Vocational home economics Vocational courses of instruction emphasizing the acquisition of competencies needed for getting and holding a job or preparing for advancement in an occupational area using home economics knowledge or skills. 533 Index of Table Numbers A Academic programs in high school, 136   139, 147 Accounting, degrees conferred, 247   253 Achievement tests. See Assessment Activities elementary school, 143 college faculty, 227, 228 high school, 144, 146, 147 kindergarten, 50, 143 young adults, 389 Additions to plant value, higher education, 352 Administration expenditures elementary and secondary schools, 160   162, 165, 166 institutions of higher education, 335, 336, 338   340, 342   346, 351 Administrative units ( school districts), 90   95 Adult basic education, 357 Adult education participants in, 355, 356 Adult and vocational education, 213, 247   249, 355, 356, 358 Federal funds for, 361, 363, 365, 366 Affiliation, religious elementary and secondary schools, 60   63, 140   142, 144   146 institutions of higher education, 179 Age enrollment, 6, 7 for compulsory school attendance, 152 of college students, 174   176, 186, 211   213 Agriculture degrees conferred, 10, 247   252, 255   258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 276 enrollment, higher education, 213, 214 faculty in higher education, 229, 232, 233 formal awards, organized occupational curricula, 247   249 units earned by high school graduates, 137 Alcohol use by students or adults, 148   151, 377 All levels of education, 1   38 American Indians activities, 144   146 attendance patterns, 153 attitudes about schools, 142 courses taken by high school students, 136   140 degrees conferred, 260   274, 297   303, 305 educational attainment, 12 enrolled in colleges and universities, 206   211, 316 enrolled in public schools, 45 expected occupations, 141 financial aid, 313, 314 testing, 112, 116, 131 Annual expenditure per pupil, public schools, 39, 90, 95, 167, 169, 412 Annual salary. See Salaries. Applications, college, 185 Applied research funds, 335, 336, 338   340, 342   346, 351, 359, 369, 370 Architecture degrees conferred, 247   252, 255   258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 277 enrollment, higher education, 213 Area studies, degrees conferred, 247   252, 255   258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272 Art, degrees conferred, 247   252, 255   258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 297 Asian or Pacific Islander activities, 144   147 attendance patterns, 153 attitudes about schools, 142 courses taken by high school students, 136   140 degrees conferred, 12, 261   275, 298   304, 306 educational attainment, 12 enrolled in colleges and universities, 206   211, 314 enrolled in public schools, 45 expected occupations, 141 financial aid, 314, 315 testing, 112, 116, 117, 128, 130 Assessment American College Testing, 135 Graduate Record Examination, 310 international, 396   408 minimum competency, 155, 156 National Assessment of Educational Progress, 109   128 National Education Longitudinal Study, 129 Scholastic Assessment Test, 130   134 Associate degrees, 9, 11, 170, 171, 216   218, 244   249, 254   258, 261   263 Athletics, participation in school activities, 144, 146, 147 Attendance patterns, 153 Attitudes about education, 22   29, 70, 75   77 life values, 376 selected classes, 140 534 INDEX OF TABLE NUMBERS school climate, 142 Attrition, college student, 306, 309 Auxiliary enterprises, higher education, 324   329, 331, 332, 336   340, 351 Average daily attendance, 39, 44, 52 Average daily membership, 39 Average length of school year, 39, 124 B Bachelor's degrees, 9   14, 170, 171, 217, 244   246, 250, 253, 254   258, 264   266, 276   297 Basic administrative units, 90   95 Basic student charges, higher education, 311   313 Behavior, student, 27, 28, 140   151, 153 Benefits expenditure, 162, 163 Biological sciences credits earned by college graduates, 307 credits earned by high school graduates, 136, 138 degrees conferred, 10, 247   253, 255   258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 278, 279, 298, 302 enrollment, higher education, 213 faculty, 229 Graduate Record Examination, 310 Blacks activities, 144, 146, 147 adult education, 355, 356 attendance patterns, 153 attitudes about schools, 142 courses taken by high school students, 136   140 degrees conferred, 9, 10, 12, 218, 261   275, 298   304, 306 dropouts, 105, 106, 383 drug use, 148 educational attainment, 8   10, 12 enrolled in colleges and universities, 183, 186, 206   212, 218, 219, 309, 314, 382 enrolled in public schools, 45 enrolled in school, 7 expected occupations, 141 family characteristics, 19 financial aid, 314, 315 historically black colleges and universities, 218   220 labor force participation, 377, 382, 383 literacy, 390 parental involvement in school activities, 26 persistence in higher education, 306, 309 population, 16 poverty status, 21 testing, 109, 112   115, 118   121, 125, 126, 128   131 unemployment rate, 379, 382, 383 years of school completed, 8   10, 12 Black colleges, 218   220 Board rates, 311, 312 Business and management credits earned by college graduates, 307 credits earned by high school graduates, 137 degrees conferred, 10, 247   252, 255   258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 280, 298 enrollment, higher education, 213 faculty in higher education, 228, 233 vocational programs, 247   249 C Cable television, 418 Capital outlay higher education, 35, 352 public elementary and secondary schools, 35, 39, 161, 162, 165, 166 Carnegie classification of colleges, 329, 336 Catholic schools achievement test scores, 1297 elementary and secondary, 60   63 expected occupations of students, 141 institutions of higher education, 179 participation in extracurricular activities, 144, 146 student attitudes about classes, 140 student attitudes about school climate, 142 student attendance patterns, 153 Center based programs for preschool, 41, 42, 46, 47, 49, 51, 143 Chapter 1 ( Title 1), 89, 361, 363, 365   367, 374 Cheerleading, participation in school activities, 144, 147 Chemical engineering, 253, 285 Chemistry, degrees conferred, 253, 292 Chemistry, Graduate Record Examination, 310 Child care, 47, 49, 51 Church affiliation elementary and secondary schools, 60   63, 129, 140, 144   147, 153 institutions of higher education, 179 City school systems, 89, 93   95, 145, 151, 373, 374 Civil engineering, 253, 285 Class rank, 133 Classrooms, number of, 419 Class size, 69, 70, 227, 228 Classroom teachers attitudes about schools, 27   28, 75   77, 151 characteristics of private school teachers, 68 characteristics of public school teachers, 68   70, 72 mobility, 73 new teachers' experiences, 75   77 opinions about teaching, 27   28, 75   77 private schools, 4, 61, 63   65, 68, 73, 74 public schools, 4, 39, 65   80, 83   86, 89, 93 salaries of private school teachers, 74 salaries of public school teachers, 74, 78   80 satisfaction with teaching, 26   28, 70, 75   77 teaching assignments, 71, 72 Climate in schools, 27, 28, 142 Closing of institutions of higher education, 244 535 INDEX OF TABLE NUMBERS Clubs, participation in school activities, 144, 147 College faculty. See Faculty, higher education. College and university education, 170   354 College plans and applications, 146, 185 Communications degrees conferred, 247   253, 255   258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 281 enrollment, 213 faculty, 229 Competency testing students, 124, 155 