This report contains information regarding both the costs and benefits of protecting marine mammals and threatened marine species. The report is organized according to the explicit and implicit costs of restricting marine fishing and the economic value of marine mammals. The conflict between free trade and global marine resources is examined in light of two conflicts  the dolphin bycatch by tuna vessels in the Eastern Tropical Pacific and sea turtle bycatch by shrimpers in the Caribbean. The implicit costs to U. S. consumers from various policies restricting trade in tuna and explicit costs to U. S. tuna fishermen from avoiding dolphins in the ETP are presented. Substitution among animal protein sources in Japan is examined and adds to our understanding of how sanctions against food from the sea effect the terrestrial environment. Finally, a survey of Massachusetts citizens and scientists regarding their willingness to pay for the elimination of the bycatch of harbor porpoises in New England waters is presented. We provide estimates indicating that the costs of marine mammal protection, both to fishermen and consumers, are large, that the stated willingness to pay of Massachusetts citizens for the marine mammal protection is large, and that the preferences for the protection of harbor porpoises by scientists are not distinct from preferences of the general public.

Strickland, Dan ( 1994). " The IFQ Program, Insights and Updates." U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Alaska Region, National Marine Fisheries Service, Restricted Access Management Division, P. O. Box 21668, Juneau, Alaska, February, 15 pp.

This publication is intended to provide a simplified explanation of the individual fishing quota ( IFQ) program as adopted by the Secretary of Commerce.

Stroud, Richard H. ( ed.) ( 1984). Marine Recreational Fisheries. Volume 9, Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Marine Recreational Fisheries Symposium, Virginia Beach, Virginia, April 24 and 25, National Coalition for Marine Conservation, Inc., Savannah, Georgia.

The symposium objectives are to achieve recognition of marine recreational fisheries as an important element of national policy; to identify 6 4 5 major marine recreational fisheries problems and develop fresh solutions thereto; and to foster effective management regimes for the conservation of living marine resources.

Stroud, Richard H. ( ed.) ( 1989). Planning The Future of Billfish, National Coalition for Marine Conservation, Savannah, Georgia.

Proceedings of the Second International Billfish Symposium, Kailua Kona, Hawaii. Without a better understanding of billfishes and of the impact of fishing activities on billfishes the world over, these magnificent and enormously valuable fishes have uncertain futures. We recognize, lacking more effective conservation and management, that the future for billfishes could be one of depleted fisheries and lost opportunities.

Sullivan, Carl R. ( 1984). " Recommendations for Action: Panel 2 The Marine Recreational Fishing Industry." Chapter 21 in Richard H. Stroud ( ed.) Marine Recreational Fisheries, 9, Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Marine Recreational Fisheries Symposium, Virginia Beach, Virginia, April 24 and 25, National Coalition for Marine Conservation, Inc., Savannah, Georgia.

Summary of presentations and recommendations for strengthening the marine recreational fishing industry and suggested actions by government agencies, private institutions, and individuals.

Sullivan, Kathryn ( 1995).  Results of the Review of the NOAA Science Enterprise by the NOAA Chief Scientist.  Office of the Chief Scientist, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Room 5128, 14th and Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, D. C.

The document is the culmination of a broad scale review of NOAA  s entire science enterprise, conducted by NOAA  s Office of the Chief Scientist over a period of nearly two years.

Sullivan, Mary Margaret ( 1993). " Texas Closure Revisited." Draft report, Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A& M University, January.

A draft report that analyzes the economic impacts of the Texas Closure regulation using the General Bioeconomic Simulation Model developed by Grant and Griffin.

Sumaila, Ussif Rashid ( 1995).  Irreversible Capital Investment in a Two stage Bimatrix Fishery Game Model.  Marine Resource Economics, 10( 3): 263 283.

A two stage, two player noncooperative game model is developed ( under an irreversible capital investment assumption) with the main aim of predicting the number of vessels that each player in such a game will find in his best interest to employ in the exploitation of the Arcto Norwegian cod stock, given a noncooperative environment and the fact that all players are jointly constrained by the population dynamics of the resource. The predictions so obtained are then compared with ( i) the sole owner  s optimal capacity investments for the two players; ( ii) the results in Sumaila ( 1994), where perfect malleability of capacity is assumed implicitly; and ( iii) available data on the Arcto Norwegian cod fishery.

Sumaila, Ussif Rashid ( 1997).  Strategic Dynamic Interaction: The Case of Barents Sea Fisheries.  Marine Resource Economics, 12( 2): 77 94. 6 4 6 This paper develops a bioeconomic model for two Barents Sea fisheries that attempts to capture the predator prey relationships between cod and capelin, the two main species in the habitat. The aim is to analyze joint cooperative ( versus separate noncooperative) management of this predator prey system with a view to isolating the efficiency loss due to separate management. Using a game theoretic framework and a multicohort age structured bioeconomic model, we compute joint and separate management equilibrium outcomes for the model and investigate the effects of changes in economic parameters on the computed results. In this way, we explore the economic consequences of the predator prey relationships between cod and capelin and the externalities due to noncooperation. Results of the study tend to suggest that ( i) under current market conditions, it is economically optimal to exploit both species ( rather than just one of them) under joint management; ( ii) in comparison with the separate management outcome, a severe reduction of the capelin fishery is called for under joint management; and ( iii) the loss in discounted economic rent resulting from the externalities due to the natural interactions between the species is significant, reaching up to almost a quarter of what is achievable under separate management.

Summers, Charles ( 1995).  Learning From Other Fleets.  In Brad Warren, Win Win Bycatch Solutions. National Fisheries Conservation Center, Seattle WA.

A discussion of the bycatch and discard problem in Oregon  s shrimp fishery. Various designs of finfish excluder devices are being tested to reduce bycatch in what is already considered to be a very clean fishery.

Surdi, Richard and Mort Miller ( 1981). " Productivity in the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery." Draft report, NMFS, Office of Policy and Planning, Economic Analysis Staff, Washington, D. C.

This report examines productivity in the Gulf shrimp fishery, which has undergone considerable expansion in recent years. The general concepts and measures of productivity are discussed first. Then, the trend in shrimp production is reviewed. Third, trends in major inputs to the shrimp fishery are reviewed. This is followed by a review of several partial productivity measures that indicate a significant decline in productivity in the shrimp fishery. The report concludes that the increased investment in fleet capacity has resulted in lower productivity over time.

Sutherland, Donald ( 2000). " U. S. Fish harvesters Up on Financial Rocks." Lycos Environment News Service, April 26, 7 pp.

Commercial fishermen in the U. S. are in desperate financial straits as a result of poor fisheries management by NMFS aimed only at rebuilding depleted stocks.

Sutherland, Ronald J. ( 1982). " A Regional Approach to Estimating Recreation Benefits of Improved Water Quality." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 9: 229 247.

Recreation demand and value are estimated with the travel cost method for fishing, camping, boating, and swimming on a site specific regional basis. The model is regional in that 179 sites are defined for the Pacific Northwest. A gravity model is employed to estimate the number of trips from each origin to each destination in the region, and these data are the basic input in the travel cost demand curves. The model is illustrated by estimating the recreation benefits that would result from meeting the national environmental goal of fishable and swimmable rivers. The main finding is that potential 6 4 7 recreation benefits are concentrated in a few select areas, that are accessible to large population centers.

Sutinen, J. G. ( 1979). " Fishermen's Remuneration Systems and Implications for Fisheries Development." Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 20( 2): 147 162.

This paper derives the conditions under which the share system of remuneration would be preferred by the relevant parties in the fishing industry. It also examines the implications for fisheries development under these derived conditions. The result is that the above arguments against the share system disappear. Instead, the share system of remuneration is viewed as making a significant positive contribution to the development of a fishing industry.

Sutinen, J. G. ( 1980). " Economic Principles of Allocation in Recreational and Commercial Fisheries." In Allocation of Fishery Resources, Proceedings of the Technical Consultation on Allocation of Fishery Resources held in Vichy, France, 20 23 April 1980 J. H. Grover ( ed.) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, pages 432 436.

Basic economic concepts are introduced and applied to problems of managing recreational fisheries. Recreational users of a fishery resource are induced by economic factors to overexploit the resource under open access. Management policies for rational use of the resource are developed and explained. When commercial and recreational users compete under open access for the same fishery resource the paper shows how economic factors determine the levels of commercial and recreational effort. The economic principles are explained in nontechnical terms for determining the optimal allocation between commercial and recreational users when the fishery is rationally managed.

Sutinen, J. G. ( 1986). " Seasonality in Renewable Resource Models." Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Allied Social Science Associations, New Orleans, LA, December 28 31, 30 pp.

This paper is an extension of the work by Huppert ( 1979) and Anderson ( 1982) to incorporate exogenous seasonal variation in the bioeconomic model of a fishery.

Sutinen, Jon G. ( 1987). " Enforcement of the MFCMA: An Economist's Perspective." Marine Fisheries Review, 49( 4): 36 43.

This paper describes an applied benefit cost framework for evaluating fisheries law enforcement and uses available data to illustrate its application to evaluation of MFCMA enforcement. The paper contains an overview of the regulations and enforcement programs under the Act, a basic paradigm for explaining the incidence of violations in a fishery, a model for measuring the effects of regulatory and enforcement policies on compliance and benefits, and the nature and magnitude of enforcement costs with some conclusions drawn in the final section.

Sutinen, Jon G. ( 1993). " Recreational and Commercial Fisheries Allocation with Costly Enforcement." Presented at the International Conference on Fisheries Economics, Os, Norway, May 26 28.

This paper develops a model to determine the optimal allocation between recreational and commercial sectors in a fishery when enforcement is costly 6 4 8 and compliance is imperfect. The optimal allocation is shown to depend on, inter alia, the marginal enforcement cost of controlling catches in each sector. Optimal policies for total allowable catches, bag and trip limits, and the penalty schedule are also derived. The analysis is set in the context of the mackerel fishery in the Southeastern United States.

Sutinen, Jon G. ( 1993). " Recreational and Commercial Fisheries Allocation with Costly Enforcement." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 75( 5): 1183 1187.

This paper addresses the problem of allocating total catch between recreational and commercial fishing sectors when enforcement is costly and compliance imperfect and variable between the two sectors.

Sutinen, Jon G. ( 1995). " Draft Synthesis Report for the OECD Study of Fishery Management." Department of Natural Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island.

A draft of a synthesis report for the study of fishery management in OECD countries.

Sutinen, Jon G. ( 1996). " Synthesis Report for the Study on the Economic Aspects of Management of Marine Living Resources." Organization for Economic Co operation and Development, Directorate for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, Fisheries Committee, February, 201 pp.

The aims of the study are to review the management practices and experiences in member countries with a view to identifying common problems and considering how economic instruments can be applied to improve the efficiency of the management of living marine resources; to consider the economic aspects of managing living marine resources, including aspects of structural adjustment, the management of fisheries with multiple species, highly migratory species, and straddling stocks; and to identify areas where international coordination and collaboration may prove useful.

Sutinen, Jon G. ( 1998). " Comments on the Economic Effects of Quota Reductions on the Atlantic Large Coastal Shark Fishery." Letter to Gary Matlock, Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, 319 Lippitt Hall, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, April, 5 pp.

Comments on the draft document entitled  Consideration of the Economic Effects and Potential Alternatives to the 1997 Quotas on the Atlantic Large Coastal Shark Fishery.  Given that existing data to adequately analyze the impacts of the proposed quota reduction is nonexistent, the proposed approach is a reasonable alternative.

Sutinen, Jon G. and James Anderson ( 1996).  The Use of Closed Areas as a Fisheries Management Tool for the New England Groundfish Fishery: A Bioeconomic Analysis.  Sea Grant Proposal, Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, R. I.

A proposal to analyze the economic impacts of closed areas in a stylized theoretical fishery model using state of the art economic modeling techniques and existing empirical data.

Sutinen, Jon G. and Peder Andersen ( 1985). " The Economics of Fisheries Law Enforcement." Land Economics, 61( 4): 1 14. 6 4 9 Cheung ( 1970) shows that externalities arise when exclusive property rights are absent. Cheung and others argue that the presence or absence of exclusive rights depends on the costs of defining and enforcing exclusivity. This paper explores this issue in greater depth with a formal model of fisheries law enforcement to show how fishing firms behave and fishery policies are affected by costly, imperfect enforcement of fisheries law. This is achieved by combining standard bioeconomic theory and the economic theory of crime and punishment ( Becker, 1968).

Sutinen, Jon G. and John R. Gauvin ( 1988). " An Econometric Study of Regulatory Enforcement and Deterrence in the Commercial Inshore Lobster Fishery of Massachusetts." Prepared for presentation at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the Scientific Foundations of Rights Based Fishing, Reykjavik, Iceland, June 27 to July 1, pp. 36.

