Engineering Const.
238110..................  Poured Concrete          $13.0 mil..............          261          261        4,328         4.42        2,273          101
                           Foundation and Struct.
238120..................  Structural Steel and     $13.0 mil..............          200          266        7,389         4.42        3,439          152
                           Precast Concrete.
238130..................  Framing Contractors....  $13.0 mil..............           26           26          120         4.42          153            7
238150..................  Glass and Glazing        $13.0 mil..............           42           42          328         4.42          616           27
                           Contractors.
238170..................  Siding Contractors.....  $13.0 mil..............            5            5           18         4.42          496           22
238190..................  Other Foundation,        $13.0 mil..............           49           65        1,145         4.42        1,509           67
                           Structure, and
                           Building.
238210..................  Electrical Contractors.  $13.0 mil..............           15           15          176         4.32        1,303           56
238220..................  Plumbing, Heating, and   $13.0 mil..............            2            3          196         3.86        5,835          225
                           Air-Conditioning.
238290..................  Other Building           $13.0 mil..............          113          151        4,076         4.42        3,474          154
                           Equipment Contractors.
238320..................  Painting and Wall        $13.0 mil..............           21           21          159         4.42          916           41
                           Covering Contract.
238910..................  Site Preparation         $13.0 mil..............          400          400        4,706         4.56        1,668           76
                           Contractors.
                                                                           -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          Subtotal...............  .......................        1,630        1,838       40,639
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                   Own but Do Not Rent
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115..................  New Single family        $31.0 mil..............        2,905        2,905       11,578         4.67        1,000           47
                           housing construction.
236116..................  New Multifamily housing  $31.0 mil..............          213          213        1,886         4.67        3,400          159
                           construction.
236117..................  New housing operative    $31.0 mil..............        1,263        1,263       10,212         4.67        5,104          239
                           builders.
236118..................  Residential Remodelers.  $31.0 mil..............          825          825        2,721         4.67          543           25
236210..................  Industrial building      $31.0 mil..............          223          262        7,955         4.67        2,570          120
                           construction.
236220..................  Commercial and           $31.0 mil..............        3,614        3,614       60,806         4.67        3,661          171
                           Institutional Bldg.
                           Const.
237110..................  Water and Sewer Line     $31.0 mil..............          917        1,223       17,260         5.22        2,324          121
                           Const.
237120..................  Oil and gas pipeline     $31.0 mil..............           98          131        7,885         5.22        3,743          195
                           construction.
237130..................  Power and communication  $31.0 mil..............          219          291       10,710         5.22        4,656          243
                           line const.
237210..................  Land subdivision.......  $6.0 mil...............            0            0            0        11.04            0            0
237310..................  Highway, street and      $31.0 mil..............           69           93        3,662         5.22        3,225          168
                           bridge const.
237990..................  Other heavy and civil    $31.0 mil..............          511          511        6,429         5.22        1,500           78
                           eng.
238110..................  Poured Concrete          $13.0 mil..............          108          108        2,609         4.42        1,000           44
                           foundation and struct.
238120..................  Structural steel and     $13.0 mil..............          394          394        6,162         4.42        1,425           63
                           precast concrete.
238130..................  Framing Contractors....  $13.0 mil..............        1,060        1,060       10,059         4.42          798           35
238140..................  Masonry Contractors....  $13.0 mil..............          128          128        1,108         4.42          675           30
238150..................  Glass & Glazing          $13.0 mil..............           48           48          428         4.42          900           40
                           Contractors.
238160..................  Roofing Contractors....  $13.0 mil..............          230          230        1,923         4.42          801           35

238170..................  Siding Contractors.....  $13.0 mil..............           33           33          183         4.42          600           27
238190..................  Other foundation,        $13.0 mil..............            7            7          134         4.42          900           40
                           structure, building,
                           ext.
238210..................  Electrical Contractors.  $13.0 mil..............           60           60          655         4.32        1,100           48
238220..................  Plumbing, Heating and    $13.0 mil..............           86           86          828         3.86        1,100           42
                           Air-conditioning Cont.
238290..................  Other building           $13.0 mil..............           33           44        1,051         4.42        1,664           74
                           equipment cont.
238310..................  Drywall and insulation   $13.0 mil..............            0            0            0         4.42            0            0
                           contractors.
238320..................  Painting and wall        $13.0 mil..............           37           37          199         4.42          419           19
                           covering contractors.
238330..................  Flooring Contractors...  $13.0 mil..............            0            0            0         4.42            0            0
238340..................  Tile and Terrazzo        $13.0 mil..............            0            0            0         4.42            0            0
                           contractors.
238350..................  Finish Carpentry         $13.0 mil..............            0            0            0         4.42            0            0
                           contractors.
238390..................  Other building           $13.0 mil..............            0            0            0         4.42            0            0
                           finishing contractors.
238910..................  Site Preparation.......  $13.0 mil..............          262          262        2,401         4.56          962           44
221110..................  Electric Power           4M mwh.................          293          301       99,651         4.44        7,313          325
                           Generation.
221120..................  Electric Power           4M mwh.................          337          358      319,969         4.44        6,882          306
                           Transmission, Control,
                           and Distribution.
221210..................  Natural Gas              500....................          442          591       66,991         2.98       28,428          847
                           Distribution.
321213..................  Engineered Wood Member   500....................          121          127        7,224         3.87        4,720          183
                           (except Truss)
                           Manufacturing.
321214..................  Truss Manufacturing....  500....................          871          914       43,580         3.87        4,706          182
336611..................  Ship Building and        1000...................          575          635       74,249         6.09       10,204          622
                           Repairing.
339950..................  Sign Manufacturing.....  500....................        6,261        6,339       75,956         5.83        1,532           89
423310..................  Lumber, Plywood,         100....................        5,971        6,326      130,697         2.89        7,084          204
                           Millwork, and Wood
                           Panel Merchant
                           Wholesalers.
423330..................  Roofing, Siding, and     100....................        1,025        1,173       34,547         2.89        7,159          207
                           Insulation Material
                           Merchant Wholesalers.
423390..................  Other Construction       100....................        2,181        2,296       31,377         2.89        3,260           94
                           Material Merchant
                           Wholesalers.
423730..................  Warm Air Heating and     100....................        2,364        2,958       47,265         3.08        3,790          117
                           Air-Cond. Equip. and
                           Supplies.
444110..................  Home Centers...........  $7.0 mil...............        2,409        2,575      487,206         7.70        2,335          180
454312..................  Liquefied Petroleum Gas  50.....................        2,044        2,317       37,046         4.22        2,415          102
                           (Bottled Gas) Dealers.
482110..................  Railroads..............  NA.....................           NA           NA           NA           NA           NA           NA
486210..................  Pipeline Transportation  $7.0 mil...............           65           66       18,911        13.24        8,345        1,105
                           of Natural Gas.
517110..................  Wired                    1500...................        2,517       27,159      539,359         7.10        7,294          518
                           Telecommunications
                           Carriers.
                                                                           -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          Subtotal...............  .......................       32,430       59,267    2,182,872
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                       Crane Lessees in the Construction Industry
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115..................  New Single family        $31.0 mil..............       31,038       31,038      134,788         4.67        1,480           69
                           housing construction.
236116..................  New Multifamily housing  $31.0 mil..............        2,086        2,086       13,738         4.67        3,085          144
                           construction.

236117..................  New housing operative    $31.0 mil..............       16,562       16,562       53,224         4.67        2,860          134
                           builders.
236118..................  Residential Remodelers.  $31.0 mil..............        9,846        9,846       29,319         4.67          644           30
236210..................  Industrial building      $31.0 mil..............        3,000        3,000       21,431         4.67        2,493          117
                           construction.
236220..................  Commercial and           $31.0 mil..............       40,530       40,530      393,560         4.67        4,024          188
                           Institutional Bldg.
                           Construction.
237110..................  Water and Sewer Line     $31.0 mil..............       13,715       13,715      162,842         5.22        2,863          149
                           Const.
237120..................  Oil and gas pipeline     $31.0 mil..............        1,667        1,667       34,584         5.22        4,118          215
                           construction.
237130..................  Power and communication  $31.0 mil..............        2,811        2,811       48,229         5.22        2,289          120
                           line const.
237210..................  Land subdivision.......  $6.0 mil...............            0            0            0        11.04            0            0
237310..................  Highway, street and      $31.0 mil..............        1,114        1,114       14,473         5.22        3,606          188
                           bridge const.
237990..................  Other heavy and civil    $31.0 mil..............        2,760        2,760       67,210         5.22        2,919          152
                           eng.
238110..................  Poured Concrete          $13.0 mil..............       13,273       13,273       10,782         4.42        1,189           53
                           foundation and struct.
238120..................  Structural steel and     $13.0 mil..............        3,487        3,487       57,764         4.42        1,927           85
                           precast concrete.
238130..................  Framing Contractors....  $13.0 mil..............       13,779       13,779       60,116         4.42          559           25
238140..................  Masonry Contractors....  $13.0 mil..............        1,368        1,368       10,174         4.42          814           36
238150..................  Glass & Glazing          $13.0 mil..............          542          542        4,397         4.42        1,319           58
                           Contractors.
238160..................  Roofing Contractors....  $13.0 mil..............        1,945        1,945       18,573         4.42        1,125           50
238170..................  Siding Contractors.....  $13.0 mil..............          526          526        1,455         4.42          529           23
238190..................  Other foundation,        $13.0 mil..............          256          256          881         4.42          628           28
                           structure, building,
                           ext.
238210..................  Electrical Contractors.  $13.0 mil..............          765          765        4,674         4.32          874           38
238220..................  Plumbing, Heating and    $13.0 mil..............          970          970        6,803         3.86        1,049           40
                           Air-conditioning Cont.
238290..................  Other building           $13.0 mil..............          644          644        6,996         4.42        2,068           91
                           equipment cont.
238310..................  Drywall and insulation   $13.0 mil..............            0            0            0         4.42            0            0
                           contractors.
238320..................  Painting and wall        $13.0 mil..............          414          414        2,103         4.42          513           23
                           covering contractors.
238330..................  Flooring Contractors...  $13.0 mil..............            0            0            0         4.42            0            0
238340..................  Tile and Terrazzo        $13.0 mil..............            0            0            0         4.42            0            0
                           contractors.
238350..................  Finish Carpentry         $13.0 mil..............            0            0            0         4.42            0            0
                           contractors.
238390..................  Other building           $13.0 mil..............            0            0            0         4.42            0            0
                           finishing contractors.
238910..................  Site Preparation.......  $13.0 mil..............        3,889        3,889       19,650         4.56        1,101           50
                          Subtotal...............  .......................      166,985      166,985    1,177,769
                             Total...............  .......................      204,058      232,394    3,434,175
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: U.S. Census Bureau data.
 Country Business Patters, 2006; Statistics of U.S. Businesses 2006.
 Internal Revenue Service, Source Book, profit rates over 2000-2006.
 Statistics of U.S. Business (SUSB).

