PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK William C. Herz Director of Scientific Programs M E M O R A N D U M TO: Product Testing Recipient FROM: William C. Herz, Director, Scientific Programs SUBJECT: Potassium Chloride Product Testing Dossier DATE: March 15, 2003 It is with great pleasure that The Fertilizer Institute ( TFI) announces the completion and distribution of the final product testing dossier for Potassium Chloride ( CAS # 7447 40 7).

As you are aware, TFI sponsored this four   year program to develop and summarize screening level hazard information for high production volume ( HPV) chemicals. The data elements generated represent a broad overview of human health and ecological parameters. These include a physical  chemical characterization, environmental fate, mammalian toxicity and ecotoxicity. A health and environmental safety data summary dossier was prepared for each of the 23 materials. It summarizes the available literature data, new testing data, category description and read across data as well as provides a conclusion regarding the inherent hazards of the material.

Upon receipt of this data a 90 calendar day regulatory trigger starts within which you must update your material safety data sheets ( MS DS). Upon first product shipment you must also notify your distributors and employers once the MS DS has been updated. These regulatory requirements are detailed in 29 CFR 1910.1200( g)( 5) and 29 CFR 1910.1200( g)( 6)( i). The requirements are found in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration " Hazard Communication Standard" ( 29 CFR 1910.1200).

Please note that by receipt of this data; you agree not to distribute or sell this data beyond your own company. PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY DATA SUMMARY DOCUMENT POTASSIUM CHLORIDE CAS NO. 7447 40 7 Prepared for:

THE FERTILIZER INSTITUTE January 27, 2003 THE WEINBERG GROUP INC. 1220 Nineteenth St, NW, Suite 300 Washington, DC 20036 2400 e mail science@ weinberggroup. com WASHINGTON NEW YORK SAN FRANCISCO BRUSSELS PARIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW................................................................................................... 1 SIDS DATA PROFILE.......................................................................................................... 7 SIDS DATA SUMMARY..................................................................................................... 8 1. GENERAL INFORMATION.................................................................................... 10 2. PHYSICAL CHEMICAL DATA.............................................................................. 14 3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS..................................................... 16 4. ECOTOXICITY......................................................................................................... 18 5. TOXICITY................................................................................................................. 23 6. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 28 APPENDICES Appendix A SIDS Data Availability Summary Appendix B SIDS Data Summaries for the Salt Compounds Category: Calcium Sulfate, Potassium Chloride, Potassium Magnesium Sulfate, Potassium Sulfate, Potassium Nitrate, and Potassium Sodium Nitrate ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS BCF Bioconcentration Factor bw Body Weight DAP Diammonium Phosphate DOT Department of Transportation FDA U. S. Food and Drug Administration g/ L Grams per Liter GLP Good Laboratory Practices GTSP Granular Triple Super Phosphate g/ mL Grams per Milliliter HSDB Hazardous Substance Data Bank IPCS International Programme for Chemical Safety KNO3 Potassium Nitrate Koc Organic Carbon Partition Coefficient Kow Octanol/ Water Partition Coefficient LC50 Median Lethal Concentration LD50 Median Lethal Dose LOAEL Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level LOEC Lowest Observable Effect Concentration LOEL Lowest Observable Effect Level M Molar MAP Monoammonium Phosphate Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 mg/ kg Milligrams per Kilogram mg/ kg/ day Milligrams per Kilogram per Day mg/ L Milligrams per Liter MHb Methyl Hemoglobin mm Hg Millimeters of Mercury mmol/ L Millimoles per Liter NaNo3 Sodium Nitrate NFPA National Fire Prevention Association ( NH4) 2NO3 Ammonium Nitrate NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NO3 Nitrate NOAEL No Observable Adverse Effect Level NOEC No Observable Effect Concentration NOEL No Observable Effect Level OECD Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development Pa Pascal ppm Parts per Million SCAS Semi Continuous Activated Sludge SIDS Screening Information Data Set SSP Single Super Phosphate TLm Median Toxicity Level TLV Threshold Limit Value TFI The Fertilizer Institute UAN Urea Ammonia Nitrogen i Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW I. Introduction The Fertilizer Institute, on behalf of its member companies, initiated a Product Testing Project to collect, review, summarize, and where necessary develop additional health and environmental safety data for 23 of its high production volume inorganic fertilizer materials. These data and summaries provide valuable information that can be used to update Material Safety Data Sheets, answer customers' questions, and support product stewardship efforts. The chemical industry is also participating in a voluntary program of comparable scope for high production volume organic chemicals. 1 The 23 fertilizer materials were divided into five categories ( i. e., ammonia compounds, nitrate compounds, phosphate compounds, salts and acids) based on their primary constituents as shown in Table 1. The use of categories is a recognized and accepted method that allows health and environmental safety data from one chemical in the category to be used to represent one or more other related chemicals in the category ( USEPA 1999). The key is to find similar, or at least predictable, patterns and trends among the chemicals in a category. In this way, data can be pooled, resources are optimized, and fewer animals are used in testing, all without losing the ability to evaluate the hazards and safety of the individual chemicals. Note that some of the materials fall into more than one category ( e. g., diammonium phosphate [ DAP] is in both the phosphate and ammonia categories).

