 25 years old and over, by educational attainment and sex: 1999 .................................................................. 451 384. College enrollment and labor force status of 1999 and 2000 high school graduates, by sex and race/ ethnicity: October 1999 and October 2000 ..................................... 452 Recent High School and College Graduates 385. Labor force status of 1979   80 to 1999   2000 high school dropouts, by sex and race/ ethnicity: October 1980 to October 2000 ........................................ 453 386. Employment of 12th graders, by selected student characteristics: 1992 ...................... 454 387. Full time employment status of bachelor's degree recipients 1 year after graduation, by field of study: 1976 to 1991 ................................................................................... 455 388. Employment status of 1992   93 bachelor's degree recipients 4 years after graduation, by field of study and occupational area: 1997 ........................................ 456 389. Enrollment status of 1992   93 bachelor's degree recipients, by undergraduate major and highest degree obtained: April 1997 ........................... 457 390. Average annual salary of bachelor's degree recipients employed full time 1 year after graduation, by field of study: 1976 to 1994 ....................................................... 457 391. Participation of young adults in voluntary or community service activities, by selected characteristics: 1992 to 1994 .................................................................. 458 392. Literacy skills of adults, 16 years old and over, by selected characteristics: 1992 ...... 459 6. International Comparisons of Education 393. School age populations as a percent of total population: Selected countries, 1985 to 1999 .............................................................................. 466 394. Percent of population enrolled in secondary and postsecondary institutions, by age group: Selected countries, 1985, 1990, and 1999 ......................................... 466 xxx CONTENTS 395. Estimated population, school enrollment, and teachers in major areas of the world: 1980 to 1997 ................................................................. 467 396. Selected statistics for countries with populations over 10 million, by continent: 1980, 1990, and 1997 .......................................................................... 468 397. Pupils per teacher in public and private elementary and secondary schools, by level of education: Selected countries, 1985 to 1999 ........................................... 470 398. Geography proficiency of 13 year olds in educational systems participating in the International Assessment of Educational Progress: 1991 ......................................... 470 399. Average 8th grade mathematics scores by content areas, and average time spent studying out of school, by country: 1999 ................................................................... 471 400. Instructional practices and time spent teaching mathematics in 8th grade, by country: 1999 ......................................................................................................... 472 401. Average 8th grade science scores by content areas, and average time spent studying out of school, by country: 1999 ................................................................... 473 402. Instructional practices and time spent teaching science in 8th grade, by country: 1999 ......................................................................................................... 474 403. Average size of 8th grade mathematics classes, and frequency teachers assign mathematics homework, by country: 1999 ................................................................ 475 404. Eighth grade students' perceptions about mathematics and hours spent on leisure activities, by country: 1999 ......................................................................................... 476 405. Average 4th grade mathematics scores, by content areas, and average time spent studying mathematics out of school, by country: 1994   95 .............................. 477 406. Average 4th grade science scores, by content areas, and average time spent teaching science in school, by country: 1994   95 ...................................................... 478 407. Average mathematics scores, at the end of secondary school, by sex, and average time spent studying mathematics out of school, by country: 1994   95 ........ 479 408. Average science scores, at the end of secondary school, by sex, and average time spent studying science out of school, by country: 1994   95 ................ 480 409. Reading literacy test scores of 9 year olds: Selected countries, 1992 ......................... 481 410. Reading literacy test scores of 14 year olds: Selected countries, 1992 ....................... 482 411. Number of bachelor's degree recipients per 100 persons of the theoretical age of graduation, by sex: Selected countries, 1989 to 1999 .............................................. 483 412. Percent of bachelor's degrees awarded in science: Selected countries, 1985 to 1999 .............................................................................. 483 413. Percent of graduate degrees awarded in science: Selected countries, 1985, 1990, 1996, and 1999 ...................................................... 484 414. Public education expenditures per student, by level of student: Selected countries, 1985 to 1998 .............................................................................. 484 415. Total public direct expenditures on education as a percentage of the gross domestic product: 1985 to 1998 ................................................................................................ 485 xxxi CONTENTS 416. Foreign students enrolled in institutions of higher education in the United States and outlying areas, by continent, region, and selected countries of origin: 1980   81 to 1999   2000 .............................................................................................. 486 7. Libraries and Educational Technology Libraries 417. Selected statistics on school library/ media centers, by control and level of school: 1993   94 .................................................................... 489 418. Selected statistics on public school library/ media centers, by level and enrollment size of school: 1993   94 ........................................................................... 490 419. Selected statistics on public school library/ media centers, by state: 1993   94 ............. 491 420. Percent of public and private schools having access to selected telecommunication capabilities, by location of access site and control of school: 1995 and 1998   99 .... 492 421. Public schools and school classrooms with access to the Internet, by school charecteristics: 1994 to 2000 ..................................................................... 493 422. General statistics of college and university libraries: 1975   76 to 1997   98 .................. 494 423. Selected statistics on the collections, staff, and operating expenditures of 60 large college and university libraries: 1998 ......................................................................... 495 424. General statistics of public libraries, by population of legal service area: 1998 ........... 496 425. Public libraries, books and serial volumes, library visits, and reference transactions, by state: Fiscal year 1998 .................................................................... 496 Computers and Technology 426. Percent of workers, 18 years old and over, using computers on the job, by selected characteristics and computer activities: October 1993 and October 1997 ............................................................................... 497 427. Access to and use of home computers, by selected characteristics of students and other users: October 1997 ................................................................... 498 428. Percent of home computer users using specific applications, by selected characteristics: October 1997 ..................................................................................... 499 429. Percent of student home computer users using specific applications, by selected characteristics: October 1997 ..................................................................................... 499 430. Student use of computers, by level of instruction and selected characteristics: 1984 to 1997 .............................................................................................................. 500 Guide to Sources Appendix Tables A1. Respondent counts for selected High School and Beyond surveys ............................. 534 A2. Design effects ( DEFF) and root design effects ( DEFT) for selected High School and Beyond surveys and subsamples .............................................................................. 535 A3. Respondent counts for the National Educational Longitudinal Study: 1988, 1990, and 1992 ................................................................................................ 535 A4. Design effects ( DEFF) and root design effects ( DEFT) for selected National Educational Longitudinal Survey samples ................................................................. 536 xxxii CONTENTS A5. Respondent counts of full time workers from the Recent College Graduate survey: 1976 to 1991 .............................................................................................................. 536 A6. Estimated standard errors for enrollment rates in the October Current Population Survey: 1996 or 1997 ................................................................................................. 537 A7. Estimated education attainment rates and standard errors in the March Current Population Survey ...................................................................................................... 537 A8. Standard errors for the proportion of seniors who had used drugs in the previous 12 months: 1975 to 1997 ........................................................................................... 537 A9. Sampling errors ( 95 percent confidence level) for percentages estimated from the Gallup Poll: 1992 and 1993 ........................................................................................ 538 A10. Sampling errors ( 95 percent confidence level) for the difference in 2 percentages estimated from the Gallup Poll: 1992 and 1993 ........................................................ 538 A11. Maximum differences required for significance ( 90 percent confidence level) between sample subgroups of the `` Status of the American Public School Teacher'' survey ......................................................................................................... 538 1 INTRODUCTION In the fall of 2001, about 68.5 million persons were enrolled in American schools and colleges ( table 1). About 4.3 million were employed as elementary and secondary school teachers and as college faculty. Other professional, administrative, and support staff of educational institutions numbered 4.8 million. Thus about 78 million people were involved, directly or indirectly in providing or receiving formal education. In a nation with a population of about 281 million, more than 1 out of every 4 persons participated in formal education ( table 17).