         Table B-5--Industrial Profile of Very Small Entities (Less than 20 Employees) by Major Category
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                Avgerage
                                                                                -------------------------
       NAIC            Industry        Firms        Estabs     Employees   Profit rate    Revenues   Profits per
                                                                                %        per estab.     estab.
                                                                                ($1,000)     ($1,000)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Crane Rental with Operators
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
238990...........  All Other              1,065        1,065        4,824        4.10%         $614          $25
                    Specialty
                    Trade Cont.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                  Crane Rental without Operators (Bare Rentals)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
532412...........  Const./Min./           1,782        3,018       19,423         6.42          129            8
                    For. Machine &
                    Equip.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       Own and Rent Cranes with Operators
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115...........  New Single-              178          178          261         4.67          220           10
                    Family Housing
                    Const.
236118...........  Residential               25           25           45         4.67          443           21
                    Remodelers.
236210...........  Industrial                 9           12        1,067         4.67       12,213          571
                    Building
                    Construction.
236220...........  Commercial and            23           31          757         4.67        4,157          194
                    Institutional
                    Building.
237110...........  Water and Sewer           52           69        1,432         5.22        4,107          214
                    Line and
                    Related Struct.
237120...........  Oil and Gas               20           26        1,457         5.22        5,510          288
                    Pipeline and
                    Related Struct.
237130...........  Power and                 34           34          666         5.22        2,880          150
                    Communication
                    Line and Rel.
237310...........  Highway,                  80          107        6,456         5.22       11,783          615
                    Street, and
                    Bridge
                    Construction.
237990...........  Other Heavy and           76          101        5,857         5.22       10,201          533
                    Civil
                    Engineering
                    Const.
238110...........  Poured Concrete          261          261        4,328         4.42        2,273          101
                    Foundation and
                    Struct.
(All other sectors in this
 category have no very small
 affected firms)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                   Subtotal.......          758          844       22,326
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                         Own Cranes But Do Not Rent Them
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115...........  New Single             2,763        2,763       12,155         4.67          823           38
                    family housing
                    construction.
236116...........  New Multifamily          197          197        2,010         4.67        1,350           63
                    housing
                    construction.
236117...........  New housing            1,206        1,206        8,528         4.67        1,854           87
                    operative
                    builders.
236118...........  Residential              808          808        2,627         4.67          443           21
                    Remodelers.
236210...........  Industrial               209          209        6,015         4.67        1,247           58
                    building
                    construction.
236220...........  Commercial and         2,943        2,943       50,843         4.67        1,526           71
                    Institutional
                    Bldg.
                    Construction.
237110...........  Water and Sewer          900          900       13,335         5.22          702           37
                    Line Const.
237120...........  Oil and gas               63           63        3,416         5.22          708           37
                    pipeline
                    construction.
237130...........  Power and                207          207        9,177         5.22          655           34
                    communication
                    line const.
237210...........  Land                       0            0            0        11.04            0            0
                    subdivision.
237310...........  Highway, street           66           66        2,423         5.22          976           51
                    and bridge
                    const.
237990...........  Other heavy and          378          378       10,483         5.22          589           31
                    civil eng.
238110...........  Poured Concrete           46           46          531         4.42          494           22
                    foundation and
                    struct.
238120...........  Structural                90           90        1,954         4.42          659           29
                    steel and
                    precast
                    concrete.
238130...........  Framing                  981          981        8,322         4.42          374           17
                    Contractors.
238140...........  Masonry                  115          115        1,093         4.42          343           15
                    Contractors.
238150...........  Glass & Glazing           44           44          405         4.42          619           27
                    Contractors.
238160...........  Roofing                  207          207        2,378         4.42          447           20
                    Contractors.
238170...........  Siding                    31           31          127         4.42          408           18
                    Contractors.
238190...........  Other                     10           10           62         4.42          394           17
                    foundation,
                    structure,
                    building, ext.
238210...........  Electrical                54           54          541         4.32          444           19
                    Contractors.
238220...........  Plumbing,                 77           77          768         3.86          509           20
                    Heating and
                    Air-
                    conditioning
                    Contractors.
238290...........  Other building            30           30          570         4.42          714           32
                    equipment cont.
238310...........  Drywall and                0            0            0         4.42            0            0
                    insulation
                    contractors.
238320...........  Painting and              37           37          208         4.42          265           12
                    wall covering
                    contractors.
238330...........  Flooring                   0            0            0         4.42            0            0
                    Contractors.
238340...........  Tile and                   0            0            0         4.42            0            0
                    Terrazzo
                    contractors.
238350...........  Finish                     0            0            0         4.42            0            0
                    Carpentry
                    contractors.
238390...........  Other building             0            0            0         4.42            0            0
                    finishing
                    contractors.
238910...........  Site                     271          271        1,970         4.56          497           23
                    Preparation.
221110...........  Electric Power           293          301        1,288         4.44        7,513          334
                    Generation.
221120...........  Electric Power           337          358        2,272         4.44        7,311          325
                    Transmission,
                    Control, and
                    Distribution.
221210...........  Natural Gas              360          368        1,736         2.98        9,483          283
                    Distribution.
321213...........  Engineered Wood           82           82          534         3.87        1,674           65
                    Member (except
                    Truss)
                    Manufacturing.

321214...........  Truss                    408          408        3,438         3.87        1,130           44
                    Manufacturing.
336611...........  Ship Building            370          371        2,041         6.09          950           58
                    and Repairing.
339950...........  Sign                   5,312        5,316       25,236         5.83        1,303           76
                    Manufacturing.
423310...........  Lumber,                4,774        4,844       24,410         2.89        3,970          115
                    Plywood,
                    Millwork, and
                    Wood Panel
                    Merchant
                    Wholesalers.
423330...........  Roofing,                 831          857        4,764         2.89        4,461          129
                    Siding, and
                    Insulation
                    Material
                    Merchant
                    Wholesalers.
423390...........  Other                  1,886        1,907        9,298         2.89        2,199           63
                    Construction
                    Material
                    Merchant
                    Wholesalers.
423730...........  Warm Air               1,929        2,017       11,007         3.08        2,537           78
                    Heating and
                    Air-Cond.
                    Equip. and
                    Supplies.
444110...........  Home Centers...        1,879        1,904       12,389         7.70        1,344          103
454312...........  Liquefied              1,881        2,001       11,711         4.22        1,333           56
                    Petroleum Gas
                    (Bottled Gas)
                    Dealers.
482110...........  Railroads......           NA           NA           NA           NA           NA           NA
486210...........  Pipeline                  65           66          238        13.24        8,473        1,122
                    Transportation
                    of Natural Gas.
517110...........  Wired                  1,828        1,882        9,022         7.10        1,431          102
                    Telecommunicat
                    ions Carriers.
                                   -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                   Subtotal.......       33,969       11,734      139,941
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   Crane Lessees in the Construction Industry
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115...........  New Single            29,962       29,962       95,670         4.67        1,192           56
                    family housing
                    construction.
236116...........  New Multifamily        1,904        1,904        7,946         4.67        1,986           93
                    housing
                    construction.
236117...........  New housing           15,927       15,927       50,782         4.67        2,063           96
                    operative
                    builders.
236118...........  Residential            9,606        9,606       25,611         4.67          527           25
                    Remodelers.
236210...........  Industrial             2,669        2,669       13,978         4.67        1,120           52
                    building
                    construction.
236220...........  Commercial and        33,784       33,784      179,125         4.67        1,649           77
                    Institutional
                    Bldg.
                    Construction.
237110...........  Water and Sewer       11,306       11,306       59,055         5.22          841           44
                    Line Const.
237120...........  Oil and gas            1,083        1,083        4,293         5.22          666           35
                    pipeline
                    construction.
237130...........  Power and              2,149        2,149        8,580         5.22          630           33
                    communication
                    line const.
237210...........  Land                       0            0            0        11.04            0            0
                    subdivision.
237310...........  Highway, street          862          862        4,675         5.22          993           52
                    and bridge
                    const.
237990...........  Other heavy and        2,295        2,295       10,166         5.22        1,261           66
                    civil engg.
238110...........  Poured Concrete       11,886       11,886       52,606         4.42          677           30
                    foundation and
                    struct.
238120...........  Structural             2,679        2,679       14,995         4.42          945           42
                    steel and
                    precast
                    concrete.
238130...........  Framing               13,043       13,043       48,914         4.42          345           15
                    Contractors.
238140...........  Masonry                1,243        1,243        4,720         4.42          376           17
                    Contractors.
238150...........  Glass & Glazing          485          485        2,457         4.42          758           34
                    Contractors.
238160...........  Roofing                1,722        1,722        7,015         4.42          637           28
                    Contractors.
238170...........  Siding                   506          506        1,627         4.42          359           16
                    Contractors.
238190...........  Other                    237          237          909         4.42          290           13
                    foundation,
                    structure,
                    building, ext.
238210...........  Electrical               691          691        2,953         4.32          434           19
                    Contractors.
238220...........  Plumbing,                872          872        3,855         3.86          551           21
                    Heating and
                    Air-
                    conditioning
                    Contractors.
238290...........  Other building           524          524        2,726         4.42          868           38
                    equipment cont.
238310...........  Drywall and                0            0            0         4.42            0            0
                    insulation
                    contractors.
238320...........  Painting and             392          392        1,267         4.42          326           14
                    wall covering
                    contractors.
238330...........  Flooring                   0            0            0         4.42            0            0
                    Contractors.
238340...........  Tile and                   0            0            0         4.42            0            0
                    Terrazzo
                    contractors.
238350...........  Finish                     0            0            0         4.42            0            0
                    Carpentry
                    contractors.
238390...........  Other building             0            0            0         4.42            0            0
                    finishing
                    contractors.
238910...........  Site                   3,579        3,579       13,406         4.56          561           26
                    Preparation.
                                   -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                   Subtotal.......      149,403      149,403      617,328
                                   -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                   Total..........      186,977      166,064      803,843
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: ORA.
 U.S. Census Bureau data.
 Country Business Patterns, 2006; Statistics of U.S. Businesses 2006.
 Internal Revenue Service, Source Book, profit rates over 2000-2006.