The inshore commercial lobster fishery of Massachusetts is used to determine the deterrence effect of enforcement in a rights based fishery. As predicted by theory, a lobstermen's perceived probability of detection and conviction affects their violation rate.

Sutinen, J. G., A. Rieser, and J. R. Gauvin ( 1989). " Compliance and Enforcement in Northeast Fisheries." A report for the New England Fishery Management Council, May, pp. 73.

This study seeks to identify practical ways to improve compliance with federal multispecies and scallop management regulations in the Northeast.

Sutinen, J. G., A. Rieser, and J. R. Gauvin ( 1990). " Measuring and Explaining Noncompliance in Federally Managed Fisheries." Ocean Development and International Law, 21: 335 372.

This article focuses on measuring and explaining noncompliance in federally managed U. S. fisheries. Novel measurement techniques are used to characterize the extent and patterns of noncompliance in the northeast groundfish fishery. According to the authors's estimates, noncompliance increased substantially in 1986 and remained high through 1988 in the groundfish fishery. On Georges Bank during 1987, a quarter to half of all groundfish vessels were identified as frequent violators, committing closed area violations on about one third of their trips and using illegal mesh on nearly all trips. Illegal earnings by a typical frequent violator operating in the groundfish fishery on Georges Bank amounted to $ 225,000 per year in 1987. A theory of compliance in fisheries is developed and applied to explain the trends and patterns of noncompliance in the northeast groundfish fishery. Biological and economic forces are shown to be dominant causes of the recent deterioration in compliance. Other contributing factors include weak sanctions and insufficient enforcement resources. The article concludes with a prognosis for the fishery and recommendations for improving compliance.

Swallow, Stephen K. ( 1990). " Depletion of the Environmental Basis for Renewable Resources: The Economics of Interdependent Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 19: 281 296.

This paper synthesizes familiar theories of nonrenewable and renewable resource economics in a two sector, partial equilibrium analysis of efficient trade offs between renewable resource production and environmental development. The irreversible impacts of coastal zone development provide a 6 5 0 motivating example. While development proceeds, the efficient harvest of renewable resources may exceed the sustainable rate. While development may involve several periods of growth and decline, once development begins it proceeds without significant interruptions. If a profitable renewable sector survives, development ceases before exhausting all profitable opportunities. Interdependent stocks reduce distinctions between resource types because each sector exhibits features of the other.

Swallow, Stephen K. ( 1994). " Intraseason Harvest Regulation for Fish and Wildlife Recreation: An Application to Fishery Policy." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 76( 4): 924 935.

Resource managers often ignore economic information in decisions about recreational use of fish and wildlife resources. By evaluating within season harvest regulations, economists can identify strategies to improve recreational benefits without compromising management objectives represented in an annual harvest quota. Theoretical analysis raises a potential for bias in applied welfare analysis if regulations inefficiently trade off fishing quality and exogenous seasonality in anglers' demand. Simulations demonstrate that efficient regulations may limit daily harvests during the best fishing season or during the peak season of demand. Inadequate knowledge of recreationists' behavioral responses to quality and regulations currently limits policy assessments.

Swallow, Stephen ( 1994). Renewable and Nonrenewable Resource Theory Applied to Coastal Agriculture, Forest, Wetland, and Fishery Linkages." Marine Resource Economics, 9( 4): 291 310.

This paper addresses tradeoffs in wetland development using a framework that integrates economic theory of renewable and nonrenewable resources. The theory treats wetland development as use of a nonrenewable resource, while wetland preservation protects critical fishery habitat. The framework recognizes that wetland quality may vary for either development or fisheries. An illustrative application assesses tradeoffs in converting pocosin wetlands to agriculture rather than maintaining wetlands to protect salinity in estuarine nursery areas. Results reveal the marginal value of salinity protection may be substantial, while location may affect a wetland's value to an estuarine shrimp fishery. Comparisons between agricultural and forestry land uses show that ecological links may cause wetland values to depend upon the land use chosen for the developed state. Future assessments of other development may reveal additional impacts through impacts on salinity.

Swallow, Stephen K., Peter J. Parks, and David N. Wear ( 1990). " Policy Relevant Nonconvexities in the Production of Multiple Forest Benefits." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 19: 264 280.

This paper challenges common assumptions about convexity in forest rotation models that optimize timber plus nontimber benefits. If a local optimum occurs earlier than the globally optimal age, policy based on marginal incentives may achieve suboptimal results. Policy relevant nonconvexities are more likely if ( i) nontimber benefits dominate for young stands while the optimal age depends primarily on timber benefits or ( ii) nontimber benefits dominate for mature stands and also determine the optimal age. Nonconvexities may create either temporary or persistent difficulties. Policy makers may improve efficiency by exploiting the relationship between the timber only optimum and the global optimum.

Swallow, Stephen K., Thomas Weaver, James J. Opaluch, and Thomas S. 6 5 1 Michelman ( 1994). " Heterogeneous Preferences and Aggregation in Environmental Policy Analysis: A Landfill Siting Case." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 76( 3): 431 443.

In many studies of nonmarket resources, economists have data to disaggregate results according to subpopulations within the full study population. Disaggregated results can increase the usefulness of economic analyses, improve public confidence in the results, and permit public officials to assess equity concerns. We outline an approach to obtain disaggregated results when characteristics of individuals may identify distinct preferences. The approach is applied to public preferences regarding landfill siting decisions. The discussion explores the implications of disaggregated results for policy decisions, for bias in aggregate willingness to pay estimates, and for nonmarket research methodologies.

Swartz, A. Nelson and Charles M. Adams ( 1979). " The Economics of Rockport Bay Texas Shrimping Vessels." Report, DIR 79 1, SP 6 Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A& M University, August, 10 pp.

A cost and returns survey of Rockport, Texas shrimp fishermen that takes into account seasonal variation in abundance. The fall season is much more valuable to the shrimp fisherman than the spring season. However, a bay vessel operator could not economically survive in the long run without the spring season.

Sweeney, James L. ( 1977). " Economics of Depletable Resources: Market Forces and Intertemporal Bias." Review of Economic Studies, 44: 125 142.

This paper theoretically models the extraction patterns of a finite depletable resource and systematically examines the effects of intertemporal bias stemming from various market forces on depletion patterns.

Swierzbinski, Joseph ( 1985). " Statistical Methods Applicable to Selected Problems in Fisheries Biology and Economics." Marine Resource Economics, 1( 3): 209 233.

The methods by which fishery scientists estimate fish populations size are reviewed. These include tagging, cohort analysis, random sampling and catch per unit of effort indexes. Elementary statistical considerations are introduced to discuss some of the properties of the methods. For example, we model the effect of spatial patchiness on random sampling and the effect of sample size on tagging estimates. Next, the Poisson, negative binomial, and gamma distributions and their interrelations are discussed. In particular, these three distribution form a do it yourself kit for making models of the fisherman's catch per trip. One policy tool suggested for fishery regulation is the auction of licenses. Smiley has extended the bidding models of Wilson and Rothkopf and applied them to empirical data on offshore oil lease bids. We discuss Smiley's model, which could provide information about fishermen's expectations and learning about abundance, if and when auction schemes are implemented for fisheries. Finally, we review the application of logit estimation as a tool for studying the discrete choice behavior of fishermen.

Swierzbinski, Joseph and Robert Mendelsohn ( 1989). " Exploration and Exhaustible Resources: The Microfoundations of Aggregate Models." International Economic Review, 30( 1): 175 186. 6 5 2 Starting from a disaggregate model of the search for low cost deposits of an exhaustible resource, we derive the appropriate specifications for aggregate extraction and exploration cost functions and analyze the behavior of a competitive industry. The proper specification of the aggregate extraction cost function depends on the exploration technology and is generally different from the usual no discovery specification. The common practice of combining the no discovery cost function with exploration results in a misspecified model for which the total cost of extracting the resource is not well defined. The widely accepted prediction that the anticipated discovery of low cost deposits can result in a U shaped price path appears to be an artifact of this misspecification. For our properly specified cost functions, the predicted resource price is always rising, in spite of the continued discovery of low cost deposits.

Swingle, Hugh A., Donald G. Bland, and Walter M. Tatum ( 1976). " Survey of the 16 foot Trawl Fishery of Alabama." Alabama Marine Resources Bulletin, 11( June): 51 57.

Of the 19,120 owners of Class I and II boats registered in Mobile and Baldwin counties in 1972, 5,727 or 30% owned a 16 foot shrimp trawl. From 1972 to 1974, the estimated shrimp catch by these 16 foot trawls ranged from 204 to 291 thousand pounds ( heads on) or 15 to 25 percent of the total catch from the inside waters of Alabama.

Swingle, Wayne E. ( 1972). " Survey of the Live Bait Shrimp Industry of Alabama." Alabama Marine Resources Bulletin, No. 8, Alabama Marine Resources Laboratory, Dauphin Island, Alabama, June, 33 pp.

During 1968, there were 24 bona fide live bait shrimp dealers operating in Alabama who sold 1,544,000 live shrimp and 22,200 pounds of dead shrimp having a retail value of $ 76,540. The capital investment per dealer was $ 3,303 for facilities and equipment. No shrimp were exported from Alabama, and only a negligible amount was imported. Brown shrimp ( Penaeus aztecus) and white shrimp ( Penaeus setiferus) were the major species taken. Brown shrimp entered the estuaries first and were gradually replaced by white shrimp. The fishery normally operates from June through November. Length weight relationships were determined for brown shrimp, white shrimp, and pink shrimp ( Penaeus duorarum).

Swingle, Wayne E. ( 1991). " Shrimp Limited Entry Options Paper." Draft report, Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, Lincoln Center, Suite 881, 5401 W. Kennedy Blvd., Tampa, Florida, 133 pp., Appendix.

A draft of the options paper for a limited access system for the shrimp fishery.

Swingle, Wayne E. ( 1996). " Issues the Shrimp AP Requested be Addressed in Bycatch Amendment." Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, Lincoln Center, Suite 881, 5401 W. Kennedy Blvd., Tampa, Florida, 6 pp.

Summary of problems that need to be addressed in an analysis of the proposed regulations to reduce finfish bycatch in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery including incorporating ecological models in the economic cost benefit analysis.

Sylvia, Gilbert ( 1989). " An Economic Policy Model for Net Pen Salmon Aquaculture Development: A Dynamic Multilevel Approach." 6 5 3 Dissertation, Department of Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island.

The primary objectives of this research are ( 1) a global analysis of the codevelopment of the net pen salmon aquaculture industry and related public institutions, ( 2) development of a conceptual, intertemporal, multilevel economic poly model, and ( 3) formulation and application of a numerical model capable of generating economic policy information for salmon aquaculture policy development.

Sylvia, Gilbert ( 1990). " Market Information and Fisheries Management: A Multiobjective Analysis." Draft report, Oregon State University, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, Oregon.

Market related issues are often implicitly or explicitly treated as exogenous to the fisheries policy problem. Examples illustrate the relationship of market demand, variation in intrinsic and extrinsic seafood qualities, and regulatory policy. A dynamic multiobjective model is used to demonstrate how policy factors including market information, regulatory instruments, and fishery stock dynamics can impact the levels and distribution of social benefits. Socioeconomic policy information is summarized in the form of dynamic and capitalized policy frontiers.

Sylvia, Gilbert and Deqin Cai ( 1995). " Generating Policy Information for Fisheries Management: A Comparison of Alternative Approaches." Marine Resource Economics, 10( 1): 77 91.

The potential for economic policy modeling approaches under alternative theories of fisheries management are reviewed. Conceptual dynamic models are developed to illustrate the discussion. Results suggest that the class of multi objective models known as multi attribute utility theory are consistent with a fisheries policy process characterized primarily by principles of scientific management. Conversely, multi objective policy models based on generating techniques may be more appropriate when the policy process is driven by a pluralistic process. Conceptual and numerical models are used to demonstrate the potential for these approaches in incorporating environmental externalities. Dynamic and capitalized policy frontiers are generated for purposes of comparative analysis. The paper concludes by emphasizing the role that multi objective methods can play in improving the efficiency of the fisheries policy process.

Sylvia, Gilbert and Roberto R. Enriquez ( 1994). " Multiobjective Bioeconomic Analysis: An Application to the Pacific Whiting Fishery." Marine Resource Economics, 9( 4): 311 328.