Elementary/ Secondary Enrollment Enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools rose 20 percent between 1985 and 2001. The fastest public school growth occurred in the elementary grades, where enrollment rose 24 percent over the same period, from 27.0 million to 33.6 million ( table 2). Private school enrollment grew more slowly than public school enrollment over this period, rising 7 percent, from 5.6 million in 1985 to 5.9 million in 2001. As a result, the proportion of students enrolled in private schools declined slightly, from 12 percent in 1985 to 11 percent in 2001. Since the enrollment rates of kindergarten and elementary school age children have not changed much in recent years, increases in elementary school enrollment have been driven primarily by increases in the number of children. Public secondary school enrollments declined 8 percent from 1985 to 1990, but then rose 20 percent from 1990 to 2001, for a net increase of 10 percent. The National Center for Education Statistics ( NCES) forecasts record levels of total elementary and secondary enrollment for the next several years as the school age population crests. The fall 2001 public school enrollment marks a new record, and new records are expected every year through the early 2000s ( table 3). Public elementary school enrollments is projected to decline slowly until the later part of the decade and then increase, so that the fall 2011 projection is slightly lower than the 2001 enrollment In contrast, public secondary school enrollment is expected to increase 3 percent between 2001 and 2011. College Enrollment College enrollment hit a record level of 14.8 million in fall 1999 and another record of 15.3 million is expected for 2001 ( table 3). College enrollment is expected to increase by an additional 16 percent between 2001 and 2011. Despite decreases in the traditional college age population during the 1980s and early 1990s, total enrollment increased because of the high enrollment rate of older women and recent high school graduates ( tables 7, 15, 184, and 185). Between 1990 and 1999, the number of full time students increased by 12 percent compared to no increase in part time students ( table 172).

