Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: METHODS . BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Herbicide antagonism is beneficial when it reduces crop injury and detrimental when it reduces weed control. Commercial successes where antagonism safens crops are far outnumbered by failures where it reduces weed control. Because mixtures are becoming more complex and more common, antagonism is more important to understand than ever before. Factors that affect antagonism usually can be identified and managed to maximize performance. These factors include herbicide selection, differential species sensitivity, differential species joint action, rate adjustment, formulation, adjuvants, mode of action, timing, placement, stage of growth, and environmental factors. The degree of antagonism, not whether it occurs, usually determines whether the mixture is agronomically useful. In the major herbicide markets, the potential number of herbicide combinations is so large that comprehensive empirical testing is impractical. Field tests with new herbicide candidates only determine Mathematics/ Statistics/ Biology/ Biophysics/ Cybernetics/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Plants 47. GRIFFITHS, W. ( 1994). Evolution of herbicide programs in sugarbeet. WEED TECHNOLOGY; 8: 338 343.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: PHMD, SXD; Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. During the early years of herbicide use, the total amount of ai applied per ha increased in attempts to obtain season long weed control, peaking in the decade of the mid 1970' s to mid 1980' s. Since then, the chemical load applied for broadleaf weed control has shown a consistent, if not dramatic, decline. A much more significant reduction has occurred in crass weed control. Main reasons for the reduction are a move from PPI and PRE treatments to POST, the development of repeat low dose herbicide techniques, and the introduction of more active postemergence grass herbicides. In general, this change has been achieved with a  101 concomitant improvement in crop safety. These developments occurred as a coincident benefit in pursuing the target objective of giving growers more convenient and flexible weed control and not as a specific attempt to reduce chemical use. This paper discusses the evolution of weed control programs in the U. K., France, Germany, and the U. S. A. All show a Biochemistry/ Carbohydrates/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Plants 48. GRONWALD JW, BURTON JD, STOLTENBERG DE, PARKER WB, SOMERS DA, WYSE DL, and GENGENBACH BG ( 1988). THE SITE OF ACTION OF THE HERBICIDES SETHOXYDIM AND HALOXYFOP. THIRD CHEMICAL CONGRESS OF NORTH AMERICA HELD AT THE 195TH AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY MEETING, TORONTO, ONTARIO, CANADA, JUNE 5 10, 1988. ABSTR PAP CHEM CONGR NORTH AM; 3: BTEC 68.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT CORN PEA FESCUE ENZYME INHIBITOR FATTY ACID SYNTHETASE ACETYL COENZYME A CARBOXYLASE BIOTECHNOLOGY Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Amino Acids/ Peptides/ Proteins/ Lipids/ Enzymes/ Chemistry/ Enzymes/ Physiology/ Lipids/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Enzymology/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses/ Legumes 49. GRONWALD JW, EBERLEIN CV, BETTS KJ, ROSOW KM, EHLKE NJ, and WYSE DL ( 1989). DICLOFOP RESISTANCE IN A BIOTYPE OF ITALIAN RYEGRASS. ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS HELD JOINTLY WITH THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS, TORONTO, ONTARIO, CANADA, JULY 30 AUGUST 3, 1989. PLANT PHYSIOL ( BETHESDA); 89 ( 4 SUPPL.). 1989. 115.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT LOLIUM MULTIFLORUM QUIZALOFOP HALOXYFOP SETHOXYDIM HERBICIDE ACETYL COENZYME A CARBOXYLASE Congresses/ Biology/ Plants/ Cytology/ Plants/ Genetics/ Biochemistry/ Amino Acids/ Peptides/ Proteins/ Enzymes/ Physiology/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Enzymology/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses 50. GRONWALD JW, PARKER WB, SOMERS DA, WYSE DL, and GENGENBACH BG ( 1989). SELECTION FOR TOLERANCE TO GRAMINICIDE HERBICIDES IN MAIZE TISSUE CULTURE. BRITISH CROP PROTECTION COUNCIL. BRIGHTON CROP PROTECTION CONFERENCE: WEEDS, VOLS. 1, 2 AND 3; INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE, BRIGHTON, ENGLAND, UK, NOVEMBER 20 23, 1989. XXII+ 408P.( VOL. 1); XXI+ 394P.( VOL. 2); XXII+ 435P.( VOL. 3) BRITISH CROP PROTECTION COUNCIL: SURREY, ENGLAND, UK. ILLUS. PAPER. ISBN 0 948404 36 1( VOL. 1); ISBN 0 948404 37 X( VOL. 2); ISBN 0 948404 38 8( VOL. 3); ISBN 0 948404 35 3( SET).; 0 1217 1224.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: IN VITRO. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ZEA MAYS SETHOXYDIM HALOXYFOP Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Cereals/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Environmental Pollution/ Plant Diseases/ Weather/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses 51. GUPTON CL ( 1997). LIVING MULCH FOR STRAWBERRY PRODUCTION FIELDS. 94TH ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE, SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, USA, JULY 23 26, 1997. HORTSCIENCE; 32: 428.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM MEETING ABSTRACT MEETING POSTER LOLIUMMULTIFLORUM ANNUAL RYEGRASS STRAWBERRY LIVING MULCH CROP INDUSTRY EMBARK  102 PLANT GROWTH REGULATOR GROWTH RETARDATION STRAWBERRY PRODUCTION FIELDS POAST ® HERBICIDE RELY HORTICULTURE SOIL SCIENCE GULF SOUTH USA Congresses/ Biology/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Fertilizers/ Soil/ Fruit/ Grasses/ Plants, Medicinal 52. Hart, S. E. and Wax, L. M. ( 1999). Review and future prospectus on the impacts of herbicide resistant maize on weed management. Maydica, 44 ( 1) pp. 25 36.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: REVIEW. Advances in plant biotechnology have allowed the development of a number of herbicide resistant crops ( HRCs). These developments have provided one of the most exciting and challenging aspects of weed management in crops for many years, and offer new approaches to managing weeds effectively in a number of cropping systems. Several types of herbicide resistant systems have been evaluated and commercialized in maize. Imidazolinone resistant maize ( IMI maize) offers the option of using this class of herbicide to provide broad spectrum control of weeds in maize production. However, the rapid development of weed biotypes resistant to this class of herbicides may limit the long term utility of this weed management system in maize. Sethoxydim resistant maize ( SR maize) allows for the use of sethoxydim as a safe and effective postemergence ( POST) treatment for grass control. Sethoxydim can provide excellent control of a variety of annual and some perennial grasses and is more environmentally benign than some of the standard soil applied herbicides. This system has some limitations in that sethoxydim has no soil residual, and repeat applications are sometimes needed for later emerging weeds. Also, this herbicide system does not provide control of dicotyledonous weeds, and when herbicides for this purpose are added to the mixture, antagonism of grass control may occur. SR maize may become a problem weed as volunteer maize in subsequent crops. Glufosinate resistant maize ( GR maize) systems allow the opportunity to use POST applications of glufosinate for selective control of a broad spectrum of annual weeds. This herbicide brings a unique mode of action that could be helpful in managing resistant weed biotypes. However, it is a relatively costly herbicide, and control may be inconsistent if not applied in a timely manner to small weeds in good growing conditions. Using this system in conjunction with other herbicides and/ or with sequential cultivation has been the most effective. Glyphosate resistant maize ( GLR) systems allow for the selective use of glyphosate to control a wide spectrum of annual and perennial weeds. However, glyphosate does not have soil residual. Therefore, a single application may not be effective in all cropping situations. This system is advantageous over the sethoxydim and glufosinate systems in terms of spectrum of weeds controlled, wider application window, and treatment costs. At this time, it has not been determined if any of these herbicide resistant systems in maize will have the same impact on weed management as the GLR soybean systems. These herbicide resistant systems must demonstrate crop safety, good agronomic hybrid performance, and be economically competitive with standard weed management practices. The ultimate impact of these systems in weed management is uncertain, but likely will depend on the willingness of the producers to adopt this technology after some years of experience in their own cropping systems. SXD Herbicide resistant maize/ Weed management/ Imidazolinone resistant maize/ Glufosinate resistant maize 53. HARWOOD JL ( 1991). LIPID SYNTHESIS. KIRKWOOD, R. C. ( ED.). TOPICS IN APPLIED CHEMISTRY: TARGET SITES FOR HERBICIDE ACTION. XV+ 339P. PLENUM PRESS: NEW YORK, NEW YORK, USA; LONDON, ENGLAND, UK. ILLUS. ISBN 0 306 43846 1.; 0: 57 94.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM SPINACH BARLEY PEA WHEAT POTATO THYLAKOID MEMBRANES MITOCHONDRIA HERBICIDE EFFECTS ACETYL COENZYME A CARBOXYLASE PYRAZON NORFLURAZON THIOCARBAMATES ARYLOXYPHENOXYPROPIONATES CYCLOHEXANEDIONES Plants/ Cytology/ Biochemistry/ Lipids/ Biophysics/ Membranes/ Physiology/ Enzymes/ Physiology/ Lipids/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Photosynthesis/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Fermentation/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Respiration/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Enzymology/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Environmental Pollution/ Plant Diseases/ Weather/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses/ Plants/ Legumes/ Plants  103 54. HERBERT, D., WALKER KA, PRICE LJ, COLE DJ, PALLETT KE, RIDLEY SM, and HARWOOD JL ( 1997). Acetyl CoA carboxylase. A graminicide target site. PESTICIDE SCIENCE; 50: 67 71.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: METHODS . BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Acetyl CoA carboxylase catalyses the first committed step in fatty acid ( and acyl lipid) formation. The enzyme has been shown to exert a high degree of flux control for lipid biosynthesis in leaves and, therefore, it is not surprising that chemicals which can inhibit it effectively are successful herbicides. These chemicals belong mainly to the cyclohexanedione and aryloxyphenoxypropionate classes and are graminicides. The reason for the selectivity of these herbicides towards grasses lies in the nature of the target site, acetyl CoA carboxylase. Recent advances in our knowledge of acetyl CoA carboxylases from sensitive and resistant plants has revealed some important facts. Dicotyledons, which are resistant, have a multi enzyme complex type of carboxylase in their chloroplasts while grasses have a multifunctional protein. Both divisions of plants have two isoforms of the enzyme, the second being in the cytosol. Detailed study of multifunctional forms of acetyl CoA carb Amino Acids/ Peptides/ Proteins/ Enzymes/ Physiology/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Enzymology/ Immunity, Natural/ Plant Diseases/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides 55. HUBBARD, J. and WHITWELL, T. ( 1990). TOLERANCE OF ORNAMENTAL GRASSES TO POSTEMERGENCE GRASS HERBICIDES. 87TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE, TUCSON, ARIZONA, USA, NOVEMBER 4 8, 1990. HORTSCIENCE; 25 ( 9). 1990. 1104.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. AB  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT CALAMAGROSTIS CORTADERIA ERAGROSTIS ERIANTHUS MISCANTHUS SORGHASTRUM SPARTINA PANICUM PENNISETUM PLANT FENOXAPROP ETHYL FLUAZIFOP P SETHOXYDIM CROP INDUSTRY AGRICULTURECongresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Environmental Pollution/ Plant Diseases/ Weather/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses 56. HULL MR and COBB AH ( 1997). THE EFFECT OF GRAMINICIDES ON PLANT PLASMA MEMBRANE H+ ATPASE ACTIVITY IN VITRO. BRITISH CROP PROTECTION COUNCIL. THE 1997 BRIGHTON CROP PROTECTION CONFERENCE: WEEDS, VOLS. 1 3; INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE, BRIGHTON, ENGLAND, UK, NOVEMBER 17 20, 1997. XXIV+ 442P.( VOL. 1); XXIV+ 451P.( VOL. 2); XXIV+ 307P.( VOL. 3) BRITISH CROP PROTECTION COUNCIL ( BCPC): FARNHAM, ENGLAND, UK. ISBN 1 901396 45 2( SET); ISBN 1 901396 46 0( VOL. 1); ISBN 1 901396 47 9( VOL. 2); ISBN 1 901396 48 7( VOL. 3) 819 824.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: IN VITRO. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK CHAPTER MEETING PAPER BETA VULGARIS ALOPECURUS MYOSUROIDES SUGAR BEET BLACK GRASS WEED ENZYMOLOGY PESTICIDES PLASMA MEMBRANE DIALLATE GRAMINICIDE THIOCARBAMATE HERBICIDE TRIALLATE EPTC DICLOFOP METHYL ARYLOXYPHENOXYPROPIONATE ATPASE Congresses/ Biology/ Biophysics/ Membranes/ Physiology/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Enzymology/ Environmental Pollution/ Plant Diseases/ Weather/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses/ Plants 57. INCLEDON BJ and HALL JC ( 1999). Inhibition of ACCase220 and ACCase240 isozymes from sethoxydim resistant and  susceptible maize hybrids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY; 47: 299 304.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: IN VITRO. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase ( ACCase) isozymes were separated from cyclohexanedione resistant and  susceptible maize. ACCase240 from resistant maize was 3.7, > 77, and 12.8 fold more resistant to inhibition by clethodim, sethoxydim, and tralkoxydim, respectively, than ACCase240 from  104 susceptible maize. The resistant ACCase240 preparation had 3.0 fold more protein and 14.5 fold lower specific activity than susceptible ACCase240. Resistant ACCase240 has a Vmax 5.5 fold lower than that of susceptible ACCase240, whereas apparent Km values were similar. ACCase220 from resistant maize was > 25 and 7.2 fold more resistant to inhibition by sethoxydim and tralkoxydim, respectively, than susceptible ACCase220 but was inhibited to the same extent by clethodim. In summary, sethoxydim resistant corn has an altered herbicide resistant ACCase220 isozyme and increased expression of a less efficient, herbicide resistant ACCase240 isozyme. However, to what extent alteration of bo Biochemistry/ Coenzymes/ Comparative Study/ Enzymes/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Enzymology/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses 58. ITO, N., HAGIWARA, A., TAMANO, S., FUTACUCHI, M., IMAIDA, K., and SHIRAI, T. ( 1996). Effects of pesticide mixtures at the acceptable daily intake levels on rat carcinogenesis. FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY; 34: 1091 1096.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: DMT, SXD; Rejection Code: MIXTURE. