State or other area Total Department of Agriculture Department of Defense Department of Education Department of Energy Environmental Protection Agency Department of Health and Human Services National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Science Foundation Other 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 United States ...................... 18,397,350 863,033 2,119,199 173,637 3,222,520 102,440 7,311,754 1,837,491 2,329,520 437,756 Alabama ................................... 237,514 25,523 18,304 3,621 4,848 592 137,543 33,052 12,630 1,401 Alaska ...................................... 32,650 3,772 752 433 98 15 2,403 9,194 6,742 9,241 Arizona ..................................... 213,828 8,824 22,040 3,600 6,686 5,146 65,455 25,291 70,822 5,964 Arkansas .................................. 57,442 23,547 6,271 3,745 200 75 19,624 532 2,167 1,281 California .................................. 4,042,474 33,411 232,421 20,683 1,054,028 10,262 1,007,776 1,252,030 393,446 38,417 Colorado .................................. 352,771 12,041 18,085 5,533 8,917 2,734 130,906 21,391 120,507 32,657 Connecticut .............................. 271,161 7,813 14,067 857 10,465 157 210,166 1,654 22,027 3,955 Delaware .................................. 42,632 7,888 7,395 2,572 1,768 1,434 5,851 1,424 11,106 3,194 District of Columbia ................. 175,363 1,774 37,130 3,775 4,561 828 82,213 7,466 11,359 26,257 Florida ...................................... 317,244 22,024 39,291 5,063 14,617 2,173 131,576 22,863 64,165 15,472 Georgia .................................... 324,462 28,383 82,375 3,626 13,007 3,378 130,685 14,504 36,611 11,893 Hawaii ...................................... 70,073 11,643 2,894 633 2,810 192 17,155 7,708 17,444 9,594 Idaho ........................................ 18,838 7,887 1,544 672 1,298 266 1,345 396 3,285 2,145 Illinois ....................................... 1,075,285 23,485 52,699 9,162 578,120 1,527 264,876 12,133 124,322 8,961 Indiana ..................................... 209,979 22,549 17,198 1,373 18,180 1,420 94,404 3,522 48,385 2,948 Iowa ......................................... 195,030 26,080 5,162 896 32,346 4,205 92,384 8,091 19,540 6,326 Kansas ..................................... 80,368 13,137 3,446 5,605 6,328 1,516 33,942 2,190 13,311 893 Kentucky .................................. 88,395 23,299 3,506 1,408 5,488 381 43,680 1,144 9,032 457 Louisiana .................................. 148,158 20,089 26,667 1,325 15,231 1,260 57,870 4,890 14,366 6,460 Maine ....................................... 17,013 7,204 1,314 236 511 277 872 116 3,726 2,757 Maryland .................................. 938,400 15,993 375,385 3,670 15,627 4,029 362,325 84,121 52,343 24,907 Massachusetts ......................... 1,187,272 10,309 411,724 4,496 86,732 6,347 421,414 56,712 162,272 27,266 Michigan ................................... 454,959 23,757 40,888 3,477 14,446 5,207 253,966 17,111 82,381 13,726 Minnesota ................................ 225,288 19,735 13,842 2,730 6,127 2,551 134,473 2,878 37,490 5,462 Mississippi ................................ 74,365 33,220 7,060 1,545 3,671 776 12,627 2,471 8,568 4,427 Missouri .................................... 293,247 26,888 9,291 3,514 5,584 392 218,661 4,638 22,500 1,779 Montana ................................... 38,938 8,914 4,528 2,048 1,591 508 5,165 2,202 12,888 1,094 Nebraska .................................. 65,110 15,974 3,393 706 897 24 22,531 1,352 14,538 5,695 Nevada ..................................... 27,301 3,232 1,332 198 3,908 1,004 6,497 922 7,666 2,542 New Hampshire ....................... 77,345 4,104 3,375 459 1,142 356 39,056 12,957 12,446 3,450 New Jersey .............................. 285,297 11,268 25,827 1,073 75,165 4,045 95,162 8,064 54,410 10,283 New Mexico ............................. 678,817 9,454 45,516 3,284 555,757 395 24,077 23,136 14,928 2,270 New York ................................. 1,463,124 26,916 62,246 10,149 378,262 3,565 720,571 23,153 220,194 18,068 North Carolina .......................... 543,479 36,996 34,707 8,340 11,556 7,231 361,143 8,146 51,803 23,557 North Dakota ............................ 39,418 9,942 2,781 1,067 14,842 492 3,765 944 4,497 1,088 Ohio ......................................... 400,015 22,127 53,047 3,843 9,183 3,862 234,896 15,802 47,300 9,955 Oklahoma ................................. 79,505 17,842 5,395 1,667 3,087 1,168 22,899 8,351 14,543 4,553 Oregon ..................................... 173,839 21,584 14,527 6,153 9,704 4,464 70,470 4,689 29,993 12,255 Pennsylvania ............................ 895,194 24,754 166,944 8,168 45,040 3,602 502,846 15,917 121,083 6,840 Rhode Island ............................ 74,012 7,379 12,190 0 3,069 275 24,751 2,358 16,390 7,600 South Carolina ......................... 111,858 16,260 17,010 1,357 24,071 299 34,920 2,269 11,256 4,416 South Dakota ........................... 19,334 9,910 967 328 0 0 926 1,368 5,384 451 Tennessee ............................... 207,613 25,466 12,290 2,442 7,512 1,069 134,230 6,360 14,847 3,397 Texas ....................................... 772,016 39,769 90,591 7,835 25,241 2,779 465,015 35,699 91,032 14,055 Utah ......................................... 136,090 7,331 25,351 2,251 7,005 509 66,192 4,630 21,557 1,264 Vermont ................................... 44,143 9,325 1,419 1,802 1,023 74 25,809 470 3,622 599 Virginia ..................................... 328,581 20,692 23,115 4,467 88,957 1,044 116,181 20,056 40,999 13,070 Washington .............................. 393,809 21,250 36,798 3,182 22,859 2,218 228,671 10,025 55,561 13,245 West Virginia ............................ 84,002 8,139 7,823 855 2,076 4,794 8,016 18,119 34,080 100 Wisconsin ................................. 297,040 19,942 14,841 7,477 18,538 1,369 162,865 12,283 50,537 9,188 Wyoming .................................. 17,259 4,188 2,435 236 341 154 908 697 7,419 881 Outlying areas ..................... 73,615 20,351 3,822 1,613 1,049 424 24,270 3,154 18,170 762 American Samoa ..................... 1,173 1,029 0 94 50 0 0 0 0 0 Guam ....................................... 3,696 2,289 200 102 0 354 553 0 158 40 Puerto Rico .............................. 64,010 12,351 3,622 1,417 999 70 23,717 3,154 17,978 702 Trust Territory of the Pacific .... 2,731 2,731 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Virgin Islands ........................... 2,005 1,951 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 20 1 Dollars reflect actual obligations during the fiscal year regardless of when the funds were actually spent by a recipient institution. Data include obligations to federally funded research and development centers administered by colleges and universities. 2 Includes U. S. Department of Commerce, U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development U. S. Department of the Interior, Agency for International Development, U. S. Department of Labor, U. S. Department of Transportation, and Nuclear Regulatory Commission

SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Federal Support to Universities, Colleges, and Nonprofit Institutions, Fiscal Year 1996. ( This table was prepared May 1998.) 420 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 369.   Summary of federal funds for research, development, and R& D plant: Fiscal years 1990 to 1998 [ In millions]

Item Actual Estimate 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Percent change, 1997 to 1998 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Total outlays for research, development, and R & D plant ............................................................................. $ 64,276.5 $ 64,292.3 $ 65,719.0 $ 68,385.8 $ 68,335.9 $ 68,410.0 $ 67,756.1 $ 70,023.0 $ 69,499.9   0.7 Research and development ................................................... 62,246.8 61,130.4 62,934.5 65,241.3 66,158.8 66,374.6 65,909.9 68,057.5 67,585.1   0.7 R & D plant ............................................................................. 2,029.7 3,162.0 2,784.5 3,144.5 2,177.1 2,035.4 1,846.2 1,965.5 1,914.8   2.6 Total obligations for research, development, and R & D plant ............................................................................. 65,950.9 64,990.5 68,577.2 70,414.7 69,427.0 71,011.8 69,408.7 71,996.1 71,592.7   0.6 Research and development obligations ................................. 63,667.3 61,295.2 65,592.6 67,314.0 67,255.8 68,754.9 67,662.6 69,972.9 69,838.4   0.2 Performers Federal intramural 1 ......................................................... 16,002.5 15,238.1 15,690.1 16,556.2 16,139.1 17,342.7 16,596.4 17,438.4 16,806.5   3.6 Industrial firms ................................................................. 29,378.3 26,420.6 29,744.8 30,326.1 30,454.4 30,468.7 30,361.4 31,519.7 31,727.2 0.7 FFRDCs2 administered by industrial firms ..................... 2,237.6 2,068.3 2,009.8 1,451.3 1,293.5 1,203.9 1,137.0 1,111.3 1,190.7 7.1 Universities and colleges ................................................ 9,142.2 10,168.5 10,271.2 11,156.1 11,828.7 11,933.0 11,944.7 12,340.6 12,515.0 1.4 FFRDCs2 administered by universities and colleges ..... 3,466.4 3,603.8 3,855.5 3,666.5 3,292.9 3,574.3 3,447.7 3,369.7 3,347.2   0.7 Other nonprofit institutions .............................................. 2,249.6 2,637.4 2,803.6 2,811.9 2,929.6 2,806.5 2,886.9 2,938.1 3,033.1 3.2 FFRDCs2 administered by nonprofit institutions ............ 632.3 679.4 745.6 753.4 735.5 831.4 754.5 732.1 746.2 1.9 State and local governments .......................................... 213.9 215.1 184.1 320.3 325.4 316.5 246.7 245.2 194.7   20.6 Foreign ............................................................................ 344.7 263.9 287.9 272.2 256.6 277.8 287.4 277.7 277.8 0.0 Research obligations .......................................................... 21,738.9 23,968.4 24,490.6 26,890.5 27,440.4 28,573.4 28,265.1 29,485.2 30,218.6 2.5 Performers Federal intramural 1 ..................................................... 5,953.3 6,539.3 6,615.7 7,360.1 7,488.2 7,787.8 7,528.2 7,887.9 8,017.3 1.6 Industrial firms ............................................................. 3,199.9 3,406.5 3,451.2 4,018.9 4,063.5 4,727.9 4,291.3 4,601.6 4,760.6 3.5 FFRDCs2 administered by industrial firms .................. 542.7 624.6 592.4 795.8 737.2 818.0 696.2 722.5 751.3 4.0 Universities and colleges ............................................. 8,141.5 8,867.5 9,060.7 9,844.1 10,323.5 10,371.6 10,673.7 11,120.2 11,327.5 1.9 FFRDCs2 administered by universities and colleges 1,808.1 2,160.9 2,351.8 2,347.6 2,181.1 2,235.6 2,386.0 2,404.7 2,506.0 4.2 Other nonprofit institutions ........................................... 1,662.2 1,925.9 2,049.6 2,041.3 2,094.9 2,056.1 2,179.5 2,242.4 2,345.6 4.6 FFRDCs2 administered by nonprofit institutions ......... 148.2 170.9 139.9 173.4 178.0 210.1 195.8 211.2 224.3 6.2 State and local governments ....................................... 126.4 129.3 109.3 211.8 230.8 221.4 187.4 171.7 163.2   4.9 Foreign ......................................................................... 156.5 143.4 120.0 97.4 143.3 144.8 126.8 122.8 122.7   0.1 Fields of science Life sciences ................................................................ 8,837.8 9,622.0 9,910.5 10,772.1 11,078.8 11,979.0 12,099.7 12,805.0 13,008.5 1.6 Psychology ................................................................... 448.6 482.4 298.1 550.7 550.2 653.6 513.0 544.4 544.9 0.1 Physical sciences ........................................................ 3,808.7 4,235.3 4,439.2 4,427.0 6,792.7 4,851.2 3,964.4 4,277.7 4,100.1   4.2 Environmental sciences ............................................... 2,174.1 2,149.8 2,207.6 2,608.5 2,032.0 2,722.9 2,997.0 3,010.6 3,129.2 3.9 Mathematics and computer sciences .......................... 840.7 903.7 1,150.3 1,225.4 1,242.3 1,667.9 1,554.1 1,675.6 1,959.5 16.9 Engineering .................................................................. 4,335.2 4,944.5 4,977.0 5,499.4 4,023.3 4,952.7 5,679.6 5,565.3 5,830.4 4.8 Social sciences ............................................................ 630.0 727.3 689.7 674.9 655.0 682.9 674.2 749.1 786.9 5.1 Other sciences ............................................................. 663.7 903.4 806.3 1,132.5 1,066.1 1,063.2 783.0 857.4 859.1 0.2 Basic research obligations .............................................. 11,285.6 12,170.8 12,489.9 13,399.1 13,552.9 13,895.5 14,462.4 14,958.7 15,204.7 1.6 Performers Federal intramural 1 .................................................. 2,366.0 2,446.5 2,397.0 2,605.1 2,505.0 2,712.9 2,689.2 2,756.4 2,717.6   1.4 Industrial firms .......................................................... 887.5 949.9 920.3 959.2 1,109.1 1,221.2 1,131.0 1,150.7 1,090.4   5.2 FFRDCs2 administered by industrial firms .............. 175.4 209.1 187.8 237.3 237.6 239.1 272.8 293.6 312.0 6.3 Universities and colleges ......................................... 5,548.2 6,064.5 6,331.8 6,798.5 7,024.2 6,951.3 7,406.1 7,673.9 7,874.9 2.6 FFRDCs2 administered by universities and colleges ...................................................................... 1,227.3 1,306.2 1,394.1 1,437.8 1,336.0 1,438.3 1,522.0 1,569.7 1,648.4 5.0 Other nonprofit institutions ....................................... 924.1 1,015.5 1,097.2 1,164.9 1,125.7 1,134.2 1,235.2 1,303.0 1,330.8 2.1 FFRDCs2 administered by nonprofit institutions ..... 59.2 80.8 65.5 71.3 73.9 75.2 76.5 83.0 103.8 25.0 State and local governments ................................... 50.4 49.1 42.4 71.7 75.2 78.7 80.2 78.1 75.6   3.3 Foreign ..................................................................... 47.6 49.1 53.8 53.3 66.1 44.5 49.5 50.3 51.3 2.0 Fields of science Life sciences ............................................................ 5,177.5 5,433.6 5,841.7 6,288.8 6,429.8 6,746.7 6,911.0 7,315.2 7,393.9 1.1 Psychology ............................................................... 215.1 225.5 122.6 246.8 247.4 279.8 281.5 298.2 302.0 1.3 Physical sciences ..................................................... 2,661.5 2,881.5 2,951.4 2,907.1 3,649.2 2,709.3 2,901.7 3,115.0 2,962.4   4.9 Environmental sciences ........................................... 1,274.8 1,263.5 1,303.6 1,533.5 997.2 1,410.7 1,531.2 1,514.8 1,507.9   0.5 Mathematics and computer sciences ...................... 406.9 426.1 481.4 511.3 503.6 626.1 622.0 733.5 760.7 3.7 Engineering .............................................................. 1,101.5 1,233.7 1,249.8 1,207.4 1,061.7 1,432.2 1,606.6 1,338.8 1,612.5 20.4 Social sciences ........................................................ 146.0 161.4 139.9 194.1 191.7 210.8 230.0 237.5 252.4 6.3 Other sciences ......................................................... 302.3 545.6 399.4 510.1 472.4 479.9 378.3 405.7 412.9 1.8 Applied research obligations ........................................... 10,453.3 11,797.6 12,000.7 13,491.4 13,887.5 14,677.9 13,802.7 14,526.5 15,013.9 3.4 Performers Federal intramural 1 .................................................. 3,587.3 4,092.8 4,218.7 4,755.0 4,983.2 5,074.9 4,839.0 5,131.4 5,299.7 3.3 Industrial firms .......................................................... 2,312.4 2,456.6 2,530.9 3,059.7 2,954.4 3,506.7 3,160.3 3,451.0 3,670.2 6.4 FFRDCs2 administered by industrial firms .............. 367.3 415.5 404.6 558.6 499.6 578.9 423.4 428.9 439.3 2.4 Universities and colleges ......................................... 2,593.4 2,803.0 2,728.9 3,045.5 3,299.3 3,420.3 3,267.6 3,446.4 3,452.6 0.2 FFRDCs2 administered by universities and colleges ...................................................................... 580.8 854.7 957.6 909.8 845.1 797.3 864.0 835.0 857.6 2.7 Other nonprofit institutions ....................................... 738.1 910.4 952.5 876.4 969.2 921.9 944.3 939.4 1,014.8 8.0 FFRDCs2 administered by nonprofit institutions ..... 89.0 90.1 74.5 102.2 104.0 134.9 119.4 128.2 120.6   6.0 State and local governments ................................... 76.1 80.2 66.9 140.1 155.5 142.7 107.3 93.6 87.7   6.3 Foreign ..................................................................... 109.0 94.3 66.2 44.1 77.2 100.3 77.4 72.5 71.4   1.5 Fields of science Life sciences ............................................................ 3,660.3 4,188.4 4,068.8 4,483.3 4,649.0 5,232.3 5,188.7 5,489.8 5,614.6 2.3 Psychology ............................................................... 233.5 258.9 175.6 303.9 302.9 373.9 231.5 246.2 242.9   1.3 Physical sciences ..................................................... 1,147.2 1,353.9 1,467.7 1,519.8 3,143.5 2,141.9 1,062.7 1,162.7 1,137.6   2.2 Environmental sciences ........................................... 899.3 886.3 904.0 1,075.0 1,034.8 1,312.3 1,465.8 1,495.8 1,621.3 8.4 Mathematics and computer sciences ...................... 433.9 477.6 678.9 714.1 738.7 1,041.7 932.1 942.2 1,198.8 27.2 Engineering .............................................................. 3,233.7 3,710.8 3,727.1 4,292.0 2,961.6 3,520.5 4,073.0 4,226.4 4,217.9   0.2 421 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 369.   Summary of federal funds for research, development, and R& D plant: Fiscal years 1990 to 1998   Continued [ In millions]