4. Benefits
    The Agency received several comments in the record on the benefits
analysis in the Preliminary Economic Analysis (PEA). For example, the
commercial building supply industry noted that their industry had not
been included in the economic analysis, nor, consequently, included in
the Agency's characterization of risks and benefits. The industry
provided 2008 accident data (5 injuries related to work with cranes) to
the rulemaking record in their comments. (ID-0184; -0342; -0345.17; -
0384.1.) Stephen Yohay, representing Edison Electric Institute noted
that there was no explanation of the benefit that would result for the
electric utility industry or electric industry employees, and therefore
no evaluation of whether the benefit was reasonably related to the cost
of compliance. (ID-0203; -0335; -0342; -0345; -0372; -0380; -0381; -
0408.) The Agency was also made aware of the potential overlap of costs
and benefits of industries affected by both the construction cranes'
standard and the Agency's previously proposed standard Electric Power
Generation, Transmission, and Distribution; Electrical Protective
Equipment (subpart V), which essentially resulted in double counting of
risk reduction, or benefits, in the electric utility industry as well
as the construction industries working for the electric utility
industry in the cranes proposed standard. This oversight has been
corrected.
    The proposed standard's benefits analysis rested upon BLS' Census
of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) data for total annual fatalities
in the construction industry, an estimate that eight percent of (CFOI)
construction fatalities were crane related, and an analysis of a small
sample of fatality reports from OSHA's IMIS data indicating that 58
percent of construction crane-related fatalities could be prevented by
the proposed cranes standard. The application of the construction crane
standard to general industry sectors and the necessity of disentangling
the affect of subpart V required a different approach. The Agency
instead is relying on an analysis of four years of IMIS fatality
reports across all industries to estimate the risk reduction, or
benefits, attributed to the final cranes standard. This method has been
used by the Agency to evaluate risk reduction in virtually all of its
safety standards. The Agency collected 506 fatality reports from IMIS
across all industries for the years 2004-2007. Of these, over 200 were
found to be construction related, including some in general industry
sectors. One hundred and twenty-six of these (with 132 fatalities) were
accidents that the Agency concluded were potentially impacted by the
final standard, and the Agency estimates that 88 of these will be
prevented by the final standard, or about 22 per year. The Agency also
estimated that the final standard would prevent 175 injuries annually.
The table below describes the industry sectors with IMIS accident
fatalities that the Agency concludes are impacted (i.e., potentially
avoided) by the final standard.

 Table B-6--Avoidable Fatalities in the Construction Industry, 2004-2007
------------------------------------------------------------------------
            SIC                     Industry name           Fatalities
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1521.......................  Single-family housing                     4
                              construction.
1541.......................  Industrial buildings and                  5
                              warehouses.
1542.......................  Nonresidential                            4
                              construction, nec.
1611.......................  Highway and street                       11
                              construction.
1622.......................  Bridge, tunnel & elevated                11
                              highway.
1623.......................  Water, sewer, and utility                13
                              lines.
1629.......................  Heavy construction, nec....               7
1721.......................  Painting and paper hanging.               1
1731.......................  Electrical work............               3
1742.......................  Plastering, drywall, and                  1
                              insulation.
1751.......................  Carpentry work.............               3
1761.......................  Roofing, siding, and sheet                3
                              metal work.
1771.......................  Concrete work..............              12
1781.......................  Water well drilling........               2
1791.......................  Structural steel erection..              14
1794.......................  Excavation work............               2
1795.......................  Wrecking and demolition                   1
                              work.
1796.......................  Installing building                       3
                              equipment, nec.
1799.......................  Special trade contractors,               15
                              nec.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Agency provides a full explanation of its method of evaluating
risk reduction in the FEA in the docket, along with an Appendix (Excel
spreadsheet) of the IMIS records examined. The Agency evaluated reports
from the effect of crane regulations in California as well as the
Canadian province of Ontario. The Agency concluded that results from
these two regulatory efforts are consistent with OSHA's conclusion that
the final standard reduces risk of construction crane accidents and
injures; however, the Agency determined that review of IMIS records
would provide a better method to quantify benefits.
    This same analysis also showed that there is a serious risk of
fatalities in General Industry construction work. Table 7 shows the
fatalities in construction related work in the General Industry sectors
that have been added to the economic analysis.

          Table B-7--Fatalities That Occurred Outside Traditional Construction Industries That Could Be Avoided by the Final Standard, 2004-07
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
             Number of fatalities                     SIC                                              Industry name
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1............................................              3441   Fabricated metal products.
1............................................              4789   Transportation services.

1............................................              4911   Electric services.
1............................................              4931   Elec services and more.
1............................................              5031   Lumber, plywood, wholesale.
2............................................              5211   Lumber and other bldg. materials dealers.
6............................................              7353   Heavy construction equipment rental and leasing.
1............................................              7389   Business services, nec.
1............................................              8731   Commercial physical and biological research.
1............................................              9223   Correctional institutions.
1............................................              9999   Non-classifiable establishments.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: ORA; IMIS.

Analyzing IMIS Crane Fatality Reports
    OSHA typically measures the risk reduction, or benefit, of its
safety standards by examining accident reports. Accidents that occur
because of a failure to comply with an existing standard are not
counted as a benefit, or risk reduction, that is attributed to the
effect of the new standard. In addition, the Agency does not try to
estimate, or factor in, compliance with the new standard in estimating
costs and benefits. It estimates costs as if all employers fully
comply, and estimates benefits as if employer efforts prevent all types
of accidents, or risks, the standard addresses. The chief purpose of
the analysis is to demonstrate feasibility while providing a measure of
the size of the rule, its possible impact on industries and the
economy, and the ability to weigh and compare its costs and benefits.
The analysis is not trying to predict with precision exactly the
outcomes under the rule, which depend on employer compliance, changes
in technology and the way employers react to the new standard, and many
other factors.
    The Agency is taking a somewhat different approach to estimating
the risk reduction under the crane standard. OSHA's current
construction crane standards were adopted in 1972 under the OSH Act's
sec. 6(a), permitting the Agency to adopt existing standards and
current consensus standards without informal rulemaking. Thus, for
example, former Sec.  1926.550(b)(2) referred to the ANSI B30.5-1968
standard (that is, from the year 1968) for requirements for design,
inspection, testing, and maintenance of crawler, locomotive, and truck
cranes. The current standards were widely believed to be out of date
and ineffective; hence, the creation of the Negotiated Rulemaking
Committee (C-DAC) from affected industries and labor representatives to
address weaknesses.
    For example, the former construction crane standard had in former
Sec.  1926.550(a)(15)(i) a prohibition from working within 10 feet of
any energized overhead power line. Yet power line contact causes more
crane-related employee deaths than any other source, and the negotiated
rulemaking committee produced provisions that are meant to reduce those
fatalities. Technically, however, one could argue that it is a failure
to comply with the current standard that results in electrocutions. If
the crane, boom, wire, or load were not getting closer than 10 feet to
power lines, there would be no electrocutions. The final standard
increases the prohibited distance to 20 feet, but also includes a
number of other precautions. California recently increased the
prohibited distance to 20 feet, and reported that electrocutions due to
cranes have fallen from five over a two and one-half year period prior
to the regulation to just one in the same period of time afterward. The
reduction in the California fatalities also can be attributed to a
requirement for operator certification; this final OSHA standard also
includes this requirement.
    The Agency concludes that its final standard will result in fewer
fatalities and injuries due to a number of the provisions in the final
standard, even though there are some existing construction crane
provisions that address the same risk. This is attributed to more
specific precautions in particular sections of the rule as well as the
requirement for certifying crane operators, which potentially affects
safety in all aspects of crane operations.
    Another example where the final standard will be more protective
than current standards is in assembly/disassembly operations. Assembly/
disassembly operations are, along with power line contact, a leading
cause of fatalities in crane work. Technically, one could argue that
these fatalities could always be avoided by compliance with the current
crane standard--to follow manufacturers' specifications--which is a
general, passive, and non-specific duty. The final standard has lengthy
provisions in the final standard to prevent these types of accidents.
    OSHA believes that these types of accidents will be prevented by
compliance with the provisions of this final standard for assembly and
disassembly of equipment. Section 1926.1403 requires that equipment be
assembled in compliance with manufacturer procedures or with
alternative employer procedures designed to prevent the equipment from
collapsing. In addition, under Sec.  1926.1404, assembly must be
conducted under the supervision of a person who understands the hazards
associated with an improperly assembled crane and is well-qualified to
understand and comply with the proper assembly procedures. Section
1926.1404(f) would prohibit employees from being under the boom when
pins are removed. In situations where site constraints require an
employee to be under the boom when pins are removed, the employer must
implement other procedures, such as ensuring that the boom sections are
adequately supported, to prevent the sections from falling onto the
employee. This specific work practice alone will prevent virtually all
fatalities associated with assembly/disassembly of lattice boom cranes.
Section 1926.1404(q) contains several provisions designed to ensure
that outriggers are deployed properly before lifting a load. In
addition, the operator qualification and certification requirement of
proposed Sec.  1926.1427, which is intended to ensure that operators
understand and follow the safety requirements for the equipment they
are operating, would help prevent this type of accident.
    For informational purposes, as required by E.O. 12866 (also
following the guidance of OMB's Circular A-4), OSHA monetizes the
safety benefits of standards. OSHA assigns a value of statistical life
(VSL) to fatalities prevented by the final standard of $8.7

