A report to Cogress on the findings of a special panel assembled to 4 9 2 determine the appropriateness of using Individual Fishery Quotas ( IFQs) in the management of living marine resources. The panel determined that IFQs were an appropriate management approach under certain conditions in the fishery.

National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries ( 1998).  Review of the Status of World High Seas Fisheries, particularly for Tuna and Tuna like Fisheries.  Draft report. FAO Technical Working Group on the Management of Fishing Capacity, Japan, March, 23 pp.

This paper is intended to review the situation of high seas resources and fisheries targeting them in the hope of contributing to the discussion at the Expert Meeting on Management of Fishing Capacity to be held in April this year. In assessing the degrees of fishing capacity, the starting point should be clarification of the present state of resources and fisheries. The fishery resources dealt with in this paper include tuna, bottom fishes, and salmon. This paper utilizes to the fullest extent the present knowledge available on the state of many of the high seas resources and fisheries shared by regional fisheries management organizations.

National Science and Technology Council ( 1998).  Program Guide to Federally Funded Environment and Natural Resources R& D,  Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, Washington, D. C., February, 87 pp.

The purpose of the program guide is to provide information on the types of research and development activities that are supported by Federal agencies in the area of environment and natural resources, the mechanisms used by agencies to select R& D recipients of Federal R& D dollars, and potential funding opportunities.

Nauman, Fayyaz A., Conrado M. Gempesaw, J. Richard Bacon, and Alberto Manalo ( 1995).  Consumer Choice for Fresh Fish: Factors Affecting Purchase Decisions.  Marine Resource Economics, 10( 2): 117 142.

A consumer survey of the northeastern United States was conducted to gather market information regarding the decision to purchase fresh hybrid striped bass, trout, and salmon. Logit techniques were used to model the experience, perceptions, preferences, and choices of consumers for seafood products based on a modified evoked set framework. Factors such as knowledge that the products are farm raised, having previous experience with purchasing seafood along with the perception that seafood is healthful with good taste were found to significantly influence the consumer  s decision to purchase the these finfish products. The results of this study and the techniques used allow market researchers to objectively quantify the impact of experience, perceptions, and preferences of products On the ultimate decision of the consumer to purchase fresh hybrid striped bass, trout, and salmon products.

Nautiyal, Jagdish C. and Kenneth S. Fowler ( 1980). " Optimum Forest Rotation in an Imperfect Stumpage Market." Land Economics, 56( 2): 213 226.

This paper endeavors to show the effects of monopolistic forest ownership on the optimal rotation and demonstrates that the socially desirable rotation in a monopolistic situation is longer than that which maximizes the monopolist's present worth, but is shorter than the atomistic rotation that is usually seen as the optimal economic rotation by foresters.

Naval Facilities Engineering Command ( 1980). " Economic Analysis Handbook." NAVFAC P 442, Department of the Navy, 200 Stovall 4 9 3 Street, Alexandria, VA, July, 136 pp.

The purpose of this Economic Analysis Handbook is to provide official NAVFAC guidance for the preparation of economic analyses for proposed programs, projects, and activities and for program evaluation of ongoing activities.

Neal, Richard A. ( 1973). " Progress Toward Farming Shrimp in the United States." Marine Fisheries Review, 35 ( 3 4): 67 70.

A review of the progress and problems in developing shrimp aquaculture in the United States. Primarily biological problems with maturation and growth of shrimp in pounds is discussed. Little economic information is provided at this early stage of development.

Needler, A. W. H. ( 1979). " Evolution of Canadian Fisheries Management Towards Economic Rationalization." J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 36: 716 724.

The evolution of the regulation of fisheries in Canada is outlined as background for a discussion of their economic rationalization through restriction of entry. The objectives of fishery regulation are discussed and questions noted that must be answered if limitation of entry is to be beneficial and acceptable.

Neher, Philip A. ( 1974). " Notes on the Volterra Quadratic Fishery." J. Econ. Theory, 8: 39 49.

An analysis of the fishery must take into account the biological nature of fundamental capital, fish; it must recognize the common property feature of the open sea fishery; it must allow that the fundamental capital is the subject of exploitation. These properties can, however, be captured by a simple model outlined in this paper that is then used to examine some special cases and to discuss the control of optimal exploitation paths.

Neher, Philip A. ( 1992). " The Evolution of Property Rights Management in Marine Fisheries." Presented at The American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland.

This paper discusses the historical evolution of rights based fishing and the economic and political influences that lead to their development in various parts of the world.

Neher, Philip A. and Ragnar Arnason ( 1988). " Introduction." Marine Resource Economics, 5( 4): 285 287.

Introduction to a series of articles presented at the Rights Based Fishing conference in Reykjavik, Iceland in 1988.

Neher, Philip A., Ragnar Arnason, and Nina Mollet ( eds.) ( 1989). Rights Based Fishing, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.

Proceedings of a workshop on the scientific foundations for rights based fishing in Reykjavik, June 27  July 1, 1988.

Nelson, Jon P. ( 1978). " Residential Choice, Hedonic Prices, and the Demand for Urban Air Quality." Journal of Urban Economics, 5: 357 369. 4 9 4 This paper uses a two step estimation procedure to estimate structural demand and supply equations for urban air quality. In the first step, a hedonic price equation is estimated for residential property values for Washington, D. C. SMSA for 1970. In the second step, a set of marginal hedonic prices is generated. Theses prices and the quantity of clean air ( reciprocal of air pollution) are used as endogenous variables in a simultaneous equation model. Empirical results indicate a price elasticity of demand between  1.2 and  1.4 and a unitary income elasticity.

Nelson, Forrest D. ( 1977). " Censored Regression Models with Unobserved, Stochastic Censoring Thresholds." Journal of Econometrics, 6: 309 327.

The Tobit model is a useful tool for estimation of regression models with truncated or limited dependent variables, but it requires a threshold which is either a known constant or an observable and independent variable. The model presented here extends the Tobit model to the censored case where the threshold is an unobserved and not necessarily independent random variable. Maximum likelihood procedures can be employed for joint estimation of both the primary regression equation and the parameters of the distribution of that random threshold.

Nelson, Randy A. ( 1989). " On the Measurement of Capacity Utilization." The Journal of Industrial Economics, 37( 3): 273 286.

Capacity utilization ( CU) is usually defined as the ratio of actual output to the output corresponding to ( i) the minimum point on the SRATC curve, ( ii) the point of tangency between the LRATC and SRATC curves. In practice, however, CU is often measured as the ratio of actual to the maximum potential output consistent with a given capital stock. This paper demonstrates how to estimate the theoretical measures of CU, and examines the correlation between the three measures of CU, and the McGraw Hill estimates of CU, using data from a sample of U. S. privately owned electric utilities for 1961 83.

Nerlove, Marc and S. James Press ( 1973). Univariate and Multivariate Log Linear and Logistic Models. Prepared by the Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA 90406 for The Economic Development Administration and the National Institutes of Health, December, 134 pp.

This report sets out a methodological technique not now widely used in economics for dealing with qualitative dependent variables. The theory presented here extends and integrates the general linear regression model, analysis of variance, and analysis of covariance for use with qualitative dependent variables that are both categorical and unordered. Empirical applications to several socioeconomic problems are also presented.

Nero and Associates, Inc. ( 1981). " Cost and Return Survey of Reef Fisheries, Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic Coasts." Final report, Contract No. NA 80 6A C 0051, NMFS, SEFC, Miami, FL.

This report presents the results of an economic survey of commercial reef fishing in the South Atlantic and gulf of Mexico regions of the U. S. This contract called for the collection of data with analysis left to the SEFC, NMFS. This report summarizes the survey design and methodology, presents a discussion of the survey data and analytical procedures, and concludes with some observations and recommendations for future consideration.

Nettles, Cindy I., Robert E. Bayley, Christopher D. Jones, and Mike T. Judge 4 9 5 ( 1994).  Cooperative Game Fish Tagging Program Annual Newsletter: 1992.  NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS SEFSC 346, National Marine Fisheries service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, Florida, April, 23 pp.

The Cooperative Game Fish Tagging Program is the focus of this report. It summarizes information concerning the numbers of fish tagged for sailfish, blue and white marlin, swordfish, bluefin and yellowfin tuna, and other species.

Newlin, Kim ( 1988). " Mackerel Fishery of the South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico." Status of U. S. Fisheries Report, Southeast Fisheries Center, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, Florida, July, 21 pp.

A status report for the coastal migratory pelagics fishery. It includes a discussion of the management plan objectives and how well existing management regulations are meeting plan goals.

Newton, Christopher ( 1998).  Review of Issues for the Control and Reduction of Fishing Capacity on the High Seas.  Document prepared for FAO, Technical Working Group on the Management of Fishing Capacity, La Jolla, CA, USA, April, 15 18, 31 pp.

It has been concluded that the industrial fishing fleet represents the greatest part of economic waste in fisheries. The actions required by states in exercising control over their fleet capacities are severe; the estimates are for a fleet reduction of between 41 and 47 percent. Although the 1995 UN Agreement does not include provisions for reducing fleet capacity, regional fishery organizations may be able to adjust limit reference points to lower catch levels to include excess capacity and its effect in undermining conservation and management measures. There is an urgent need to improve the transparency for monitoring fleet size, implementing an international standard measurement for fishing vessels, establish reporting of high seas catches in the FAO statistics, and encourage international attention to the special problem of flags of convenience.

Niami, Farhad, Walter R. Keithly, and Kenneth J. Roberts ( 1992). " An Economic Review of the Southeastern Shrimp Processing Industry." Draft report, Coastal Fisheries Institute and Office of Sea Grant Development, Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.

The southeast shrimp processing industry has been examined from an economic perspective. Results show that while the number of plants decreased during the 1973 88 period, the production activities, as measured by total pounds, increased. Most of this increased activity was due to peeled product. Though processing activities in terms of pounds being processed has been increasing, the deflated value of these processing activities has exhibited no growth since the mid 1970' s due to a sharp decline in the deflated price of all forms of processed shrimp; i. e., raw headless, peeled, breaded, and others.

Nichols, John P. and Wade L. Griffin ( 1975). " Trends in Catch Effort Relationships with Economic Implications: Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery." Marine Fisheries Review, 37( 2): 1 4.

This paper reviews the recent trends relating to catch and fishing effort in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. The scope of this report is limited to presenting some of the basic findings in a descriptive format using 4 9 6 simple time series and trends to illustrate the relationships developed. The analysis was limited to the years 1962 through 1971. However, most of the series have been extended to reflect conditions in 1972 and 1973. Detailed discussions of the basic research procedures and results will not be presented here as they are available elsewhere.

Nichols, John P. and Larry Johnston ( 1979). " The Influence of Alternative Pricing Methods on Ex Vessel Shrimp Prices." DIR 79 1, SP 7, Departmental Information Report, The Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas, August, 12 pp.

The relationship between ex vessel pricing methods and interport price differentials for shrimp was examined. Ex vessel prices were found to be significantly higher in ports using a pack out method of establishing the value of landed shrimp. The size of differential varied by season and with price level.

Nichols, John P., Mary Gerlow, and A. Nelson Swartz ( 1980). " The Economics of Combination Swordfish Longlining and Shrimp Trawling in the Gulf of Mexico: Investment Requirements and Estimated Costs and Returns." DIR 80 1, SP 9, Staff Paper Series, Departmental Information Report, The Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A& M University System, College Station, Texas, December, 33 pp.

This report provides estimates of the economic aspects of swordfish longlining particularly as it relates to investment requirements and operating costs. These estimates are developed from interviews with vessel owners and captains who were active in the fishery during the 1979 80 season. Recent pressure on the shrimp trawling industry of Texas have caused shrimpers to consider alternative fishing opportunities. Among these, swordfish longlining was of particular interest in early 1980. The degree of fishing pressure that swordfish stocks can withstand is not known. Caution has been advised regarding rapid expansion of swordfish longlining even though the short run benefits to shrimpers may be favorable.

Nichols, John P., Wade L. Griffin, and Vito Blomo ( 1978). " Economic and Production Aspects of the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery." In Pushkar N. Kaul and Carl J. Sindermann ( eds.) Drugs and Food from the Sea, Myth or Reality?, The University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma.

This paper describes the important trends in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp industry. Trends in production, imports, fishing effort, cost and returns, catch per unit effort, for 1962 to 1976 are presented and discussed. With production levels constant in the face of increasing fishing effort, increasing operating costs are squeezing profit margins even though prices are rising.

Nichols, John P., Melvin Cross, Vito Blomo, and Wade L. Griffin ( 1975). " Utilization of Finfishes Caught Incidental To Shrimp Trawling in the Western Gulf of Mexico, Part II: Evaluation of Costs." TAMUSG 76 203, Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A& M University, College Station, TX, January, 42 pp.