Item Actual Estimate 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Percent change, 1997 to 1998 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Social sciences ........................................................ 484.0 566.0 549.8 480.8 463.3 472.0 444.2 511.6 534.5 4.5 Other sciences ......................................................... 361.5 357.8 406.8 622.4 593.8 583.3 404.7 451.7 446.1   1.2 Development obligations ..................................................... 41,928.4 37,326.8 41,102.0 40,423.5 39,815.4 40,181.4 39,397.5 40,487.7 39,619.8   2.1 Performers Federal intramural 1 ..................................................... 10,049.2 8,698.8 9,074.4 9,196.2 8,650.9 9,554.9 9,068.1 9,550.5 8,789.1   8.0 Industrial firms ............................................................. 26,178.4 23,014.1 26,293.6 26,307.2 26,390.9 25,740.7 26,070.1 26,918.1 26,966.6 0.2 FFRDCs2 administered by industrial firms .................. 1,694.9 1,443.7 1,417.4 655.5 556.3 385.9 440.7 388.9 439.4 13.0 Universities and colleges ............................................. 1,000.5 1,301.0 1,210.6 1,312.0 1,505.2 1,561.4 1,271.0 1,220.4 1,187.5   2.7 FFRDCs2 administered by universities and colleges 1,658.3 1,442.9 1,503.7 1,318.9 1,111.8 1,338.7 1,061.6 965.0 841.2   12.8 Other nonprofit institutions ........................................... 587.4 711.5 753.9 770.6 834.8 750.4 707.4 695.7 687.5   1.2 FFRDCs2 administered by nonprofit institutions ......... 484.0 508.5 605.7 580.0 557.6 621.3 558.7 520.8 521.9 0.2 State and local governments ....................................... 87.5 85.8 74.8 108.5 94.7 95.1 59.3 73.5 31.5   57.2 Foreign ......................................................................... 188.1 120.5 167.9 174.8 113.3 133.0 160.5 154.8 155.1 0.2 R & D plant obligations .......................................................... 2,283.6 3,695.4 2,984.6 3,100.7 2,171.2 2,256.9 1,746.1 2,023.3 1,754.3   13.3 Performers Federal intramural 1 ......................................................... 359.9 461.1 506.2 432.0 392.6 482.6 405.1 678.4 508.5   25.0 Industrial firms ................................................................. 884.0 1,889.2 1,014.4 1,048.2 746.8 696.6 465.4 464.8 372.9   19.8 FFRDCs2 administered by industrial firms ..................... 231.0 279.6 202.2 124.4 119.4 95.1 43.9 54.9 53.5   2.5 Universities and colleges ................................................ 155.8 253.3 241.5 361.4 209.0 323.8 243.1 187.1 120.3   35.7 FFRDCs2 administered by universities and colleges ..... 495.8 624.6 579.5 619.5 608.8 543.9 497.8 564.0 671.3 19.0 Other nonprofit institutions .............................................. 121.3 154.6 393.9 415.6 20.9 25.6 23.4 15.6 6.7   57.2 FFRDCs2 administered by nonprofit institutions ............ 31.4 19.7 46.3 65.5 72.9 62.6 66.1 57.9 20.6   64.5 State and local governments .......................................... 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 Foreign ............................................................................ 3.9 12.8 0.0 33.4 0.2 26.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 Includes costs associated with the administration of intramural and extramural programs by federal personnel as well as actual intramural performance.

2 Federally funded research and development centers. NOTE.   Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Because of rounding, details may not add to totals.

SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development various years. ( This table was prepared May 1998.) 422 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 370.   Federal obligations to colleges and universities for research and development, by field: United States and outlying areas, 1980 to 1995 Field of science or engineering 1980 1981 1986 1988 1989 1990 1 1991 1 1992 1 1993 1 1994 1 1995 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total, all fields ................................ $ 4,160,543 $ 4,410,931 $ 6,456,743 $ 7,719,237 $ 8,525,212 $ 9,009,235 $ 10,031,252 $ 10,851,509 $ 10,951,143 $ 11,811,097 $ 12,081,192 Engineering, total ................................. 612,456 792,223 998,312 1,129,303 1,157,047 474,709 543,530 587,404 683,676 706,452 287,098 Aeronautical ................................. 28,044 31,056 42,257 47,946 66,096 45,965 44,207 48,539 50,114 82,826 63,166 Astronautical ................................ 4,634 4,875 24,147 32,516 42,276 11,803 20,977 21,407 13,402 16,071 14,555 Chemical ...................................... 22,210 27,667 50,379 67,647 45,829 56,845 67,968 63,900 67,234 58,293 5,610 Civil .............................................. 48,130 58,300 35,402 30,947 43,026 37,306 34,064 30,756 44,252 68,240 39,364 Electrical ...................................... 86,916 115,011 212,175 251,336 240,638 53,162 60,299 68,416 69,045 74,686 8,074 Mechanical ................................... 42,593 37,954 56,416 60,551 71,137 52,652 54,674 60,748 67,471 52,118 13,206 Metallurgy and materials ............. 63,057 52,815 101,457 121,228 146,253 81,678 91,686 76,926 180,553 164,272 23,230 Engineering, other ....................... 316,872 464,545 476,079 517,132 501,792 135,298 169,655 216,712 191,605 189,946 119,893 All sciences, total ................................. 3,548,087 3,618,708 5,458,431 6,589,934 7,368,165 8,534,526 9,487,722 10,264,175 10,267,433 11,104,608 11,793,855 Physical sciences ............................ 507,884 500,657 770,254 859,764 980,297 891,596 1,022,807 1,136,460 1,024,928 1,138,746 1,009,330 Astronomy .................................... 52,736 54,835 78,435 89,791 103,271 98,804 115,212 149,417 139,579 214,549 132,640 Chemistry ..................................... 170,048 165,189 255,593 281,573 299,417 272,929 295,576 325,224 321,105 324,213 134,622 Physics ........................................ 249,661 250,342 379,289 426,005 506,983 454,690 518,840 546,081 513,084 542,800 698,846 Physical sciences, other .............. 35,439 30,291 56,937 62,395 70,626 65,173 93,179 115,738 51,160 57,184 43,222 Mathematical sciences .................... 53,987 53,668 96,405 119,217 134,998 109,587 125,893 140,544 131,875 77,337 21,856 Computer sciences ......................... 37,585 37,493 82,691 84,424 123,197 99,214 113,545 124,962 137,893 159,963 38,369 Environmental sciences .................. 379,453 330,079 468,882 474,695 555,679 522,767 572,778 623,757 653,092 786,446 351,675 Atmospheric sciences .................. 86,486 95,112 124,657 132,379 131,959 139,914 149,426 171,557 162,385 235,810 81,960 Geological sciences ..................... 109,523 101,207 118,401 131,913 152,449 147,517 173,492 149,913 163,011 186,542 30,552 Oceanography ............................. 92,079 91,863 121,855 129,473 163,035 117,636 94,448 107,897 103,472 116,367 43,424 Environmental sciences, other .... 91,365 41,897 103,969 80,930 108,236 117,700 155,412 194,390 224,224 247,727 195,739 Life sciences ................................... 2,137,751 2,290,587 3,463,114 4,349,268 4,730,663 4,773,434 5,319,947 5,633,514 5,572,481 6,313,516 5,915,567 Agricultural sciences .................... 111,739 134,660 143,249 155,772 180,908 181,453 193,763 211,936 190,033 183,944 192,635 Biological sciences ...................... 1,085,602 1,192,756 1,849,516 2,345,433 2,558,987 2,578,470 2,820,183 2,950,701 2,931,726 3,191,651 2,935,783 Environmental biology ................. 13,137 14,636 86,088 97,126 108,584 104,053 124,218 130,633 109,351 171,332 96,164 Medical sciences ......................... 885,898 904,963 1,325,157 1,689,606 1,829,888 1,853,979 2,102,127 2,252,375 2,253,419 2,689,279 2,598,691 Life sciences, other ..................... 41,375 43,572 59,104 61,331 52,296 55,479 79,656 87,869 87,952 77,310 92,294 Psychological sciences ................... 86,459 87,734 138,338 186,924 209,344 225,987 258,886 254,311 277,667 318,832 298,545 Biological aspects ........................ 28,269 26,273 39,049 53,287 66,959 71,705 80,438 75,307 8,542 3,792 1,390 Social aspects ............................. 31,129 28,846 38,589 52,113 59,502 66,960 82,257 75,285 4,754 7,357 3,519 Psychological sciences, other ..... 27,061 32,615 60,700 81,524 82,883 87,322 96,191 103,719 264,371 307,683 293,636 Social sciences ............................... 203,948 197,695 172,148 184,539 218,404 250,366 303,798 301,056 267,080 279,575 228,978 Anthropology ................................ 7,757 5,543 6,455 5,972 7,054 7,061 8,768 9,015 8,474 8,115 1,297 Economics ................................... 51,414 56,704 43,764 48,039 51,806 58,441 60,142 70,582 68,102 60,478 62,295 History .......................................... 1,688 1,069 1,508 1,527 1,665 1,890 2,116 2,166 2,014 0 0 Linguistics .................................... 2,997 2,745 2,481 3,248 3,402 3,055 3,383 3,684 3,554 0 100 Political science ........................... 5,890 5,122 5,003 5,926 6,988 7,415 8,287 8,894 7,687 6,625 2,067 Sociology ..................................... 34,903 38,136 34,580 55,204 75,404 96,240 113,829 104,430 35,666 30,602 11,066 Social sciences, other ................. 99,299 88,376 78,357 64,623 72,085 76,264 107,273 102,285 141,583 173,755 152,153 Other sciences ................................ 141,020 120,795 266,599 331,103 415,583 1,661,575 1,770,068 2,049,571 2,202,417 2,030,193 3,929,535 Residual amounts ............................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   70 34 37 239 1 All U. S. Department of Defense data are reported as other sciences.

NOTE.   Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Fields of science and engineering are no longer reported as of fiscal year 1996. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Science Resources Studies Division, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared May 1998.) 423 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 371.   U. S. Department of Agriculture obligations for child nutrition programs, by state or other area: Fiscal years 1996 and 1997 [ In thousands]

State or other area Total, fiscal year 1996 Fiscal year 1997 Total Special milk School lunch 1 School breakfast State administrative expenses Commodities and cash in lieu of commodities 2 Child and adult care Summer food service Nutrition education and training 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Total .................................. $ 8,527,590 $ 8,980,908 $ 18,008 $ 5,032,061 $ 1,212,745 $ 104,079 $ 743,017 $ 1,608,801 $ 258,456 $ 3,741 Alabama ................................ 162,114 173,635 42 99,921 22,334 2,018 15,525 27,937 5,791 67 Alaska .................................... 22,384 23,034 3 14,110 2,039 417 1,021 5,365 13 67 Arizona .................................. 152,469 160,756 175 88,352 22,917 1,912 11,375 32,178 3,780 67 Arkansas ................................ 100,111 102,716 35 57,434 17,669 1,299 9,111 15,103 1,999 67 California ............................... 1,069,307 1,129,777 833 660,923 174,666 12,423 74,571 182,270 24,023 67 Colorado ................................ 89,243 91,754 144 47,550 7,744 1,341 8,788 24,456 1,663 67 Connecticut ............................ 65,571 68,093 503 38,446 8,863 876 5,658 11,433 2,248 67 Delaware ............................... 23,224 25,591 50 10,467 2,777 451 2,344 8,493 942 67 District of Columbia ............... 23,245 22,694 12 13,542 3,213 368 1,252 2,924 1,316 67 Florida .................................... 433,007 472,852 166 288,338 72,451 4,663 34,415 50,465 22,287 67 Georgia .................................. 289,944 320,047 41 181,186 57,595 3,108 29,095 41,479 7,477 67 Hawaii .................................... 35,625 38,368 8 23,527 5,263 507 4,259 4,419 318 67 Idaho ...................................... 32,386 33,821 216 20,926 3,289 484 3,752 4,206 882 67 Illinois ..................................... 313,903 334,452 2,769 194,736 30,868 3,740 28,627 58,725 14,919 67 Indiana ................................... 126,965 134,757 347 75,590 15,865 1,629 17,444 22,242 1,574 67 Iowa ....................................... 77,341 78,346 167 43,465 7,213 1,065 9,953 15,717 698 67 Kansas ................................... 91,049 92,226 149 42,164 9,450 1,445 7,500 30,542 909 67 Kentucky ................................ 143,730 145,383 109 85,250 27,425 1,639 14,246 13,546 3,101 67 Louisiana ............................... 239,544 241,719 56 132,446 40,111 2,996 17,106 42,809 6,128 67 Maine ..................................... 34,389 34,963 122 16,685 3,250 594 2,644 10,833 767 67 Maryland ................................ 120,036 127,386 435 67,123 14,596 1,684 10,516 30,127 2,839 67 Massachusetts ....................... 145,662 148,911 535 73,729 17,116 1,942 13,374 38,231 3,916 67 Michigan ................................ 223,117 231,960 957 123,346 27,614 2,865 22,306 51,224 3,582 67 Minnesota .............................. 153,856 157,173 1,094 62,579 11,467 2,546 15,154 61,405 2,862 67 Mississippi ............................. 152,096 158,118 9 92,222 29,613 1,850 11,303 19,622 3,432 67 Missouri ................................. 148,921 162,424 462 86,798 23,020 1,942 16,561 29,233 4,341 67 Montana ................................. 27,096 27,484 48 13,387 2,494 487 2,338 8,245 417 67 Nebraska ............................... 60,179 61,420 223 26,443 3,966 1,054 5,455 23,596 615 67 Nevada .................................. 31,112 34,911 149 20,491 5,530 421 3,321 3,344 1,587 67 New Hampshire ..................... 19,190 19,304 234 10,624 1,976 332 2,903 2,849 319 67 New Jersey ............................ 159,973 166,617 991 101,998 14,260 1,865 15,207 25,694 6,536 67 New Mexico ........................... 94,822 97,302 5 43,073 11,817 1,422 4,961 30,398 5,559 67 New York ............................... 599,469 647,236 1,199 368,219 85,357 6,701 48,234 97,823 39,637 67 North Carolina ....................... 231,740 255,432 148 140,685 41,289 2,835 23,347 43,618 3,444 67 North Dakota ......................... 25,613 25,142 70 9,739 1,439 536 2,518 10,508 266 67 Ohio ....................................... 246,381 258,079 944 144,691 30,239 3,095 29,049 45,949 4,045 67 Oklahoma .............................. 122,854 126,341 87 67,842 19,566 1,666 9,092 26,009 2,012 67 Oregon ................................... 88,585 92,504 199 42,552 12,357 1,321 6,821 27,977 1,211 67 Pennsylvania ......................... 251,751 268,039 866 156,703 30,187 2,880 29,220 33,739 14,376 67 Rhode Island ......................... 21,961 23,161 125 14,018 1,977 342 2,063 3,321 1,246 67 South Carolina ....................... 148,417 156,390 29 88,422 28,249 1,665 12,346 18,334 7,279 67 South Dakota ......................... 29,023 28,311 48 14,821 2,619 484 2,796 6,705 772 67 Tennessee ............................. 164,136 176,847 40 99,282 27,334 2,006 16,954 26,800 4,364 67 Texas ..................................... 776,792 821,197 113 484,339 137,657 8,940 64,264 106,880 18,936 67 Utah ....................................... 73,697 78,243 76 34,898 4,602 1,204 7,030 28,433 1,932 67 Vermont ................................. 15,150 15,737 98 7,143 1,706 350 1,587 4,528 258 67 Virginia ................................... 152,677 164,514 341 96,341 23,623 1,242 16,517 24,109 2,274 67 Washington ............................ 140,536 146,789 285 76,972 18,353 1,933 12,270 34,132 2,778 67 West Virginia ......................... 59,791 64,961 32 35,438 12,601 819 5,077 9,378 1,549 67 Wisconsin .............................. 115,045 113,994 1,645 65,032 7,001 1,485 11,590 25,146 2,029 67 Wyoming ................................ 15,382 15,601 15 7,619 1,273 347 1,523 4,696 62 67 Administrative costs .............. 6,396 5,643 0 0 0 0 5,643 0 0 0 Department of Defense dependents schools ........... 5,566 5,893 0 5,485 3 0 405 0 0 0 Outlying areas American Samoa ................... 63 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 67 Guam ..................................... 4,769 4,711 0 2,824 909 230 441 240 0 67 Northern Marianas ................. 63 67 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 67 Puerto Rico ............................ 165,018 158,057 0 104,721 23,977 1,688 9,351 14,952 3,301 67 Trust Territory of the Pacific ................................ 57 46 0 0 0 0 45 0 0 1 Virgin Islands ......................... 5,583 6,335 4 4,312 175 239 438 696 403 67 Undistributed 3 ....................... 199,464 203,576 554 103,087 1,781 686 2,309 85,723 9,445   9 1 Special Meal Assistance program is combined with `` School Lunch'' program.