teachers, 156 Compulsory attendance, age for, 152 Computer and information sciences courses taken by high school graduates, 136, 142 credits earned by college graduates, 308 degrees conferred, 247   253, 255   258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 283 enrollment in college, 213, 214 faculty, 229 Computers, use of, 418, 419, 424   428 Consumer Price Index, 38 Courses completed by college graduates, 307 Courses completed by high school graduates, 136   139 Current expenditures higher education, 171, 216   218, 335   340, 347, 349, 350 public schools, 39, 89, 93, 161, 162, 164   169 Current fund revenues in higher education, 171, 216, 218, 322, 324   334 D Daily attendance as a percent of enrollment, 39 Day care, 47, 49 Degrees, earned associate, 9, 11, 170, 171, 216   218, 244   249, 254   258, 261   263 bachelor's and higher, 9   12, 170, 171, 216   218, 245, 246, 251   305 by race, 9, 10, 12, 218, 261   275, 298   304 by sex, 9, 10, 170, 171, 218, 244, 247   249, 253, 259   278, 280   284, 286, 287, 289   291, 293   295, 297   304 first professional, 9, 170, 171, 216   218, 244, 246, 254, 259, 260, 273   275 historical summary, 171, 244 historically black colleges, 217, 218 international comparison, 409   411 large institutions of higher education, 216 major field of study, 10, 247   253, 255   260, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 274   304 number of institutions, by field, 257   259 Denominational affiliation elementary and secondary schools, 60   63, 129, 140, 144   147, 153 institutions of higher education, 179 Dentistry degrees conferred, 259, 260, 274, 275 dental assisting, awards in, 247   249 enrollment, higher education, 213 Department of Education outlays, 360   368 For other Departments, see Federal funds. Disabled, 53   56, 59, 107, 108, 211 Discipline problems, 23, 27, 28, 142, 148, 151 Disposable personal income, 37 Districts, school, 90   94 Doctor's degrees, 9, 11, 170, 171, 216   218, 244, 246, 253, 254, 255, 256   258, 270   272, 276   305 Dormitory rooms, charges for, 311, 312 Dramatic arts, degrees conferred, 253 Dropouts ( high school) employment and unemployment, 377, 379, 351, 383 income of, 380, 381 number, 383 percent, by age group, 8, 9, 11   14, 105, 106 Dropouts ( college), 306, 309 Drug abuse, 23, 27, 148   151, 375 E Earned degrees. See Degrees, earned. Earnings by years of school completed, 380   381, 388 Earnings of recent college graduates, 388 Economics, degrees conferred, 253, 296 faculty, 229 Education adult, 355   357 all levels, 1   38 bilingual, 59, 361, 363, 365, 366 credits earned by college graduates, 307 degrees conferred, 170, 171, 216   218, 244   305 degrees conferred in education, 10, 247   253, 255   258, 263, 265, 266, 269, 269, 271, 272, 283, 298, 299 elementary and secondary, 39   169 enrollment, higher education, 1   3, 170   220 faculty in higher education, 221   233 federal programs, 359   374 Graduate Record Examination, 310 handicapped students, 53   56, 59, 107, 108, 211 higher, 170   358 international, 391   414 outcomes, 8   14, 101   139, 244   310, 375   390, 396   411 price indexes, 38 statistics related to, 375   390 structure, ( figure 1) vocational, 59, 71, 72, 136, 137, 247   249, 355, 357, 361, 363, 365, 366 Education in the U. S., structure of, ( figure 1) 536 INDEX OF TABLE NUMBERS Educational administration and supervision, degrees conferred, 253 Educational attainment, 8   14 Educational attainment in the work force, 377   381 Electrical engineering, 253, 285 Elementary and secondary education, 1   5, 31   33, 35, 36, 39   169 Elementary education, degrees conferred, 253 Elementary schools, number private, 5, 60, 62   64, 90 public, 5, 90, 96   99 Employees colleges, 221   224 private elementary and secondary schools, 61 public elementary and secondary schools, 83   87 Employment college graduates, 377   379, 381, 385   387 handicapped students, 108 high school dropouts, 377   379, 381, 383 high school graduates, 377   379, 381, 382 high school seniors, 384 Endowment funds, 171, 353, 354 Endowment funds, revenue from, 324   329, 331, 332 Engineering credits earned by college graduates, 307 degrees conferred, 10, 247   253, 255   258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 284, 285, 298, 300 enrollment, higher education, 213, 214 faculty in higher education, 229, 232, 233 Graduate Record Examination, 310 graduates, organized occupational curricula, 247   249, 262, 263 English credits earned by high school graduates, 136, 139 enrollment in higher education, 213 faculty, 229 degrees conferred, 247   253, 255   258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 286 requirements for graduation, 154 teachers, public high schools, 71 Enrollment adult basic education, 357 adult education, 355   357 affiliation, elementary and secondary schools, 60, 62, 63 institutions of higher education, 179 ages, 6, 7, 174   176, 186, 212, 213, 314, 355, 356 all levels of education, 1   3, 6, 7 by grade, 41   43 by grade span of school, 97 by race, 7, 45, 60, 179, 183, 206   210, 212, 218, 355, 356, 382 by sex, 6, 7, 170   172, 174, 175, 177   179, 181, 182, 184, 187   189, 193   195, 207, 211, 212, 216, 218, 355, 356, 382 elementary and secondary private, 1   3, 46, 57, 59, 60, 62   64 public, 1   3, 39   46, 52, 57   56, 67, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97 total, 1   3 elementary schools private, 2, 3, 56, 62, 63 public, 2, 3, 39   43, 59, 97 total, 1   3 engineering, 213, 214 exceptional children, 53   56, 59, 107, 108, 211 foreign languages, public secondary schools, 58 foreign students in American colleges, 206   210, 414 handicapped, 53   55, 59, 107, 108, 211 higher education affiliation, 179 age, 174   176, 186, 212, 213, 355, 356 disabled, 108, 211 engineering, 213, 214 first   professional, 2, 175, 177, 189, 197   199, 207 four year colleges, 170, 173, 176   178, 181, 196, 198   201, 205, 206, 209, 213   220, 309 freshmen, 181   184, 203   205, 212 full time, 172, 174   182, 187   189, 193   195, 217, 218 full time equivalent, 200   202, 216 graduate, 2, 175, 177, 188, 197   199, 207, 213, 214, 216, 319, 320 historically black colleges and universities, 218   220 large institutions of higher education, 215   216 major field of study, 213, 214 minority, 183, 185, 186, 206   212, 218, 219 part time, 172, 174   182, 187   189, 193   195, 216, 218 private institutions, 2, 3, 170, 172, 173, 176   182, 187   189, 192, 195, 196, 198   202, 206, 209, 215   220 public institutions, 2, 3, 170, 172, 173, 176   182, 187   189, 191, 194, 196, 198   202, 206, 209, 215   220 race, 183, 186, 206   212, 218, 219 rate, 6, 7, 179   182, 300, 306, 382, 391, 392 sex, 170   172, 174, 175, 177   182, 184, 187   189, 193   195, 207, 211, 212, 216, 218 total, 1   3, 170   179, 190   199, 206   210, 212, 213, 215   220 traditionally black colleges, 218   220 two year colleges, 170, 173, 176   178, 181, 196, 198   201, 205, 206, 209, 213, 215   219, 309 type of institution, 170, 173, 176   178, 181, 196, 198   201, 205, 206, 209, 213   220, 309 undergraduate, 2, 175, 177, 187, 197   199, 207, 211   213, 216, 314   318 high schools. See Secondary schools. international, 391   393 537 INDEX OF TABLE NUMBERS kindergarten, 41, 43, 46, 47, 50, 53, 54, 56 large school districts, 89, 91, 93, 95 mathematics, higher education, 136, 138, 213, 214 preprimary programs, 41   43, 46, 47, 49, 53, 54, 56 race, elementary and secondary schools, 45 science, 136, 138, 213, 214 secondary schools private, 2, 3, 