This report presents estimates of the cost of operating several alternative systems for holding and landing finfish caught incidental to 4 9 7 shrimp trawling operations. Freezer units, brine immersion tanks, and onboard fish meal plants, an extra crew member, and a mothership concept are the systems evaluated. Break even prices are estimated that would be necessary to cover operating costs and a 10 percent return on investment. Additionally, problems in traditional work patterns, crew incentives, and institutional arrangements are discussed. Comparison of estimated break even prices with recent market prices indicate that none of the proposed systems are viable except under very restrictive conditions. The mothership or tender vessel concept shows the most economic potential but is plagued with problems of coordinating a large number of vessels in an industry where independence of operation is valued highly. The analytical model presented may be used to evaluate other systems not considered directly in this study.

Nichols, Scott ( 1982). " Impacts on Shrimp Yields of the 1981 Fishery Conservation Zone Closure off Texas." Marine Fisheries Review, 44( 9 10): 31 37.

A yield per recruit analysis and a simulation model of shrimp fishing show that an increase in brown shrimp yield was realized from closure of the Fishery Conservation Zone ( FCZ) off Texas during May July 1981. Yields were 11.7 million pounds greater ( 29 percent) than would have been expected with the FCZ open during May August 1981. Some of the increase in yield was made at the expense of standing stock. Projections over the fishable lifespan of the shrimp indicate that yields will be increased 4 million pounds ( 7 percent) due to the FCZ closure.

Nichols, Scott ( 1986). " Stock Assessments for Brown, White, and Pink Shrimp in the U. S. Gulf of Mexico, 1960 1985." Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami Laboratory, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, Florida, June.

This paper analyzes the 1960 1985 commercial catch statistics for Penaeus aztecus ( brown shrimp), Penaeus setiferus ( white shrimp), and Penaeus duorarum ( pink shrimp) from the U. S. Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. This analysis is an update of the assessment ( Nichols, 1984) presented at the Southeast Fisheries Center's Second Stock Assessment Workshop ( Miami, May, 1984).

Nichols, Scott ( 1986). " Updated Yield per Recruit Information on the Tortugas Pink Shrimp Fishery." North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 6: 339 343.

Portions of a 1979 analysis dealing with optimum size considerations in the Tortugas, Florida, pink shrimp ( Penaeus duorarum) fishery are updated. The 1979 management advice remains essentially the same. The current target minimum size of 103 mm total length theoretically should produce a 14 to 20% gain, compared to unregulated conditions, in weight yields from shrimp recruiting through the closure area during the peak fishing season. Gains in dollar value ( ex vessel gross revenue) due to closure would be from 45 to 64% during the peak season. However, because of the natural protection already provided by untrawlable bottoms in some areas where small shrimp are abundant, these percentage gains probably are overestimates.

Nichols, S. ( 1990). " The Spatial and Temporal Distribution of the Bycatch of Red Snapper by the Shrimp Fishery in the Offshore Waters of the US Gulf of Mexico." Draft report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Mississippi Laboratories, Pascagoula Facility, P. O. Drawer 1207, Pascagoula, Miss. 39568 1207, September, 66 pp. 4 9 8 Much of the data relevant to potential seasonal and areal closures of the shrimp fishery to reduce bycatch of red snapper are collected in this document including observations made by biologists aboard commercial shrimp vessels, research trawl data, and results derived from commercial statistics on the distribution of shrimp effort and fishing mortality rate. In general, if a closure can be reasonably expected to reduce the amount of shrimping effort in the offshore waters of the Gulf, there is a good chance that the closure will effect some reduction in red snapper bycatch. If a closure simply causes effort to move around in time or space without decreasing the amount of effort, little bycatch reduction can be expected, and some closures might turn out to be counter productive.

Nichols, Scott ( 1993). " The 1993 Texas Closure  Results of SEAMAP Sampling." Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, National Marine Fisheries Service, Mississippi Laboratories.

Increases in yield in pounds due to the closure were indicated for 1993 for both M values. Very low catch rates were observed in 1993, as was the case in 1992. Nevertheless, small shrimp again dominated the size composition sufficiently for the closure to generate an increase in yield.

Nichols, Scott ( 1993). " Shrimp Fleet Bycatch." Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, July.

Hard copies of the overheads used in the presentation at the Council meeting. The presentation includes graphs of CPUE, catch rates, offshore shrimp effort, and red snapper bycatch estimates.

Nichols, Scott ( 1994). " Fish: Shrimp Ratios in the Gulf of Mexico." Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, National Marine Fisheries Service, Mississippi Laboratories.

While the National Marine Fisheries Service recommends against using fish: shrimp ratios whenever possible as a means of determining total bycatch levels, an analysis of finfish to shrimp catch ratios over time is presented.

Nichols, Scott ( 1994). " The 1994 Texas Closure  Results of SEAMAP Sampling." Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, National Marine Fisheries Service, Mississippi Laboratories.

Increases in yield in pounds due to closure were indicated for 1994 for M values of 0.15 and 0.28 per month. The 1994 year class was strong compared to the last 2 years with small shrimp dominating the size composition sufficiently for the closure to generate an increase in yield.

Nichols, Scott ( 1996). " An Update on Some Issues Relating to the Distribution of Red Snapper Bycatch." In Southeast Fisheries Science Center ( 1996). " Summary Report on the Status of Bycatch Reduction Device Development." National Marine Fisheries Service, Mississippi Laboratories, P. O. Drawer 1207, Pascagoula, Mississippi, March.

This paper updates the estimates of red snapper bycatch by the shrimp fishery in the offshore waters of the Gulf of Mexico through 1994, and presents spatial distribution information relevant to several matters that have arisen during debate on the status of red snapper stocks by the Council or its advisory committees. 4 9 9 Nichols, Scott and G. J. Pellegrin, Jr. ( 1992). " Revision and Update of Estimates of Shrimp Fleet Bycatch, 1972 1991." Draft report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Mississippi Laboratories, P. O. Drawer 1207, Pascagoula, Mississippi, August.

New estimates of shrimp fleet bycatch are provided, using the GLM methods described by Nichols et al. ( 1987, 1990). Estimates are updated through 1991. Estimates for 1991 are preliminary, based on preliminary estimates of shrimping effort. Estimates for all previous years have been revised, following discovery that many observer data stations used in previous estimations were not completely worked up, resulting in underestimates of finfish catch rates in previous analyses of this data base. New estimates by number for 24 taxa are included, as well as total sharks and total finfish by weight.

Nichols, S., A. Shah, and G. Pellegrin, Jr. ( 1987). " Estimates of Annual Shrimp Fleet Bycatch for Thirteen Finfish Species in the Offshore Waters of the Gulf of Mexico." Draft Report, NOAA, NMFS, SEFC, Mississippi Laboratory, Pascagoula, MS.

This paper presents estimates of annual bycatch levels for thirteen species for the offshore waters of the northern and western Gulf of Mexico.

Nichols, S., A. Shah, G. Pellegrin, Jr., and K. Mullin ( 1990). " Updated Estimates of Shrimp Fleet Bycatch in the Offshore Waters of the Gulf of Mexico, 1972 1989." Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, NOAA, NMFS, SEFC, Mississippi Laboratory, Pascagoula, MS.

This paper presents updated and corrected estimates of annual bycatch levels for the offshore waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Qualitative or dummy variables are used to represent area, depth, season, year, and the data set in which the data were contained. The estimated coefficients and statistical significance of the model are not provided by the authors.

Nichols, Scott, James Nance, C. Phillip Goodyear, Arvind Shah, and John Watson ( 1995).  Some Considerations in Determining Bycatch Reduction Requirements.  Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, April, 18 pp.

The paper sets 1982 86 as the base year class for future calculations of F for finfish bycatch levels in the shrimp fishery. The extended funnel and the fisheye are two identified effective gear options for bycatch reduction. In spite of the recognized need and the importance of forecasting future effort levels, the authors propose using a constant level of effort based on the 1982 86 average days fished in all future bycatch estimations for the shrimp fishery. Lastly, TED use is unlikely to have reduced red snapper F below the baseline value. Also, found in Southeast Fisheries Science Center ( 1996). " Summary Report on the Status of Bycatch Reduction Device Development."

Niskanen, William A. ( 1975). " Bureaucrats and Politicians." Journal of Law and Economics, ( December): 617 643.

A bilateral monopoly exists between an elementary bureau and its government review group. This market involves the exchange of some output for a budget rather than at a per unit price. In any such bilateral monopoly condition, output is indeterminate within a range without determining the conditions affecting the bargaining between the two parties. My model of 5 0 0 bureaucratic supply determines only the bureau's preferred output based on an assumption that the bureau acts to maximize its budget. The government's preferred output is determined from conventional majority rule models or from my special model of decisions by a " high demand" committee. Two criticisms of this theory are ( 1) that budget maximization by bureaus is not obviously consistent with utility maximizing by bureaucrats and ( 2) that the theory does not develop the conditions for an equilibrium output between the output preferred by the bureau and the output preferred by the government. Based on these criticisms, modifications to the theory are outlined in this paper.

Nix, Harold L. and Muncho Kim ( 1982). " A Sociological Analysis of Georgia Commercial Shrimp Fishermen, 1976 77." Institute of Community and Area Development, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, March, 182 pp.

This publication is both theoretical and practical. It is theoretical in that it provides a theoretical model for understanding the social behavior of an occupation. It is practical in that it describes the attitudes, behavior, and problems faced by Georgia shrimp fishermen as they approached an era of very rapid change. In addition, it is felt that this document will serve as a historical bench mark for additional studies and by which occupational change may be analyzed.

Nixon, Dennis W. ( 1994).  Managing Marine Fisheries Through Individual Transferable Quotas.  In Karyn L. Gimbel ( ed.) Limiting Access to Marine Fisheries: Keeping the Focus on Conservation, Center for Marine Conservation and the World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D. C.

Until recently, the traditional tools of the fishery manager ( minimum sizes, closed seasons, etc.) were sufficient to ensure the health of our nation  s open access fishery resources. However, the tremendous growth in harvesting capacity spurred by the passage of the Magnuson Act has created the need either to develop some new tools or radically improve the effectiveness of the existing methods. This paper will discuss the use of one new tool, the individual transferable quota ( ITQ), and examine the advantages and disadvantages associated with its use in the context of the seven National Standards for fishery conservation and management in the Magnuson Act. Four major problem areas are considered. First, the nature of the property right is considered, with particular attention to the issue of initial allocation. Second, the difficulty in establishing the appropriate management unit is considered. Third, the problem of determining TAC with sufficient specificity for an ITQ system is examined. Finally, the issues of monitoring and enforcing the more complex ITQ system are considered. ITQs while having potential in some U. S. fisheries are no silver bullet for fishery managers.

Noetzel, Bruno G. ( 1977). " Revenues, Costs, and Returns from Vessel Operation in Major U. S. Fisheries." PB 265 275, National Marine Fisheries Service, Washington, D. C., February, 23 pp.

The proceeds from operation of fishing vessels in selected U. S. fisheries in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf of Mexico are evaluate. The report covers the groundfish fisheries of New England and the entire Pacific coast ( including halibut fishing), the Pacific salmon fisheries, the tuna fisheries ( albacore and tropical tuna), the shrimp fishery in the Gulf of Mexico, and the crab fisheries in the Northeast Pacific and Bering Sea. These fisheries accounted for 65% by quantity and 68% by value of total U. S. food fish landings in 1974. A total of 297 vessel years of operation were analyzed. The purpose of the analysis is to provide an insight into the 5 0 1 earning capabilities of vessels operated in various U. S. fisheries during a period of time characterized by abruptly mounting prices of fuel and products made of oil derivatives, with a resulting general deterioration of the economic performance in fisheries in the United states and elsewhere.

Norse, Elliott A. ( 1993). Global Marine Biological Diversity, A Strategy for Building Conservation into Decision Making. Island Press, Washington, D. C.

This book presents the most up to date information, views, and recommendations on how to meet the challenge of conserving the living sea. The basic principles of marine conservation are presented for decision makers in governments, industries, and conservation organizations and for marine resource managers, students, and all others concerned with protecting our vital ocean resources. Unfortunately, the economic aspects of the problem are not well understood and are poorly presented. Solutions are not posed in terms of changes in management institutions to give user groups incentives to conserve the marine environment, but primarily as a list of necessary research and organizations needed to conduct the research. However, in its favor, the authors do emphasize the need for economic evaluation of proposed projects that will impact the marine environment.

North Pacific Fishery Management Council ( 1989). " Longline and Pot Gear Sablefish Management in the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea/ Aleutian Islands." Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement and Regulatory Impact Review/ Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis to the Groundfish Fishery Management Plans for the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea/ Aleutian Islands, P. O. Box 130136, Anchorage, Alaska, November.