2 Commodities are based on preliminary food orders for fiscal year 1997.

3 Undistributed amount reflects the difference between preliminary state earnings reports and federal obligations as of September 30, 1997.

NOTE.   Data are based on obligations as reported September 30, 1997. Negative amounts occur when program receipts exceed the obligations. Because of rounding, details may not add to totals. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Budget Division unpublished data. ( This table was prepared January 1998.) 424 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 372.   U. S. Department of Health and Human Services allocations for Head Start and enrollment in Head Start, by state or other area: Fiscal years 1994 to 1997 State or other area 1994 1995 1996 1997 Head Start allocations ( in thousands) Head Start enrollment 1 Head Start allocations ( in thousands) Head Start enrollment 2 Head Start allocations ( in thousands) Head Start enrollment 3 Head Start allocations ( in thousands) Head Start enrollment 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total ............................................. $ 3,215,946 740,493 $ 3,402,947 750,696 $ 3,438,268 752,077 $ 3,876,707 793,809 Alabama ............................................ 54,282 14,525 57,542 14,552 58,265 14,429 65,970 14,979 Alaska ................................................ 6,295 1,209 6,534 1,209 6,748 1,299 7,581 1,212 Arizona .............................................. 44,416 9,846 47,208 10,029 47,617 9,818 53,478 10,561 Arkansas ............................................ 30,719 9,065 32,681 9,244 33,153 9,193 36,396 9,637 California ........................................... 371,227 70,995 392,331 72,650 392,965 72,606 458,841 79,929 Colorado ............................................ 31,787 8,118 35,757 8,576 36,364 8,647 40,902 8,952 Connecticut ........................................ 26,061 5,660 27,022 5,625 27,382 5,567 32,985 6,190 Delaware ........................................... 5,815 1,455 6,027 1,574 6,239 1,455 8,314 2,077 District of Columbia ........................... 12,854 2,841 14,329 2,913 14,530 3,339 17,361 3,273 Florida ................................................ 118,976 27,398 125,508 27,623 127,325 27,535 144,663 29,523 Georgia .............................................. 81,974 19,445 85,792 19,523 86,596 19,563 96,295 20,505 Hawaii ................................................ 9,939 2,260 10,312 2,226 10,981 2,517 12,632 2,539 Idaho .................................................. 9,574 1,912 10,009 1,841 10,043 1,869 12,529 2,213 Illinois ................................................. 139,137 30,537 148,120 31,579 148,915 31,817 170,193 33,924 Indiana ............................................... 46,558 11,730 48,871 11,739 49,804 11,847 55,293 12,415 Iowa ................................................... 23,430 5,946 25,539 6,199 25,968 6,178 28,458 6,341 Kansas ............................................... 22,095 5,793 24,772 6,158 25,129 6,074 28,815 6,355 Kentucky ............................................ 54,364 14,071 58,383 14,267 58,935 14,447 65,587 14,828 Louisiana ........................................... 75,876 19,344 78,691 19,344 79,596 19,344 87,261 19,998 Maine ................................................. 12,610 3,439 13,118 3,439 13,734 10,816 15,536 3,392 Maryland ............................................ 38,810 8,509 42,023 8,874 42,461 8,915 47,688 9,514 Massachusetts ................................... 57,264 10,794 61,129 10,990 61,742 3,466 68,913 11,499 Michigan ............................................ 126,686 30,701 132,990 30,936 135,349 31,198 150,074 32,440 Minnesota .......................................... 36,930 8,576 38,281 8,576 38,812 8,641 43,536 9,117 Mississippi ......................................... 92,012 24,110 95,493 24,150 97,001 24,081 103,523 24,693 Missouri ............................................. 55,979 14,063 58,752 14,064 59,241 14,035 66,763 14,899 Montana ............................................. 9,563 2,304 9,772 2,304 10,048 2,304 11,500 2,510 Nebraska ........................................... 14,342 3,644 15,456 3,764 15,890 3,800 19,037 4,088 Nevada .............................................. 8,017 1,793 8,315 1,793 8,213 1,823 9,942 2,019 New Hampshire ................................. 5,699 1,156 6,379 1,232 6,558 1,235 7,430 1,267 New Jersey ........................................ 71,189 12,898 74,610 13,016 75,151 13,085 82,650 13,746 New Mexico ....................................... 24,241 6,397 27,269 6,821 27,731 6,587 33,971 7,187 New York ........................................... 215,678 39,062 226,840 39,491 228,243 40,365 261,541 43,716 North Carolina ................................... 66,643 15,695 71,603 16,161 72,594 16,002 80,559 16,825 North Dakota ..................................... 6,723 1,738 6,966 1,738 7,206 1,874 8,733 2,121 Ohio ................................................... 133,913 33,919 139,497 34,215 141,607 33,919 155,354 35,441 Oklahoma .......................................... 39,073 11,165 40,705 11,165 41,397 11,165 45,865 11,631 Oregon ............................................... 27,080 4,638 29,086 4,698 29,460 4,695 34,466 5,222 Pennsylvania ..................................... 119,354 25,672 126,251 26,149 127,086 26,198 142,973 27,515 Rhode Island ..................................... 10,060 2,476 10,453 2,434 10,549 2,567 13,135 2,676 South Carolina ................................... 40,772 10,142 44,021 10,415 44,540 10,164 51,714 10,822 South Dakota ..................................... 7,985 2,025 8,258 2,025 8,480 2,258 10,139 2,374 Tennessee ......................................... 58,610 14,380 61,630 14,213 62,163 14,291 69,365 14,553 Texas ................................................. 213,394 51,521 223,309 51,925 224,923 52,107 253,186 54,624 Utah ................................................... 15,832 4,028 18,145 4,334 18,219 4,201 20,132 4,419 Vermont ............................................. 5,957 1,271 7,636 1,486 7,811 1,531 8,433 1,379 Virginia ............................................... 46,411 10,993 48,896 11,147 49,706 11,028 54,571 11,480 Washington ........................................ 45,968 8,260 53,385 8,803 52,311 8,878 59,644 9,387 West Virginia ..................................... 26,014 6,402 27,626 6,522 28,125 6,515 31,064 6,858 Wisconsin .......................................... 49,461 11,953 52,633 12,171 54,013 12,283 58,550 12,556 Wyoming ............................................ 4,925 1,323 5,099 1,313 5,195 1,279 5,814 1,395 Migrant programs .............................. 130,409 35,063 138,802 35,243 139,438 35,117 153,788 36,458 American Indian/ Alaskan Native programs ........................... 90,793 18,738 95,130 18,821 96,836 19,071 113,920 21,019 Special projects ................................. 76               Outlying areas Puerto Rico ........................................ 127,066 32,145 132,423 32,118 134,072 31,744 143,121 32,221 Pacific Territories ............................... 9,019 5,849 9,309 5,849 9,541 5,849 9,963 5,849 Virgin Islands ..................................... 6,009 1,501 6,228 1,430 6,267 1,446 6,560 1,446 1 The distribution of enrollment by age was: 6 percent were 5 years old and over; 64 percent were 4 year olds; 27 percent were 3 year olds; and 3 percent were under 3 years of age. Handicapped children accounted for 13.0 percent in Head Start programs. The racial/ ethnic composition was: American Indian/ Alaskan Native, 4 percent; Hispanic, 24 percent; black, 36 percent; white, 33 percent; and Asian, 3 percent. 2 The distribution of enrollment by age was: 7 percent were 5 years old and over; 61 percent were 4 year olds; 28 percent were 3 year olds; and 4 percent were under 3 years of age. Handicapped children accounted for 13.1 percent in Head Start programs. The racial/ ethnic composition was: American Indian/ Alaskan Native, 4 percent; Hispanic, 25 percent; black, 36 percent; white, 33 percent; and Asian, 3 percent. 3 The distribution of enrollment by age was: 6 percent were 5 years old and over; 62 percent were 4 year olds; 29 percent were 3 year olds; and 4 percent were under 3 years of age. Handicapped children accounted for 12.8 percent in Head Start programs. The racial/ ethnic composition was: American Indian/ Alaskan Native, 3.5 percent; Hispanic 25.2 percent; black, 36 percent; white, 32.3 percent; and Asian, 3 percent.

4 The distribution of enrollment by age was: 6 percent were 5 years old and over; 60 percent were 4 year olds; 30 percent were 3 year olds; and 4 percent were under 3 years of age. Handicapped children accounted for 13 percent in Head Start programs. The racial/ ethnic composition was: American Indian/ Alaskan Native, 4 percent; Hispanic, 26 percent; black, 36 percent; white, 31 percent; and Asian, 3 percent.   Not applicable.

NOTE.   Because of rounding, details may not add to totals.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Human Development Services. ( This table was prepared March 1998.) 425 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 373.   Public school students receiving federally funded free or reduced price lunches, by selected school characteristics: School year 1993   94 School characteristics Percent of students participating in program Total Elementary Secondary Combined 1 1 2 3 4 5 Total .................................................................................................................................................. 33.2 ( 0.5) 38.8 ( 0.7) 22.0 ( 0.4) 39.1 ( 1.7)

Community type Central city .......................................................................................................................................... 44.9 ( 1.0) 52.1 ( 1.3) 28.9 ( 0.9) 52.2 ( 3.0) Urban fringe/ large town ....................................................................................................................... 23.5 ( 0.9) 28.3 ( 1.4) 14.6 ( 0.6) 23.9 ( 3.8) Rural/ small town .................................................................................................................................. 32.2 ( 0.6) 36.3 ( 0.8) 23.0 ( 0.4) 39.9 ( 1.9)

School size ( students) Less than 150 ...................................................................................................................................... 38.6 ( 1.3) 38.4 ( 1.9) 35.8 ( 1.5) 50.2 ( 2.4) 150   299 ............................................................................................................................................... 38.1 ( 0.9) 39.5 ( 1.2) 28.4 ( 1.1) 51.8 ( 4.9) 300   499 ............................................................................................................................................... 37.0 ( 0.9) 38.8 ( 1.0) 26.2 ( 1.1) 37.3 ( 2.6) 500   749 ............................................................................................................................................... 33.5 ( 0.9) 36.0 ( 1.0) 22.3 ( 0.7) 34.7 ( 2.2) 750 or more ......................................................................................................................................... 29.7 ( 0.9) 42.5 ( 1.8) 20.6 ( 0.5) 34.3 ( 3.2)

Minority students Less than 5% ...................................................................................................................................... 22.0 ( 0.5) 24.4 ( 0.7) 17.0 ( 0.6) 28.6 ( 1.6) 5 to 19% .............................................................................................................................................. 18.9 ( 0.5) 22.2 ( 0.8) 11.7 ( 0.4) 30.6 ( 2.3) 20 to 49% ............................................................................................................................................ 32.0 ( 0.7) 38.1 ( 1.0) 20.1 ( 0.4) 38.6 ( 5.0) 50% or more ........................................................................................................................................ 57.3 ( 1.1) 65.5 ( 1.2) 38.9 ( 1.0) 60.6 ( 3.2)

1 Includes schools beginning with grade 6 or below and ending with grade 9 or above.

NOTE.   Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Standard errors appear in parentheses. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993   94.'' ( This table was prepared June 1998.)