million per VSL. This estimate is based on the median value found by
Viscusi and Aldy in their 2003 review ($7 million in 2000 dollars),
adjusted by the GDP implicit price deflator 2000 to 2010). The total
monetized value of preventing 22 fatalities annually is about $191.4
million. For accidents, OSHA uses a willingness-to-pay methodology to
monetize the value of injuries avoided, of $50,000 in 2000 dollars;
which, when adjusted by the GDP deflator is about $62,500 in 2010
dollars. Thus, the monetized annual value of an estimated 175 injuries
avoided by the standard annually is about $10.9 million. The total
annual monetized value of avoided injuries and fatalities is about
$202.3 million.
Costs of Crane Accidents
    Several commenters noted that crane accidents represented a
substantial cost to employers in the crane industry. (ID-0341; -0342; -
0343; -0344.) In the PEA the Agency did not estimate cost savings from
avoiding crane accidents, but only estimated monetized benefits for
avoiding fatalities (the value of a statistical life, or VSL) or
injuries (a value based on willingness to pay). These cost savings do
not represent other losses associated with accidents, such as
production time lost to provide medical services to injured employees,
damage to cranes, damage to the work site or beyond, damage to the load
materials or rigging, lost time in cleaning up and repairing damage to
the worksite, lost production time while the crane is removed,
repaired, or replaced with a substitute. More obviously they do not
account for costs of crane accidents where no fatality or injury was
recorded. There are many more crane accidents that do not involve any
injury than those represented in the IMIS reports, and the Agency
concludes that the final standard will avoid these just as effectively
as the accidents where injuries occur.
    For example, there were ten tipover accidents with fatalities in
OSHA's IMIS records for 2008, and data collected in the State of
California over a three year period showed that there were 35 (mobile)
crane tipovers for the single tipover accident fatality (Op cit. Yow,
Philip, ``Crane Accidents 1997-1999 * * *.''). Since California has
about ten percent of the U.S. population and economy, this suggests
that there are on the order of 350 crane tipover accidents over a three
year period, or about 120 per year. Tipovers typically require crane
repair, lost production time for all employees at the site, and
schedule delays. Since there are firms that specialize in repairing
cranes damaged in accidents, the Agency believes that they are in fact
frequent. If the cost of these kinds of accidents are only, on average,
$100,000 each, the total annual cost savings from avoiding two-thirds
(the fraction of current crane fatalities prevented by the final
standard) of them would be about $7 million per year. That represents a
cost saving of avoiding accidents from just one cause. Although
tipovers and crane or boom collapses are likely the most expensive type
of crane accident, they represent only about 10 percent of the types of
fatal accidents.
    Tower crane collapses in urban areas, while infrequent, are very
costly, as the crane is typically lost, considerable damage done to the
worksites and structures beyond, and days if not weeks of lost
production. The Agency believes that this cost is significant, but has
no information in the record with which to estimate this source of cost
savings.
    Similarly, there are costs associated with all crane accidents,
whether or not there is an employee injury. The Agency does not have
information in the record upon which to estimate the overall number of
crane accidents, or the particular costs of the different types of
accidents, such as dropping a load, contact with power lines, and so
forth. But the Agency believes that the potential economic benefits
from reducing these with compliance with the final standard is likely
very substantial.
Insurance Savings
    An expert from the insurance industry reported that his company
offers a 10 percent reduction in general liability premiums if all an
employer's operators are certified. (ID-0343; -0345.34; -0347.) Several
commenters confirmed that fact and also said that this saving alone
more than paid for the cost of certifying operators. (ID-0343.) There
was no information in the record about the cost of general liability
insurance to employers with cranes, and so the Agency cannot compute
any cost saving based on their cost or prices. However, this possible
saving clearly shows that it is not simply OSHA that sees savings
associated with operator certification, and that employers can
reasonably expect some immediate savings associated with operator
certification (projected to cost about $51 million annually).
Net Benefits
    The monetized benefits and other benefits of the final standard are
estimated by the Agency to be $209.3 million annually ($202.3 million
from fatalities and injuries avoided, plus $7 million in avoided
tipover accident costs). The Agency has not quantified the cost savings
from many accidents which do not involve injury that will be prevented
by the final standard.
5. Technological Feasibility
    In accordance with the OSH Act, OSHA is required to demonstrate
that occupational safety and health standards promulgated by the Agency
are technologically feasible. Accordingly, OSHA reviewed the
requirements that would be imposed by the final regulation, and
assessed their technological feasibility. As a result of this review,
OSHA has determined that compliance with the requirements of the final
standard is technologically feasible for all affected industries. The
standard would require employers to perform crane inspections, utilize
qualified or certified crane operators, address ground conditions,
maintain safe distances from power lines using the encroachment
prevention precautions, and to fulfill other obligations under the
standard. Compliance with all of these requirements can be achieved
with readily and widely available technologies. Some businesses in the
affected industries already implement the requirements of the standard
to varying degrees (some states have requirements), as noted during the
SBREFA Panel. OSHA believes that there are no technological constraints
in complying with any of the proposed requirements, and received no
comments that suggested that these standards were technologically
infeasible.
6. Costs
    The Agency received comment on some unit cost estimates of specific
provisions in the PEA: Operator certification, the number of crane jobs
involving work near power lines, electric utilities providing voltage
information, de-energizing power lines, locking out automatic line re-
energizing devices, providing line wraps for power lines, and
conducting power line meetings. Based on that comment, the Agency has
revised the original cost analysis ($123 million annually), and
corrected errors noted below. The Agency estimates that the final
construction cranes standard will cost employers $154.1 million
annually.
    The Agency did not receive comment on its estimate of the number of
cranes and crane jobs per year; nor on the time and cost of provisions
on assembly/disassembly (except for ground conditions), and
inspections. The Agency also did not receive any

comment on its estimates of ``baseline'' compliance, or the fraction of
affected employers who are already performing or providing protections
required in the final standard. For example, the Agency had estimated
that, as a baseline, 30 percent of affected crane operators are already
certified. However, the Agency did receive considerable comment and new
information in several areas: the number of operators already
certified; the number of cranes, crane jobs, and certified crane
operators from individual employers or industries; the extent of
current compliance (baseline) with providing safe ground conditions and
assembly/disassembly operations; frequency of crane inspections; and
the frequency of work close to high-voltage power lines. Based on the
new information in the record, the Agency has revised several of its
baseline figures, discussed below.
    The Agency also received considerable new information about general
industry sectors that would be affected by the final standard. The
Agency has incorporated that information into its estimates of costs
for those sectors. The Agency has also updated its information about
wages, establishments, and revenues from the 2006 Statistics for U.S.
Business (SUSB) and County Business Patterns. As the number of cranes
in the PEA was, for some sectors, based on an estimate of revenues, the
number of cranes for some sectors has changed from the PEA based on
newer revenue data.
    Employers have four years from the publication date of the final
rule to comply with the requirements for operator certification. The
Agency could assess that cost across the next four years and discount
those values back to the present to add to the other annual costs of
the standard. However, assessing benefits for only part of the final
standard for several years is problematic. The Agency has concluded
that the clearest picture of cost, benefits, and impacts will be given
as if all costs and benefits of the final standard occur in the first
year. This removes the problems of parsing risk reduction from separate
provisions of the final standard for several years, in addition to
assessing when employers might comply with certification and the
resulting effects on discounting. Presenting full benefits and costs
side by side also provides the easiest view of the long-run effects of
the final standard.
    The Agency presents and discusses comment on the PEA, new
information in the record, and revisions to cost estimates in the
following sections: operator certification, power lines, assembly/
disassembly (A/D), inspections, and ground conditions. Unit costs are
explained below and presented in Table B-8. Wage rates in the PEA were
based on 2003 BLS data. The Agency has increased these base wage rates
by 19 percent for the FEA, based on more recent BLS data. Summarized
costs by provision are presented in Table B-9.
Cost of Operator Certification
    For the FEA, the Agency has increased the estimated cost of test
preparation (a course) for a third party operator exam from $500 in the
PEA to $1,500, plus, as before, $250 for the exam itself and 18 hours
of wages ($31.37/hour, total of $564). When the total initial cost
($2,064) is annualized over 5 years, the annualized amount is about
$500. In addition, based on comment in the record the Agency has
increased the baseline of current compliance in the traditional
construction industries from 30 percent to 60 percent, and assumed that
no crane operators in the affected general industry sectors have been
certified (ID-0341; -0342; -0343; -0344). The Agency also reduced the
turnover rate of crane operators from 23 percent to 5 percent, thus
reducing the number of new entrants each year who would require
certification. The annualized cost of crane operator certification is
estimated to be about $59 million per year.
    The PEA had estimated that a two-day preparation and testing would
cost employers $750 for each employee taking the operators
certification test ($500 for the prep course, and $250 for the written
and practical exam). In addition, employers would have to pay the wages
of a crane operator ($31.37 per hour with benefits) for 16 hours of his
time, plus an additional 2 hours, on average, for travel. The total
cost was estimated to be $1,314 per employee taking the crane
certification exam. The Agency annualized that one-time figure over 10
years, for an annual per operator costs of $187.
    The Agency erred in the PEA in annualizing the cost of the training
and testing over 10 years instead of five, since the certification is
only good for five years. Although, re-certification does not typically
entail the prep course and time, and future costs of certification are
therefore probably considerably much lower, the Agency concludes that
for purposes of weighing the costs and impact of the final standard,
that it will rely on the initial costs annualized over five years.
However, because the Agency accounted for turnover of operators and
estimated costs for new operators as a result of retirement for the
industry, a simple five year annualization would overestimate costs. As
a result, the Agency introduced a factor to the formula to assure that
no costs were taken for recertification of retired operators. (See full
formulas in the FEA.)
    Operator certification was the primary focus of comments on costs.
Many commenters stated that in regard to the means of crane operator
certification Option (1), or third-party testing, was the only viable
alternative. (See, e.g., ID-0151; -0342.) The Agency agrees that this
will be the primary means of certification and notes there are several
testing organizations now available, with more reportedly in the
process of being accredited. (ID-0341; -0343.)
    Michael Eggenberger of Bay Ltd provided several comments on the
unit cost of operator certification. (ID-0254.) Mr. Eggenberger
provided photocopies of invoices that showed Bay Ltd paying for NCCCO
written and practical exams, over two days, for $1,375 each. The
invoice does not make clear whether the two days included prep
training, but handwritten on each invoice is the additional information
that the invoice costs did not include prep training at $500, plus five
days' wages for each employee. The Agency concludes that Bay Ltd
provided a course of prep training and testing that lasted five days.
If Mr. Eggenberger's employees were paid the average wage (including
benefits) of $31.36 per hour that OSHA is relying on, based on BLS
data, then the total cost per employee would be $3,129 (about $1,250 in
wages, $1,375 for prep and the exam, and $500 in prep training.)
    Edison Electric Institute, representing the electric utility
industry, submitted cost data for certification ``utilizing $1,750 as
the base cost for a training course and the actual exam. EEI has
estimated that it would cost approximately $1,500 for an employee
training course, and $250 for the certification program.'' (ID-0345.17;
-0370.1.) EEI did not provide any detail about its figures.
    Comment received from James Nevel of the National Utility Training
& Safety Education Association (NUTSEA) said that ``typical training
programs that we have seen run $1200 to $1400 for classroom training
and then an additional $450+ or so for the certification testing.''
(ID-0155.1.) NUTSEA's membership of 250 ``provides safety and training
services to most of the electric cooperatives in the United States.''
    California enacted a requirement for crane operator certification
which took