Searches were conducted using on line databases, standard scientific data compendia, and other published sources for toxicity, ecotoxicity, environmental fate, and physicalchemical properties. The collected data were reviewed for quality and acceptability and then summarized according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD) Screening Information Data Set ( SIDS) dossier format ( OECD 1997). The OECD countries ( including the United States) have agreed on a set of tests and on types of data that are generally necessary to characterize the chemical behavior and potential hazards of chemicals released into the environment. The OECD SIDS dossier was chosen as a standard format for the TFI Product Testing Project in order that it would be scientifically defensible, broadly applicable and easily understandable to a wide range of stakeholders.

The following sections of this Executive Overview provide: the rationale for development of the Salts Compounds category ( Section II); a synopsis of the available data related to the physical chemical properties, environmental fate, ecotoxicity and toxicity of salts ( Section III); and a conclusion regarding the adequacy of the data to sufficiently characterize the category and the need for additional testing ( Section IV).

The data for potassium chloride are summarized in the Chemical Profile and Data Summary tables. Because the evaluation of data adequacy relies on a category approach, the Data Summary table references Appendix B when data are available for one or more 1 HPV Chemical Challenge Program; USEPA 1999 ( http:// www. epa. gov/ opptintr/ chemrtk/ volchall. htm) ii Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 of the other materials in the category for those data elements where no data specific to potassium chloride are available. Appendix B provides a summary of the data for all of the salts compounds in the category. The individual studies for potassium chloride itself are presented in subsequent pages of this document. Separate data summary documents are available for each of the salts compounds in the category.

II. Rationale for the Salts Compounds Category The salts compounds category for fertilizer materials includes calcium sulfate, potassium chloride, potassium magnesium sulfate, potassium sulfate, potassium nitrate, and potassium sodium nitrate. Salts are grouped together primarily because of their similar chemical composition and physical chemical properties, including their propensity to dissociate in aquatic systems. The compounds have similar and generally predictable patterns of behavior in the environment as well as toxicological properties. The toxicity of salts can vary dependent on the toxicity of the individual cations and anions, although the available data indicate that salts as a group are not particularly toxic.

III. Summary of Data Available for the Salts Compounds Category Detailed data summaries for potassium chloride are included in subsequent sections of this Health and Environmental Safety Data Summary Document for Potassium Chloride. These data are briefly summarized here.

Physical Chemical Data Sufficient coverage of physical chemical properties exists across the category, with the exception of vapor pressure and Kow. However, these data are less critical for understanding the behavior of inorganic salts. Melting points are high, ranging from 334 to over 1400 º C. Densities are in the range of about 2 3 g/ mL. Inorganic salts are generally highly soluble in water, with values ranging from 2 to 357 g/ L at 20 25 º C. In addition, these compounds dissociate and exist at around neutral pHs in aqueous solutions.

Environmental Fate and Pathway Specific environmental fate and transport studies are rarely conducted for these specific compounds. This is because salts are well known to dissociate in the environment. The sulfur and nitrogen cycles are well understood, and the available data for calcium sulfate and potassium nitrate support this understanding. Similarly, the fate and behavior of the cations ( potassium, magnesium, calcium, sodium) are equally understood. These chemicals are neither bioaccumulative nor persistent in the environment.

Ecotoxicity Substantial data are available to describe the acute toxicity of these salts to fish, Daphnia, and aquatic plants. Data from the literature indicate LC50 values ranging from about 680 iii Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 to over 3,500 mg/ L for fish, 337 to over 1,970 mg/ L for Daphnia, and about 1,300 to 3,200 mg/ L for algae. Additional acute fish studies were conducted using OECD protocols under Good Laboratory Practice ( GLP) conditions on the two combinations of salts ( potassium magnesium sulfate and potassium sodium nitrate). Results of these two studies demonstrated no observable toxic effects at the highest concentrations tested. Based on the standard Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act ( FIFRA) acute toxicity ratings for fish and Daphnia ( below), the compounds in this category are considered practically non toxic.