Four alternative systems for management of sablefish longline fisheries off Alaska are being considered by the North Pacific Fishery Management Council. The alternatives are continued open access using traditional management measures, annual fishery allotments, individual fishery quotas, and license limitations.

North Pacific Fishery Management Council ( 1991). " Longline and Pot Gear Sablefish Management in the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea/ Aleutian Islands." Revised Supplement to the Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement and Regulatory Impact Review/ Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis to the Groundfish Fishery Management Plans for the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea/ Aleutian Islands, P. O. Box 130136, Anchorage, Alaska, May.

This document analyzes the status quo and four alternative individual fishing quota ( IFQ) management programs for the longline and pot sable fish fishery in the EEZ off Alaska and presents a regulatory impact review ( RIR).

North Pacific Fishery Management Council ( 1991). " Environmental Impact Statement, Regulatory Impact Review, Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis for Proposed Individual Fishing Quota Management Alternatives for the Halibut Fisheries in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea/ Aleutian Islands." Draft for public review, P. O. Box 130136, Anchorage, Alaska, July.

This EIS, combined with a RIR/ IRFA, evaluates the potential environmental, economic, and social impacts of a proposed Individual Fishing Quota ( IFQ) system for managing the halibut fisheries off Alaska. Such a system would involve changes to the regulations governing the halibut 5 0 2 fisheries ( 50 CFR, Section 301). The Council has gone on record as declaring the current open access, derby style fishery as unacceptable and has undertaken a lengthy exploration of alternative management systems. This document is designed to provide the public with an analysis os the likely effects and tradeoffs associated with an IFQ system. This includes rationale for consideration and rejection of other alternative management systems, such as license limitation and annual fishing allotments as well as detailed analysis of alternative forms of an IFQ system.

North Pacific Fishery Management Council ( 1991). " Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement and Regulatory Impact Review/ Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis of Proposed Inshore/ Offshore Allocation Alternatives ( Amendment 18/ 23) to the Fishery Management Plans for the Groundfish Fishery of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands and the Gulf of Alaska." Draft report prepared by the NPFMC Inshore/ Offshore Analytical Team, September 19.

The Council has defined as a problem the risk of resource preemption by one industry sector upon another. Several management alternatives have been proposed by the industry and refined by the Council to address this problem. This analysis is designed to provide the public and the decision makers with an understanding of the trade offs; the costs and benefits of each alternative in addressing the problem. The effectiveness of these alternatives in successfully solving the preemption problem is presented in the analysis.

North Pacific Fishery Management Council ( 1992). " Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement/ Environmental Impact Statement for the Individual Fishing Quota Management Alternative for Fixed Gear Sablefish and Halibut Fisheries, Gulf of Alaska and Aleutian Islands." P. O. Box 130136, Anchorage, Alaska, September 15.

This package contains the supplemental environmental impact statement for the individual fishing quota ( IFQ) management alternative for the sablefish fisheries off Alaska and the environmental impact statement for the IFQ management alternative for the halibut fisheries off Alaska. Both of these documents have previously undergone NEPA review, prior to the approval of an IFQ program for these fisheries. However, an additional, supplemental analysis to both of these documents is provided with this submission to solicit additional public comment on the potential impacts to the human environment of the IFQ program recommended by the North Pacific Fishery management Council.

North Pacific Fishery Management Council ( 1992). " Managing Sablefish Off Alaska: What's beyond the squall line?" P. O. Box 130136, Anchorage, Alaska.

A special report to help engage sablefish fishermen and processors in a discussion of limited access, individual fishing quotas, and future implications for the sablefish fishery.

North Pacific Fishery Management Council ( 1998). " Amendment 45 to the Fishery Management Plan for the Groundfish Fishery of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands Area." P. O. Box 130136, Anchorage, Alaska.

This amendment would extend the allocation of 7.5 percent of the pollock total allowable catch in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Island to the Western Alaska Community Development Quota program on a permanent basis. 5 0 3 North Pacific Fishery Management Council ( 1998). " Amendment 51 to the Fishery Management Plan for Groundfish Fishery of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands Area." Draft, P. O. Box 130136, Anchorage, Alaska.

A 39/ 61 percent inshore/ offshore pollock allocation split is established, set aside 2.5 percent of the pollock total allowable catch ( TAC) for small catcher vessels, and prohibit catcher vessels delivering to the offshore component from fishing inside the Catcher Vessel Operational Area during the B season beginning on September 1. The Gulf of Alaska amendment would allocate 100 percent of the pollock TAC and 90 percent of the Pacific cod TAC to vessels catching pollock and Pacific cod for processing by the inshore component. An appendix contains a discussion of the impact of the inshore/ offshore allocation on the Alaskan CDQ program.

North Pacific Fishery Management Council and National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1998). " Status Report on Baseline Information for the Inshore/ Offshore 3 Analysis." P. O. Box 130136, Anchorage, Alaska, January, 75 pp.

Inshore/ offshore allocation of the pollock TAC analysis of economic, social, biological, and regulatory context of management alternatives.

Northern Economics ( 1997). " Fleet Survey Project" Report prepared for Aleutians East Borough and North Pacific Fisheries Management Council in Association with U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, May, 33 pp.

A survey of the large commercial fishing vessels in western Alaska to address several questions related to potential benefits associated with the expansion of the harbor at Sand Point, Alaska.

Norton, Virgil, Terry Smith, and Ivar Strand ( ed.) ( 1983). " Stripers, The Economic Value of the Atlantic Coast Commercial and Recreational Striped Bass Fisheries." UM SG TS 83 12, Maryland Sea Grant Publication, University of Maryland, College Park.

This is a snapshot of the 1979 80, commercial and recreational, North Atlantic stripped bass fishery.

O  Boyle, C. Annand, and L. Brander ( 1994).  Individual Quotas in the Scotian Shelf Groundfishery off Nova Scotia, Canada.  In Karyn L. Gimbel ( ed.) Limiting Access to Marine Fisheries: Keeping the Focus on Conservation, Center for Marine Conservation and the World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D. C.

Individual transferable quotas ( ITQs) have been used as a method of implementing total allowable catches ( TACs) on Canada  s East Coast since the early 1980' s. In the groundfish fishery, their first use was in 1982 as nontransferable enterprise allocations ( EAs) in regulation of the large offshore companies. This was followed by implementation of EAs in the midshore fleet in 1988 and IQs in the < 65' mobile fleets off western Newfoundland, again in 1988. The most recent implementation of IQs and the subject of this paper, is in the < 65' mobile gear fleet off Nova Scotia, which targets the lucrative cod, haddock, and pollock stocks resident in the region. The Nova Scotia fleet grew dramatically in capacity during the late 1970' s to mid 1980' s to a level estimated to be four times that necessary to fish at the Departmental target of F0.1. This precipitated a resource crisis in 1989 and stimulated a specially struck Task Force to examine the causes and recommend 5 0 4 solutions, one of the main ones being institution of IQs. An extensive consultative process with industry ensued to establish the quota allocation process, bycatch trading rules, appeal procedures, and sanctions for violators. In addition, a new user paid catch monitoring system was established as a central feature of enforcement. While it is too early to gauge the success of the IQ approach, it has received support of participants, but criticism from other sectors, particularly in relation to social consequences and enforcement problems. The effects of IQs will have to be carefully monitored to understand how this regulatory tool impacts the fleets as well as the communities that depend upon them.

O  Boyle, R. N., A. F. Sinclair, and P. C. F. Hurley ( 1991).  A Bioeconomic Model of an Age Structured Groundfish Resource Exploited by a Multi Gear Fishing Fleet.  ICES Mar. Sci. Symp., 193: 264 274.

A bioeconomic model of the Scotian Shelf groundfish fishery involving otter trawler and longliner fleets was constructed to examine the biological economic, and regulatory consequences of the interaction of these two fleets. Otter trawlers catch younger fish than longliners and the revenue cost pictures are very different. The model allowed examination of the long term equilibrium levels and short term transitory paths. The results of the simulation indicate that both yield and employment were superior for longliners. However, otter trawlers, although experiencing higher operating costs, could  out compete  longliners owning to higher sustained catch rates and thus revenue per unit cost. From a regulatory point of view, it was determined that, under the assumptions of this study, the fishery could be managed by regulating only trawler activity. The longliner fleet could be left essentially unregulated since it is not economical for it to overfish the stock. The results of this study have significant implications for the management of multispecies, multi gear fisheries in which differential age effects of exploitation are present.

O'Brien, Kevin ( 19??). " How to Save the Manatee." Florida Angler.

Manatees are harmful to the marine environment by eating the sea grass and polluting the waters with nitrogenous waste. " Waterways are for boaters. They are not zoos."

O'Hop, Joe ( 1995). Letter to Nancie Parrack, Department of Environmental Protection, Florida Marine Research Institute, 100 Eighth Avenue, S. E., St. Petersburg, Florida, March 17.

King mackerel landings by quota group for 1991 92 to 1994 95, breakdowns by pound categories for the quota groups, and landings by the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council's proposed variation on subregional allocations.

O'Rourke, Desmond ( 1971). " Economic Potential of the California Trawl Fishery." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 53( 4): 583 592.

This paper presents a technique for estimating the physical yield function of a fishery when detailed biological and environmental data are lacking. The physical yield function of the California trawl fishery is incorporated in an economic model to show the relationship between maximum sustainable physical yield of the fishery and maximum economic yield. Maximizing the economic benefit of the fishery to society would involve a drastic reduction in resource use at a catch level considerably below the biological maximum sustainable yield. Only through marginal cost pricing can resources be allocated efficiently to the fishery. 5 0 5 Oates, Wallace E. ( 1983). " Economic Incentives for Environmental Management: The Recent U. S. Experience." Background paper for the Organization for Economic Co operation and Development, University of Maryland.

This paper describes and assesses the emissions trading and the regulation of BOD emissions into waterways in the state of Wisconsin.

Office of Habitat Conservation ( 1996). " NOAA Fisheries National Habitat Plan  1997 and Beyond ." U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland, December, 20 pp.

The mission statement and implementation plan for the objectives of the Office of Habitat Conservation.

Office of Habitat Protection ( 1994). " Habitat Protection Activity Report: 1991 1993." U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1335 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD.

This report describes important marine habitat issues and gives examples of the accomplishments and activities of the Agency's Habitat Protection Program for 1991, 1992, and 1993.

Office of Intergovernmental and Recreational Fisheries ( 1997). " Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement and Regulatory Impact Review for a Regulatory Amendment for the Atlantic Coast Weakfish Fishery in the Exclusive Economic zone ( EEZ)." U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, 8484 Georgia Avenue, Suite 425, Silver Spring, MD.

Five different alternatives are examined to regulate the harvest of weakfish in the EEZ.

Office of the Secretary ( 1986). " Natural Resource Damage Assessments." Federal Register, 51( 86), Monday, May 5.

The proposed rule establishes simplified procedures for assessing damages to natural resources from a discharge of oil or release of a hazardous substance and compensable under either the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 ( CERCLA), 42 U. S. C. 9601 et seq., or under the Clean Water Act ( CWA), 33 U. S. C. 1251 et seq. ( also known as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act).

Office of Sustainable Fisheries ( 1998). " Guidelines for Regulatory Analysis of Fishery Management Actions." Regulatory Flexibility Act Workshop, Long Beach, CA, September 14  15, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD, 21 pp.

The purpose of this document is to provide guidance on when preparation of a regulatory impact review ( RIR) and regulatory flexibility act analyses ( FRA analysis) are required and what these documents should contain.

Olesen, O. B., and N. C. Petersen ( 1996).  A Presentation of GAMS for DEA.  Computers Ops. Res., 23( 4): 323 339.

The paper is concerned with a discussion of advantages and drawbacks 5 0 6 using standard versus special optimizers for solving DEA problems. The use of standard optimizers is recommended. It is argued that GAMS provides a highly appropriate framework for building and solving DEA models. The successive development of DEA models along with the flexible tools for model building and the large number of standard solvers available with GAMS are the basic arguments in favor of the use of GAMS rather than a specialized optimizer for DEA problems. A representation of the CCR model along with some of its extensions is included as a selection of GAMS statements; the GAMS statements provide a ready for use framework for DEA in GAMS.

Olsen, David A., Arthur E. Dammann, and Don Neal ( 1974). " A Vertical Longline for Red Snapper Fishing." Marine Fisheries Review, 36( 1): 7 9.

Tropical inshore fisheries are confronted with two basic problems. First, biological communities within the tropics tend to be diverse. Second, they rely on the small boat to harvest the interrelated fish stocks. The present report is based on the idea that to be effective, fisheries development must find ways of maximizing and diversifying the catching ability of the basic unit of gear, the small boat.

