Epperly, Sheryan P., Joanne Braun, Alexander J. Chester, Ford A. Cross, John V. Merriner, and Patricia A. Tester ( 1995). " Winter Distribution of Sea Turtles in the Vicinity of Cape Hatteras and Their Interactions with the Summer Flounder Trawl Fishery." Bulletin of Marine Science, 56( 2): 547 568.

Aerial surveys of North Carolina offshore waters between Cape Lookout 1 8 9 and the North Carolina/ Virginia state line were conducted November 1991 March 1992 to determine the abundance of sea turtles in the area where a trawl fishery for summer flounder was active and to relate the distribution of turtles to physical oceanographic processes.

Erhardt, Nelson M. ( 1990). " Review of the Age and Growth of Swordfish Xiphias gladius in the Northwestern Atlantic." ICCAT Working Document SCRS/ 90/, Division of Biology and Living Resources, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida.

The primary goal of the work reported here was to thoroughly review the original data pertaining to the age and growth of swordfish in the western north Atlantic ocean. A second objective was to derive age at length curves that would accurately represent growth of swordfish throughout its entire life span.

Etkins, Robert and Edward S. Epstein ( 1982). " The Rise of Global Mean Sea Level as an Indication of Climate Change." Science, 215: 287 289.

Rising mean sea level is a significant indicator of global climate change. The principal factors that can have contributed to the observed increases of global mean sea level in recent decades are thermal expansion of the oceans and the discharge of polar ice sheets. Monitoring of global mean sea level, ocean surface temperatures, and the earth's speed of rotation should be complemented by monitoring of the polar ice sheets, as is now possible by satellite telemetry. All parts of the puzzle need to be examined in order that a consistent picture emerge.

Etzold, David J. and J. Y. Christmas ( eds.) ( 1977). " A Comprehensive Summary of The Shrimp Fishery of the Gulf of Mexico United States: A Regional Management Plan." Technical Report Series, No. 2, Part 2, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, Mississippi, November, 20 pp.

This document lists the goals and objectives of the regional plan to manage the shrimp resources of the Gulf of Mexico and to provide for optimum sustained benefits for the nation. The fishery is described, shrimp producing zones of the region are identified for preservation and improvement, and statistics collection is facilitated. The plan promotes research in biosocial economic model development, development of a regional management plan, and extension education of shrimp fishermen.

Etzold, David J., J. Y. Christmas, and Vito Blomo ( 1983). " Analysis of Environmental and Demand Factors on Shrimp Production in the Gulf and South Atlantic United States, Impact on Harvesters and Processors." Report I in Assessment of Shrimp Industry Potentials and Conflicts, Volume One, Shrimp Notes Incorporated, 417 Eliza Street, New Orleans, Louisiana, August, 191 pp.

The basic purposes of this study are to review the relevant literature and using the best available data provide estimates of the impact of these environmental and demand changes on the future potential size composition and volume of the harvest from wild shrimp in the South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Also, to estimate the impact of future domestic supply from the harvest of U. S. wild stocks on the movement of harvesters in and out of the shrimp industry in the study area. 1 9 0 Everett, John ( 1984). " Fisheries Development." Chapter 5 in Richard H. Stroud ( ed.) Marine Recreational Fisheries, 9, Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Marine Recreational Fisheries Symposium, Virginia Beach, Virginia, April 24 and 25, National Coalition for Marine Conservation, Inc., Savannah, Georgia.

Fisheries development has been the subject of persistent debate in the federal government. Most of this debate centers on the appropriate federal role in fisheries development. The issue is complicated by the venerable tradition of government intervention in industries other than fisheries. The debate is of interest to the recreational fishing community because, within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA), the National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS) has a policy that the fishing industry is composed of commercial and recreational segments and that our programs should benefit both segments.

Faber, Mark I. ( 1990). " Swordfish Logbook Newsletter 1990." NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS SEFC 270, USDOC, NOAA, NMFS, SEFC, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL 33149.

This newsletter is designed to explain how the swordfish logbook data are being used and to provide some results and summaries of these data. Topics include ( 1) a description of the process involved in handling the logbook forms, ( 2) summaries for the 1987 and 1988 data of numbers of swordfish, tunas and billfish caught by area with associated effort in hooks fished, ( 3) preliminary summaries of the 1989 data, ( 4) maps of reported fishing locations for 1987 89, ( 5) discussion of the revisions to the 1991 logbook forms, and ( 6) names of people to contact for further information.

Fable, William A. and Eugene L. Nakamura ( 1986). " Observations on Purse Seined King Mackerel ( Scomberomorus cavalla) and Spanish Mackerel ( Scomberomorus maculatus), March 1983 March 1986." NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS SEFC 183, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Panama City Laboratory, 3500 Delwood Beach Road, Panama City, Florida, April, 44 pp.

This report summarizes the observations made and data collected on fishing activities, species in the catches, and size and sex composition of mackerels while aboard purse seine vessels from March 1983 through March 1986.

Fable, William A., Jr., Lee Trent, Gilbert W. Bane, and Steven W. Ellsworth ( 1987). " Movements of King Mackerel, Scomberomorus cavalla, Tagged in Southeast Louisiana, 1983 85." Marine Fisheries Review, 49( 2): 98 101.

King mackerel ( 1,968) caught by hook and line off Grand Isle, Louisiana were tagged with internal anchor tags and released between 1983 and 1985. Fifty five tags were recovered, providing an overall return rate of 2.8 percent. King mackerel tagged in winter were returned in every month of the year, but always from the Grand Isle area or westward as far as Veracruz, Mexico. All but one summer tagged fish were returned in winter months from the Grand Isle area, Key West, Florida, or from Mexico. Winter tagged fish were mostly large and mostly remained in the northwest Gulf. Summer tagged fish tended to stay in the northwest Gulf if they were large, or migrated to south Florida or Mexico if they were small. The data indicate that the northwest Gulf maintains resident large king mackerel year round, and that these fish mix with smaller migrants from south Florida and Mexico to some 1 9 1 degree in warmer months.

Fagnan, Sheila ( 1990). " Halibut Individual Quotas: A Benefit Cost Analysis." Internal DFO Report, Fishing Resource Analysis Unit, Program Planning and Economics Branch, fisheries and Oceans  Pacific Region, August.

A cost benefit analysis of the proposed adoption of the IVQ management system including transferability after the two year pilot program is presented in this report. The move to a nontransferable IVQ based management system is predicted to provide net benefits totaling $ 140 million ( ranging from $ 75 to $ 210 million) while even greater benefits are expected when quota becomes transferable.

Fair, Ray C. ( 1971). " The Optimal Distribution of Income." The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 85( 4): 551 579.

This paper attempts to derive bounds on the optimal distribution of income under a particular set of value judgements.

Farmer, Charles H., III, Charles W. Boardman, and J. David Whitaker ( 1977).  The South Carolina Shrimp Fishery.  South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department, Division of Marine Resources, Office of Conservation and Management, Educational Report Number 8, July, 49 pp.

This report provides a broad perspective of the current shrimp management program of the Division of Marine Resources. The report describes the South Carolina fishery, the life cycle of shrimp, and the management program.

Fare, Rolf ( 1984).  The Existence of Plant Capacity.  International Economic Review, 25( 1): 209 213.

This paper characterizes two definitions of plant capacity. The weaker notion requires that when some factors are bounded and the others variable, the least upper bound of the output rate is finite. The stronger notion requires in addition that the supremum is attained.

Fare, Rolf and Daniel Primont ( 1995).  The Opportunity Cost of Duality.  Draft report, Department of Economics, SIU C, Carbondale, IL, April, 12 pp.

A dual representation of a technology, e. g., a cost function, may not contain all of the technological information, but it will contain all of the information about input vectors that would be chosen by a cost minimizing firm. At least this much is clear for deterministic technologies. The main question addressed in this paper is whether the same can be said about stochastic technologies and their dual representations. Despite some pessimism expressed in the stochastic frontier literature on this question, we argue that there is no extra cost imposed in the stochastic case. Thus, the conclusion of this paper is: JUST DUAL IT!

Fare, Rolf, Shawna Grosskopf, and James E. Kirkley ( 1999).  Capacity Measures and Their Relevance for Productivity.  Presentation at the Fishery Productivity Workshop, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, February 19 20.

An application of a Malmquist index to panel data that decomposes productivity into technical efficiency, capacity utilization over time, and 1 9 2 technical change.

Fare, Rolf, Shawna Grosskopf, and James E. Kirkley ( 1999).  An Introduction to DEA.  Presentation at the Fishery Productivity Workshop, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, February 19 20.

An introduction to Data Envelopment Analysis; definitions, sources in literature, a brief tutorial, and an example.

Fare, Rolf, Shawna Grosskopf, and James E. Kirkley ( 1999).  Multi Output Capacity Measures and Their Relevance for Productivity.  Presentation at the Fishery Productivity Workshop, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, February 19 20.

In this paper measures of capacity following those suggested Leif Johansen ( 1968) are developed. By taking advantage of Shepard  s duality, Shephard ( 1970) see also Fare and Primont ( 1995), both primal and dual multioutput measures of capacity can be derived. Having generalized the capacity utilization measures, we show how these may be entered into measures of productivity. In particular, following DeBorger and Kerstens ( 1999), we show how the Malmquist direct and indirect productivity measures are related to our various measures of capacity utilization efficiency.

Fare, Rolf, Shawna Grosskopf, and Mary Norris ( 1997).  Productivity Growth, Technical Progress, and Efficiency Change in Industrialized Countries: Reply.  American Economic Review, 87( 5): 1040 1043.

A response to the Ray and Desli ( 1997) comment on the uniqueness of the Fare et al. ( 1994) decomposition of the Malmquist productivity index.

Fare, Rolf, Shawna Grosskopf, and Pontus Roos ( 1996).  On Two Definitions of Productivity.  Economic Letters, 53: 269 274.

Caves et al. in 1982 introduced a productivity measure  that does not proceed from a continuous timer presentation.  They named these indexes after Sten Malmquist who in 1953 used ratios of distance functions to formulate quantity indexes in the consumer contest. In a later paper, Diewert proposed an alternative definition of productivity also based on distance functions, which he attributed to Hicks and Moorsteen. In this letter we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the Malmquist productivity index to equal the Hicks Moorsteen index.

Fare, Rolf, Shawna Grosskopf, C. A. Knox Lovell, and Suthathip Yaisawarng ( 1993).  Derivation of Shadow Prices for Undesirable Outputs: A Distance Function Approach.  The Review of Economics and Statistics, Notes: 374 380.

Many production activities generate undesirable byproducts in conjunction with the desirable outputs they produce. Pittman ( 1983) showed how to adjust productivity calculations, and Fare et al. ( 1989) showed how to adjust efficiency measures, in the presence of undesirable outputs. Here, we show how to estimate output distance functions as frontiers to generate shadow values of the undesirable outputs that are required to make both types of adjustment. An empirical application is provided.

Fare, Rolf, Shawna Grosskopf, C. A. Knox Lovell, and Carl Pasurka ( 1989).  Multilateral Productivity Comparison When Some Outputs are Undesirable: 1 9 3 A Nonparametric Approach.  The Review of Economics and Statistics, 71( 1): 90 98.

Multilateral productivity comparisons of firms producing multiple outputs, some of which are undesirable, are obtained by making two modifications to the standard Farrell approach to efficiency measurement. The restriction that production technology satisfy strong disposability of outputs is relaxed to allow for the fact the undesirable outputs may be freely disposable, and the efficiency measures are modified to allow for an asymmetric treatment of desirable and undesirable outputs. Performance measures that satisfy these requirements are calculated as solutions to programming problems. The methodology is applied to a sample of mills producing paper and pollutants.

Farr, Sam ( 1997).  The Oceans Act of 1997.  H. R. 2547, House of Representatives, Washington, D. C., August.

A bill to create a Stratton like Commission to assess the past, present, and future of our ocean resources.

Fedler, Anthony J. ( 1984). " Elements of Motivation and Satisfaction in the Marine Recreational Fishing Experience." Chapter 10 in Richard H. Stroud ( ed.) Marine Recreational Fisheries, 9, Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Marine Recreational Fisheries Symposium, Virginia Beach, Virginia, April 24 and 25, National Coalition for Marine Conservation, Inc., Savannah, Georgia.

The purpose of this chapter is threefold: examine motivations for going marine recreational fishing ( MRF), determine how these motives are related to satisfaction with the MRF experience, and assess the usefulness of this knowledge about motivations and satisfactions in the construction of conservation, development, and management strategies.

Fedler, Anthony J. and David M. Nickum ( 1993). " The 1991 Economic Impact of Sport Fishing in Maine." U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Cooperative Grant Agreement No. 14 48 0009 93 1248, American Sportfishing Association, 1033 Fairfax Street, Suite 200, Alexandria, VA.