Teachers An estimated 3.6 million elementary and secondary school teachers were engaged in classroom instruction in the fall of 2001 ( table 4). This number has risen in recent years, up about 29 percent since 1990. The number of public school teachers in 2001 was 3.1 million, and the number of private school teachers was about 0.4 million. The number of public school teachers has risen slightly faster than the number of students over the past 10 years, resulting in small declines in the pupil/ teacher ratio ( table 65). In the fall of 2000, there were an estimated 16.0 public school pupils per teacher, compared with 17.2 public school pupils per teacher 10 years earlier. Over the same period, the pupil/ teacher ratio in private schools decreased from 14.7 to 13.9. Data from the end of the 1990s suggest a continuation of the historical trend toward lower public school pupil/ teacher ratios, which had been stable during the late 1980s and early 1990s. The salaries of public school teachers, which lost purchasing power to inflation during the 1970s, rose faster than the inflation rate in the 1980s ( table 77). Since 1990   91, salaries for teachers have generally maintained pace with inflation. The average salary for teachers in 2000   01 was $ 42,898, about the same in constant dollars as at the beginning of the decade. 2 INTRODUCTION Faculty and Staff in Postsecondary Education In the fall of 1999, there were 1,028,000 faculty members in degree granting institutions ( table 228). Making up this figure were 591,000 full time and 437,000 part time faculty. In 1998, full time instructional faculty and staff generally taught more hours and more students than part time instructors, with 21 percent of full time instructors teaching 15 or more hours per week and 13 percent teaching 150 or more students ( table 233). About 9 percent of part time instructors taught 15 or more hours per week, and 4 percent taught 150 or more students ( table 234). White males constituted a disproportionate share of full time college faculty in 1999. Overall, about 54 percent of full time faculty were white males. However this distribution varied substantially by rank of faculty. Among full professors, the proportion of white males was 71 percent. The proportion was somewhat lower among the lower ranked faculty, with white males making up 40 percent of the lecturers ( table 229).

Student Performance Most of the student performance data in the Digest are drawn from the National Assessment of Educational Progress ( NAEP). The NAEP assessments have been conducted using three basic designs. The main NAEP reports current information for the nation and specific geographic regions of the country. It includes students drawn from both public and nonpublic schools and reports results for student achievement at grades 4, 8, and 12. The main NAEP assessments follow the frameworks developed by the National Assessment Governing Board, and use the latest advances in assessment methodology Since 1990, NAEP assessments have also been conducted on the state level. States that choose to participate receive assessment results that report on the performance of students in that state. In its content the state assessment is identical to the assessment conducted nationally. However, because the national NAEP samples were not, and are not currently designed to support the reporting of accurate and representative state level results, separate representative samples of students are selected for each participating jurisdiction/ state. NAEP long term trend assessments are designed to give information on the changes in the basic achievement of America's youth since the early 1970s. They are administered nationally and report student performance at ages 9, 13, and 17 and in grades 4, 8, and 11 in writing. Measuring trends of student achievement or change over time requires the precise replication of past procedures. Therefore, the long term trend instrument does not evolve based on changes in curricula or in educational practices