57, 59, 62, 63 public, 2, 3, 39   43, 57, 59, 97 total, 1   3, 57, 59 school districts, 91, 93, 95 social sciences, higher education, 213, 214 special education for exceptional children, 53   56, 59, 211 two year colleges, 170, 173, 176   178, 181, 196, 198   201, 205, 206, 213, 215   219, 309 Ethnicity. See Spanish origin and race. Exceptional children, enrollment, 53   56, 59, 107, 108, 211 Expenditures all schools, 31   33 administration, 160   162, 165, 166, 335, 336, 338, 342   346, 351 by other countries, 393, 412, 413 federal government, 33, 34, 359   374 governmental, 33   37 higher education, 31   36, 171, 216, 218, 219, 334   351 instruction, 89, 94, 161   163, 165, 166, 335, 336, 338, 339, 342   346, 351 libraries, 335, 336, 338   340, 342   346, 351, 420   422 per pupil, public schools, 39, 89, 94, 167   169 per pupil, by country, 412 per student, higher education, 335, 337, 342   346, 351 public elementary and secondary schools, 31   33, 35, 36, 39, 89, 94, 160   169 private elementary and secondary schools, 31   33 pupil transportation, 52, 162, 165, 166 research, 335, 336, 338   340, 342   346, 351, 369, 370 state and local expenditures, 34   37. Also see Revenues. Extracurricular activities participation, 50, 143, 144, 146, 147 F Faculty, higher education academic rank, 226, 230   232, 235, 235, 238   240 age, 230   232 classes taught, 227, 228 control of institution, 1, 4, 221, 225, 227   231, 233   240 employment status, 222, 225, 227   232 field, 229, 232, 323 productivity, 227, 228 race/ ethnicity, 222, 229, 229, 230   232 salary, 230, 231, 233   239 sex, 171, 222, 223, 226, 229   232, 234, 235, 240 tenure, 240 Faculty salaries, 230, 231, 233   239 Families income, 37 number, 18, 19 parental involvement with school activities, 25, 26 poverty status, 21 with children, 18, 19 Federally affected areas, aid to, 361, 363, 365, 366 Federal funds for education, 356   374 Federal sources, receipts from higher education, 33, 324   329, 331, 332, 334 public elementary and secondary schools, 33, 39, 89, 94, 157   160 Fees, higher education students, 311   313 Fellowships and scholarships, 314   321, 336   340, 342   346, 351 Field of study achievement scores. See Tests. characteristics of the population, 10 earned degrees, 10, 247   260, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 274   304 enrollment in higher education, 213, 214 employment, 385, 386, 388 faculty in higher education, 229, 232, 233 federal funds for colleges, 370 salaries, 388 Finances. See Capital outlay, Current expenditures, Expenditures, Income, Property, Revenues, Salaries. Financial aid to college students, 314   323 Fine and applied arts degrees conferred, 247   253, 255   258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 297 faculty in higher education, 229, 232, 233 First professional degrees, 9, 170, 171, 216   218, 244, 246, 254, 259, 260, 273   275 First professional enrollment, 2, 175, 177, 189, 197   199, 207 Freshmen, 180   184, 203   205, 207, 212 Foreign languages degrees conferred, 247   253, 255   258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 287, 288 courses taken by high school students, 136, 139 enrollment, public high schools, 57 Foreign students in American colleges, 206   210, 414 Forestry, degrees conferred, 253 Four year institutions enrollment, 170, 173, 176   178, 180, 181, 196, 198   201, 205, 206, 209, 213   220, 306, 316   320 faculty, 223   225, 227, 228, 230, 233   240 finance, 216, 218, 219, 321, 329, 335, 337, 342, 343, 345, 346, 351 538 INDEX OF TABLE NUMBERS number, 5, 210, 236   238 staff, 223, 224 French degrees conferred, 253, 288 enrollment, public secondary schools, 58 Full time college students, 172, 174   182, 187   189, 193   195, 216, 218 Full time   equivalent enrollment, 200   202, 216 Funds, Federal, for education, 34, 39, 89, 94, 157   160, 324   329, 331, 332, 334, 359   374 G GED, 104 Geography assessment, 118, 119, 396 Geography, degrees conferred, 253 Geology, degrees conferred, 253, 292 German degrees conferred, 253, 288 enrollment, public secondary schools, 58 Gifted and talented, state legislation, 55 Gifts and grants, higher education, 324   329, 331, 341 Governmental finances, 33   37 Government and political science, degrees conferred, 253, 296 Grade enrollment, 41   43 Graduate enrollment, 2, 175, 177, 188, 197   199, 207, 211, 213, 214, 216, 319, 320 Graduates high school attainment, 8   14 attainment in the work force, 377   381 college attendance of, 183   185, 382 employment, 382 GED, 102 number, 39, 64, 93, 102, 104, 183, 184, 382 institutions of higher education. See Degrees. organized occupational curricula, 247   250 Graduate Record Examination, 310 Graduation rate, college, 306, 309 Graduation requirements, 154 Greek, degrees conferred, 253 Gross domestic product, 31, 37 Gross domestic product price deflator, 38 Guidance personnel, public elementary and secondary schools, 83   85 Guidance personnel, private elementary and secondary schools, 61 H Health and physical education, activities of high school students, 144, 146, 147 Handicapped, special education for the, 53   56, 59, 107, 108, 211 Head Start, 48, 361, 372 Health professions degrees conferred, 247   253, 255   258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 289 enrollment, higher education, 213, 214 faculty in higher education, 229, 232, 233 High school graduates attainment, 8   14 attainment in the work force, 377   381 college attendance of, 183   185, 382 employment, 382 GED, 104 number, 39, 64, 100, 102, 183, 184, 382 private, 64, 100 public, 39, 93, 101, 102 total, 100, 183, 184, 382 High school seniors activities, 144, 146, 147 attitudes, 140, 142 attendance patterns, 153 college applications, 185 college plans, 145 drug use, 150 employment, 384 enrollment, 41   43 expected occupations, 141 reasons for taking math and science courses, 140 High school students' extracurricular activities, 144, 146, 147 High schools. See Secondary schools. Higher education, 1   5, 170   358 Higher Education Price Index, 38 Hispanics activities, 144, 146, 147 adult education, 355, 356 attendance patterns, 153 attitudes about school climate, 142 courses completed by high school students, 136   139 degrees conferred, 8, 9, 12, 261   275, 298   305, 306 dropouts, 105, 106, 383 drug use, 148 educational attainment, 8, 9, 12 enrolled in colleges and universities, 183, 186, 206   212, 309, 310, 314, 382 enrolled in public schools, 45 enrolled in school, 7 expected occupations, 141 family characteristics, 19 financial aid, 314, 315 labor force participation, 377, 382, 383 literacy, 390 parental involvement in school activities, 25, 26 persistence in higher education, 306, 309 population, 16 poverty, 21 testing, 109, 112, 113, 115, 118   121, 125   131 539 INDEX OF TABLE NUMBERS unemployment rate, 379, 382, 383 years of school completed, 8, 9, 12 Historically black colleges and universities, 218   220 Historical summary statistics enrollment, all levels, 3 higher education, 170 public schools, 39 History, degrees conferred, 253, 296 faculty, 229 testing, 117, 118, 130 Home activities, 50, 111, 113, 120, 124, 143, 144, 146, 147, 402, 425, 427, 428 Home computers, 425, 427, 428 Home economics courses taken by high school students, 137 degrees conferred, 247   253, 255   258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272 graduates, organized occupational curricula, 247   249 Homework, 111, 124, 397, 399, 401, 403, 404 Hospitals, university, 324   329, 331, 332, 336   340 