This report summarizes the economic impacts of angler expenditures on the state's economy. U. S. anglers who went fishing in Maine during 1991 spent over $ 190 million for goods and services in many businesses throughout the state. The economic effects of these expenditures totaled over $ 336 million and rippled throughout the economy with impacts felt throughout the state. These impacts sustained old jobs and created new ones. They generated sales and income taxes that benefitted government agency programs at all levels. In many small communities, angler expenditures were central to economic health and growth.

Fedler, Anthony J. and David M. Nickum ( 1993). " The 1991 Economic Impact of Sport Fishing in Massachusetts." U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Cooperative Grant Agreement No. 14 48 0009 1248, American Sportfishing Association, 1033 Fairfax Street, Suite 200, Alexandria, VA.

This report summarizes the economic impacts of angler expenditures on the state's economy. U. S. anglers who went fishing in Massachusetts during 1991 spent over $ 401 million for goods and services in many businesses throughout the state. The economic effects of these expenditures totaled over 1 9 4 $ 766 million and rippled throughout the economy with impacts felt throughout the state. These impacts sustained old jobs and created new ones. They generated sales and income taxes that benefitted government agency programs at all levels. In many small communities, angler expenditures were central to economic health and growth.

Fedler, Anthony J. and David M. Nickum ( 1994). " The 1991 Economic Impact of Sport Fishing in Florida." Paper presented at the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission Workshop on Socio Economic Data and Analysis for Recreational Fisheries Management in Annapolis, Maryland, July, 18 pp. by the Sport Fishing Institute, 1010 Massachusetts Avenue, N. W., Washington, D. C.

This report summarizes the economic impacts of angler expenditures on the state's economy. U. S. anglers who went fishing in Florida during 1991 spent over $ 1.9 billion for goods and services in many businesses throughout the state. The economic effects of these expenditures totaled nearly $ 3.5 billion and rippled throughout the economy with impacts felt throughout the state. These impacts sustained old jobs and created new ones. They generated sales and income taxes that benefitted government agency programs at all levels. In many small communities, angler expenditures were central to economic health and growth.

Fee, Russ ( 1992). " Shrimp Bycatch Conference Explores the Options." National Fisherman, August: 23 25.

An article summarizing the international conference on bycatch in Buena Vista, Florida. The meeting consensus is that finfish bycatch is real and that it either will be eliminated or used in ways that will be biologically and economically sound. Yet three days of talk led to no definite solutions. Bycatch does not lend itself to simple answers.

Fee, Russ ( 1993). " Shrimpers can Expect a Decline as Louisiana Marshland Recedes." National Fisherman, 73( 11): 18 19.

Louisiana's coastal wetlands are slowly sinking into the sea and with them may be going the future of the $ 400 million a year shrimping industry of the northern Gulf of Mexico.

Feenberg, Daniel and Edwin S. Mills ( 1980). Measuring the Benefits of Water Pollution Abatement, Academic Press, New York.

This book is about measuring the benefits of water pollution abatement, but the techniques also apply to air pollution abatement. It is about the benefit side of the benefit  cost calculus.

Feeny, David, Susan Hanna, and Arthur F. McEvoy ( 1996). " Questioning the Assumptions of the  Tragedy of the Commons  Model of Fisheries." Land Economics, 72( 2): 187 205.

The  tragedy of the commons  argument predicts the overexploitation of resources held in common. There is a great deal of evidence to the contrary. The descriptive accuracy and predictive validity of six categories of assumptions of the argument are examined. These include individual motivations, characteristics of individuals, nature of institutional arrangements, interactions among users, the ability of users to create new arrangements, and the behavior of regulatory authorities. The tragedy of the commons argument is seriously incomplete. It needs to be replaced by a richer and more accurate framework. 1 9 5 Ferguson, Maury O. and Albert W. Green ( 1987). " An Estimate of Unsurveyed Coastal Recreational Boat Fishing Activity in Texas." Marine Fisheries Review, 49( 2): 155 161.

The Texas Parks and Wildlife has conducted on site creel surveys to estimate saltwater sportfishing landings and pressure since 1974. Boat trips originating from launch sites such as marina wet slips and boathouses at private residences have not been surveyed and were not included in landings and pressure estimates. In 1982 a mail survey of boat owners registered in Texas was conducted to estimate the percent of saltwater sportfishing boat trips that were missed by the on site survey and the percent and number of registered Texas boat owners who use their boats for saltwater fishing. From 25 to 30 percent of all saltwater sportfishing boat trips originated from unsurveyed launch sites. Therefore, the TPWD on site boat survey underestimates saltwater sportfishing boat pressure by 355,000 to 426,000 trips annually. Of the estimated 79,200 saltwater fishing boat owners, 18 percent never launched from surveyed sites in 1982.

Fernandez, Antonio ( 1995).  Entry Into Force of the Management Recommendations Adopted by ICCAT.  Memorandum from the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, Madrid, Spain, to the Secretary of State, Washington, D. C., October.

The text of the recommendations for bluefin tuna fishing in the eastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, bluefin tuna fishing in the western Atlantic Ocean, limitation of catches of southern Albacore, and Atlantic swordfish are presented in this memorandum.

Fernandez, Antonio ( 1995).  Report of the 1995 SCRS Meeting.  International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, Madrid, Spain, October.

This report contains the proceedings of the Plenary Session, including the Executive Summaries on the species, and the appendices attached to the Report.

Ferrara, Ida and Paul C. Missios ( 1996).  Transboundary Renewable Resource Management: A Dynamic Game With Differing Noncooperative Payoffs.  Marine Resource Economics, 11( 4): 239 245.

Recent conflicts over fish stocks, such as salmon and turbot, have revived public interest in the optimal management of transboundary renewable natural resources. Given that enforcement of binding contracts is often a major obstacle, dynamically consistent or self enforcing contracting, as proposed by Vislie ( 1987), must be relied upon. A more general model is developed which recognizes that, in the absence of a cooperative agreement, two countries may enjoy differing economic payoffs. The predictions of the model are consistent with, and provide insights into, the particulars of recent disputes.

Fischer, Stanley ( 1997).  Capital Account Liberalization and the Role of the IMF.  International Monetary Fund, September, 13 pp.

The author addresses disagrees with the contention that the recent market turbulence in East Asia does suggests that the IMF capital account is more often the source of economic difficulties and risk rather than benefit, and therefore that capital account liberalization should be delayed as long as possible. 1 9 6 Fisher, Anthony C., John Krutilla, and Charles J. Cicchetti ( 1972). " The Economics of Environmental Preservation: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis." The American Economic Review, 62: 605 619.

Krutilla has argued that private market allocations are likely to preserve less than the socially optimal amount of natural environments. Moreover, he concludes that the optimal amount is likely to be increasing over time  a particularly serious problem in view of the irreversibility of many environmental transformations. This paper extends Krutilla's discussion in two ways. First, a model is developed for the allocation of natural environments between preservation and development. Then, the model is applied to the Hells Canyon issue of whether it should remain in its natural state or be developed as a hydroelectric facility.

Fisher, Mark R. and Robert B. Ditton ( 1991). " Characteristics of U. S. Tournament Billfish Anglers in the Atlantic Ocean." Draft report submitted to Marine Fisheries Review, pp. 20.

A mail survey of 1,984 U. S. billfish tournament anglers was completed to examine their fishing activity, attitudes, trip expenditures, consumer's surplus, catch levels, and management preferences. A sample of 1,984 anglers was drawn from billfish tournaments in the western Atlantic Ocean during 1989. A response rate of 61 percent was obtained. Anglers averaged 13 billfish trips per year, catching a billfish 40 percent of the time. Eighty nine percent of billfish caught were released with less than one billfish per year per angler retained. Catch and retention rates varied by region. Expenditures averaged $ 1,600 per trip, but varied by region. The annual consumers's surplus was $ 262 per angler, but increased to $ 448 per angler if billfish populations were to increase. An estimated 7,915 tournament anglers in the U. S. western Atlantic spent $ 179 million in pursuit of billfish in 1989. Anglers opposed management options that would diminish their ability to catch a billfish, but supported options limiting the number of billfish landed.

Fisher, Mark R. and Robert B. Ditton ( 1992). " A Social and Economic Characterization of the U. S. Gulf of Mexico Recreational Shark Fishery." Draft report, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A& M University, College Station, TX 77843, July.

A mail survey of tournament shark anglers and party boat shark anglers was completed to examine their fishing activity, attitudes, trip expenditures, and consumer surplus. A sample of 700 shark anglers was selected from tournaments in the Gulf of Mexico during 1990, and a sample of party boat shark anglers was drawn from Port Aransas, Texas party boat anglers during the summer of 1991. A response rate of 58% ( excluding non deliverables) was obtained from tournament anglers. The sample of party boat shark anglers was too small to provide useful results. Tournament shark anglers reported fishing an average of 58 days per year and targeted sharks and other large marine species. Tournaments occupy a small portion of their fishing effort. If this group of anglers were not able to fish for sharks, one third indicated no other species would be an acceptable substitute, while others were willing to substitute other large marine species. Shark trip expenditures averaged $ 197 per trip with a consumer surplus of $ 111 per trip. Based on MRFSS estimates of the number of shark fishing trips, we estimate a total of $ 43 million was spent by shark anglers in the Gulf of Mexico with a consumer surplus of $ 24 million for a gross value of the shark fishery of $ 66 million. MRFSS estimates of the number of sharks landed indicate an equivalent use value of $ 183 per shark. Logit model results appear incorrect, no explanation of consumer surplus derivation is given, no underlying economic model is provided. 1 9 7 Fisher, Mark R. and Robert B. Ditton ( 1993). " A Social and Economic Characterization of the U. S. Gulf of Mexico Recreational Shark Fishery." Marine Fisheries Review, 55( 3): 21 27.

A mail survey of tournament shark anglers and party boat shark anglers was completed to examine their fishing activity, attitudes, trip expenditures, and consumer surplus. A sample of 700 shark anglers was selected from tournaments in the Gulf of Mexico during 1990, and a sample of party boat shark anglers was drawn from Port Aransas, Texas party boat anglers during the summer of 1991. A response rate of 58% ( excluding non deliverables) was obtained from tournament anglers. The sample of party boat shark anglers was too small to provide useful results. Tournament shark anglers reported fishing an average of 58 days per year and targeted sharks and other large marine species. Tournaments occupy a small portion of their fishing effort. If this group of anglers were not able to fish for sharks, one third indicated no other species would be an acceptable substitute, while others were willing to substitute other large marine species. Shark trip expenditures averaged $ 197 per trip with a consumer surplus of $ 111 per trip. Based on MRFSS estimates of the number of shark fishing trips, we estimate a total of $ 43 million was spent by shark anglers in the Gulf of Mexico with a consumer surplus of $ 24 million for a gross value of the shark fishery of $ 66 million. MRFSS estimates of the number of sharks landed indicate an equivalent use value of $ 183 per shark.

Fisheries Committee ( 1998).  The Implications of Responsible Post Harvesting Practices and Trade on Responsible Fishing.  Directorate for Food, Agriculture, and Fisheries, OECD, Spain, 11 pp.

This paper provides an outline of the study into the implications of responsible post harvesting practices and trade. The paper describes the suggested content of the national reports. Post harvest practices include market demand for fish or various size, trade patterns, policies by management agencies, etc., that impact fishermen  s behavior to circumvent responsible fishing practices.

Fisheries and Oceans ( 1990). " Proposal for Monitoring and Enforcement of the Halibut Fishery Under Individual Vessel Quotas." Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada, August.

The monitoring and enforcement plan suggested in this paper is broken down into six parts: reporting process, observer program, Department of Fisheries and Oceans enforcement, penalties, self enforcement, and public participation that are discussed separately. Discussion on the personnel and funding requirements for the program are also outlined.

Fisheries and Oceans ( 1991). " 1991 Halibut Management Plan." Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada, April.

A Canada halibut fishery individual vessel quota ( IVQ) program is outlined in this report.

Fisheries Statistics Division ( 1997).  Processed Products Survey.  Version 3.0, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD, December.

The National Marine Fisheries Service and its predecessor agencies have been collecting seafood processing data since 1918. This survey is the only comprehensive review of the U. S. seafood industry conducted annually.

Fitzpatrick, John ( 1995).  Technology and Fisheries Legislation.  TCPA/ 8P7, 1 9 8 Technical Consultation on the Precautionary Approach to Capture Fisheries ( TCPA), FAO Scientific Meeting, Lysekil, Sweden, June, 22 pp.