Table 374.   Public and private school students receiving federally funded Chapter 1 1 services, by selected school characteristics: School year 1993   94 School characteristics Percent of students participating in program All schools Public Private Total Elementary Secondary Combined 2 Total Elementary Secondary Combined 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total .......................... 13.1 ( 0.4) 14.3 ( 0.4) 18.5 ( 0.6) 6.1 ( 0.3) 13.6 ( 0.7) 3.3 ( 0.2) 4.6 ( 0.3) 1.9 ( 0.4) 1.4 ( 0.2)

Community type Central city ................... 17.0 ( 0.7) 19.4 ( 0.8) 24.2 ( 1.2) 9.2 ( 1.0) 14.4 ( 2.3) 4.4 ( 0.4) 6.7 ( 0.6) 2.5 ( 0.7) 0.8 ( 0.2) Urban fringe/ large town 9.1 ( 0.7) 10.1 ( 0.8) 13.0 ( 1.2) 4.6 ( 0.6) 8.3 ( 1.3) 2.0 ( 0.2) 2.4 ( 0.3) 0.9 ( 0.3) 1.9 ( 0.6) Rural/ small town .......... 13.2 ( 0.5) 13.7 ( 0.5) 18.2 ( 0.7) 5.2 ( 0.2) 14.9 ( 1.0) 3.0 ( 0.5) 4.0 ( 0.6) 2.3 ( 0.6) 1.8 ( 0.7)

School size ( students) Less than 150 .............. 9.8 ( 0.6) 16.7 ( 0.9) 20.0 ( 1.3) 11.1 ( 0.9) 15.6 ( 1.4) 3.8 ( 0.5) 3.3 ( 0.5) 8.1 ( 3.0) 3.8 ( 0.9) 150   299 ....................... 13.1 ( 0.6) 16.7 ( 0.8) 19.2 ( 1.0) 7.6 ( 0.8) 11.6 ( 1.7) 5.1 ( 0.4) 6.2 ( 0.5) 4.1 ( 1.9) 1.4 ( 0.5) 300   499 ....................... 14.7 ( 0.6) 16.3 ( 0.6) 18.0 ( 0.7) 7.0 ( 0.9) 13.1 ( 1.0) 2.6 ( 0.4) 3.7 ( 0.7) 0.9 ( 0.2) 0.8 ( 0.2) 500   749 ....................... 14.7 ( 0.6) 15.5 ( 0.7) 17.6 ( 0.9) 6.0 ( 0.7) 18.3 ( 2.4) 2.0 ( 0.6) 3.8 ( 1.3) 1.1 ( 0.3) 0.3 ( 0.2) 750 or more ................. 11.3 ( 0.7) 11.7 ( 0.7) 20.1 ( 1.7) 5.8 ( 0.4) 11.4 ( 1.0) 1.3 ( 0.3) 4.5 ( 1.6) 0.8 ( 0.2) 0.4 ( 0.2)

Minority students Less than 5% ............... 7.8 ( 0.2) 8.8 ( 0.2) 11.6 ( 0.3) 3.7 ( 0.3) 9.7 ( 0.6) 1.7 ( 0.1) 2.4 ( 0.2) 0.6 ( 0.2) 0.8 ( 0.3) 5 to 19% ....................... 6.0 ( 0.2) 6.6 ( 0.3) 8.6 ( 0.4) 2.3 ( 0.2) 14.2 ( 1.7) 2.1 ( 0.2) 3.0 ( 0.3) 1.6 ( 0.5) 0.9 ( 0.4) 20 to 49% ..................... 10.2 ( 0.7) 10.8 ( 0.7) 14.6 ( 1.1) 3.3 ( 0.2) 13.7 ( 1.5) 2.7 ( 0.4) 2.7 ( 0.6) 3.7 ( 1.2) 1.7 ( 0.5) 50% or more ................ 27.8 ( 1.0) 29.0 ( 1.1) 35.8 ( 1.6) 14.9 ( 1.2) 18.2 ( 2.1) 10.0 ( 1.1) 12.4 ( 1.3) 2.5 ( 0.7) 5.2 ( 1.6)

1 Chapter 1 was reauthorized under the Improving America's Schools Act ( IASA) of 1994 and is now called Title I. 2 Includes schools beginning with grade 6 or below and ending with grade 9 or above.

NOTE.   Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Standard errors appear in parentheses. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993   94.'' ( This table was prepared June 1998.) 427 CHAPTER 5 Outcomes of Education This chapter contains tables comparing educational attainment and work force characteristics. The data show labor force participation and income levels of high school dropouts and high school and college graduates. Population characteristics are provided for many of the measures to help evaluate disparities among various demographic groups. Tables 377 to 383 contain data from the U. S. Bureau of the Census on educational attainment and income of the labor force, and data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics on employment and unemployment. These tables provide information on the educational attainment of the labor force, by occupation, sex, and race/ ethnicity; income, by level of education attained; and unemployment rates, by levels of education attained sex, and race/ ethnicity. The second group of tables was compiled from Bureau of Labor Statistics data on high school dropouts and graduates. These data show the labor force participation and college enrollment of high school students within the year after they leave school. The tabulations also provide comparative labor force participation and unemployment rates for graduates and dropouts. Additional information on college enrollment rates by race/ ethnicity and sex have been included to help form a more complete picture of high school outcomes. The third set of tables has been prepared from the Recent College Graduates and Baccalaureate and Beyond surveys from National Center for Education Statistics, and from a U. S. Bureau of the Census survey on earnings and education These tables provide data on employment outcomes for college graduates. A table provides a salary comparison by field of college degree for the entire population. Trends in salaries received by college graduates also are featured in this section. Statistics on educational attainment of the entire population are in chapter 1. More detailed data on the numbers of high school and college graduates are contained in chapters 2 and 3. Chapter 3 contains trend data on the proportion of high school graduates going to college. Additional data on the income of persons by educational attainment may be obtained from the U. S. Bureau of the Census in the Current Population Reports, Series P   60. The Bureau of Labor Statistics has a series of publications dealing with the educational characteristics of the labor force. The last tables in the chapter deal with community service and literacy skills. Further information on survey methodologies is in the `` Guide to Sources'' in the appendix and in the publications cited in the source notes.

Opinions One life goal consistently rated `` very important'' by young men and women was `` being successful in work.'' A survey of 1992 high school seniors found that 89 percent of the men and 90 percent of the women rated `` being successful in work'' as a `` very important goal.'' Two of the other most highly rated goals in the 1992 survey were `` finding steady work'' (`` very important'' for 87 percent of men and 89 percent of women) and `` having strong friendships'' (`` very important'' for 80 percent of both men and women). Two years later in 1994, these values continued to be highly rated by the former high school seniors. Another value that was highly rated 2 years after high school was `` Providing better opportunities for my children'' which was cited by 91 percent of the young adults as `` very important'' ( table 376).

Labor Force Adults with higher levels of education were more likely to participate in the labor force than those with less education. About 79 percent of adults, 25 years old and over with a bachelor's degree, participated in the labor force in 1997 compared with 66 percent of persons who were high school graduates. In contrast 39 percent of those 25 and older, who were not high school graduates, were in the labor force. The labor force participation rates for blacks age 25 and older with bachelor's degrees and high school diplomas were higher than the average for all people with similar levels of education ( table 377). Persons with lower levels of educational attainment were more likely to be unemployed than those who had higher levels of educational attainment. The 1997 unemployment rate for adults ( 25 years old and over) who had not completed high school was 8.1 percent compared with 4.3 percent for those with 4 years of high school and 2.0 percent for those with a bachelor's degree or higher. Younger people with high school diplomas tended to have higher unem 428 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION ployment rates than persons 25 and over, even after allowing for level of educational attainment ( table 379). One year after graduating from college in 1992   93, 87 percent of those receiving bachelor's degrees were employed ( 73 percent full time and 14 percent part time), 4.5 percent were unemployed, and 8.5 percent were not in the labor force ( table 386).

Income Between 1995 and 1997, median annual income of male full time year round workers, when adjusted for inflation, remained stable while the income for females rose by 3 percent. Women's incomes remain much lower than men's incomes, even after adjusting for level of education. The average 1997 incomes for full time year round workers with a bachelor's degree were $ 48,616 for men and $ 35,379 for women ( table 380). Dropouts and Graduates The difficulties in entering the job market for dropouts and youth in general, are highlighted by examining their labor force and unemployment status. About 60 percent of 1996   97 dropouts were in the labor force ( employed or looking for work), and 25 percent of those were unemployed. Of the 1997 high school graduates who were not in college, 81 percent were in the labor force, and 17 percent of those in the labor force were unemployed ( tables 382 and 383). About two thirds of the employed college graduates of the class of 1992   93 had jobs in professional managerial, and technical areas in 1994. The remainder were employed in nonprofessional, nonmanagerial and nontechnical areas. Overall, about 56 percent of the employees reported that their bachelor's degree was necessary to obtain their current job ( table 386).

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Current Population Survey, 1997. 16 to 19 20 to 24 25 and over 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Age Percent Less than high school High school graduate Some college Associate degree Bachelor's degree or higher Figure 23. Labor force participation of persons 16 years old and over, by age and highest level of education: 1997 NOTE. Data for 16 to 19 year olds who have associate or bachelor's degrees are not available. 429 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Less than high school graduate High school graduate, no college Some college, no degree Associate degree Bachelor's or higher degree SOURCE: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Current Population Survey, 1997. All levels 3.8 8.1 SOURCE: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, " Employment Status of School Age Youth, High School Graduates and Dropouts, 1997." Figure 24. Unemployment rates of persons 25 years old and over, by highest degree attained: 1997 0 5 10 15 20 Percent unemployed 4.3 3.5 2.7 2.0 Figure 25. Labor force status of 1996   97 high school dropouts and graduates not enrolled in college: October 1997 Dropouts 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percent Employed Unemployed Not in labor force High school graduates 430 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P 60, " Money Income in the United States: 1996."

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, " Recent College Graduates" surveys, 1987 and 1991, and " Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study, First Follow up" survey. Some high school, no degree High school graduate Associate degree Bachelor's degree Master's degree $

$ Figure 26. Median annual income of persons with income 25 years old and over, by highest degree attained and sex: 1996 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 Income Men Women Figure 27. Salaries of recent bachelor's degree recipients 1 year after graduation, by field: 1987, 1991, and 1994 [ In constant 1994 dollars]

All fields Biological Business Education Engineering Health Mathematics Social sciences 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 Salary 1985 86 graduates 1989 90 graduates 1992 93 graduates 431 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 375.   Percent of 18 to 25 year olds reporting drug use during the past 30 days and the past year: 1982 to 1996 Drug 1982 1985 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Percent reporting drug use during past 30 days Any illicit use .....................................   25.3 17.9 15.0 15.4 13.1 13.6 13.3 14.2 15.6 Marijuana ..................................... 27.2 21.7 15.3 12.7 12.9 10.9 11.1 12.1 12.0 13.2 Cocaine ........................................ 7.0 8.1 4.8 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.3 2.0 Alcohol .............................................. 66.6 70.1 64.7 62.8 63.1 58.6 58.7 63.1 61.3 60.0 Cigarettes ..........................................   47.4 45.6 40.9 41.7 41.5 37.9 34.6 35.3 38.3 Percent reporting drug use during past year Any illicit use .....................................   37.4 29.1 26.1 26.6 24.1 24.2 24.6 25.5 26.8 Marijuana ..................................... 37.4 34.0 26.1 23.0 22.9 21.2 21.4 21.8 21.8 23.8 Cocaine ........................................ 15.9 13.6 10.5 6.5 6.7 5.5 4.4 3.6 4.3 4.7 Alcohol .............................................. 80.6 84.2 79.6 78.1 80.7 75.6 76.9 78.5 76.5 75.3 Cigarettes ..........................................   49.9 50.9 45.1 46.9 46.8 43.7 41.1 42.5 44.7   Data not available or low precision; no estimate reported.

NOTE.   Some 1982 data have been revised from previously published figures. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Preliminary Estimates from the 1996 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. ( This table was prepared July 1998.)

Table 376.   Percent of 1972, 1982, and 1992 high school seniors who felt that certain life values were `` very important,'' by sex: 1972 to 1994 Value Percent of 1972 seniors Percent of 1982 seniors Percent of 1992 seniors 1972 1974 ( 2 years after high school) 1976 ( 4 years after high school) 1982 1984 ( 2 years after high school) 1986 ( 4 years after high school) 1992 1994 ( 2 years after high school)

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Total Male Female 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Being successful in work ........................................... 86.5 83.0 81.2 74.9 80.3 69.7 88.2 85.5 88.7 84.2 84.0 77.2 89.0 89.6 90.1 89.9 90.3 Finding steady work .................................................. 82.3 73.7 74.7 59.9 79.3 62.1 88.0 84.4 87.4 83.3 84.2 76.3 87.1 88.6 89.7 88.7 90.7 Having lots of money ................................................. 26.0 9.8 17.8 9.1 17.7 9.4 41.3 24.1 35.8 20.9 27.8 16.9 45.3 29.4 35.2 39.5 30.9 Being a leader in the community .............................. 14.9 8.0 8.5 4.4 9.2 4.2 11.3 5.9 13.7 6.4 9.5 4.5           Correcting inequalities ............................................... 22.5 31.1 16.6 18.2 16.2 17.1 11.8 11.7 13.3 13.9 10.7 10.9 17.0 23.6       Having children ..........................................................             37.0 47.0 42.7 56.3 41.4 56.2 39.0 49.2       Having a happy family life ......................................... 78.6 85.7 83.1 86.7 84.2 86.4 81.6 86.3 86.1 90.2 86.8 87.8           Providing better opportunities for my children .......... 66.6 66.2 59.5 61.6 59.8 58.8 71.0 68.7 72.1 69.9 68.4 67.4 74.5 76.5 90.5 90.3 90.8 Living closer to parents or relatives .......................... 6.8 8.2 8.3 12.4 7.7 11.9 15.0 15.7 15.6 20.1 12.9 19.8 15.2 18.7       Moving from area ...................................................... 14.3 14.6 8.3 7.4 6.7 6.4 14.4 12.8 10.5 9.1 9.0 7.4 20.7 20.1       Having strong friendships .......................................... 81.2 78.7 76.5 74.7 76.1 72.1 80.4 79.1 80.1 79.7 76.5 75.0 79.8 80.0 87.6 88.1 87.0 Having leisure time ....................................................     60.9 55.1 65.4 60.1 70.2 68.8 74.5 72.0 70.1 68.9 65.3 62.0         Question not asked.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` National Longitudinal Study,'' `` High School and Beyond'' surveys, and `` National Education Longitudinal Study,'' second and third followup surveys. ( This table was prepared June 1995.) 432 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 377.   Labor force participation of persons 16 years old and over, by age, sex, race/ ethnicity, and highest level of education: 1997 Age, sex, and race/ ethnicity Labor force participation rate 1 Employment/ population ratio 2 Total Less than high school graduate 3 High school graduate College Total Less than high school graduate 3 High school graduate College Some college no degree Associate degree Bachelor's degree or higher Some college no degree Associate degree Bachelor's degree or higher 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 16 to 19 years old 4 .............. 51.6 44.7 69.4 61.5 ( 5) ( 5) 43.4 36.2 59.6 56.2 ( 5) ( 5) Men ........................................... 52.3 46.1 72.1 58.3 ( 5) ( 5) 43.4 37.0 62.1 52.9 ( 5) ( 5) Women ...................................... 51.0 43.1 66.7 63.8 ( 5) ( 5) 43.3 35.3 57.3 58.7 ( 5) ( 5) White 6 ....................................... 55.2 48.2 72.5 64.6 ( 5) ( 5) 47.7 40.4 64.0 60.0 ( 5) ( 5) Black 6 ........................................ 38.7 32.5 58.2 47.9 ( 5) ( 5) 26.1 20.6 41.9 37.8 ( 5) ( 5) Hispanic 7 ................................... 43.0 37.0 62.8 57.1 ( 5) ( 5) 33.7 27.5 53.0 50.7 ( 5) ( 5)

20 to 24 years old 4 .............. 77.6 68.1 82.6 73.8 84.5 85.3 71.0 56.5 74.6 68.8 80.9 82.2 Men ........................................... 82.5 83.0 89.5 74.6 87.2 85.9 75.2 70.5 80.9 69.3 83.6 82.3 Women ...................................... 72.7 50.1 75.1 73.0 82.2 84.9 66.8 39.5 67.8 68.4 78.6 82.1 White 6 ....................................... 79.6 71.3 84.3 75.8 85.4 86.7 74.1 61.7 77.6 71.5 82.5 84.0 Black 6 ........................................ 70.9 56.6 76.4 68.3 82.2 88.0 57.9 36.3 62.3 58.7 73.6 82.3 Hispanic 7 ................................... 76.4 71.0 80.7 78.7 79.6 79.7 68.6 61.7 72.7 72.1 74.5 76.7 25 and older ......................... 67.4 42.2 65.8 72.8 79.3 80.5 64.9 38.8 63.0 70.2 77.2 78.9 Men ........................................... 76.4 55.0 76.6 80.3 86.3 85.0 73.6 51.1 73.3 77.6 84.0 83.4 Women ...................................... 59.3 30.7 56.8 65.9 74.1 75.5 57.0 27.7 54.4 63.5 72.0 73.8 White 6 ....................................... 67.3 42.6 65.1 71.9 79.0 80.2 65.1 39.6 62.7 69.7 77.1 78.7 Black 6 ........................................ 67.2 39.4 70.2 78.4 82.3 84.5 62.3 34.2 64.5 73.6 78.7 81.4 Hispanic 7 ................................... 69.8 58.6 75.2 81.3 82.3 83.9 65.6 53.7 70.9 77.9 79.0 81.0 1 Percent of the civilian population who are employed or seeking employment.