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Possible modifying effects of pesticide mixtures on tumorigenesis were investigated with medium term carcinogenesis protocols for rapid detection of carcinogenic agents using male F344 rats. In the 8 wk liver model, administration of 20 pesticides ( 19 organophosphorus compounds and one organochlorine), added to the diet each at acceptable daily intake ( ADI) levels, did not enhance rat liver preneoplastic lesion development initiated by diethyltyrosamine. In contrast, a mixture of these 20 pesticides at 100 times the ADI significantly increased the number and area of liver lesions. In the second experiment using a multi organ carcinogenicity protocol of 28 wk, mixtures of 40 pesticides ( high production examples) or 20 pesticides ( suspected carcinogens) added to the diet at their respective ADI levels did not modulate carcinogenesis in any organ initiated by five known potent carcinogens in combination. These results thus provide direct support for the safety factor ( usua Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Carcinogens/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Muridae 59. JOACHIMIAK, M., TEVZADZE, G., PODKOWINSKI, J., HASELKORN, R., and GORNICKI, P. ( 1997). Wheat cytosolic acetyl CoA carboxylase complements an ACC1 null mutation in yeast. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; 94: 9990 9995.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: YEAST. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Spores harboring an ACC1 deletion derived from a diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, in which one copy of the entire ACC1 gene is replaced with a LEU2 cassette, fail to grow. A chimeric gene consisting of the yeast GAL10 promoter, yeast ACC1 leader, wheat cytosolic acetyl CoA carboxylase ( ACCase) cDNA, and yeast ACC1 3' tail was used to complement a yeast ACC1 mutation. The complementation demonstrates that active wheat ACCase can be produced in yeast. At low concentrations of galactose, the activity of the " wheat gene" driven by the GAL10 promoter is low and ACCase becomes limiting for growth, a condition expected to enhance transgenic yeast sensitivity to wheat ACCase specific inhibitors. An aryloxyphenoxypropionate and two cyclohexanediones do not inhibit growth of haploid yeast strains containing the yeast ACC1 gene, but one cyclohexanedione inhibits growth of the gene replacement strains at concentrations below 0.2 mM. In vitro, the activity of wheat cytosolic Plants/ Cytology/ Plants/ Cytology/ Plants/* Genetics/ Biochemistry/ Biophysics/ Coenzymes/ Comparative Study/ Enzymes/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Ascomycota/ Grasses 60. Kienhuis, Paul G. M. ( 1993). Radiofrequency only daughter scan mode to provide more spectral information in liquid chromatography thermospray tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 647: 39 50.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SZ, MTL , DMT; Rejection Code: CHEM METHODS. A method is presented for increasing the number of specific ions in LC thermospray mass spectra by means of a quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer ( Finnigan TSQ 70) in the radiofrequency only daughter ( RFD) scan mode. The method can be used for screening a large number of compounds eluted from an HPLC system. MS MS in the  105 usual daughter, parent or neutral loss scan mode ( on retention time altered for each eluted compound) in this particular instance is very laborious or even impossible. In the RFD scan mode the first quadrupole is operating as a high pass mass filter. Only ions with masses equal to or above the arbitrary selected cut off mass will enter the collision cell. With a low collision offset voltage mainly molecular ions will be present in the third quadrupole, which is acting as a mass analyser in the full scan mode. With medium and high collision offset voltages, daughter ions are generated in the collision cell. By using two or three different alternating collision offset voltages during one analysis, both molecular and daughter ions can be acquired, increasing the specificity of the mass spectrum. First, data on optimization of the low collision offset voltage and the collision gas ( argon) pressure with a mixture of alachlor, atrazine, aldicarb and barban are presented. Next, spectral information and data about the sensitivity of twenty compounds ( alachlor, aldicarb, aniline, atrazine, benzothiazole, carbendazim, chloridazon, diazinon, dimethoate, diuron, ethylenethiourea, isocarbamide, isoproturon, metamitron, metolachlor, monolinuron, propachlor, sethoxydim, simazine and warfarin) in the RFD scan mode at three collision offset voltages ( 6,  20 and  40 V) are presented and compared with the single stage Q3MS scan mode. The sensitivity proved to be the same or better at collision offset voltages of  6 and  20 V, partly because adducts and eluent clusters were decreased significantly or even disappeared. At a collision offset of  40 V the sensitivity decreased for many compounds and the more intense ions mainly had low m/ z values, which are less specific. The RFD scan mode, using a  6 and  20 V collision offset voltage alternating in each scan, is demonstrated by screening a surface water sample ( river Rhine) spiked with ten compounds at a level of 1 [ mu] g/ 1. It resulted in chromatograms with increased spectral information, the same or better signal to noise ratios, less eluent clusters and no adducts. http:// www. sciencedirect. com/ science/ article/ B6TG8 44CPVPV CC/ 2/ 0bb68fc0b900c19c15a245d479a6fbc5 61. Kienhuis, Paul G. M. ( 1993). Radiofrequency only daughter scan mode to provide more spectral information in liquid chromatography thermospray tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 647: 39 50.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SZ, MTL, SXD; Rejection Code: CHEM METHOD. A method is presented for increasing the number of specific ions in LC thermospray mass spectra by means of a quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer ( Finnigan TSQ 70) in the radiofrequency only daughter ( RFD) scan mode. The method can be used for screening a large number of compounds eluted from an HPLC system. MS MS in the usual daughter, parent or neutral loss scan mode ( on retention time altered for each eluted compound) in this particular instance is very laborious or even impossible. In the RFD scan mode the first quadrupole is operating as a high pass mass filter. Only ions with masses equal to or above the arbitrary selected cut off mass will enter the collision cell. With a low collision offset voltage mainly molecular ions will be present in the third quadrupole, which is acting as a mass analyser in the full scan mode. With medium and high collision offset voltages, daughter ions are generated in the collision cell. By using two or three different alternating collision offset voltages during one analysis, both molecular and daughter ions can be acquired, increasing the specificity of the mass spectrum. First, data on optimization of the low collision offset voltage and the collision gas ( argon) pressure with a mixture of alachlor, atrazine, aldicarb and barban are presented. Next, spectral information and data about the sensitivity of twenty compounds ( alachlor, aldicarb, aniline, atrazine, benzothiazole, carbendazim, chloridazon, diazinon, dimethoate, diuron, ethylenethiourea, isocarbamide, isoproturon, metamitron, metolachlor, monolinuron, propachlor, sethoxydim, simazine and warfarin) in the RFD scan mode at three collision offset voltages ( 6,  20 and  40 V) are presented and compared with the single stage Q3MS scan mode. The sensitivity proved to be the same or better at collision offset voltages of  6 and  20 V, partly because adducts and eluent clusters were decreased significantly or even disappeared. At a collision offset of  40 V the sensitivity decreased for many compounds and the more intense ions mainly had low m/ z values, which are less specific. The RFD scan mode, using a  6 and  20 V collision offset voltage alternating in each scan, is demonstrated by screening a surface water sample ( river Rhine) spiked with ten compounds at a level of 1 [ mu] g/ 1. It resulted in chromatograms with increased spectral information, the same or better signal to noise ratios, less eluent clusters and no adducts. http:// www. sciencedirect. com/ science/ article/ B6TG8 44CPVPV CC/ 2/ 0bb68fc0b900c19c15a245d479a6fbc5 62. Kienhuis, Paul G. M. ( 1993). Radiofrequency only daughter scan mode to provide more spectral information in liquid chromatography thermospray tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography  106 A 647: 39 50.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: WFN; Rejection Code: CHEM METHOD. A method is presented for increasing the number of specific ions in LC thermospray mass spectra by means of a quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer ( Finnigan TSQ 70) in the radiofrequency only daughter ( RFD) scan mode. The method can be used for screening a large number of compounds eluted from an HPLC system. MS MS in the usual daughter, parent or neutral loss scan mode ( on retention time altered for each eluted compound) in this particular instance is very laborious or even impossible. In the RFD scan mode the first quadrupole is operating as a high pass mass filter. Only ions with masses equal to or above the arbitrary selected cut off mass will enter the collision cell. With a low collision offset voltage mainly molecular ions will be present in the third quadrupole, which is acting as a mass analyser in the full scan mode. With medium and high collision offset voltages, daughter ions are generated in the collision cell. By using two or three different alternating collision offset voltages during one analysis, both molecular and daughter ions can be acquired, increasing the specificity of the mass spectrum. First, data on optimization of the low collision offset voltage and the collision gas ( argon) pressure with a mixture of alachlor, atrazine, aldicarb and barban are presented. Next, spectral information and data about the sensitivity of twenty compounds ( alachlor, aldicarb, aniline, atrazine, benzothiazole, carbendazim, chloridazon, diazinon, dimethoate, diuron, ethylenethiourea, isocarbamide, isoproturon, metamitron, metolachlor, monolinuron, propachlor, sethoxydim, simazine and warfarin) in the RFD scan mode at three collision offset voltages ( 6,  20 and  40 V) are presented and compared with the single stage Q3MS scan mode. The sensitivity proved to be the same or better at collision offset voltages of  6 and  20 V, partly because adducts and eluent clusters were decreased significantly or even disappeared. At a collision offset of  40 V the sensitivity decreased for many compounds and the more intense ions mainly had low m/ z values, which are less specific. The RFD scan mode, using a  6 and  20 V collision offset voltage alternating in each scan, is demonstrated by screening a surface water sample ( river Rhine) spiked with ten compounds at a level of 1 [ mu] g/ 1. It resulted in chromatograms with increased spectral information, the same or better signal to noise ratios, less eluent clusters and no adducts. http:// www. sciencedirect. com/ science/ article/ B6TG8 44CPVPV CC/ 2/ 0bb68fc0b900c19c15a245d479a6fbc5 63. KIRKWOOD RC ( 1993). USE AND MODE OF ACTION OF ADJUVANTS FOR HERBICIDES A REVIEW OF SOME CURRENT WORK. PESTICIDE SCIENCE 38: 93 102.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: REVIEW. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM MEETING PAPER PLANT INTERACTIONS SURFACTANTS WAX DISSOLUTION UPTAKE MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY PESTICIDE AGRICHEMICAL Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Biophysics/ Membranes/ Physiology/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/* Metabolism/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Plants 64. KOBEK, K., FOCKE, M., and LICHTENTHALER HK ( 1988). INHIBITION OF FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS OF ISOLATED CHLOROPLASTS BY NEWER INGREDIENTS. 6TH WORKSHOP ON PLANT LIPIDS HELD AT THE 64TH CONFERENCE OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUER BIOLOGISCHE CHEMIE ( SOCIETY FOR BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY), HANNOVER, WEST GERMANY, SEPTEMBER 24 26, 1987. BIOL CHEM HOPPE SEYLER; 369 ( 1). 1988. 5 6.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: IN VITRO. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT AVENA SATIVA SPINACIA OLERACEA PISUMSATIVUM DICLOFOP SETHOXYDIM HERBICIDE Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Lipids/ Lipids/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Photosynthesis/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses 65. KOBEK, K., FOCKE, M., LICHTENTHALER HK, RETZLAFF, G., and WUERZER, B. ( 1988). INHIBITION OF FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS IN ISOLATED CHLOROPLASTS BY CYCLOXYDIM AND OTHER CYCLOHEXANE 1 3 DIONES. PHYSIOL PLANT; 72: 492 498.  107 Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: IN VITRO. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM AVENA SATIVA CULTIVAR FLAMINGNOVA PISUM SATIVUM CULTIVAR KLEINE RHEINLAENDERIN SPINACIA OLERACEA CULTIVAR MATADOR NICOTIANATABACUM POA ANNUA CARBON 14 ACETATE Isotopes/ Radiation/ Biochemistry/ Lipids/ Lipids/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Environmental Pollution/ Plant Diseases/ Weather/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses/ Plants/ Legumes/ Plants 66. KOBEK, K. and LICHTENTHALER HK ( 1990). Effect of different cyclohexane 1,3 dione derivatives on the de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in isolated oat chloroplasts. Z NATURFORSCH SECT C BIOSCI; 45: 84 88.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: IN VITRO. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. In the test sytem of isolated oat chloroplasts various structurally different cyclohexane 1,3 dione derivatives were investigated for their inhibitory effect on de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. Cycloxydim proved to be the most efficient inhibitor in the group of the tested cyclohexane 1,3 diones. The alkoxyimino side chain appears to be essential for the herbicidal activity. Compounds with variations in other substituents of the cyclohexanedione structure were less inhibitory. The I50 values of most of the applied substances for a 50% inhibition of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis were in the range of 0.15 muM to 100 muM. Some compounds, however, showed no inhibitory effect. Plants/ Cytology/ Biochemistry/ Lipids/ Biophysics/ Macromolecular Systems/ Molecular Biology/ Coenzymes/ Comparative Study/ Enzymes/ Lipids/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Photosynthesis/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses/ Plants 67. KOBEK, K. and LICHTENTHALER HK ( 1989). INHIBITION OF DE NOVO FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS IN ISOLATED ETIOPLASTS BY HERBICIDES. Z NATURFORSCH SECT C BIOSCI; 44: 669 672.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: IN VITRO. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM PISUM SATIVUM AVENA SATIVA PHOTOSYNTHESIS CYCLOXYDIM SETHOXYDIM DICLOFOP Lipids/ Lipids/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Photosynthesis/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses/ Legumes 68. Konnai, M. ( 1993). Development of Herbicides and Changes in Their Potencies. Agrochem. Jpn. 18 19.