This document reviews technology adopted by the fishing industry. It explains how technology required to comply with international conventions has been further developed and adopted, on a voluntary basis, by the industry. It is suggested that to assess risks and reduce uncertainty, a thorough analysis should be made of the world  s fleets of fishing vessels and fishing gear; that there should be a standard method for the measurement and classification of fishing vessels and gear; and that fleet restructuring policies should be elaborated on the basis of a full understanding of technology required for the implementation of conservation and management measures ( if they are to be effective) as well as to benefit industry. The document concludes that requirements for the adoption of technology, or developments thereof, should be incorporated in legislation.

Fitzpatrick, John and Chris Newton ( 1998).  Assessment of the World  s Fishing Fleet 1991 1997.  Greenpeace International, January.

The expansion in the size and capacity of the world  s fishing fleets, as noted by the FAO 1995 State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, has continued to increase over the period 1991  1996. A slow down in new additions occurred in 1995 and 1996. In 1997, the orders for new vessels show a return to construction of vessels with large tonnage. Throughout the period, additions to the world  s fleet continue to exceed deletions. In this connection, there is evidence that the fishing fleets are not being restructured, that capacity is not being effectively reduced, and that states with open registers are increasing their capacity.

Flaaten, Ola ( 1991). " Bioeconomics of Sustainable Harvest of Competing Species." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 20: 163 180.

The concept of maximum sustainable yield frontier ( MSF) is applied to a Gause model of competing species. Maximizing the present value of economic rent under costless harvesting with positive discount rate implies optimal stock levels below the locus of MSF stocks. Maximizing economic rent with positive harvesting costs and zero discount rate implies optimal stock levels above the locus of MSF stocks. It is shown how the optimal steady state stock levels are altered by changes in the exogenous discount rate, harvest prices, and harvest costs. Optimal harvesting might imply harvesting of one of the two species at a loss.

Flaaten, Ola, Knut Heel, and Kjell G. Salvanes ( 1995). " The Invisible Resource Rent in Limited Entry and Quota Managed Fisheries: The Case of Norwegian Purse Seine Fisheries." Marine Resource Economics, 10( 4): 341 356.

This paper tests empirically to what extent the rent in a limited entry and quota managed fishery is capitalized in the value of a vessel license. This is done by comparing the profitability of Norwegian purse seine vessels that received their licenses for free, to the profitability of vessels whose licenses were purchased along with the vessel. In a sample of forty three vessels, thirty one had obtained their licenses for free when the licensing system was introduced in 1973, whereas twelve owners had bought licensed vessels later. Costs and earnings data for 1983 and 1984 show that those vessels that received free licenses have a significantly higher profitability than the other vessel group. The main reason for this is that the owners who bought licensed vessels had the highest capital costs. Policy implications of 1 9 9 these findings are indicated.

Flagg, V. G. ( 1977). " Optimal Output and Economic Rent of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Tuna Fishery: An Empirical Analysis." American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 36( 1): 19 32.

An empirical analysis of the yellowfin tuna catch of the eastern tropical Pacific tuna fishery indicates that the difference between maximum sustainable yield and maximum economic yield varies directly with the cost per unit of effort and inversely with the price per unit of output. If costs do not rise, the difference approaches zero in a fishery characterized by expanding demand and price. If overcapitalization were avoided, resource rent could be maximized.

Fletcher, Jerald J., Richard E. Howitt, and Warren E. Johnston ( 1988). " Management of Multipurpose Heterogeneous Fishing Fleets Under Uncertainty." Marine Resource Economics, 4: 249 270.

This paper describes an approach to modeling fisheries in policy analysis when the population dynamics are not well known and the fleet is composed of a variety of multipurpose vessels. An empirical application of the methodology to the northern California Dungeness crab fishery is discussed. A multivariate time series intertemporal ( year to year) relationships for a simulation model describing both within season and year to year fleet behavior. Appropriate modifications for the simulation model parameters reflect alternative policy scenarios. The analysis of the simulation outcomes provide insight into fleet response to several management alternatives that have been considered for the crab fishery.

Flood, R. C. ( 1991).  The Cost and Earnings of Capture Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Livestock Industry  A Selective Annotated Bibliography.  FAO Fisheries Circular No. 843, Fishery Development Planning Service, Fishery Policy and Planning Division, Fisheries Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, November, 32 pp.

This bibliography aims to facilitate access to recorded experience and data regarding the costs and earnings in fisheries and livestock industry, to stimulate the sharing of information and to broaden knowledge in the field.

Folsom, William B. ( 1995).  World Swordfish Fishing, An Analysis of Swordfishing Operations Past  Present  Future.  Draft Volume II. Africa and the Middle East, Office of International Affairs, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, Maryland.

Twelve African nations fishing for swordfish caught 2,166 tons in 1994. The majority of the catch was made by Morocco who caught 1,068 tons in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Algerian fishermen caught 600 tons and Tunisian fishermen caught 234 tons in the Mediterranean while Ghanaian canoe fishermen landed 235 tons in the South Atlantic. The importance of the fishing grounds off West and Southwest Africa is not the harvest of African fishermen  mostly artisanal canoe fishermen  but rather the potential for significant catches by European flag or Asian flag fishermen. The Spanish swordfish fleet moved into the South Atlantic in 1986 and by 1994 reported a harvest of 7,937 tons  as compared with 264 tons harvested by Angola, Benin, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, South Africa, and Togo in these same waters in 1994. In the Mediterranean Sea the North African nations face problems associated with over exploitation during the past few decades that makes catching swordfish increasingly difficult. Kenyan fishermen reported modest 2 0 0 harvests of swordfish in 1990, but no recent harvest have been reported. Omani and Yemeni fishermen are landing small quantities of swordfish, but landings may increase in 1995 if various joint venture projects sought by Omani fishing companies can be finalized. The French Overseas Department of La Reunion has a swordfish fishery that lands about 400 tons annually; this fishery is growing.

Fontaine, Clark T. ( 1971). " Conversion Tables for Commercially Important Penaeid Shrimp of the Gulf of Mexico." U. S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, NMFS, Data Report 70, December, 9 pp.

Tables are divided by classifications commonly used by the industry to designate landings of whole or headless brown ( Penaeus aztecus), white ( P. setiferus), and pink ( P. duorarum) shrimp. Data presented by sex and sexes combined for each species include shrimp that range from 70 to 235 mm total length.

Fontenot, Donna D., Richard E. Condrey, and Theodore B. Ford ( 1980). " A Menhaden Bibliography." Prepared for the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, Ocean Springs, Mississippi by the Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, January, 105 pp.

A listing of a computerized bibliography of articles related to the menhaden fishery and its biology.

Fonyo, Carolyn M., Joan A. Browder, and Susan L. Brunenmeister ( 1983). " Dynamics of the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fleet, 1981." U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, Florida.

This study was designed to describe shrimp vessel mobility in the Gulf of Mexico in 1981 and to gain a better understanding of the dynamics of the shrimp fleet on a gulf wide scale toward the purpose of more effective management of the fishery.

Fonyo, Carolyn M., Joan A. Browder, and Susan L. Brunenmeister ( 1983). " Mobility Patterns and Characteristics of Shrimp Vessels Fishing Off Texas, 1981." NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS SEFC 120, U. S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami Laboratory, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, Florida 33149 1099.

This study identifies vessels fishing off Texas in 1981. Their mobility patterns in the Gulf of Mexico are determined. Seasonal fishing and port use patterns are determined. Physical vessel characteristics according to mobility pattern are identified. Vessel activity according to mobility pattern is determined. Relationships between vessel characteristics and activity are discovered. Lastly, the suitability of available data bases for further studies of fleet structure and behavior is assessed.

Food and Agriculture Organization Fisheries Department ( 1998).  FAO Technical Working Group on the Management of Fishing Capacity.  Preliminary Version, Technical Working Group on the Management of Fishing Capacity, FAO, La Jolla CA, April 15 18, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 41 pp. 2 0 1 The Technical Working Group on the Management of Fishing Capacity reviewed the various issues related to measurement and monitoring; management and reduction methods; broader policy and institutional considerations; as well as specific high seas aspects. The Technical Working Group ( TWG) emphasized the timeliness of this meeting and stressed the crucial need for countries and the international community at large to urgently take steps to address and prevent overcapacity ( overcapitalisation) as recommended by the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries which the FAO Conference adopted in 1995. The TWG produced a wide consensus on the need: to develop more appropriate measurement methods and monitoring mechanisms, including fishing vessel registry; to give far greater emphasis to fleet monitoring and the assessment of fleet dynamics; to adopt policies which clearly specify access conditions; to give a greater priority to management methods aiming at adjusting rather than blocking the pervasive tendency for overfishing and overinvestment resulting from open access conditions; to reassess and strengthened management methods used and implementation procedure, in recognition that the applicability of available management methods would nevertheless remain situation specific; and to approach the reduction of fishing capacity with care, avoiding spillover effects and carefully controlling the induced effects of scrapping programmes. The TWG provided guidance and made a number of recommendations to better address and tackle these issues within national jurisdictions. The TWG also recognized that the high seas may be confronted with an even greater overcapitalization problem than EEZ fisheries due to the prevalence of rather open access conditions and the fact that there are at present no internationally agreed measure to cause states to control fishing capacity. It recommended that the 1995 UN Agreement and the FAO Compliance Agreement be urgently ratified. The TWG further suggested that complementary measures would be required, aiming in particular at: improving monitoring mechanisms for high seas fleets; strengthening and empowering regional fishery organizations; creating new organizations to ensure full coverage of the resource concerned; controlling the disposal (  dumping  ) of excess national capacity in general, and of older vessels to developing countries in particular; and at addressing the growing importance of flags of convenience. Finally, the TWG felt that much more research work and institutional building efforts were still required at both national and international levels to improve present capacities to properly address the many issues pertaining to the effective control and reduction of fishing capacity.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( 1998).  Measurement and Monitoring of Fishing Capacity.  Draft Report of Working Group # 1, Technical Working Group on the Management of Fishing Capacity, FAO, La Jolla CA, April 15 18, 13 pp.

Definitions, methods of measurement, monitoring indicators for addressing excess capacity in global fisheries. Existing, target, and limit capacity are defined. Data requirements and recommendations are made to develop preliminary estimates of current capacity and to develop precise estimates of capacity. Estimation techniques are also discussed as an appendix. A basic system for monitoring and assessment is recommended with a recommendation for establishing an international registry of fishing vessel and boat characteristics.

Food and Agriculture Organization Fisheries Department ( 1998).  Report of the Technical Working Group on the Management of Fishing Capacity.  FAO Fisheries Report No. 586, FAO, La Jolla CA, April 15 18, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 57 pp. 2 0 2 The Technical Working Group on the Management of Fishing Capacity reviewed the various issues related to measurement and monitoring; management and reduction methods; broader policy and institutional considerations; as well as specific high seas aspects. The Technical Working Group ( TWG) emphasized the timeliness of this meeting and stressed the crucial need for countries and the international community at large to urgently take steps to address and prevent overcapacity ( overcapitalisation) as recommended by the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries which the FAO Conference adopted in 1995. The TWG produced a wide consensus on the need: to develop more appropriate measurement methods and monitoring mechanisms, including fishing vessel registry; to give far greater emphasis to fleet monitoring and the assessment of fleet dynamics; to adopt policies which clearly specify access conditions; to give a greater priority to management methods aiming at adjusting rather than blocking the pervasive tendency for overfishing and overinvestment resulting from open access conditions; to reassess and strengthened management methods used and implementation procedure, in recognition that the applicability of available management methods would nevertheless remain situation specific; and to approach the reduction of fishing capacity with care, avoiding spillover effects and carefully controlling the induced effects of scrapping programmes. The TWG provided guidance and made a number of recommendations to better address and tackle these issues within national jurisdictions. The TWG also recognized that the high seas may be confronted with an even greater overcapitalization problem than EEZ fisheries due to the prevalence of rather open access conditions and the fact that there are at present no internationally agreed measure to cause states to control fishing capacity. It recommended that the 1995 UN Agreement and the FAO Compliance Agreement be urgently ratified. The TWG further suggested that complementary measures would be required, aiming in particular at: improving monitoring mechanisms for high seas fleets; strengthening and empowering regional fishery organizations; creating new organizations to ensure full coverage of the resource concerned; controlling the disposal (  dumping  ) of excess national capacity in general, and of older vessels to developing countries in particular; and at addressing the growing importance of flags of convenience. Finally, the TWG felt that much more research work and institutional building efforts were still required at both national and international levels to improve present capacities to properly address the many issues pertaining to the effective control and reduction of fishing capacity.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and International Development Research Centre ( 1982). Fish ByCatch: Bonus from the Sea, Report of a Technical Consultation on Shrimp Bycatch Utilization held in Georgetown, Guyana, October 27 30, 1981. Ottawa Ont., IDRC, 163 pp.