A multiobjective bioeconomic policy model was developed for the United States Pacific whiting fishery. Pareto optimal solutions for three policy objectives rents, production, and female spawning biomass were developed and analyzed using " hybrid" generating technique. Three policy instruments were considered: harvest quotas, fleet capacity limits, and allocation between shore based and offshore fisheries. Results indicate that Pareto optimal allocations to shore based and at sea industries will depend on the spatial and temporal characteristics of the stock and the assumptions regarding the harvesting and processing characteristics of each fleet. The analysis also suggests approaches for measuring opportunity costs associated with misidentifying " biological risk" and operationalizing the concept known as " optimum yield". 6 5 4 Sylvia, Gilbert and Sherry L. Larkin ( 1995). " Firm Level Intermediate Demand for Pacific Whiting Products: a Multi Attribute, Multisector Analysis." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 43( 3): 501 518.

Variation in seafood prices resulting from differences in product characteristics are often obscured by highly aggregated data or data representing only upstream sectors. This can lead to myopic commodity based analysis that fails to identify how changes in public and private fisheries management may impact product characteristics, market development, and long run social benefits. Given these problems, alternative methods are needed to complement traditional demand, supply, and cost benefit analysis. Mail and personal surveys of seafood wholesalers were conducted to determine preferences for Pacific whiting products. The relative importance of fillet and headed and gutted product characteristics were determined using conjoint analyses and factorial based market experiments. Estimation of relative profitability, probability of purchase, and sort run  conditional  demand models revealed the importance of wholesaler characteristics, physical product characteristics, and contractual arrangements. Marketing margins and demands for improved products were also estimated. Implications for private and public resource management are discussed.

Sylvia, Gilbert, Robert Hannah, and Michael Morrissey ( 1997).  Bioeconomic Analysis of the Pink Shrimp Fishery.  Proposal, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, University of Oregon, Newport, Oregon.

The objective of the proposed analysis is to integrate the harvesting and processing sectors of the Oregon pink shrimp industry and evaluate economic impacts of altering the mix of product sizes, product recoveries, and product quality; to evaluate the impacts of growth overfishing and economic yield per recruit within an integrated bioeconomic model; to evaluate the economic benefits of using finfish excluder devices; to develop a model that incorporates these objectives and evaluate alternative management policies of the pink shrimp fishery; and to disseminate research results through publications and presentations to industry, managers, and scientists.

Takeuchi, Kunio and Tadashi Yamamoto ( 1993). " Change in Demand Pattern of Salmons in Japan with the Advent of Farmed Salmon." Presented at the International Conference on Fisheries Economics, Os, Norway, May 26 28.

In the present study an attempt is made to clarify how an increase in the farmed salmon production affects the demand pattern of salmon in Japan.

Talvitie, Antti ( 1972). " Comparison of Probabilistic Modal Choice Models: Estimation Methods and System Inputs." Highway Research Record, 392: 111 120.

Twelve models were formulated by segmenting the total travel time and total travel cost by rapid transit and by automobile in different ways or by leaving them out completely and including only socioeconomic variables in the model. These models were then estimated by using logit, probit, and discriminant analyses. The results were evaluated in two respects: ( 1) are there differences in performance among the methods of estimation and ( 2) are there differences in performance among the twelve model specifications? The results indicate that there are no statistically significant differences either among the methods of estimation or among the model specifications themselves. A model that uses only two user characteristics, income and the number of working household members, and one system related variable, a dummy 6 5 5 variable for walk access to the transit station, performs no worse than a model that uses a whole set of system characteristics in addition to those three variables. Values of time significantly lower than those previously reported were found; the best estimate in this study is only twelve percent of the wage rate.

Tamm, George R. ( 1980). " Spiny Lobster Culture: An Alternative to Natural Stock Assessment." Fisheries, 5( 4): 59 62.

Routine culture of larvae has not yet been achieved, whereas it has for juveniles and adults. A long and complex larval fife, inadequate knowledge of nutritional needs, and the maintenance of high water quality standards are major constraints in larval culture. Growth in older animals, although naturally slow, can be enhanced by environmental manipulation. Several species appear well suited for advanced culture efforts including poly culture. Coordinated programs of aquaculture and fisheries management appear feasible.

Tang, Qisheng ( 1985). " Modification of the Ricker Stock Recruitment Model to Account for Environmentally Induced Variation in Recruitment with Particular Reference to the Blue Crab Fishery in Chesapeake Bay." Fisheries Research, 3: 13 21.

A modification has been made to the simple Ricker stock recruitment model to account for density independent mortality through fluctuating environmental conditions as well as density dependent mortality. The modified model is applied to the blue crab fishery data from Chesapeake Bay, Maryland. The model results in a family of stock recruitment curves that assist in the understanding of a complex relationship between spawning stock and recruitment, thereby providing a better basis for recruitment prediction and fishery management. A management strategy for a fishery subject to fluctuating levels of recruitment is also discussed.

Taniguchi, A. Keith ( 1987). " A Survey of the Domestic Tuna Longline Fishery Along the U. S. East Coast, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea." Prepared for the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, 1 Southpark circle, Suite 306, Charleston, South Carolina 29407 4699, November, 50 pp.

This survey assesses the status of the rapidly developing domestic longline fishery for yellowfin and bigeye tuna.

Tashiro, Joseph E. ( 1979). " Annotated Bibliography and Subject Indices for Western Atlantic Snappers ( Lutjanidae)." NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS SEFC 8, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami Laboratory, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, Florida, October.

This annotated bibliography contains references to literature published from 1896 to 1977 pertaining to fishes of the family Lutjanidae and the snapper fisheries. Seventeen common species in the genera Apsilus, Etelis, Lutjanus, Ocyurus, Pristipomoides, and Rhomboplites are covered. The geographic area concerned is the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and other areas of the western Atlantic Ocean from 35o to 8o S lat. Subject indices of snapper fisheries and biology, and snapper species are included.

Taylor, Barbara L. ( 1993). " Monitoring Conservation Actions: A Case Study of Sea Turtles." Draft report submitted to the Journal of 6 5 6 Wildlife Management.

Due to world wide declines in sea turtle populations, efforts are being made to mitigate effects on humans on turtle mortality. This paper shows conservation efforts can be interpreted only with population monitoring and an understanding of population dynamics. The example used investigates whether we can detect changes in nesting turtle numbers from reduced turtle mortality through use of Turtle Excluder Devices ( TEDs) on shrimp trawls. An age specific model of the Little Cumberland Island, Georgia population of loggerhead sea turtles ( Caretta), concludes that the two largest sources of uncertainty, unknown age of first reproduction ( AFR) and unknown history of survival rate changes, have large effects on future population trajectories. Unless estimates of AFR are improved, it will be impossible to interpret the effect of TED use in the next decade. Models must account for population history. Use of time invariant survival rates leads to overestimation of our ability to detect the effect of TED use. Caution is advised when interpreting results obtained form equations that use only population size, particularly when data represent a portion of the population.

Taylor, David L. ( 1979). " Preliminary Stock Assessment, North Carolina: Rock Shrimp ( Sicyonia brevirostris)." North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development, Division of Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC, December, 19 pp.

During October, 1979, the R/ V Dan Moore utilized a conventional shrimp trawl at 22 locations offshore North Carolina from south of Cape Hatteras to southwest of Cape Fear in search of rock shrimp. Data were compiled on distribution, relative abundance, size and sex composition, and cull rates. Rock shrimp were found to be more abundant in Long Bay than in Onslow and Raleigh Bays, and it was evident that catches decreased in numbers as latitude increased. Although the vast majority ( 94.8%) of rock shrimp captured were of commercial size, nowhere were they located in commercially significant concentrations. Males averaged slightly smaller in total length than females and females became more numerous than males in the larger size categories. Sex ratio did not vary significantly from 1: 1.

Taylor, Keri H., Fred J. Prochaska, and James C. Cato ( 1982). " Economic Returns in Operating Florida Atlantic Coast Charter and Party Boats, 1980 81." Sea Grant Project No. R/ L 1, Grant No. NA80AA D 00038, Marine Advisory Bulletin MAP 28, Florida Sea Grant College Program, August, 15 pp.

This bulletin attempts to provide individual charter boat and party boat owners/ captains with basic economic information with which they can compare their own operations and compare the economic characteristics of the charter boat industry on the north and south Florida Atlantic coasts. This has been accomplished by providing a description of the general characteristics of charter boats and party boats in the fleet, an analysis of fishing activity and costs and returns, and a comparison of the differences in charter boat operations between north and south Florida.

Taylor, C. Robert ( 1984). " Stochastic Dynamic Duality: Theory and Empirical Applicability." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 66( 3): 351 357.

This paper explores duality relationships for a broad class of stochastic dynamic production problems. Assuming that the decision maker maximizes the expected present value of profit, it is shown that product supply, negative factor demand, and negative quasifixed factor acquisition 6 5 7 equations cannot be directly obtained by partial differentiation of the indirect profit function if price expectations have a Markovian structure. Consequently, empirical application of duality to many stochastic dynamic problems is quite complex and may be more difficult than a primal approach to the problem.

Taylor, Timothy G. and Michael J. Monson ( 1985). " Dynamic Factor Demands for Aggregate Southeastern United States Agriculture." Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics, ( December): 1 9.

A four equation input demand system for aggregate Southeastern United States agriculture consistent with dynamic optimizing behavior is specified and estimated. Labor and materials are considered as variable inputs while land and capital are treated as quasi fixed inputs. It is found that the adjustment rates for capital and land differ considerably and are interdependent. Further, the data appear consistent with the existence of an aggregate production technology and the hypothesized optimizing behavior.

Taylor, Timothy G. and Fred J. Prochaska ( 1985). " Fishing Power Functions in Aggregate Bioeconomic Models." Marine Resource Economics, 2( 1): 87 107.

A method of estimating fishing power in the Beverton Holt tradition in the absence of firm level data is developed. This enables the construction of a standardized measure of fishing effort that can facilitate the analysis and implementation of various management alternatives. The methodology is applied to the Gulf of Mexico Reef Fish Fishery.

Taylor, Tim, Chuck Adams, and Jeffrey Rodrick ( 1995). " Economic Effects of Swordfish Management Policy on Swordfish and Tuna Fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico." Draft Final MARFIN Project Report, MARFIN Project Number NA 37FF0055, Food and Resource Economics Department, P. O. Box 110240, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

In June 1991, domestic and international fishery management agencies imposed quotas and minimum size requirements on participants in the North Atlantic swordfish fishery in an attempt to reduce the high rate of fishing mortality that threatens the future commercial viability of the swordfish fishery. However, findings from a 91 92 MARFIN report ( Thunberg, et. al., 1992) indicate that management objectives designed to limit swordfish harvest may initiate a redirection of effort toward the many commercially valuable tuna species. Tuna may be landed with essentially the same gear and vessels that are used in the pursuit of swordfish. Therefore, the management initiatives imposed in 1991 have implications for both swordfish and tuna stocks. The objectives of this study were 1) to analyze the economic interrelationships between swordfish and tuna in the south Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico region, in particular to attempt to determine the importance of exvessel prices in conditioning the direction of effort between these two potential target species, and 2) to estimate the effect of swordfish management policy on longline fishing effort and landings in this region. To accomplish these goals, a dual based revenue function was specified, from which effort supply functions were derived and estimated. These functions related directed effort with exvessel prices and a composite input, and were used to test for non jointness in inputs, i. e. the output of one species is determined independently of the price of the other species in a multi product fishery. Results indicate that nonjointness is rejected for swordfish and tuna, implying an economic interrelationship does exist. This finding calls into question the ability to manage swordfish as a single species. Further, 6 5 8 the models detected a statistically significant redirection of effort from swordfish to tuna since the imposition of management measures. This evidence suggests that the problems of recruitment failure and declining average size per harvested fish due to overfishing which now characterize the swordfish fishery should be anticipated with respect to tuna stocks and addressed in future management measures.

Taylor, Tim, Chuck Adams, and Jeffrey Rodrick ( 1995). " An Economic Analysis of Effort Supply Relationships Between the Swordfish and Tuna Fisheries in the South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico." Final MARFIN Project Report, MARFIN Project Number NA 37FF0055, Food and Resource Economics Department, P. O. Box 110240, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

In June 1991, domestic and international fishery management agencies imposed quotas and minimum size requirements on participants in the North Atlantic swordfish fishery in an attempt to reduce the high rate of fishing mortality that threatens the future commercial viability of the swordfish fishery. However, findings from a 91 92 MARFIN report ( Thunberg, et. al., 1992) indicate that management objectives designed to limit swordfish harvest may initiate a redirection of effort toward the many commercially valuable tuna species. Tuna may be landed with essentially the same gear and vessels that are used in the pursuit of swordfish. Therefore, the management initiatives imposed in 1991 have implications for both swordfish and tuna stocks. The objectives of this study were 1) to analyze the economic interrelationships between swordfish and tuna in the south Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico region, in particular to attempt to determine the importance of exvessel prices in conditioning the direction of effort between these two potential target species, and 2) to estimate the effect of swordfish management policy on longline fishing effort and landings in this region. To accomplish these goals, a dual based revenue function was specified, from which effort supply functions were derived and estimated. These functions related directed effort with exvessel prices and a composite input, and were used to test for non jointness in inputs, i. e. the output of one species is determined independently of the price of the other species in a multi product fishery. Results indicate that nonjointness is rejected for swordfish and tuna, implying an economic interrelationship does exist. This finding calls into question the ability to manage swordfish as a single species. Further, the models detected a statistically significant redirection of effort from swordfish to tuna since the imposition of management measures. This evidence suggests that the problems of recruitment failure and declining average size per harvested fish due to overfishing which now characterize the swordfish fishery should be anticipated with respect to tuna stocks and addressed in future management measures.