2 Number of persons employed as a percent of civilian population.

3 Includes persons reporting no school years completed. 4 Excludes persons enrolled in school. 5 Sample size too small for stable estimates. 6 Includes persons of Hispanic origin. 7 Hispanics may be of any race.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, unpublished tabulations of annual averages from the Current Population Survey. ( This table was prepared September 1998.)

Table 378.   Occupation of employed persons 25 years old and over, by educational attainment and sex: 1997 Sex and occupation Total employed, in thousands Percentage distribution, by years of school completed Total Less than one year of high school High school College 1   4 years of high school, no diploma High school graduate Some college no degree Associate degree Bachelor's degree More than a bachelor's degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 All persons All occupational groups ......................................................... 106,757 100.0 3.5 6.6 32.7 18.8 8.9 19.7 9.8 Managerial and professional specialty ............................. 34,446 100.0 0.3 1.4 13.1 13.8 8.7 36.3 26.3 Executive, administrative, and managerial ................... 16,965 100.0 0.5 2.2 20.8 19.6 8.4 33.9 14.6 Professional specialty occupations ............................... 17,481 100.0 0.2 0.5 5.7 8.2 9.1 38.6 37.6 Teachers, except college and university ................... 4,342 100.0 0.1 0.5 5.3 6.0 3.2 48.5 36.3 Teachers, college and university ............................... 751 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 2.3 1.7 15.8 79.5 Technical, sales, and administrative support ................... 30,459 100.0 0.8 3.5 35.6 25.6 11.3 19.8 3.4 Technicians and related support ................................... 3,688 100.0 0.2 1.4 19.8 24.2 23.9 24.8 5.7 Sales occupations ......................................................... 11,722 100.0 1.3 4.7 33.0 23.0 7.8 25.8 4.5 Administrative support, including clerical ...................... 15,049 100.0 0.6 3.0 41.6 27.9 11.0 13.9 2.0 Service occupations .......................................................... 12,354 100.0 7.6 12.6 43.6 19.7 7.8 7.6 1.2 Precision production, craft, and repair ............................. 12,380 100.0 5.5 11.0 47.5 20.2 9.0 5.8 1.0 Operators, fabricators, and laborers ................................. 14,594 100.0 8.6 15.7 50.4 15.3 5.2 4.2 0.6 Farming, forestry, and fishing ........................................... 2,524 100.0 18.5 12.2 37.3 14.3 6.2 9.5 1.9 Men All occupational groups ......................................................... 57,507 100.0 4.3 7.4 32.2 18.3 7.7 19.6 10.5 Managerial and professional specialty ............................. 17,574 100.0 0.5 1.6 12.1 13.6 6.6 36.2 29.4 Executive, administrative, and managerial ................... 9,436 100.0 0.7 2.5 18.1 18.1 7.1 36.5 17.0 Professional specialty occupations ............................... 8,139 100.0 0.2 0.5 5.2 8.4 5.9 35.9 43.8 Teachers, except college and university ................... 1,045 100.0 0.1 0.4 4.3 6.7 3.3 44.3 41.1 Teachers, college and university ............................... 430 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 2.1 1.6 15.1 80.5 Technical, sales, and administrative support ................... 11,029 100.0 1.1 3.1 27.5 24.8 10.1 28.0 5.3 Technicians and related support ................................... 1,754 100.0 0.3 1.3 17.7 25.0 20.0 28.6 7.0 Sales occupations ......................................................... 6,226 100.0 1.3 3.2 26.6 23.9 7.7 31.5 5.8 Administrative support, including clerical ...................... 3,048 100.0 1.3 3.7 34.9 26.7 9.6 20.5 3.2 Service occupations .......................................................... 4,816 100.0 8.4 10.3 38.0 22.2 8.9 10.2 1.8 Precision production, craft, and repair ............................. 11,273 100.0 5.5 10.8 47.3 20.5 9.2 5.6 1.0 Operators, fabricators, and laborers ................................. 10,816 100.0 7.7 15.3 50.1 16.3 5.4 4.5 0.6 Farming, forestry, and fishing ........................................... 2,000 100.0 20.2 13.0 37.0 13.4 5.6 9.1 2.0 Women All occupational groups ......................................................... 49,250 100.0 2.5 5.7 33.4 19.3 10.2 19.9 9.0 Managerial and professional specialty ............................. 16,872 100.0 0.2 1.2 14.2 14.0 11.0 36.3 23.1 Executive, administrative, and managerial ................... 7,530 100.0 0.3 1.9 24.1 21.5 10.0 30.6 11.6 Professional specialty occupations ............................... 9,342 100.0 0.2 0.5 6.2 8.0 11.9 41.0 32.2 Teachers, except college and university ................... 3,297 100.0 0.1 0.5 5.6 5.8 3.3 49.9 34.7 Teachers, college and university ............................... 321 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 2.5 1.6 16.8 78.5 Technical, sales, and administrative support ................... 19,431 100.0 0.6 3.7 40.2 26.0 12.0 15.1 2.4 Technicians and related support ................................... 1,933 100.0 0.1 1.4 21.7 23.4 27.6 21.3 4.6 Sales occupations ......................................................... 5,496 100.0 1.3 6.5 40.1 22.0 8.0 19.2 3.0 Administrative support, including clerical ...................... 12,001 100.0 0.4 2.8 43.3 28.2 11.4 12.2 1.7 Service occupations .......................................................... 7,538 100.0 7.0 14.0 47.2 18.1 7.0 5.9 0.8 Precision production, craft, and repair ............................. 1,107 100.0 6.1 12.2 48.8 17.0 7.1 7.8 1.1 Operators, fabricators, and laborers ................................. 3,778 100.0 11.0 16.7 51.1 12.5 4.7 3.4 0.5 Farming, forestry, and fishing ........................................... 524 100.0 12.2 9.7 38.5 17.7 8.8 11.3 1.9 NOTE.   Because of rounding, details may not add to totals. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, unpublished tabulations from the Current Population Survey ( This table was prepared August 1998.) 433 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 379.   Unemployment rate of persons 16 years old and over, by age, sex, race/ ethnicity, and highest degree attained: 1995, 1996, and 1997 Sex, race/ ethnicity, and highest degree attained Percent unemployed, 1995 1 Percent unemployed, 1996 1 Percent unemployed, 1997 1 16 to 24 year olds 2 25 years old and over 16 to 24 year olds 2 25 years old and over 16 to 24 year olds 2 25 years old and over Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 All persons All education levels .............................. 12.1 17.3 9.1 4.3 12.0 16.7 9.3 4.2 11.3 16.0 8.5 3.8 Less than a high school graduate .. 20.2 20.8 18.6 9.0 19.7 19.7 19.4 8.7 18.4 18.9 17.1 8.1 High school graduate, no college ... 12.0 14.7 10.8 4.8 12.0 14.9 10.8 4.7 11.0 14.0 9.6 4.3 Some college, no degree ............... 6.7 8.4 6.3 4.3 7.0 8.1 6.7 4.0 7.1 8.5 6.7 3.5 Associate degree ............................ 5.3   5.1 3.3 4.8   4.5 3.3 4.5   4.3 2.7 Bachelor's degree or higher ........... 5.5   5.5 2.4 5.3   5.3 2.2 3.7   3.7 2.0 Men All education levels .............................. 12.5 18.4 9.2 4.3 12.6 18.1 9.5 4.1 11.8 16.9 8.9 3.6 Less than a high school graduate .. 19.9 21.6 15.9 8.8 19.8 21.2 16.4 7.8 18.3 19.7 15.1 7.2 High school graduate, no college ... 11.7 15.3 10.4 4.8 11.9 15.1 10.6 4.7 10.8 13.9 9.6 4.2 Some college, no degree ............... 6.8 9.3 6.3 4.0 7.5 9.4 7.1 3.9 7.5 9.2 7.1 3.3 Associate degree ............................ 4.9   4.8 3.3 4.1   4.2 3.2       2.6 Bachelor's degree or higher ........... 6.3   6.3 2.3 6.1   6.1 2.1 4.2   4.3 1.9 Women All education levels .............................. 11.7 16.1 9.0 4.4 11.3 15.2 9.0 4.3 10.7 15.0 8.1 3.9 Less than a high school graduate .. 20.8 19.9 24.4 9.2 19.5 18.1 25.3 10.1 18.6 17.9 21.2 9.6 High school graduate, no college ... 12.3 14.2 11.4 4.7 12.2 14.7 10.9 4.6 11.2 14.2 9.7 4.3 Some college, no degree ............... 6.6 7.7 6.3 4.6 6.6 7.2 6.4 4.1 6.7 8.0 6.3 3.7 Associate degree ............................ 5.5   5.5 3.3 5.2   4.8 3.3 4.8   4.5 2.8 Bachelor's degree or higher ........... 5.0   4.9 2.7 4.8   4.8 2.4 3.2   3.3 2.2 White 3 All education levels .............................. 10.2 14.5 7.7 3.9 10.2 14.2 7.8 3.7 9.4 13.6 6.9 3.3 Less than a high school graduate .. 17.2 17.7 15.9 8.3 16.7 17.0 16.0 8.0 15.5 16.2 13.5 7.2 High school graduate, no college ... 10.0 11.9 9.2 4.2 9.9 12.2 8.9 4.0 9.1 11.6 7.9 3.6 Some college, no degree ............... 5.8 7.3 5.3 3.7 6.0 7.0 5.8 3.5 5.9 7.1 5.6 3.0 Associate degree ............................ 4.8   4.7 3.1 4.2   3.9 3.0 3.6   3.4 2.5 Bachelor's degree or higher ........... 5.1   5.1 2.3 5.1   5.1 2.1 3.1   3.2 1.8 Black 3 All education levels .............................. 23.9 35.7 17.7 7.4 23.9 33.6 18.8 7.7 23.2 32.4 18.3 7.3 Less than a high school graduate .. 39.1 40.4 35.8 12.4 37.8 37.6 38.2 12.6 36.3 36.4 35.8 13.1 High school graduate, no college ... 22.5 31.8 19.3 8.2 23.0 31.5 20.0 9.1 20.9 28.1 18.4 8.1 Some college, no degree ............... 13.0 18.7 12.2 7.5 13.7 17.1 13.1 6.7 15.1 21.0 14.0 6.1 Associate degree ............................ 10.7   8.5 4.6 9.7   10.0 5.5         Bachelor's degree or higher ........... 8.7   8.6 3.2 6.1   6.0 3.1 6.5   6.4 3.6 Hispanic origin 4 All education levels .............................. 15.5 24.1 11.5 7.6 15.5 23.6 11.8 7.1 13.8 21.6 10.3 6.1 Less than a high school graduate .. 20.2 28.2 13.7 10.4 20.1 26.1 14.6 9.7 18.8 25.7 13.0 8.5 High school graduate, no college ... 14.1 18.7 12.3 6.8 13.6 20.7 11.5 6.6 11.4 15.7 9.9 5.7 Some college, no degree ............... 10.4 14.1 9.4 6.1 10.5 13.2 9.8 4.9 8.9 11.3 8.4 4.1 Associate degree ............................       5.5       4.9         Bachelor's degree or higher ...........       3.5       3.8       3.5 1 The unemployment rate is the percent of individuals in the labor force who are not working and who made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the prior 4 weeks. The labor force includes both employed and unemployed persons. 2 Excludes persons enrolled in school. 3 Includes persons of Hispanic origin. 4 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.   Data not available.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, unpublished tabulations of annual everages from the Current Population Survey. ( This table was prepared September 1998.) 434 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 380.   Median annual income of year round full time workers 25 years old and over, by level of education completed and sex: 1989 to 1997 Sex and year Total Elementary/ secondary College Less than 9th grade 9th to 12th grade, no diploma 1 High school graduate 2 Some college, no degree 3 Associate degree 4 Bachelor's degree or higher 5 Total 5 Bachelor's 6 Master's 7 Professional 7 Doctorate 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Current dollars Men 1989 .............................................. $ 30,465 $ 17,555 $ 21,065 $ 26,609 $ 31,308   $ 41,892 $ 38,565       1990 .............................................. 30,733 17,394 20,902 26,653 31,734   42,671 39,238       1991 .............................................. 31,613 17,623 21,402 26,779 31,663 $ 33,817 45,138 40,906 $ 49,734 $ 73,996 $ 57,187 1992 .............................................. 32,057 17,294 21,274 27,280 32,103 33,433 45,802 41,355 49,973 76,220 57,418 1993 .............................................. 32,359 16,863 21,752 27,370 32,077 33,690 47,740 42,757 51,867 80,549 63,149 1994 .............................................. 33,440 17,532 22,048 28,037 32,279 35,794 49,228 43,663 53,500 75,009 61,921 1995 .............................................. 34,551 18,354 22,185 29,510 33,883 35,201 50,481 45,266 55,216 79,667 65,336 1996 .............................................. 35,622 17,962 22,717 30,709 34,845 37,131 51,436 45,846 60,508 85,963 71,227 1997 .............................................. 36,678 19,291 24,726 31,215 35,945 38,022 53,450 48,616 61,690 85,011 76,234 Women 1989 .............................................. 20,570 12,188 13,923 17,528 21,631   28,799 26,709       1990 .............................................. 21,372 12,251 14,429 18,319 22,227   30,377 28,017       1991 .............................................. 22,043 12,066 14,455 18,836 22,143 25,000 31,310 29,079 34,949 46,742 43,303 1992 .............................................. 23,139 12,958 14,559 19,427 23,157 25,624 32,304 30,326 36,037 46,257 45,790 1993 .............................................. 23,629 12,415 15,386 19,963 23,056 25,883 34,307 31,197 38,612 50,211 47,248 1994 .............................................. 24,399 12,430 15,133 20,373 23,514 25,940 35,378 31,741 39,457 50,615 51,119 1995 .............................................. 24,875 13,577 15,825 20,463 23,997 27,311 35,259 32,051 40,263 50,000 48,141 1996 .............................................. 25,808 14,414 16,953 21,175 25,167 28,083 36,461 33,525 41,901 57,624 56,267 1997 .............................................. 26,974 14,161 16,697 22,067 26,335 28,812 38,038 35,379 44,949 61,051 53,037 Constant 1997 dollars Men 1989 .............................................. $ 39,433 $ 22,722 $ 27,266 $ 34,441 $ 40,524   $ 54,223 $ 49,917       1990 .............................................. 37,740 21,360 25,668 32,730 38,969   52,400 48,184       1991 .............................................. 37,253 20,767 25,220 31,557 37,312 $ 39,850 53,191 48,204 $ 58,607 $ 87,198 $ 67,390 1992 .............................................. 36,672 19,784 24,337 31,208 36,725 38,247 52,396 47,309 57,168 87,194 65,685 1993 .............................................. 35,942 18,730 24,161 30,401 35,629 37,420 53,026 47,491 57,610 89,468 70,141 1994 .............................................. 36,215 18,987 23,878 30,364 34,958 38,765 53,314 47,287 57,940 81,234 67,060 1995 .............................................. 36,387 19,330 23,364 31,078 35,684 37,072 53,164 47,672 58,151 83,901 68,809 1996 .............................................. 36,439 18,374 23,238 31,414 35,645 37,983 52,616 46,898 61,896 87,935 72,861 1997 .............................................. 36,678 19,291 24,726 31,215 35,945 38,022 53,450 48,616 61,690 85,011 76,234 Women 1989 .............................................. 26,625 15,776 18,021 22,687 27,998   37,276 34,571       1990 .............................................. 26,245 15,044 17,719 22,496 27,295   37,303 34,405       1991 .............................................. 25,976 14,219 17,034 22,197 26,094 29,460 36,896 34,267 41,184 55,081 51,029 1992 .............................................. 26,470 14,824 16,655 22,224 26,491 29,313 36,955 34,692 41,226 52,917 52,383 1993 .............................................. 26,245 13,790 17,090 22,173 25,609 28,749 38,106 34,651 42,887 55,771 52,480 1994 .............................................. 26,424 13,462 16,389 22,064 25,466 28,093 38,314 34,375 42,732 54,816 55,362 1995 .............................................. 26,197 14,299 16,666 21,551 25,272 28,763 37,133 33,754 42,403 52,657 50,700 1996 .............................................. 26,400 14,745 17,342 21,661 25,744 28,727 37,298 34,294 42,862 58,946 57,558 1997 .............................................. 26,974 14,161 16,697 22,067 26,335 28,812 38,038 35,379 44,949 61,051 53,037 Number with income ( in thousands)