Household income, 20 Humanities degrees conferred, 247   253, 255   258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 286   288, 295   297, 298, 301, 304 faculty in higher education, 229, 232, 233 I Illiteracy, 390. Also see Educational attainment. Income by years of school completed, 380   381 graduates, 380   381, 388 higher education institutions, 171, 216   219, 321, 324   334 personal, 37 public schools, 39, 89, 93, 157   160 Institutions of higher education by control, 5, 171, 179, 215, 241   243, 257   259 by denominational affiliation, 179 by size of enrollment, 215, 217 by type, 5, 215, 241   243 closing, 243 conferring most doctor's degrees, 305 enrolling largest numbers of students, 216, 217 historically black, 218   220 offering remedial instruction, 308 receiving most federal funds, 335 traditionally black, 218   220 with large endowments, 354 with large libraries, 421 Instruction practices, higher education, 227, 228 Instruction expenditures, 89, 94, 161   163, 165, 166, 336   340, 342   346, 351 Instructional rooms, number of, 419 Instructional staff, elementary and secondary schools private, 61, 63 public, 39, 81   85 Interest on school debt, 39, 161, 162, 165, 166 International educational comparisons, 391   412 Internet access, 416, 417, 419, 424   427 Italian degrees conferred, 253 enrollment, public secondary schools, 56 J Journalism, degrees conferred, 253 Junior colleges faculty, 223   225, 227, 228, 230, 231, 234   237, 240 finance, 216, 218, 219, 321, 329, 335, 338, 344, 351 number, 5, 210, 236   238 staff, 223, 224 enrollment, 167, 170, 173   175, 177, 192, 194   197, 201, 202, 204, 208, 210   214, 306, 316   318 number, 5, 210, 236   238 Junior high schools, 96, 100 Junior senior high schools, 5, 96   98, 100 K Kindergarten activities, 50, 143 enrollment, 41   43, 46   48, 55, 143 readiness, 49 L Labor force status by educational attainment, 377   379, 382   387 disabled persons exiting the education system, 107, 108 recent college graduates, 385   387 recent high school dropouts, 383 recent high school graduates, 382 Latin degrees conferred, 253 enrollment, public secondary schools, 58 Law first   professional degrees conferred, 259, 260, 274, 275 enrollment, 206 other degrees conferred, 247   253, 255   258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272 Letters, degrees conferred, 247   253, 255   258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 286 Level of school completed, 8   14 Librarians higher education institutions, 420, 421 public, 422 private schools, 61, 415 public schools, 83   85, 415   417 540 INDEX OF TABLE NUMBERS Libraries college and university, 420, 421 large university, 421 private school, 415 public, 422, 423 public school, 415   418 technology use, 415   419 Library expenditures college and university, 336   340, 342   346, 351, 420, 421 public, 422, 423 Library science, degrees conferred, 247   253, 255   258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272 Life sciences courses completed by high school graduates, 136, 138 credits earned by college graduates, 307 degrees conferred, 247   253, 255   258, 262, 263   265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 278, 279, 298, 302 enrollment, higher education, 213, 214 faculty, 229 Graduate Record Examination, 310 Life values, 376 Literacy, 390, 407, 408 Literature, degrees conferred, 247   253, 255   258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 286 Literature, Graduate Record Examination, 310 Local basic administrative units, 90   95 Local public school systems with largest enrollments, 93   95 Local sources, receipts from higher education, 33   36, 324   329, 331   343 public schools, 33   36, 39, 89, 94, 157   159 Lunch, school program, 162, 165, 166, 361, 371, 373 M Major field of study earned degrees, 247   253, 255   258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 274   304 enrollment in higher education, 213, 214 federal obligations to colleges, 370 Master's degrees, 9, 11, 170, 171, 216, 218, 219, 244, 246, 251, 253   258, 267   269, 276   297 Mathematics attitudes about classes, 140 courses taken by high school students, 123, 136, 138 credits earned by college graduates, 307 degrees conferred, 241   248, 250   253, 256, 257, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 290 enrollment, higher education, 213, 214 faculty, 229 testing, 120   125, 129, 131   135, 310, 397, 398, 401   403, 405 Medical laboratory technologies, degrees conferred, 247   249 Medicine degrees conferred, 253 first professional degrees, 259, 260, 274, 275 enrollment, 213, 214 Membership, public schools, 39. Also see Enrollment. Mentally retarded, special education, 53, 54, 107, 108 Metropolitan area, internet access, 419 participation in federal programs, 373, 374 public school statistics, 89 testing, 109, 115, 129 years of school completed, 14 Microcomputers, use of, 415   417, 424   428 Middle schools, number, 96, 99 Migration of college students, 203   205 Military sciences, degrees conferred, 247   253, 255   258, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272 Minimum competency testing for students, 122, 155 Minimum competency testing for teachers, 156 Minorities college graduation rates, 306, 309 degrees conferred, 218, 261   275, 298   304, 306 educational attainment, 8   10, 12 enrolled in colleges, 183, 184, 186, 206   212, 217 enrolled in elementary and secondary schools, 45 enrolled in school, 7 high school courses taken, 136   139 high school dropouts, 105, 106, 383 high school graduates, 183, 382 testing, 109, 112, 115, 117   121, 125   131 Mobility of teachers, 73, 77 Music, degrees conferred, 253 Music education, degrees conferred, 253 Music, participation in high school activities, 144, 146, 147 N National Assessment of Educational Progress art, 130 geography, 118, 119 history, 117, 118, 129 international geography, 396 international reading literacy, 407, 408 mathematics, 120   123, 125, 129 music, 130 reading, 109   114, 130 science, 127   129 theatre, 130 visual arts, 130 writing, 115, 116 Natural science courses taken by high school students, 136, 138, 139 faculty in higher education, 229, 232, 233 Nonprofit higher education institutions 541 INDEX OF TABLE NUMBERS enrollment, 170, 172, 178, 179, 196, 209, 215, 216, 217 degrees, 170, 216, finances, 216, 327, 345, 346, 350 institutions, 179, 209, 215 staff, 170 Nonpublic schools. See Private schools. Nursery school, 41, 42, 46   48, 143 Nursing, degrees conferred, 247   249, 253 O Occupational programs ( higher education) awards, 247   249 enrollment, 213 schools offering, 5 Occupational programs ( secondary), 137 Occupation and employment college graduates, 377   381, 385   388 expected occupations of 8th, 10th and 12th graders, 141 high school graduates, 107, 108, 377   382 high school seniors, 384 school dropouts, 377   381, 383 Office occupations ( vocational) credits, 137 One teacher schools, public, 90, 96 Operation and maintenance expenditures elementary and secondary, 89, 161, 162, 165, 166 higher education, 336   340, 342   346, 351 Opinions on education attitudes about classes, 140 average grade for schools, 22 opinions about school climate, 28, 142 opinions about schools, 22   29, 70, 75   77 perception about student behavior, 27, 142, 151 problems in schools, 23, 27, 28, 142, 148, 151 school choice, 24 teachers' attitudes, 27, 28, 70 Organized occupational curricula, formal awards based on, 247   249 Outcomes of education, 375   390. Also see Degrees and Graduates.