Olsen, James C. ( 1973). " Pandalid Shrimp Life History Research at Kachemak Bay, Alaska." Marine Fisheries Review, 35( 3 4): 62 64.

The current shrimp research activity in Kachemak Bay will provide insight into the life history, population dynamics, and behavior of pandalid shrimp in the Gulf of Alaska. The general objectives of the research on larval and postlarval shrimp are to increase knowledge about pandalid shrimp life history stages, behavior, and population dynamics; determine how fishing affects shrimp stocks; determine the causes of annual fluctuations in shrimp stock abundance; describe and quantify the characteristics and ecology of environments inhabited by shrimp; and increase the understanding of the role pandalid shrimp have in the organic production system of the North Pacific.

Olsen, M., Jr. ( 1965). The Logic of Collective Action. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, Chapters 1, 2, and 6.

The role of government in the economy is discussed in terms of sources of market failure, public ownership of resources, equity versus efficiency, and the sources of government failure.

Olsen, Trond E. ( 1989). " Capital Investments and Resource Extraction from Non Identical Deposits." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 17: 127 139.

Taking account of necessary investments in physical capital, we characterize the optimal investment and extraction program for exploiting several nonidentical deposits of an exhaustible resource. Under the given technology assumptions, capital investments will be concentrated up front if deposits are identical. In the case of nonidentical deposits, it may be optimal to have investments spread out over time. Moreover, the smallest deposit is depleted first.

Olsen, Trond E. and Gunnar Stensland ( 1989). " Optimal Sequencing of Resource Pools under Uncertainty." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 17: 83 92.

This paper characterizes the optimal scheduling of extraction from two reserves under price and production uncertainty. An essential step in the 5 0 7 analysis is the characterization of the optimal " switching date" and the associated " flexibility value"; i. e., the value of the option to switch production from the first to the second reserve.

Omezzine, Abdallah, Lokman Zaibet, and Hamad Al Oufi ( 1996).  The Marketing System of Fresh Fish Products on the Masirah Island in the Sultanate of Oman.  Marine Resource Economics, 11( 3): 203 210.

The overall objective of this investigation is to generate information needed for private and public decisions in the fish marketing system on Masirah Island, Oman. The primary area of inquiry relates to the field of market organization analysis. The market is described in terms of the number and nature of buyers and sellers and their size distribution. The methodology draws on comparisons and contrasts with norms of effective competition and efficient pricing systems. These norms include elements of market structure, conduct, and performance.

Onal, Hayri, Bruce A. McCarl, Wade L. Griffin, Gary Matlock, and Jerry Clark ( 1991). " A Bioeconomic Analysis of the Texas Shrimp Fishery and Its Optimal Management." American Agricultural Economics Association, 73( Nov.): 1161 1170.

Overfishing in the Texas shrimp fishing industry by time period and fishing area is investigated. An optimal harvesting pattern is determined using a multiperiod mathematical programming model where prices, fishing effort, catch, and resource dynamics are treated endogenously. These results are then compared with actual effort. The comparison indicates substantial excess effort in spring and early summer, especially in the bays and shallow offshore areas. The peak fishing season also occurs later in the fall in optimal harvest pattern than in practice. The results indicate both producers and consumers gain from reduced fishing effort because of improved size composition of the harvest.

Opaluch, James J. ( 1981). " A Heuristic Discussion of Optimal Control: The First Order Conditions and Methods of Solution." No. 81 03, Department of Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station Contribution No. 2001.

Optimal control is important in the area of natural resource economics since the management of resources over time is a capital theoretic problem. This paper presents an heuristic discussion of optimal control. The first order conditions for optimal control are derived at a heuristic level. The transformation from a continuous time to a discrete time framework is demonstrated. The optimal control conditions are then derived from the discrete time formulation. Numerical control problems are also discussed and phase diagrams are used to characterize solutions to optimal control problems.

Opaluch, James J. ( 1984). " The Use of Liability Rules in Controlling Hazardous Waste Accidents: Theory and Practice." Northeast Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 13( 2): 210 217.

This paper first reviews strict liability as provided by environmental legislation, with particular emphasis on its role in hazardous pollution events. The discussion will be somewhat broader than hazardous waste management, in that it will include pollution by hazardous substances that may be valuable commodities prior to the pollution incident. Current legislation provides various forms of strict liability for hazardous pollution events that is shown to be consistent with common law doctrine on strict liability and may 5 0 8 be particularly useful given institutions provided by other legislation. The paper then constructs a brief conceptual framework for liability for pollution incidents, and presents some simulation results concerning perceptions of the probability of a hazardous pollution incident.

Opaluch, James J. ( 1987). " Marine Pollution and Environmental Damage Assessment: Introduction." Marine Resource Economics, 4: 151 154.

An introduction to the results of a workshop on marine pollution and environmental damage assessment held in Narragansett, R. I. in June, 1986 by the association of Environmental and Resource Economists ( AERE), U. S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA), and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Opaluch, James J. and Nancy E. Bockstael ( 1984). " Behavioral Modeling and Fisheries Management." Marine Resource Economics, 1( 1): 105 115.

Because of the extreme uncertainty in fisheries biology, efforts to determine a stock recruitment relationship have not been entirely successful. In the face of this uncertainty, this paper argues for a change in focus for fisheries economics from bioeconomic optimization toward goals that are more modest and more easily achievable. In particular, a satisficing approach to management is advocated, whereby efforts are made to reallocate fisheries, with no attempt to determine the optimum. To achieve such a solution efficiently, managers must accurately predict the response of fishermen to public policy. This paper reports on a study that develops a discrete choice model to predict fishermen's supply response. Fishermen are shown to respond to economic incentives of expected returns and variability of returns, but only after these incentives surpass a substantial threshold.

Opaluch, James J. and Thomas A. Grigalunas ( 1989). " OCS Related Oil Spill Impacts on Natural Resources: An Economic Risk Analysis." Paper Prepared for the 1989 Oil Spill Conference, San Antonio, Texas, February 13 15, 22 pp.

Risk analyses of oil spills are important in the development of OCS leasing policy as well as other marine policies relating to oil. This paper explores the use of the Natural Resource Damage Assessment Model for Coastal and Marine Resources ( NRDAM/ CME) to provide risk analysis of oil spills related to OCS oil development. For the categories of natural resources included in the NRDAM/ CME, the expected value of damages from large oil spills appears quite small relative to the value of oil developed. Expected damages range from $ 300 thousand to $ 19.7 million per billion barrels of oil developed. Ongoing research by the authors will refine these estimates by including ( 1) additional categories of damages, that will increase the damage estimates, and ( 2) oil spill cleanup and the effect of OCS production on reducing imports, that will reduce the estimated net costs of OCS development.

Opaluch, James J. and Richard M. Kashmanian ( 1983). " Assessing the Viability of Marketable Permit Systems: An Application in Hazardous Waste Management." Department of Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island.

Marketable permits are assessed for control of hazardous emissions from jewelry manufacturers. First, potential efficiency benefits are calculated, as compared to the method proposed by EPA. Secondly, the distribution of benefits is examined to assess the political viability of marketable permits. Marketable permits are shown to result in savings of 60 percent. However, 5 0 9 there is likely to be industry opposition to the permit system because of the distribution of benefits, despite the fact that the industry benefits in the aggregate. This occurs because the largest firms, that are likely the most influential, are better off under EPA's technology forcing proposal.

Orbach, Michael K. ( 1997). " Limited Entry  A Brief Overview." South Atlantic Update, South Atlantic Fisheries Management Council, One Southpark Circle, Suite 306, Charleston, SC, March, 2 pp.

A brief overview of limited entry or access from the perspective of an anthropologist.

Orbach, Michael K. ( 1992). " Effort Management and the Gulf of Mexico Red Snapper Fishery: A Discussion of Issues and Alternatives." Department of Sociology and Anthropology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, June.

A series of workshops held to discuss effort limitation management measures with fishermen in the red snapper fishery.

Orbach, Michael K. ( 1977). Hunters, Seamen, and Entrepreneurs, The Tuna Seinermen of San Diego. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

A description of the culture of a distant water fishing community. The book is about the men who sail with the high seas tuna fleet out of San Diego, California, on the west coast of the United States. It is about their occupation, their lifestyle, and the communities where they and their families, friends, and associates live and work.

Orbach, Michael K. and Valerie R. Harper ( eds.) ( 1979). " United states Fisheries Systems and Social Science: A Bibliography of Work and Directory of Researchers." U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Resource Conservation and Management, Washington, D. C., August, 162 pp.

This volume consists of two documents, a bibliography of published, unpublished, and current research work among fishermen and in fishing communities in the United States, its territories and possessions, and a directory of the researchers who have performed this work or who are interested in these subjects.

Orbach, M. K., Jeffrey C. Johnson, and James Waters ( 1987). " Limited Entry Alternatives for the Florida Spiny Lobster Fishery: Preliminary Analysis." East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, April, 1987.

A collection of papers that look at the sociology and economics of limited entry programs for the Florida spiny lobster fishery.

Orbach, M. K., J. Ginter, and R. Finch ( 1985). " Limited Entry and Fisheries Management Under the MFCMA." Draft report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Washington, D. C.

This paper explores the potential of limited entry under the MFCMA as a partial solution to the fishery management problem. The intent is to discuss limited entry in general as it applies to fisheries management and to clarify the concept and its potential application under the MFCMA. 5 1 0 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( 1991). " Study on Economic Assistance to the Fishing Industry, General Survey and Country Chapters." Committee for Fisheries, Directorate for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, Feb., 103 pp.

Economic assistance in many countries takes two forms: assistance to harvesting and assistance to processing. Harvesting assistance is for social reasons and for the broader objective of alleviating specific obstacles. Processing assistance includes short term adjustment measures to alleviate adverse effects on the industry of cyclical fluctuations. Few countries in the survey admit to having  real  subsidies.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( 1992). " Workshop on Individual Quota Management." Committee for Fisheries, Directorate for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, August.

A set of papers presented at the workshop describing the existing individual transferable quota systems in place around the world.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( 1993). " Inventory of Assistance to the Fishing Industry and Management Systems." Committee for Fisheries, Directorate for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, July, 16 pp.

Country comments on restrictions to commodity trade, access restriction to fishing services, their free flow of labor, and management systems.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( 1994). " The Effects of Trade Liberalization on the Environment." Committee for Fisheries, Directorate for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, Feb., 6 pp.

It is likely that trade liberalization will have a small environmental impact in the fisheries sector. Environmental effects are much more likely to come about as a result of national or international management strategies. However, in the aftermath of the Uruguay Round  s decision to incorporate an environmental assessment in future trade agreements, it will be necessary to develop a methodology which will permit the evaluation of trade liberalization on the environment.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( 1995). " The Quotient of Convenience: Estimation of the Cost Relative to Responsible Fishing." Ad Hoc Expert Group on Fisheries, Committee for Fisheries, Directorate for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, Sept., 21 pp.

The aim of this research project is to define the economic impact of public regulations protecting living marine resources in the fisheries activity.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( 1997). " Impact on Fisheries Resource Sustainability of Government Financial Transfers." Committee for Fisheries, Directorate for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, September, 13 pp.

The information required from Member countries to facilitate the submission of information on government financial transfers, levels of fishing capacity and activity, and fish stock status is described. To ease the resource implications for Member countries, a questionnaire approach is 5 1 1 proposed.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( 1997). " The Implications of Responsible Post Harvest Practices on Responsible Fishing." Committee for Fisheries, Directorate for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, 7 pp.

OECD member countries  comments on Spain  s proposal on for future work on post harvesting practices.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( 1997). " Spanish Proposal for OECD Fisheries Committee  s 1997 98 Programme of Work." Committee for Fisheries, Directorate for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, March, 6 pp.

A proposal to conduct an analysis of problems linked to responsible trade.

Osborn, Maury ( 1997).  Atlantic Cooperative Statistics Program,  Technical Source Document Series III, Draft of Technical Recommendations, Office of Science and Technology, Division of Fisheries Statistics and Economics, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD, August, 87 pp.

This document is intended to inform the public and other interested parties about the recommendations resulting from a series of technical workshops and where these issues fit into the overall scope of the program. It is also intended to provide and opportunity to submit comments, concerns and views on these issues.

Osburn, Hal R. and Mike G. Weixelman ( 1989). " Increasing Creel Interview Efficiency Through Early Survey Termination." Marine Fisheries review, 51( 1): 39 43.