Men 1989 .............................................. 44,596 2,425 3,312 16,392 9,028   13,439 7,473       1990 .............................................. 44,406 2,250 3,315 16,394 9,113   13,334 7,569       1991 .............................................. 44,199 1,807 3,083 15,025 8,034 2,899 13,350 8,456 3,073 1,147 674 1992 .............................................. 44,752 1,815 3,009 14,722 8,067 3,203 13,937 8,719 3,178 1,295 745 1993 .............................................. 45,873 1,790 3,083 14,604 8,493 3,557 14,346 9,178 3,131 1,231 808 1994 .............................................. 47,566 1,895 3,057 15,109 8,783 3,735 14,987 9,636 3,225 1,258 868 1995 .............................................. 48,500 1,946 3,335 15,331 8,908 3,926 15,054 9,597 3,395 1,208 853 1996 .............................................. 49,764 2,041 3,441 15,840 9,173 3,931 15,339 9,898 3,272 1,277 893 1997 .............................................. 50,807 1,914 3,548 16,225 9,170 4,086 15,864 10,349 3,228 1,321 966 Women 1989 .............................................. 28,056 906 1,830 11,785 6,217   7,318 4,465       1990 .............................................. 28,636 847 1,861 11,810 6,462   7,655 4,704       1991 .............................................. 29,474 733 1,819 10,959 5,633 2,523 7,807 5,263 2,025 312 206 1992 .............................................. 30,346 734 1,659 11,039 5,904 2,655 8,355 5,604 2,192 334 225 1993 .............................................. 30,683 765 1,576 10,513 6,279 3,067 8,483 5,735 2,166 323 260 1994 .............................................. 31,379 696 1,675 10,785 6,256 3,210 8,756 5,901 2,174 398 283 1995 .............................................. 32,673 774 1,763 11,064 6,329 3,336 9,406 6,434 2,268 421 283 1996 .............................................. 33,549 750 1,751 11,363 6,582 3,468 9,636 6,689 2,213 413 322 1997 .............................................. 34,624 791 1,765 11,475 6,628 3,538 10,427 7,173 2,448 488 318 1 Includes 1 to 3 years high school for 1989 and 1990.

2 Includes 4 years of high school for 1989 and 1990, and equivalency certificates for the other years.

3 Includes 1 to 3 years of college and associate degrees for 1989 and 1990.

4 Not reported separately for 1989 and 1990.

5 Includes 4 or more years of college for 1989 and 1990.

6 Includes 4 years of college for 1989 and 1990.

7 Data not collected in 1989 and 1990.   Data not available or not applicable.

NOTE.   Data for 1982 and later years are based on 1990 census counts. Due to rounding, numbers may not add to totals.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P 60, `` Money Income of Households, Families, and Persons in the United States,'' `` Income, Poverty, and Valuation of Noncash Benefits,'' various years, `` Money Income in the United States: 1995,'' P60   193, and `` Money Income in the United States: 1997'' P60   200. ( This table was prepared October 1998.) 435 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 381.   Total annual money income and median income of persons 25 years old and over, by educational attainment and sex: 1996 Sex, earnings, and age Total Less than 9th grade Some high school ( no diploma) High school graduate ( includes equivalency College Some college, no degree Associate degree Bachelor's degree or higher Total Bachelor's degree Master's degree Professional degree Doctor's degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Number, in thousands Men, 25 years old and over Total ......................................... 81,620 6,477 8,212 26,226 14,033 5,299 21,374 13,672 4,776 1,708 1,218 With income ............................. 79,423 6,139 7,671 25,510 13,756 5,210 21,136 13,510 4,709 1,702 1,215 Percentage distribution of men with income Total .................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 $ 1 to $ 4,999 or loss ................ 4.3 8.9 8.3 4.5 3.5 3.1 2.2 2.5 2.1 1.3 1.4 $ 5,000 to $ 9,999 ..................... 9.4 28.8 17.2 9.5 7.0 4.6 3.4 3.9 2.7 2.6 1.7 $ 10,000 to $ 14,999 ................. 11.2 24.8 20.8 11.9 9.0 7.1 5.2 6.2 3.6 2.5 3.5 $ 15,000 to $ 24,999 ................. 20.1 22.5 27.8 24.5 20.9 17.6 11.2 13.1 9.1 6.0 5.9 $ 25,000 to $ 34,999 ................. 17.3 8.9 14.6 20.1 20.6 20.8 14.2 16.3 12.4 8.0 7.0 $ 35,000 to $ 49,999 ................. 17.2 3.5 7.1 18.0 20.1 24.7 20.2 21.5 20.1 14.4 14.7 $ 50,000 to $ 74,999 ................. 12.4 1.7 3.0 8.7 13.2 16.4 21.8 21.3 23.7 17.2 26.3 $ 75,000 and over .................... 8.2 0.9 1.1 2.8 5.6 5.7 21.7 15.1 26.3 48.1 39.3 Median income ................... $ 27,248 $ 12,174 $ 16,058 $ 24,814 $ 29,160 $ 33,065 $ 44,161 $ 39,624 $ 50,003 $ 71,869 $ 62,255 Number, in thousands Women, 25 years old and over Total ......................................... 88,961 6,836 9,000 31,360 15,335 7,107 19,323 13,685 4,356 739 543 With income ............................. 83,056 5,775 7,929 29,212 14,528 6,839 18,775 13,247 4,285 715 527 Percentage distribution of women with income Total .................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 $ 1 to $ 4,999 or loss ................ 16.2 24.5 22.5 17.1 15.3 12.5 11.4 12.9 8.0 9.0 5.5 $ 5,000 to $ 9,999 ..................... 20.1 45.8 36.1 21.8 16.5 12.1 8.5 9.5 6.1 4.6 5.7 $ 10,000 to $ 14,999 ................. 14.5 16.5 19.3 18.0 14.7 12.9 6.9 7.7 5.3 3.6 3.2 $ 15,000 to $ 24,999 ................. 21.2 9.5 15.7 24.9 24.8 23.8 17.4 19.3 13.3 9.4 13.5 $ 25,000 to $ 34,999 ................. 13.0 2.1 3.9 10.8 14.8 19.5 19.8 20.5 20.0 13.0 11.2 $ 35,000 to $ 49,999 ................. 8.9 0.8 1.6 5.0 9.2 13.1 18.7 16.5 25.6 16.6 20.3 $ 50,000 to $ 74,999 ................. 4.4 0.6 0.5 1.8 3.6 4.9 11.6 9.5 15.6 18.9 19.7 $ 75,000 and over .................... 1.9 0.2 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.2 5.8 4.0 6.2 24.9 20.9 Median income ................... $ 14,682 $ 7,276 $ 8,544 $ 12,702 $ 16,255 $ 20,460 $ 27,556 $ 25,192 $ 33,302 $ 42,059 $ 42,431 NOTE.   Because of rounding, details may not add to totals. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P 60, No. 197, `` Money Income in the United States: 1996.'' ( This table was prepared August 1998.) 436 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 382.   College enrollment and labor force status of 1996 and 1997 high school graduates, by sex and race/ ethnicity: October 1996 and October 1997 [ Numbers in thousands]

Item Civilian noninstitutional population Civilian labor force 1 Not in labor force Number Percent Percent of high school graduates Number Labor force participation rate Employed Unemployed Number Percent of population Number Unemployment rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1996 high school graduates 2 Total ........................................................... 2,660 100.0 100.0 1,528 57.4 1,225 46.1 303 19.8 1,132 Men ........................................................ 1,297 48.8 48.8 771 59.5 605 46.6 167 21.6 526 Women .................................................. 1,363 51.2 51.2 756 55.5 620 45.5 136 18.0 606 White 3 ................................................... 2,092 78.6 78.6 1,253 59.9 1,047 50.0 206 16.5 839 Black 3 .................................................... 416 15.6 15.6 231 55.6 150 36.1 82 35.4 185 Hispanic origin 4 ..................................... 227 8.5 8.5 138 60.6 100 44.1 37 27.1 89 Enrolled in college, October 1996 ......... 1,729 100.0 65.0 801 46.3 676 39.1 126 15.7 928 Men .................................................... 779 45.1 29.3 348 44.7 286 36.7 63 18.0 431 Women ............................................... 950 54.9 35.7 453 47.7 390 41.1 63 14.0 497 2 year ................................................. 615 35.6 23.1 379 61.7 310 50.4 69 18.3 235 4 year ................................................. 1,115 64.5 41.9 422 37.9 366 32.8 57 13.4 692 Full time students .............................. 1,589 91.9 59.7 681 42.8 562 35.4 119 17.5 908 Part time students .............................. 140 8.1 5.3 120 86.1 113 80.7 7 5.8 19 White 3 ................................................ 1,377 79.6 51.8 679 49.4 584 42.4 96 14.1 697 Black 3 ................................................ 230 13.3 8.6 94 40.9 74 32.2 21 21.8 136 Hispanic origin 4 ................................. 115 6.7 4.3 66 57.4 55 47.8 12 ( 5) 49 Not enrolled in college, October 1996 .. 931 100.0 35.0 726 78.1 549 59.0 177 24.4 204 Men .................................................... 518 55.6 19.5 423 81.7 319 61.6 104 24.6 95 Women ............................................... 413 44.4 15.5 303 73.5 231 55.9 73 23.9 109 White 3 ................................................ 716 76.9 26.9 574 80.2 463 64.7 111 19.3 142 Black 3 ................................................ 186 20.0 7.0 137 73.8 76 40.9 61 44.8 49 Hispanic origin 4 ................................. 112 12.0 4.2 71 63.9 46 41.1 26 ( 5) 40 1997 high school graduates 6 Total ........................................................... 2,769 100.0 100.0 1,590 57.4 1,362 49.2 228 14.3 1,179 Men ........................................................ 1,354 48.9 48.9 793 58.6 675 49.8 118 14.9 561 Women .................................................. 1,415 51.1 51.1 798 56.4 688 48.6 110 13.8 618 White 3 ................................................... 2,228 80.5 80.5 1,337 60.0 1,168 52.4 169 12.6 891 Black 3 .................................................... 394 14.2 14.2 193 49.0 140 35.5 53 27.6 201 Hispanic origin 4 ..................................... 336 12.1 12.1 188 56.0 141 41.9 47 25.1 148 Enrolled in college, October 1997 ......... 1,856 100.0 67.0 853 46.0 751 40.5 102 11.9 1,003 Men .................................................... 860 46.3 31.1 364 42.3 311 36.2 52 14.4 497 Women ............................................... 995 53.6 35.9 489 49.1 440 44.2 49 10.1 506 2 year ................................................. 630 33.9 22.8 398 63.2 346 54.9 52 13.1 232 4 year ................................................. 1,225 66.0 44.2 454 37.1 405 33.1 49 10.8 771 Full time students .............................. 1,680 90.5 60.7 704 41.9 615 36.6 89 12.7 976 Part time students .............................. 176 9.5 6.4 149 84.6 137 77.6 12 8.3 27 White 3 ................................................ 1,504 81.0 54.3 744 49.5 659 43.8 85 11.4 760 Black 3 ................................................ 235 12.7 8.5 70 29.9 55 23.4 15 ( 5) 165 Hispanic origin 4 ................................. 220 11.9 7.9 101 45.8 80 36.5 21 20.4 119 Not enrolled in college, October 1997 .. 913 100.0 33.0 738 80.7 611 66.9 126 17.1 176 Men .................................................... 493 54.0 17.8 429 86.9 363 73.7 66 15.3 64 Women ............................................... 420 46.0 15.2 309 73.5 248 59.0 61 19.7 111 White 3 ................................................ 724 79.3 26.1 593 81.9 509 70.3 84 14.1 131 Black 3 ................................................ 159 17.4 5.7 123 77.2 85 53.3 38 31.0 36 Hispanic origin 4 ................................. 116 12.7 4.2 87 75.4 60 52.3 27 30.7 28 1 The labor force includes all employed persons plus those seeking employment. The labor force participation rate is the percentage of persons either employed or seeking employment. 2 Includes 16 to 24 year olds who graduated from high school between January and October 1996. 3 Includes persons of Hispanic origin. 4 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. 5 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. 6 Includes 16 to 24 year olds who graduated from high school between January and October 1997.

NOTE.   Data are based upon sample surveys of the civilian noninstitutional population Percents are only shown when the base is 75,000 or greater. Even though the standard errors are large, smaller estimates are shown to permit users to combine categories in various ways. Because of rounding, details may not add to totals. Detail for the above race and Hispanic origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the `` other races'' groups are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, `` College Enrollment and Work Activity of 1997 High School Graduates.'' ( This table was prepared June 1998.) 437 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 383.   Labor force status of 1979   80 to 1996   97 high school dropouts, by sex and race/ ethnicity: October 1980 to October 1997 [ Numbers in thousands]