Chem Codes: User Define 2: REPS, WASH, CALF, CORE, SENT, NA Chemical of Concern: SZ, SXD; Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

69. Koskinen, W. C., Reynolds, K. M., Buhler, D. D., Wyse, D. L., Barber, B. L., and Jarvis, L. J. ( 1993). Persistence and movement of sethoxydim residues in three Minnesota soils. Weed Science, 41 ( 4) pp. 634 640.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: FATE.

70. KUDSK, P., THONKE KE, and STREIBIG JC ( 1987). METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE INFLUENCE OF ADDITIVES ON THE EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLIED HERBICIDES. WEED RES; 27: 425 430.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: METHODS . BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM HORDEUM VULGARE CULTIVAR IGRI ALLOXYDIM SODIUM FLUAZIFOP BUTYL SETHOXYDIM DOSE RESPONSE WEED CONTROL AGRICULTURE Biochemistry/ Cereals/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Environmental Pollution/ Plant Diseases/ Weather/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses 71. LICHTENTHALER HK ( 1988). EFFECT OF NEW HERBICIDES ON LIPID METABOLISM  108 BIOGENESIS AND PIGMENT ACCUMULATION OF CHLOROPLASTS. BIOL CHEM HOPPE SEYLER; 369 ( 1). 1988. 5.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT SETHOXYDIM CHLOROPHYLL CAROTENOID Congresses/ Biology/ Plants/ Cytology/ Biochemistry/ Lipids/ Lipids/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Photosynthesis/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses 72. LICHTENTHALER HK, FOCKE, M., and KOBEK, K. ( 1988). ACETYL COENZYME A CARBOXYLASE AS TARGET FOR HERBICIDES. ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS, RENO, NEVADA, USA, JULY 10 14, 1988. PLANT PHYSIOL ( BETHESDA); 86 ( 4 SUPPL.). 1988. 147.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT GRASSES ACETATE ACETYL COENZYME A INCORPORATION SETHOXYDIM FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Amino Acids/ Peptides/ Proteins/ Lipids/ Enzymes/ Physiology/ Lipids/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Enzymology/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Environmental Pollution/ Plant Diseases/ Weather/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses 73. LICHTENTHALER HK and GOLZ, A. ( 1994). INTERACTION OF HERBICIDES AND NEW INHIBITORS WITH DE NOVO FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS IN CHLOROPLASTS. 9TH CONGRESS OF THE FEDERATION OF EUROPEAN SOCIETIES OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, BRNO, CZECH REPUBLIC, JULY 3 8, 1994. BIOLOGIA PLANTARUM ( PRAGUE); 36 ( SUPPL.). 1994. S345.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM MEETING ABSTRACT ACETYLMETHYLPHOSPHINATE DICLOFOP SETHOXYDIM CYCLOXYDIM THIOLACTOMYCIN CERULENIN ACETYLCOENZYME A SYNTHETASE PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS Congresses/ Biology/ Plants/ Cytology/ Biochemistry/ Amino Acids/ Peptides/ Proteins/ Lipids/ Enzymes/ Physiology/ Lipids/ Metabolism/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Biophysics/ Photosynthesis/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Enzymology/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Plants 74. LICHTENTHALER HK, KLOBEK, K., and RETZLAFF, G. ( 1990). EFFECT OF CYCLOHEXANE 1 3 DIONES ON DE NOVO FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS IN DIFFERENT FORMS OF ISOLATED PLASTIDS. PESTIC SCI 30: 427 430.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: IN VITRO. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM OATS MAIZE SETHOXYDIM CYCLOXYDIM CLETHODIM HERBICIDE PLANT PESTICIDE Congresses/ Biology/ Plants/ Cytology/ Biochemistry/ Lipids/ Lipids/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Cereals/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses 75. LICHTENTHALER HK and KOBEK, K. ( 1989). ISOLATED ETIOPLASTS AS TEST SYSTEM FOR INHIBITORS OF FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS. ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS HELD JOINTLY WITH THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS, TORONTO, ONTARIO, CANADA, JULY 30 AUGUST 3, 1989. PLANT PHYSIOL ( BETHESDA); 89 ( 4 SUPPL.). 1989. 196.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: IN VITRO. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT OAT PEA CYCLOXYDIM SETHOXYDIM DICLOFOP  109 HERBICIDES Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Lipids/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/* Metabolism/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses/ Legumes 76. Linker, H. M. and Coble, H. D. ( 1990). Effect of Weed Management Strategy and Planting Date on Herbicide Use in Peanuts ( Arachis hypogaea). Weed Technol. 4: 20 25.

Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 74034 User Define 2: WASH Chemical of Concern: MTL, BT, PQT, SXD; Rejection Code: MIXTURE.

77. Ludwig Mu( dieresis) ller, J. ( 2000). Indole 3 butyric acid in plant growth and development. Plant Growth Regulation, 32 ( 2 3) pp. 219 230.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: IN VITRO. Within the last ten years it has been established by GC MS that indole 3 butyric acid ( IBA) is an endogenous compound in a variety of plant species. When applied exogenously, IBA has a variety of different effects on plant growth and development, but the compound is still mainly used for the induction of adventitious roots. Using molecular techniques, several genes have been isolated that are induced during adventitious root formation by IBA. The biosynthesis of IBA in maize ( Zea mays L.) involves IAA as the direct precursor. Microsomal membranes from maize are able to convert IAA to IBA using ATP and acetyl CoA as cofactors. The enzyme catalyzing this reaction was characterized from maize seedlings and partially purified. The in vitro biosynthesis of IBA seems to be regulated by several external and internal factors: i) Microsomal membranes from light grown maize seedlings directly synthesize IBA, whereas microsomal membranes from dark grown maize plants release an as yet unknown reaction product, which is converted to IBA in a second step. ii) Drought and osmotic stress increase the biosynthesis of IBA maybe via the increase of endogenous ABA, because application of ABA also results in elevated levels of IBA. iii) IBA synthesis is specifically increased by herbicides of the sethoxydim group. iv) IBA and IBA synthesizing activity are enhanced during the colonization of maize roots with the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. The role of IBA for certain developmental processes in plants is discussed and some arguments presented that IBA is per se an auxin and does not act via the conversion to IAA. SXD Arabidopsis thaliana/ Arbuscular mycorrhiza/ Biosynthesis/ Indole 3 acetic acid/ Indole 3 butyric acid/ Regulation/ Zea mays/ Zea mays/ Glomus intraradices 78. Maiorano, P. and Monechi, S. ( 1998). Revised correlations of Early and Middle Miocene calcareous nannofossil events and magnetostratigraphy from DSDP Site 563 ( North Atlantic Ocean). Marine Micropaleontology 35: 235 255.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: NO TOXICANT. 0377 8398. Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 563, located on the west flank of the northern Mid Atlantic Ridge, recovered a long Miocene section from which magnetostratigraphic and isotopic stratigraphy are available. Quantitative analyses of calcareous nannofossil assemblages have been performed in the Lower and Middle Miocene sediments from Site 563. The abundance patterns of the identified species allow us to determine several bioevents for this time interval. The recognized biohorizons, related to the available magnetostratigraphy, provide new data on the biostratigraphic value of many species and on the synchroneity of the events over a wide geographic area. Relations with the oxygen isotope stratigraphy are also reported. Sphenolith distribution is examined in particular detail due to their biostratigraphic importance in the Early Miocene. In particular the recently described species Sphenolithus procerus, Sphenolithus tintinnabulum and Sphenolithus multispinatus can be useful to subdivide the Lower Miocene zones NN2 and NN3. A large variety of Reticulofenestra pseudoumbilicus has been identified within zones NN6 and NN7 79. MALIK, N. ( 1987). HERBICIDE TOLERANCE OF SEEDLING FORAGE GRASSES. ANNUAL MEETING OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF AGRONOMY, SASKATOON, SASKATCHEWAN, CANADA, JULY 7 8, 1986. CAN J PLANT SCI; 67: 283.  110 Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT AGROPYRON CRISTATUM BROMUS INERMIS BROMUS BIEBERSTEINII ELYMUS ANGUSTUS PHLEUM PRATENSE CHLORSULFURON METSULFURON METHYL DICLOFOP METHYL BROMOXYNIL MECOPROP DICAMBA SETHOXYDIM 2 METHYL 4 CHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Animal Feed/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Environmental Pollution/ Plant Diseases/ Weather/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses 80. MANTHEY FA, NALEWAJA JD, and SZELEZNIAK EF ( 1989). HERBICIDE OIL WATER EMULSIONS. WEED TECHNOL; 3: 13 19.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: CHEM METHODS. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM SETHOXYDIM ADJUVANT SEED OIL STABILITY CONCENTRATION WEED MANAGEMENT Biochemistry/ Methods/ Biochemistry/ Lipids/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Chemistry/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides 81. MARSHALL LC, SOMERS DA, DOTRAY PD, GENGENBACH BG, WYSE DL, and GRONWALD JW ( 1992). Allelic mutations in acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase confer herbicide tolerance in maize. THEOR APPL GENET; 83: 435 442.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: IN VITRO. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The genetic relationship between acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase ( ACCase; EC <IP_ADDRESS>.) activity and herbicide tolerance was determined for five maize ( Zea mays L.) mutants regenerated from tissue cultures selected for tolerance to the ACCase inhibiting herbicides, sethoxydim and haloxfop. Herbicide tolerance in each mutant was inherited as a partially dominant, nuclear mutation. Allelism tests indicated that the five mutations were allelic. Three distinguishable herbicide tolerance phenotypes were differentiated among the five mutants. Seedling tolerance to herbicide treatments cosegregated with reduced inhibition of seedling leaf ACCase activity by sethoxydim and haloxyfop demonstrating that alterations of ACCase conferred herbicide tolerance. Therefore, we propose that at least three, and possible five, new alleles of the maize ACCase structural gene ( Acc1) were identified based on their differential response to sethoxydim and haloxyfop. The group represented by Acc1 S1 Plants/ Cytology/ Plants/ Genetics/ Biochemistry/ Amino Acids/ Peptides/ Proteins/ Lipids/ Enzymes/ Physiology/ Lipids/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Enzymology/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Cereals/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Environmental Pollution/ Plant Diseases/ Weather/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses 82. Mccraw, D. and Bostian, B. ( 1993). EFFECT OF HERBICIDES AND WEEDS ON YIELD OF EXCEL SWEETPOTATO. 53rd Annual Meeting of the Ashs ( American Society for Horticultural Science) Southern Region, Tulsa, Oklahoma, Usa, January 30 February 2, 1993. Hortscience 28 : 261.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: MTL, SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. ABSTRACT: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT PLANT CROP INDUSTRY PHYTOTOXICITY HERBICIDE SETHOXYDIM CLOMAZONE METOLACHLOR IMAZETHAPYR WEED CONTROL COMPETITION KEYWORDS: General Biology Symposia KEYWORDS: Ecology KEYWORDS: Biochemical Studies General KEYWORDS: Plant Physiology KEYWORDS: Agronomy Weed Control KEYWORDS: Horticulture Vegetables KEYWORDS: Pest Control KEYWORDS: Convolvulaceae  111 83. McKinley, T. L., Roberts, R. K., Hayes, R. M., and English, B. C. ( Economic comparison of herbicides for johnsongrass ( Sorghum halepense) control in glyphosate tolerant soybean ( Glycine max). Weed Technology, 13 ( 1) pp. 30 36, 1999.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA. Returns to land, management, and risk were compared where glyphosate and four graminicides ( quizalofop P, fluazifop P, sethoxydim, and clethodim) were used for johnsongrass control in glyphosate tolerant soybean. In 1994 and 1995, returns to land, management, and risk for glyphosate tolerant soybean were highest using glyphosate and lowest using sethoxydim. Break even analysis showed that yields needed for equivalent returns with any nontransgenic soybean cultivar treated with any of the graminicides could range from 67 kg/ ha less to 202 kg/ ha more than the yields achieved with glyphosate. Based on this methodology, farmers would increase their return to land, management, and risk by planting glyphosate tolerant soybean if expected yield from a standard cultivar treated with a standard herbicide program were less than the break even yield. SXD Break even analysis/ Clethodim/ Cost/ Fluazifop P/ Glyphosate/ Quizalofop P/ Sethoxydim/ SORHA/ Sorghum bicolor/ Glycine max 84. Menges, R. M. and Heilman, M. D. ( 1986). WEED CONTROL IN SEEDED CABBAGE MUSTARD GREENS SPINACH AND IN TRANSPLANTED BROCCOLI GROWN UNDER CONSERVATION TILLAGE PRACTICES. J Rio Grande Val Hortic Soc 39 : 83 90.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: MTL, SXD; Rejection Code: NO TOXICANT. ABSTRACT: BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ETHALFLURALIN PROPACHLOR METOLACHLOR SETHOXYDIM FLUAZIFOP BUTYL GLYPHOSATE BENSULIDE METOLACHLOR HERBICIDES KEYWORDS: Biochemical Studies General KEYWORDS: Agronomy Weed Control KEYWORDS: Soil Science Fertility and Applied Studies ( 1970 ) KEYWORDS: Horticulture Vegetables KEYWORDS: Pest Control KEYWORDS: Chenopodiaceae KEYWORDS: Cruciferae 85. MENTAG, R., DUCHESNE, I., and RIOUX J A ( 1994). POTENTIAL USE OF OXADIAZON AND SETHOXYDIM FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FOUR WOODY ORNAMENTAL PLANTS GROWN IN CONTAINERS. 91ST ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE, CORVALLIS, OREGON, USA, AUGUST 7 10, 1994. HORTSCIENCE; 29 ( 5). 1994. 555.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. AB  BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM MEETING ABSTRACT MEETING POSTER CORNUS ALBA WEIGELA FLORIDA PRUNUS CISTENA THUJA OCCIDENTALIS PLANT CROP INDUSTRY HORTICULTURE WEED CONTROL GROWTH PHYTOTOXICITY Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Environmental Pollution/ Plant Diseases/ Weather/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Plants/ Plants/ Plants/ Plants, Medicinal 86. MINOGUE PJ, CANTRELL RL, and GRISWOLD HC ( 1991). VEGETATION MANAGEMENT AFTER PLANTATION ESTABLISHMENT. DURYEA, M. L. AND P. M. DOUGHERTY ( ED.). FOREST REGENERATION MANUAL. XI+ 433P. KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS: DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS; BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, USA. ILLUS. MAPS. ISBN 0 7923 0959 6. 335 358.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM PINUS TAEDA PINUS PALUSTRIS HARDWOODS VINES HERBACEOUS WEEDS CULTIVATION MOWING HERBICIDES Biochemistry/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Trees/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Plants/ Plants  112 87. Moreland, D. E. ( 1999). Biochemical Mechanisms of Action of Herbicides and the Impact of Biotechnology on the Development of Herbicides. J. Pestic. Sci. 24: 299 307.

Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 70107 User Define 2: REPS, WASH, CALF, CORE, NA Chemical of Concern: SZ, HCCH, ATZ, PL, DDT, PCP, CBL, 24DXY, SXD; Rejection Code: REFS CHECKED/ REVIEW.

88. Nalewaja, J. D., Matysiak, R., and Szelezniak, E. ( 1994). Sethoxydim response to spray carrier chemical properties and environment. Weed Technology, 8 ( 3) pp. 591 597.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA.