Operational modifications based on recreational angler activity patterns can be successfully formulated to increase creel survey efficiency without a significant loss of information. This study was conducted to estimate the amount of Texas marine sport boat angler interview and retained fish data ( bay and Gulf) that would be missed both coast wide and within each bay system if surveys were terminated early when no angler interviews were conducted by a specified time. Using this method, less than 3 percent of the total interviews and retained fish would be missed coast wide by terminating surveys at 1400 hours on weekends and 1600 hours on weekdays throughout the survey year. This would result in the early termination of 14 percent of the weekend surveys and 23 percent of the weekday surveys, thus allowing an annual redirection of 440 work hours and $ 6,063 in operating expenses.

Osburn, Hal R. and Maury O. Ferguson ( 1987). " Trends in Finfish Landings By Sport Boat Fishermen in Texas Marine Waters, May 1974 May 1986." Management Data Series No. 119, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Coastal Fisheries Branch, 4200 Smith School Road, Austin, Texas.

A set of tables on landings of finfish by recreational fishermen in the Texas territorial sea.

Osburn, Hal R., Maury O. Ferguson, and Henry R. Maddux ( 1988). " Trends in Finfish Landings By Sport Boat Fishermen in Texas Marine Waters, May 1974 May 1987." Management Data Series No. 150, Texas 5 1 2 Parks and Wildlife Department, Coastal Fisheries Branch, 4200 Smith School Road, Austin, Texas.

A set of tables on landings of finfish by recreational fishermen in the Texas territorial sea.

Osterbind, Carter C. and Elise C. Jones ( 1955). " Florida's Commercial Fisheries, Markets Operations Outlook." Bureau of Economic and Business Research, College of Business Administration, University of Florida, Gainesville.

This study was designed to scrutinize the Florida producer's present operations, his markets, costs, and other economic characteristics of the industry. It is based on a field survey of Florida producers and data from the Commercial Fisheries Branch of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Osterbind, Carter C. and Robert A. Pantier ( 1965). " Economic Study of the Shrimp Industry in the Gulf and South Atlantic States." Final report, Contract No. 14 17 008 118, The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Fish and Wildlife Service, United States Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C.

This reports the findings of a study to discover the nature of the economic problems confronting the shrimp fishery of the United States during the period from 1956 to 1959. Special attention is given to the problems existing in 1959.

Ostrom, Charles W. Jr. and John H. Aldrich ( 1978). " The Relationship Between Size and Stability in the Major Power International System." American Journal of Political Science, 22( 4): 743 771.

The balance of power literature is intermingled with hypotheses relating the number of actors to stability in the international system. In addition to the controversy in the theoretical literature, there is an extensive empirical literature in which we find support for a wide range of contradictory hypotheses. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the leading hypotheses based on operationalizations of the key concepts that are consistent with the balance of power literature, a common data set, a coherent specification of the contending hypotheses, and the use of appropriate estimation techniques. A major factor in this test is that the dependent variable of each model is not a measure of the amount of war; instead, we estimate the probability of war through the use of the probit estimation technique. The results of the comparative evaluation indicate that the existing hypotheses are not able to account for the probability of war in the international system.

Otterstad, Oddmund, Jeremy Phillipson, and David Symes ( 1997).  A Socio Economic Data Base Framework for Fisheries Dependent Areas: Baseline Report.  FAIR CT95 0070, European Social Science Fisheries Network, Universities of Trondheim and Hull, November, 40 pp.

The European Social Science Fisheries Network has undertaken to develop the framework for a comparable national social science data base. This would seek to make good the deficiencies in existing data sources for the socioeconomic analysis of fisheries dependent regions and fishing based communities. This report provides a baseline analysis through: ( a) an elaboration of key parameters surrounding the development of a socio economic data base for fisheries dependent areas; ( b) an initial analysis of statistical sources as part of an ongoing analysis of national statistical cultures; and ( c) an elaboration of initial conceptions of and recommendations 5 1 3 for an appropriate data base framework and dependency indices.

Otwell, W. Steven, Jeffrey Bellairs, and Donald Sweat ( 1984). " Initial Development of a Deep Sea Crab Fishery in the Gulf of Mexico." SGR 61, Gulf and South Atlantic Fisheries Development Foundation, Inc., Sea Grant Project No. R/ GSAFDF 2, Grant No. NA80AA D 00038, Sea Grant Report No. 61, Florida Sea Grant College Program, May, 29 pp.

The potential for initiating a deep sea crab fishery for golden crab in the Gulf of Mexico is studied. While the fishery is feasible, recommendations include many cautions unique to this deep sea crab species.

Otwell, W. Steven, Charles M. Adams, Frank J. Lawlor, III, and Southeastern Fisheries Association ( 1988). " Yellowfin Tuna: Fishing Gear, Production and Quality." A compilation of papers by: Florida Sea Grant College, Sea Grant Extension Program Staff in conjunction with Federal Saltonstall Kennedy Funds, Project No. NA85 SC H 06174, Grant No. NA86AA D SG068, Sea Grant Report No. 91, Florida Sea Grant College Program, June, 57 pp.

An economic overview of yellowfin tuna production and value trends, tuna fishing methods and gear in the Gulf of Mexico and south Atlantic, postharvest handling considerations for fresh yellowfin tuna, and a tuna product quality code are presented and discussed in this collection of papers by the authors.

Owers, James ( 1974).  Costs and Earnings of Alaskan Fishing Vessels  An Economic Survey.  Alaska Commercial Fisheries Entry Commission, September, 40 pp.

This is the first large scale effort to examine the economic health of Alaska  s commercial fisheries during the last year of unrestricted entry to use as a benchmark for evaluating the limited entry program in the future and to determine the gear levels that can harvest the fisheries in the state and provide a reasonable economic return to the fishermen participating. The results of the survey are presented in a series of fishery profiles.

Ozuna, Teofilo, Jr., Wade L. Griffin, Antonio B. Lamberte, John M. Ward ( 1997).  An ITQ System for the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery.  Draft report, Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas, 17 pp.

The prevailing belief in fisheries management is that ITQ systems will not work in an annual crop fishery with high variation in abundance. According to this logic, the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery is not an ideal candidate for an ITQ program. The large geographical area, large number of fishermen and landing sites, stock variability, and short life span of shrimp will make implementation and management of a successful ITQ program difficult, but not impossible. This study illustrated how an ITQ program with proper management regime, monitoring system, and method of setting an adjustable TAC, can make an ITQ program work even for the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery.

Ozuna, Teofilo, Jr., Wade L. Griffin, Antonio B. Lamberte, John M. Ward ( 1997).  An ITQ System for the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery.  Submitted to The Journal of Marine Resource Economics, Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas, 16 pp. 5 1 4 The prevailing belief in fisheries management is that ITQ systems will not work in an annual crop fishery with high variation in abundance. According to this logic, the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery is not an ideal candidate for an ITQ program. The large geographical area, large number of fishermen and landing sites, stock variability, and short life span of shrimp will make implementation and management of a successful ITQ program difficult, but not impossible. This study illustrated how an ITQ program with proper management regime, monitoring system, and method of setting an adjustable TAC, can make an ITQ program work even for the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery.

Pacific Fishery Management Council ( 1998).  West Coast Fisheries Economic Data Plan.  Draft, 2130 SW Fifth Avenue, Suite 224, Portland, OR, June.

Economic data is needed for fishery management. Current economic data falls short of the need. This plan specifies a program for the collection and dissemination of needed data. The plan covers all West Coast fisheries and includes interfaces with other data systems. The plan specifies the major high priority projects needed and guidelines for their implementation. The needed data and funding are described.

Pacific Fishery Management Council ( 1998).  Draft Amendment 14 to the Pacific Coast Salmon Plan ( 1997).  Draft, 2130 SW Fifth Avenue, Suite 224, Portland, OR, January.

This amendment makes the fishery management plan consistent with the Sustainable Fisheries Act of 1996 to reflect increased listings of salmon stocks under the Endangered Species Act and to include issues identified in amendment scoping sessions.

Padilla, Jose E. And Parzival Copes ( 1994).  Bioeconomic Analysis of Management Options for Tropical Fisheries Using a Bicriteria Programming Model.  Marine Resource Economics, 9( 1): 47 66.

A possible approach to the management of multispecies multigear fishery in a developing country was explored. The small pelagics fishery in central Philippines was analyzed in three stages. A dynamic pool model represented the dynamics of the stocks. The optimal allocation of catch across competing fleets was modeled having regard for the pursuit of two conflicting objectives, maximizing employment and fishing profits. Alternative management schemes were then explored. On the basis of this criteria, the optimal fleet size was a small fraction of the existing fleet size. Calculation of increased target yields through regulation of fishing mortality and selectivity showed that the increase in optimal fleet size would be moderate because the current level of exploitation is close to that producing the maximum yield er recruit. An agenda for exploration of further management alternatives appropriate to the social and economic policy objectives of a developing country is discussed.

Pagano, Amy P., William G. Boggess, Charles B. Moss, and John Holt ( 1993). " Technology Adoption Decisions Under Irreversibility and Uncertainty: An Ex Ante Approach." SP93 28, Food and Resource Economics Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, December, 31 pp.

Uncertainty about costs and requirements for environmental compliance is an important determinant of dairy producers' investment behavior. Ex ante forecasting of how uncertainty and irreversibility are likely to affect producers' responsiveness to agricultural technologies has implications for the design of environmental policies. Empirical analysis focused on Texas 5 1 5 producers' propensity to adopt free stall dairy housing. Free stall investments offer advantages from both productivity augmentation and pollution abatement. Implications of this ex ante paradigm for policy design and implementation are discussed.

Palko, Barbara Jayne, Lee Trent, and Harold A. Brusher ( 1987). " Abundance of Spanish Mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus, in the Southeastern United States Based on Charterboat CPUE Data, 1982 85." Marine Fisheries Review, 49( 2): 67 77.

Catch per unit effort ( CPUE) data for Spanish mackerel over a broad geographic area were obtained from charterboats. In 1982, a survey was initiated to obtain daily catch and effort data on fishes commonly caught by charterboats in the southeast United States. Boat effort and Spanish mackerel CPUE data obtained from this survey during 1982 85 were analyzed. The offshore fishing zone (> 10 fathoms) received the highest amount of trolling and other fishing efforts; the nearshore fishing zone (<= 10 fathoms) received the second highest trolling effort and lowest other fishing effort; the estuarine fishing zone received the lowest trolling effort and the second lowest other fishing effort. CPUE of Spanish mackerel by other fishing was much lower than trolling for most areas and years. CPUE was highest in the estuarine zone when compared with the nearshore and offshore zones. In the southeastern United States from North Carolina to Texas, the highest CPUE occurred in areas within the eastern Gulf of Mexico from Louisiana to southwest Florida each year. Seasonally CPUE of Spanish mackerel was high in the warmer months in Georgia, the Carolinas, and the northern Gulf of Mexico states and in the colder months in the southeastern areas of Florida. Significant differences in CPUE among years were detected only in North Carolina and Louisiana.

Palmason, S. R. ( 1993). " Supervision of the Utilization of Fishery Resources off Iceland." Paper presented at the Workshop on Enforcement Measures, Organization for Economic Co Operation and Development, Directorate for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, Committee for Fisheries, September 21 22.

This report explains the options open to the Icelandic authorities for supervising the utilization of fishery resources in Icelandic waters. Emphasis is laid on explaining the development and implementation of supervisory activities. In general, political opinions on such supervisory activities will be excluded and the current system will be considered as the most important external factor with regard to the formulation and implementation of such supervisory activities.

Palmer, Robert ( 1997).  Background Document  King Mackerel.  Draft, Florida Marine Fisheries Commission, 9 pp.

A description of the king mackerel fishery along the coast of Florida and a discussion of some economic and biological trends.

Panayotou, Theodore and Donna Panayotou ( 1986). " Occupational and Geographical Mobility In and Out of Thai Fisheries." FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 271, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Using the results of two surveys taken five years apart in a number of Thai fishing villages and employing different methods of analysis, the present study estimates the degree of mobility among fishing households and identifies and measures the relative significance of impediments to mobility. It is 5 1 6 found that fishermen are responsive to economic incentives and do move between occupations to take advantage of earning differentials. This mobility, however, is tempered by noneconomic factors such as age, location, religion, isolation, and occupational preference. Labor appears to be quite mobile between occupations but less so between locations.

Panzar, John C. and Robert D. Willig ( 1978). " On the Comparative Statics of a Competitive Industry with Inframarginal Firms." The American Economic Review, 68( 3): 474 478.

A simple analytical model of a competitive industry with a rising supply curve is developed by positing that firms may have diverse endowments of a fixed factor in inelastic supply. Thus, in equilibrium, there may be inframarginal firms earning economic rents that are imputed to the fixed factor. When there are inframarginal firms, only the input market measure of social benefits is accurate.

Paris, Quirino ( 1988). " Long Run Comparative Statics Under Output and Land Price Uncertainty." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 70( 1): 133 141.