Year, sex, and race Dropouts Dropouts in civilian labor force 1 Not in labor force Number Percent of total Number Labor force participation rate Employed Unemployed Number Percent of population Number Percent of dropouts Number Unemployment rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 All dropouts 2 1980 ........................................................ 739 100.0 471 63.7 322 43.6 149 31.6 268 36.3 1985 ........................................................ 612 100.0 413 67.5 266 43.5 147 35.6 199 32.5 1986 ........................................................ 562 100.0 359 63.9 259 46.1 100 27.9 203 36.1 1987 ........................................................ 502 100.0 333 66.4 207 41.2 126 37.8 169 33.7 1988 ........................................................ 552 100.0 327 59.2 240 43.5 87 26.7 225 40.8 1989 ........................................................ 446 100.0 292 65.4 210 47.1 82 28.0 154 34.5 1990 ........................................................ 405 100.0 280 69.0 189 46.7 90 32.3 125 30.9 1991 ........................................................ 380 100.0 235 61.8 140 36.9 95 40.3 145 38.2 1992 ........................................................ 406 100.0 242 59.6 147 36.3 95 39.1 164 40.4 1993 ........................................................ 399 100.0 254 63.8 187 47.0 67 26.3 145 36.3 1994 ........................................................ 510 100.0 311 61.1 219 42.9 93 29.8 198 38.8 1995 ........................................................ 604 100.0 409 67.7 288 47.7 121 29.6 195 32.3 1996 ........................................................ 496 100.0 289 58.4 210 42.3 80 27.6 206 41.5 1997 ........................................................ 502 100.0 302 60.2 225 44.9 77 25.4 200 39.8 Men 1980 ........................................................ 422 57.1 305 72.3 212 50.2 93 30.5 117 27.7 1985 ........................................................ 321 52.5 261 81.3 163 50.8 98 37.5 60 18.7 1990 ........................................................ 215 53.1 173 80.2 110 51.2 63 36.2 42 19.5 1993 ........................................................ 213 53.4 156 73.5 132 61.8 25 15.9 57 26.8 1994 ........................................................ 259 50.8 198 76.5 151 58.2 47 23.9 61 23.6 1995 ........................................................ 339 56.1 251 74.0 179 52.8 72 28.7 88 26.0 1996 ........................................................ 241 48.6 178 74.0 123 51.0 56 31.1 63 26.1 1997 ........................................................ 289 57.6 207 71.8 165 57.2 42 20.3 81 28.0 Women 1980 ........................................................ 317 42.9 166 52.4 110 34.7 56 33.7 151 47.6 1985 ........................................................ 291 47.5 152 52.2 103 35.4 49 32.2 139 47.8 1990 ........................................................ 190 46.9 107 56.3 79 41.6 28 26.1 83 43.7 1993 ........................................................ 186 46.6 98 52.6 56 30.1 42 42.9 88 47.3 1994 ........................................................ 251 49.2 113 45.2 68 27.1 45 40.0 137 54.6 1995 ........................................................ 265 43.9 157 59.5 109 41.1 49 30.9 107 40.4 1996 ........................................................ 255 51.4 111 43.6 87 34.1 24 21.8 144 56.5 1997 ........................................................ 213 42.4 95 44.4 60 28.1 35 36.6 119 55.9 White 3 1980 ........................................................ 580 78.5 392 67.6 286 49.3 106 27.0 188 32.4 1985 ........................................................ 458 74.8 330 72.1 214 46.7 116 35.2 128 27.9 1990 ........................................................ 303 74.8 211 69.8 156 51.4 56 26.3 92 30.4 1993 ........................................................ 304 76.2 209 68.8 159 52.2 50 24.1 95 31.3 1994 ........................................................ 382 74.9 252 66.0 177 46.3 75 29.8 130 34.0 1995 ........................................................ 448 74.2 312 69.8 227 50.8 85 27.2 135 30.1 1996 ........................................................ 365 73.6 238 65.1 178 48.6 60 25.3 127 34.8 1997 ........................................................ 386 76.9 250 64.8 199 51.5 51 20.5 136 35.2 Black 3 1980 ........................................................ 146 19.8 73 50.0 33 22.6 40 ( 4) 73 50.0 1985 ........................................................ 132 21.6 69 52.3 39 29.5 30 ( 4) 63 47.7 1990 ........................................................ 86 21.2 56 65.3 26 29.9 30 ( 4) 30 34.9 1993 ........................................................ 80 20.1 34 42.9 21 26.2 13 ( 4) 46 57.5 1994 ........................................................ 100 19.6 48 47.9 34 34.1 14 ( 4) 52 52.0 1995 ........................................................ 109 18.0 66 61.0 40 36.4 27 ( 4) 42 38.5 1996 ........................................................ 111 22.4 40 35.7 23 20.7 17 ( 4) 71 64.0 1997 ........................................................ 90 17.9 41 45.1 18 20.4 22 ( 4) 49 54.4 Hispanic 5 1980 ........................................................ 91 12.3 60 65.9 43 47.3 17 ( 4) 31 34.1 1985 ........................................................ 106 17.3 73 68.9 40 37.7 33 ( 4) 33 31.1 1990 ........................................................ 67 16.5 32 ( 4) 22 ( 4) 10 ( 4) 35 52.2 1993 ........................................................ 60 15.0 43 ( 4) 28 ( 4) 15 ( 4) 17 28.3 1994 ........................................................ 108 21.2 51 47.5 31 28.6 20 ( 4) 57 52.8 1995 ........................................................ 174 28.8 119 68.6 84 48.5 35 29.3 55 31.6 1996 ........................................................ 105 21.2 71 67.7 57 54.5 14 ( 4) 34 32.4 1997 ........................................................ 121 24.1 88 73.1 73 60.4 15 17.4 32 26.4 1 The labor force includes all employed persons plus those seeking employment. The labor force participation rate is the percentage of persons either employed or seeking employment. The unemployment rate is the percent of persons in the labor force who are seeking employment.

2 Persons, 16 to 24 years old, who dropped out of school in the 12 month period ending in October of years shown.

3 Includes persons of Hispanic origin.

4 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.

5 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. NOTE.   Data are based upon sample surveys of the civilian noninstitutional population Includes dropouts from any grade, including a small number from elementary and middle schools. Percents are only shown when the base is 75,000 or greater. Even though the standard errors are large, smaller estimates are shown to permit users to combine categories in various ways. Detail for the above race and Hispanic origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the `` other races'' group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Because of rounding, details may not add to totals.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, College Enrollment of High School Graduates, various years. ( This table was prepared June 1998.) 438 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 384.   Employment of 12th graders, by selected student characteristics: 1992 Employment characteristics Total Sex Race/ ethnicity Socioeconomic status 1 Location of school attended Male Female White Black Hispanic Asian American Indian Low Middle low Middle high High Urban Suburban Rural 1 2345678 910111213141516 Percentage distribution Average hours worked per week during senior year Total ...................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Did not work during year ........................................................... 31.8 33.0 30.7 27.6 47.4 38.9 43.3 45.0 38.2 29.8 28.2 32.5 35.6 29.4 31.6 1 to 5 hours ................................................................................ 6.8 6.0 7.6 7.0 4.9 6.0 9.5 8.5 5.2 5.5 5.8 10.1 6.7 6.6 7.2 6 to 10 hours .............................................................................. 9.8 8.9 10.7 11.2 6.5 5.3 6.7 5.6 6.7 8.3 10.6 12.6 9.4 9.6 10.6 11 to 15 hours ............................................................................ 12.7 11.1 14.4 14.1 7.2 11.3 9.3 6.2 9.5 11.9 13.7 15.0 12.2 13.6 12.1 16 to 20 hours ............................................................................ 16.1 15.0 17.2 17.3 11.9 13.3 13.5 12.5 13.4 18.6 18.4 14.0 14.3 18.3 14.9 More than 20 hours ................................................................... 22.7 26.0 19.5 22.8 22.1 25.2 17.7 22.3 27.1 25.9 23.3 15.8 21.7 22.5 23.7 21 to 25 hours ....................................................................... 9.8 10.2 9.5 10.0 8.8 10.7 8.1 12.0 10.2 10.9 10.8 8.0 9.5 10.6 9.1 26 to 30 hours ....................................................................... 5.6 6.5 4.8 5.5 6.4 6.6 4.4 3.8 6.8 6.4 5.9 3.4 5.3 5.7 5.8 31 to 35 hours ....................................................................... 2.5 3.1 1.9 2.6 2.4 2.4 0.8 5.0 3.6 3.2 2.4 1.3 2.3 2.5 2.7 36 to 40 hours ....................................................................... 3.3 4.2 2.4 3.3 2.9 4.1 3.7 0.9 4.3 4.2 2.7 2.1 3.3 2.4 4.3 More than 40 hours ............................................................... 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.7 1.4 0.8 0.7 2.2 1.4 1.6 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.8 Most recent type of work for employed students Total ...................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Lawn work or odd jobs .............................................................. 2.2 4.2 0.3 2.5 0.8 0.9 1.7 5.3 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.5 1.3 2.2 2.9 Food service .............................................................................. 24.0 22.2 25.7 22.8 34.8 24.8 22.9 24.6 28.0 26.6 25.1 18.6 23.6 23.1 25.4 Delivery person .......................................................................... 1.6 2.5 0.6 1.5 1.9 1.1 3.2 1.3 0.8 1.7 1.3 2.1 1.5 1.7 1.5 Babysitter or child care .............................................................. 4.3 0.6 7.9 4.8 2.4 2.2 5.0 1.1 3.2 3.9 4.5 5.4 4.9 4.4 3.9 Camp counselor/ life guard ......................................................... 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.9 ( 2) 0.5 0.6 ( 2) 0.2 0.3 0.9 1.3 0.8 0.9 0.5 Farm worker ............................................................................... 2.2 4.4 0.1 2.7 ( 2) 1.1 ( 2) ( 2) 3.7 3.3 1.6 1.1 0.2 1.1 5.5 Mechanic .................................................................................... 1.4 2.8 ( 2) 1.5 0.7 1.5 1.0 1.4 2.0 1.8 1.5 0.6 1.0 1.3 1.9 Grocery clerk or cashier ............................................................ 14.5 12.5 16.4 14.8 15.9 11.6 8.5 25.7 15.5 16.6 14.5 12.3 14.2 13.4 16.4 Beautician .................................................................................. 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.1 0.3 ( 2) ( 2) 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 House cleaning .......................................................................... 0.9 0.7 1.1 0.8 0.8 2.0 0.6 ( 2) 1.5 0.6 1.2 0.6 0.7 0.6 1.4 Construction ............................................................................... 2.0 4.0 0.1 2.1 1.0 1.9 0.9 2.0 2.6 2.3 1.9 1.4 1.4 1.8 2.7 Office or clerical ......................................................................... 6.9 2.9 10.7 6.3 9.2 8.7 12.1 5.8 6.3 6.0 7.2 8.0 9.0 6.8 5.4 Health services .......................................................................... 1.6 0.9 2.3 1.6 2.1 1.1 1.0 4.5 2.5 2.0 1.4 0.9 1.5 1.6 1.7 Salesperson ............................................................................... 11.8 9.8 13.7 12.0 8.7 11.9 15.0 7.9 7.2 8.8 12.5 15.8 13.4 14.1 7.3 Warehouse worker ..................................................................... 2.1 3.9 0.4 2.2 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.3 1.7 2.5 1.9 2.1 2.0 2.3 1.9 Other .......................................................................................... 23.5 27.7 19.6 23.5 19.3 28.8 25.4 18.3 22.0 21.4 22.3 27.4 24.4 24.6 21.3 Most recent hourly wage for employed students Total ...................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than $ 4.25 per hour .......................................................... 9.9 7.2 12.4 10.3 8.3 8.8 7.9 5.8 12.2 11.4 9.0 8.0 7.9 7.5 14.8 $ 4.25 to $ 6.00 per hour ............................................................. 77.5 75.6 79.2 76.7 80.9 81.1 77.0 79.3 79.0 76.8 80.0 74.8 80.1 77.0 75.8 $ 6.01 to $ 8.00 per hour ............................................................. 7.7 10.3 5.3 8.0 5.8 6.1 10.7 6.7 5.3 8.3 6.8 9.3 7.3 9.2 6.1 $ 8.01 or more per hour .............................................................. 5.0 6.9 3.2 5.1 5.0 4.0 4.5 8.3 3.5 3.5 4.1 7.9 4.8 6.3 3.4 1 Socioeconomic status was measured by a composite score of parental education and occupations and family income The `` Low'' SES group is the lowest quartile.

2 Less than 0.05 percent. NOTE.   Because of rounding, details may not add to totals.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988,'' Second Followup survey. ( This table was prepared August 1995.) 439 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 385.   Full time employment status of bachelor's degree recipients 1 year after graduation, by field of study: 1976 to 1991 Field of study Percent employed full time Percent employed full time in a job closely related to field of study Percent employed full time in nonprofessional job 1 1974   75 graduates in May 1976 1979   80 graduates in May 1981 1983   84 graduates in June 1985 1985   86 graduates in June 1987 1989   90 graduates in April 1991 1974   75 graduates in May 1976 1979   80 graduates in May 1981 1983   84 graduates in June 1985 1985   86 graduates in June 1987 1989   90 graduates in April 1991 1974   75 graduates in May 1976 1979   80 graduates in May 1981 1983   84 graduates in June 1985 1985   86 graduates in June 1987 1989   90 graduates in April 1991 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Total .................................................. 67 71 73 74 74 35 38 38 38 39 10 12 13 14 13 Professional/ technical fields ................ 77 80 82 81 80 51 51 47 47 48 9 10 13 11 11 Arts and sciences fields ...................... 56 56 56 62 64 18 17 15 25 26 12 14 15 15 14 Other .................................................... 65 74 75 74 73 36 43 47 36 38 9 19 12 17 13 Newly qualified to teach ........................... 66 75 73 68 74 43 56 54 47 58 7 8 9 9 6 Not newly qualified to teach ..................... 67 71 73 74 73 33 36 36 37 36 12 13 13 14 14 Professional/ technical fields ................ 80 81 82 82 83 52 49 47 47 48 10 10 13 11 12 Engineering ...................................... 79 84 84 83 84 57 55 53 46 50 4 2 3 5 3 Business and management ............. 84 83 85 85 83 49 44 41 40 42 15 14 19 17 16 Health ............................................... 75 77 75 76 86 71 66 70 65 83 2 4 2 3 1 Education 2 ....................................... 66 67 63 73 67 22 29 24 57 39 12 18 16 9 11 Public affairs and services ...............   77 74 72 66   46 31 37 49   10 15 20 9 Arts and sciences fields ...................... 57 56 56 63 64 17 16 15 25 23 13 15 15 15 15 Biological sciences ........................... 56 45 43 42 50 26 18 17 15 26 6 8 11 11 8 Physical sciences and mathematics 3 .......................................... 50 58 51 76 72 19 29 20 48 48 6 2 7 9 7 Psychology ....................................... 61 56 57 66 59 22 17 12 22 22 18 17 16 19 14 Social sciences ................................ 59 61 61 61 68 12 10 13 12 16 15 21 14 17 20 Humanities ....................................... 56 55 59 59 59 12 14 17 19 11 17 18 19 19 21 Other .................................................... 68 75 77 75 73 36 43 42 36 37 10 20 14 21 14 Communications ..............................   71 76 77 75   31 31 33 29   24 16 18 17 Miscellaneous .................................. 66 76 77 74 73 35 46 46 38 38 11 19 13 23 13 1 Includes those not working in technical, managerial, or administrative types of jobs who reported that they did not need a college degree to obtain their job.

2 Includes those who have not finished all requirements for teaching certification or were previously qualified to teach.

3 Includes computer sciences.

  Data not available. NOTE.   Data are from sample surveys of recent college graduates. Notes on methodology are included in the Guide to Sources. Data exclude bachelor's recipients from U. S. Service Schools. Deceased graduates and graduates living at foreign addresses at the time of the survey are not included.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Recent College Graduates''

surveys ( This table was prepared August 1993.) 440 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 386.   Employment status of 1992   93 bachelor's degree recipients 1 year after graduation, by field of study and occupational area: 1994 [ Percentage distribution]