effect in June 2005. That State's operator certification requirement
did not apply to digger derricks and mobile--usually truck-mounted--
cranes with a capacity below 15,000 pounds. The State estimated that
there were 5,000 mobile cranes and 700 tower cranes affected and that
about 10,000 operators would require certification (``Economic Impact
Statement,'' Attachment 1 for Crane Operator Qualifications/
Certification, Economic and Fiscal Impact Statement, STD, 399).
California estimated that there were almost 2,000 businesses that
owned, operated, or leased cranes affected by the State's regulation.
Further, the State's impact report estimated that the cost of
certification would include a physical examination ($320), a substance
abuse test ($120), and cost of a written and practical exam from a
NCCCO testing agent ($550), or a total of $990 per operator.
    The Agency received several estimates of the cost of operator
certification as part of the Small Business Advocacy Review Panel
(SBAR). John Anderson reported that he estimated certification costs at
$2,900 per employee, including five days for training, exam, and wages
(OSHA-S030A-2006-0064-0019), with the average cost of an exam $382 and
with training or prep courses $1,260 on average, and wages $1,255. Mr.
Anderson also cited a general contractor's cost of exams and prep class
of $1,375. Art Daniels of AR Daniels Construction estimated the cost of
certifying one operator to be $6,141.59, but did not provide any detail
of how the estimate was determined. Mr. Daniel also commented that the
Agency's wage estimate was too low, but his estimate included wages for
overtime which accounted for much of the difference. (OSHA-S030A-2006-
0064-0019.) Mr. Daniel also stated that no costs were included for re-
testing or loss of production. However, the Agency did include costs
for re-testing (when an operator initially fails the test) and the
value of lost production is accounted for in operator's wages. Several
participants in the SBAR panel also noted that they have no turnover
among their crane operators.
    Current OSHA standards require operators of construction cranes to
ensure that operators are trained. The Agency does not agree that the
final standard requires a five-day training and prep course for
employees to take and pass the crane operator's certification. Five-day
courses are designed not just to prepare potential operators for
certification, but to train newcomers. For example, Bob Behlman of
Behlman Builders in describing the training that he sends his crane
operator to, notes that the five-day course by a national consulting
firm that specializes in mobile crane training and inspection services
is ``designed for both newcomers to the crane operators field [and] to
those who have years of experience.'' (ID-0373.1.) Mr. Behlman notes
that the current five-day course that he provides for his crane
operators as of this time still does not include a written and
practical test, such as NCCCO or the International Union of Operating
Engineers (IUOE) offers. As Mr. Brent of NCCCO said at the public
hearing, ``a lot of those costs * * * are not associated with
certification at all. They're associated with the training process.''
(ID-0343.)
    Many testing companies provide testing along with a preparation in
either two-day or five-day courses, but virtually all commenters on the
record note that few certified operators take the preparation course
when re-certifying is done, and that re-certification is much less
costly. The preparation course is designed not to train operators on
cranes, but to help them negotiate the written test. Again, as noted
above, the Agency was not including in its estimates of the cost of
operator certification any training related to obtaining knowledge
about, or operating, a crane, which is already a duty of operators of
cranes in construction. Operators have been taking certification exams
without benefit of special preparatory courses for many years in cities
and states (such as Connecticut and New York City) that perform their
own testing of crane operators for licensing or certification. As was
pointed out in testimony, part of the resistance to third-party
certification may be that current crane operators may lack the
requisite training or skills. (ID-0343.)
    It was not incumbent upon the Agency to include purchased,
preparatory training from third party providers as a cost of the
standard. The final standard requires no such purchased training. The
Agency concludes that while many employers and crane operators will
avail themselves of the test preparation, not all will do so, and this
was recognized in comment. (ID-0343.) In terms of estimating the costs
of the final standard, it is reasonable that employees and independent
crane operators, who have already been sufficiently trained in crane
operation and may have many years' experience, certainly need no more
than a short preparation to successfully pass the crane operator
certification tests. Thus, the Agency has included as part of the cost
of the standard, $1,500 as the price of a two-day prep course for
taking the operator's written and hands-on exams.
    The Agency did not include costs of operator certification for
users of sideboom cranes found in pipeline construction (NAICS 237120
Oil and Gas Pipeline Construction) and derricks, found in water tank
construction (NAICS Water and Sewer Line Construction). Both types of
cranes are exempted from requirements for operator certification in the
final standard.
    The Agency increased the number of current crane operators in
construction who already are certified. NCCCO reported that since 1996
they had provided exams for 65,000 operators who had taken over 365,000
exams. (Operators frequently choose to be certified on several
different types of cranes. (ID-0343.)) NCCCO reported that crane
certification was primarily sought for construction cranes. The IUOE
reported that they have provided 12,000 written and 8,000 practical, or
hands-on, exams. (ID-0341.) Sixteen states now have a requirement for
operator certification or licensing. (See, e.g., -0347.1.) Four states
have their own State licensing programs. In addition, the nation's
largest cities also have their own licensing or certification
requirements. One commenter noted that in Ohio, which has no
requirement for crane operator certification, hiring certified
construction crane operators had become the norm for the industry. (ID-
0341.) Insurance representatives and other commenters at the public
hearings noted that many employers were getting their crane operators
certified as the cost was recouped from premium reductions. (ID-0341; -
0343; -0344.) Accordingly, the Agency has increased its estimate of the
number of construction crane operators who already are certified to 60
percent of current operators.
    The Agency is confident that the estimated costs of operator
certification are not underestimated. The Agency concludes that at
least 5 percent of construction cranes are owner-operated. (ID-0025; -
0341.) Since these self-employed individuals or family-owned businesses
have no employees, they will not--for purposes of following the
standard--have to be certified. In some areas, it is the custom for
crane operators to pay for their own certification. (ID-0343.) However,
a new provision in the final standard requires employers to pay for
certification in any event. NCCCO's Mr. Brent testified that: ``There
are some candidates who are paying outright. Some employers have
instituted a vesting program where some

fees are due to be repaid if the employee leaves in a certain period.''
(ID-0343.) In addition, in situations where crane operators are union
members, who may be hired out of union hiring halls, it is likely that
training and certification will be performed through the union rather
than an employer. The IUOE pays for their members' crane training and
certifications costs out of union dues (ID-0341); so while employers,
and ultimately owners of new construction projects, may pay for the
cost of union operators' certification via somewhat higher wages, there
is no immediate cost to employers or general contractors for operator
certification. In addition, many certification prep courses and exams
are offered on weekends, and there will not be any lost time of
production in such cases. (ID-0343.)
    Several small employer representatives on the Small Business
Advocacy Review Panel remarked that they had no turnover of crane
operators. (OSHA-S030A-2006-0664-0019.) Similarly, employers and
associations who provided public testimony at the standard's public
hearings also noted little or no turnover among operators. Accordingly,
the Agency concludes that although there may be transfer between
employers, crane operators are a select and highly paid group who are
unlikely to exit their field. Employers who lease cranes with
operators, which is the predominant mode of crane jobs, or who hire
from union hiring halls would experience no turnover of crane operators
at all.
Power Lines
    The Agency has revised its estimates in the PEA of the ``unit''
costs of power line work for: assembly/disassembly; crane operations
closer than 20 feet to a power line (Sec.  1926.1408); and crane
operations within the Table A distances (within 10 feet in most
instances) (Sec.  1926.1410). Comment in the record indicated that
crane operators routinely assess sites for potential power line risks.
(ID-0341; -0344.) Thus the Agency concludes that the current baseline
of compliance with assessing power line risks is 100 percent and this
provision does not impose new costs on affected employers. The Agency
did not estimate costs for work near power lines within Table A
distances for the electric utility industries, power line construction,
and electric contractors, as these employers work near power lines
under subpart V.
    The Agency has revised estimates of unit costs for some operations
near power lines. There were two primary sources for the revision of
some unit costs of power line work: the written submission by Edison
Electric Institute (EEI) reporting cost information from 16 members and
the testimony and written comment from EEI itself. (ID-0343; -0345.17.)
Based on the EEI member's information, the Agency concludes that the
cost of providing voltage information is about $200 per occurrence;
that the cost of locking out automatic line re-energizing devices is
about $320; and that it takes electric ``utility owner/operator'' or
engineers a total of six hours ($360) for travel and for participation
in planning meetings, review of procedures, and identification of a
person to implement procedures. These figures represent approximately
the median or average of estimates provided by EEI members, although
each member did not provide information about each operation. In
addition, the Agency had estimated the cost of using an insulating link
when working very close to power lines as $427 per use. Comment in the
record showed that the average cost of these devices is lower than the
Agency's estimate in the PEA of $15,000, that their working lifetime is
20 years rather than 10, and that they may require recertification each
year. (ID-0085; -0085.1; -0085.2.) Accordingly the Agency has revised
its estimated cost per use to $210 (based on the information and model
in ID-0085, but with a 7 percent discount rate). Although the final
standard may not require the use of NRTL-approved insulating links
until up to three years after the standard takes effect, the Agency is
including costs for this provision as if employers will replace their
inventory by purchasing and beginning use of NRTL-approved insulating
links in the first year that these links are available.
    The Agency has also revised the costs of planning meetings. In the
PEA the Agency concluded that four individuals would participate in
such a meeting. That model fits with operations of a traditional
lattice-boom crane. However, most cranes jobs today are of short
duration by truck-mounted cranes, and the Agency estimates that only
three individuals will typically be involved in a planning meeting.
Operations Closer Than Table A Distance
    The Agency received comment about work close to power lines that
has significantly increased its estimates of costs. (ID-0342; -
0345.17.) Unit costs for the time required of electric utilities or
professional engineers has been revised to $360 per episode; costs of
de-activating or locking automatic line reclosure devices has been
increased from about $30 to $320, and the cost of supplying voltage
information is $200.
    The Agency had estimated that cranes were performing operations
closer than 10 feet, or the Table A distance, in about 5 percent of all
crane jobs that were not assembled near power lines (which was 75
percent of the total estimated 859,000 cranes jobs per year). In
testimony, EEI's David Highland, also from Allegheny Power, referred to
the frequency of close-to-power-line work as OSHA's estimate of
``50,000 episodes'' per year. The 50,000 figure was also noted in EEI's
written testimony. (ID-0345.17.) However, OSHA's estimate of the actual
number (5 percent of 75 percent of 859,000) was approximately 32,000.
Mr. Highland also said, ``We thought it would double,'' in speaking of
the number of times construction employers would operate cranes closer
than the Table A distances.
    The former OSHA standard at former Sec.  1926.550(a)(15) permitted
work near power lines no closer than 10 feet except where they are de-
energized and grounded or when they have ``insulating barriers.'' If
power lines are not de-energized or do not have insulating barriers,
all parts of the crane, line and load, must maintain a 10-foot
clearance, with a designated person to observe clearance in situations
where the crane operator would have difficulty ensuring clearance by
visual means; and insulating links may be used as well (former Sec.
1926.550(a)(15(iv)). In oral testimony and written comment, EEI noted
that electric utilities provide line covers now for construction crane
operations, with practices varying from region to region. All electric
utilities make use of line hoses for protection. (ID-0342.) Mr.
Highland reported that his company gave ``free line hose up to a
certain length. * * * After 20 feet, they [crane users] start paying
about 10 bucks apiece.'' (ID-0342.) Earlier in testimony, EEI said,
``Currently, many electric utilities also place line hoses on power
lines when so requested by non-utility crane contractors who need to
work within 10 feet of a power line. Usually the utility owner/operator
receives a call from a contractor prior to this work. More often than
not, however, the utility discovered that work is being performed close
to a power line when it is observed by happenstance, for many
contractors simply do not call.'' (ID-0342.) Although the electric
utility industry predicted that the number of these episodes involving
construction cranes would double or increase exponentially, and thereby
force them to incur greater costs under the standard, the Agency
disagrees. The final standard imposes