P Parental involvement, 23, 25   28, 140, 143 Part time college students, 172, 174   182, 187   189, 193   195, 217, 218 Pell grants, finance, 323, 361, 363, 365, 366 Pell grants, received by students, 319 Per capita personal income, 37 Per pupil cost of transportation, 52 Per pupil expenditures, 39, 89, 94, 167   169, 413 Per student expenditures ( higher education), 335, 336, 342   346, 351 Persistence in higher education, 306, 309 Personal income, 37 Pharmacy, degrees conferred, 253, 260, 274, 275 Philosophy and religion, degrees conferred, 241   248, 250   253, 256, 257, 260, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 274, 275 Physical education, degrees conferred, 253 Physical plant additions, 352 Physical plant, higher education, value of, 171, 353 Physical sciences courses taken by high school students, 136, 138, 139 credits earned by college graduates, 307 degrees conferred, 241   248, 250   253, 256, 257, 260, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 291, 292, 298, 303 enrollment in higher education, 213, 214 faculty, 229 Physics, degrees conferred, 253, 292 Plant value, higher education, 171, 353 Preschool education, 41, 42, 46   48, 143 Political science degrees conferred, 253, 296 faculty, 229 Population by continent, 393 by country, 394 by years of school completed, 8   14 percent enrolled in school, 6, 7 poverty, 20, 21 school age, 15   17 total, 15, 17, 37, 39 Postsecondary education, 5, 170   358. Also see Higher education. Poverty, 20, 21 Preprimary programs, enrollment in, 41   43, 46   48, 53, 54, 56 Price indexes, 38 Principals, private schools, 61, 88 Principals, public schools, 83   85, 88 Private elementary and secondary schools college application rates, 185 enrollment, 1   3, 46, 57, 59, 60, 62   64 expenditures, 32, 33 graduates, 64, 101 libraries, 415 mobility of teachers, 73 number, 5, 60, 62, 64, 90 opinions of teachers, 27, 28 principals, 61, 88 pupils per teacher, 61, 65 salaries of teachers, 74 staff, 1, 61 teachers, 1, 4, 61, 63   65, 68, 73, 74 Private gifts and grants, higher education, 324   329, 331, 332, 341 Private institutions of higher education degrees conferred, 170, 245, 254   259 endowment, 354 542 INDEX OF TABLE NUMBERS enrollment, 2, 3, 170, 172, 173, 176   182, 187   189, 192, 195, 196, 198   202, 206, 209, 215   220, 317   320 expenditures, 32, 33, 335, 337, 340, 345, 346, 349   351 faculty number, 4, 221   225, 230, 231, 233, 234 faculty salaries, 228, 233   239 faculty tenure, 240 financial aid, 316   322 number, 5, 179, 209, 215, 241   243, 257   259 opinions, 29 physical plant additions, 352 revenues, 33, 322, 326, 329, 333 student charges, 311   313 Professional degrees. See Degrees and First   professional degrees. Property, higher education, value of, 171, 353, 354 Protective services, degrees conferred, 241   248, 250   253, 256, 257, 260, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272 Protestant institutions of higher education, 179 Psychology degrees conferred, 241   248, 250   253, 256, 257, 260, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 293 enrollment, 213, 214 faculty, 229 Public affairs, degrees conferred, 241   248, 250   253, 256, 257, 260, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272 Public elementary and secondary schools districts, 90   94 college application rates, 185 enrollment, 1   3, 39   46, 52, 57, 59, 67, 87, 89, 91, 94, 95, 96 expenditures, 32, 33, 35, 36, 39, 89, 94, 161   169 finance, 34   36 graduates, 93, 101, 102 graduation requirements, 154 instructional staff, 39, 83   85 librarians, 83   85 libraries, 415   417 minimum competency testing, 124, 155, 156 number, 5, 89, 90, 93, 96   100 principals, 83   85, 88 revenue receipts, 39, 89, 94, 157   160 teachers, 1, 4, 39, 65   70, 83   86, 89, 93 telecommunications use, 415   419 Public institutions of higher education degrees conferred, 170, 245, 254   259 endowment, 354 enrollment, 2, 3, 170, 172, 173, 176   182, 187   189, 192, 195, 196, 198   202, 206, 209, 215   220, 317   320 expenditures, 32, 33, 335, 337, 339, 342   345, 347, 348 faculty number, 4, 221   225, 227, 228, 230, 231, 234 faculty salaries, 230, 233   239 faculty tenure, 240 financial aid, 316   322 number, 5, 179, 209, 215, 241   243, 257   259 opinions, 29 physical plant additions, 352 revenues, 33, 322, 325, 329   333 student charges, 311   313 Public opinions on schools, 22   24, 27, 29, 70, 743   77 Public school systems, 90   95 Pupils. See Enrollment. Pupil/ staff ratio, 61, 83, 87 Pupil/ teacher ratio, 61, 65, 67, 83, 89, 92 Pupil, expenditure per, 39, 89, 93, 168, 169, 412 Pupils transported at public expense, 52 R Race adult education, 355, 356 college faculty, 222, 226, 230, 231   233 college graduation rates, 306, 309 courses completed by high school students, 136   139 degrees conferred, 9, 10, 12, 218, 261   275, 298   304, 306, 309, 314 enrolled in college, 183, 186, 206   212, 218 enrolled in preprimary education, 46, 48 enrolled in public elementary and secondary schools, 45 enrolled in school, 7 going to college, 145, 183, 185, 186, 382 high school dropouts, 8   10, 12, 106, 107, 383 high school graduates, 8   10, 12, 183, 382 high school program, 135 labor force participation, 377, 382, 383 literacy, 390 parental involvement in education, 25, 26 persistence in higher education, 306, 309 population, 16 poverty, 21 testing, 109, 112, 113, 115, 118   121, 125   131 unemployment, 379, 382, 383 years of school completed, 8   10, 12 Readiness for school, 49 Reading tests, 109   114, 129, 131   135, 407, 408 Receipts. See Revenue. Regular 4 year high schools, 96, 100 Religion degrees conferred, 253. Also see Philosophy and religion. Religious affiliation elementary and secondary schools, 60   63, 140   142, 144   146 institutions of higher education, 179 Remedial instruction, 58, 308 543 INDEX OF TABLE NUMBERS Research funds, 336   340, 342   346, 351, 359, 361, 369, 370 Residence and migration of college students, 203   205 Resident population, 15   17, 39 Retention rates in higher education, 306, 309 Revenues, institutions of higher education, 33, 171, 322, 324   333 Revenues, receipts, public schools, 33, 39, 89, 94, 157   160 Room charges, 311, 312 Russian degrees conferred, 253 enrollment, public secondary schools, 58 S Salaries higher education bachelor's degree recipients, 380, 381, 388 faculty, 230, 231, 233   239 library expenditures for, 420, 421 private school teachers, 74 public schools outlays, 162, 163 teachers, 74, 78   82 total instructional staff, 39, 81, 82 Scholarships and fellowships, 320   323, 338   340, 336   340, 342   346, 351 Scholastic Assessment Test, 131   134 School age population, 16, 17, 39 School assistance in federally affected areas, 89, 361, 363, 365, 366 School districts, 90   95 School lunch program, 361, 371, 373, 418 School readiness, 65 School systems, 90   95 School year, length, 39, 124, 152, 397 School years completed, 8   14 Schools climate, 27, 28, 142 elementary and secondary private, 5, 60, 62, 64, 90 public, 5, 89, 90, 93, 96   100 higher education, 5, 171, 179, 209, 215, 241   243, 257   259 noncollegiate postsecondary, 358 Science attitudes about classes, 140 courses taken by college graduates, 307 courses taken by high school students, 136, 138, 139 degrees conferred, 241   248, 250   253, 256, 257, 260, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 276, 278, 279, 291, 292, 298, 302, 303 enrollment in higher education, 213, 214 faculty in higher education, 229, 232, 233 testing, 126   129, 135, 310, 399, 400, 404, 406 Secondary