89. NASTASI, P., FRANS, R., and MCCLELLAND, M. ( 1986). ECONOMICS AND NEW ALTERNATIVES IN COTTON GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM WEED MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS. WEED SCI; 34: 634 638.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM GRASSES SETHOXYDIM FLUAZIFOP FLUOMETURON TRIFLURALIN NET RETURNS Biochemistry/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Textiles/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses/ Plants 90. NEAL JC, SENESAC, A., and BING, A. ( 1986). VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN JUNIPER TOLERANCE OF POST EMERGENCE GRAMINICIDES. XXII INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL CONGRESS HELD AT THE 83RD ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE, DAVIS, CALIF., USA, AUG. 10 18, 1986. HORTSCIENCE; 21: 833.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT CULTIVARS BLUE RUG BAR HARBOR ANDORRA SHORE PFITZER PARSONS INJURY FLUAZIFOP P BUTYL SETHOXYDIM HALOXYFOP DPX Y6202 BAS 517 SETHOXYDIM HERBICIDE CROP INDUSTRY Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Vegetables/ Environmental Pollution/ Plant Diseases/ Weather/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Plants/ Grasses 91. NILSSON, G., JOHANSSON, I., STENLID, G., and WALLIN, A. ( 1985). STUDIES ON GRASS HERBICIDES 2. EFFECTS ON LEAF GROWTH OF WHEAT AND OAT SEEDLINGS. 14TH CONGRESS OF THE SCANDINAVIAN SOCIETY FOR PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, LJUNGSKILE, SWEDEN, AUG. 12 17, 1985. PHYSIOL PLANT; 64: 20A.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT ALLOXYDIM SODIUM SETHOXYDIM HALOXYFOPETHOXYETHYL Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Comparative Study/ Biochemistry/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses 92. Ott, Karl Heinz, Aranibar, Nelly, Singh, Bijay, and Stockton, Gerald W. ( 2003). Metabonomics classifies pathways affected by bioactive compounds. Artificial neural network classification of NMR spectra of plant extracts. Phytochemistry 62: 971 985.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: METHODS . The biochemical mode of action ( MOA) for herbicides and other bioactive compounds can be rapidly and simultaneously classified by automated pattern recognition of the metabonome that is embodied in the 1H NMR  113 spectrum of a crude plant extract. The ca. 300 herbicides that are used in agriculture today affect less than 30 different biochemical pathways. In this report, 19 of the most interesting MOAs were automatically classified. Corn ( Zea mays) plants were treated with various herbicides such as imazethapyr, glyphosate, sethoxydim, and diuron, which represent various biochemical modes of action such as inhibition of specific enzymes ( acetohydroxy acid synthase [ AHAS], protoporphyrin IX oxidase [ PROTOX], 5 enolpyruvylshikimate 3 phosphate synthase [ EPSPS], acetyl CoA carboxylase [ ACC ase], etc.), or protein complexes ( photosystems I and II), or major biological process such as oxidative phosphorylation, auxin transport, microtubule growth, and mitosis. Crude isolates from the treated plants were subjected to 1H NMR spectroscopy, and the spectra were classified by artificial neural network analysis to discriminate the herbicide modes of action. We demonstrate the use and refinement of the method, and present cross validated assignments for the metabolite NMR profiles of over 400 plant isolates. The MOA screen also recognizes when a new mode of action is present, which is considered extremely important for the herbicide discovery process, and can be used to study deviations in the metabolism of compounds from a chemical synthesis program. The combination of NMR metabolite profiling and neural network classification is expected to be similarly relevant to other metabonomic profiling applications, such as in drug discovery.

93. PAGE RA, OKADA, S., and HARWOOD JL ( 1994). Acetyl CoA carboxylase exerts strong flux control over lipid synthesis in plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA; 1210: 369 372.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: METHODS . BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The importance of acetyl CoA carboxylase in regulation of lipid synthesis for barley and maize leaves has been quantitatively assessed using, as specific inhibitors, the herbicides fluazifop and sethoxydim. Apparent flux control coefficients of about 0.58 and 0.52 were determined for acetyl CoA carboxylase in barley and maize leaves, respectively. These results show that acetyl CoA carboxylase is the major flux controlling enzyme for light stimulated lipid synthesis in these tissues. Amino Acids/ Peptides/ Proteins/ Lipids/ Darkness/ Light/ Lighting/ Enzymes/ Chemistry/ Enzymes/ Physiology/ Lipids/ Metabolism/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Biophysics/ Plant Growth Regulators/ Pharmacology/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Plants/ Drug Effects/ Biophysics/ Light/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Plants/ Radiation Effects/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Enzymology/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Grasses 94. PALOSAARI NR , GRONWALD JW, SOMERS DA, GENGENBACH BG, and WYSE DL ( 1992). COMPARISON OF ACETYL COENZYME A CARBOXYLASE FROM GRAMINICIDE TOLERANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE MAIZE LINES. ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS, PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, USA, AUGUST 1 5, 1992. PLANT PHYSIOL ( BETHESDA); 99 ( 1 SUPPL.). 1992. 59.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT DICLOFOP HALOXYFOP SETHOXYDIM CLETHODIM PALMITOYL COENZYME A Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Coenzymes/ Comparative Study/ Enzymes/ Enzymes/ Physiology/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Enzymology/ Cereals/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses 95. PARKER WB, MARSHALL LC, BURTON JD, SOMERS DA, WYSE DL, GRONWALD JW, and GENGENBACH BG ( 1990). Dominant mutations causing alterations in acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase confer tolerance to cyclohexanedione and aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides in maize. PROC NATL ACAD SCI U S A; 87: 7175 7179.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: IN VITRO. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. A partially dominant mutation exhibiting increased tolerance to cyclohexanedione and aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides was isolated by exposing susceptible maize ( Zea mays) tissue cultures to increasingly inhibitory concentrations of sethoxydim ( a cyclohexanedione). The selected tissue culture ( S2) was > 40 fold more tolerant to sethoxydim and 20 fold more tolerant to haloxyfop ( an  114 aryloxyphenoxypropionate) than the nonselected wild type tissue culture. Regenerated S2 plants were heterozygous for the mutant allele and exhibited a high level, but not complete, tolerance to both herbicides. Homozygous mutant families derived by self pollinating the regenerated S2 plant exhibited no injury after treatment with 0.8 kg of sethoxydim per ha, which was > 16 fold the rate lethal to wild type plants. Acetylcoenzyme A carboxylase ( ACCase; EC <IP_ADDRESS>) is the target enzyme of cyclohexanedione and aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides. ACCase activities of the nonselected wild Plants/ Cytology/ Plants/ Cytology/ Plants/* Genetics/ Biochemistry/ Nucleic Acids/ Purines/ Pyrimidines/ Amino Acids/ Peptides/ Proteins/ Dna Replication/ Transcription, Genetic/ Translation, Genetic/ Biophysics/ Macromolecular Systems/ Molecular Biology/ Coenzymes/ Comparative Study/ Enzymes/ Enzymes/ Chemistry/ Enzymes/ Physiology/ Metabolism/ Amino Acids/ Metabolism/ Peptides/ Metabolism/ Proteins/ Metabolism/ Nucleic Acids/ Metabolism/ Purines/ Metabolism/ Pyrimidines/ Metabolism/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Culture Media/ Tissue Culture/ In Vitro/ Tissue Culture/ Plants/ Anatomy & Histology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Enzymology/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Cereals/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Vegetables/ Environmental Pollution/ Plant Diseases/ Weather/ Plant Diseases/ Preventive Medicine/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses 96. PARKER WB, MARSHALL LC, DOTRAY, P., WYSE DL, GRONWALD JW, and GENGENBACH BG ( 1990). ALTERED ACETYL COENZYME A CARBOXYLASE CONFERS HERBICIDE TOLERANCE IN MAIZE AU  SOMERS DA. J CELL BIOCHEM SUPPL; 0 ( 14 PART E). 1990. 325.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT SETHOXYDIM HALOXYFOP BREEDING Congresses/ Biology/ Plants/ Cytology/ Plants/* Genetics/ Biochemistry/ Cereals/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Environmental Pollution/ Plant Diseases/ Weather/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses 97. PARKER WB, SOMERS DA, WYSE DL, KEITH RA, BURTON JD, GRONWALD JW, and GENGENBACH BG ( 1990). Selection and characterization of sethoxydim tolerant maize tissue cultures. PLANT PHYSIOL ( BETHESDA); 92: 1220 1225.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: IN VITRO. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. ' Black Mexican Sweet' ( BMS) maize ( Zea mays L.) tissue cultures were selected for tolerance of sethoxydim. Dethoxydim, a cyclohexanedione, and haloxyfop, and aryloxyphenoxypropionate, exert herbicidal activity on most monocots including maize by inhibiting acetylcoenzyme A carboxylase ( ACCase). Selected line B10S grew on medium containing 10 micromolar sethoxydim. Lines B50S and B100S were subsequent selections from B10S that grew on medium containing 50 and 100 micromolar sethoxydim, respectively. Growth rates of BMS, B10S, B50S, and B100S were similar in the absence of herbicide. Herbicide concentrations reducing growth by 50% were 0.6, 4.5, 35, and 26 micromolar sethoxydim and 0.06, 0.5, 5.4, and 1.8 micromolar haloxyfop for BMS, B10S, B50S, and B100S, respectively. Sethoxydim and haloxyfop concentrations that inhibited ACCase by 50% were similar for BMS, B10S, B50S, and B100S. However, ACCase activities were 6.1, 10.7, 16.1, and 11.4 nmol HCO3 incorporated per mil MH  AMINO ACIDS Peptides/ Proteins/ Enzymes/ Physiology/ Culture Media/ Tissue Culture/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Enzymology/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Environmental Pollution/ Plant Diseases/ Weather/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses 98. POOL RM, DUNST RM, KAMAS JS, and FENDINGER AG ( 1997). VINEYARD WEED MANAGEMENT USING NON PERSISTENT HERBICIDES. 4TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON COOL CLIMATE VITICULTURE AND ENOLOGY AND THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ENOLOGY AND VITICULTURE, EASTERN SECTION, ROCHESTER, NEW YORK, USA, JULY 1997. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ENOLOGY AND VITICULTURE; 48: 250 .

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM MEETING ABSTRACT GRAPEVINE CROP HORTICULTURE  115 VINEYARD WEED MANAGEMENT NON PERSISTENT HERBICIDE PEST MANAGEMENT PARAQUAT HERBICIDE GLYPHOSATE GLUFOSINATE SETHOXYDIM LIQUID PROPANE WEED BURNER PEST CONTROL EQUIPMENT NEW YORK USA Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Fruit/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Plants 99. PORTER WC ( 1987). CONTROL OF GRASSES IN SWEET POTATOES WITH POSTEMERGENCE HERBICIDES. 47TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE ( SOUTHERN REGION), NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE, USA, FEBRUARY 1 3, 1987. HORTSCIENCE; 22: 726 727.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT BRACHIARIA PLATYPHYLLA DIGITARIASANGUINALIS SORGHUM HALEPENSE WEEDS FLUAZIFOP P BUTYL SETHOXYDIM QUIZALOFOP HALOXYFOP METHYL CROP INDUSTRY AGRICULTURE Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Vegetables/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses/ Plants 100. PORTER WC ( 1988). EFFECT OF HERBICIDES ON STORAGE AND PLANT PRODUCTION OF SWEET POTATOES. 48TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE ( SOUTHERN REGION), NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, USA, JANUARY 31 FEBRUARY 2, 1988. HORTSCIENCE; 23 : 826.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ASBTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT WEIGHT LOSS CHLORAMBEN ALACHLOR DIETHATYL CLOMAZONE ETHIOZIN CINMETHYLIN FLUAZIFOP P HALOXYFOP SETHOXYDIM QUIZALOFOP CROP INDUSTRY AGRICULTURE Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Vegetables/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Plants 101. PORTER WC, GREEN BB, and JOHNSON CE ( 1988). RESPONSE OF WARM SEASON GRASSES TO SUBLETHAL RATES OF POSTEMERGENCE HERBICIDES. 48TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE ( SOUTHERN REGION), NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, USA, JANUARY 31 FEBRUARY 2, 1988. HORTSCIENCE; 23: 820.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT CYNODON DACTYLON PASPALUM NOTATUM SULFOMETURON GLYPHOSATE SETHOXYDIM FLUAZIFOP MEFLUIDIDE TURF CROP INDUSTRY AGRICULTURE Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Environmental Pollution/ Plant Diseases/ Weather/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses 102. Powles, S. B., Lorraine Colwill, D. F., Dellow, J. J., and Preston, C. ( 1998). Evolved resistance to glyphosate in rigid ryegrass ( Lolium rigidum) in Australia. Weed Science 46: 604 607.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SZ, SXD; Rejection Code: SURVEY. C. Preston, Department of Crop Protection, CRC for Weed Management Systems, University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. Email: cpreston@ waite. adelaide. edu. au Following 15 yr of successful use, glyphosate failed to control a population of the widespread grass weed rigid ryegrass in Australia. This population proved to be resistant to glyphosate in pot dose response experiments conducted outdoors, exhibiting 7 to 11 fold resistance when compared to a susceptible population. Some crossresistance to diclofop methyl ( about 2.5 fold) was also observed. Similar levels of control of the resistant and susceptible populations were obtained following application of amitrole, chlorsulfuron, fluazifop P butyl, paraquat, sethoxydim, simazine, or tralkoxydim. The presence of glyphosate resistance in a major weed species indicates a need for changes in glyphosate use patterns  116 English 103. Price, Lindsey J, Herbert, Derek, Cole, David J, and Harwood, John L ( 2003). Use of plant cell cultures to study graminicide effects on lipid metabolism. Phytochemistry 63: 533 541.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: IN VITRO. Graminicides belonging to the cyclohexanedione and aryloxyphenoxypropionate classes are well established to act by disrupting acyl lipid biosynthesis via specific inhibition of acetyl CoA carboxylase. Species of grass inherently resistant to such herbicides, or biotypes of grassy weed species which display acquired resistance to recommended rates of graminicide application, are known to possess an altered plastidic multifunctional acetyl CoA carboxylase showing reduced sensitivity to these herbicides in vitro. Studies reported here demonstrate that cell suspension cultures of maize, a graminicide sensitive species and Poa annua, a graminicide insensitive species, display a similar differential sensitivity of acyl lipid biosynthesis as tissue from corresponding intact plants. Acyl lipid biosynthesis in P. annua can be inhibited if sufficiently high concentrations of graminicide are used. The major plastidic form and the minor cytosolic forms of acetyl CoA carboxylase were successfully purified from maize cell suspensions, were compared to those from leaf tissue and were shown to be differentially inhibited by graminicides in a similar manner to their counterparts from leaf tissue. These studies demonstrate that cell suspensions are useful for studying the mode of action of graminicides, especially in view of the limited amount of material obtainable from many grassy species which are very fine growing. [ Journal Article; In English; United States]

104. Quintana, J. M., Harrison, H. C., Nienhuis, J., Palta, J. P., and Kmiecik, K. ( 1999). Differences in pod calcium concentration for eight snap bean and dry bean cultivars. HortScience 34: 932 934.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: Ca uptake/ Field beans/ NO TOXICANT/ Nutritional quality/ Phaseolus vulgaris/ Pulses. 0018 5345. This study was designed to compare snap and dry beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for pod Ca concentration, and to identify genetic resources that might be useful in breeding programs directed to increase Ca concentration in bean pods. Pods from eight snap bean and eight dry bean cultivars were evaluated for Ca concentration during 1995 and 1996 at Hancock, Wis. A randomized complete block design was utilized with three replications in 1995 and six in 1996. Beans were planted in June and hand harvested in August for both experiments. Soil Ca at planting time was 580 mg midline dot kg superior  superior 1 in 1995 and 500 mg midline dot kg superior  superior 1 in 1996. No additional Ca was added. Plots consisted of 10 plants each. At harvest, a pooled sample of 10 to 15 size no. 4 pods was collected from each plot. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to determine Ca content. Significant differences ( P less than or equal 0.01) were detected among and within bean types ( dry and snap). Although bean type x year interaction was nonsignificant, a strong year effect was observed ( P less than or equal 0.01). Snap beans ( 4.6 plus or minus 0.7 mg midline dot g superior  superior 1 dry weight) had significantly higher pod Ca concentration than did dry beans ( 4.2 plus orminus 0.6 mg midline dot g superior  superior 1 dry weight). Within snap beans, ' Checkmate' had the highest pod Ca concentration ( 5.5 plus or minus 0.3 mg midline dot g superior  superior 1 dry weight) and ' Nelson' the lowest ( 3.8 plus or minus 0.3 mg midline dot g superior  superior 1 dry weight). Within dry beans, ' GO122' had the highest ( 5.1 plus or minus 0.4 mg midline dot g superior  superior 1 dry weight) and ' Porrillo 70' the lowest pod Ca concentration ( 3.6 plus or minus 0.3 mg midline dot g superior  superior 1 dry weight). Six cultivars had pod Ca concentrations significantly ( P less than or equal 0.01) higher than the overall mean ( 4.4 plus or minus 0.3 mg midline dot g superior  superior 1 dry weight)