Status in April 1994 All fields of study Professional/ technical fields Arts and sciences Other fields Business and management Education Engineering Health professions Public affairs and social services Biological sciences Mathematics,

computer, and physical sciences Social sciences History Humanities Psychology 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Total 1992   93 graduates .............................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Time between high school graduation and degree completion 4 years or less ................................................................ 31.1 27.5 28.0 21.4 18.0 24.3 47.7 35.0 45.1 43.2 34.3 36.6 29.9 More than 4, up to 5 years ............................................. 27.6 27.2 30.9 35.2 26.2 28.3 22.7 22.8 24.7 19.3 26.0 26.5 30.3 More than 5, up to 6 years ............................................. 11.2 9.4 10.5 16.2 12.7 11.9 11.7 10.1 10.1 16.8 11.0 7.2 13.3 More than 6, up to 10 years ........................................... 12.7 13.3 12.1 13.4 15.1 14.5 6.8 16.1 12.7 6.5 14.1 9.8 11.7 More than 10 years ......................................................... 17.4 22.6 18.5 13.8 28.1 21.0 11.1 15.9 7.4 14.3 14.6 20.0 14.7 Enrollment status in April 1994 Enrolled full time ............................................................. 12.0 5.0 10.9 14.6 10.5 8.7 26.6 20.5 14.4 18.2 14.2 18.4 10.5 Enrolled part time ............................................................ 5.8 4.7 8.2 6.6 6.8 5.4 8.6 4.5 4.9 5.3 5.1 9.9 4.5 Not enrolled ..................................................................... 82.2 90.3 80.9 78.8 82.7 85.9 64.9 75.1 80.7 76.6 80.7 71.7 85.0 Employment status Employed ........................................................................ 87.0 92.4 89.4 85.0 88.7 87.8 68.8 81.6 85.5 86.1 84.3 81.4 88.3 Full time ...................................................................... 73.1 84.7 68.3 75.8 73.4 74.6 51.6 67.8 72.5 71.7 64.1 66.9 74.6 Part time ..................................................................... 13.9 7.7 21.1 9.2 15.3 13.2 17.3 13.9 12.9 14.4 20.2 14.5 13.8 Unemployed 1 .................................................................. 4.5 3.6 3.4 6.2 4.5 4.6 7.4 4.9 4.8 5.4 4.9 5.1 4.5 Not in labor force 2 .......................................................... 8.5 3.9 7.3 8.8 6.7 7.6 23.8 13.5 9.8 8.5 10.8 13.6 7.2 Unemployment experiences since graduation Experienced any unemployment ..................................... 28.7 27.2 34.0 33.1 19.1 26.8 28.3 25.7 31.3 34.8 30.0 23.8 28.8 Average number of consecutive months unemployed ... 5.1 5.4 4.6 5.7 5.1 5.1 5.7 5.8 5.1 5.0 4.8 5.8 4.6 April 1994 unemployment rate 3 ...................................... 4.9 3.8 3.6 6.8 4.9 4.9 9.7 5.7 5.3 5.9 5.5 5.8 4.8 Total employed .............................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Occupation Business management .................................................... 20.1 31.4 9.2 12.2 7.2 16.3 9.3 8.0 26.4 23.9 16.7 25.6 26.9 School teacher ................................................................ 11.7 1.2 57.1 1.5 2.0 1.2 7.7 11.9 3.2 15.1 11.3 6.9 6.0 Engineering ..................................................................... 4.4 0.5 ( 4) 54.3 1.5 ( 4) 0.7 6.9 ( 4) ( 4) 1.0 ( 4) 1.7 Health professions .......................................................... 5.8 ( 4) 1.5 ( 4) 60.2 1.4 6.6 1.3 1.0 0.5 1.3 5.0 1.9 Other profession 5 ........................................................... 15.5 19.6 7.0 2.7 5.3 27.5 14.5 11.3 15.5 12.6 24.5 19.5 20.2 Computer science/ programming ..................................... 3.9 3.9 0.8 7.9 0.7 0.6 3.4 25.9 2.3 1.4 3.4 1.5 1.7 Non computer technician ................................................ 3.0 1.1 0.7 5.4 7.9 1.7 15.9 4.7 1.7 1.4 1.1 2.9 3.4 Administrative/ clerical/ support ......................................... 17.9 23.6 13.3 5.1 7.4 15.4 16.8 16.6 26.7 18.0 21.3 22.2 16.2 Mechanic operator/ laborer .............................................. 4.1 3.2 2.4 5.9 1.2 4.1 8.1 4.8 3.4 3.8 5.1 2.2 6.7 Sales ............................................................................... 7.1 11.7 2.5 2.1 2.3 4.4 9.0 4.6 10.0 7.7 7.8 4.4 7.9 Service ............................................................................ 4.2 2.4 4.5 1.3 3.7 5.4 6.2 3.0 5.5 6.8 5.4 8.7 5.4 Military/ protective service ................................................ 2.3 1.1 0.7 1.5 0.6 21.9 2.1 1.1 4.3 8.9 1.2 0.7 2.1 Job characteristics in April 1994 Definite/ possible career potential .................................... 72.0 77.2 75.4 81.5 80.0 67.8 57.4 75.1 68.0 66.5 65.5 52.6 67.6 Bachelor's degree required to obtain job ........................ 55.9 51.4 65.7 78.6 73.0 49.4 48.8 67.7 46.5 41.2 44.6 45.3 51.5 Job related to bachelor's degree .................................... 75.1 85.1 78.5 87.4 90.5 71.6 64.3 82.3 57.2 41.6 58.2 57.3 73.6 Annual salaries 6 Less than $ 5,000 ............................................................ 1.0 0.4 1.3 0.6 1.0 0.6 1.5 0.2 0.7 5.9 1.5 1.5 1.6 $ 5,000 to $ 9,999 ............................................................. 3.5 1.7 5.8 0.8 3.1 1.8 3.7 3.5 4.8 6.8 5.7 7.4 3.4 $ 10,000 to $ 14,999 ......................................................... 17.8 12.5 29.8 3.4 6.3 24.7 26.3 14.5 19.3 21.1 24.3 25.4 19.5 $ 15,000 to $ 19,999 ......................................................... 17.3 14.9 21.3 4.5 5.5 24.6 17.6 12.8 20.2 19.2 17.9 22.4 26.1 $ 20,000 to $ 24,999 ......................................................... 22.7 22.5 27.5 12.6 13.6 21.4 24.2 20.2 28.1 16.9 27.5 23.4 23.1 $ 25,000 to $ 34,999 ......................................................... 24.5 31.1 10.9 46.2 38.1 16.9 19.9 32.1 20.1 22.8 14.4 14.7 19.1 $ 35,000 to $ 49,999 ......................................................... 9.9 11.8 2.0 30.4 24.1 7.6 3.9 14.2 4.2 2.5 7.3 4.8 4.4 $ 50,000 to $ 74,999 ......................................................... 2.5 3.9 0.9 1.2 7.8 2.0 1.8 2.1 1.7 4.8 0.8 0.4 1.8 $ 75,000 or more .............................................................. 0.7 1.1 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 1.1 0.4 0.9 ( 4) 0.5 ( 4) 0.8 Average annual salary 7 .................................................. $ 24,195 $ 27,069 $ 19,280 $ 30,948 $ 31,302 $ 22,042 $ 22,763 $ 25,414 $ 22,082 $ 21,047 $ 21,307 $ 19,463 $ 21,619 1 Percent not working, but looking for work.

2 Percent not working and not looking for work.

3 Excluding those not in the labor force.

4 Less than 0.05 percent.

5 All other professional occupations excluding business, teaching, engineering, and health. 6 Salaries for those employed full time in April 1994.

7 Respondents reporting salaries less than $ 1,000 or more than $ 500,000 were excluded.

NOTE.   Because of rounding, details may not add to totals.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study, First Follow up'' survey. ( This table was prepared August 1997.) 441 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 387.   Percentage of 1992   93 bachelor's degree recipients pursuing further education within one year after graduation, by type of enrollment and undergraduate major: April 1994 Undergraduate major field of study Ever enrolled since graduation Enrolled full time Enrolled part time Enrolled and employed Enrolled and not employed Enrolled in degree program beyond bachelor's 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 All graduates ................................................................................... 27.3 12.0 5.8     17.0 Professional fields ............................................................................ 23.5 8.6 6.1     14.2 Engineering .................................................................................. 28.3 14.6 6.6 7.0 8.1 20.8 Business and management ......................................................... 15.7 5.0 4.7 13.9 8.9 8.8 Health professions ....................................................................... 23.9 10.5 6.8 7.8 6.1 14.7 Education ..................................................................................... 33.9 10.9 8.2 15.2 11.3 19.9 Public affairs and social services ................................................ 24.7 8.7 5.4 2.7 2.9 13.8 Arts and sciences fields ................................................................... 34.5 17.5 5.9     22.5 Biological sciences ...................................................................... 50.0 26.6 8.6 6.4 13.2 32.6 Mathematics and other sciences ................................................. 36.0 20.5 4.5 6.7 10.3 25.0 Psychology .................................................................................. 38.0 18.4 9.9 5.8 5.7 24.0 Social sciences ............................................................................ 31.2 14.4 4.9 10.0 10.4 19.6 History .......................................................................................... 38.4 18.2 5.3 2.1 2.7 28.8 Humanities ................................................................................... 27.5 14.2 5.1 10.1 10.1 17.5 Other ................................................................................................. 23.6 10.5 4.5 12.2 10.4 14.0 Highest degree graduate expects to obtain Bachelor's degree ........................................................................ 8.5 1.1 2.0     0.5 Postbaccalaureate certificate ...................................................... 31.7 5.3 0.8     11.5 Master's degree ........................................................................... 22.9 7.4 6.0     12.8 Doctor's degree ........................................................................... 50.5 29.5 8.6     38.6 First professional degree ............................................................. 52.3 34.8 6.3     41.7 Other degree ............................................................................... 31.0 11.9 8.7     15.1   Data not available.

NOTE.   Data are from a sample survey of recent college graduates. Notes on methodology are included in the Guide to Sources. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study, First Follow up'' survey. ( This table was prepared July 1997.)

Table 388.   Average annual salary of bachelor's degree recipients employed full time 1 year after graduation, by field of study: 1976 to 1994 Field of study Average salary 1 of 1974   75 degree recipients in February 1976 Average salary 1 of 1979   80 degree recipients in May 1981 Average salary 1 of 1983   84 degree recipients in June 1985 Average salary of 1985   86 degree recipients in June 1987 Average salary of 1989   90 degree recipients in June 1991 Average salary 1 of 1992   93 degree recipients in April 1994 Percent change in constant dollars, 1976 to 1994 Percent change in constant dollars, 1991 to 1994 Current dollars Constant 1994 dollars Current dollars Constant 1994 dollars Current dollars Constant 1994 dollars Current dollars Constant 1994 dollars Current dollars Constant 1994 dollars 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Total ................................. $ 7,600 $ 19,800 $ 15,200 $ 24,800 $ 17,700 $ 24,400 $ 20,400 $ 26,500 $ 23,600 $ 25,700 $ 24,200 22.2   5.8 Engineering .......................... 12,200 31,800 22,400 36,500 24,100 33,200 26,600 34,700 30,900 33,600 30,900   2.8   8.0 Business and management 10,200 26,600 16,300 26,600 18,700 25,800 21,100 27,500 24,700 26,900 27,100 1.9 0.7 Health professions ............... 8,600 22,400 17,300 28,200 20,800 28,600 22,600 29,400 31,500 34,200 31,300 39.7   8.5 Education 2 ........................... 6,300 16,400 11,500 18,700 13,800 19,000 15,800 20,600 19,100 20,800 19,300 17.7   7.2 Public affairs and social services ............................     13,700 22,300 15,100 20,800 17,700 23,100 20,800 22,600 22,000     2.7 Biological sciences .............. 6,500 16,900 14,500 23,600 15,100 20,800 16,400 21,400 21,100 22,900 22,800 34.9   0.4 Mathematics and other sciences ........................... 7,000 18,200 16,300 26,600 17,500 24,100 22,500 29,400 27,200 29,500 25,400 39.6   13.9 Psychology ..........................     12,500 20,400 14,600 20,100 17,300 22,600 19,200 20,800 19,500     6.3 Social sciences .................... 6,700 17,500 14,000 22,800 15,800 21,800 20,300 26,500 22,200 24,200 22,100 26.3   8.7 History ..................................                     21,000     Humanities ........................... 5,800 15,100 12,600 20,500 14,000 19,300 16,200 21,200 19,100 20,700 21,300 41.1 2.9 Communications 3 ................         16,200 22,300               Miscellaneous ...................... 6,800 17,700 15,100 24,600 18,600 25,600 17,600 23,000 20,800 22,600 21,600 22.0   4.4 1 Reported salaries of full time workers under $ 2,600 in 1976, $ 4,200 in 1981, $ 5,000 in 1985, and $ 1,000 in 1994 were excluded from the tabulations. Also, those with salaries over $ 500,000 in 1994 were excluded.

2 Most educators work 9 to 10 month contracts.

3 In 1994, data were not collected in Communications as a separate field of study.   Data not available. NOTE.   Data exclude bachelor's recipients from U. S. Service Schools and graduates living at foreign addresses at the time of the survey. Constant dollar adjustments based on the Consumer Price Index.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Recent College Graduates'' surveys and `` Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study, First Follow up'' survey. ( This table was prepared July 1997). 442 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 389.   Participation of young adults in voluntary or community service activities, by selected characteristics: 1992 to 1994 Young adult characteristics Percent participating in voluntary or community service activity Percentage distribution of volunteer hours per week Any activity Sports teams or clubs Church activities Union, farm,

trade, or professional associations Educational organizations Youth organizations Political clubs Organized volunteer work 1 Other voluntary group None 2 Less than 2 hours 2 to 4 hours 4 to 6 hours 6 hours or more 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1992 to 1994 3 Total ......................................... 37.2 7.2 11.8 1.8 6.0 10.3 3.0 10.4 7.3 62.7 15.2 7.9 5.8 8.3 Sex Male .......................................... 36.8 9.5 11.1 1.9 4.6 11.2 2.9 8.3 7.3 63.2 14.7 7.7 5.6 8.8 Female ...................................... 37.9 4.9 12.7 1.6 7.1 9.4 3.2 12.6 7.3 62.2 15.8 8.2 6.1 7.9 Race/ ethnicity White, non Hispanic .................. 38.5 7.5 11.3 2.0 5.8 10.3 3.1 11.6 7.8 61.5 17.1 8.0 5.5 7.9 Black, non Hispanic .................. 35.9 6.3 15.8 1.1 6.4 11.5 3.1 5.8 6.2 64.1 9.6 8.1 7.7 10.6 Hispanic .................................... 31.7 6.3 11.2 0.8 6.5 9.6 2.3 6.7 5.4 68.4 9.8 7.3 6.0 8.5 Asian ......................................... 35.8 5.7 10.5 1.4 7.1 8.1 3.4 13.0 8.4 64.2 14.9 8.7 4.3 8.0 American Indian ........................ 34.1 12.1 14.6 3.6 6.1 11.9 3.8 5.1 3.9 65.9 8.7 6.3 8.1 11.1 Socioeconomic status 4 Low ........................................... 26.4 5.0 10.4 0.9 4.0 7.4 1.5 5.9 5.0 73.6 8.2 5.8 4.5 7.9 Low middle ................................ 30.4 6.3 10.8 1.3 3.9 8.3 2.1 7.1 6.3 69.6 11.0 6.0 5.9 7.5 High middle ............................... 38.6 7.0 13.0 2.0 5.8 10.9 3.3 9.2 7.5 61.4 16.9 7.9 6.1 7.8 High ........................................... 51.1 9.2 14.7 2.7 9.7 14.2 4.9 18.0 10.3 48.9 24.6 11.4 5.9 9.2 1 E. g., hospital volunteer.

2 Not a volunteer.

3 Sample survey in 1994 based on people who were high school seniors in spring 1992. Respondents to the survey were asked about their voluntary participation in selected organizations over the previous 24 month period.

4 Socioeconomic status was measured by a composite score on parental education and occupations, and family income The `` Low'' SES group is the lowest quartile. NOTE.   Some persons participated in more than one organization.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` National Education Longitudinal Study, Third Followup.'' ( This table was prepared July 1995.) 443 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 390.   Literacy skills of adults, 16 years old and over, by selected characteristics: 1992 Selected characteristics Prose literacy 1 Document literacy 2 Quantitative literacy 3 Average score Percent of adults with profiency at level Average score Percent of adults with profiency at level Average score Percent of adults with profiency at level 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Total ................................................ 272 21 27 32 17 3 267 23 28 31 15 3 271 22 25 31 17 4 Sex Male .................................................... 272 22 26 31 18 4 269 23 27 31 17 3 277 21 23 31 20 5 Female ............................................... 273 20 28 33 17 3 265 23 30 31 14 2 266 23 28 31 15 3 Age 16 to 18 years old .............................. 271 16 35 38 11 1 274 15 34 38 12 1 268 20 35 33 12 1 19 to 24 years old .............................. 280 14 29 37 18 2 280 14 29 37 18 2 277 16 28 37 16 2 25 to 39 years old .............................. 284 15 24 34 22 5 282 16 25 35 21 4 283 17 23 33 21 5 40 to 54 years old .............................. 286 15 23 34 22 5 278 17 27 33 19 3 286 16 22 33 23 6 55 to 64 years old .............................. 260 26 31 30 12 1 249 30 34 26 8 1 261 25 30 30 13 2 65 years old and older ....................... 230 44 32 19 5 1 217 53 32 13 2 ( 4) 227 45 26 20 7 2 Race/ ethnicity White .................................................. 286 14 25 36 21 4 280 16 27 34 19 3 287 14 24 35 21 5 Black ................................................... 237 38 37 21 4 ( 4) 230 43 36 18 3 ( 4) 224 46 34 17 3 ( 4)