significant new procedures and costs beyond what current standards
require. Generally, one expects crane users in the affected industries
to take further steps to avoid working closer than the Table A
distances to power lines, rather than more.
    The Agency included in its cost estimates for work closer than
Table A distances the following:
     A planning meeting (2 hours for three individuals costing
about $132);
     Time and costs for the utility owner/operator or engineer
for all of their duties (6 hours or $360), i.e., planning, voltage
information, determining a minimum clearance distance, reviewing
procedures, and identification of an individual to implement
procedures;
     Request that electric utilities de-activate the automatic
re-energizing devices, which the Agency assumes will cost crane
employers $320, on average, to be paid to electric utilities;
     Use a dedicated spotter at all times (average of 4 hours,
$64.06);
     Use of an insulating link ($210); and
     Provision of barricades and grounding of equipment ($4.04
and $8.08).

The crane user must also secure voltage information from the electric
utility, but the Agency assumes that since the utility's owner/operator
or an engineer is present, this information is at hand; therefore, for
work within Table A distances, there is no separate, additional cost.
    Since line hoses or barriers are already required, and terms are
currently arranged between the crane employer and the utility, there is
no new cost for line covers under the final standard. The Agency
concludes that the crane employer faces, at a minimum, about $800 in
new costs under the final standard to work within 10 feet or the Table
A distance of a power line. If the employer must also fully compensate
the electric utility for the utility owner's or engineer's time, the
total cost is estimated at $1,100.
    The final standard seems to shift the duty and expense of line
covers wholly onto electric utilities, with crane contractors reported
as compensating electric utilities to some degree currently. (ID-0342.)
However, the limited comment on this issue in the record does not
permit an estimate of any effect.
    All other provisions of the final standard's Sec.  1926.1410 are
already being performed in current construction crane jobs close to
power lines, the Agency concludes.
Assembly/Disassembly Near Power Lines
    Under the proposed standard, before beginning crane assembly/
disassembly, the crane operator or employer must determine if any parts
of the crane or equipment may get closer than 20 feet to a power line
during A/D. If so, either the employer must have the line de-energized
(Option (1)); stay farther than 20 feet from the power line (Option
(2)); or follow the procedures in Option (3): determine the line
voltage and minimum clearance distance; prevent encroachment by having
a planning meeting and use either a dedicated spotter, proximity alarm,
a ``range control warning device,'' or an elevated warning line. The
Agency believes that by far the most common method will be to provide a
dedicated spotter during A/D. There was considerable comment in the
record that de-energizing lines was rare, difficult for regulatory
reasons, and expensive. (ID-0342.)
    The Agency has estimated costs as if A/D operations near power
lines follow Option (3) and that crane employers or owners use a
spotter to ensure that cranes stay far enough away. In the PEA, the
Agency estimated that this happened in 25 percent of crane jobs. There
was no comment on that estimate in the rulemaking, and the Agency
concludes that A/D near power lines occurs about 200,000 times per
year.
    The Agency has estimated A/D costs near power lines as follows:
     Crane operators and employers already assess distance to
power lines; so the Agency takes this as a baseline and concludes there
are no new costs due to this provision in the final standard;
     To determine voltage and the minimum clearance distance,
the Agency estimates that A/D will be close enough to the power line to
contact the utility about 25 percent of the time, costing about $50
(one-fourth of $200), on average, for each A/D episode. Most crane
operations will be near typical residential power lines of less than 50
kV, with a minimum clearance distance from Table A of 10 feet.
     Hold a planning meeting which for the typical crane
operation will consist of the crane operator, spotter, and any on-site
employer or contractor (for a lattice-boom crane that truly performs A/
D operations, many more individuals are involved in the planning
meeting as required in Sec.  1926.1407(b)(1);
     Employ a spotter to ensure that the minimum clearance
distance is maintained, and provide training for the spotter, if needed
(2 hours plus 15 minutes training).
    The Agency estimates that the total costs of providing protective
procedures during A/D near power lines for a typical crane job will
cost less than $100. Table B-9, Cost by Provision, shows that the total
costs of these operations for all affected employers is estimated to be
about $16 million annually.
Crane Operations Within 20 Feet of Power Lines (Sec.  1926.1408)
    Under the proposed standard, before beginning crane or derrick
operations, employers must either: (1) Define a work zone with
demarcated boundaries by using flags or a device such as a range-
limiting device or range-control warning device that prohibits the
operator from operating the crane past those boundaries, or (2) define
the work zone as the area 360 degrees around the crane based on the
crane's maximum working radius (see proposed Sec.  1926.1408(a)(1)).
The Agency estimates that, in most cases, the least-cost option would
be to mark the zone with flags. Based on the defined work zone, the
employer must determine whether the crane, load, or load line, if
operated to its maximum working radius, could get closer than 20 feet
to a power line.
    If the 20-foot determination is positive, then the employer would
be required to follow one of three options. If any part of the crane,
load, or load line could not come within more than 20 feet of a power
line at the crane's maximum radius, the employer would not be required
to take any further action. If the crane operations could take the
crane closer than 20 feet, the employer must either: (1) De-energize
and visibly ground the power line, (2) maintain the 20-foot clearance
by employing a spotter or other warning device, after having a planning
meeting, or (3) determine the line voltage and minimum clearance
distance and maintain that distance between all crane parts and the
power line by employing a spotter or other warning device, after having
a planning meeting.
    If the employer follows Option (2) or (3), the employer must then
maintain the appropriate distance by implementing several encroachment-
prevention procedures to ensure that the crane does not contact the
energized power lines, including: Having a planning meeting with the
operator and other workers who will be in the area of the crane, and
using either a proximity alarm, operational aids/limiting devices, a
dedicated spotter, or an elevated warning line. The Agency estimates
that a designated spotter would be used to ensure that the