105. RENAULT, S. , SHUKLA, A., GIBLIN EM, MACKENZIE SL, and DEVINE MD ( 1997). Plasma membrane lipid composition and herbicide effects on lipoxygenase activity do not contribute to differential membrane responses in herbicide resistant and  susceptible wild oat ( Avena fatua L.) biotypes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY; 45: 3269 3275.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: IN VITRO. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Plasma membrane lipid composition of herbicide resistant ( R) and   117 susceptible ( S) wild oat biotypes was analyzed to determine the basis for the differential effect of diclofop on the transmembrane electrogenic potential between the two biotypes and reduced herbicide uptake into protoplasts of the R biotype. In addition, lipoxygenase ( LOX) activity was examined in herbicide treated and untreated R and S plants to determine its involvement in herbicide action and resistance. Overall, no significant differences in lipid composition were found between the two biotypes. Glycolipids represented 41 and 36%, phospholipids 29 and 37%, and free sterols 30 and 27% of the total plasma membrane lipid in the R and S biotypes, respectively. No differences in LOX activity were observed between the herbicide treated and untreated wild oat biotypes. It was concluded that differences in membrane transport of diclofop and its effect on plasma membrane potential in the R and S biotypes are Plants/ Cytology/ Biochemistry/ Amino Acids/ Peptides/ Proteins/ Lipids/ Biophysics/ Macromolecular Systems/ Molecular Biology/ Biophysics/ Membranes/ Physiology/ Lipids/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Enzymology/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Chemistry/ Cereals/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides 106. RENDINA AR, BEAUDOIN JD, CRAIG KENNARD AC, and FELTS JM ( 1988). SELECTIVE AND POTENT INHIBITION OF ACETYL COENZYME A CARBOXYLASE FROM SUSCEPTIBLE PLANTS BY CYCLOHEXANEDIONE GRASS HERBICIDES. 72ND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SOCIETIES FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY, LAS VEGAS, NEVADA, USA, MAY 1 5, 1988. FASEB ( FED AM SOC EXP BIOL) J; 2 ( 5). 1988. ABSTRACT 4774.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT BIOTIN ALLOXYDIM SETHOXYDIM CLETHODIM MONOCOTYLEDONS Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Amino Acids/ Peptides/ Proteins/ Enzymes/ Chemistry/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Enzymology/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Chemistry/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides 107. RENDINA AR, CRAIG KENNARD AC, BEAUDOIN JD, and BREEN MK ( 1990). Inhibition of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase by two classes of grass selective herbicides. J AGRIC FOOD CHEM; 38: 1282 1287.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: IN VITRO. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. The selective grass herbicides diclofop, haloxyfop, and trifop ((( aryloxy) phenoxy) propionic acids) and alloxydim, sethoxydim, and clethodim ( cyclohexanediones) are potent, reversible inhibitors of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase ( ACC) partially purified from barley, corn, and wheat. Although inhibition of the wheat enzyme by clethodim and diclofop is noncompetitive versus each of the substrates adenosine triphosphate ( ATP), HCO3, and acetyl coenzyme A ( acetyl CoA), diclofop and clethodim are nearly competitive versus acetyl CoA since the level of inhibition is most sensitive to the concentration of acetyl CoA ( Kis < Kii). To conclusively show whether the herbicides interact at the biotin carboxylation site or the carboxyl transfer site, the inhibition of isotope exchange and partial reactions catalyzed at each site was studied with the wheat enzyme. Only the ( 14C) acetyl CoA malonyl CoA exchange and decarboxylation of ( 14C) malonyl CoA reactions are strongly inhibited by Biochemistry/ Methods/ Biochemistry/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Enzymology/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Chemistry/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses 108. Renner, K. A. ( 1992). Timing of Herbicide Application and Potato Hilling. Am. Potato J. 69: 167 177.

Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 73892 User Define 2: WASH Chemical of Concern: MTL, EPTC, MBZ, LNR, SXD, LCF; Rejection Code: MIXTURE.

109. RETZLAFF, G. ( 1991). The role of the plasma membrane ATPase in bentazone sethoxydim antagonism. AU  COUDERCHET M. PESTIC SCI; 32: 295 306.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: IN VITRO.  118 BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. This study was carried out to gain more information concerning the mechanism by which bentazone reduces the herbicidal activity of sethoxydim. The possible roles of ATP and of the plasma membrane ATPase activity in the mechanism of antagonism were investigated. The first part of the study investigated the effect of exogenous ATP on the uptake of ( 14C) sethoxydim by wheat leaf segments. Uptake increased with ATP concentration, the magnitude of the increase depending on the time of day when the incubations were started. In the second part of the study plasma membranes from wheat leaves were isolated using two immiscible polymers, polyethylene glygol and dextran, and the activities of their ATPases were measured by monitoring the amount of inorganic phosphate produced. ATPase activity was lower in the presence of 500 muM bentazone and the magnitude of the decrease increased with the concentration of bentazone. Bentazone derivatives that reduce the uptake of sethoxydim but hv Biochemistry/ Amino Acids/ Peptides/ Proteins/ Biophysics/ Methods/ Biophysics/ Membranes/ Physiology/ Enzymes/ Chemistry/ Plants/ Anatomy & Histology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Enzymology/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses 110. RIGGS, D. IM, BELLINDER RR, and WALLACE RW ( 1991). THE EFFECT OF ONE TWO AND THREE MONTH WEED FREE PERIODS ON YIELD OF LATE SEASON TOMATOES. 88TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY PARK, PENNSYLVANIA, USA, JULY 19 24, 1991. HORTSCIENCE; 26: 768.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT METRIBUZIN SETHOXYDIM HERBICIDE WEED CONTROL PLANT PESTICIDE AGRICULTURE Congresses/ Biology/ Ecology/ Plants/ Biochemistry/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Vegetables/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Plants 111. ROBERTS, W. , ROE, N., DUTHIE, J., EDELSON, J., SHREFLER, J., CORNFORTH, G., ENIS, J., and SMITH, S. ( 1997). INTEGRATING WATERMELON AND FORAGE CROPS. 94TH ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE, SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, USA, JULY 23 26, 1997. HORTSCIENCE; 32: 539 540.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM MEETING ABSTRACT WATERMELON BERMUDAGRASS VEGETABLE CROP FORAGE CROP HORTICULTURE CROP INDUSTRY STRIP TILLAGE SETHOXYDIM HERBICIDE TILLAGE METHOD OKLAHOMA TEXAS USA Congresses/ Biology/ Animal Feed/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Fertilizers/ Soil/ Vegetables/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses/ Plants 112. ROBERTS, W. , SHREFLER, J., DUTHIE, J., and EDELSON, J. ( 1996). MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL ALTERNATIVES FOR WEED CONTROL IN WATERMELON. 56TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE, SOUTHERN REGION, GREENSBORO, NORTH CAROLINA, USA, FEBRUARY 3 5, 1996. HORTSCIENCE; 31: 758.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM MEETING ABSTRACT MEETING POSTER WATERMELONCULTIVAR ALLSWEET WEED HORTICULTURE PLANT CROP INDUSTRY WEED CONTROL NAPTALAM HERBICIDE NAPROPAMIDE CLOMAZONE + NAPTALAM BENSULIDE NAPTALAM + BENSULIDE TRIFLURALIN DCPA ETHALFLURALIN SETHOXYDIM PARAQUAT GLYPHOSATE CULTIVATION HOEING PEST MANAGEMENT Congresses/ Biology/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Fertilizers/ Soil/ Vegetables/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Plants/ Plants 113. ROGERS RB ( 1989). THE APPLICATION OF HERBICIDES WITH ULTRA SMALL DROPS. CHOW, P. N. P. ( ED.). ADJUVANTS AND AGROCHEMICALS, VOL. II. RECENT DEVELOPMENT,  119 APPLICATION, AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF AGRO ADJUVANTS; FIRST INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM, BRANDON, MANITOBA, CANADA, AUGUST 5 7, 1986. XIII+ 222P. CRC PRESS, INC.: BOCA RATON, FLORIDA, USA. ILLUS. ISBN 0 8493 6532 5; ISBN 0 8493 6533 3.; 0 93 102.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: METHODS . BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM GLYPHOSATE DICLOFOP METHYL SETHOXYDIM FLUAZIFOPBUTYL Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides 114. ROSENBERG, U. ( 1985). A NEW ADJUVANT IMPROVES THE PERFORMANCE OF SETHOXYDIM. 9TH CONFERENCE OF THE WEED SCIENCE SOCIETY OF ISRAEL, REHOVOT, ISRAEL, DEC. 24 25, 1984. PHYTOPARASITICA; 13 ( 3 4). 1985 ( RECD. 1986). 241.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT GRASS WEED CONTROL OIL SURFACTANT Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses 115. Rosenberger, A. E. and Chapman, L. J. ( 1999). Hypoxic wetland tributaries as faunal refugia from an introduced predator. Ecology of Freshwater Fish [ ECOL. FRESHWAT. FISH] 8: 22 34.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: NO TOXICANT. 0906 6691. The introduction of Nile perch ( Lates niloticus) into the Lake Victoria basin of East Africa has coincided with the decline or disappearance of hundreds of indigenous species. To mitigate additional biodiversity loss, we must learn what limits the spread of Nile perch and what habitats serve as refugia for prey species. Heavily vegetated wetlands may protect fishes from Nile perch predation by providing both structural and low oxygen refugia for prey species tolerant of hypoxia. To examine the potential of wetlands as refugia we quantified the composition, persistence, and stability of fish assemblages in a wetland tributary of Lake Nabugabo, a satellite lake of Lake Victoria in which Nile perch have been introduced. Nile perch were extremely rare in the wetland, and nine of the 18 species that have disappeared from the open waters of the satellite lake were captured in the tributary in this study. Dissolved oxygen was chronically low in the river and may be important in shaping fish community characteristics. Faunal attenuation occurred as the dry season progressed and oxygen levels dropped; however, the most common species remained through seasonal changes. The chronically low oxygen conditions in the wetland tributary may permit persistence of only hypoxia tolerant species. However, wetland conditions seem to limit exploitation by Nile perch providing critical refugia for a subset of the basin fauna 116. Roslycky, E. B. ( 1986). Microbial response to sethoxydim and its degradation in soil. Canadian Journal of Soil Science [ CAN. J. SOIL SCI.] 66: 411 419.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: FATE. This inquiry concerned microbial response to sethoxydim, a newly registered postemergence herbicide, and its persistence in soil. Recommended and lower sethoxydim concentrations had little effect on soil microflora in a sandy loam, while 1000 mu g g super( 1) a. i. caused approximately a tenfold increase in the actinomycete and bacterial populations and only slight suppression in that of fungi. None of the 359 actinomycete and only 30 of 455 bacterial soil isolates tested for sensitivity by replica plating were inhibited by 2000 mu g a. i. of sethoxydim mL super( 1). Similarly, of the 239 pure cultures of 44 species tested, only 38 were inhibited by up to 2000 and 108 by 5000 mu g a. i. of sethoxydim mL super( 1). Inhibition of respiration was generally dose related and increasing as follows: actinomycetes < fungi < total microbiota < bacteria. Low doses produced inconsistent stimulation and retardation of O sub( 2) uptake. Differences in the response to the herbicide indicated physiological heterogeneity within the groups studied. SXD sethoxydim/ herbicides/ bacteria/ fungi/ respiration/ actinomycetes/ soils/ effects on/ growth  120 117. SHANER DL ( 1994). EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT ON PERSISTENCE AND MOVEMENT OF HERBICIDES IN PLANTS. BRITISH CROP PROTECTION COUNCIL ( BCPC): FARNHAM, ENGLAND, UK. ISBN 0 948404 76 0.; 0 ( 0). 1994. 129 138.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: SURVEY. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK CHAPTER MEETING PAPER PESTICIDE PHYTOTOXICITY TEMPERATURE MOISTURE LIGHT INTENSITY EDAPHIC FACTORS CROP INDUSTRY AGRICULTURE Congresses/ Biology/ Ecology/ Plants/ Body Water/ Biochemistry/ Darkness/ Light/ Lighting/ Temperature/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Plants/ Physiology/ Water/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Temperature/ Biophysics/ Light/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Plants/ Radiation Effects/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Soil/ Fertilizers/ Soil/ Environmental Pollution/ Plant Diseases/ Weather/ Plant Diseases/ Preventive Medicine/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Plants 118. SHARMA, J. ( 1999). Response of forbs to grass herbicides, fire, and mowing in mid successional tallgrass prairies of Central Missouri. 96TH ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE, MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA, USA, JULY 27 31, 1999. YHORTSCIENCE; 34: 491.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM RESPONSE OF FORBS TO GRASS HERBICIDES, FIRE, AND MOWING IN MID SUCCESSIONAL TALLGRASS PRAIRIES OF CENTRAL MISSOURIYMEETING ABSTRACT MEETING POSTER SOLIDAGO CANADENSIS CIRSIUM DISCOLOR RUDBECKIA HIRTA TALL GOLDENROD PASTURE THISTLE BLACK EYED SUSAN FORBS HORTICULTURE MIDSUCCESSIONAL TALLGRASS PRAIRIE SETHOXYDIM HERBICIDE POASTTM FLUAZIFOP ORNAMEC 170TM BURNING MOWING CONSERVATION BEAUTIFICATION PROJECT ROADSIDES NATURE CENTERS LARGE BACKYARDS MISSOURI USA Conservation of Natural Resources/ Congresses/ Biology/ Ecology/ Plants/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Plants/ Plants 119. Sherrod, D. W. and Wilson, H. P. ( 1989). Incidence and Control of Pest Insects in Conventional and No Tillage Snap Beans. J. Entomol. Sci. 24: 161 167.

Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 73523 User Define 2: WASH, CALF, CORE Chemical of Concern: MTL, GYP, MOM, SXD; Rejection Code: MIXTURE.