Teisl, Mario F., and Kevin J. Boyle ( 1997).  Needles in a Haystack: Cost Effective Sampling of Marine Sport Anglers.  Marine Resource Economics, 12( 1): 1 10.

An obstacle to conducting economic studies of marine sport anglers is the difficulty and expense in drawing a representative sample. Unlike inland fishing, where licenses are required in all states, only selected states require a marine sport fishing license and these license usually only cover selected marine fishing activities. Currently, there are no low cost methods of obtaining a representative sample of marine anglers because they are generally not licensed, use multiple access points, and represent a small proportion of the general population. The difficulty and expense of drawing a representative sample may have stifled attempts to study marine anglers. We test alternative sampling strategies by comparing the characteristics of a 6 5 9 representative sample of experienced marine anglers with the characteristics of two other samples using multivariate and univariate analysis techniques. We conclude a sample of marine anglers drawn from the population of licensed inland anglers is not significantly different from the representative sample of experienced marine anglers.

Teisl, Mario F., Brian Roe, and Robert L. Hicks ( 1997).  Can Eco Labels Tune a Market? Evidence form Dolphin Safe Labeling.  Draft, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, 200 C Street SW, Washington, DC, May, 18 pp.

In this paper, the impact on consumers from the dolphin safe labeling program are measured in two ways. First, a demand system for the canned protein market is estimated by using retail level data to identify whether dolphin safe labels alter consumer purchases of tuna. Second, the estimated demand system is used to provide a lower bound on the welfare effects of the dolphin safe labeling policy using the assumption that any shifts in demand resulting from the dolphin safe labels would reflect a type of non use value. Hypothetical approaches ( e. g., contingent valuation) are commonly considered the only means of eliciting non use values. However, dolphin safe labeling policies would seem a case in which public non use values for a resource could be deduced from observable behavior.

Teisl, Mario F., Kevin J. Boyle, Daniel W. McCollum, and Stephen D. Reiling ( 1995).  Test Retest Reliability of Contingent Valuation with Independent Sample Pretest and Posttest Control Groups.  American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77( 3): 613 619.

Test retest, the standard method used to investigate reliability of contingent valuation, is limited because when the time period between the two surveys is relatively short the study may exhibit testing recall. Conversely, when the time between the two surveys increases there is an increased chance the true value will change. The test retest design cannot isolate these effects. Independent pretest and posttest control groups allow testing of reliability even when recall occurs or the true value changes. Using this design, we found ex post estimates of Hicksian surplus are reliable regardless of whether respondents have direct experience with an activity.

Temple, Robert F. ( 1973). " Shrimp Research at the Galveston Laboratory of the Gulf Coastal Fisheries Center." Marine Fisheries Review, 35( 3 4): 16 20.

A review of the history and present research responsibilities of the Galveston Laboratory.

Terkla, David G., Peter B. Doeringer, and Philip I. Moss ( 1988).  Widespread Labor Stickiness in the New England Offshore Fishing Industry: Implications for Adjustment and Regulation.  Land Economics, 64( 1): 73 82.

Sticky labor and diverse labor adjustment processes are characteristic of the New England offshore fishing industry that arose because of kinship institutions that now dominate both ports. They are further reinforced by more traditional sources of labor immobility  fishermen  s ties to their local communities, the fragile economic structure of port economies, and the strong attachment of fishermen to their occupation. This argument is documented with a case study of two large and economically diversified ports, Gloucester and New Bedford, that account for around two thirds of the total New England fishing industry catch and are home to the bulk of the offshore fleet. 6 6 0 Terry, Joseph M. ( 1994). " Characteristics of Fisheries Appropriate for ITQ and Other Controlled Access Management." Position Paper presented at the Limited Access Workshop, Seattle, Washington, November 1 3. National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Region.

Copies of overheads used in a presentation on the characteristics of fisheries that tend to result in the success or failure of ITQ, license limitation, and other types of controlled access programs. Good outline of the limited access concerns for fishery managers.

Terry, Joseph M. ( 1994). " Consolidation Limits." Position Paper presented at the Limited Access Workshop, Seattle, Washington, November 1 3. National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Region.

Copies of overheads used in a presentation on the limits to consolidation under individual transferable quotas and other limited entry programs. The objectives of such limits is to ensure economic efficiency, the distribution of benefits, and maintain the level of participation by existing fishermen and new entrants.

Terry, Joseph M. ( 1997).  Comments on the Draft Guidelines for National Standard 9 ( Bycatch).  Alaskan Regional Office, Seattle, Washington.

Comments on National Standard 9 concerning NMFS policy on bycatch reduction where the concern is expressed that the underlying economic principles are not being address.

Terry, Joseph M. ( 1997).  A Plan to Improve the Data and Models Available to Support Economic Analyses of the Alaska Groundfish and Halibut Fisheries.  Draft, Alaskan Regional Office, Seattle, Washington, July, 7 pp.

This plan identifies three projects that would result in substantial progress in implementing the cost, earnings, and employment program, improve usefulness of existing data collection programs, and the model and technique development program for fisheries off Alaska for with the North Pacific Fishery Management Council and the National Marine Fisheries Service have the principal management responsibilities.

Terry, Joseph M. ( 1997).  Research Plan for the Socioeconomic Assessments Task.  Draft, Alaskan Regional Office, Seattle, Washington, July, 4 pp.

The primary mission of the Socioeconomic Assessments Task is to provide economic information that will assist, NMFS, the North Pacific Fishery Management Council ( NPFMC) and the Pacific Fishery Management Council ( PFMC) in meeting their responsibilities;( 1) measure the annual economic performance of the fisheries under their jurisdiction; ( 2) track changes in economic performance over time; ( 3) estimate the economic performance effects of existing fishery management measures; ( 4) project the economic effects of alternative management measures; and ( 5) develop fishery management policies and measures which will increase the long term economic and social benefits to the nation from sustainable fisheries. The secondary missions are ( 1) to provide related economic information to other Federal and state agencies, foreign and international agencies, the fishing industry, other interest groups, and the general public; and ( 2) to respond to NMFS requests for other types of economic information.

Terry, Joseph M. and Lewis E. Queirolo ( 1989). " U. S. Fisheries Management and Foreign Trade Linkages: Policy Implications for 6 6 1 Groundfish Fisheries in the North Pacific EEZ." Marine Fisheries Review, 51( 1): 23 27.

A review of the Alaskan fisheries, market characteristics, and profitability given the reduced presents of foreign fishing fleets in the EEZ and the development of joint fishing ventures off U. S. shores.

Terry, Joseph M., Gilbert Sylvia, Dale Squires, Wes Silverthorne, James Seger, Gordon Munro, Richard Marasco, Douglas Larson, James Kirkley, Larry Jacobson, Samuel Herrick, John Gauvin, Amy Buss Gautam, Steven Freese, and Rebecca Baldwin ( 1996). " Fixed Costs and Joint Cost Allocation in the Management of Pacific Whiting  A Workshop Report .  NOAA TM NMFS SWFSC 234, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, September, 29 pp.

The workshop  s purpose was to decide how to treat fixed costs and how to allocate fixed and variable costs in benefit cost analyses of options for allocating the harvest of Pacific whiting ( Merluccius productus) in the Pacific coast groundfish fishery.

Tettey, E. O. ( 1983). " The Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery: An Econometric Analysis of Real Net Investment in Fishing Vessels." Dissertation, Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A& M University, College Station, 140 pp.

The real net investment in fishing vessels in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery is analyzed employing an econometric model. The model is simulated over a 17 year period to examine the short and intermediate run impacts of changes in such policy variables as the real rate of interest, cost of equity capital, investment tax credit and income tax on investment behavior in fishing vessels. A forecast over a 5 year period ( 1978  1982) for real net investment in fishing vessels is also developed. Investment tax credit stimulates investment expenditure in the Gulf shrimp fishery. However, income tax exerts the greatest influence on investment decisions in the fishing industry. While both steel and wooden vessels are expected to show continuous growth from 1978 to 1982, the stock of steel vessels should grow about three times as fast as wooden ones over this period.

Tettey, E. O., and W. L. Griffin ( 1984). " Investment in Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Vessels, 1965 77." Marine Fisheries Review, 46( 2): 49 52.

This study examines implications of investment patterns in the Gulf shrimp fishery. Historical trends in capital stock of different vessel types are estimated for 1965 77 for use with landings and sales data. Specifically, annual trends in total and per vessel shrimp landings and sales are examined. Shrimp landings and sales per dollar of investment in fishing vessels are evaluated. Apparently, the perceived value of landings per vessel increased on average at a faster rate than production costs per vessel causing excess profit to exist. This created an incentive for investments, although there may be other reasons for stimulating investment. This expansion was interrupted only by poor economic conditions, such as in 1970 and 1973 75. Although data were not available to estimate real capital stock beyond 1977, other information suggests that substantial declines ( large negative real investment) occurred in 1979 80.

Tettey, E. O., W. L. Griffin, and J. B. Penson ( 19??). " Real Net 6 6 2 Investment in Gulf Shrimp Fishing Vessels." Technical Article No. TA 20803, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A& M University, College Station, 18 pp.

An econometric model of annual real net investment in fishing vessels in the Gulf is developed to determine how the cost of equity and debt capital as well as other factors affect investment decisions in this industry. The cost of capital plays an important role in influencing investment decisions in the Gulf shrimp fishing industry. High real interest rates were found to depress real net investment in this fishery. Investment responses to changes in macroeconomic policy are greatest for steel vessels because steel vessels contribute the most to the productivity of the Gulf shrimp fishery. Finally, while low real interest rates are desirable for stimulating investment activities in the general economy, they would add to the overcapitalization problem that currently exists in the Gulf shrimp fishing industry. This suggests that expansionary policies designed to boost the growth of the general economy may actually lead to undesirable results for the Gulf shrimp fishing industry.

Tettey, Ernest, Christopher Pardy, and Wade Griffin ( 1982). " Economic Analysis of Investment Alternatives for the Gulf of Mexico Shrimping Vessels." Draft Report, Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas 77843.

The effects of inflation on the returns to investment and profitability in the shrimp industry is observed by analyzing investments in 1971, 1977, and 1979. Steel vessels generally did better in terms of financial performance than wooden ones and medium sized vessels were the most efficient vessels to operate in the Gulf of Mexico. This draft report also includes summarized raw data as a handwritten appendix.

Tettey, E. O., W. L. Griffin, J. B. Penson, and J. R. Stoll ( 1986). " Implications of Tax Policy on Investment in a Common Property Resource." North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 6: 100 104.

This study employs a financial model to examine the aggregate investment expenditures for Gulf of Mexico shrimp vessels. Specifically, the impacts of tax policies  investment tax credits and income taxes  on investment decisions in the Gulf shrimp fishery are evaluated. Contractionary tax policy is an effective tool in limiting entry to the shrimp fishery and, thereby, controlling the problem of overcapitalization. Decreases in the investment tax credit rate, increases in the income tax rate, or a combination of both policies will curtail investment activities in the fishing industry. Implementation of such tax schemes should raise total revenues of vessel owners, in the long run, from what they otherwise would have been.

Tettey, Ernest, Christopher Pardy, Wade Griffin, and A. Nelson Swartz ( 1984). " Implications of Investing Under Different Economic Conditions on the Profitability of Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Vessels Operating Out of Texas." Fishery Bulletin, 82( 2): 365 373.

Due to the inflationary trend in recent years coupled with fluctuating shrimp prices, the shrimp business has become a highly uncertain undertaking. The financial performance of a sample of the Gulf of Mexico shrimping fleet, operating out of the Texas coast, was examined over a 10 year period ( 1971 80). the results indicate that investments made in the early part of the 1970' s performed better than those made in the latter part. Periods of low 6 6 3 inflationary levels appeared to be more favorable to investments in the shrimp fishery than periods of high inflationary levels. In terms of economic profits, steel vessels generally did better than wooden ones. Medium sized vessels ( 18.6  20.0 m in overall length) were the most efficient vessels to operate in the Gulf of Mexico.