The problem of postharvest loss derives from the carrying capacity of the shrimp trawlers, reflecting design, size, operational system, and cost. The term bycatch refers to all the fish and other organisms incidentally harvested by the trawling operations. In the past, all the bycatch was discarded into the sea and only the shrimp retained. This practice resulted in high losses from the discards. Now, it has become increasingly common to select and retain some marketable fish. Bycatch quantities are, therefore, no longer the same as the discards in every area where shrimp trawling occurs. Assessment is necessary for both the bycatch and the discards.

Foster, Kevin and Chris McCarron ( 1994). " Summary of Fishery Regulations for Atlantic Tuna Fisheries." Office of Fisheries Conservation and Management, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1335 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD. 2 0 3 This pamphlet was prepared to inform interested fishermen about the Atlantic Tuna fisheries regulations.

Fowle, Suzanne ( 1993). Fish for the Future: A Citizen's Guide to Federal Marine Fisheries Management. Center for Marine Conservation, Washington, D. C.

This guide explains how to become a fishery conservation activist. It describes the tools to advocate conservation through fishery management. In the guide is found background information on the terms and definitions used in fishery management, including gear types and management strategies; facts about the decline in fish populations and management failures; an explanation of the federal fishery management during this process; and suggestions on how to make your voice heard in Congress and at local public hearings and how to write effective letters.

Fowle, Suzanne and Rose Bierce ( eds.) ( 1992). Proceedings of the Shrimp Trawl Bycatch Workshop, Center for Marine Conservation, November 22 23, 1991, St. Petersburg, Florida.

The proceedings of a workshop on shrimp bycatch including effects of shrimp trawl bycatch on finfish populations and ecosystems, socioeconomic effects of shrimp trawl bycatch, shrimp bycatch and fishery management, and ongoing research efforts.

Fowler, Sarah, Carl Safina, and Merry Camhi ( 1996). Shark News. Newsletter of the IUCN Shark Specialist Group, Volume 7, July, 16 pp.

A series of articles on shark tagging, population genetics, tag and release mortality, and telemetry and data storage tags.

Fox, William W., Jr. ( 1975). " Fitting the Generalized Stock Production Model by Least Squares and Equilibrium Approximation." Fishery Bulletin, 73( 1): 23 37.

A least squares method for fitting the generalized stock production to fishery catch and fishing effort data which utilizes the equilibrium approximation approach is described. A weighting procedure for providing improved estimates of equilibrium fishing effort and an estimator of the catchability coefficient are developed. A computer program PRODFIT for performing the calculations is presented. The utility and performance of PRODFIT is illustrated with data from a simulated pandalid shrimp population.

Fox, William W., Jr. ( 1990). " A Perspective on the Current State of Fisheries Statistics." Paper presented at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Marine Policy Center, October 22 23, pp. 6.

This presentation describes the evolution of the fishery dependent statistics in the U. S. and describes current directions for change.

Fox, William W., Jr. ( 1990). " The Need for More Precise Fishery Predictions  A King Mackerel Case History." Paper presented to MAFAC, F/ AKC, and U. S. D. O. C.

A speech that identifies the need for improved biological, economic, and sociological data to resolve fishery conflicts between commercial and recreational fishermen in the king mackerel fishery. The solution is to collect improved biological data from which improved confidence limits can be 2 0 4 estimated. A proposed budget is presented.

Fox, William W., Jr. ( 1991). " Focus on the Fisheries." Washington Post, August 24., Washington, D. C.

A rebuttal to an editorial ( included) that suggests that fishery resources are being depleted under federal management. The principles of renewable marine resources, the failure of open access, and individual transferable quotas are advanced as the goals and objectives of the National Marine Fisheries Service.

Frank, Kenneth T., R. Ian Perry, and Kenneth F. Drinkwater ( 1990). " Predicted Response of Northwest Atlantic Invertebrate and Fish Stocks to CO2 Induced Climate Change." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 119: 353 365.

We discuss the effect of changes in oceanographic conditions induced by a global increase in atmospheric CO2 on the location, composition, and recruitment of invertebrate and finfish populations inhabiting the region from the Gulf of Maine to the Labrador Shelf. Published studies exist for the region that link historical climate fluctuations with fish distributions or that use physical data as proxy variables for nutrient flux, advection, and stratification to predict species recruitment patterns and stock size differences. We used these models in conjunction with a physical oceanographic scenario resulting from a doubling of atmospheric CO2 to speculate on the most probable consequences to the fisheries of Atlantic Canada. For example, a general warming and freshening of the continental shelf waters is anticipated. We expect this to lead to shifts in the geographic distribution of several commercially important groundfish stocks, especially those that are presently at the extreme limits of their species ranges. Earlier arrival times and later departures are expected for pelagic species that undergo extensive seasonal migrations. Higher temperatures and increased water column stratification may result in less organic material reaching the bottom and tend to favor a pelagic fish community. Our analysis is highly speculative, in part because of uncertainties in the predicted physical changes, but also because of the limited knowledge of the processes linking physical oceanography with fisheries.

Fraser, G. Alex ( 1979). " Limited Entry: Experience of the British Columbia Salmon Fishery." J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 36: 754 763.

In 1969 a program of limited entry was introduced in the B. C. salmon fishery; this indicates the near desperation of fisheries managers at the apparent bankruptcy of more traditional management measures. Also, this introduction represents a significant break in traditional management orientation. The goals of management were broadened to encompass not only resource conservation, but also socioeconomic rationalization. Unfortunately, the program was ill designed to achieve either objective. In spite of license limitation it appears that fishing costs and fishing capacity are still growing at a rapid rate. Although vessel numbers are declining, much of the potential benefits are being offset by increasing capacity and capital intensity in the individual vessels that now make up the limited fleet. While some benefits may remain from the program due to the rapid increase in the value of the salmon resource over recent years, the distribution of these benefits is somewhat anomalous. The public purse has gained little because license revenues represent a small proportion of the total management costs of the fishery. At the same time, it cannot be interpreted that fishermen will be the long run beneficiaries of the program. The only clear winners are the original group of license holders. Various adjustments in the structure of 2 0 5 the licensing program have been considered to address these problems. While the most practical and effective of these is a system of landings royalties or taxes on output, it remains the least politically attractive. If the British Columbia licensing programs is to become an effective vehicle for decreasing fishing costs and fishing capacity, some difficult decisions are required.

Frazer, Nat B. ( 1982).  Demography of the Loggerhead Sea Turtle, Caretta Caretta.  Draft report, Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, June.

This paper presents a methodology for computing demographic parameters for adult loggerhead sea turtles as well as suggestions toward a methodology for calculating age specific survivorship of juvenile turtles in the wild.

Frazer, Nat B. ( 1984).  A Model for Assessing Mean Age Specific Fecundity in Sea Turtle Populations.  Draft report, Marine Policy and Ocean Management Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA.

A model is developed to estimate mean age specific fecundity for sea turtle populations. Information on the numbers of eggs laid by female turtles of known relative ages is used to estimate the mean number of eggs that will be laid by females that are reproducing at a given age. Information about frequencies of interseasonal nesting intervals is then used to adjust the agespecific fecundities to reflect the substantial proportion of females for each age class that do not reproduce in a particular season ( i. e., at a particular age). The model is developed with data collected on adult female loggerhead turtles, Caretta caretta, nesting on Little Cumberland Island, Georgia, USA, from 1969 through 1981. The model is applicable to species of marine and freshwater turtles in which individual females may not reproduce each year ( i. e., at each consecutive age).

Frazer, Nat B. ( 1986).  Survival from Egg to Adulthood in a Declining Population of Loggerhead Turtles, Caretta Caretta.  Herpetologica, 42( 1): 47 55.

Previous estimates of survival rates of sea turtle eggs or hatchlings to adulthood depend upon the assumption that their populations are neither increasing nor decreasing in numbers. The assumption is made in spite of the fact that recent interest in sea turtle demography stems from the belief that populations are in decline. This paper presents estimates of the survival rate from egg to maturity necessary to maintain a populations of loggerhead turtles, Caretta caretta, at its present observed rate of decline. Conventional demographic equations were used along with values of adult survivorship, fecundity and alternative estimates of age at maturity from the literature. Results indicate that the proportion of eggs surviving to adulthood lies between 0.0009 and 0.0018 in this declining population, as opposed to an estimated value of 0.0025 in the unlikely event that the population is stationary. These results suggest that previous studies have overestimated survival of eggs or hatchlings to maturity in sea turtle populations. The methodology may be used to assess gross survivorship from egg to adulthood in increasing or decreasing populations of any species in which adults and eggs are more easily studied than are juveniles.

Frazer, Nat B. and Llewellyn M. Ehrhart( 1984).  Preliminary Growth Models for Green, Chelonia mydas, and Loggerhead, Caretta Caretta, Turtles in the Wild.  Draft report, Marine Policy and Ocean Management Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA and Department of Biological Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida. 2 0 6 Capture recapture measurements of 11 wild green turtles and of 28 wild loggerhead turtles in Florida indicate that growth in straight line carapace length fits von Bertalanffy growth models better than logistic models. The von Bertalanffy model for green turtle growth yields estimates for age at maturity of between 18 and 27 years, based on the carapace length of the smallest nesting female( 88 cm) and the mean length of all nesting females ( 99 cm). The model for loggerheads yields estimates of between 12 and 30 years, also based on carapace measurements of the smallest nesting female ( 74 cm) and the mean carapace length of all nesting females ( 92 cm). It is suggested that the upper estimates provide more realistic indications of mean age at first maturity.

Frazer, Nat B. and Frank J. Schwartz ( 1984).  Growth Curves for Captive Loggerhead Turtles, Caretta Caretta, in North Carolina, USA.  Bulletin of Marine Science, 34( 3): 485 489.

Growth equations for two loggerhead turtles raised in captivity for 14 years are compared to an analysis conducted by Uchida ( 1967). The results obtained in the two studies differ substantially.

Freeman, A. Myrick III ( 1979). " Approaches to Measuring Public Goods Demands." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 61( 5): 915 920.

This paper presents a brief review of the three major approaches to estimation of public good demands and benefits and a somewhat more detailed discussion of those techniques that are based on market interactions between public and private goods. The analysis is limited to those public goods that are arguments in individual utility functions. Public goods that are inputs in production processes for marketed goods, for example, air quality in agricultural production, affect cost, supply, and factor demand functions and through them affect one or more of the following: output prices, factor prices, and profits ( quasi rents). The benefits of increases in public goods supply can be measured in a conceptually straightforward manner from observable market data.

Freeman, A. Myrick III ( 1979). " Hedonic Prices, Property Values and Measuring Environmental Benefits: A Survey of the Issues." Scand. J. of Economics, 154 173.

This paper provides a review of the theoretical basis and the assumptions required to use hedonic price equations derived from property value data to obtain measures of the prices and the inverse demand functions for environmental amenities such as air quality. It also includes a review and assessment of existing empirical applications of the technique to problems of air and water quality and urban noise.

Freeman, A. Myrick III ( 1979). " The Benefits of Air and Water Pollution Control: A Review and Synthesis of Recent Estimates." A report prepared for the Council on Environmental Quality. Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine 04011, 174 pp.

This report reviews and synthesizes the large number of previous studies of the benefits from air and water pollution control and tries to make theoretical and applied sense of the various estimates to provide a standardized set of benefit estimates where ever possible.

Freeman, A. Myrick III ( 1993). " The Economics of Valuing Marine Recreation: A Review of the Empirical Evidence." A report 2 0 7 submitted to the Office of Policy Planning and Evaluation, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C. Department of Economics, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine 04011, September, 35 pp.

The question addressed in this report is whether the available economics literature provides a basis for estimating the benefits to marine recreation attributable to the water pollution control programs of federal, state, and local agencies. While numerous techniques exist, estimates of net benefit from water quality improvements are not consistent. No direct evidence exists that supports the contention that the Federal Water Pollution Control Act ( FWPCA) of 1972 has actual improved the recreational fishing experience. It appears that the upper bound estimates of fishing benefits from the FWPCA should not exceed $ 1 billion per year.

Freeman, A. Myrick III ( 1995). " The Benefits of Water Quality Improvements for Marine Recreation: A Review of the Empirical Evidence." Marine Resource Economics, 10( 4): 385 406.

This paper reviews the empirical literature on the economic value of marine recreation fishing, beach visits, and boating. Questions addressed include: What values do people place on changes in the attributes of recreation sites and activities? What do we know about how water pollution control policy affects these attributes? And, is it feasible to use the value information obtained for specific sites and/ or activities to estimate the benefits of improving marine water quality? The literature establishes that some measures of pollution reduce the values of trips to beaches and that improved fishing success is valued by recreational anglers. However, there is substantial variation in value measures across studies. Welfare estimates can be sensitive to model specification and estimation. In the case of marine recreational fishing, the links between pollution control policy and the attributes of the activity that people value ( catch rate) have not been established.