120. SHIBAYA, T. ( 1985). HERBICIDES FRUIT TREES. JPN PESTIC INF; 0 ( 47). 1985 ( RECD. 1986). 28 30.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM PINEAPPLE MUME PERSIMMON CITRUS APPLE PEAR GRAPE CHERRY JAPAN Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Climate/ Fruit/ Nuts/ Fruit/ Nuts/ Tropical Climate/ Fruit/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Plants/ Plants/ Plants, Medicinal/ Plants/ Plants 121. SHOAF AR and CARLSON WC ( 1992). Stability of sethoxydim and its degradation products in solution, in soil, and on surfaces. WEED SCI; 40: 384 389.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: FATE. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. Sethoxydim reacts spontaneously with water resulting in immediate structural changes. Simulation of field conditions of light, moisture, oxygen, pH, and soil and evaporation on siliceous surfaces duplicated this lability. Sethoxydim degradation was enhanced by alkaline conditions, ultraviolet and incandescent light, and adsorption on solid surfaces. No sethoxydim was detected immediately after application to  121 moist soil. Less than 2% extractable sethoxydim was present in dry soil after 24 h. Radiation Effects/ Radiation Protection/ Biochemistry/ Darkness/ Light/ Lighting/ Humidity/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Soil/ Fertilizers/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides 122. Shukla, A., Dupont, S., and Devine, M. D. ( 1997). Resistance to ACCase inhibitor herbicides in wild oat: Evidence for target site based resistance in two biotypes from Canada. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 57: 147 155.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: in vitro. Previous results indicated that resistance to acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibiting herbicides in the wild oat biotype UM1 was not due to an insensitive form of acetyl CoA carboxylase ( ACCuse). However, reanalysis of ACCuse extracted under a variety of different buffer conditions indicated that resistance in this biotype is due to an altered form of the enzyme with reduced herbicide sensitivity. Under optimal conditions, ACCuse from UM1 was very resistant to sethoxydim ( I inferior 5 inferior 0 = 398 mu M; R/ S I inferior 5 inferior 0 ratio = 105) and resistant, although to a lesser extent, to fenoxaprop, diclofop, and tralkoxydim ( R/ S I inferior 5 inferior 0 ratios ca. 10). Use of the optimum extraction buffer for this biotype did not indicate an ACCuse based resistance mechanism for a second resistant wild oat biotype, UM33. Fenoxaprop and diclofop were metabolized at equal rates in UM33 and a susceptible biotype, indicating that enhanced herbicide metabolism was not responsible for resistance in this biotype. Further modification of the ACCuse extraction buffer revealed that resistance in UM33 was also conferred by a target site alteration. These results suggest that certain ingredients in the ACCuse extraction buffers can result in the apparent loss of resistance to herbicides and that the optimum buffer may vary for biotypes within a given species. The results also suggest that careful analysis of the sensitivity of ACCuse to herbicides is required before concluding that resistance is not based on a target site alteration. SXD 123. SMEDA RJ and VAUGHN KC ( 1994). RESISTANCE TO DINITROANILINE HERBICIDES. POWLES, S. B. AND J. A. M. HOLTUM ( ED.). HERBICIDE RESISTANCE IN PLANTS: BIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY. XI+ 353P. CRC PRESS, INC.: BOCA RATON, FLORIDA, USA; LONDON, ENGLAND, UK. ISBN0 87371 713 9. 215 228.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM BOOK CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW SELECTIVITY MODE OF ACTION TARGET SITE CROSS RESISTANCE RESISTANCE DEVELOPMENT FITNESS UPTAKE TRANSLOCATION METABOLISM CALCIUM EFFECTS Ecology/ Plants/ Biochemistry/ Metabolism/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Enzymology/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Chemistry/ Environmental Pollution/ Plant Diseases/ Weather/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Plants 124. SMEDA RJ and WELLER SC ( 1991). PLANT CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES FOR WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH. WEED SCI; 39: 497 504.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: IN VITRO. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM REVIEW METABOLISM UPTAKE AMITROLE ATRAZINE BENTAZON BROMOXYNIL CHLORSULFURON CHLORTOLURON GLYPHOSATE HALOXYFOPMETHYL METRIBUZIN PARAQUAT PROPANIL SETHOXYDIM AGRICULTURE Biochemistry/ Metabolism/ Culture Media/ Tissue Culture/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides 125. SOUZA MACHADO V and ALI, A. ( 1988). GRASS WEED CONTROL AND GINSENG PANAXQUINQUEFOLIUM L. RESPONSE TO GRAMINICIDES. 32ND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE, LONDON, ONTARIO, CANADA, AUGUST 23 27, 1987. CAN J PLANT SCI; 68: 572.  122 Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT FLUAZIFOP BUTYL SETHOXYDIM HERBICIDE CROP INDUSTRY Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses/ Plants 126. STRUVE, I., GOLLE, B., and LUETTGE, U. ( 1987). SETHOXYDIM UPTAKE BY LEAF SLICES OF SETHOXYDIM RESISTANT AND SENSITIVE GRASSES. Z NATURFORSCH SECT C BIOSCI; 42: 279 282.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: IN VITRO. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM FESTUCA OVINA FESTUCA RUBRA POA ANNUA POAPRATENSIS HERBICIDE LIPID DIFFUSION Lipids/ Darkness/ Light/ Lighting/ Temperature/ Lipids/ Metabolism/ Thermography/ Methods/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Temperature/ Biophysics/ Light/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Plants/ Radiation Effects/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses 127. Szelezniak, E. ( 1996). Influence of Mineral Salts on Sethoxydim Phytotoxicity ( Wplyw soli Mineralnych na Skutecznosc Chwastobojcza Setoksydimu). Pamiet. Pulawski 108: 59 69 ( POL) ( ENG ABS).

Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 69493 Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: NON ENGLISH.

128. TALBERT RE, OLIVER LR, FRANS RE, JOHNSON DH, WICHERT RA, KENDIG JA, RUFF DF, and MCCARTHY JT ( 1990). FIELD SCREENING OF NEW CHEMICALS FOR HERBICIDAL ACTIVITY 1989. ARKANSAS AGRIC EXP STN RES SER; 0: 1 22.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM AGRONOMY HORTICULTURE ARKANSAS USA Chemistry, Clinical/ Biochemistry/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides 129. TAYLOR WS, HIXON, M., CHI, H., MARSILII, E., and RENDINA AR ( 1995). INHIBITION OF ACETYL COENZYME A CARBOXYLASE BY COENZYME A CONJUGATES OF GRASSSELECTIVE HERBICIDES. PESTICIDE SCIENCE; 43: 177 180.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: IN VITRO. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM RESEARCH ARTICLE EC <IP_ADDRESS> PLANT WEED CONTROL LIPID BIOSYNTHESIS TARGET QUIZALOFOP SETHOXYDIM AGRICULTURE Biochemistry/ Amino Acids/ Peptides/ Proteins/ Lipids/ Enzymes/ Physiology/ Lipids/ Metabolism/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Enzymology/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Environmental Pollution/ Plant Diseases/ Weather/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses 130. Thelen, K. D., Jackson, E. P., and Penner, D. ( Characterizing the sethoxydim bentazon interaction with proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Weed Science, 43 ( 3) pp. 337 341, 1995.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: CHEM METHODS.

131. Volenberg, D. and Stoltenberg, D. ( Altered acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase confers resistance to clethodim, fluazifop and sethoxydim in Setaria faberi and Digitaria sanguinalis. Weed Research, 42 ( 5) pp. 342 350, 2002.  123 Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: IN VITRO. Populations of Setaria faberi and Digitaria sanguinalis cross resistant to sethoxydim and fluazifop P butyl were identified in a vegetable cropping system in Wisconsin, USA, in 1991 and 1992 respectively. Experiments were conducted with partially purified acetyl CoA carboxylase ( ACCase) to determine whether resistance to sethoxydim and other ACCase inhibitors in S. faberi and D. sanguinalis resulted from altered enzyme activity. Based on I< inf> 50</ inf> values ( the herbicide dose that inhibited ACCase activity by 50% compared with untreated ACCase), ACCase of the resistant accession of S. faberi was 4.8, 10.6 and 319 fold resistant to clethodim, fluazifop P acid and sethoxydim, respectively, compared with that of the susceptible accession. Similarly, ACCase of the resistant accession of D. sanguinalis was 5.8, 10.3 and 66 fold resistant to clethodim, fluazifop P acid and sethoxydim respectively. These results indicated that resistance to ACCase inhibitors in these accessions of S. faberi and D. sanguinalis resulted from an altered ACCase enzyme that confers a very high level of resistance to sethoxydim. SXD ACCase/ Aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides/ Cyclohexanedione herbicides/ Dose response/ Setaria faberi/ Digitaria sanguinalis 132. WATSCHKE TL , PRINSTER MG, and BREUNINGER JM ( 1992). PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS AND TURFGRASS MANAGEMENT. WADDINGTON, D. V., R. N. CARROW AND R. C. SHEARMAN ( ED.). AGRONOMY ( MADISON), NO. 32. TURFGRASS. XXI+ 805P. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF AGRONOMY, INC.; CROP SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA, INC.; SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA, INC. PUBLISHERS: MADISON, WISCONSIN, USA. ILLUS. ISBN 0 89118 108 3. 557 588.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: REVIEW. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM INHIBITORS SUPPRESSORS HERBICIDES PHYTOTOXICITY REDUCED MAINTENANCE Biochemistry/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Biophysics/ Plant Growth Regulators/ Pharmacology/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Plants/ Drug Effects/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Environmental Pollution/ Plant Diseases/ Weather/ Grasses 133. Watson, J. E. ( 1996). Pesticides as a Source of Pollution. Pollut. Sci. 3: 253 266.

Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 70435 User Define 2: REPS, WASH, CALF, CORE, NA Chemical of Concern: SZ, PNB, MOM, CBF, ADC, DMT, 24DXY, SXD; Rejection Code: METHODS.

134. WEBER, A. and LUETTGE, U. ( 1987). THE EFFECTS OF THE HERBICIDE SETHOXYDIM ON MEMBRANE BOUND REDOX SYSTEMS IN SENSITIVE AND NONSENSITIVE GRASS SPECIES. XIVTH INTERNATIONAL BOTANICAL CONGRESS, BERLIN, WEST GERMANY, JULY 24 AUGUST 1, 1987. INT BOT CONGR ABSTR; 17: 72.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT POA PRATENSIS FESTUCA ZEA MAYS SOLANUMTUBEROSUM FERRICYANIDE REDUCTION MITOCHONDRIA Congresses/ Biology/ Plants/ Cytology/ Biochemistry/ Biophysics/ Membranes/ Physiology/ Biophysics/ Electron Transport/ Energy Metabolism/ Oxidative Phosphorylation/ Energy Metabolism/ Respiration/ Biophysics/ Fermentation/ Plants/ Physiology/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Respiration/ Biophysics/ Plants/ Metabolism/ Environmental Pollution/ Plant Diseases/ Weather/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses/ Plants 135. WELLS DW and CONSTANTIN RJ ( 1988). TOLERANCE OF ORNAMENTAL GROUND COVERS TO POST APPLIED GRAMINICIDES. 48TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE ( SOUTHERN REGION), NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, USA, JANUARY 31 FEBRUARY 2, 1988. HORTSCIENCE; 23: 820.  124 Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT CLETHODIM CYCLOXYDIM DPX 46202 31 FENOXAPROP FLUAZIFOP P BUTYL QUIZALOFOP SETHOXYDIM CROP INDUSTRY AGRICULTURE Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Environmental Pollution/ Plant Diseases/ Weather/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides 136. WELLS DW, CONSTANTIN RJ, and FONTENOT JF ( 1986). GRASS CONTROL IN CONTAINERGROWN ORNAMENTALS WITH POSTEMERGENT HERBICIDES. ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE ( SOUTHERN REGION), ORLANDO, FLA., USA, FEB. 2 4, 1986. HORTSCIENCE; 21: 934.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT PHYTOTOXICITY SETHOXYDIM FLUAZIFOPBUTYL DICLOFOP CHLORSULFURON SULFOMETURON METHYL CGA 82725 XYLAFOP ETHYL HALOXYFOP CROP INDUSTRY Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Poisoning/ Animals, Laboratory/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Environmental Pollution/ Plant Diseases/ Weather/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses 137. WIEN HC ( 1990). COLLOQUIUM ON SUSTAINABLE COMMERCIAL VEGETABLE PRODUCTION WITH MINIMAL USE OF SYNTHETIC FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES HELD AT THE 85TH AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE ANNUAL MEETING EAST LANSING MICHIGAN USA AUGUST 9 1988. HORTSCIENCE; 25: 154 171.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM CROP INDUSTRY AGRICULTURE Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Fertilizers/ Soil/ Vegetables/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides 138. Wilcut, J. W., Wehtje, G. R., Colvin, D. L., and Patterson, M. G. ( 1987). Economic Assessment of Herbicide Systems for Minimum Tillage Peanuts. Peanut Sci. 14: 83 86.

Chem Codes: EcoReference No.: 73773 User Define 2: WASH, CALF, CORE Chemical of Concern: MTL, EFL, PDM, PAQT, OYZ, GYP, ACR, CZE, SXD, ACO, VRN; Rejection Code: MIXTURE.