Several authors have noticed that, in the uncertain short run, the supply function may slope downward and the input demand functions may slope upward. These possibilities prevent the setup of unambiguous tests of rational behavior. In this article, testable hypotheses for the competitive firm operating in a price uncertain environment are derived assuming a long run horizon. Some of these hypotheses take the form of Slutsky type relations involving the relative input demand functions ( the ratios of input to output quantities). Homogeneity restrictions involving input and output mean prices, in general, are absent under uncertainty. Conditions for restoring this homogeneity are also discussed. The main result is the rediscovery of the importance of relative quantities for the analysis of a long run equilibrium.

Park, Hoanjae ( 1996).  Econometric Welfare Evaluation of Regulatory Fishing Restrictions: A Synthetic Inverse Demand System Approach.  Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N. C., 188 pp.

This dissertation develops an integrated inverse demand system, called the synthetic inverse demand system ( SIDS) extending Barten  s ( 1993) ordinary demand approach into the inverse demand approach. It further extends the static SIDS system dynamically by incorporating habit formation. The current study suggests four possible SIDS systems and selects the system according to the average information inaccuracy criterion. Then the study proposes and applies some tools of welfare measurement appropriate for the inverse demand approach. In addition, this dissertation tackles aggregation problems since, for fish, one may hesitate to accept the species as the relevant economic commodity.

Parker, Jack C. ( ed.) ( 1972).  Key to the Estuarine and Marine Fishes of Texas.  Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Science, Texas A& M University, College station, Texas, May, 177 pp.

A guide to the estuarine and marine fishers of Texas.

Parks, Peter J. and Manuel Bonifaz ( 1994).  Nonsustainable Use of Renewable Resources: Mangrove Deforestation and Mariculture in Ecuador.  Marine 5 1 7 Resource Economics, 9( 1): 1 18.

The paper provides a conceptual model that examines ( i) open access exploitation and ( ii) mangrove deforestation as two potential causes for the scarcity of post larval shrimp inputs to shrimp mariculture in Ecuador. Results indicate that conversion of mangrove ecosystems to shrimp ponds may have obtained short term profit at the expense of long term productivity. Open access collection of post larval shrimp may also have contributed to dwindling stock levels. Specific policy recommendations are presented, and future empirical studies are proposed.

Parks, Wes ( ed.) ( 1988). Tuna Newsletter. Southwest Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 8604 LaJolla Shores Dr, P. O. Box 271, LaJolla, California.

A series of articles on the U. S. tuna fishery including imports, South Pacific Tuna Act of 1988, eastern tropical Pacific tuna fishery review, development of a Gulf of Mexico and south Atlantic yellowfin tuna fishery, and recent developments in tuna fisheries.

Parrack, Nancie Cummings ( 1986). " A Review of Gulf of Mexico Red Snapper Age and Growth." CRD 86/ 87 2, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami Laboratory, Coastal Resources Division, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL, October, 69 pp.

This study develops growth information required to estimate the age frequency of length samples from Gulf of Mexico red snapper commercial landings and recreational catches.

Parrack, Nancie Cummings ( 1989). " Determining Age Frequency From Length Frequency." MSAP/ 89/ 2, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami Laboratory, Coastal Resources Division, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL, April, 27 pp.

This manuscript reviews methods for classifying length frequencies into age frequencies. Age length keys and information on growth derived from markrelease and/ or hard part data are needed. Stochastic procedures, that use size at age data and incorporate information on the variation of size within an age category, were identified as alternative ageing methods appropriate for ageing king and Spanish mackerel. Information on growth required for application of the stochastic methods ( size and variation of size at age) was reviewed for king and Spanish mackerel and growth results not reported to date in the literature summarized and presented. The methods reviewed here in addition to the existing database of age and growth data can be used to classify king and Spanish mackerel catch at length distributions available from the recreational and commercial fisheries into age densities.

Parrack, Nancie ( 1993). " Updated Fisheries Information for Greater Amberjack Through 1992." Contribution: MIA  92/ 93 77, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, Florida, August, 32 pp.

A preliminary assessment of the Atlantic and Gulf greater amberjack fishery assessment through 1991 was presented in March 1993. Those results are readdressed in this report. Three important concerns of that study were the ability of the population model used to accurately assess the condition of the resource, the current biostatistical sampling levels in place for the 5 1 8 Seriola fishery, and future research needed to improve the assessment method. Those concerns are readdressed in this report. In addition catch statistics and reported landings for the commercial and recreational fisheries, biostatistical length and weight samples, summary recreational catch per effort information and bag limit analyses from headboat catches are presented through 1992. For comparison purposes, the population model, SLM, applied to the Atlantic and Gulf greater amberjack fisheries previously by Parrack ( 1993) is used to summarize the trends in the greater amberjack population dynamics from the combined fisheries.

Parrack, Nancie Cummings ( 1994). " Mackerel Catch Per Unit of Effort Abundance Indices: Data Sources Available and Procedures Used in the 1990 1994 Analyses." Miami Laboratory Contribution No. MIA 93/ 94 48, National Maine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, Florida.

Comprehensive analyses of mackerel stocks during a 12 year period, 1983 1994, reveal that the amount and the quality of information available for investigating abundance trends varied. The complexity level of the analyses performed also varied during the period. Stock abundance trend information available since 1990 underwent more extensive reviews and complex standardization analyses. This note identifies the catch per effort abundance indices used in analyses of king and Spanish mackerel stock size levels since 1990 and provides some background regarding the recent CPUE abundance estimation procedures.

Parrack, Nancie Cummings ( 1994). " Notes Regarding Procedures Used in the 1993 and 1994 Mackerel and Cobia Bag Limit Analyses: Addendum Report to Miami Laboratory Contribution No. MIA 93/ 94 43." Miami Laboratory Contribution No. MIA 93/ 94 45, National Maine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, Florida.

This addendum report comments on procedures used in previous bag limit analyses of mackerel and cobia stocks in the southeastern United States. In particular the analyses conducted for the 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994 mackerel stock assessment panel meetings are discussed. This note briefly discusses the general approach used in the 1992 and earlier studies and describes the basic data available for analysis.

Parrack, Nancie C. and David B. McClellan ( 1986). " Trends in Gulf of Mexico Red Snapper Population Dynamics, 1979 85." Contribution No. CRD 86/ 87 4, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami Laboratory, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL, October, 116 pp.

This report presents information that updates reported commercial catches ( in weight) and estimated recreational catches ( in number) of U. S. Gulf of Mexico red snapper resources since 1979. These annual age specific catches and abundance indices, independent from catches, were used to obtain initial estimates of stock sizes and fishing mortality rates of red snapper assuming an eastern and a western Gulf of Mexico stock. The results of these investigations indicate that red snapper stocks have declined since 1979 as predicted from VPA investigations.

Parsons, George R. ( 1987). " The Opportunity Costs of Residential Displacement Due to Coastal Land Use Restrictions: A Conceptual Framework." Marine Resource Economics, 4: 111 122. 5 1 9 This article develops practical measures of the change in economic welfare due to coastal land use restrictions. The measures are practical because they may be derived from current market data at modest cost and may be interpreted in a manner that is useful for coastal policy.

Pascoe, Sean ( 1993). " ITQs in the Australian South East Fishery." Marine Resource Economics, 8( 4): 395 401.

This paper outlines the main challenges and successes that have occurred in Australia's south east fishery as a result of ITQ management.

Pascoe, Sean ( 1995).  Modelling the UK Demersal Trawl Component of the English Channel.  In, Bio Economic Modelling in the EU, Concerted Action Coordination of Research in Fishery Economics, Working Document Nr: 7,( AIR CT94 1489), Workshop, Edinburgh, October: 31 43.

A preliminary model of the demersal trawl component of the multispecies U. K. component of the English Channel fishery is presented. This encompasses two metiers ( sub fisheries)  two otter trawl metiers and three beam trawl metiers. The model is the first step in development of a more comprehensive model of the fishery as a whole. In the model, the fleet is segmented by region of origin, boat type and boat size. The fishing activity of fleet boat segment is segmented by area ( metier) and season fished. Catches and landings of ten key species ( plus one aggregated category of other species) are estimated for each fleet segment in each fishing activity, based on the effort allocation of each fleet segment. Prices and costs are endogenous in the model. The model is developed as an optimization model, with the objective function being the maximization of total gross margins in the fishery.

Pascoe, Sean, Tony Battaglene, and David Campbell ( 1992). " A Bioeconomic Model of the Southern Shark Fishery." ABARE Research Report 92.1, Project 9343.103, Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, GPO Box 1563, Canberra 2601, Australian.

The southern shark fishery has shown signs of being overexploited and overcapitalized for a number of years. To assess the relative benefits likely to accrue from alternative management options, a bioeconomic model of the fishery was developed. In this research report the bioeconomic model of the southern shark fishery is described. The results of the simulations of alternative management plans and their effect on the profitability of the fishery are presented to demonstrate how the model may be used. The sensitivity of the model to various biological and economic parameters is also evaluated.

Paterson, D. G. and J. Wilen ( 1977). " Depletion and Diplomacy: The North Pacific Seal Hunt, 1886 1910." Research in Economic History, 2: 81 139.

This article analyzes the economic motives for and the consequences of the North Pacific Fur Seal Controversy between Canada and the United States in the late nineteenth century. Both nations were faced with a prisoner's dilemma situation in which it would have benefited both to refrain from harvesting large amounts and yet, without explicit agreement, neither could afford to do so alone. As a result the heard was brought from a size of close to 2 million down to 140,000 animals.

Paulik, G. J., A. S. Hourston, and P. A. Larkin ( 1967). " Exploitation of Multiple Stocks by a Common Fishery." J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 24: 2527 2537. 5 2 0 A complete analytical solution is presented for the problem of finding the common rate of exploitation that maximizes total sustained yield from a mixture of stocks when each stock follows a Ricker reproduction cure. A computer program is described that solves this problem for up to 20 stocks varying in both reproductive potentials and absolute sizes. Some aspects of the management of Pacific salmon and fishing strategies are discussed in relation to the question of obtaining maximum yields when harvesting mixtures of stocks under various constraints.

Pauly, D. and G. I. Murphy ( eds.) ( 1982). " Theory and Management of Tropical Fisheries." Proceedings of the ICLARM/ CSIRO Workshop on the Theory and Management of Tropical Multispecies Stocks, 12 21 January 1981, Cronulla, Australia.

The specific objectives of the workshop were to review models that are presently in use or that have been proposed for stock assessment in the tropics, to define the data requirements of various stock assessment and management methods, to review current research on stock assessment in tropical waters, and to identify the major constraints for stock assessment and management in tropical waters, and to formulate a feasible plan of action to overcome these constraints.

Pawlyk, Perry W. and Kenneth J. Roberts ( 19??). " Forecasting U. S. Shrimp Prices: A Comparison of Three Different Models." Draft Report, Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

The size composition of shrimp imports has changed in recent years with the development of pond raised shrimp. The impact of these imports on U. S. shrimp markets is concentrated in the 26 to 40 count size range since the shrimp are usually raised to these sizes. So aquaculture has changed the quantity ratios between sizes of shrimp that would occur if all shrimp were harvested from wild stocks. This research was undertaken to understand the nature of these price fluctuations. Two different techniques for price forecasting are discussed in this paper: ( 1) time series models and ( 2) econometric models.

Pawlyk, Perry W. and Kenneth J. Roberts ( 1986). " Products and Markets for Small Louisiana Shrimp." Marine Fisheries Review, 48( 4): 65 70.

Louisiana has long been known for its sometimes controversial harvest of small shrimp from its inshore waters. With the trend toward landings of smaller shrimp from the Gulf, the economics of the small shrimp processing and marketing industry is of increasing importance. The production of three shrimp products, raw head on, peeled, and canned, was found to be dependent on small shrimp supply. Over 20 percent of the shrimp moving through Louisiana's processing plants was shipped out of the state for further processing. Most of these were small, head on shrimp. Louisiana is an important supplier of small shrimp products and small shrimp for processors in other Gulf states.

Peacock, F. G. and D. A. MacFarlane ( 1986). " A Review of Quasi Property Rights in the Herring Purse Seine Fishery of the Scotia Fundy Region of Canada." In N. Mollett ( ed.) Fishery Access Control Programs Worldwide, Proceedings of the Workshop on Management Options for the North Pacific Longline Fisheries, p 215 230, Univ. Alaska Sea Grant Rep. 86 4.

The management of the herring purse seine fishery of Scotia Fundy region 5 2 1 of Canada is reviewed by the authors. The management history is presented with particular emphasis on the aspects of the fishery that lead to the adoption of individual transferable quotas and the problems that developed with that program.