Freund, R. J. and R. R. Wilson ( 1974). " An Example of a Gravity Model to Estimate Recreation Travel." Journal of Leisure Research, 6: 241 256.

A gravity model to explain recreational travel and participation in Texas is estimated.

Fricke, Peter H. ( 1992). " Guidance for Social Impact Assessment for Marine Fishery Management and Planning." Draft report, USDOC, NOAA, NMFS, Silver Springs, MD.

This document provides fishery managers with an understanding of the objectives and techniques of Sociological Impact Assessment.

Fricke, Peter H. ( 1994). " Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Limited Entry Program: Interim Summary Information on Appeals Received." Position paper presented at the Limited Access Workshop, Seattle, Washington, November 1 3. National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Regional Office, Seattle, Washington.

A review of the appeals process for the Pacific coast groundfish fishery limited entry program. Approximately 44 percent of denied applications or 16 percent of all applications were appealed. Of the appeals decided ( 76 percent of total), 23 percent were granted. 2 0 8 Fritz, Eugene S. and Francis M. Schuler ( 1984). " Why Develop Marine Recreational Fisheries." Chapter 6 in Richard H. Stroud ( ed.) Marine Recreational Fisheries, 9, Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Marine Recreational Fisheries Symposium, Virginia Beach, Virginia, April 24 and 25, National Coalition for Marine Conservation, Inc., Savannah, Georgia.

Development of marine recreational fisheries will help ( 1) to satisfy the demands of a constantly growing number of recreational fishermen without adversely affecting stressed fish populations; ( 2) to realize an economic gain from presently underutilized stocks; ( 3) to promote or improve economic development and employment opportunities in coastal communities; and ( 4) to compensate for interannual fluctuations of stocks of target species of species complexes. Both the benefits and constraints to recreational development must be considered when determining why marine recreational fishing should be further developed.

Fritz, Lowell W., Richard C. Ferrero, and Ronald J. Berg ( 1995).  The Threatened Status of Steller Sea Lions, Eumetopias jubatus, under the Endangered Species Act: Effects on Alaska Groundfish Fisheries Management.  Marine Fisheries Review, 57( 2): 14 27.

In April 1990, the Steller sea lion, Eumetopias jubatus, was listed as threatened under the U. S. Endangered Species Act by emergency action. Competitive interactions with the billion dollar Alaska commercial groundfish fisheries have been suggested as one of the possible contributing factors to the Steller sea lion population decline. Since the listing, fisheries managers have attempted to address the potential impacts of the groundfish fisheries on Steller sea lion recovery. In this paper, we review pertinent Federal legislation, biological information on the Steller sea lion decline, changes in the Alaska trawl fishery for walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, since the late 1970' s, and possible interactions between fisheries and sea lions. Using three cases, we illustrate how the listing of Steller sea lions has affected Alaska groundfish fisheries through: 1) actions taken at the time of listing designed to limit the potential for direct humanrelated sea lion mortality, 2) actions addressing spatial and temporal separation of fisheries from sea lions, and 3) introduction of risk adverse stock assessment methodologies and Steller sea lion conservation considerations directly in the annual quota setting process. This discussion shows some of the ways that North Pacific groundfish resource managers have begun to explicitly consider the conservation of marine mammal and other nontarget species.

Frost, Hans ( 1984). " Fisheries Management and Uncertainty Within the EEC." Marine Resource Economics, 1( 1): 97 103.

Fisheries management within the EEC is subject to ambiguous goal formulations, ranging from the biological goal of maximum sustainable yield to intangible political goals. The management body within the EEC consists of various official and political committees that impose both bureaucratic and political uncertainty on the fishing industry. It is argued here that, as a result of this uncertainty, fishing effort in the short run will tend to rise, but in the long run will tend to decline. It is also argued that the reduction of uncertainty will depend on a more careful and less ambiguous goal formulation.

Frost, Hans and Niels Vestergaard ( 1995).  An Operational Approach to Assess Management Regulation, Subject to Different Management Objectives.  In, Bio Economic Modelling in the EU, Concerted 2 0 9 Action Coordination of Research in Fishery Economics, Working Document Nr: 7,( AIR CT94 1489), Workshop, Edinburgh, October: 52 67.

A constrained optimization model is developed to determine the impact of fishing effort constraints on profits, the issuing process of effort licenses and allocation, management and control costs, bioeconomic efficiency, income distribution, and compliance in European Union fisheries. Given the limited yield from the fish stocks ( implicit TAC), the transition from TAC to effort regulation problem is to determine the level of effort, preferably expressed in umber of fishing days for fleet segments, that corresponds to the amount of fish a particular stock may yield, be it a quota or sustainable yield.

Fulton, Murray and Richard E. Just ( 1989). " Antitrust, Exploration, and Social Optimality in Nonrenewable Resource Markets." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 17: 1 21.

Dependence of electrical utilities on uncertain supplies of uranium apparently has led to an unusual conditioning of uranium demand on the uncertainty of supply that, in turn, depends on the volume of reserves. This paper examines the implications of controlling resource production uncertainty through exploration. Exploration gives a monopolistic resource supplier another tool ( in addition to restricting output) that can be used to exercise market power. Exploration, however, is not subject to antitrust regulation. Results show that traditional antitrust laws may move such an industry away rather than toward social optimality.

Funk, Fritz ( 1993).  Preliminary Forecasts of Catch and Stock Abundance for 1993 Alaska Herring Fisheries.  Regional Information Report No. 5J93 06, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, P. O. Box 25526, Juneau, Alaska, May, 92 pp.

The Pacific herring Clupea pallasi sac roe harvest in Alaska for 1993 is projected to be 76,063 tons. Herring food/ bait harvests for 1993 are projected to be 9,938 tons. Herring spawn on pound kelp fisheries are expected to produce 335 tons of product and spawn on wild kelp harvests are expected to produce an additional 443 tons. The projected sac roe, food/ bait, and spawn on kelp harvests are expected to increase from the 1992 levels. The 1992 herring harvest had an estimated value to fishermen of $ 31,504,867. Of the total 1992 value, sac roe fisheries contributed $ 25,160,330, spawn onpound kelp fisheries $ 3,722,000, food/ bait fisheries $ 2,135,156, and spawn onwild kelp fisheries $ 487,381. Excellent recruitment from the 1988 year class in most areas has caused stock levels to increase. In many areas the 1988 year class appears to be the largest on record. This strong year class will be age 5 for the 1993 harvest.

Funk, Robert D., Wade L. Griffin, James W. Mjelde, and John M. Ward ( 1999). " A General Bioeconomic Fisheries Simulation Model of License Limitation and Buyback in the Texas Bay Shrimp Fishery." Manuscript submitted to the American Journal of Agricultural Economics.

The effect of a license limitation and buyback program being implemented for the Texas bay shrimp fishery on effort, rents, license price, and consumer and producer surplus is simulated. Results indicate the current program will not reduce effort and increase rents until year 16 of the program. To decrease the time necessary to reduce effort, additional funds to buyback licenses are necessary. Simulated results indicate that an additional $ 500,000 available per year at the beginning of the program to buy licenses 2 1 0 will reduce effort and positive rents will be incurred starting in year three of the program. Increased funds available to the program also result in the largest impact on consumer and producer surplus changes. Although the present value of changes is positive for both producer and consumer surplus, producers clearly gain more than consumers.

Funk, Robert D., Wade L. Griffin, James W. Mjelde, Teofilo Ozuna, Jr., and John M. Ward ( 1997). " A Method of Imputing and Simulating Costs and Returns in Fisheries." Manuscript submitted to the Journal of Environmental Economics and Management.

A methodology is developed capable of generating cost and revenue trends over time within a fishery. The method is developed for the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery where NMFS landings data, as well as a series of costs and returns survey data are available. The method is designed to use information available in NMFS landings files to forecast cash costs on a per trip basis. Annual industry level cost estimates are then obtained by aggregating per trip costs. This method is easily transferable to other fisheries which have previous cost surveys to develop similar models to simulate cash costs.

Funk, Robert D., Wade L. Griffin, James W. Mjelde, Teofilo Ozuna, Jr., and John M. Ward ( 1998). " A Method of Imputing and Simulating Costs and Returns in Fisheries." Manuscript submitted to the Journal of Marine Resource Economics.

A methodology is developed capable of generating cost and revenue trends over time within a fishery. The method is designed to use information available in NMFS landings files to forecast cash costs on a per trip basis. Annual industry level cost estimates are then obtained by aggregating per trip costs. The method is applied to the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp fishery where NMFS landings data, as well as a series of costs and returns survey data are available. The methodology is transferable to other fisheries which have previous cost surveys to develop similar models to simulate cash costs.

Funk, Robert D., Wade L. Griffin, James W. Mjelde, Teofilo Ozuna, Jr., and John M. Ward ( 1998). " A Method of Imputing and Simulating Costs and Returns in Fisheries." Journal of Marine Resource Economics, ?(??):??????.

A methodology is developed capable of generating cost and revenue trends over time within a fishery. The method is designed to use information available in NMFS landings files to forecast cash costs on a per trip basis. Annual industry level cost estimates are then obtained by aggregating per trip costs. The method is applied to the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp fishery where NMFS landings data, as well as a series of costs and returns survey data are available. The methodology is transferable to other fisheries which have previous cost surveys to develop similar models to simulate cash costs.

Funk, Robert D., Wade L. Griffin, James W. Mjelde, Teofilo Ozuna, Jr., and John M. Ward ( 1998). " A Method of Imputing and Simulating Costs and Returns in Fisheries." Journal of Marine Resource Economics, 13( 3): 171 183.

A methodology capable of generating cost and revenue trends over time within a fishery is developed. The method is designed to use information available in the National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS) landings files to forecast cash costs on a per trip basis. Annual industry level cost estimates are then obtained by aggregating per trip costs. The method is applied to the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp fishery where NMFS landings data, as well as a series of 2 1 1 costs and returns survey data are available. The methodology is transferable to other fisheries that have previous cost surveys.

Furlong, William J. ( 1991). " The Deterrent Effect of Regulatory Enforcement in the Fishery." Land Economics, 67( 1): 116 129.

The common property problem derives from the incompatibility of individual incentives with collective interests. In the fishery this incompatibility results in a greater than optimum stock depletion. Authorities have responded to overfishing with a cornucopia of regulations. In practice, most of the widely employed regulations are not self enforcing; enforcement costs must therefore be incurred. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the deterrent effect of regulatory enforcement in the fishery. In particular, estimates of the so called " supply of offenses: are obtained with observations of individual behavior drawn from a random survey of fishermen. The study focuses upon the response of violation rates to changes in different enforcement sanctions. Insight into the relative effectiveness of alternative enforcement tools may lead to a more efficient regulatory policy.

Galbraith, R. D. and P. A. M. Steward ( 1995).  Bio Economic Modelling Workshop.  In, Bio Economic Modelling in the EU, Concerted Action Coordination of Research in Fishery Economics, Working Document Nr: 7,( AIR CT94 1489), Workshop, Edinburgh, October: 148 158.

In the light of current concerns with over exploitation of traditional stocks, past and present definitions of fishing effort are discussed and the concepts of fishing time and fishing power in relation to vessel parameters and gear performance examined. Proposals are set out on how gear size might be monitored and current research projects are briefly discussed.

Gallastegui, Carmen ( 1983). " An Economic Analysis of Sardine Fishing in the Gulf of Valencia ( Spain)." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 10: 138 150.

The optimal management of a particular fishery is illustrated. Using data describing previous fishery exploitation, relevant biological and economic relationships are estimated, then the optimum levels of catches, effort, and stock are calculated. The prices that if implemented, would ensure the current efficient exploitation of the fishery are also calculated. Finally, the welfare gains that can be achieved by a movement from the free market equilibrium to the socially optimum solution are demonstrated.

Gallaway, B. J. and W. J. Gazey ( 1996).  A Review of the Goodyear ( 1995) Red Snapper Stock Assessment.  Report prepared for presentation to Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, Lincoln Center, Suite 331, 5401 W. Kennedy Blvd., Tampa, FL, August, 45 pp.

A review of Goodyear  s ( 1995) red snapper stock assessment that suggests that environmental factors were not adequately addressed; specifically the hypoxic zone off of Louisiana and the impact of oil platforms on aggregation of red snappers. Also, mortality rates for age 0 and age 1 fish are set too low in Goodyear  s analysis. His conclusions that variation of the natural mortality rates would not change the results based on a sensitivity analysis using conditional survival rates from fishing are misleading. A broader assessment is suggested that includes fishery, oceanographic, and habitat submodels. Goodyear ( 1996) refutes this review of the assessment.