139. WILCUT JW, WEHTJE GR, and PATTERSON MG ( 1987). ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF WEED CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PEANUTS ARACHIS HYPOGAEA. WEED SCI; 35: 433 437.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: NO TOX DATA. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM PANICUM TEXANUM BENEFIN ALACHLOR DINOSEB SETHOXYDIM Biochemistry/ Oils/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Legumes 140. WINKLER DA, LIEPA AJ, ANDERSON MCKAY JE, and HART NK ( 1989). A MOLECULAR GRAPHICS STUDY OF FACTORS INFLUENCING HERBICIDAL ACTIVITY OF OXIMES OF 3 ACYLTETRAHYDRO 2H PYRAN 2 4 DIONES. PESTIC SCI; 27: 45 64.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: CHEM METHODS. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM GRASS KILLERS COMPUTERS MOLAR REFRACTIVITY SETHOXYDIN AGRICULTURE PYRANDIONES ACETYL COENZYME A CARBOXYLASE GRAMINICIDAL ACTIVITY Computer Systems/ Biology/ Documentation/ Information Systems/ Biochemistry/ Biophysics/ Macromolecular Systems/ Molecular Biology/ Coenzymes/ Comparative Study/ Enzymes/  125 Plants/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses 141. WRIGHT GC, MCCLOSKEY WB, and TAYLOR KC ( 1996). A COMPARISON OF FOUR ORCHARD FLOOR MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR LEMONS IN SOUTHWESTERN ARIZONA. 93RD ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE, LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY, USA, OCTOBER 6 10, 1996. HORTSCIENCE; 31: 578.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM MEETING ABSTRACT LEMON BERMUDAGRASS SOUTHERN SANDBURR FRUITS PLANT WEED HORTICULTURE CROP INDUSTRY ORCHARD FLOOR MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES PEST MANAGEMENT SETHOXYDIM HERBICIDE SOLICAM SURFLAN CROP YIELD MOWING CHEMICAL MOWING FIELD METHOD CLEAN CULTURE DISKING ARIZONA USA Congresses/ Biology/ Biology/ Methods/ Fruit/ Nuts/ Tropical Climate/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses/ Plants 142. YARBOROUGH DE ( 1988). EFFECT OF SETHOXYDIM ON LITTLE BLUESTEM IN LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY FIELDS. 1988 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE ( NORTHEAST REGION), ORONO, MAINE, USA, JANUARY 8 9, 1988. HORTSCIENCE; 23: 677.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT ANDROPOGON SCOPARIUS HERBICIDE WEED CONTROL CROP INDUSTRY AGRICULTURE Congresses/ Biology/ Biochemistry/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Fruit/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses/ Plants 143. Yu, Qin, Shane Friesen, L. J., Zhang, Xiao Qi, and Powles, Stephen B. ( 2004). Tolerance to acetolactate synthase and acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase inhibiting herbicides in Vulpia bromoides is conferred by two co existing resistance mechanisms. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 78: 21 30.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: IN VITRO. Vulpia bromoides is a grass species naturally tolerant to acetolactate synthase ( ALS) and acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase ( ACCase) inhibiting herbicides. The mechanism of tolerance to ALS herbicides was determined as cytochrome P450 monooxygenase mediated metabolic detoxification. The ALS enzyme extract partially purified from V. bromoides shoot tissue was found to be as sensitive as that of herbicide susceptible Lolium rigidum to ALS inhibiting sulfonylurea ( SU), triazolopyrimidine ( TP), and imidazolinone ( IM) herbicides. Furthermore, phytotoxicity of the wheat selective SU herbicide chlorsulfuron was significantly enhanced in vivo in the presence of the known P450 inhibitor malathion. In contract, the biochemical basis of tolerance to ACCase inhibiting herbicides was established as an insensitive ACCase. In vitro ACCase inhibition assays showed that, compared to a herbicide susceptible L. rigidum, the V. bromoides ACCase was moderately ( 4.5 to 9.5 fold) insensitive to the aryloxyphenoxypropionate ( APP) herbicides diclofop, fluazifop, and haloxyfop and highly insensitive ( 20 to > 71 fold) to the cyclohexanedione ( CHD) herbicides sethoxydim and tralkoxydim. No differential absorption or deesterification of fluazifop P butyl was observed between the two species at 48& nbsp; h after herbicide application, and furthermore V. bromoides did not detoxify fluazifop acid as rapidly as susceptible L. rigidum. It is concluded that two co existing resistance mechanisms, i. e., an enhanced metabolism of ALS herbicides and an insensitive target ACCase, endow natural tolerance to ALS and ACCase inhibiting herbicides in V. bromoides.

144. Zagnitko, O , Jelenska, J, Tevzadze, G, Haselkorn, R, and Gornicki, P ( 2001). An isoleucine/ leucine residue in the carboxyltransferase domain of acetyl CoA carboxylase is critical for interaction with aryloxyphenoxypropionate and cyclohexanedione inhibitors. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 98 : 6617 6622.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: YEAST. cDNA fragments encoding the carboxyltransferase domain of the multidomain plastid acetyl CoA carboxylase  126 ( ACCase) from herbicide resistant maize and from herbicide sensitive and herbicide resistant Lolium rigidum were cloned and sequenced. A Leu residue was found in ACCases from herbicide resistant plants at a position occupied by Ile in all ACCases from sensitive grasses studied so far. Leu is present at the equivalent position in herbicide resistant ACCases from other eukaryotes. Chimeric ACCases containing a 1000 aa fragment of two ACCase isozymes found in a herbicide resistant maize were expressed in a yeast ACC1 null mutant to test herbicide sensitivity of the enzyme in vivo and in vitro. One of the enzymes was resistant/ tolerant, and one was sensitive to haloxyfop and sethoxydim, rendering the gene replacement yeast strains resistant and sensitive to these compounds, respectively. The sensitive enzyme has an Ile residue, and the resistant one has a Leu residue at the putative herbicide binding site. Additionally, a single Ile to Leu replacement at an equivalent position changes the wheat plastid ACCase from sensitive to resistant. The effect of the opposite substitution, Leu to Ile, makes Toxoplasma gondii apicoplast ACCase resistant to haloxyfop and clodinafop. In this case, inhibition of the carboxyltransferase activity of ACCase ( second half reaction) of a large fragment of the Toxoplasma enzyme expressed in Escherichia coli was tested. The critical amino acid residue is located close to a highly conserved motif of the carboxyltransferase domain, which is probably a part of the enzyme active site, providing the basis for the activity of fop and dim herbicides. [ Journal Article; In English; United States]

145. ZANDSTRA BH and CHASE WR ( 1995). INTERPLANTED SMALL GRAIN MANAGEMENT IN CUCUMBERS. 92ND ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE AND THE 40TH ANNUAL CONGRESS OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE, MONTREAL, QUEBEC, CANADA, JULY 30 AUGUST 3, 1995. HORTSCIENCE; 30: 754.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: ABSTRACT. BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM MEETING ABSTRACT BARLEY OATS RYE WHEAT PLANT CROP INDUSTRY HORTICULTURE WIND PROTECTION EROSION PROTECTION GRAMINICIDE SETHOXYDIM ESTABLISHMENT Congresses/ Biology/ Climate/ Ecology/ Meteorological Factors/ Biochemistry/ Cereals/ Plants/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Grasses/ Growth & Development/ Soil/ Fertilizers/ Soil/ Vegetables/ Herbicides/ Pest Control/ Pesticides/ Grasses/ Plants 146. Zhang, Hailong, Tweel, Benjamin, and Tong, Liang ( 2004). Molecular basis for the inhibition of the carboxyltransferase domain of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase by haloxyfop and diclofop. Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America 101: 5910 5915.

Chem Codes: Chemical of Concern: SXD; Rejection Code: HUMAN HEALTH. Acetyl CoA carboxylases ( ACCs) are crucial for the metabolism of fatty acids, making these enzymes important targets for the development of therapeutics against obesity, diabetes, and other diseases. The carboxyltransferase ( CT) domain of ACC is the site of action of commercial herbicides, such as haloxyfop, diclofop, and sethoxydim. We have determined the crystal structures at up to 2.5 A resolution of the CT domain of yeast ACC in complex with the herbicide haloxyfop or diclofop. The inhibitors are bound in the active site, at the interface of the dimer of the CT domain. Unexpectedly, inhibitor binding requires large conformational changes for several residues in this interface, which create a highly conserved hydrophobic pocket that extends deeply into the core of the dimer. Two residues that affect herbicide sensitivity are located in this binding site, and mutation of these residues disrupts the structure of the domain. Other residues in the binding site are strictly conserved among the CT domains. [ Journal Article; In English; United States]  127 Appendix D List of Exclusion Terms Utilized under the ECOTOX Database ( See ECOTOX Literature Search Standard Operating Procedures: Appendix G)

Note: ECOTOX exclusion terms highlighted in appear as exclusion terms in OW/ ESA Literature Search Strategy ( See Appendix D: Literature Search Strategy for the Office of Water / Services Biological Evaluation of ESA)

Note: ECOTOX exclusion terms highlighted in did not appear as exclusion terms in the OW/ ESA Literature Search Strategy, but were used to eliminate studies that were not acceptable for use in the toxicity component of the biological evaluation.

NOTE: In addition to the highlighted exclusion categories listed below, the ESA SOP also excludes biomarker studies and studies unrelated to contaminants and species of concern under the ESA efforts.

Other ambient conditions effects on organisms from changes in conditions other than addition of chemicals, including radioactivity, ultraviolet light ( UV), temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen ( DO), or other water, air, or soil parameters.

Drug testing for drug effects and side effects ( see " Applicable publications").

Oil and petroleum products  128 Incident papers reports of animal deaths by poison, etc. Lacks usable concentration or duration or both.  129 Appendix E Ecological Effects Data The ecological toxicity testing that is required by the agency does not test all species of birds or fish. Four surrogate species for freshwater fish and birds are used to represent all freshwater fish and birds in the United States and are used to determine the ecological toxicity of a pesticide. Estuarine/ marine testing is limited to crustaceans, mollusks, and fish, while mammalian studies are limited to the rat. Reptiles and amphibians are not tested. An assumption is made that the toxicity of a pesticide to birds is the same as in reptiles. The same assumption is made for amphibians and fish. The aquatic stage of the amphibian life cycle is assumed to be the same as that of a fish. The conclusions for the surrogate species apply to reptiles and amphibians as well as other birds and fish.

a. Toxicity to Terrestrial Animals I. Birds, Acute and Subacute An acute oral toxicity study using the technical grade of the active ingredient ( TGAI) is required to establish the toxicity of Sethoxydim to birds. The preferred test species is either mallard duck ( a waterfowl) or bobwhite quail ( an upland gamebird). The results of this test are tabulated below:

Avian Acute Oral Toxicity Species % ai LD 50 ( mg/ kg) Toxicity Category MRID No. Author/ Year Study Classification1 Mallard duck ( Anas platyrhynchos) 97.3 > 2510 practically non toxic 42813 Fink/ 1979 acceptable 1 Acceptable ( study satisfies guideline).

Since the LD 50 is > 2000 mg/ kg, Sethoxydim is practically non toxic to avian species on an acute oral basis. No mortalities were observed at the highest dose.

Two subacute dietary toxicity studies using the TGAI are required to establish the toxicity of Sethoxydim to birds. The preferred test species are mallard duck and bobwhite quail. Results of these tests are tabulated below.

Avian Subacute Dietary Toxicity Species % ai 5 Day LC 50 ( ppm) 1 Toxicity Category Acc. No. Author/ Year Study Classification Northern bobwhite quail ( Colinus virginianus) 97.3 > 5620 practically non toxic 42814 Fink/ 1979 acceptable Mallard duck ( Anas platyrhynchos) 97.3 > 5620 practically non toxic 72862 Fink/ 1979 acceptable 1 Test organisms observed an additional three days while on untreated feed.

Since the LC 50 is > 5000 ppm, Sethoxydim is practically non toxic to avian species on a subacute dietary basis. No mortalities were observed at the highest dose for both studies.  130 It should be noted that acute aquatic studies show a significant difference in toxicity between technical grade active ingredient (> 90% active ingredient) and the typical end use product ( between 18% and 20% active ingredient). For this reason, EFED needs to know if there is a similar difference in avian species. EFED is requesting that acute avian dietary studies using the bobwhite quail and the mallard duck be conducted with the typical end use product ( TEP  POAST ® Herbicide with 18 to 20% a. i.) and that an inert control be administered concurrently with these studies. Consequently avian toxicity data are needed on the formulated product.

ii. Birds, Chronic Avian reproduction studies using the TGAI are required for Sethoxydim because birds may be subject to repeated or continuous exposure to the pesticide, especially preceding or during the breeding season. The preferred test species are mallard duck and bobwhite quail. Avian reproduction studies may be required pending the results from the acute dietary studies with the typical end use product. Results of these studies are tabulated below.

Avian Reproduction Toxicity Species % ai Endpoint Toxicity Category Acc. No. Author/ Year Study Classification Northern bobwhite quail ( Colinus virginianus) 96.8 1000 ppm ( NOAEC) No treatment related effects 44003401 Munk/ 1996 acceptable Mallard duck ( Anas platyrhynchos) 96.8 100 ppm 1 ( LOAEC) number of normal hatchling 44003402 Beavers/ 1996 supplemental 1 No NOAEL was observed.

The avian reproduction study with the bobwhite quail showed no effects up to 1000 ppm. The most sensitive endpoint of the avian reproduction study with the mallard duck was the number of normal hatchlings at the 100 and 500 ppm levels. The NOAEC was not determined in this study. Additional avian reproduction data may be required pending the results of the avian acute dietary studies with the TEP.

iii. Mammals, Acute and Chronic Wild mammal testing is required on a case by case basis, depending on the results of lower tier laboratory mammalian studies, intended use pattern and pertinent environmental fate characteristics. In most cases, rat or mouse toxicity values obtained from the Agency's Health Effects Division ( HED) substitute for wild mammal testing. These toxicity values are reported below.

Mammalian Toxicity Species/ Study Duration % ai Test Type Toxicity Value Affected Endpoints MRID No.

laboratory rat ( Rattus norvegicus) 94.0 99% Acute Oral LD 50 3125 mg/ kg ( males) 2676 mg/ kg ( females) mortality 00045847 laboratory rat ( Rattus norvegicus) 94.0 99% 2 Gen. Rat Repro. ( NOAEL) 3000 ppm 150 mg/ kg bw/ day reproduction 1 41510606 43366401 laboratory rat ( Rattus norvegicus) POAST ® ( 18.0%) Acute Oral LD 50 5000 mg/ kg ( males) 4385 mg/ kg ( females) mortality 00046326  131 1 The rat 2 generation reproduction study ( 1983, MRID 41510606, 43366401) demonstrated both a systemic NOAEL and LOAEL of

150 mg/ kg/ day. There were no adverse effects on the reproductive performance in either sex. In addition, the study demonstrated a NOAEL and LOAEL of 30 and 150 mg/ kg/ day, respectively, for the offspring based on tail abnormalities seen in F1a and F1b offspring. Malformations were only observed in one F1b and two F2b pups. The malformations were described as thread like tail, no anal opening, malformed hindlimb, malpositioned kidneys, cleft lip, cleft palate and microphthalmia. There were no doserelated gross or microscopic lesions, or developmental variations ( cannibalism complicated the evaluation).

The results indicate that Sethoxydim technical and the formulated product POAST ® Herbicide are practically nontoxic to small mammals on an acute oral basis. The Agency does not have chronic toxicity data on the formulated product, POAST ® Herbicide.

iv. Insects A honey bee acute contact study using the TGAI shows that Sethoxydim is practically non toxic to bees. Results of this test are tabulated below.

Nontarget Insect Acute Contact Toxicity Species % ai LD 50 (

g/ bee) Toxicity Category MRID No. Author/ Year Study Classification Honey bee ( Apis mellifera) 98.9 10 practically non toxic 41510607 Nippon Soda Co. / 1981 acceptable The results indicate that Sethoxydim is practically non toxic to bees on an acute contact basis.

b. Toxicity to Freshwater Aquatic Animals I. Freshwater Fish, Acute Two freshwater fish toxicity studies using the TGAI are required to establish the toxicity of Sethoxydim to fish. The preferred test species are rainbow trout ( a coldwater fish) and bluegill sunfish ( a warm water fish). Results of these tests are tabulated below.