Reading Overall achievement scores on the long term trend reading assessment for the country's 9, 13, and 17 year old students are mixed. Reading performance scores for 9 and 13 year olds were higher in 1999 than they were in 1971 ( table 112). However, the 1999 scores were about the same as the 1984 scores. The reading performance of 17 year olds was about the same in 1999 as it was in 1971. Black 9, 13, and 17 year olds exhibited higher reading performance in 1999 than in 1971. However, performance for all three age groups in 1984 was about the same as in 1999. The performance levels of white 9 and 13 year olds also rose between 1971 and 1999. Separate data for Hispanics were not gathered in 1971, but changes between 1975 and 1999 indicate an increase in performance among 9, 13, and 17 year olds. There was no significant difference between the 1984 and 1999 reading performance of 9, 13, and 17 year old Hispanics.

Mathematics Results from assessments of mathematics proficiency indicate that scores of 9, 13, and 17 yearold students were higher in 1999 than in 1973, but have remained unchanged since 1994. This pattern was similar for white, black, and Hispanic students ( table 124). A 2000 voluntary assessment of the states found that mathematics proficiency varied widely among eighth graders in the 44 participating jurisdictions ( 39 states, American Samoa, Guam, Department of Defense overseas and domestic schools, and the District of Columbia) ( table 128). Overall, 65 percent of these eighth grade students performed at or above the Basic level in mathematics, and 26 percent performed at or above the Proficient level. Only four jurisdictions ( one state, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, and Guam) had significantly fewer than 50 percent of students performing at least at the Basic level in math.

Science Long term changes in science performance have been mixed, though changes over the past 10 years have been generally positive ( table 130). In 1999, science performance among 17 year olds was lower than in 1969, but higher than in 1990. The science performance level of 13 year olds in 1999 was about the same as the level in 1970 and in 1990. The science performance of 9 year olds increased between 1970 and 1999, but there was no significant difference between 1990 and 1999. 3 INTRODUCTION International Comparisons The Third International Mathematics and Science Study   Repeat ( TIMSS   R), which was conducted in 1999 ( 4 years after the original TIMMS) focuses on the mathematics and science achievement of eighthgraders in 38 countries. In TIMSS   R, the international average score of the 38 participating countries was 487 in mathematics and 488 in science ( tables 399 and 401). In 1999, U. S. eighth graders on average scored higher in both mathematics and science than the international average of the 38 countries. In mathematics, the average U. S. score was higher than the score in 17 countries, similar to the score in 6 countries, and lower than the score in 14 countries. In science, the average U. S. score was higher than the score in 18 countries, similar to the score in 5 countries, and lower than the score in 14 countries in 1999.

Graduates and Degrees The estimated number of high school graduates in 2000   01 totaled 2.8 million ( table 103). Approximately 2.5 million graduated from public schools, and 0.3 million graduated from private schools. The number of high school graduates has declined from its peak in 1976   77 when 3.2 million people earned their diplomas. In contrast, the number of General Educational Development ( GED) credentials issued rose from 331,000 in 1977 to 501,000 in 2000 ( table 106). The dropout rate also declined over this period, from 14 percent of all 16 to 24 year olds in 1977 to 11 percent in 2000 ( table 108). Much of the decrease occurred between 1977 and 1990. The number of degrees conferred during the 2000   01 school year by degree level has been projected: 562,000 associate degrees; 1,209,000 bachelor's degrees; 428,000 master's degrees; 81,900 first professional degrees; and 46,700 doctor's degrees ( table 247). The U. S. Census Bureau collects annual statistics on the educational attainment of the population. Between 1990 and 2000, the proportion of the adult population 25 years of age and over who had completed a high school rose from 78 percent to 84 percent and the proportion of adults with a bachelor's degree increased from 21 percent to 26 percent. Over the same period, the proportion of young adults ( 25 to 29 year olds) completing high school showed a small increase of about 2 percentage points to 88 percent in 2000, and the proportion completing bachelor's degrees rose from 23 percent to 29 percent ( table 8).

Expenditures Expenditures for public and private education, from kindergarten through graduate school ( excluding postsecondary schools not awarding associate or higher degrees), are estimated at $ 700 billion for 2000   01 ( table 30). The expenditures of elementary and secondary schools are expected to total $ 423 billion for 2000   01, while those of colleges and universities are expected to total $ 277 billion. The total expenditures for education are expected to amount to 7.1 percent of the gross domestic product in 2000   01, about the same percentage as in the recent past ( table 29).