Gallaway, B. J., J. D. Bryan, L. R. Martin, and J. G. Cole ( 1995).  Sea Turtle 2 1 2 and Shrimp Fishery Interactions  Is a New Management Strategy Needed?  Report prepared for the Texas Shrimp Association by LGL Ecological Research Associates, Inc., 1410 Cavitt Street, Bryan, Texas, April, 79 pp.

An analysis of existing data that supports a management alternative to the existing turtle excluder device ( TED) regulations. The authors propose that TEDs be used by shrimp fishermen in inshore and near shore waters of the Gulf of Mexico to reduce marine turtle bycatch and associated mortalities and strandings levels. However offshore shrimp fishing vessels should be exempt from the TED use requirement since no turtle bycatch levels are associated with shrimp trawling in these waters based on National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS) observer data.

Galtsoff, Paul S. ( 1962). The Story of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Circular 145, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Fish and Wildlife Service, United States Department of the Interior, May, 121 pp.

The history of the Woods Hole Laboratory from its inception in 1871 to 1962. The outlook for the future chapter is especially interesting in light of what actually occurred.

Galveston Laboratory ( 1992). " Shrimp Trawl Bycatch Characterization, Sampling Protocol Manual for Data Collection." National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, September, 62 pp.

Onboard data collection for the purpose of bycatch characterization will consist of sampling trawl catches taken from commercial shrimp fishery vessels operating in the U. S. Gulf of Mexico and U. S. south Atlantic. Data relevant to species composition, abundance and life history will be gathered from each tow. Sample size and allocation of samples by stratum ( i. e. fishing location, season, trawl type, and TED type) have been included in the sampling design and are discussed in the National Marine Fisheries Service's ( NMFS) " Shrimp Trawl Bycatch Research Requirements Document", 1991. The procedures outlined here for sampling trawl catches have been prepared by personnel at NMFS, and are consistent with the Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program's ( SEAMAP) data management system. This protocol or similar data collection methods are recommended for use in all regional bycatch assessment programs to facilitate the accessibility and analysis of integrated data sets.

Galveston Laboratory ( 1992). " Evaluation of Bycatch Reduction Devices, Sampling Protocol Manual for Data Collection." National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, September, 62 pp.

The Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program ( SEAMAP) has a standard data collection system used by state and federal research labs and universities in the southeast region. This method of data collection is recommended for the regional bycatch research program to standardize data collection procedures, analyses, and allow data to be pooled into a common data base using existing hardware and software. Procedures are outlined here for sampling catch from different bycatch reduction devices.

Galveston Laboratory ( 1993). " Biological Review of the 1993 Texas Closure." Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, December, 23 pp. 2 1 3 This report contains an overview of recruitment, fishing trends, distribution of catch from Texas waters, shrimp landings by port, and white shrimp catch off Texas as impacted by the Texas closure regulation.

Galveston Laboratory ( 1994). " Biological Review of the 1994 Texas Closure." Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, December, 26 pp.

This report contains an overview of recruitment, fishing trends, distribution of catch from Texas waters, shrimp landings by port, and white shrimp catch off Texas as impacted by the Texas closure regulation.

Garcia, S. ( 1983). " The Stock Recruitment Relationship in Shrimps: Reality or Artifacts and Misinterpretations?" Oceanogr. Trop., 18( 1): 25 48.

After a detailed review of the information available on stockrecruitment relationships and environmentally driven variations of abundance in shrimp, the impact of this variability on the apparent shape of the SRR is examined. The existence of a strong autocorrelation in yearly data is stressed and it is concluded that the presently available relationships do not demonstrate that the recruitment of shrimps is a function of stock size. Examination of the particular case when seasonal relationships have been established with monthly data shows that despite a certain similarity in shape they should not be interpreted as SRR sensu stricto and a three dimensional interpretation is proposed instead. The other possible sources of error and bias are finally examined and the consequences of the above findings on management strategies are briefly discussed.

Garcia, S. ( 1984). " A Note on Environmental Aspects of Penaeid Shrimp Biology and Dynamics." In Penaeid Shrimps  Their biology and management, J. A. Gulland and B. J. Rothschild ( eds.), Fishing News Books Limited, Farnham, England.

Shrimps are short lived animals living in highly variable inshore areas during the juvenile phase and are therefore subject to particularly strong environmentally driven variability in recruitment and stock size. This paper examines the likely consequences of this fact on the surplus yield production and stock recruitment modeling underlining the high risk of generating artifactual models when the data series are short.

Garcia, S. ( 1988). " Tropical Penaeid Prawns." Chapter 9 in Fish Population Dynamics, 2nd Edition, J. A. Gulland ( ed.), John Wiley & Sons ltd., New York.

The main characteristics of penaeids as tropical short lived animals are pointed out here to show differences and similarities with the better known resources of temperate waters.

Garcia, S. M. and C. Newton ( 1995).  Current Situation, Trends and Prospects in World Capture Fisheries.  Presented at the Conference on Fisheries Management, Global Trends, Seattle ( Washington, U. S. A.), June 14 16, 1994, FAO Fisheries Department, Rome Italy, 10 pp.

Following an earlier analysis provided by FAO ( 1993), the paper gives an update of the trends and future perspectives of world fisheries. It describes and comments on worldwide trends in landings, trade, prices, and fleet size. It illustrates the decrease in landings in the last 3 years, the relationship 2 1 4 between landings and prices and the large overcapacity in world fishing fleets. It provides a review of the state of world fishery resources, globally, by region and species groups, as well as a brief account of environmental impacts on fisheries. It presents an economic perspective for world fisheries which underlines further the overcapacity and subsidy issues that characterize modern fisheries. In conclusion, it discusses management issues including the need for fleet reduction policies, the potential combined effect of international trade on resources depletion in developing exporting countries, throwing into question the overall sustainability of the world fishery system.

Gardner, Bruce L. ( 1975). " The Farm Retail Price Spread in a Competitive Food Industry." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 57( 3): 399 409.

Consistency with market equilibrium places constraints on the pricing policies of food marketing firms in a competitive industry. This paper examines the implications of simultaneous equilibrium in three related markets: retail food, farm output, and marketing services. From equations representing the demand and supply sides of each market, elasticities are generated that show how the farm retail price spread changes when food demand, farm product supply, or the supply function of marketing services shifts. Implications for the viability of simple markup pricing rules and the determinants of the farmer's share of the food dollar are discussed.

Gardner, M. ( 1988). " Enterprise Allocation System in the Offshore Groundfish Sector in Atlantic Canada." Marine Resource Economics, 5( 4): 389 432.

Following the extension of fisheries jurisdiction to 200 miles in 1977, Canada managed its Atlantic groundfish fisheries using total allowable catches and a variety of traditional controls on fishing effort. These controls were largely ineffective in resolving two of the inherent problems arising from the common property characteristics of the fishery: competitive fishing in the short run and the tendency toward overcapitalization in the long run. In 1982 a system of output controls in the form of enterprise allocations was implemented in the offshore sector of the fishery. This article describes the elements of the system and examines the changes in operating and investment behavior of the companies holding the enterprise allocations. The bundle of rights incorporated in the enterprise allocation is assessed and suggestions are made on how these rights might be modified to improve gains in efficiency already achieved. A case study of the impact of the system on one vertically integrated company is presented. The merits of the system are contrasted with behavior in the inshore sector still subject to traditional input controls.

Gardner, Michael ( 1994). " Input Controls vs. Rights Based Management: The Political Economy of Fisheries Management in Atlantic Canada." C. M. 1994/ T: 53, Theme Session on Improving the Link Between Fisheries Science and Management: Biological, Social, and Economic Considerations, International Council for the Exploration of the Seas, 82nd Statutory Meeting, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, September.

This paper examines the Canadian experience with quota managed fisheries, reviewing institutional structures and approaches. It begins with a review of management objectives following the extension of jurisdiction and traces the nature and rationale of changes. The specific measures used to achieve objectives are examined from a theoretical and practical perspective. The measures fall into two broad categories: conventional input controls: 2 1 5 vessel and gear restrictions; and, output controls: tradable and non tradable enterprise/ individual quotas. The experience indicates that input controls are largely ineffective in constraining effort. These measures fail to address the common property characteristics of the resource and consequently failed to blunt the incentives for share maximization and increased capitalization. These in turn lead to overfishing and misreporting, thereby undermining management objectives. Output controls fare better in constraining effort. They lead to fleet rationalization and improved quality and flow of raw material to processing facilities. But they may also lead to highgrading and discarding, as quantity incentives give way to unit value incentives under the rights based regime. Some of the early failures and more recent successes of policy are outlined, lessons are drawn and suggestions made about future directions.

Garnaut, Ross and Anthony Clunies Ross ( 1975). " Uncertainty, Risk Aversion and the Taxing of Natural Resource Projects." The Economic Journal, ( June): 272 287.

Whatever national benefit is to be derived from natural resources must come mainly through taxation. This paper analyses the problem and suggests an approach which appears to do less to reduce efficiency in the use of resources than any alternative taxation system.

Gaski, Andrea I. and Sonja Fordham ( 1996).  Trade in Elasmopbranchs.  The TRAFFIC Network and the Center for Marine Conservation, Washington, D. C., June, 2 pp.

The international trade in elasmobranchs ( sharks) is under study by the World Wildlife Fund and the Center for Marine Conservation which will produce an overview trade report in November.

Gately, Dermot ( 1984). " A Ten Year Retrospective: OPEC and the World Oil Market." Journal of Economic Literature, 21: 1100 1114.

This paper reviews the main events in the world oil market since 1973 and some major explanations as to what happened and why. Then there is a discussion of some projections for the next two decades and of some implications of various theories about OPEC's decision making process. What we learned about modeling OPEC and the world oil market is then summarized. This includes: the dominant theoretical approach based on the wealth maximization model of Harold Hotelling ( 1931); the simulation approach most common in the applied literature, that envisages target capacity utilization pricing by OPEC; and the difficult problem of modeling price behavior during disruptions. Finally, some important unresolved theoretical and empirical issues are discussed.

Gates, John M. ( 1974). " Demand Price, Fish Size and the Price of Fish." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 22( 3): 1 12.

Despite considerable work in fisheries economics on the supply side, little attention has been devoted to theoretical aspects of the relationship between ex vessel price and landings. One of the widely recognized determinants of fish prices is fish size, yet virtually all empirical analyses of the demand for fish ignore fish size. In this paper a demand function is postulated that includes fish size as a continuous demand shift parameter and the implications of fish size to the relationship between price and quantity are examined. It is concluded that bioeconomic models of the fishery that ignore fish size may yield policy conclusions that are quantitatively and, in some cases, qualitatively inaccurate. 2 1 6 Gates, John M. ( 1984). " Principal Types of Uncertainty in Fishing Operations." Marine Resources Economics, 1( 1): 31 49.

Uncertainty in harvest has received relatively little study in fisheries economics. Given a paucity of literature in the area, this paper describes uncertainty in very general terms and uses sample data from several sources to illustrate the discussion. Major sources of uncertainty in harvest are identified as catch rates, equipment performance, prices, weather, quality of inputs, and institutions.

Gates, John M. and Stephen R. Crutchfield ( 1985). " Measuring the Performance of the Fishing Industry Using Financial Simulators." Draft report, Department of Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI.

The New England industry has been the focus of much research related to fisheries management and the economic status of fishermen. It has proven difficult to monitor economic status because of technical, bureaucratic and cost considerations associated with survey procedures. The authors have developed an alternative approach that combines information various data bases, including periodic surveys, and integrates them in a budgeting or economic engineering approach. The development of these programs originated on mainframe computers but has since been adapted to personal computers. The result of these adaptations is a tool useful for extension education as well as for research policy evaluation. This paper outlines the basic components of the vessel simulator for otter trawlers and presents selective results illustrating its use for policy analysis. Other applications are suggested for financial advisors and investors.

Gates, John M. and Virgil J. Norton ( 1974). The Benefits of Fisheries Regulation: A Case Study of the New England Yellowtail Flounder Fishery, Department of Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Marine Technical Report No. 21, Kingston, RI, Sea Grant.

To provide insight into the potential economic gains from an effective management program, the authors evaluated the impact of controlling the levels of domestic and foreign effort and mesh size in the yellowtail flounder fishery. This fishery was selected because of its long time importance to New England and because there are indications that the existing and generally increasing effort on this species has caused biological as well as economic overfishing.

Gates, John M., Elizabeth Gibbs, and Carole Jaworski ( 1992). " A Report on Social Science Research in U. S. Marine Fisheries." Summary of a Workshop at the University of Rhode Island, W. Alton Jones Campus, Rhode Island Sea Grant, University of Rhode Island, Bay Campus, Narragansett, RI, January, 17 pp.