Texas Parks and Wildlife ( 1991). " The Texas Shrimp Fishery, A Report to the Governor and the 72nd Legislature." Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, 4200 Smith School Road, Austin, Texas 78744.

This report reviews the current status and recent developments that affect the Texas shrimp fishery.

Thabault, Michael G. ( 1990). " Southwest Region Seafood Dealers Guide, 1990 Edition." Administrative Report SWR 90 02, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Region, 300 S. Ferry Street, Terminal Island, CA, January, 93 pp.

This directory contains information concerning companies dealing in fisheries products in Arizona, California, Nevada, Hawaii, Guam, and American Samoa. This directory also contains information on Federal, State, and private organizations that may be of service to people in the seafood industry.

Thacker, Sayra G. and Wade L. Griffin ( 1994). " Indoor Intensive Red Drum Aquaculture: A Stochastic Sensitivity Analysis." Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 25( 1): 86 100.

This research uses stochastic sensitivity analysis to examine an indoor intensive red drum aquaculture facility. Important biological and economic factors are varied one at a time to determine the chances of survival and success. Results indicate that this type facility is very stable since all but one scenario had a 100% chance of surviving. This stability occurs because harvesting is spread uniformly through the year. Chances of being an economic success range from 0 to 100% depending on the investor's required rate of return and the assumed level of biological and economic factors considered in this analysis. An investor's interest in red drum farming will depend on his individual required rate of return, his management capabilities, the market conditions, and his willingness to take a risk. It is certain, however, that a 0% chance of economic success will occur for a red drum farm under poor management.

Theberge, Bartlett and Carol Furman ( 1984). " Recommendations for Action: Panel 3 Angler Needs Marine Recreational Fisheries: A Potential Political Colossus in Search of Itself?" Chapter 22 in Richard H. Stroud ( ed.) Marine Recreational Fisheries, 9, Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Marine Recreational Fisheries Symposium, Virginia Beach, Virginia, April 24 and 25, National Coalition for Marine Conservation, Inc., Savannah, Georgia.

Commercial and recreational fishermen share the same resources and must cooperate to derive the greatest benefits for both groups. The protection and preservation of the habitat necessary to ensure continued commercial and recreational fishing should be a common goal. Each industry's contribution to the nation's economy is substantial, and federal and state governments and the industries must recognize the wisdom of working together to establish and maintain an equitable balance between recreational and commercial fisheries.

Theil, Henri ( 1967). " Economic Relations Involving Conditional 6 6 4 Probabilities." Chapter 3 in Theil, Henri ( 1967). Economics and Information Theory. North Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam.

This chapter is devoted to various uses of conditional probabilities in economic problems.

Theil, Henri ( 1970). " On the Estimation of Relationships Involving Qualitative Variables." The American Journal of Sociology, 76: 103 154.

This article is concerned with the specification and estimation of relationships whose dependent variable is qualitative in nature ( such as " yes" or " no"). It discusses logit equations with and without interaction, and the estimation procedure is generalized least squares. Part I deals with dependent variables that take only two values, part II with variables taking more than two values, and part III describes informational measures for the explanatory power of the determining factors. The discussion of more advanced technical matters is contained in various appendixes.

Theiling, Dale L. ( 1977). " South Carolina's 1976 Shrimp Trawler Season." South Carolina Marine Resources Center, Technical Report Number 24, December, 31 pp.

Data concerning the shrimp trawler fishery of South Carolina were collected during the 1976 season by the Marine Resources Division. Of 62 shrimp buyer and shipper license holders, 37 were considered full time shrimp packers and were located on charts. Six hundred thirty two single rig and 497 double rig trawlers were registered. Length, horsepower, and other data on trawlers were compiled by home port and county along with age, race, and location information on captains. Owners' motivation ( i. e. commercial or recreational) and locations were evaluated. Catch, effort, value, and location data on shrimp landings were summarized for use by shrimpers, dealers, and researchers. The 1976 season was reviewed on a monthly basis.

Theiling, Dale ( 1988). " Assessment of Participation and Resource Impact of Shrimp Baiting in Coastal South Carolina During 1987." South Carolina Marine Resources Center, Technical Report Number 69, September, 41 pp.

An estimated 21,735 South Carolinians utilized 6,406 boats to catch 1.8 million pounds of shrimp during the 1987 season of mid August through mid December. The typical shrimp baiting trip saw two people shrimping for 4 hours from a 14 foot boat using 12 to 15 bait marking poles and catching 30 to 35 quarts of shrimp ( heads on measure).

Thomas, J. Stephen, G. David Johnson, and Catherine Riordan ( 1994). " Executive Summary of Year One." In " Decision Making by Shrimp Fishermen as Reasoned Action: Behavioral Determinants of Bycatch Characteristics and Projected Effects of Bycatch Regulations on Labor Decisions." Presentation, Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, Shrimp Trawl Bycatch Session, Corpus Christi, May, 5 pp.

This material represents initial efforts to understand the potential effects of bycatch regulations on shrimp fishermen and are derived solely from Alabama. This research has two primary objectives, the first of which is to project fishermen's labor market decisions in light of proposed regulatory actions to reduce bycatch. To assess this, questions were constructed premised on the theory of reasoned action. The theory of reasoned action seeks to explain behavior on the basis of individual intentions to carry out 6 6 5 the behavior in the future. In the case of shrimp fishermen, we test their intentions to remain or leave shrimp fishing given the possibility of future bycatch regulations. Secondly, with this research we are able to establish baseline data characterizing the economic, social, and psychological well being of shrimp fishermen first from Bayou La Batre, Alabama, and eventually for shrimp fishermen Gulf wide. Finally, we are able to compare data from this first year with data collected in a similar survey from 1987. Thus, we are able to discuss in this summary three major sets of findings: demographic comparisons for 1987 and 1993 94; well being comparisons for 1987 and 1993 94; and perceived effects of regulations on fishermen's intent concerning their future as fishermen.

Thomas, J. Stephen, Cecelia M. Formichella, G. David Johnson, and Catherine Riordan ( 1995). " Shrimp Fishermen on the Eve of Bycatch Regulations: A Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council." Draft report, College of Arts & Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL.

The data presented here describes the current social conditions among shrimp fishermen, the perceptions fishermen have about how bycatch regulations may effect them, and provides an opportunity to suggest the potential consequences for fishermen should the current social conditions persist or worsen as a result of new regulations. To do this the following will be presented: 1. Background of the research and the methods used; 2. Basic demographic characteristics of fishermen; 3. Economic characteristics; 4. Occupational features; 5. Physiological and psychological indicators of health; 6. Perceptions fishermen have of the future; and 7. Conclusions, consequences and recommendations.

Thomas, J. Stephen, G. David Johnson, Cecelia M. Formichella, and Catherine Riordan ( 1993). " Perceived Social and Economic Effects of Current Management Policies on Red Snapper Fishermen Operating in the Gulf of Mexico: A Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council." Draft report, College of Arts & Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL.

This report presents findings from a study of red snapper fishermen in the Gulf of Mexico who own and operate their own boats and have received 2,000 pound trip endorsements. Focus group interviews with fishermen volunteers were held in Alabama, Florida, and Louisiana during March and April, 1993. A telephone survey of endorsed owner operators was conducted from May to July, 1993. Interviews were completed with 79 percent of the population ( n 75).

Thomas, J. Stephen, G. David Johnson, Cecelia M. Formichella, and Catherine Riordan ( 1995). " Shrimp Fishermen on the Eve of Bycatch Regulations: A Final Report." MARFIN Report # NA37FF0049, College of Arts & Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL.

The purposes of the study are ( 1) To describe the current social, economic, and health status of boat captains operating in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery; ( 2) To describe their perceptions concerning the likely effects of new regulations; ( 3) To solicit shrimp boat captains opinions regarding bycatch regulations; and ( 4) To anticipate potential consequences for fishermen of additional regulatory actions. Comparisons among three samples of shrimp fishermen are made: Alabama 1987, Alabama 1994, and Gulfwide 1994. Changes observed for the Alabama fishermen are described and generalizations across the entire Gulf of Mexico are suggested.

Thompson, Grant G. ( 1994). " A General Diffusion Model of Stock 6 6 6 Recruitment Systems with Stochastic Mortality." C. M. 1994/ T: 18, Theme Session on Improving the Link Between Fisheries Science and Management: Biological, Social, and Economic Considerations, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, 82nd Statutory Meeting, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, September, 29 pp.

Diffusion models provide a rigorous yet highly tractable means of representing the behavior of stochastic systems. In this paper, attention is focused on developing functional forms for the stationary ( long term) probability density functions of stock size and other quantities of interest in systems governed in part by a stock recruitment relationship ( SRR). First, a general classification of SRRs is developed and a number of well known stock recruitment relationships are rescaled so as to exhibit two parameters in common, namely their resilience and their recruitment carrying capacity. Second, a general diffusion model is presented in which the stationary distribution of stock size can be written explicitly as a function of four parameters ( usually rescaled linearly as a function of one or both of the basic stock recruitment parameters): 1) the total mortality rate, 2) the net rate of density independent migration ( if any), 3) the magnitude of stochastic perturbations in the system, and 4) the degree to which the influence of those perturbations is a function of stock size. Third, the fishing mortality rates that maximize expected stationary yield are compared across SRRs and parameter values and their potential impacts on expected recruitment are explored. Finally, the implications of alternative forms of the stock recruitment relationship and alternative approaches to risk analysis (" frequentist" versus " decision theoretic") are examined. The possibility of stock collapse is incorporated through use of a depensatory SRR as one of the examples.

Thompson, John R. ( 1967). " Development of a Commercial Fishery for the Penaeid Shrimp Hymenopenaeus Robustus Smith on the Continental Slope of the South Eastern United States." Proceedings of the Symposium on Crustacea, Part IV: 1454 1459.

In the early 1950' s, the U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries vessel Oregon found large concentrations of royal red shrimp, Hymenopenaeus Robustus, in the northern Gulf of Mexico on the continental slope off the Mississippi River Delta. This finding was one result of a long term series of explorations for resources of commercial worth that began on the continental shelf of the northern Gulf and has since encompassed the shelf and slope from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Brazil in the Gulf, Caribbean, and Western Atlantic proper. Potentially commercial quantities of the royal red shrimp have been found on Florida's east coast, off the Dry Tortugas, and in the northern Gulf. Lesser quantities of the shrimp have been found throughout the area explored with some potential off Venezuela and Colombia in the Caribbean and off the Guianas in the Atlantic. By trawling the grounds where large concentrations occurred off the U. S., and making demonstration landings as well as publishing the results of the findings, the U. S. fishing industry has been encouraged to make use of the new resource. Vessels of the Bureau have fished alongside the commercial fleet on the new grounds to encourage them, and at present a growing interest and a small scale continuous utilization is being seen.

Thompson, Mark, Kenneth J. Roberts, and Perry W. Pawlyk ( 1984). " Structural Changes in U. S. Shrimp Markets." In Proceedings of the Workshop on Shrimp and Prawn Markets. International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade and the South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department, Charleston, South Carolina, July 26 27. 6 6 7 The research outlined in this paper is a more complete specification of the shrimp market interactions that incorporate recent data. A monthly sevenequation model was formulated as a closer approximation of the relationships that are endogenous to the shrimp market. More emphasis in this respect was placed on sources of supply than evident in previous simultaneous models ( Doll, 1972; Batie, 1974).

Thompson, Nancy ( 1988). " The Status of Loggerhead, Caretta; Kemp's Ridley, Lepidochelys kempi; and Green, Chelonia mydas, Sea Turtles in U. S. Waters." Marine Fisheries Review, 50( 3): 16 23.

Available information on the ecology and status of stocks is summarized for the loggerhead, green, and Kemp's ridley sea turtles found in U. S. waters. These species are listed as threatened, endangered in Florida waters, and endangered respectively. The most conspicuous and abundant species is the loggerhead turtle that appears to have been relatively stable in numbers since 1982. The green turtle, that once supported a significant U. S. fishery, appears to be increasing in Florida. It is not known if this increase in the number is from an expansion of range of Caribbean stocks or if there is a real increase in the number of turtles in the U. S. stock. The Kemp's ridley that once nested in Mexico in the tens of thousands has been reduced to a nesting population of less than 600 females. If the status quo remains, this species will be reduced to 100 nesting females within 60 years.