schools private, 5, 60, 62, 63, 90 public junior high, 96, 100 total, 5, 90, 96   98, 100 Secondary school teachers, public, by field, 71, 72 Senior high schools, 96, 100 Size of enrollment institutions of higher education, 215 largest colleges, 216, 217 largest school districts, 93   95 school districts, 91 schools, 97, 416 Social sciences credits earned by college graduates, 307 degrees conferred, 241   248, 250   253, 256, 257, 260, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 295, 296, 298, 304 enrollment, higher education, 213, 214 faculty in higher education, 229, 232, 233 Social work, degrees conferred, 253 Sociology degrees conferred, 253, 296 faculty, 229 Software, use of, 426, 427 Spanish degrees conferred, 253, 288 enrollment, public high schools, 58 Spanish origin. See Hispanic. Special education completions, 107, 108 degrees conferred, 253 enrollment, 53   56, 59, 211 Speech, degrees conferred, 253 Sports, participation in school activities, 144, 146, 147 Staff. See Faculty, Classroom teachers, Instructional. Staff, private elementary and secondary schools, 1, 60 public elementary and secondary schools, 1, 39, 83   87, 160 all schools, 1 pupil/ staff ratio, 61, 83, 87 State adult basic education, 357 assessment, 113, 114, 122, 123 class size, 69 compulsory school attendance, 152 degrees conferred, 245, 246 Department of Agriculture obligations, 371 Department of Education obligations, 365   367 Department of Health and Human Services allocations, 372 educational attainment, 11   14 enrollment in higher education, 182, 190   199, 201   205, 210 enrollment in private schools, 64 544 INDEX OF TABLE NUMBERS enrollment in public schools, 40   42, 44, 45, 67, 87 expenditure per pupil, 167, 168 expenditures for public higher education, 347   350 expenditures for public schools, 160, 164   168 federal obligations to colleges, 365, 366, 369 governmental expenditures, 35, 36 graduation requirements, 154 Head Start allocations, 372 high school graduates, private, 64 high school graduates, public, 102 homework, 124 household income, 20 instruction expenditures, 163, 165, 166 mathematics, 122   124 minimum competency testing, 124, 155, 156 number of institutions of higher education, 242 number of noncollegiate institutions, 358 number of public schools, 98   100 number of school districts, 92 population, 17 poverty, 20 proficiency in mathematics, 122, 123 proficiency in reading, 113, 114 pupil/ teacher ratio, 67 residence and migration of college students, 203   205 revenues for higher education, 330   333 revenues for public schools, 158   160 salaries, public instructional staff, 81 salaries, public school teachers, 79, 80 salaries, higher education faculty, 236   239 Scholastic Assessment Test, 134 staff, public schools, 84   87, 160 state education agencies, 160 state regulations, 55, 152, 154   156 state student financial aid, 324 teachers, private schools, 64 teachers, public schools, 66, 67, 84   86 teachers, characteristics of public school, 69 television watching, 114, 126 testing, 113, 114, 122, 123, 135 tuition and fees in higher education, 312 years of school completed, 11   14 State governments, receipts from higher education, 324   329, 329   333 public schools, 157   159 Statistics, degrees conferred, 253 Statistics related to American education, 375   390 Structure of education in the U. S., figure 1 Student fees, higher education, 311   313 private elementary and secondary, 62 Student loan ( Federal) program, 314   320, 359, 361, 363 Students. See Enrollment. Students receiving financial aid, 314   320 Supplies expenditure, 162, 163 T Teachers all levels of education, 1, 4 elementary and secondary schools by field, 71 by sex, 39, 68, 70 characteristics, 68   73 large districts, 93 opinions, 27, 28, 50, 70, 75   77, 151 private, 1, 4, 61, 63   65, 68, 73, 74 pupil/ teacher ratio, 61, 65, 67, 83, 89, 93 public, 1, 4, 39, 65   80, 83   86, 89, 93 salaries, 74, 78   80 higher education instructional staff number, 4, 221   233 salaries, 230, 231, 233   239 tenure, 240 Technology, use of, 415   419, 424   428 Technical education, enrollment, 213, 355, 356 Technical programs, degrees, 247   249 Telecommunications, 415   419, 424   427 Television, 114, 120, 124, 143, 146, 402, 415   417 Tenure of higher education faculty, 240 Tests American College Testing, 135 Graduate Record Examination, 310 international, 396   408 minimum   competency, 124, 154, 155 National Assessment of Educational Progress, 107   128, 130 National Education Longitudinal Study, 129 Scholastic Assessment Test, 131   134 Theology, degrees conferred, 241   248, 250   253, 255   258, 260, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 273, 274 Total expenditures. See Expenditures. Trade and industry courses taken by high school students, 136, 137 Traditionally black colleges, 218   220 Transportation of public school pupils, 52, 161, 162, 164, 165 Tuition and fees, higher education, 311   313 Tuition, private elementary and secondary schools, 62 Tuition revenues, higher education, 322, 324   329, 331, 332 Two year institutions enrollment, 170, 173, 176   178, 180, 181, 196, 198   201, 206, 209, 213, 215, 216, 217   220, 314   318 faculty, 222   225, 227, 228, 230, 231, 234   238 finance, 216, 322, 329, 335, 337, 344, 351 number, 5, 209, 215, 241   243 staff, 222, 223 545 INDEX OF TABLE NUMBERS U Undergraduate enrollment, 2, 175, 177, 180, 187, 197   199, 207, 208, 211   213, 216, 314   318 Unemployment, 51, 379, 382, 383, 386 U. S. education, structure of, ( figure 1) Universities enrollment, 173, 209, 215 finances, 329, 337, 342, 435, 351 number, 209, 215, 242 V Value of physical plant, higher education, 171, 352   354 Value of endowment funds, higher education, 171, 353, 343 Value of property, higher education, 171, 353 Values, life, 376 Veterinary medicine degrees conferred, 260, 274, 275 enrollment for professional degrees, 214 Violence, student exposure to, 23, 27, 142, 148, 151 Visual and performing arts, degrees conferred, 241   248, 250   253, 256, 257, 260, 262, 263, 265, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272297 Vocational education awards, 170, 247   249 credits earned by high school students, 136, 137 enrollment, 170, 355, 356 federal funds, 361, 363, 365, 366 institutions offering, 358 teachers, 68 Volumes college and university libraries, 420, 421 public libraries, 422   423 private school libraries, 415 public school libraries, 415   417 Voluntary support for education, 30, 341 W Wages. See Income. Whites activities, 144, 146, 147 adult education, 355, 356 attendance patterns, 153 attitudes about schools, 142 courses taken by high school students, 136   140 degrees conferred, 9, 10, 12, 218, 261   275, 298   304, 306 dropouts, 105, 106, 383 drug use, 148 educational attainment, 8   10, 12 enrolled in colleges and universities, 183, 186, 206   212, 218, 219, 309, 314, 382 enrolled in public schools, 45 enrolled in school, 7 expected occupations, 141 family characteristics, 19 financial aid, 314, 315 historically black colleges and universities, 218   220 labor force participation, 377, 382, 383 literacy, 390 parental involvement in school activities, 26 persistence in higher education, 306, 309 population, 16 poverty status, 21 testing, 109, 112   115, 118   121, 125, 126, 128   131 unemployment rate, 379, 382, 383 years of school completed, 8   10, 12 Writing tests, 115, 116 Y Years of school completed adult population, 8   14 income, 380, 381 labor force, 377 occupations, 378 unemployment, 379 Z Zoology, degrees conferred, 253


UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, D. C. 20460 OFFICE OF PREVENTION, PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES March 9, 2004 MEMORANDUM SUBJECT: Review of Triflularin Incident Reports DP Barcode D300064, Chemical# 036101 FROM: Jerome Blondell, Ph. D., Health Statistician Chemistry and Exposure Branch Health Effects Division ( 7509C)

Monica S. Hawkins, M. P. H., Environmental Health Scientist Chemistry and Exposure Branch Health Effects Division ( 7509C)

THRU: Francis B. Suhre, Chief Chemistry and Exposure Branch Health Effects Division ( 7509C)

TO: Richard Griffin, Biologist Reregistration Branch 2 Health Effects Division ( 7509C)

BACKGROUND The following data bases have been consulted for the poisoning incident data on the active ingredient Triflularin ( PC Code: 036101):

1) OPP Incident Data System ( IDS)  reports of incidents from various sources, including registrants, other federal and state health and environmental agencies and individual consumers, submitted to OPP since 1992. Reports submitted to the Incident Data System represent anecdotal reports or allegations only, unless otherwise stated. Typically no conclusions can be drawn implicating the pesticide as a cause of any of the reported health effects. Nevertheless, sometimes with enough cases and/ or enough documentation risk mitigation measures may be suggested.

2) Poison Control Centers  as the result of a data purchase by EPA, OPP received Poison 2 Control Center data covering the years 1993 through 1998 for all pesticides. Most of the national Poison Control Centers ( PCCs) participate in a national data collection system, the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System which obtains data from about 65 70 centers at hospitals and universities. PCCs provide telephone consultation for individuals and health care providers on suspected poisonings, involving drugs, household products, pesticides, etc.

3) California Department of Pesticide Regulation  California has collected uniform data on suspected pesticide poisonings since 1982. Physicians are required, by statute, to report to their local health officer all occurrences of illness suspected of being related to exposure to pesticides. The majority of the incidents involve workers. Information on exposure ( worker activity), type of illness ( systemic, eye, skin, eye/ skin and respiratory), likelihood of a causal relationship, and number of days off work and in the hospital are provided.

4) National Pesticide Telecommunications Network ( NPTN)  NPTN is a toll free information service supported by OPP. A ranking of the top 200 active ingredients for which telephone calls were received during calendar years 1984 1991, inclusive has been prepared. The total number of calls was tabulated for the categories human incidents, animal incidents, calls for information, and others.

TRIFLULARIN REVIEW I. Incident Data System Incident# 865 1 A pesticide incident occurred in 1994, when a thirty three year old man ingested two to three ounces of the product. The man was taken to the emergency room three to four hours later and he reported nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and increased salivation. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 1263 3 A pesticide incident occurred in 1994, whenan individual reported pruritus, rash, dermal irritation and pain. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 1327 1 A pesticide incident occurred in 1994, when an adult male farmer used the product for an unknown number of years. The farmer reported chronic fatigue, brain fog, nasal congestion, episodes of anger and screaming outbreaks, and bursitis. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 2796 53 A pesticide incident occurred in 1994, when the product was applied to a field adjacent to an individual's home. The product then drifted onto the individuals' property. Specific symptoms were not mentioned. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported. 3 Incident# 2796 86 A pesticide incident occurred in 1994, when crops were sprayed with the product. An individual directly over sprayed reported nausea and headaches. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 3462 1 A pesticide incident occurred in 1996, when a fifty two year old man's back was exposed to the product. He did not immediately report burning of his skin at the time. Later, the man reported burning skin on his back whenever he sweats. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 3710 1 A pesticide incident occurred in 1996, when a farmer applied a large amount of the product for the first time. The farmer reported a headache and nausea. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 4143 1 A pesticide incident occurred in 1996, when a woman applied the product to her garden and some of it got on her skin underneath the gloves she was wearing. Two weeks later, she reported dry and red skin on her hand. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 5311 1 A pesticide incident occurred in 1991, when an individual was exposed to the product in a formulation facility. Specific symptoms were not mentioned, but subject did receive unspecified treatment. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 7587 156 A pesticide incident occurred in 1996, when a thirty four year old man, who is a lawn care specialist, treated a lawn with the product. The product blew into his face and mouth. Twenty minutes later he reported vomiting and was taken to a clinic for an examination. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 7703 1 A pesticide incident occurred in 1998, when an individual reported ascending myelopathy. A physician treated the patient but it was not known how the individual was exposed to a discontinued product. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 8097 1 A pesticide incident occurred in 1997, when two fifty five gallon drums of the product leaked in the back of a truck trailer. The driver, who did not wear personal protective equipment, assisted with cleaning up the material and reported skin and eye irritation. No further information 4 on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 8518 1 A pesticide incident occurred in 1999, when a fifty seven year old man applied the product with a spreader. He reported a rash and was later treated by a physician. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 10413 5 A pesticide incident occurred in 2000, when a seventy nine year old man applied the product and reported loss of muscle control and memory loss. Onset of symptoms was delayed 2 3 weeks after the application and are unlikely to be related. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 10831 11 A pesticide incident occurred in 2000, when a thirty six year old woman, who has a history of asthma, reported respiratory irritation and shortness of breath. She was later treated by a physician. The woman's neighbor applied the product on an area of the lawn that is common to both houses. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 12362 107 A pesticide incident occurred in 2001, when an individual used the product and reported blood in their stool. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 12937 6 A pesticide incident occurred in 2002, when a forty nine year old woman reported eye irritation and pain, lacrimation, diaphoresis, chills, photophobia, and malaise. The product was applied to a field adjacent to her home and drifted 20 feet. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 12937 16 A pesticide incident occurred in 2002, when a fifty seven year old woman reported hives, welts, and shortness of breath. The woman touched tools that had the product on them. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 13059 8 A pesticide incident occurred in 2002, when a man reported shortness of breath, dizziness, fever, and chest tightness. The man adjusted the applicator and some of it got into his face. He went to the emergency room and was treated by a physician. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 13241 12 A pesticide incident occurred in 2002, when a forty nine year old woman reported eye and skin irritation and pain, malaise, and diaphoresis. The woman was accidentally sprayed with the product. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported. 5 Incident# 13879 1 A pesticide incident occurred in 2002, when a woman reported seizures and upper respiratory problems. The property next to the woman's home was sprayed with the product. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 13890 1 A pesticide incident occurred in 2003, when a twenty five year old woman reported swollen lips and edema. The product blew into the woman's face. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 13890 2 A pesticide incident occurred in 2003, when a nine year old girl reported nausea, hives, and welts a day after the product was applied to a lawn. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 13890 3 A pesticide incident occurred in 2003, when a seventy six year old man, who did not wear gloves, reported pruritus and a rash after he spread the product with his left hand. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 14100 1 A pesticide incident occurred in 2003, when a thirty four year old woman reported hives and welts after using the product. The woman was treated by a physician. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 14198 93 A pesticide incident occurred in 2003, when a woman used the product and reported itchy skin and difficulty breathing. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 14199 1 A pesticide incident occurred in 2003, when a woman reported a rash. The woman was working in her flower garden. She then spread the product with her hands into the soil and used them to wipe off her forehead. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 14199 2 A pesticide incident occurred in 2003, when a man, who did not wear gloves, reported numbness, diarrhea, dizziness, headaches, and nausea. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Incident# 14273 1 A pesticide incident occurred in 2003, when a fifty five year old woman reported hives and welts after using the product. The woman worked in her garden for several hours. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported. 6 Incident# 14389 1 A pesticide incident occurred in 2003, when a woman reported numbness in her left hand. The woman used the product while working in her garden for about seven to ten days. No further information on the disposition of the case was reported.

Of the 30 incidents listed above, nine involved hives, swelling, itching, shortness of breath, or asthma suggesting that trifluralin may cause an allergic reaction or asthmatic reaction in susceptible individuals. The other most common complaints were dermal effects such as rash.

II. Poison Control Center Data  1993 through 1998 Results for the years 1993 through 1998 are presented below for occupational cases, nonoccupational involving adults and older children, and for children under age six. Cases involving exposures to multiple products and cases with unrelated medical outcome are excluded. Tables 1 4 present the hazard information for trifluralin compared with all other pesticides on six measures: percent with symptoms, percent with moderate, major, or fatal outcome, percent with major or fatal outcome, percent of exposed cases seen in a health care facility, and percent hospitalized and percent seen in a critical care facility. Table 1 reports the number of cases on which the data derived in Tables 2 4 are based. Table 2 presents this information for occupational cases, Table 3 for non occupational cases involving adults and older children ( six years or older), and Table 4 for children under age six.

Table 1. Number of trifluralin exposures reported to the Toxic Exposure Surveillance System ( AAPCC), number with determined outcome, number seen in a health care facility for occupational and non occupational cases ( adults and children six years and older) and for children under six years of age only, 1993 1998 .