This report summarizes priorities for social science research in fisheries developed at a workshop held at the University of Rhode Island. Priority 1 is provision of basic information for industry ( commercial and recreational) and for managers. Priority 2 is assessment of social, economic, and cultural aspects of fisheries under alternative public policies. Priority 3 is investigation of communication, participation, and education in the management process. Priority 4 is investigation of alternative institutions for fisheries governance. Each priority is discussed in detail.

Gates, John, Dan Holland, and Eyjolfur Gudmundsson ( 1996).  Theory and Practice of Fishing Vessel Buyback Programs.  A Report Prepared for the 2 1 7 World Wildlife Fund, Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, November, 40 pp.

This report describes programs called  buyback programs  which buy back fishing vessels and permits in limited access fisheries. The first objective of the report is to survey buyback programs in various parts of the world to glean lessons from the history of such attempts. The second part was to be a case study of the current attempt at vessel buybacks in New England and would relate other program experiences back to the New England experiment to determine possible outcomes. Given the greater resistance in the U. S. to governmental intervention and control, it is unlikely that the U. S. will have better luck than other countries in conserving fishery resources via vessel buybacks.

Gates, John, Dan Holland, and Eyjolfur Gudmundsson ( 1997).  Theory and Practice of Fishing Vessel Buyback Programs.  In World Wildlife Fund  s Subsidies and Depletion of World Fisheries, WWF  s Endangered Seas Campaign, 1250 Twenty Fourth St., NW, Washington, D. C., 136 pp.

This report describes programs called  buyback programs  which buy back fishing vessels and permits in limited access fisheries. The first objective of the report is to survey buyback programs in various parts of the world to glean lessons from the history of such attempts. The second part was to be a case study of the current attempt at vessel buybacks in New England and would relate other program experiences back to the New England experiment to determine possible outcomes. Given the greater resistance in the U. S. to governmental intervention and control, it is unlikely that the U. S. will have better luck than other countries in conserving fishery resources via vessel buybacks.

Gates, J. M., Joel Dirlam, Philippe Lallemand, and Jung Hee Cho ( 1998).  The Costs of Small Trawlers.  Draft report, Department of Environmental & Natural Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, February, 32 pp.

The results of an economic survey of small northeast fishing vessels using otter trawl gear is described. The population consisted of 572 persons who were holders of groundfish permits, had fishing vessels of 65 feet or less, and who reported catches in New England using trawl gear in 1996. A 10 percent response rate was achieved from a mail survey of a questionnaire that generated 35 usable responses from a probable population of 420 fishermen. The results of our mail survey of small trawlers are presented in three sets of tables and 2 figures. Each table summarizes quantitative data responses by providing two or more measures of central tendency ( the mean or  average  and the median), and two measures of variability ( the standard deviation and the range).

Gates, John, Timothy Hennessey, Lawrence Juda, and Jon G. Sutinen ( 1997).  Sustaining Marine Ecosystems: The Human Dimension.  Rhode Island Sea Grant Proposal, Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 7 pp.

A proposal to develop two workshops and compile research for a book containing the state of the art information on the impact of large marine ecosystems on the people dependent upon this resource.

Gaudet, Gerard and Pierre Lasserre ( 1988). " On Comparing Monopoly and Competition in Exhaustible Resource Exploitation." Journal of 2 1 8 Environmental Economics and Management, 15: 412 418.

It is widely believed that exhaustible resource monopolies do not enjoy as much market power as standard non resource monopolies, and may even produce in a socially optimal way. We argue that this paradoxical result arises from an inappropriate comparison methodology. When similar assumptions are applied to the resource and the conventional case, we show that the resource monopoly behaves as expected; i. e. restricts supply.

Gautam, Amy Buss ( 1996).  Primer.  Chapter 1 in draft OLEO report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland, 8 pp.

An introduction to economic concepts used in fisheries management.

Gautam, Amy Buss ( 1996).  The Southeast Region Report.  Chapter 6 in draft OLEO report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland.

The commercial, recreational, and processor sectors of the southeast region fishing industry with management problems, implications, and expectations for the future.

Gautam, Amy Buss ( 1996).  Individual Fishing Quota Report.  Proposal, National Research Council, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland.

A proposal to analyze individual fishing quotas ( IFQ  s) by the National Research Council as required by Congress.

Gautam, Amy B. and Andrew W. Kitts ( 1996).  Data Description and Statistical Summary of the 1983 92 Cost Earnings Data Base for Northeast U. S. Commercial Fishing Vessels.  NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS NE 112, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Region, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, December, 21 pp.

Data from the National Marine Fisheries Service  s Capital Construction Fund are summarized to provide a financial profile of Northeast U. S. commercial fishing vessels. Averages for various cost categories are presented by tonnage class, fishery, and effort level. Costs are also presented as percentages of total revenue. Data are then evaluated for how well they represent the Northeast fishing fleet. Potential uses and pitfalls of using these data for economic analyses are also discussed.

Gautam, Amy and Scott Steinback ( 1996).  Valuation of Recreational Fisheries in the Northeast U. S. Striped Bass: A Case Study.  Presented at EIFAC Symposium on Social, Economic, and Management Aspects of Recreational Fisheries, Dublin, Ireland, June, 23 pp.

As fishery resources in the northeastern U. S. decline, allocation of resources between commercial and recreational fishermen is becoming increasingly contentious. To estimate the value of recreational fishing in the northeast, approximately 8,000 anglers from Maine to Virginia were administered a two part survey ( at the fishing site, and in a follow up phone interview) in 1994 in conjunction with the U. S.  s Marine Recreational Fisheries Statistical Survey. Using striped bass as a case study, contingent valuation, travel cost and random utility models are estimated, and the impacts of changes in bag limits and catch rates are analyzed for management purposes. The study illustrates the simplicity and utility of adding a 2 1 9 limited number of socio economic questions to an existing national recreational survey.

Gautam, Amy Buss and Ivar Strand ( 1995).  Leisure/ Labor Tradeoffs: The Backward Bending Labor Supply in Fisheries.  Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, draft, 23 pp.

Economists have understood that the open access nature of fishing grounds can cause the long run fishery supply to bend backward. There is also increasing speculation that fishermen respond to falling output price either by increasing or decreasing effort, depending on the circumstances. This suggests a short run backward bending supply of fishing labor. A dynamic model of fishermen  s behavior is developed to account for the behavior. The model highlights both contemporaneous and intertemporal trade offs between labor and leisure. The model is tested and the results indicate that the short run labor supply in fisheries may exhibit backward bending properties. A discussion explains by these results challenge many traditional regulatory strategies ( e. g. output taxes) that address problems of open access.

Gautam, Amy Buss, Ivar Strand, and James Kirkley ( 1996).  Leisure/ Labor Tradeoffs: The Backward Bending Labor Supply in Fisheries.  Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 31( 3): 352 367.

Economists have understood that the open access nature of fishing grounds can cause the long run fishery supply to bend backward. There is also increasing speculation that fishermen respond to falling output price either by increasing or decreasing effort, depending on the circumstances. This suggests a short run backward bending supply of fishing labor. A dynamic, utility theoretic model of fishermen  s behavior is developed to address this possibility. The model highlights both contemporaneous and intertemporal trade offs between labor and leisure. The model is tested and the results indicate that the short run labor supply in fisheries may exhibit backward bending properties. The results challenge many traditional regulatory strategies ( e. g. output taxes) that address problems of open access.

Gauvin, John ( 1990). " Estimation of Supply and Demand Functions for Broadbill Swordfish in the United States." Draft report, South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, Charleston, South Carolina, January, 14 pp.

Using a two stage least squares simultaneous equation model, an analysis of swordfish supply and demand in the United States is presented. The estimated model is used to determine the impacts of proposed management regulations for consumer and producer surplus measures is discussed.

Gauvin, John ( 1993). " Discussion and Clarification of the Economic Issues Involved with King Mackerel Trip Limits or TACs by Gear." Draft and Final report, South Atlantic Fisheries Management Council, Charleston, South Carolina.

Good descriptive discussion of net benefits applied to the proposed king mackerel management plan.

Gauvin, John R. ( 1994).  The South Atlantic Wreckfish Fishery: A Preliminary Evaluation of the Conservation Effects of a Working ITQ System.  In Karyn L. Gimbel ( ed.) Limiting Access to Marine Fisheries: Keeping the Focus on Conservation, Center for Marine Conservation and the World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D. C. 2 2 0 This paper outlines some of the conservation benefits that individual transferable quota ( ITQ) management of the wreckfish fishery has created. Herein it si argued that ITQs are primarily designed to address the economic shortcomings of open access but that conservation benefits can result form the vesting aspects and economic rationalization of an ITQ. Preliminary evidence form the wreckfish case suggests that fishermen have embraced the long term conservation of the wreckfish stock and habitat where wreckfish are found because it is clearly in their best economic interest to do so. Optimism must remain guarded at this point because results are preliminary, wreckfish is a rather different fishery, and the wreckfish ITQ has apparently shifted fishing effort to other fisheries still managed by open access, hereby potentially aggravating problems in those fisheries. These caveats acknowledged, early success with the wreckfish ITQ argues for expansion of the effort to put other fisheries under ITQs and underlines the importance of developing a comprehensive policy to evaluate and implement ITQ management for other fisheries in the United States.

Gauvin, John R., John M. Ward, and Edward E. Burgess ( 1993). " A Description and Preliminary Evaluation of the Wreckfish ( Polyprion Americanus) Fishery Under Individual Transferable Quotas." Draft report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, St. Petersburg, FL.

The individual transferable quota ( ITQ) system for wreckfish in the south Atlantic will be an important test of the practical merits of individual quota management for finfish fisheries in the United States. This paper describes the wreckfish ITQ program in detail and discusses difficulties encountered in its development. Beyond providing information on the practical constraints of setting up ITQs to managers contemplating ITQs for other fisheries, another goal is to evaluate the degree to which the wreckfish ITQ program is accomplishing its resource conservation, economic, and conflict reduction objectives. Analysis of data and experiences over the one and onehalf year period during which the wreckfish ITQ has been in place are provided. Linked to the discussion of accomplishing objectives is an evaluation of the degree that consolidation has taken place and the tradeoff between efficiency goals and concerns over monopoly power.

Gauvin, John R., John M. Ward, and Edward E. Burgess ( 1994). " Description and Evaluation of the Wreckfish ( Polyprion Americanus) Fishery Under Individual Transferable Quotas." Marine Resource Economics, 9( 2): 99 118.

The individual transferable quota ( ITQ) system for wreckfish in the south Atlantic will be an important test of the practical merits of individual quota management for finfish fisheries in the United States. This paper describes the wreckfish ITQ program in detail and discusses difficulties encountered in its development. Beyond providing information on the practical constraints of setting up ITQs to managers contemplating ITQs for other fisheries, another goal is to evaluate the degree to which the wreckfish ITQ program is accomplishing its resource conservation, economic, and conflict reduction objectives. Analysis of data and experiences over the one and onehalf year period during which the wreckfish ITQ has been in place are provided. Linked to the discussion of accomplishing objectives is an evaluation of the degree that consolidation has taken place and the tradeoff between efficiency goals and concerns over monopoly power.

Gay, Joel ( 1995).  Naming Names, NMFS Lists Bycatch Rate, boat by Boat.  In Brad Warren, Win Win Bycatch Solutions. National Fisheries Conservation Center, Seattle WA. 2 2 1 At the request of industry, NMFS lists the vessel name and its bycatch rate for the Chinook salmon fishery. Information is available upon request or on the NMFS bulletin board.

Gay, Joel ( 1995).  Rock Sole Fishery, One of the Dirtiest, But Slowly Cleaning Up.  In Brad Warren, Win Win Bycatch Solutions. National Fisheries Conservation Center, Seattle WA.

A discussion of the rock sole fishermen  s efforts to voluntarily reduce bycatch without government regulations. Solutions discussed include individual fishermen  s quotas, individual bycatch quotas, gear modifications, and closed areas.

Geen, Gerry and Mark Nayar ( 1988). " Individual Transferable Quotas in the Southern Bluefin Tuna Fishery: An Economic Appraisal." Marine Resource Economics, 5( 4): 356 387.

A system of individual transferable quotas ( ITQs) was introduced into the southern bluefin tuna ( SBT) fishery in 1984. This was the first such management system to be introduced in Australia and among the first worldwide. Its introduction marketed a radical departure from traditional management regimes based on limiting the number of boats allowed to operate and other input controls. Because ITQs are a potential management option for many other fisheries, their success or otherwise in improving the economic performance and prospects of the SBT fishery is likely to have ramifications for the future direction of fisheries management in Australia. The impact of the ITQ scheme on fishery profitability is assessed in relation to the expected outcomes of alternative management programs if they had been introduced instead of ITQs. A model that draws together the major biological, physical, and economic relationships in the fishery provides a framework for this analysis.