appropriate distance is maintained between the crane and power line.
    In the SBAR panel process, many small entity representatives
commented on this provision. The majority believed that, most of the
time, a dedicated spotter would be used. For some, work near electric
lines was rare; for others, it occurred several times each year. In the
PEA, the Agency estimates that work potentially within 20 feet of a
power line, occurred on 22.5 percent of all crane jobs. The Agency has
simplified this estimate for the final analysis, and estimates that, as
for A/D operations near power lines, operations within 20 feet of power
lines occur about 200,000 times per year.
    Costs for working within 20 feet of power lines thus consists of:
     Identifying and demarcating a work zone and determining
the maximum swing radius of the crane (0.5 hours)
     Ensure that the crane does not come within 20 feet of the
power line by using a dedicated spotter (2 hours), or
     Determine the line voltage and maintain the minimum Table
A clearance distance by using a dedicated spotter (2 hours).
     Seek voltage information.
    The Agency estimates that, for operations near power lines, crane
employers will do so about half the time ($100, or one-half of $200),
on average, for each occurrence.
    The Agency estimates the average cost for protective measures in
the final standard for cranes to work within 20 feet of a power line is
about $160.
Crane Inspections
    The Agency received little comment on its estimates of costs of
inspections. Inspections were frequently mentioned by commenters as
necessary and already being performed. However, the industry consensus
standard requires frequent (daily to monthly) inspections and periodic
inspections (monthly to annual ones). The final standard requires daily
visual inspections, and monthly and annual inspections that must be
documented. In addition, the final standard adds more specific checks
on more equipment that the consensus standards. Thus, the Agency is
keeping its estimate that monthly and annual inspections will take 15
minutes longer than is typically done today. Due to an error in the
spreadsheet calculations, in the PEA estimates of the monthly
inspections were too high--based on an additional 30 minutes per month
rather than 15 minutes. When this error was corrected the annual
additional cost for inspections fell from about $21 million per year in
the PEA to $16 million annually. The final standard has a new provision
requiring written notification when an operational aid is broken or a
repair is necessary (Sec.  1926.1417(j)(1)). The Agency has estimated
that condition will occur to 30 percent of (122,091) cranes annually
and require 0.17 hours (10 minutes) of a crane operator's time (wage
$35.62). This cost of written notification (about $257,000 annually, or
$2 per crane, on average) has been added to the inspection costs in the
tables. The Agency has also included in the inspection costs the
estimated the cost of providing affected employees notice at the
beginning of each shift that a crane function or part is broken (Sec.
1926.1417(j)(2)). The Agency estimates that such notice will take an
average of 3 minutes for, on average, 20 days by the crane operator.
Ground Conditions and Assembly/Disassembly
    In the PEA the Agency estimated that for each crane job an
assembly/disassembly (A/D) supervisor--likely the crane operator in
many instances--would assess ground conditions and power line risks.
Many commenters reported that these functions were routinely already
performed, and the Agency has adopted that practice as its baseline.
(ID-0341; -0343.) More pointedly, most crane jobs today are performed
by truck-mounted cranes. Several commenters noted in both written
comment and oral testimony that these cranes have no assembly or
disassembly. While there is a lengthy description in the A/D provision
in the final standard, with pictures, of steps and procedures for
lattice-boom cranes, these cranes perform relatively few crane jobs. A
large lattice-boom crane may be assembled for a job lasting several
months--one crane job--while a truck-mounted hydraulic crane may
perform three or four jobs in a day. While truck-mounted cranes have
safety hazards when extending stabilizers or outriggers, these are not
the same hazards associated with lattice-boom cranes--or tower cranes
which have their own specific provisions for erection and climbing at
Sec.  1926.1435, Tower Cranes. There are also relatively few tower
cranes, which also perform a single ``crane job'' that may last many
months.
    No commenter denied that current crane operators assess conditions
prior to setting up and operating a crane. In addition to comment in
the record, several organizations provided training materials that
indicated an assessment of conditions was standard operating procedures
for crane work. (ID-0345.14; -0345.17; -0380.) The Agency eliminated
these assessment costs in the final standard, but still included A/D
costs related to work near power lines.
    There was considerable comment about ground conditions. The final
standard places responsibility for providing sufficient ground
conditions on the ``controlling entity.'' Small builders and general
contractors objected to this provision. There were several parts to
most of the criticisms. First, many builders and contractors now rely
on the crane company or the crane operator to assess conditions for
safe crane operations, for example, when hiring a crane company to set
roof trusses. (ID-0341; -0343.) In addition, many builders or
contractors who hire cranes for particular construction jobs have no
expertise in ground conditions (ID-0341), which the Agency acknowledged
in the proposal's preamble. In response to these comments, the Agency
accounted for the new burden which controlling entities will have under
the final standard.
    These costs fall primarily on the lessees of cranes or of cranes
with operators, not employers affected by the crane standard who own
their own cranes. The Agency concludes that, for estimating the costs
of the ground conditions provision, builders of large commercial,
residential, and industrial buildings and contractors do not face a new
cost since they are, in general, at the building site. However, small
builders and developers, or their supervisors or representative, may
not be at one of their sites. (ID-0341.) The Agency estimates that the
ground conditions duty will require two hours of employer time to be
present at the site to meet their obligations. However, the standard
does not require that controlling entities be physically present, and
the Agency concludes that in most cases their attendance at the site
will not be necessary because, in most situations, the ground
conditions will be dry and reasonably level, and the cranes will be
lifting materials such as roof trusses and pre-fabricated wall
sections--i.e., low-risk ground conditions. Any information that the
controlling entity has about underground risks can be communicated by
telephone. The Agency concludes that small builders in three industries
will, at most, be affected by the ground condition provision at 10
percent of their projects involving crane operations. The Agency
concludes that the typical crane job--setting roof trusses--and the
fact that these loads are generally not close to the capacity of the
truck-mounted cranes that perform the task, means that concern about
ground conditions will

not arise often. The three affected industries are: NAICS 236115 New
Single Family Housing Construction; NAICS 236117 New Housing Operative
Builders; and NAICS 236118 Residential Remodelers.
    The Agency has estimated the costs of complying with the
controlling entities' duties in regard to ground conditions for SBA-
size small entities in the three affected industries. The criterion for
``small entity'' for these industries by SBA is revenue of less than
$31 million. This is roughly comparable to construction of about 100
single family homes, and the Agency concludes that all small builders
are certainly captured within this category. Accordingly, the Agency
calculated the costs of expending two hours of time by employers for 10
percent of all crane jobs within the industry sectors by small
employers. The costs for the affected sectors are presented in Table B-
9. Table B-10 presents average annual costs per establishment across
the affected sectors. Table B-11 provides the Agency's estimate of the
number of cranes and crane jobs.
Language and Literacy
    There was also comment in the record about the difficulty some
current crane operators may have in achieving crane operator
certification due to a language barrier or weak literacy skills, and
thus the FEA also describes possible impacts on current and future
crane operators. Two testing organizations reported in the public
hearings that they neither offer crane operator testing in languages
other than English nor had any plans to do so. (ID-0341: -0343.)
Testing in other languages would not merely require translating
existing written and practical test materials, but developing and
evaluating tests as if they were completely original. There was comment
in the record that some current crane operators would not be able to
read and therefore successfully pass a test in English. (ID-0100.1; -
0243.1; -0387.) The Agency is not presenting any quantitative estimate
of the impact of the final standard on individuals with language or
literacy issues. The final standard has a new provision requiring that
certification exams ``must be administered in a language understood by
the operator candidate'' which may alleviate any burden imposed on non-
English speaking crane operators.

                  Table B-8--Unit Cost Estimates for the Cranes and Derricks Proposed Standard
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                Employee type
             Section                    Requirement             Incremental time/cost               (wage)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Assembly/Disassembly Near          Assess power line     ..................................  Current practice.
Power Lines......................   hazards.
                                   If w/in 20',          $200..............................  25% of episodes =
                                    determine voltage.                                        $50 on avg. per
                                                                                episode.
                                   Planning meeting....  20 mins...........................  Spotter ($18.35);
                                                                                operator or A/D
                                                                                director ($35.62);
                                                                                rigger ($21.12).
                                   Spotter.............  1 hour............................  Spotter/ee
                                                                                ($18.35).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Power Line Safety--Operations      Demarcate work zone.  30 mins/instance..................  Employee ($18.35).
 within 20 feet.
                                   Planning Meeting....  20 minutes........................  AD director or
                                                                                operator ($35.62);
                                                                                Rigger ($21.12)
                                                                                Employee ($18.35).
                                   Voltage information.  $200..............................  50% of time = $100
                                                                                avg.
                                   A dedicated spotter   2 hours per incident..............  Employee ($18.35),
                                    is needed.           15 minutes (each).................   AD director/
                                   Spotter training....                                       operator ($35.62).
                                                                                Employee ($18.35).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Power Line Safety--Operations      Min. clearance        6 hours, including travel.........  Professional
 (Closer Than Table A).             determination;                                            engineer (PE)
                                    voltage                                                   ($72.22) or line
                                    information;                                              owner/operator.
                                    planning meeting,
                                    review procedures,
                                    identification of
                                    implementer.
                                   Planning meeting,     2 hours...........................  Rigger ($21.12);
                                    review procedures,                                        spotter ($18.35);
                                    identify                                                  A/D director or
                                    implementer.                                              crane operator
                                                                                ($35.62).
                                   Dedicated spotter...  4 hours...........................  Employee ($18.35).
                                   Barricades/work zone  15 minutes........................  Employee ($18.35).
                                   Equipment grounding.  30 minutes........................  PE ($72.22).
                                  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   Insulating Link.....                       $210 per use.
                                  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   Written procedures..             Developed during planning meeting.
                                  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   Barricades..........  15 minutes........................  Employee ($18.36).
                                  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   Limit access........           Discussed during instruction/training.
                                  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   Non-conductive                           Current practice.
                                    rigging.
                                  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   Line covers.........  $400-800..........................  Current practice.
                                   Deactivate automatic  $320..............................  Crane employer.
                                    Reclosure devices.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Crane Inspections................  Monthly inspection..  15 minutes per crane in addition    Competent person
                                                          to current time spent (includes 2   ($22.88).
                                                          minutes per crane for
                                                          recordkeeping).
                                   Annual inspection...  15 minutes per crane in addition    Qualified person
                                                          to current time spent (includes 2   ($41.25).
                                                          minutes per crane for
                                                          recordkeeping).
                                   Repair inspections..  15 minutes per crane (includes 2    Qualified person
                                                          minutes per crane for               ($41.25).
                                                          recordkeeping).
                                   Written notification  30% of cranes annually; 0.17 hrs;.  Crane Operator
                                    of inoperable                                             ($35.62).
                                    operational aid or
                                    repair needed.
                                   Notify affected       30% of cranes annually, notify on   Crane Operator
                                    employees each        avg. for 20 days, 3 minutes each    ($35.62).
                                    shift of a broken     day.
                                    crane part or
                                    operational aid.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Operator Training for              Certify operators...   Wages for operator's training time (16 hours) for a 2-
 Certification/Qualification.                               day prep course with exams, plus 2 additional hours
                                                          for travel time. Thus, the total operator's pre-course
                                                            and exam time is 18 hours. Cost for a 2-day course
                                                           estimated to be $1,500. Total cost $2,054. Annualized
                                                          and adjusted for 5 percent turnover. Base line: 60% of
                                                               construction operators certified; 0% of crane
                                                                 operators in affected gen. indus sectors.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: Office of Regulatory Analysis; BLS 2010 Wages and Earnings.