Thompson, Nancy ( 1998).  Characterization of the Dolphin Fish ( Coryphaenidae, Pices) of the United States Western North Atlantic Ocean.  Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL, February, 21 pp.

Fishery dependent data from various commercial and recreational sampling programs in the U. S. form the basis for characterizing the fishery for dolphin fishes ( Coryphaenus hippurus) in the waters of the Gulf of Mexico and off the southeastern U. S. coast. Many states in the region have implemented size and bag limits for dolphin fishes, however, there are no federal regulations in place at this time. Commercial landings in metric tons have been relatively small in comparison to recreational landings for the time series of data available from 1984 through 1996. In 1995, however, commercial landings in the Atlantic Ocean of the southeastern U. S. were almost twice in weight of the previous years. The average weight per fish was calculated for each water body and fishing sector and there appear to have been large increases in the average weight of fish landed both in the commercial and recreational sectors in the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Catch per unit of effort is measured as numbers of fish caught per angler per hour in the recreational fishery. In the Gulf of Mexico, recreational CPUE appears to fluctuate and appears to be decreasing since 1985. CPUE appears to have been increasing in the Atlantic particularly from 1984 to 1991 and appears to have been decreasing since 1991.

Thompson, Peter C. ( 1974). " Institutional Constraints in Fisheries Management." J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 31( 12): 1965 1981.

The management of the Canadian Fisheries is under the authority of both federal and provincial governments. While it is common to the Canadian confederation that both levels of government have dual roles in many areas of Canadian life, the situation with respect to the fisheries tends to be more complicated in the intricacies of federal provincial jurisdiction. The result has led at times to genuine confusion as to the management prerogatives over the Canadian fisheries. To manage the resource it is considered requisite to have an understanding of the legislative prerogatives of the federal and provincial 6 6 8 agencies responsible for Canadian fisheries. Such as understanding will serve to outline institutional constraints imposed upon fisheries management. This paper examines a unique aspect of the fisheries resource that being the nature of the governmental responsibilities in the management of the fisheries. This is achieved through the examination of the evolution of the Canadian federation, the constitution, the legal aspects of the fisheries, and the leading judicial decisions on Canadian fisheries.

Thompson, Richard B. ( 1984). " Marine Recreational Fisheries  Update 1984." Chapter 4 in Richard H. Stroud ( ed.) Marine Recreational Fisheries, 9, Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Marine Recreational Fisheries Symposium, Virginia Beach, Virginia, April 24 and 25, National Coalition for Marine Conservation, Inc., Savannah, Georgia.

In 1974, the National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS) began specific surveys of marine anglers; these surveys did not cover all U. S. contiguous coastal areas until the latter half of 1979. Alaska, Hawaii, and the U. S. Caribbean areas have not been covered consistently by the NMFS surveys. Thus, some of the information presented here are the " best adjustments" of published data.

Thompson, Russell G., Richard W. Callen, and Lawrence C. Wolken ( 1970). " Optimal Investment and Financial Decisions for a Model Shrimp Fishing Firm." TAMU SG 70 205, Texas A& M University Sea Grant Program, April, 49 pp.

In this study, the shrimp industry is briefly reviewed historically, and some of the factors influencing the demand for shrimp as well as some of the factors affecting the supply are discussed. The need for better aids for investment planning is pointed out. This is followed by the development of a mathematical investment financial model for the shrimp fishing firm. Each facet of the model is discussed with a rigorous statement of the complete decision making model. It is then shown how this first model may be transformed into a form for computational purposes: a sequential linear programming model. An economic interpretation is provided for the possible corner solutions to this problem.

Thompson, R. G., M. D. George, R. J. Callen, and L. C. Wolken ( 1970). " A Stochastic Investment Model for a Survival Conscious Fishing Firm." TAMU SG 70 218, Institute of Statistics Texas A& M University, Texas A& M University Sea Grant Program, July, 22 pp.

This study develops mathematical aids for investment financial decision making in shrimp fishing. The model developed allows for random prices and catches per vessel and takes into account all of the information known to the decision maker at each time of decision. Vagrancies in landings per vessel seem to be much more important to the survival of the firm than unexpected variations in price.

Thompson, R. G., M. D. George, R. J. Callen, and L. C. Wolken ( 1973). " A Stochastic Investment Model for a Survival Conscious Firm Applied to Shrimp Fishing." Applied Economics, 5: 75 87.

An operational stochastic capacity expansion model for a survival conscious firm is developed and applied to shrimp fishing in which the entrepreneur evaluates all the information known to him at the time of the decision. The results show the effect of survival on the growth in net worth of a firm making sequential and irreversible purchases of physical capital 6 6 9 with uncertain future yields. The survival model is applied to shrimp fishing on the Texas Gulf coast and the results are compared to those of a simple model in which survival is not considered. Bankruptcy could clearly result from the use of the simple model; survival of the firm is guaranteed by use of the survival model. Exit from the fishery may be restricted ( sticky downward) because fishermen's attitudes toward risk are not symmetric with regard to favorable and unfavorable yields and prices. Low prices and small catches in fishing may be dreaded much more than high prices and large catches are desired. In the model, the firm maximizes expected net worth at the end of a finite planning period subject to the restriction that the only allowable purchases of capacity are those for which there is no chance of incurring bankruptcy. It is assumed that the firm is unwilling to assume any risk of failure. Thus, the survival restriction prohibits purchases of capacity which would lead to bankruptcy during the planning period if the worse possible yields or output prices occur in the future. Survival considerations may result in modest growth of capacity of a fishing firm, even if the expected profit of additional capacity is relatively large.

Thomson, Cynthia J. and Daniel D. Huppert ( 1987). " Results of the Bay Area Sportfish Economic Study ( BASES)." NOAA TM NMFS SWFC 78, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Center, La Jolla, CA, August, 70 pp.

This report contains the results of a descriptive analysis of saltwater anglers residing in selected Central and Northern California counties. The report provides estimates of economic value associated with hypothetical changes in salmon/ striped bass catch rates. These values were obtained by a direct elicitation technique known as the contingent valuation method ( CVM).

Thorvik, Thorbjorn ( 1993). " Control and Enforcement in the Norwegian Fisheries." Paper presented at the Workshop on Enforcement Measures, Organization for Economic Co Operation and Development, Directorate for Food, Agriculture, and Fisheries, Committee for Fisheries, Paris, September 21 22.

The Norwegian system of data collection from the commercial fisheries is presented. The regulations concerning control and enforcement at sea as well as on shore are discussed.

Thunberg, Eric M. ( 1994). " The Consumer's Interest in Limited Access Fishery Management." Position Paper presented at the Limited Access Workshop, Seattle, Washington, November 1 3. National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, MA, October.

Limited access fisheries management does not address the problems of product quality that are important to the final consumer of fishery products. ITQs implicitly address the quality of fish by reducing fishing effort levels, increasing the fishing season, and, therefore, causing a better quality ( fresh) product to be delivered to the marketplace.

Thunberg, Eric ( 1995).  Bio Economic Analysis of Alternative Selection Patterns in the United States Atlantic Silver Hake Fishery.  In, Bio Economic Modelling in the EU, Concerted Action Coordination of Research in Fishery Economics, Working Document Nr: 7,( AIR CT94 1489), Workshop, Edinburgh, October: 100 128. 6 7 0 In this paper a bioeconomic simulation of the U. S. fisheries for silver hake, Merluccius bilinearis, is presented. The model design combines elements of age structured population and harvest yield models with the economics of the silver hake fishery. The analysis evaluates both biological and economic effects of interest to managers, such as future yields or rebuilding of parental stock as well as future revenues and net returns to vessels. The bioeconomic model is used to evaluate the economic implications of tradeoffs between alternative selection patterns in the U. S. Atlantic silver hake fishery. Throughout the study, a selection pattern is defined as the suite of age specific selection coefficients that are applied to a fish population over time. Of particular interest is exploration of whether trade offs among segments of a fish population can result in increased resource value. This question is explored within the context of whether a limited juvenile fishery can co exist with traditional fisheries without jeopardizing silver hake stocks and if so, under what conditions might such a fishery operates.

Thunberg, Eric and James L. Seale ( 1992). " Economic Analysis of United States Demand for Swordfish and the Economic Effects of Effort Reduction on the Gulf of Mexico Swordfish Fishery." Final Project Report, MARFIN, Department of Food and Resource Economics, P. O. Box 110240, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 0240.

In an attempted to reduce fishing mortality on the North Atlantic swordfish fishery, domestic and international management agencies have cooperated in a multilateral effort to establish quotas and minimum size requirements. These restrictions can have significant economic consequences on the participants in the fishery. However, little information on the economic relationships of the swordfish fishery is available. The objectives of this study were to develop an economic model of the U. S. swordfish markets including swordfish demand and supply functions from each of four different sources of supply, estimate changes in consumer and producer surplus associated with harvest reduction measures in the North Atlantic, examine the indirect effects of North Atlantic swordfish on tunas, and nonmanagement unit swordfish stocks. A general equilibrium modeling approach was adopted to construct an economic model of swordfish supply and demand. Predicted consumer surplus losses are $ 3.4 million annually, while producer surplus losses to domestic North Atlantic swordfish fishermen are $ 5.98 million. These results are based on an analysis in which supplies of swordfish from nonmanagement unit stocks were allowed to respond to predicted price changes following the imposition of quotas in the North Atlantic. Consumer surplus losses were estimated to be slightly higher if this supply response was not taken into account. The results showed that changes in swordfish prices do affect tuna markets, hence, North Atlantic swordfish management may have unintended effects on effort directed toward tuna as a substitute species. Further, supply responses from nonmanagement unit were found to be greater than that for management unit stocks suggesting that North Atlantic swordfish management could have implications for harvest effort and management concern toward other stocks.

Thunberg, Eric and Scott Steinback ( 1996).  A Simulation Model to Evaluate the Impacts of Recreational Fishery Bag and Size Limits.  Draft report, Social Sciences Branch, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA.

A stochastic simulation approach is presented to assess the recreational fishing impacts of Amendment 7 to the Northeast Multispecies Fishery Management Plan. Impacts are presented by mode ( party/ charter and private/ rental boat) and area ( North: Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts, and South: Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New York). To account for 6 7 1 uncertainties due to a lack of empirical data and inherent variability in number of trips, keep rates, release mortality, compliance rates, and behavioral changes, probability distributions were assigned and a Monte Carlo simulation with 1,000 iterations run. The simulation results indicate that the combined impact of the bag and size limit management measures will result in an expected 25% reduction in cod and haddock recreational fishing mortality. However, due to differences in size and catch distribution, the management measures have a greater impact on anglers in the North. Nearly two thirds of the reduction in landings may be attributable to reductions in the Northern area party/ charter and private/ rental boat modes.

Thunberg, Eric and Scott Steinback ( 1996).  CCF SAS Program.  SAS Program, Social Sciences Branch, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA.

A SAS program written to combine the Capital Construction Fund data set with other information to create a combined data set from which cost data could be inferred for vessels operating in the northeast region.

Thunberg, Eric, Edward Bresnyan, and Charles Adams ( 1993). " Economic Analysis of Technical Interdependencies and the Value of Effort in a Multi Species Fishery." Draft report, Food and Resource Economics Department, University of Florida, Gainesville.

The paper reports on the results of an analysis of the economic interrelationships in Florida's commercial near shore fishery. A dual based revenue function is specified to estimate own price and cross price elasticities of supply for selected key species and to estimate the marginal value of effort. Empirical findings indicate the fishery is characterized by joint production among all species pairs and that the complementarity of production is strongest for mullet as compared to any other species. This finding implies that effective management of the near shore species complement may be possible through management measures designed to reduce the harvest of mullet. The paper concludes by demonstrating the potential effect that restricting harvest on mullet might have on landings of other near shore species. The amount of compensation payments required to leave commercial harvesters as well off with the management change as without it are also presented.

Thunberg, Eric, Edward Bresnyan, and Charles Adams ( 1995). " Economic Analysis of Technical Interdependencies and the Value of Effort in a Multi Species Fishery." Marine Resource Economics, 10( 1): 59 76.

The paper reports on the results of an analysis of the economic interrelationships in Florida's commercial near shore fishery. A dual based revenue function is specified to estimate own price and cross price elasticities of supply for selected key species and to estimate the marginal value of effort. Empirical findings indicate the fishery is characterized by joint production among all species pairs and that the complementarity of production is strongest for mullet as compared to any other species. This finding implies that effective management of the near shore species complement may be possible through management measures designed to reduce the harvest of mullet. The paper concludes by demonstrating the potential effect that restricting harvest on mullet might have on landings of other near shore species. The amount of compensation payments required to leave commercial harvesters as well off with the management change as without it are also presented.