Subgroup Exposures Outcome determined Seen in Health Care Facility Occupational: adults and older children 46 33 26 Non occupational: adults and older children 90 56 27 Children under age six 64 35 4 Table 2. Comparison between trifluralin and all pesticides for percent cases with symptomatic outcome ( SYM), moderate or more severe outcome ( MOD), life threatening or fatal outcome ( LIFE TH), seen in a health care facility ( HCF), hospitalized ( HOSP), or seen in an intensive care unit ( ICU) reported to Poison Control Centers, 1993 1998 for occupational cases only. 7 Pesticide SYM* MOD* LIFE TH* HCF* HOSP* ICU*

trifluralin 72.7% 9.1% 0.0% 56.5% 0.0% 0.0%

All Pesticides 86.0% 18.8% 0.621% 47.0% 6.08% 2.36%

Ratio 0.84 0.48 0.0 1.20 0.0 0.0 * Symptomatic cases based on those cases with a minor, moderate, major, or fatal medical outcome. Denominator for SYM, MOD, and LIFE TH is the total cases where medical outcome was determined. Denominator for HCF is all exposures. Denominator for HOSP and ICU is all cases seen in a health care facility.

Table 3. Comparison between trifluralin and all pesticides for percent cases with symptomatic outcome ( SYM), moderate or more severe outcome ( MOD), life threatening or fatal outcome ( LIFE TH), seen in a health care facility ( HCF), hospitalized ( HOSP), or seen in an intensive care unit ( ICU) reported to Poison Control Centers, 1993 1998 for non occupational cases involving adults and older children.

Pesticide SYM* MOD* LIFE TH* HCF* HOSP* ICU*

trifluralin 76.8% 16.1% 0.0% 30.0% 0.0% 0.0%

All Pesticides 68.5% 10.5% 0.359% 16.5% 6.24% 2.67%

Ratio 1.12 1.53 0.0 1.82 0.0 0.0 * Symptomatic cases based on those cases with a minor, moderate, major, or fatal medical outcome. Denominator for SYM, MOD, and LIFE TH is the total cases where medical outcome was determined. Denominator for HCF is all exposures. Denominator for HOSP and ICU is all cases seen in a health care facility.

Table 4. Comparison between trifluralin and all pesticides for percent cases with symptomatic outcome ( SYM), moderate or more severe outcome ( MOD), life threatening or fatal outcome ( LIFE TH), seen in a health care facility ( HCF), hospitalized ( HOSP), or seen in an intensive care unit ( ICU) for adults and children six years and older reported to Poison Control Centers, 1993 1998 for children under six years old..

Pesticide SYM* MOD* LIFE TH* HCF* HOSP* ICU*

trifluralin 11.4% 2.86% 0.0% 6.25% 25.0% 0.0%

All Pesticides 21.8% 1.40% 0.120% 16.4% 4.78% 1.36%

Ratio 0.52 2.04 0.0 0.38 5.23 0.0 * Symptomatic cases based on those cases with a minor, moderate, major, or fatal medical outcome. Denominator for SYM, MOD, and LIFE TH is the total cases where medical outcome 8 was determined. Denominator for HCF is all exposures. Denominator for HOSP and ICU is all cases seen in a health care facility.

In general, trifluralin is less likely to cause minor, moderate, or life threatening symptoms than other pesticides except among non occupational cases where moderate effects are more likely. There were no major or life threatening cases or cases requiring hospitalization or intensive care except for one case involving a child that was hospitalized. The one case that was hospitalized involved an ingestion in a 2 year old that did not develop any symptoms. It appears likely this case was kept in the hospital overnight for observation. Symptoms most commonly reported in ten or more individuals were eye irritation/ pain ( 25 reports), nausea ( 16 reports), vomiting ( 13 reports), and skin irritation/ pain ( 10 reports). Of the symptomatic cases, onequarter involved exposure to residue rather than direct spray or spill.

III. California Data  1982 through 2001 Detailed descriptions of 77 cases submitted to the California Pesticide Illness Surveillance Program ( 1982 2001) were reviewed. In 57 of these cases, triflularin was used alone or was judged to be responsible for the health effects. Only cases with a definite, probable or possible relationship were reviewed. Triflularin ranked 72nd as a cause of systemic poisoning in California based on data for 1982 through 2001. Table 1 presents the types of illnesses reported by year. Table 2 gives the total number of workers that took time off work as a result of their illness and how many were hospitalized and for how long.

Table 1. Cases Due to Triflularin in California Reported by Type of Illness and Year, 1982 2001.

Year Illness Type Systemica Eye Skin Respiratoryb Combinationc Total 1982 1  1   2 1983  2 1   3 1984 1 1   1 3 1985 1 2 1   4 1986 1  1   2 1987 1 1 1   3 1988 1  3   4 1989 2  1   3 9 Year Illness Type Systemica Eye Skin Respiratoryb Combinationc Total 1990  2 2   4 1991   1   1 1992  1 1   2 1993 1  1   2 1994 2 1 1   4 1995 8 1 2   11 1996  1 1   2 1997 1 1 1   3 1998

1999   2   2 2000 2     2 2001

Total 22 13 21  1 57 a Category includes cases where skin, eye, or respiratory effects were also reported. b Category not used until 1990. Prior respiratory cases classified as systemic. c Category includes combined irritative effects to eye, skin, and respiratory system.

Table 2. Number of Persons Disabled ( taking time off work) or Hospitalized for Indicated Number of Days After Triflularin Exposure in California, 1982 2001.

Time period Number of Persons Disabled Number of Persons Hospitalized One day 8

Two days 7

3 5 days 2

6 10 days 1

more than 10 days 1

Unknown 2  10 Indefinite

A variety of worker activities were associated with exposure to triflularin as illustrated in Table 3 below.

Table 3. Illnesses by Activity Categories for Triflularin Exposure in California, 1982 2001 Activity Category Illness Category Systemica Eye Skin Respiratoryb Combinationc Total Applicator 4 5 11   20 Field Worker 8 2 2   12 Mixer/ Loader 4 3 3  1 11 Other 1 2 3   6 Routine Indoor 2     2 Unknown 3 1 2   6 Total 22 13 21  1 57 a Category includes cases where skin, eye, or respiratory effects were also reported. b Category not used until 1990. Prior respiratory cases classified as systemic. c Category includes combined irritative effects to eye, skin, and respiratory system.

According to Table 3, handlers ( applicators and mixer/ loaders) were associated with more exposures than any other category. These illnesses included symptoms of conjunctivitis, swollen arms, hand, and face and a rash, eye irritation, tearing and red eyes, headache, skin irritation, and abdominal pain. Effects to the skin, such as burning, itching, rash, appeared to be the most prevalent problems from exposure to trifluralin.

IV. National Pesticide Information Center On the list of the top 200 chemicals for which NPIC received calls from 1984 1991 inclusively, triflularin was ranked 53rd with 75 incidents in humans reported and 17 in animals ( mostly pets). 11 V. Scientific Literature Pentel et al. ( 1994) reported on a sixty one year old man, who was a laboratory supervisor at a chemical pesticide company since 1951, that was patch tested for triflularin along with eight other pesticides. The man had a positive reaction to triflularin. Exposure to this chemcial caused him to have allergic contact dermatitis.

VI. Conclusion Based on California data and the Incident Data System, it appears that the majority of cases involved skin and eye illnesses. Poison Control Center data would tend to support these results, dermal and ocular effects were some of the most common effects reported.

VII. Recommendations Appropriate protective clothing to protect the skin and eyes of applicators is recommended.

References Pentel MT, Andreozzi, RJ, Marks, JG. 1994. Allergic contact dermatitis from the herbicides trifluralin and benefin. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 31( 6): 1057 1058.

cc: Triflularin file ( 036101) Shana Recore, HED ( 7509C) John Pates, SRRD ( 7508C)