                                           Table B-9--Annualized Compliance Cost by Sector and Major Provision
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 Number of    Number of                   Crane                                  Operator       Total
          NAIC                  Industry          affected     affected      Ground     assembly/    Power line     Crane     qualification   annualized
                                                   firms        estabs       conds     disassembly     safety    inspections  certification      cost
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                               Crane Rental with Operators
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
238990.................  All Other Specialty          1,244        1,304  ...........  ...........  ...........     $823,510    $1,689,387    $2,512,898
                          Trade Cont.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                      Crane Rental without Operators (Bare Rentals)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
532412.................  Const./Min./For.             2,137        3,702  ...........  ...........  ...........    6,644,845     3,407,886    10,052,732
                          Machine & Equip.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Own and Rent Cranes with Operators
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115.................  New Single-Family              178          178            0        6,321       26,332       13,337        26,331        72,322
                          Housing Const.
236118.................  Residential                     25           25            0        1,786        7,442        3,798         7,441        20,467
                          Remodelers.
236210.................  Industrial Building              9           12            0       23,633       98,449       50,242        98,441       270,766
                          Construction.
236220.................  Commercial and                  23           31            0       20,783       86,575       44,183        86,568       238,109
                          Institutional
                          Building.
237110.................  Water and Sewer Line            52           69            0       45,692      190,340       97,138       190,326       523,496
                          and Related Struct.
237120.................  Oil and Gas Pipeline            20           26            0       23,103       96,241       49,116        96,233       264,693
                          and Related Struct.
237130.................  Power and                       34           34            0       15,788       65,769       33,565        65,765       180,887
                          Communication Line
                          and Rel.
237310.................  Highway, Street, and            80          107            0            0            0      432,238       846,896     1,279,134
                          Bridge Construction.
237990.................  Other Heavy and Civil           76          101            0      166,149      692,126      353,220       692,074     1,903,569
                          Engineering Const.
238110.................  Poured Concrete                261          261            0       95,662      398,499      203,371       398,470     1,096,002
                          Foundation and
                          Struct.
238120.................  Structural Steel and           200          266            0      147,527      614,552      313,631       614,507     1,690,217
                          Precast Concrete.
238130.................  Framing Contractors..           26           26            0          643        2,680        1,368         2,680         7,372
238150.................  Glass and Glazing               42           42            0        4,174       17,387        8,873        17,386        47,819
                          Contractors.
238170.................  Siding Contractors...            5            5            0          400        1,667          851         1,666         4,584
238190.................  Other Foundation,               49           65            0       15,817       65,888       33,625        65,883       181,212
                          Structure, and
                          Building.

238210.................  Electrical                      15           15            0            0            0        6,700        13,128        19,828
                          Contractors.
238220.................  Plumbing, Heating,               2            3            0        2,823       11,760        6,001        11,759        32,343
                          and Air-Conditioning.
238290.................  Other Building                 113          151            0       84,587      352,364      179,826       352,338       969,116
                          Equipment
                          Contractors.
238320.................  Painting and Wall               21           21            0        3,103       12,926        6,597        12,925        35,552
                          Covering Contract.
238910.................  Site Preparation               400          400            0      107,618      448,301      228,787       448,268     1,232,974
                          Contractors.
                                               ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         Subtotal.............        1,630        1,838            0      765,611    3,189,297    2,066,467     4,049,086    10,070,461
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                   Own but Do Not Rent
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115.................  New Single family            3,097        3,097            0      242,637      832,026      424,617       831,965     2,331,245
                          housing construction.
236116.................  New Multifamily                217          217            0       17,027       58,388       29,798        58,384       163,597
                          housing construction.
236117.................  New housing operative        1,699        1,699            0      133,123      456,493      232,967       456,459     1,279,042
                          builders.
236118.................  Residential                    985          985            0       77,148      264,548      135,010       264,528       741,233
                          Remodelers.
236210.................  Industrial building            276          325            0       25,482       87,381       44,594        87,374       244,832
                          construction.
236220.................  Commercial and               4,141        4,141            0      324,459    1,112,602      567,806     1,112,520     3,117,387
                          Institutional Bldg.
                          Const.
237110.................  Water and Sewer Line         1,028        1,371            0      107,390      368,252      187,934       231,198       894,775
                          Const.
237120.................  Oil and gas pipeline           128          171            0       13,384       45,894       23,421         9,178        91,877
                          construction.
237130.................  Power and                      213          285            0            0            0       39,013        76,439       115,452
                          communication line
                          const.
237210.................  Land subdivision.....            0            0            0            0            0            0             0             0
237310.................  Highway, street and             88          118            0        9,209       31,580       16,117        31,578        88,484
                          bridge const.
237990.................  Other heavy and civil          273          273            0       21,392       73,355       37,436        73,349       205,532
                          eng.
238110.................  Poured Concrete                267          267            0       20,914       71,716       36,599        71,710       200,940
                          foundation and
                          struct.
238120.................  Structural steel and           334          334            0       26,187       89,799       45,828        89,793       251,607
                          precast concrete.
238130.................  Framing Contractors..        1,395        1,395            0      109,345      374,956      191,355       374,928     1,050,585
238140.................  Masonry Contractors..          137          137            0       10,747       36,852       18,807        36,849       103,255
238150.................  Glass & Glazing                 54           54            0        4,253       14,582        7,442        14,581        40,858
                          Contractors.
238160.................  Roofing Contractors..          197          197            0       15,405       52,826       26,959        52,822       148,013
238170.................  Siding Contractors...           53           53            0        4,129       14,158        7,225        14,157        39,668
238190.................  Other foundation,               25           25            0        1,997        6,849        3,495         6,849        19,191
                          structure, building,
                          ext.
238210.................  Electrical                      78           78            0            0            0       10,633        20,834        31,468
                          Contractors.
238220.................  Plumbing, Heating and           98           98            0        7,690       26,371       13,458        26,369        73,889
                          Air-conditioning
                          Cont.
238290.................  Other building                  49           65            0        5,103       17,498        8,930        17,496        49,027
                          equipment cont.
238310.................  Drywall and                      0            0            0            0            0            0             0             0
                          insulation
                          contractors.
238320.................  Painting and wall               41           41            0        3,248       11,139        5,685        11,138        31,211
                          covering contractors.
238330.................  Flooring Contractors.            0            0            0            0            0            0             0             0
238340.................  Tile and Terrazzo                0            0            0            0            0            0             0             0
                          contractors.
238350.................  Finish Carpentry                 0            0            0            0            0            0             0             0
                          contractors.
238390.................  Other building                   0            0            0            0            0            0             0             0
                          finishing
                          contractors.
238910.................  Site Preparation.....          389          389            0       30,454      104,430       53,295       104,422       292,601
221110.................  Electric Power                 524        2,101            0            0    2,304,000      363,390     4,063,374     6,730,763
                          Generation.
221120.................  Electric Power               1,232        7,393            0            0    9,216,000      777,517     8,694,086    18,687,603
                          Transmission,
                          Control, Dist.
221210.................  Natural Gas                    526        2,458            0      192,605      660,462      337,061     1,256,324     2,446,452
                          Distribution.
321213.................  Engineered Wood                132          162            0       12,694       43,529       22,215        82,801       161,239
                          Member (exc Truss)
                          Mfg.
321214.................  Truss Manufacturing..          902        1,085            0       85,019      291,538      148,784       554,561     1,079,902
336611.................  Ship Building and              575          635            0       21,549       73,892       37,710       281,114       414,265
                          Repairing.
339950.................  Sign Manufacturing...        6,291        6,415            0      186,336      638,966      326,091     1,215,434     2,366,828
423310.................  Lumbr, Plywd,                6,450        8,715            0            0            0            0             0             0
                          Millwork, Wd Pnl
                          Mrchnt Whle.
423330.................  Roofing, Siding, and         1,142        2,762            0            0            0            0             0             0
                          Insul Material Merch
                          Whle.
423390.................  Other Construction           2,363        3,155            0            0            0            0             0             0
                          Material Merchant
                          Whle.
423730.................  Warm Air Heating and         2,533        5,193            0      813,831    2,790,707    1,424,213     5,308,453    10,337,204
                          Air-Cond. Equip. &
                          Suppl.
444110.................  Home Centers.........        2,553        6,749            0            0            0            0             0             0

454312.................  Liquefied Petroleum          2,307        5,567            0      436,222    1,495,847      763,392     2,845,384     5,540,845
                          Gas (Bottled Gas)
                          Dealers.
482110.................  Railroads............           NA           NA           NA           NA           NA           NA            NA             0
486210.................  Pipeline                       127        1,363            0      106,803      366,237      186,906       696,651     1,356,596
                          Transportation of
                          Natural Gas.
517110.................  Wired                        2,517       27,159            0            0            0      411,384     1,533,349     1,944,733
                          Telecommunications
                          Carriers.
                                               ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         Subtotal.............       45,436       96,725            0    3,065,783   22,032,873    6,967,089    30,606,452    62,672,198
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                       Crane Lessees in the Construction Industry
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115.................  New Single family           31,054       31,054    1,276,695    2,433,344    8,344,177  ...........     2,085,890    14,140,107
                          housing construction.
236116.................  New Multifamily              2,173        2,173            0      170,273      583,883  ...........       145,960       900,116
                          housing construction.
236117.................  New housing operative       16,989       16,989      681,229    1,331,232    4,564,926  ...........     1,141,147     7,718,535
                          builders.
236118.................  Residential                  9,848        9,848      404,986      771,674    2,646,147  ...........       661,488     4,484,296
                          Remodelers.
236210.................  Industrial building          3,264        3,264            0      255,762      877,033  ...........       219,242     1,352,038
                          construction.
236220.................  Commercial and              41,438       41,438            0    3,247,019   11,134,347  ...........     2,783,381    17,164,747
                          Institutional Bldg.
                          Construction.
237110.................  Water and Sewer Line        13,774       13,774            0    1,079,310    3,701,059  ...........       925,197     5,705,566
                          Const.
237120.................  Oil and gas pipeline         1,301        1,734            0      135,874      465,924  ...........       116,472       718,270
                          construction.
237130.................  Power and                    2,147        2,862            0            0            0  ...........       192,240       192,240
                          communication line
                          const.
237210.................  Land subdivision.....            0            0            0            0            0  ...........             0             0
237310.................  Highway, street and            890        1,186            0       92,933      318,677  ...........        79,663       491,273
                          bridge const.
237990.................  Other heavy and civil        2,781        2,781            0      217,876      747,117  ...........       186,766     1,151,759
                          eng.
238110.................  Poured Concrete              1,348        1,348            0      105,592      362,085  ...........        90,515       558,192
                          foundation and
                          struct.
238120.................  Structural steel and         3,608        3,608            0      282,717      969,466  ...........       242,349     1,494,532
                          precast concrete.
238130.................  Framing Contractors..       13,974       13,974            0    1,094,981    3,754,799  ...........       938,630     5,788,411
238140.................  Masonry Contractors..        1,372        1,372            0      107,469      368,521  ...........        92,123       568,113
238150.................  Glass & Glazing                547          547            0       42,854      146,951  ...........        36,735       226,541
                          Contractors.