Thunberg, E. M., T. E. Helser, and R. K. Mayo ( 1994). " An Age Structured 6 7 2 Bioeconomic Model to Evaluate Changes in Fishing Mortality in the United States Atlantic Silver Hake Fisheries." Economics Investigation and Population Dynamics Branch, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA, 21 pp.

In this paper, a bioeconomic model of the USA whiting fishery is developed. The biological component incorporates age structured models of whiting stocks while an economic component accounts for size based pricing. A revenue response surface is derived that gives the maximum revenue obtainable from systematically varying fishing mortality and age specific selection patterns. A stochastic recruitment function is used that permits assessment of revenue and yield trajectories over time, as well as their associated probability distributions.

Thunberg, E. M., T. E. Helser, and R. K. Mayo ( 1994). " An Age Structured Bioeconomic Model to Evaluate Changes in Fishing Mortality in the United States Atlantic Silver Hake Fisheries." C. M. 1994/ T: 7, Theme Session on Improving the Link Between Fisheries Science and Management: Biological, Social, and Economic Considerations, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, September, 21 pp.

Silver hake or whiting ( Merluccius bilinearis) range from Newfoundland to South Carolina. The resource has traditionally supported a U. S. A. fishery on the adult component of the stock. However, with developing markets for juveniles and the possibility of increased effort, managers and industry have expressed concern over the health of whiting stocks that are already considered to be fully exploited. Market prices for whiting are based upon its size and therefore, managers are concerned not only with the overall fishing mortality rate but with how a directed fishery on juveniles may affect the age structure of the population. Age structured models can be used to evaluate changes in population structure. However, without an understanding of the economic value of different size components, biological models alone provide incomplete management guidance. In this paper, a bioeconomic model of the USA whiting fishery is developed. The biological component incorporates age structured models of whiting stocks while an economic component accounts for size based pricing. A revenue response surface is derived that gives the maximum revenue obtainable from systematically varying fishing mortality and age specific selection patterns. A stochastic recruitment function is used that permits assessment of revenue and yield trajectories over time, as well as their associated probability distributions.

Thunberg, E. M., T. E. Helser, and R. K. Mayo ( 1996). " Bioeconomic Analysis of Alternative Selection Patterns in the United States Atlantic Silver Hake Fishery." Social Science Branch and Population Dynamics Branch, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA.

In this paper, a bioeconomic simulation of the U. S. fisheries for silver hake, Merluccius bilinearis, is presented. The model design combines elements of age structured population and harvest yield models with economics of the silver hake fishery. The analysis evaluates both biological and economic effects of interest to managers, such as future yields or rebuilding of parental stock as well as future revenues and net returns to vessels. The bioeconomic model is used to evaluate the economic implications of tradeoffs between alternative selection patterns in the U. S. Atlantic silver hake 6 7 3 fishery. Throughout the study, a selection pattern is defined as the suite of age specific selection coefficients that are applied to a fish population over time. Of particular interest is exploration of whether tradeoffs among segments of a fish population can result in increased resource value. This question is explored within the context of whether a limited juvenile fishery can co exist with traditional fisheries without jeopardizing silver hake stocks and if so, under what conditions might such a fishery operate.

Thunberg, Eric, T. E. Helser, and R. K. Mayo ( 1998).  Bio Economic Analysis of Alternative Selection Patterns in the United States Atlantic Silver Hake Fishery.  Marine Resource Economics, 13: 51 74.

In this paper a bioeconomic simulation of the U. S. fisheries for silver hake, Merluccius bilinearis, is presented. The model design combines elements of age structured population and harvest yield models with the economics of the silver hake fishery. The analysis evaluates both biological and economic effects of interest to managers, such as future yields or rebuilding of parental stock as well as future revenues and net returns to vessels. The bioeconomic model is used to evaluate the economic implications of tradeoffs between alternative selection patterns in the U. S. Atlantic silver hake fishery. Throughout the study, a selection pattern is defined as the suite of age specific selection coefficients that are applied to a fish population over time. The results indicate that shifting fishing pressure to younger age classes could result in short run gains in economic value that may not be sustainable due to longer run declines in biomass, hence lowered fishery yield and value. By contrast, strategies to delay age at first capture may improve economic value over current levels with only modest reductions in short run fishery yield.

Thunberg, Eric, Charles Adams, Darrell Brannan, and Timothy Taylor ( 1991). " Commercial Fishing Revenue Losses Under Harvest Restrictions: The Case of the Florida Red Drum." Staff Papers Series, SP 91 4, Food and Resource Economics Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.

The red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus) was effectively removed from Florida's nearshore commercial fishery in January, 1989. Fishing revenue losses may be mitigated through redirection of effort from the restricted species to other unrestricted species. A revenue function is specified for two time periods over which two different harvest regulations for red drum were effective. The empirical results indicate that fishermen were able to compensate for lost revenue due to the harvest restrictions although the ability to do so differed by gear and regional considerations.

Thunberg, Eric, Charles Adams, Darrell Brannan, and Timothy Taylor ( 1993). " Commercial Fishing Revenue Losses Under Harvest Restrictions: The Case of the Florida Red Drum." Society and Natural Resources, 6: 181 194.

The red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus) was effectively removed from Florida's nearshore commercial fishery in January, 1989. Fishing revenue losses may be mitigated through redirection of effort from the restricted species to other unrestricted species. A revenue function is specified for two time periods over which two different harvest regulations for red drum were effective. The empirical results indicate that fishermen were able to compensate for lost revenue due to the harvest restrictions although the ability to do so differed by gear and regional considerations. 6 7 4 Thunberg, Eric, James L. Seale, Jr., Charles M. Adams, and E. Lee Bouchelle III ( 1993). " Effect of North Atlantic Swordfish Management On Swordfish and Tuna Markets." RI 93 106, URI/ OSU Research Paper Series, A USDA Cooperative State Research Service Joint Research Project Between The University of Rhode Island and Oregon State University, September, 15 pp.

In 1991, the National Marine Fisheries Service and the participating nations of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas ( ICCAT), placed multilateral restrictions on the harvest of swordfish from North Atlantic stocks. These restrictions were necessary to reduce fishing mortality on what were deemed to be overfished stocks. A multi market approach is used to estimate consumer welfare changes in swordfish and tuna markets as both markets adjust to changes in swordfish management. The results of this analysis are compared and contrasted with that of a partial equilibrium approach in which market price of substitute species are held constant. The study findings indicate that the partial equilibrium approach ignores the price effects of market interactions and results in incomplete analysis of fishery management policy.

Thunberg, Eric, Scott Steinback, Gerry Gray, Amy Gautam, and Maury Osborne ( 1998).  Summary Report of Methods and Descriptive Statistics for the 1994 Northeast Region Marine Recreational Fishing Participation Survey.  Draft report, Social Sciences Branch, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, MA, 39 pp.

Two marine sportfishing surveys were conducted during 1994 in the Northeast Region ( Maine to Virginia). Data from the surveys provided demographic and economic information on marine recreational fishing participants and nonparticipants. In an earlier report ( Steinback and O  Neil) the socioeconomic characteristics, recreational fishing preference and perceptions of current and prospective fishery management regulations were documented for a sample of saltwater recreational anglers that were on intercepted fishing trips. This report serves as a companion to the Steinback and O  Neil report. The purpose of this report is to document the socioeconomic characteristic or recreational fishing participants and nonparticipants from a sample of households in the Northeast Region. Additionally, the results of a statistical model to project recreational fishing participation rates are reported and forecasts of recreational fishing participation to the year 2010 are developed for each of the 10 states in the study.

Thurman, Walter N. ( 1991). " Applied General Equilibrium Welfare Analysis." Paper presented at the 1991 meetings of the American Agricultural Economics Association in Manhattan, Kansas.

With the current and increasing interest in applying general equilibrium welfare measurements, it seems useful to review what is known and to discuss some of the issues applied researchers must face. The first half of my paper demonstrates, through example, the variety of circumstances in which general equilibrium welfare analysis works. The second half explores the limits of its generality.

Thurman, Walter N. and J. E. Easley, Jr. ( 1990). " Economic Models for Fishery Resource Allocations: Valuing Changes in Commercial Harvests." Draft report, Department of Economics and Business, North Carolina State University.

This paper reviews a conceptual model for estimating consumer and 6 7 5 producer surplus in markets other than the harvesting sector and presents some preliminary empirical results for the Gulf red drum fishery. The conceptual model and empirical results are based on the idea of general equilibrium welfare measurement.

Thurman, Walter N. and J. E. Easley, Jr. ( 1991). " Valuing Changes in Commercial Fishery Harvests: A General Equilibrium Derived Demand Analysis." Draft report.

This paper presents a conceptual model for estimating surpluses from these related markets and present empirical estimates for the Gulf of Mexico red drum fishery. The conceptual model and empirical results employ general equilibrium derived demand functions. The general equilibrium derived demand for an input conceptually accounts ( in a single market) for surpluses in related markets and economizes on data requirements in estimation.

Thurman, Walter N. and J. E. Easley, Jr. ( 1992). " Valuing Changes in Commercial Fishery Harvests: A General Equilibrium Derived Demand Analysis." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 22( 3): 226 240.

This paper presents a conceptual model for estimating surpluses from these related markets and present empirical estimates for the Gulf of Mexico red drum fishery. The conceptual model and empirical results employ general equilibrium derived demand functions. The general equilibrium derived demand for an input conceptually accounts ( in a single market) for surpluses in related markets and economizes on data requirements in estimation.

Thurman, Walter N. and Michael K. Wohlgenant ( 1989). " Consistent Estimation of General Equilibrium Welfare Effects." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 71( 4): 1041 1045.

A general equilibrium demand curve is appropriate for measuring the surplus changes in several markets induced by a policy intervention in one market. Guidelines for the identification and consistent estimation of such a demand curve are discussed. Specifically, conditions are stated under which the dropping of prices of related goods yields a consistent estimate of the slope of the general equilibrium demand curve. Also, a method similar to Leamer's is proposed to provide consistent bounds for the general equilibrium demand slope when the slope is underidentified.

Thurow, Lester C. ( 1971). " The Income Distribution as a Pure Public Good." Quarterly Journal of Economics, ( May): 327 336.

This paper concentrates on the income redistribution that occurs because the distribution of income itself appears in individual utility functions. In short, the income distribution meets all of the tests of a pure public good. Exclusion is impossible, consumption is nonrival; each individual must consume the same quantity. The same problems also occur. Each individual has a vested interest in disguising his preferences concerning his desired income distribution to avoid paying his optimal share of the necessary transfer payments.

Tillman, Michael F. ( 199?).  Bycatch  The Issue of the  90s.  Presentation, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1335 East West Highway, Silver Spring, Maryland.

Presentation made at the Southeast Fisheries Association conference on bycatch in Orlando Florida. 6 7 6 Timmerman, James A., Jr. ( 1984). " Institutional Constraints On Marine Recreational Fisheries Development." Chapter 18 in Richard H. Stroud ( ed.) Marine Recreational Fisheries, 9, Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Marine Recreational Fisheries Symposium, Virginia Beach, Virginia, April 24 and 25, National Coalition for Marine Conservation, Inc., Savannah, Georgia.

A presentation promoting the use of state and federal funds to expand recreational fishing structures and programs.

Tisdell, Clem ( 1986). " Conflicts about Living Marine Resources in Southeast Asian and Australian Waters: Turtles and Dugong as Cases." Marine Resource Economics, 3( 1): 89 109.

This paper considers conflicts that arise and socioeconomic problems involved in managing fugitive resources, especially transborder or transfrontier ones when economic development occurs. To do this it concentrates on the situation of turtles and of dugong in Southeast Asian and Australian waters. Particular attention is given to turtle farming and to zone as conservation strategies and the use of marine parks for resource management. Questions are raised about the responsibilities of developed countries such as Australia for conserving species that migrate to less developed countries.

Tisdell, Clem and James M. Broadus ( 1989). " Policy Issues Related to the Establishment and Management of Marine Reserves." Coastal Management, 17( 1): 37 54.

Several hundred marine reserves now exist and their number is growing. The demand for additional marine reserves can also be expected to grow, especially since they seem to be relatively undersupplied compared to terrestrial biosphere reserves. Basic socioeconomic reasons are given to why governments should establish marine reserves. Management problems are illustrated by reference to the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's ( NOAA) governing of Title III of the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act. The nature, clarity, and precision of objectives as set out in legislation are discussed, and the importance for management of public and political support is considered. Using economic analysis, an approach different to that used by some ecologists for determining the optimal size of reserves is outlined and the view of Soule' and Wilcox favoring many large reserves is modified. The natural difficulties involved in mandating marine reserves are highlighted by comparison with land based parks. Zoning and multiple use are common features of marine reserves and require important management and policy decisions to be made about optimal ( or at least satisfactory) zoning and multiple use arrangements. Issues that ought to be taken into account and techniques for making such decisions are discussed, and it is suggested that there should be greater input from the social sciences in the management of marine reserves.