Freshwater Fish Acute Toxicity Species/ ( Flow through or Static) % ai 96 hour LC 50 ( ppm) ( measured/ nominal) Toxicity Category MRID No. Author/ Year Study Classification Rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) type of study is unknown 97.3 170 ai ( nominal) practically non toxic 42815 Vilkas, 1979 acceptable Bluegill sunfish ( Lepomis macrochirus) 97.3 265 ai ( nominal) practically non toxic 72863 Vilkas, 1979 acceptable Rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) static 19.3 6.2 product ( measured) moderately toxic 41885902 Bowman/ 1991 acceptable ( for formulated product) Bluegill sunfish ( Lepomis macrochirus) static 19.3 8.3 product ( measured) moderately toxic 41885901 Bowman/ 1991 acceptable ( for formulated product)  132 The above data shows that the LC 50' s for Sethoxydim technical are greater than 100 ppm, indicating that Sethoxydim technical is practically non toxic to freshwater fish on an acute basis. The LC 50' s for the formulated product of Sethoxydim, POAST ® ( 19.3% a. i.), however, are 6.2 ppm product and 8.3 ppm product for the rainbow trout and bluegill sunfish, respectively. These studies show that the formulated product is more toxic than the technical to freshwater fish on an acute basis.

ii. Freshwater Fish, Chronic There are no chronic data for fish. Freshwater fish early life stage test is required if the following criteria ( 40 CFR Part 158) have been met:

1) the product is expected to be transported from the intended use site to water; 2) the LC 50 and EC 50 values are less than 1 mg/ l 3) the EEC is greater than or equal to 0.01 of any EC 50 or LC 50 determined in acute toxicity testing ( 0.01 X 6.2 ppm ( lowest acute toxicity endpoint) = 0.06; EEC's range from 0.11 ppm to 0.08 ppm); 4) environmental fate studies indicate that Sethoxydim residues are persistent for greater than four days ( aerobic aquatic metabolism studies indicated half lives of 33 38 days).

EFED is requesting that the registrant conduct freshwater fish early life stage studies with parent Sethoxydim greater than 90% a. i. and with the formulated product  POAST ® Herbicide 18% to 20% ai, along with an inert control using the formulation " Naphthalene containing solvents".

iii. Freshwater Invertebrates, Acute A freshwater aquatic invertebrate toxicity test, using the TGAI, is required to establish the toxicity of Sethoxydim to aquatic invertebrates. The preferred test species is Daphnia magna. Results of these tests are tabulated below.

Freshwater Invertebrate Acute Toxicity Species/( Static or Flowthrough % ai 48 hour LC 50/ EC 50 ( ppm) ( measured/ nominal) Toxicity Category MRID No. Author/ Year Study Classification Waterflea ( Daphnia magna) 97.3 78.1 ai ( nominal) slightly toxic 42816 Vilkas, 1979 acceptable Waterflea ( Daphnia magna) static 19.3 13.5 product ( measured) 1 moderately toxic 41885903 Blasberg/ 1991 acceptable ( for formulated product)

1 Dose response slope is 4.73725 These studies show that Sethoxydim technical has an LC 50 of 78.1 ppm ai and is classified as slightly toxic to freshwater invertebrates on an acute basis. The formulated product of Sethoxydim has an LC 50 of 13.5 ppm product and is classified as moderately toxic to freshwater invertebrates on an acute basis.

iv. Freshwater Invertebrate, Chronic  133 There are no chronic data for invertebrates. Aquatic invertebrate life cycle test is required if the following criteria ( 40 CFR Part 158) have been met:

1) the product is expected to be transported from the intended use site to water; 2) the LC 50 and EC 50 values are less than 1 mg/ l. 3) the EEC is greater than or equal to 0.01 of any EC 50 or LC 50 determined in acute toxicity testing ( 0.01 X 6.2 ppm ( lowest acute toxicity endpoint) = 0.06; EEC's range from 0.11 ppm to 0.08 ppm); 4) environmental fate studies indicate that Sethoxydim residues are persistent for greater than four days ( aerobic aquatic metabolism studies indicated half lives of 33 38 days).

c. Toxicity to Estuarine and Marine Animals I. Estuarine and Marine Fish, Acute Acute toxicity testing with estuarine/ marine fish, using the TGAI, is required for Sethoxydim because the active ingredient is expected to reach this environment. The preferred test species is sheepshead minnow. The results of these tests are tabulated below:

Estuarine/ Marine Fish Acute Toxicity Species/( Static or Flow through) % ai 96 hour LC 50 ( ppm) ( measured/ nominal) Toxicity Category MRID No. Author/ Year Study Classification Sheepshead minnow ( Cyprinodon variegatus) static 97.8 > 145.8 ai ( measured) practically non toxic 42315101 Ward/ 1992 acceptable Sheepshead minnow ( Cyprinodon variegatus) static 18.0 19.4 product ( nominal) moderately toxic 41510602 Ward/ 1989 acceptable The LC 50 for Sethoxydim technical is greater than 145.8 mg ai/ L and is practically non toxic to estuarine/ marine fish on an acute basis. However, the LC 50 for the formulated product of Sethoxydim, POAST ® ( 18.0% a. i.), is 19.4 ppm product and is moderately toxic to estuarine/ marine fish on an acute basis.

ii. Estuarine and Marine Fish, Chronic An estuarine fish Early Life Stage study was submitted. The results are below:  134 Estuarine/ Marine Fish Early Life Stage Toxicity Under Flow through Conditions Species % ai NOAEC/ LOAEC ( ppm) Endpoints Affected MRID No. Author/ Year Study Classification Sheepshead Minnow ( Cyprinodon variegatus) 40 NOAEC = 98 ai LOAEC > 98 ai No significant effect at all doses 43614601 Graves/ 1995 supplemental This study indicated a no effect concentration ( NOAEC) greater than the highest test concentration of 98 ppm a. i., and therefore no low effect concentration ( LOAEC). The formulation utilized, POAST 3.5 EC ( Registration number 7679 129), does contain naphthalene via the petroleum solvent known as Aromatic 150.

iii. Estuarine and Marine Invertebrates, Acute Acute toxicity testing with estuarine/ marine invertebrates, using the TGAI, is required for Sethoxydim because the end use product is expected to reach this environment. The preferred test species are mysid shrimp and eastern oyster. The results of these tests are tabulated below:

Estuarine/ Marine Invertebrate Acute Toxicity Species/ Static or Flow through % ai. 96 hour LC 50/ EC 50 ( ppm) ( measured/ nominal) Toxicity Category MRID No. Author/ Year Study Classification Eastern oyster ( embryo larvae) ( Crassostrea virginica) static 94.5 = 109 ai ( measured) practically nontoxic 42537401 Linott/ 1992 acceptable Eastern oyster ( embryo larvae) ( Crassostrea virginica) static 20.4 4.4 product ( nominal) 1 moderately toxic 41607207 Ward/ 1990 acceptable Mysid ( Americamysis bahia) static 97.8 > 141.8 ai ( measured) practically nontoxic 42315102 Ward/ 1992 acceptable Mysid ( Americamysis bahia) static 18.0 4.4 product ( nominal) moderately toxic 41510604 Ward/ 1989 acceptable 1 Dose response slope is 4.8331 These studies show that the LC 50' s for Sethoxydim technical are greater than 100 ppm, and that the technical is practically non toxic to estuarine/ marine invertebrates on an acute basis. However, the formulated product of Sethoxydim, POAST ® ( 20.4% and 18.0% a. i.) is moderately toxic to estuarine/ marine invertebrates on an acute basis with LC 50' s of 4.4 ppm product for the eastern oyster and 4.4 ppm product for the mysid shrimp.

iv. Estuarine and Marine Invertebrate, Chronic An Estuarine Invertebrate Life Cycle study was submitted. The results are below:  135 Results of a supplemental test are tabulated below.

Estuarine/ Marine Invertebrate Life Cycle Toxicity Species/( Static Renewal or Flow through) % ai 21 day NOAEC/ LOAEC ( ppm) Endpoints Affected MRID No. Author/ Year Study Classification Mysid ( flow thru) ( Americamysis bahia) 43.1 NOAEC = 15.1 product NOAEC = 6.5 ppm ai survival & length 43614602 Boeri/ 1995 supplemental This study was classified as supplemental because it was conducted with 43% a. i. rather than the technical grade active ingredient ( TGAI) as required by CFR 158.490. The TEP ( 18% to 20.4% a. i.  POAST ® Herbicide) is highly toxic to estuarine/ marine invertebrates, while the TGAI is practically non toxic to estuarine/ marine invertebrates. The acute estuarine/ marine invertebrate toxicity endpoints with the TEP are less than 1 ppm. The formulation utilized, POAST 3.5 EC ( Registration number 7679 129), does contain naphthalene via the petroleum solvent known as Aromatic 150.

EFED is requesting that the registrant conduct marine/ estuarine fish early life stage studies with parent Sethoxydim greater than 90% a. i. and with the formulated product  POAST ® Herbicide. In addition, an inert control using the formulation " Naphthalene containing solvents" may need to be tested depending on questions regarding the test material.

d. Toxicity to Plants I. Terrestrial Terrestrial plant testing ( seedling emergence and vegetative vigor) is required for herbicides.

For seedling emergence and vegetative vigor testing the following plant species and groups should be tested: ( 1) six species of at least four dicotyledonous families, one species of which is soybean ( Glycine max), and the second of which is a root crop, and ( 2) four species of at least two monocotyledonous families, one of which is corn ( Zea mays). The test should be done on the TEP.

Tier I tests measure the response of plants, relative to a control, at a test level that is equal to the highest use rate ( expressed as lbs ai/ A). Results of Tier 1 toxicity testing on the technical/ TEP material are tabulated below.

Nontarget Terrestrial Plant Seedling Emergence Toxicity ( Tier I)

Species % ai Dose ( lbs ai/ A) % Response and Endpoint Affected MRID No. Author/ Year Study Classification Monocot Corn 50.5 0.47 15 ( phytotoxicity) 44204801 Maggi, 1993 supplemental Monocot Ryegrass 50.5 0.47 44 ( emergence) 62.5 ( phytotoxicity) Monocot Onion 50.5 0.47 0 ( no effect) Monocot Oat 50.5 0.47 15 ( phytotoxicity) Nontarget Terrestrial Plant Seedling Emergence Toxicity ( Tier I)

Species % ai Dose ( lbs ai/ A) % Response and Endpoint Affected MRID No. Author/ Year Study Classification  136 Dicot Root Crop Radish 50.5 0.47 0 ( no effect) Dicot Soybean 50.5 0.47 0 ( no effect) Dicot Cabbage 50.5 0.47 15( phytotoxicity) Dicot Tomato 50.5 0.47 0 ( no effect) Dicot Cucumber 50.5 0.47 0 ( no effect) Dicot Lettuce 50.5 0.47 0 ( no effect)

The Tier I seedling emergence study indicated that Sethoxydim has a greater than 25% effect versus the control for ryegrass ( 44% effect for seedling emergence and 62.5% for phytotoxicity).

Tier II tests measure the response of plants, relative to a control, at several dose concentrations ( expressed as lbs ai/ A). Results of Tier II toxicity testing on the technical/ TEP material are tabulated below.

Nontarget Terrestrial Plant Seed Germination Toxicity ( Tier II)

Species % ai EC25/ NOAEL ( lbs ai/ A) Endpoint Affected MRID No. Author/ Year Study Classification Monocot Corn 50.5 0.418/ 0.235 dry weight 43614603 Maggi/ 1994 supplemental Monocot Oat 50.5 0.197/ 0.059 dry weight Monocot Ryegrass 50.5 0.065/ 0.059 phytotoxicity For Tier II seed germination, ryegrass is the most sensitive monocot species tested. Dicot species were not tested. Seed Germination study is not currently used in risk assessment due to high uncertainty of the results due to the methodology of the test.

Nontarget Terrestrial Plant Seedling Emergence Toxicity ( Tier II)

Species % ai Percent emergence EC25/ NOAEL ( lbs ai/ A) Endpoint Affected MRID No. Author/ Year Study Classification Monocot Corn 50.5 dry weight 43614603 Maggi/ 1994 supplemental Monocot Oat 50.5 dry weight Monocot Ryegrass 50.5 0.065 / 0.059 dry weight Nontarget Terrestrial Plant Vegetative Vigor Toxicity ( Tier II)

Species % ai EC25/ NOAEC ( lbs ai/ A) Endpoint Affected MRID No. Author/ Year Study Classification Monocot ryegrass 95.4 0.029/ 0.038 1 weight 41885906 Chetram/ 1991 supplemental Monocot Onion NOAEC = 0.5 Dicot Root Crop Carrot NOAEC = 0.5 Nontarget Terrestrial Plant Vegetative Vigor Toxicity ( Tier II)

Species % ai EC25/ NOAEC ( lbs ai/ A) Endpoint Affected MRID No. Author/ Year Study Classification  137 Dicot Soybean NOAEC = 0.5 Dicot Lettuce NOAEC = 0.5 Dicot Tomato NOAEC = 0.5 Dicot Cabbage NOAEC = 0.5 Dicot Cucumber NOAEC = 0.5 1 EC25 = 0.029 lb ai/ A ( 0.023  0.037); EC50 = 0.038 lb ai/ A ( 0.033  0.044); NOAEC = 0.025 based on Williams test; Slope = 5.75, std. err. = 1.21 For the Tier II vegetative vigor studies, all dicot species had EC 25' s and NOAEC's greater than the maximum concentration tested ( 0.47 lbs ai/ A). The most sensitive EC 25, from a acceptable study, was 0.029 lbs ai/ A for ryegrass.

Guidelines call for vegetative vigor and seedling emergence studies to be tested with the TEP. The vegetative vigor study is supplemental since it was not tested with TEP.

No valid Tier II seedling emergence plant study was submitted. Seedling emergence data are needed to assess nontarget plants to Sethoxydim runoff exposure.

ii. Aquatic Plants Aquatic plant testing is required for any herbicide that has outdoor non residential terrestrial uses that may move off site by runoff ( solubility > 10 ppm in water), by drift ( aerial or irrigation), or that is applied directly to aquatic use sites ( except residential). Sethoxydim is applied aerially and may affect non target plants through drift. Additional Tier II studies are required for all low dose herbicides ( those with the maximum use rate of 0.5 lbs ai/ A or less). Sethoxydim's highest use rate is less than 0.5 lbs ai/ A. The following species are tested in Tier II: Kirchneria subcapitata, Lemna gibba, Skeletonema costatum, Anabaena flos aquae, and a freshwater diatom. Results of Tier II toxicity testing on Sethoxydim technical are tabulated below:

Nontarget Aquatic Plant Toxicity ( Tier II)