Pearse, Peter H. ( 1979). " Introduction to the Symposium on Managing Fishing Effort." Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 36( 7): 711 714.

The symposium was designed to bring together a small number of leading fishery economists and fishery administrators with experience in the field of fisheries management from Canada, the U. S., and elsewhere. Our purpose was to pool our knowledge about the current state of the art in economic rationalization of fisheries, to document and analyze the available experience, and to explore avenues of needed policy research.

Pearse, Peter H. ( 1982). Turning the Tide, a New Policy for Canada's Pacific fisheries. Final Report of the Commission on Pacific Fisheries Policy, Vancouver, September, 292 pp.

This report identifies opportunities for reorganizing the commercial fisheries to put an end to their chronic instability and poor economic performance and start them on a healthier course of development, for preserving and enhancing sportfishing opportunities, and for securing Indians' traditional access to fish. These are not just theoretical possibilities; they are attainable through established technologies and regulatory methods and at a cost that is modest relative to the benefits.

Pearse, Peter H. ( 1992). " From Open Access to Private Property: Recent Innovations in Fishing Rights as Instruments of Fisheries Policy." Ocean Development and International Law, 23: 71 83.

As pressures on ocean fisheries have grown, pervasive evidence of overexploited resources and economic distress has revealed fundamental weaknesses in traditional regulatory policies. In their search for new management approaches, fishing nations have recently turned their attention to the nature of fishing rights, and the trend is clearly toward more well defined, exclusive property rights. In a remarkably short time the tradition of open access to ocean fisheries has waned; rights to most of the world's fish resources have been appropriated by coastal states, their governments have excluded everyone from access to the stocks except those who hold licenses, and increasingly, the rights of license holders are quantitatively specified. Experience so far suggests that strengthening the property rights of fishing enterprises is a promising means of improving the management of marine resources as well as the economic performance of fishing industries, and it portends profound changes in fishing regimes.

Pearse, Peter H. and James E. Wilen ( 1979). " Impact of Canada's Pacific Salmon Fleet Control Program." J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 36: 764 769.

The available statistical data are analyzed to appraise the success of Canada's Pacific salmon fleet rationalization program, in terms of the extent to which it has prevented fishing costs from rising in pace with the value of the catch. It is found that while the fleet's revenues increased at about the same rate before and after the scheme was introduced in 1969, the real capital employed increased more slowly under the controls than earlier. The program has, nevertheless, failed in its purpose of preventing further expansion of redundant capital in the fleet. The reasons for this failure, and for certain 5 2 2 apparent shifts in the structure of the fleet, are discussed.

Pedersen, Ole Petter ( 1994). " A Multispecies Model of a Fjord System." C. M. 1994/ P: 12, Theme Session on Multispecies Interactions of Importance to the Groundfish Abundance Fluctuations, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, September.

A multispecies model is introduced, applying techniques previously described by T. Laevastu. A stable solution for a typical Norwegian fjord is obtained. A stabilizing technique assuring convergence is used. After equilibrium is obtained, the ecosystem is released, and this ' out of control' scenario is simulated. A fleet regime is used, modelled through Cobb Douglas equations. In addition a seabird dynamical regime was allowed to interact with the aquatic system. We found, despite release of previous constraints, the biomass solution tends to exhibit stable behavior, though transients occurs in a narrow time period after disturbance is applied. The solution is then moved to another equilibrium. Disturbance is in the form of excessive fishery, temperature oscillations, and removal of biomass due to airborne predators. The biomass dynamics during the year oscillates in a stable way, expressing good annual dynamics.

Pedersen, S/ oren Anker ( 1994). " Multispecies Interactions on the Offshore West Greenland Shrimp Grounds." C. M. 1994/ P: 2, Theme Session on Multispecies Interactions of Importance to the Groundfish Abundance Fluctuations, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, September. 26 pp.

The paper gives a description of the exploited fishery system on the offshore West Greenland shrimp grounds, including recent findings of fish community structure and trophic relationships. Based on the analysis of fish stomachs from the key fish species and estimates of fish abundance obtained from assessment surveys the total annual consumption of northern shrimp ( Pandalus borealis) and juvenile redfish by predatory fish in 1991 1992 has been calculated. A preliminary attempt to integrate the interrelationships between the main species and the fishery is made using a balanced, steady state model.

Pellegrin, Gilmore J., Jr. ( 1982). " Fish Discards from the Southeastern United States Shrimp Fishery." In Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and International Development Research Centre ( 1982). Fish ByCatch: Bonus from the Sea, Report of a Technical Consultation on Shrimp Bycatch Utilization held in Georgetown, Guyana, October 27 30, 1981. Ottawa, Ont., IDRC, 163 pp.

Magnitude and species composition of fish bycatch are described for the Gulf of Mexico and south Atlantic shrimp fleets. Bycatch estimates for the Gulf were 15 times those for the south Atlantic. Highest estimates occurred in the north central and northwestern Gulf and in the south Atlantic off the North Carolina and Georgia coasts. Catch compositions varied at the species level; however, Sciaenidae was the dominant family for both the Gulf and the south Atlantic. Gulf fauna included estuarine dependent species in subtropical environs and estuarine independent species in tropical environs.

Pellegrin, Gilmore J., Jr., Shelby B. Drummond, and Robert S. Ford, Jr. ( 1985). " The Incidental Catch of Fish By the Northern Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fleet." Draft report, Mississippi Laboratories, 5 2 3 Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Pascagoula, MS 39568 1207.

The northern Gulf of Mexico shrimp fleet was monitored from 1972 to 1980 to estimate the magnitude and species composition of fish bycatch. The highest bycatch estimate occurred in the north central Gulf during the warm season inside of 18 m. The lowest estimate ( 3,944 mt) occurred in the eastern Gulf in the same depth zone and season. An estimated 576,028 mt of fish are caught incidentally by the northern Gulf shrimp fleet annually. The north central Gulf influenced the bycatch heavily; contributing 50.3% of the total. Sciaenids dominated, comprising 52.47% with Atlantic croaker, Micropogonias undulatus ( 33.6%); spot, Leiostomus xanthurus ( 7.64%); sand seatrout, Cynoscion arenarius ( 5.85%); and silver seatrout, Cynoscion nothus ( 2.99%) being the major species.

Penn, Erwin S. ( 1973). " Price Spreads of Fish Products Among Producers and Distributors." U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, National marine Fisheries Service, Economic Research Division, File Manuscript No. 151, May, 29 pp.

The rapid increase of fish prices has recently caused public concern. To find the cause of the difference between the price the fisherman receives for his product and the ultimate price paid by the consumer, this report provides an analysis of how the consumer's dollar is distributed to four marketing levels: fisherman, processor, wholesaler, and retailer. The difference or margin between selling and purchasing prices of each level and the share of the consumer's dollar by each level and each cost component are calculated for 14 fish products. The report also analyzes the costs and profits incurred by each marketing function and describes the major influences on margin differences. The purpose of the study is to provide a systematic guide that individual firms in the fishery can use to examine their margins, costs, and profits for each fish product, and compare them with the figures presented in this study as national averages for the same product.

Penn, Erwin S. ( 1978). " Marketing Bill of U. S. Fish Food Products and Its Components." Draft report, Office of Scientific and technical Services, National Marine Fisheries Service, Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C., 49 pp.

Based on the cost analyses of price margins of 18 fish products at four functional levels ( harvesting, processing, wholesale, and retail), cost bills are estimated and expanded to include all edible fish products harvested, imported, distributed, and consumed in the United States during 1972 77. Distribution of fish products takes two other important channels ( functional levels)  eating places and other food service institutions  besides retail stores to reach consumers. Detailed estimates for 1972 77 are made for the following: a cost bill at each functional level of every fishery, an outlay for each cost item at six functional levels of each fishery, annual consumer expenditure on each fish product, and per capita consumption of all edible fish in dollar value.

Penn, Erwin S. ( 1979). " Cost Analyses of Fish Price Margins, 1972 77, at Different Production and Distribution Levels." Draft report, Economic Analysis Group, Office of Policy and Planning, National Marine Fisheries Service, Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C., 38 pp.

Each price margin of a fish product is composed of costs and profits 5 2 4 that are analyzed to estimate value added for the purpose of comparing economic contributions and productivities between sectors of each fishery and among fisheries. Costs are also regrouped to distinguish fixed from variable so as to enable the demonstration of how the alteration of costs structures will affect differently profit, price, and production.

Penn, Erwin S. and Wenona J. Crews ( 1979). " Value Added, Margins, and Consumer Expenditures for Edible Fishery Products in the United States, 1976 78.

The presentation in value terms of the basic estimates in this study makes it possible to produce analogous figures that can be compared with gross national product value of other industries, and total and per capita expenditures for other food products.

Penn, J. W. and N. Caputi ( 1986). " Spawning Stock Recruitment Relationships and Environmental Influences on the Tiger Prawn ( Penaeus esculentus) Fishery in Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia." Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res., 37: 491 505.

A stock recruitment relationship ( SRR) between the spring spawning stock levels and the following autumn recruitment has been established for P. esculentus in Exmouth Gulf. The basic SRR fits the data well with the exception of 2 out of the 14 years when particularly severe cyclones occurred. This has been taken into account by using multiple regression techniques to incorporate the amount of rainfall in January and February as variables representing indices of cyclone activity ( multiple correlation of 0.97). A hypothesis for the observed positive and negative effects of cyclones on recruit survival has been presented. The relationship between autumn recruitment and resultant spring spawning stock ( RSR) later that year and the effects of fishing, measured in effective effort units, has also been established ( multiple correlation of 0.94). An examination of the interaction between the SRR and RSR relationships has been reported which suggests that, under average environmental conditions and high levels of effort, recruitment will move towards a new lower equilibrium level. The robustness of the relationships with respect to assumptions involved and potential sources of bias in the variables used have been evaluated and discussed.

Pennoyer, Steven ( 1998).  NMFS Bycatch Plan.  Memorandum for Rolland A. Schmitten, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries from Administrator, Alaska Region.

A request to include retained incidental catch in the NMFS definition of bycatch. This would prevent the elimination of the bycatch problem by regulating the retention of incidentally caught fish by Management Councils.

Penson, John B., Jr., Ernest O. Tettey, and Wade L. Griffin ( 1987). " An Econometric Analysis of Net Investment in Gulf Shrimp Fishing Vessels." Technical Article No. TA 20803 of the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A& M University System.

This study evaluated aggregate investment behavior by fishermen for steel, wooden, and fiberglass fishing vessels in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery and examined the implications of changes in the cost of acquiring debt and equity capital on the industry's investment response. Macroeconomic policies that lead to high real interest rates depress real net investment in this fishery. While low real interest rates are desirable for stimulating investment activities in the general economy, they add to the 5 2 5 overcapitalization problem that currently exists in the Gulf shrimp fishing industry. The theoretical model of aggregate investment behavior is justified statistically in this study.

Penson, John B., Jr., Ernest O. Tettey, and Wade L. Griffin ( 1988). " An Econometric Analysis of Net Investment in Gulf Shrimp Fishing Vessels." Fisheries Bulletin, 86( 1) 151 156.

The purpose of this study is to estimate an econometric model of annual real net investment in fishing vessels in the Gulf of Mexico and to determine the sensitivity of investment decisions in the industry to fluctuations in the cost of equity and debt capital. This study begins by examining the individual factors that affect the expansion of the stock of steel, wood, and fiberglass vessels in the Gulf fleet. The effects of alternative macroeconomic policies on investment expenditure trends in the Gulf shrimp fishery are then studied. The final section of the paper presents some concluding remarks.

Perez Farfante, Isabel ( 19??). " A Key to the American Pacific Shrimps of the Genus Trachypenaeus ( Decapoda, Penaeidae), With the Description of a New Species." Fishery Bulletin, 69( 3): 635 646.

Study of American Pacific members of the genus Trachypenaeus reveals that variation in armature of the telson includes not only movable spines, but also fixed spines and even no spines at all. It also confirms that the eighth somite bears two arthrobranchiae instead of one arthobranchia and one pleurobranchia. A new species, Trachypenaeus fuscina, is described, the specific features of T. faoea Loesch and Avila are presented, and a key to the five members of the genus occurring in the region, together with their ranges is included.

Perez Farfante, Isabel ( 1970). " Diagnostic Characters of Juveniles of the Shrimps Penaeus aztecus, P. duorarum, and P. brasiliensis ( Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae)." U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report Fisheries No. 599, February, iii+ 26 pp., 25 Figs.

Illustrated tables are presented for the identification and sex determination of juveniles ( with carapace lengths of 8 mm or more) of three grooved shrimps of the genus Penaeus occurring in various areas along the North American Atlantic coast, in the Gulf of Mexico, and in Bermuda. Included is an account of the development of the petasmata, thelyca, and appendices masculinae.