Tkacz, Bob ( 1995).  Bycatch Guidance, Practical Book Written for Alaska Longline Fishermen.  In Brad Warren, Win Win Bycatch Solutions. National Fisheries Conservation Center, Seattle WA.

A review of Janet smoker  s Fishermen  s Guide to Catch and Bycatch that shows longliners where and how to avoid bycatch in the longline fisheries for sablefish ( black cod), halibut, and turbot for the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea.

Tkacz, Bob ( 1995).  Proof, allocation are Hurdles for Bycatch Innovators, 6 7 7 three Gear Based Approaches in Alaska.  In Brad Warren, Win Win Bycatch Solutions. National Fisheries Conservation Center, Seattle WA.

A low bycatch scallop harvester, pot traps for cod that reduce halibut bycatch, and, trawl mesh panels to exclude juvenile pollock from groundfish trawls are discussed as means to make fishing gear more selective in harvesting fish in directed fisheries.

Tobin, James ( 1958). " Estimation of Relationships for Limited Dependent Variables." Econometrica, 26: 24 36.

A model of a hybrid of probit analysis and multiple regression is developed in this paper.

Tomasi, Theodore D., Carol A. Jones, and Stephanie W. Fluke ( 1995).  Public and Private Claims in Natural Resource Damage Assessments.  Draft, Resource Valuation Branch, damage Assessment Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring MD, July 13, 40 pp.

In this paper, we consider the distinctions between public and private claims for injuries to public resources and analyze areas of potential overlap.

Toussaint, W. D. ( 1992). " The Flue Cured Tobacco Program." AG 476, North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, College of Agriculture & Live Sciences, North Carolina State University.

The tobacco program began in the 1930' s but has changed over time to adapt to changes in the industry. The program now operates at no cost to the government except for some general administrative costs and provides foreign and domestic buyers with a dependable quantity of tobacco. Quota owners receive higher net incomes because of the program and the year to year variability of prices received by growers is reduced.

Townsend, Ralph E. ( 1985). " On " Capital Stuffing" in Regulated Fisheries." Land Economics, 61( 2): 195 197.

As almost uniform experience in fisheries managed by limited entry has been the increased use of capital by each firm. This is widely regarded as an undesirable loophole in programs to limit fishing effort. Closer examination indicates that the increased use of capital by firms is produced by at least six different incentives. Moreover, not all of these incentives are economically undesirable. The net effect of " capital stuffing" is ambiguous and can only be evaluated empirically.

Townsend, Ralph E. ( 1986). " A Critique of Models of the American Lobster Fishery." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 13: 277 291.

A number of studies have used the American lobster fishery to raise theoretical and empirical issues in the economic application of Schaefer yield effort models. The present research shows that both published variants of the Schaefer yield effort model are poor predictors of landings in the lobster fishery. The analysis suggests that minimum size rules in the lobster fishery make the Beverton Holt dynamic pool model more appropriate to the lobster fishery than the Schaefer yield effort model.

Townsend, R. E. ( 1990). " Entry Restrictions in the Fishery: A Survey of the Evidence." Land Economics, Vol. 66, No. 4, Nov., pp. 359 378. 6 7 8 A survey of existing limited entry programs found that ( 1) the restrictiveness of the program is correlated to its economic success, ( 2) an inverse relationship exists between the complexity of a fishery and the success of management, ceteris paribus, ( 3) the social and political environment affects the success of limited entry plans, ( 4) limited entry has generated economic benefits more often by reducing short run externalities than by eliminating long run stock externalities, ( 5) no evidence exists that weak limited entry plans evolve into strong, successful plans, ( 6) the rents created by limited entry are often politically problematic, and ( 7) the rights under restricted access have proven to be quite different from the terrestrial property rights. Also, management costs are an important component of the social costs of managing a fishery.

Townsend, Ralph E. ( 1995).  Transferable Dynamic Stock Rights.  Marine Policy, 19( 2) 153 158.

Individual transferable quotas ( ITQs), while solving many short run externalities, provide limited incentives for individual fishers to conserve the resource. All decisions that determine harvests are made by the government, and the shares of future harvests that are allocated to any particular fisher are not affected by that fisher  s actions. For example, there is no incentive for the individual fisher to avoid catches of smaller fish. In fact, the incentives for discarding and high grading may be worse under ITQs than under other forms of management. This analysis proposes a  transferable dynamic stock right  ( TDSR), under which rights are allocated to fishers as life cycle shares of each year class that can be harvested. Year class allocations would change each year to reflect catches, growth and natural mortality. Allocations of newly recruited fish would be in proportion to the share of the rights to the breeding stock held by each fisher. Under TDSRs, the fisher would internalize the economic decision about whether to catch a given year class as small fish or as a larger tonnage of large fish. TDSRs provide the fisher with incentives to harvest in ways that maximize the value of the catch from a given year class.

Townsend, Ralph E. ( 1997).  Peer Review of the Economics of the Management Strategies for Red Snapper in the Gulf of Mexico.  Draft report for U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Department of Economics, University of Maine, Orono, ME, September, 28 pp.

This paper is a peer review of the appropriateness of management measures in the fishery management plan for red snapper in the gulf of Mexico for conserving and managing the resource and a consideration of the cost and benefits of all reasonable alternatives to an individual fishing quota program for the red snpapper resource.

Townsend, Ralph E. and Samuel G. Pooley ( 1994). " Comprehensive Property Rights: Fishery Trusts." C. M. 1994/ T: 6, Theme Session on Improving the Link Between Fisheries Science and Management: Biological, Social, and Economic Considerations, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, 82nd Statutory Meeting, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, September, 9 pp.

A true property rights scheme, a fishery trust, is proposed. A fishery trust is a corporation that has comprehensive management authority. The fishery trust is owned through corporate ownership rules. Owner shares in the trust are distributed initially to some group, who then vote those shares to determine the fishery governance structure. Shares are freely transferable. The responsibility of the trust would be comprehensive, including 6 7 9 responsibility for the cost of administration and enforcement as well as management decisions. Because the ownership rights in the trust are permanent and transferable, owners have every incentive to husband the resource. Although comanagement has been suggested as a vehicle for greater fisher involvement in management, a corporate ownership structure has long term incentives that are clearly superior to those under collective or cooperative management rules.

Transportation Research Board ( 1974). " Travel Demand Forecasting." Seven reports prepared for the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Highway Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D. C.

This RECORD presents findings from leading researchers in the field on interactions between travel behavior assumptions and the resulting travel models and forecasts made with these assumptions.

Trent, Lee, Anna Avrigian, and Rosalie Shaffer ( 1997).  Recreational Fishery Surveys Conducted by Personnel of the National Marine Fisheries Service Panama City Laboratory, 1970 1996.  Panama City Laboratory Contribution No. 97 4, February, 25 pp.

This paper provides information about studies that have been proposed, started, completed, or continued by Panama City Laboratory ( PCL) personnel that involve the collection of recreational fisheries data. Specific objectives are to provide brief descriptions, details for some survey methods and how well the methods worked, and a pre evaluation of the proposed pilot surveys ( log book and telephone) that are to begin in 1997.

Trent, Lee, William A. Fable, Jr., Sandra J. Russell, Gilbert W. Bane, and Barbara Jayne Palko ( 1987). " Variations in Size and Sex Ratio of King Mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla, off Louisiana, 1977 85. Marine Fisheries Review, 49( 2): 91 97.

Data from over 27,000 king mackerel collected from Grand Isle, Louisiana during 1977 85 were analyzed to evaluate temporal variations in size and sex compositions. The fish were caught by recreational and commercial hook and line fishermen. Groups of king mackerel from Louisiana were composed of a greater portion of large fish than were populations from other areas in the southeastern United States with the possible exception of south Carolina and Georgia. Large ( greater than 120 cm fork length) king mackerel were caught off Louisiana throughout the year. For both males and females, catches were composed of the smallest fish in April through October and the largest fish between November and March. Females dominated catches in most months and comprised a greater portion of the recreational than the commercial landings. Female percentage was usually lower in the warmer than in the colder months. In general, female percentage increased with an increase in fish size.

Trent, Lee, Barbara Jayne Palko, Mark L. Williams, and Harold A. Brusher ( 1987). " Abundance of King Mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla, in the Southeastern United States Based on CPUE Data from Charterboats, 1982 85." Marine Fisheries Review, 49( 2): 78 90.

In 1982, a survey was initiated to obtain daily catch and effort data on fishes commonly caught by charterboats in the southeastern United States. Boat effort and king mackerel CPUE data obtained from 1982 through 1985 were analyzed. The offshore fishing zone (> 10 fathoms) received the highest amount of trolling and other fishing ( nontrolling) efforts; the nearshore fishing zone (<= 10 fathoms) received the second highest trolling effort and lowest other fishing effort; the estuarine fishing zone received the lowest trolling 6 8 0 effort and the second lowest other fishing effort. Data to evaluate seasonal fluctuations in fishing effort were provided for 15 areas of the southeastern United States and for the U. S. Caribbean. Annual CPUE of king mackerel by other fishing was much lower than trolling for most areas and years. CPUE was higher in the nearshore or offshore zone than in the estuarine zone for all area year combinations except North Carolina in 1983. CPUE values were highest in the nearshore zone about as often as in the offshore zone. Highest catch rates occurred in areas in both the U. S. south Atlantic and gulf of Mexico when all years were evaluated; high catch rates occurred in North Carolina, Georgia, northwest Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. Seasonal patterns of CPUE along the U. S. south Atlantic coast varied among areas in such a way as to show that a temperature dependent migration ( north in the warm months and south in the cold months) was not indicated; king mackerel were high in abundance off North Carolina and the southern areas of Florida in late fall and early winter. In the Gulf of Mexico, it appeared that in the spring and early summer some groups of king mackerel simultaneously migrated northward along the east and west Gulf of Mexico coasts. Highest CPUE for king mackerel occurred in 1983 or 1985 when all areas were considered. Evaluation of the historical data bases in northwest Florida indicated cyclical patterns of abundance over a 20 year period.

Tse, E. and A. Khilnani ( 1989). " An Integrated System Model for a Fishery Management Process  I." Computers Math. Applic., 17( 8/ 9): 1329 1343.

This paper describes the use of a system model in the support of a fishery management process. The system provides an integrated framework for describing the dynamic interactions among fish resources, fishermen, processors, and consumers through the notion of market equilibrium. In addition to giving a complete detail on the system components and the integration mechanism, the paper also describes how the integrated system can be used in supporting fishery management processing required by the Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976.

Tse, E. and A. Khilnani ( 1989). " An Integrated System Model for a Fishery Management Process  II. A Case Study." Computers Math. Applic., 18( 6/ 7): 675 690.

This paper describes the use of a fishery management system in policy analysis studies to support the shrimp fishery management process in the Gulf of Mexico. The studies were performed during the period 1979 1983 by a joint effort between a research team at Stanford and staff analysts at the Southeast Fisheries Center. The paper gives a brief account of the results for the 5 year period, as well as the insights derived through the process of using a mathematical economic model in support of the policy process.

Tse, Edison T. S., Arvind Khilnani, and Jim S. C. Tom ( 1980). " Integrated Approaches to Fishery Policy Analysis: A Case Study of the Tortugas Shrimp Fishery." Executive Summary from the Final Report on Implementation of the Fisheries System Management Model for the Southeast Shrimp Fishery, Contract No. NA79 GA C 00006, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami, Florida, Stanford University, Department of Engineering Economic Systems, Stanford, CA, January, pp. 14 20.

The executive summary summarizes the management characteristics and adaptability of a Fisheries System Management Model ( FISYS) as applied to the Tortugas shrimp fishery off the southwest coast of Florida. 6 8 1 Tsoa, Eugene, William E. Schrank, and Noel Roy ( 1982). " U. S. Demand for Selected Groundfish Products, 1967 80." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 64( 3): 483 489.

The expansion of national fisheries jurisdiction to the two hundred mile limit enabled maritime nations to allocate increased shares of the fish catch off their shores to their own fishermen. The Atlantic groundfish catches of Canada and the United States are sold primarily on the American market. A Nerlovian inventory adjustment price expectations model is estimated for the American demand for groundfish. Income and price elasticities are perverse. The ability of the American market to absorb the increased anticipated catches are therefore limited, and benefits of extended fisheries jurisdiction will be lost unless marketing arrangements are substantially changed.