Georgianna, Daniel L. ( 1998).  Hook Gear Fishery of the North Atlantic.  Draft report, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth.

Cost and earnings survey of the North Atlantic hook and line fishery.

Georgianna, Daniel L. and Alan Cass ( 1998).  The Cost of Hook Fishing for Groundfish in Northeastern United States.  Cooperative Marine Education and Research Program, National Marine Fisheries Service, Contract Number NA67FE0420, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA, September, 40 pp.

This document reports the results of surveying hook fishing vessel owners about fishing effort, vessel characteristics, operating costs and overhead costs in the groundfish hook fishery. This document also reports information from port agents and others on vessel and fleet characteristics, and information from suppliers on prices of inputs used in the groundfish hook fishery.

Georgianna, Daniel L., Alan Cass, and Keith Brough ( 1998).  The Cost of Hook Fishing for Groundfish in Northeastern United States.  Cooperative Marine Education and Research Program, National Marine Fisheries Service, Contract Number NA67FE0420, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA, September, 99 pp.

This document reports the results of surveying hook fishing vessel owners about fishing effort, vessel characteristics, operating costs and overhead costs in the groundfish hook fishery. This document also reports 2 2 2 information from port agents and others on vessel and fleet characteristics, and information from suppliers on prices of inputs used in the groundfish hook fishery.

Georgianna, Daniel L. and William V. Hogan ( 1986).  Production Costs in Atlantic Fresh Fish Processing.  Marine Resource Economics, 2( 3): 275 292.

Production costs for fresh Atlantic groundfish and scallop processing are examined using direct observation, linear regression analysis, and cost accounting. Assuming that management chooses a production technique where marginal costs are constant over a wide range of production due to management  s expectation of predictable and unpredictable variation in product demand and exvessel supply, estimates of marginal cost for nonfish inputs from linear regression results and from cost accounting are compared. Also, regression results for physical yield from fish inputs are compared to estimates from the U. S. Department of Commerce. The similarity in results between these independent forms of estimation supports the maintained hypothesis of constant marginal cost over a wide range of production.

Geraci, V. J. and W. Prewo ( 1982). " An Empirical Demand and Supply Model of International Trade." Review of Economics and Statistics, 64: 433 449.

This study develops an empirical model for the joint determination of the demand and supply for bilateral trade, in which both bilateral quantities and bilateral prices are endogenous.

Gianessi, Leonard P., Raymond J. Kopp, Peter Kuch, Cynthia Puffer, and Robert Torla ( 1988). " Welfare Implications of Restricted Triazine Herbicide Use in the Chesapeake Bay Region." Marine Resource Economics, 5( 3): 243 258.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency has responsibility under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act ( FIFRA) to formulate pesticide policies on the basis of risk benefit analyses. To measure the benefits of pesticide use, one must look at the losses in consumer and producer surpluses that would accompany the banning of a particular pesticide. A typical scenario is one in which the banned pesticide is replaced by another that is more costly and/ or less effective. The resulting decrease in supply raises the price of the crop on which the banned pesticide is used, and may alter the prices of substitute and complementary corps as well. This article presents a simulation model of corn and soybean implications of a local ban on triazine herbicides. It reports estimates of lost producer and consumer surplus and the effect that the ban would have on the profitability of agricultural production in the region.

Gibson, David J. M. ( 1981). " A Handbook on Processing Southern Bluefin Tuna for the Fresh Chilled Sashimi Market in Japan." Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, New Zealand Fishing Industry Board, Wellington, New Zealand.

The manual comprises five sections. The introduction gives a brief background to the biology, the fishery, the market, and the quality and grading of southern bluefin tuna caught in the New Zealand zone. The main section explains the processing techniques, the reasons behind the methods used, and the problems that can arise. There are sections on handling and storage in ice and freezing chilled fish and finally a section on packing large fish for export by air in accordance with the International Air 2 2 3 Transport Association regulations and guidelines.

Gilbert, David John ( 1988). " Use of a Simple Age Structured Bioeconomic Model to Estimate Optimal Long Run Surpluses." Marine Resource Economics, 5: 23 42.

When the New Zealand government introduced individual transferable quotas for major commercial fish stocks, allocation for some stocks exceeded their total allowable catches and made it necessary to buy back immediately some of the quota. Quota was offered back by tender. A simple age structured bioeconomic model was used to estimate long run optimal surpluses. From these, the maximum prices that should be paid by government for quota were derived. The use of an age structured model proved convenient for this purpose as the necessary parameter estimates tend to arise naturally from literature sources and the population dynamics are transparent. If stocks were managed optimally, the long run value of quota would be equivalent to the net present value of the surplus at the dynamic maximum economic yield. Long run surpluses proved to be dependent on the relative changes in catch rates and costs of fishing that resulted from changes in stock biomass. Optimal surpluses of up to 45% of the greenweight revenues were obtained for heavily exploited, long lived stocks. Only small long run surpluses were obtained for short lived or very lightly exploited stocks.

Gilbert, Richard J. ( 1979). " Optimal Depletion of an Uncertain Stock." Review of Economic Studies, 46: 47 57.

This paper characterizes optimal extraction from a resource stock of uncertain size and examines the value of information about the size of the stock assuming costs and social preferences are known. Given fairly typical assumptions, uncertainty implies a more conservative extraction policy when exploration does not exist. With exploration possible, it is shown to be optimal to invest in exploration to maintain a stock of known reserves.

Gill, Duane A., Robert B. Ditton, and Stephen M. Holland ( 1993). " Charter and Party Boat Operators in the U. S. Gulf of Mexico: A Social Structure Perspective." Marine Fisheries Review, 55( 3): 16 20.

To better address the charter and party boat fishery needs in the U. S. Gulf of Mexico, fishery managers must understand the linkages between the industry and other groups and organizations that affect its success. Gulf state charter and party boat operators were interviewed to ascertain the extent of their social network linkages, membership in community organizations, business community relationships, and linkages to information sources. Approximately one third to one half of the charter and party boat operators did not belong to local community organizations that could assist their business through tourism promotion or natural resource protection. Despite their limited integration in the community, the vast majority of operators gave and received referrals from other businesses. Of four major information sources, the National Weather Service and the County Marine Extension agents were rated highest and lowest, respectively, in mean importance to charter and party boat operators. Results suggest that business success can be enhanced by strengthening network ties between operators and local businesses, chambers of commerce, and tourism organizations. For this to occur, individual operators and charter/ party boat organizations need to become more effective in representing industry interests. Informational linkages between industry and government agencies also need improvement.

Gillespie, William C., James C. Hite, and John S. Lytle ( 1969). " An 2 2 4 Econometric Analysis of the U. S. Shrimp Industry." Economics of Marine Resources No. 2, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina in cooperation with Coastal Plains Regional Commission.

This study assesses the economic feasibility of imposing a quota on shrimp imports. Thai study was based on the primary hypothesis that a quota on shrimp imports, if used by itself and not coordinated with a program designed to limit the entry of more craft into the industry, would not improve the economic position of the average shrimp fisherman in the industry. More specifically, it was hypothesized that a quota would increase wholesale and ex vessel prices more than they would have increased without the quota; the increase in prices would encourage the entry of more craft into the industry; and the increase in the number of craft in the industry and rising cost would prevent the real revenue per craft from increasing. A secondary objective of this study was to assess the economic feasibility of imposing a limit on the number of craft in the industry. It was hypothesized that a limit on the number of craft in the industry, if used by itself, would not increase the deflated revenue per craft. Another secondary objective was to assess the effect on the shrimp population of increases in fishing effort. It was hypothesized that increases in fishing effort would overfish the shrimp population and actually reduce the quantity of shrimp supplied.

Gillig, Tasana ( 1996).  ITQ Model.  Draft report, Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas.

Theoretical dynamic model used to derive the demand for individual transferable quotas in a stylized fishery.

Gillig, Tasana, Teofilo Ozuna, Jr., and Wade L. Griffin ( 1998).  On the Use of Count Models for Recreation Demand Analysis.  Draft report, Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas, January, 18 pp.

This article shows how to mathematically decompose changes in the conditional mean of the Poisson and negative binomial models. The importance of the decomposition is demonstrated by decomposing elasticities and changes in expected consumer surplus. The usefulness of the various decompositions is demonstrated by applying them to the Gulf of Mexico recreational red snapper fishery. The application suggests that more information can be extracted from the estimated coefficients of the Poisson and negative binomial models than is commonly realized.

Gilmartin, William G. and George A. Antonelis ( 1998).  Recommended Recovery Actions for the Hawaiian Monk Seal Population at Midway Island.  NOAATM NMFS SWFSC 253, southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, May, 14 pp.

The recommendations of a workshop to facilitate recovery of the monk seal population at Midway were the basis for developing recovery actions presented in this document. Workshop participants were presented background data on the Midway monk seal population, results of the 1992 monk seal rehabilitation and translocation to Midway, population trend data for certain Midway reef fishes, and results of the Kure Atoll monk seal recovery efforts during 1985 91 and 1993 95.

Gimbel, Karyn L. ( ed.) ( 1994). Limiting Access to Marine 2 2 5 Fisheries: Keeping the Focus on Conservation. Center for Marine Conservation and the World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D. C.

The results of a workshop entitled " Managing Marine Fisheries by Limiting Access" held in Annapolis, Maryland in 1992. Contributed papers and the results of the ensuing discussions are contained in the report.

Ginsburgh, Victor A. ( 1973). " A Further Note on the Derivation of Quarterly Figures Consistent with Annual Data." Applied Statistics, 22: 368 374.

Several methods have been devised to deal with the problem of constructing quarterly data when either ( a) related series are available or ( b) when only annual totals exist. Methods ( a) lead to quarterly figures inconsistent with annual totals. Methods ( b) adds nothing to the economic interpretation of the quarterly phenomenon.

Ginter, Jay J. C. ( 1994). " Summary of First Limited Access Workshop." Memorandum, Chief, Limited Access Planning Branch, Alaska Regional Office, Juneau, Alaska.

The key accomplishments of the workshop are presented in the memorandum.

Ginter, Jay J. C. ( 1996). " Community Development Quota Report." Proposal, National Resource Council, Chief, Limited Access Planning Branch, Alaska Regional Office, Juneau, Alaska.

A proposal to analyze the performance and effectiveness of community development quota programs.

Gitschlag, Gregg R. and Jon K. Hale ( 1993). " Susceptibility of Sea Turtles to Underwater Explosives at Offshore Energy Structure Removals." Draft report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Galveston Laboratory, Galveston, Texas.

Observers were stationed at offshore sites to monitor and protect sea turtles during the explosive removal of oil and gas structures in waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Comparisons of sighting rates and effective survey distances for day and night surveys suggested sea turtles moved closer to structure removal locations at night.

Glantz, Michael H. and Lucy E. Feingold ( eds.) ( 1990). Summary Report of the Climate Variability, Climate Change and Fisheries Project, Environmental Societal Impacts Group National Center for Atmospheric Research, P. O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado 80307 3000.

During the past decade there has been considerable speculation about the possible impacts of a global warming on terrestrial ecosystems. This study addresses the potential implications for fisheries and societies of the regional impacts of a global warming of the atmosphere based on an assessment of 15 case studies from around the globe.

Glen, John J. ( 1995).  An Optimization Model of the Western Mackerel Fishery.  In, Bio Economic Modelling in the EU, Concerted Action Coordination of Research in Fishery Economics, Working Document Nr: 7,( AIR CT94 1489), Workshop, Edinburgh, October: 129 147.

In the multi cohort bioeconomic models that have been developed for 2 2 6 fishery policy evaluation, the length of the planning period and the state of the stock at the end of this period must be specified, although both these factors influence the results. It is suggested that this limitation can be overcome by evaluating policy over an infinite horizon. An optimization model for evaluating policy in a multi cohort single species fishery over an infinite planning horizon id developed by incorporating results from a steady state fishery model in a multi period model. The use of this approach is illustrated using data for the western mackerel fishery.

Godcharles, Mark F. ( 1993). " Synoptic History of Federal Management of King and Spanish Mackerel and Other Coastal Migratory Pelagic Species in the Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic." A contribution to the 1993 SAFE Report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, St. Petersburg, FL, May.

A review of the management history of the migratory coastal pelagics fishery from the implementation of the fishery management plan to amendment 6.

Godcharles, Mark F. ( 1997). " Catch Limits Approved for King and Spanish Mackerel." News release, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, St. Petersburg, FL, April.

A news release issued to announce catch limits approved for king and Spanish mackerel fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico and south Atlantic groups. Attached is a history of management regulations indicating initial allocations and subsequent landings of the two species since regulations were initially imposed.