Perez, Lisandro and Philip G. Groth ( 19??). " Socio Demographic Study of the Shrimp Fishery in A Tri Parish Area of Louisiana." Cooperative Agreement No. 03 7 042 35132, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University.

This report presents the findings of a study of the social and demographic aspects of the shrimp fishery in a tri parish area of Terrebonne, Lafourche, and St. May, Louisiana. These three parishes were selected so as to coordinate this sociological study with the studies being carried out by economists and biologists in the same region. The basis for the multidisciplinary project is a mark recapture experiment conducted by a team of biologists from the Center for Wetland Resources at Louisiana State University in cooperation with the National Marine Fisheries Service. The socio demographic aspect of the study, presented here is intended to provide 5 2 6 information on the social and demographic setting of the mark recapture experiment. Specifically, our goal was to analyze the existing body of data concerning three aspects of the fishery: ( 1) the demographic structure of the population residing in the tri parish area; ( 2) the characteristics of " shrimping communities" and persons engaged in the fishery; ( 3) the social organization of the fishery  the norms and values that govern the patterns of interaction within the fishery. In addition, we were to identify areas in which additional data and research are needed to more fully understand the fishery.

Perkins, Garey B. ( 1984). " Value Added to Shrimp Processed in the Gulf of Mexico, 1982." Food and Fiber Center, Cooperative Extension Service, Mississippi State University, November, 24 pp.

This study assessed the value added through processing and consequently the economic contribution of shrimp harvested and processed in the Gulf of Mexico.

Pernetta, John C. and Danny L. Elder ( 19??). " Climate, Seal Level Rise and the Coastal Zone: Management and Planning for Global Changes." Paper prepared for the General Assembly of the International Union for the conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

The current use and importance of coastal zones to human populations is outlined against a background of the present environmental problems that include habitat loss and degradation, resource depletion and increasing densities of population in coastal areas. The potential impacts of climatic change and sea level rise on coastal environments, resources and their use are discussed and the implications of the inadequacy of our present predictive capabilities for future planning are outlined. The current unsustainable patterns of coastal development and mismanagement of the use of coastal areas will accentuate the potential impacts of climate change and sea level rise. An urgent international need is for the development of a coordinated system for vulnerability assessment of coastal areas in order that priority areas for action can be identified in relation to their physical, biological, and human vulnerability to predicted changes.

Perra, Paul ( 1992). By catch Reduction Devices as a Conservation Measure." Fisheries, 17( 1): 28 29.

A draft policy statement by the Executive Committee of the American Fisheries Society that states ( 1) Encourage state and federal agencies to promote the development, use, and implementation of bycatch reduction devices to conserve fish and wildlife; ( 2) Support the continuation and expansion of conservation engineering programs to reduce bycatch of undersize or nontarget species; ( 3) Request states and other entities conducting research on turtle and other excluder devices to develop and support programs to extensively field test all BRD designs that allow for juvenile finfish escapement; ( 4) encourage programs, though its membership, publications, and by other means, that demonstrate the usefulness of bycatch reduction devices to the commercial fishing industry; and ( 5) Support efforts to hold national and international conferences on conservation engineering to improve technology transfer between researchers and other groups developing bycatch reduction and other fish separator devices.

Perret, William S. ( 1987). " The U. S. Shrimp Fishery  Production and Management." Presented at Shrimp World III, Cancun, Mexico, November, 15 pp. 5 2 7 This paper presents a general overview of the shrimp fishery in the United States from a regional and state basis, by species composition, and by management regimes utilized to regulate this industry.

Perret, William S., James E. Weaver, Roy O. Williams, Patricia L. Johansen, Thomas D. McIlwain, Richard C. Raulerson, and Walter M. Tatum ( 1980). " Fishery Profiles of Red Drum and Spotted Seatrout." Fishery Profile No. 6, Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, April, 60 pp.

This profile of red drum and spotted sea trout includes a description of the resource and fishery, the present management system, and associated problems.

Peterson, George L. and Alan Randall ( eds.) ( 1984). Valuation of Wildland Resource Benefits, Westview Press, Boulder CO.

This book is a collection of papers that applies economic theory and cost benefit analysis to the wildlands of North America. Wildlands provide a wide variety of services to people as well as serving as special kinds of places for recreational use and existence value. Legislation and administrative practice require that these public wildlands be managed and conserved in the public interest.

Phillips, Robert E. ( 1976). " A Study of Procedures for Development of Bio Socio Economic Models of the U. S. Gulf Coast Shrimping Industry for Use in Resource Management." Purchase Order No. 01 6 042 11202, U. S. Army Engineer District, Galveston, TX, funded by the National Marine Fisheries Service, Galveston, TX, November, 284 pp.

This report gives recommended procedures for the construction of biosocio economic models of the U. S. shrimping industry, with emphasis on the Gulf Coast shrimp fisheries. The kinds of models described are designed to aid in the formulation of optimal policies in public regulation of the shrimp resource. The focus in this report is on economic principles of the modeling problem, with biological and sociological aspects included as they relate to the economic analysis.

Picou, J. Steven, Christopher L. Dyer, and Mark A. Moberg ( 1992). " Bayou La Batre, Alabama: Socioeconomic Profile and the Social Impacts of Turtle Excluder Device Regulations." A final report prepared for the Bayou La Batre Chamber of Commerce by the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, January, 115 pp.

The primary objective of this research is an assessment of the social impacts of turtle excluder device regulations on the fishing community of Bayou La Batre, Alabama. Data for this research were collected from a stratified, random sample of households in the community and from all high school sophomores and juniors. The social impact model evaluated perceptions of patterns of stress, disruption, social change, and projected behavior changes. Career goals and social alienation were investigated for local high school students.

Picou, J. Steven, Duane A. Gill, Christopher L. Dyer, and Evans W. Curry ( 1992). " Disruption and Stress in an Alaskan Fishing Community: Initial and Continuing Impacts of the Valdez Oil Spill." Forthcoming: Industrial Crisis Quarterly. 5 2 8 Within the framework of the disaster research literature, this study analyses the initial ( 5 month) and continuing ( 18 month) community disruption and stress resulting from the Valdez oil spill. The research design includes data collected from both " impact" and " control" communities. A comparative analysis provides the basis for evaluating the social impacts of the spill in 1989 and 1990, while patterns of disruption and stress are also identified within the control community.

Pile, Anthony ( 1981). " Shrimp Industry; An Analysis and Account of the Shrimp Market in the United Kingdom." London Business School, Sussex Place, Regent's Park, London N. W., June, 37 pp.

The question of growth in the shrimp industry is addressed using the markets in the U. K. as examples. The shrimp industry is described in part I and the U. K. market is described in part II with projects for the future provided.

Pindyck, Robert S. ( 1982). " Jointly Produced Exhaustible Resources." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 9: 291 303.

Natural resources are often produced jointly from composite ores that in turn are extracted from fixed reserve endowments. In this paper market behavior is examined for such resources and it is shown how the price of each resource will depend on its demand, and the demands and storage costs for the other resources present in the ore. The measurement of resource scarcity is discussed and the effects of uncertainty over future resource demands are examined. It is shown that the competitive market will still extract, produce, and store at socially optimal rates if firms are risk neutral and the average cost of storage is constant. Policy implications are noted, particularly with reference to government stockpiling programs.

Pindyck, Robert S. ( 1984). " On Monopoly Power in Extractive Resource Markets." Energy Laboratory Working Paper No. MIT EL 84 008WP, Center for Energy Policy Research, MIT Energy Laboratory, May.

Potential monopoly power in extractive resource markets is reduced by the depletability of reserves. This paper examines the dependence of monopoly power on resource rent, and on uncertainty over future reserve levels. A model is developed that treats reserves as inventories that fluctuate stochastically over time as a result of exploration, development, and production activities. Solutions of the model illustrate how output and monopoly power vary with the elasticity of demand, rent as a fraction of price, and the variance of reserve fluctuations. It is shown that uncertainty over future reserves can speed up production, and by reducing resource rent, restore part of the monopoly power otherwise lost because of depletion. Antitrust implications are also discussed.

Pindyck, Robert S. ( 1984). " The Measurement of Monopoly Power in Dynamic Markets." Sloan School of Management Working Paper No. 1540 84.

In markets where price and output are determined intertemporally, the standard Lerner index is a biased and sometimes misleading measure of actual or potential monopoly power. This paper shows how the Lerner index can be modified to provide a meaningful instantaneous measure of monopoly power applicable to dynamic markets, and discusses the aggregation of that instantaneous measure across time. The importance of accounting for intertemporal constraints in antitrust and related applications is illustrated by the analysis of four examples: an exhaustible resource, the " learning 5 2 9 curve," costs of adjustment, and dynamic adjustment of demand. An analogous index of monopsony power applicable to dynamic markets is also suggested.

Pindyck, Robert S. ( 1984). " Uncertainty in the Theory of Renewable Resource Markets." Review of Economic Studies, 51: 289 303.

The natural growth rate of most renewable resource stocks is in part stochastic. This paper examines the implications of such ecological uncertainty for competitive equilibrium in a market with property rights. We show that stochastic fluctuations add a risk premium to the rate of return required to keep a unit of stock in situ, and we examine the effects of fluctuations on resource rent. Examples are used to show that extraction can increase, decrease, or be left unchanged as the variance of the fluctuations increases, depending of the extent of market " self correction". Regulatory implications are also discussed.

Placenti, Vincenzo, Gianfranco Rizzo, and Massimo Spagnolo ( 1995).  Bio Economic Fishing Effort Optimization in Mediterranean Fisheries.  In, Bio Economic Modelling in the EU, Concerted Action Coordination of Research in Fishery Economics, Working Document Nr: 7,( AIR CT94 1489), Workshop, Edinburgh, October: 68 91.

The objective is the development of a bioeconomic model for optimal management of fishing effort in some regions of the Mediterranean area. A catch effort model, specifically built for multispecies and multi gear fisheries, has been developed using time series data of catch and fishing effort. The three catch effort models have been tested on three homogeneous sets of data for Italian, Spanish, and French fisheries using logistic and biological models. In the Italian and Spanish cases, both logistic dynamic exponential models and biological Schnute model exhibit satisfactory capabilities in describing catch and effort data, while Schaefer model represents larger errors with respect to the previous applications to the Italian fishery. In the French case, the best results have been obtained by the exponential model, while the Schaefer model failed in some species areas combinations. Cost and revenues are evaluated by an economic submodel. The proposed optimal distributions of fishing effort, obtained by solving a nonlinear constrained optimization problem by numerical techniques, show that it is possible to achieve relevant benefits on both economic and biological sites adopting articulate but realistic strategies for fishing effort reduction and redistribution.

Plan Development Team ( 1990). " The Potential of Marine Fishery Reserves for Reef Fish Management in the U. S. Southern Atlantic." NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS SEFC 261, 40 pp.

Marine fishery reserves ( MFRs), areas with no consumptive usage, are recommended as a viable option for management of reef fisheries in the U. S. southern Atlantic region. MFRs are designed to protect reef fish stocks and habitat from all consumptive exploitation within specified geographical areas for the primary purpose of ensuring the persistence of reef fish stocks and fisheries. Fishery reserves are intended to protect older and larger fishes. This will benefit reef fisheries by protecting critical spawning stock biomass, intra specific genetic diversity, population age structure, recruitment supply, and ecosystem balance while maintaining reef fish fisheries. The MFR concept is easily understandable by the general public and possibly more easily accepted than some other management strategies. Fishery reserves provide some insurance against management and recruitment failures, simplify enforcement, and have equitable impact among fishery users. Data collection needs solely for management are reduced and management occurs 5 3 0 without complete information and understanding about every species and interaction. Use of fishery reserves will establish U. S. leadership in producing model strategies for cooperative international reef resource management in the Caribbean. Large resident fishes that wander out of reserves can help maintain certain trophy fisheries. MFR sites with natural species equilibrium will allow measurement of age, growth, and natural mortality for fisheries purposes and will provide a basis for other educational, economic, and scientific benefits. Because there is no fishing within MFRs, impacts of hook and release mortality are eliminated and the temptation for incidental poaching is reduced. A mixed management strategy is recommended where 20% of the shelf is MFR while the remaining 80% is managed for optimal yield by any of several traditional options. Coordinated fishery reserve efforts in state waters would enhance the benefits of MFRs. The short term impacts on total harvest caused by placing fishing habitat into fishing reserves should be compensated by long term fishery benefits.

Platt, Jonathan L. ( 1988). " Estimating the Impact of Bag Limits on Charterboat Anglers; Theory, Purpose, and Variable Definition." Draft Report, Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Miami, Florida.