NOTE: Readers should be aware of the limitations of statistics. These limitations vary with the exact nature of a particular survey. For example, estimates based on a sample of institutions will differ somewhat from the figures that would have been obtained if a complete census had been taken using the same survey procedures. Although some of the surveys conducted by NCES are censustype surveys, all surveys are subject to design, reporting and processing errors and errors due to nonresponse. More information on survey methodologies can be found in the `` Guide to Sources'' in the appendix. Price indexes for inflation adjustments can be found in table 35. 5 CHAPTER 1 All Levels of Education This chapter provides a broad overview of education in the United States. It brings together material from preprimary, elementary, secondary, and postsecondary education, and from the general population to present a composite picture of the American educational system. Tables illustrate the total number of persons enrolled in school, the number of teachers the number of schools, and total expenditures for education at all levels. This chapter also includes statistics on education related topics such as educational attainment, family characteristics, population counts, and opinions about schools. Economic indicators and price indexes have been added to facilitate analyses. Figure 1 shows the structure of education in the United States. It presents the three levels of education ( elementary, secondary, and postsecondary) and gives the approximate age range of persons at each level. Pupils ordinarily spend from 6 to 8 years in the elementary grades, which may be preceded by 1 or 2 years in nursery school and kindergarten. The elementary school program is followed by a 4 to 6 year program in secondary school. Pupils normally complete the entire program through grade 12 by age 18. High school graduates who decide to continue their education may enter a technical or vocational institution, a 2 year college, or a 4 year college or university. A 2 year college normally offers the first 2 years of a standard 4 year college curriculum and a selection of terminal vocational programs. Academic courses completed at a 2 year college are usually transferable for credit at a 4 year college or university A technical or vocational institution offers postsecondary technical training leading to a specific career An associate degree requires at least 2 years of college level work, and a bachelor's degree normally can be earned in 4 years. At least 1 year beyond the bachelor's is necessary for a master's degree, while a doctor's degree usually requires a minimum of 3 or 4 years beyond the bachelor's. Professional schools differ widely in admission requirements and in program length. Medical students, for example, generally complete a 4 year program of premedical studies at a college or university before they can enter the 4 year program at a medical school. Law programs normally require 3 years of coursework beyond the bachelor's degree level. Many of the statistics in this chapter are derived from the statistical activities of the NCES. In addition, substantial contributions have been drawn from the work of other groups, both government and nongovernment as shown in the source notes of the appropriate tables. Information on survey methodologies is contained in the `` Guide to Sources'' in the appendix and in the publications cited in the source notes.

Enrollment and Teachers Enrollment in elementary and secondary schools grew rapidly during the 1950s and 1960s and reached a peak in 1971 ( table 3). This enrollment rise was caused by what is known as the `` baby boom,'' a dramatic increase in births following World War II. From 1971 to 1984, total elementary and secondary school enrollment decreased every year, reflecting the decline in the school age population over that period. After these years of decline, enrollment in elementary and secondary schools started increasing in fall 1985, and began hitting record enrollment levels in the mid 1990s ( table 3). Public school enrollment in kindergarten through grade eight rose from 29.9 million in fall 1990 to an estimated 33.6 million in fall 2001. Enrollment in the upper grades rose from 11.3 million in 1990 to 13.6 million in 2001. The growing numbers of young pupils that have been filling the elementary schools will cause some increases at the secondary school level during the next 10 years. Between fall 2001 and fall 2011, public elementary enrollment is expected to remain fairly stable, while public secondary school enrollment is expected to rise by 3 percent. Public school enrollment is projected to set new records every year until 2005. The proportion of students in private schools has changed little over the past 10 years, remaining around 11 percent. The percentage of college students who attended private colleges and universities ranged between 21 and 23 percent between 1991 and 2001. In 2001, about 5.9 million students were enrolled in private schools at the elementary and secondary levels and 3.5 million students in degreegranting institutions ( table 3). 6 ALL LEVELS OF EDUCATION College enrollment decreased from 14.5 million in fall 1992 to 14.3 million in fall 1995, but has increased since then. Total college enrollment is expected to increase for the next 10 years, as increasing numbers of high school graduates pursue postsecondary education. School attendance rates among 5 to 17 year olds have remained relatively steady over the past 10 years. The proportion of 20 to 24 year olds enrolled in school rose from 29 percent to 32 percent during the same time period ( table 6). The enrollment rates for the 3 to 34 years old age group have been more heavily affected by the changing age distribution of the population, than by changes in enrollment rates at specific ages. Educational attainment has risen in the adult population In 2000, 84 percent of the population 25 years old and over had completed high school and 26 percent had completed 4 or more years of college. This is higher than in 1990, when 78 percent had completed high school and 21 percent had 4 years of college ( table 8). In 2000, about 6 percent of persons 25 years old or over held a master's degree as their highest degree, more than 1 percent held a professional degree ( e. g., medicine or law), and 1 percent held a doctor's degree ( table 9). An estimated 3.6 million elementary and secondary school teachers were engaged in classroom instruction in the fall of 2001 ( table 4). This number has risen about 29 percent since 1990. The number of public school teachers in 2001 was about 3.1 million and the number in private schools was estimated at 0.4 million.

Expenditures Education expenditures rose to an estimated high of $ 700 billion in the 2000   01 school year. Elementary and secondary schools spent about 60 percent of this total, and colleges and universities accounted for the remaining 40 percent ( table 29). Elementary and secondary schools and colleges and universities spent an estimated 7.1 percent of the gross domestic product in 2000   01. The proportion of total federal, state, and local government funds spent on education declined between 1980   81 and 1990   91, at least partly as a result of the drop in elementary and secondary enrollment in the early part of the decade and the expansion of other governmental services. Between 1990   91 and 1994   95, the proportion of government funds spent on education rose, from 18.5 to 19.9 percent, as a result of increased state and local government spending on all functions and an increase in federal funds for education ( table 31). Of the 1997   98 state and local funds spent on education, about 71 percent went to elementary and secondary schools, 25 percent to colleges and universities, and 4 percent to other education programs ( table 32). 8 ALL LEVELS OF EDUCATION 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 School year beginning 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Expenditures, in billions of current dollars 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 School year beginning 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Enrollment, in millions 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 School year beginning 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Expenditures, in billions of constant 2000 01 dollars Figure 2.   Enrollment and total expenditures in current and constant dollars, by level of education: 1960   61 to 2000   01 Elementary and secondary Total Total Elementary and secondary Total Elementary and secondary Degree granting institutions SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems; Statistics of Public Elementary and Secondary School Systems; Statistics of Nonpublic Secondary Schools; Statistics of Nonpublic Elementary and Secondary Schools; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education; Fall Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education; Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education; Common Core of Data surveys; and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System surveys. $

$

NOTE: Data for 1999 2000 are preliminary and data for 2000 01 are estimates. Degree granting institutions Degree granting institutions 9 ALL LEVELS OF EDUCATION 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percent of persons Figure 4.   Years of school completed by persons 25 to 29 years of age: 1940 to 2000 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percent of persons Figure 3.   Years of school completed by persons 25 years old and over: 1940 to 2000 Less than 12 years 4 years of high school or more 4 or more years of college Less than 12 years 4 years of high school or more 4 or more years of college Current Population Reports, Series P 20; and Current Population Survey, unpublished data. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1960 Census of Population, Volume 1, part 1; and SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1960 Census of Population, Volume 1, part 1; and Current Population Reports, Series P 20; and Current Population Survey, unpublished data. 10 ALL LEVELS OF EDUCATION Not high school grad Doctor's Professional Master's Bachelor's Associate Some college High school graduate Figure 5.   Highest level of education attained by persons 25 years and older: March 2000 1980 1985 1990 1995 Year 0 10 20 30 40 Percent citing problem Figure 6.   Items most frequently cited by the public as a major problem facing the local public schools: 1980 to 2000 Lack of discipline Use of drugs Lack of financial support NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, unpublished data.

SOURCE: " The Annual Gallup Poll of the Public's Attitudes Toward the Public Schools," Phi Delta Kappan, various years. Total persons age 25 and over = 175.2 million Some college, 17.6% High school graduate, 33.1% Not high school graduate, 15.9%

Doctor's, 1.2%

Professional, 1.5%

Master's, 5.9%

Bachelor's, 17.0%

Associate, 7.8%