EC/ LC50 ( mg/ L) Toxicity Description < 0.1 Very Highly Toxic 0.1 1 Highly Toxic 1 10 Moderately Toxic 10 100 Slightly Toxic > 100 Practically Non Toxic Mammalian Toxicity Acute toxicity Acute oral toxicity has been well studied in the discrete compounds of the category. The data indicate an absence of acute toxicity, with literature LD50 values ranging from about 1,500 to over 6,600 mg/ kg bw. The lack of significant acute toxicity was confirmed in studies conducted on the two salt combinations ( potassium magnesium sulfate and potassium sodium nitrate), which were tested via the oral exposure route, and potassium nitrate, which was tested via dermal exposure. Results of these studies indicate no toxicity at the highest doses tested ( 2,000 and 5,000 mg/ kg bw for the oral and dermal routes, respectively). Similarly, the limited dermal irritation data indicate an absence of skin irritation and toxicity. Inhalation data are not available, but this is not expected to be a significant exposure route for inorganic salts. Based on the standard FIFRA acute toxicity ratings for mammals ( below), the compounds in this category are considered to be of low to very low toxicity ( 40 CFR 156.62).

Toxicity Category I II III IV Toxicity Rating High Moderate Low Very Low Oral LD50   50 mg/ kg > 50 500 mg/ kg > 500 5000 mg/ kg > 5000 mg/ kg Dermal LC50   200 mg/ kg > 200 2000 mg/ kg > 2000 20,000 mg/ kg > 20,000 mg/ kg Inhalation LC50   0.2 mg/ L > 0.2 2 mg/ L > 2 20 mg/ L > 20 mg/ L iv Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 Genotoxicity Some genotoxicity data were available in the literature, with potassium chloride showing some small effects in older studies and potassium nitrate testing negative. To better define the potential for mutagenicity of salts in the category, additional bacterial ( Ames test) and non bacterial ( chromosome aberration) in vitro genetic toxicity tests were conducted on potassium sulfate and calcium sulfate under GLP conditions. For both compounds, results were negative for mutagenicity in the Ames test and chromosome aberration test.

Repeated dose and developmental toxicity Data from the literature indicate that potassium nitrate was tested for mammalian reproductive, developmental, and teratogenic toxicity. Minimal effects were observed at relatively high doses. Furthermore, no teratogenic effects were observed in chick eggs injected with potassium sulfate in a non standard study. Additional long term studies were conducted on two salts compounds because the repeated dose and reproductive data are sparse for the category, and because of the effects noted at high doses in the potassium nitrate literature data. The OECD Guideline 422 combined study, which provides data on repeated dose, reproductive, and developmental endpoints, was conducted under GLP conditions on potassium nitrate and potassium sulfate. Male and female rats were given oral exposures of up to 1,500 mg/ kg/ day by gavage for up to 53 days. No adverse effects were observed on any of the general toxicity or reproductive/ developmental endpoints for either potassium nitrate or potassium sulfate. The resulting NOAELs for both studies, therefore, are 1,500 mg/ kg/ day.

IV. Conclusion for the Salts Compounds Category Substantial data are available for the critical acute aquatic and mammalian toxicity endpoints for the salts category. Additional studies were conducted on calcium sulfate, potassium magnesium sulfate, potassium sulfate, potassium nitrate, and potassium sodium nitrate in order to complete the database for key endpoints. Overall, the data indicate that these compounds are practically non toxic to aquatic organisms and of low to very toxicity to mammals. Additional testing is not considered necessary to characterize the hazards of these chemicals. v Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 TABLE 1: CATEGORIES FOR PRODUCT TESTING PROJECT CATEGORY COMPOUND CAS NUMBER Ammonia Compounds Anhydrous ammonia Aqua ammonia Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulfate Ammonium thiosulfate Nitrogen solutions ( UAN) Ammonium phosphate sulfate Diammonium phosphate ( DAP) Monoammonium phosphate ( MAP) Urea 7664 41 7 1336 21 6 6484 52 2 7783 20 2 7783 18 8 15978 77 5 12593 60 1 7783 28 0 7722 76 1 57 13 6 Nitrate Compounds Sodium nitrate Ammonium nitrate Potassium nitrate Potassium sodium nitrate Nitrogen solutions ( UAN) 7631 99 4 6484 52 2 7757 79 1 7757 79 1/ 7631 99 4 15978 77 5 Phosphate Compounds Diammonium phosphate ( DAP) Monoammonium phosphate ( MAP) Liquid polyphosphate Single superphosphate** Granular triple superphosphate** 7783 28 0 7722 76 1  8011 76 5 65996 95 4 Salts Potassium chloride Potassium magnesium sulfate Potassium nitrate Potassium sodium nitrate Potassium sulfate Calcium sulfate 7447 40 7 14168 73 1 7757 79 1 7757 79 1/ 7631 99 4 7778 80 5 7778 18 9 Acids Phosphoric acid Nitric acid Sulfuric acid 7664 38 2 7697 37 2 7664 93 9 * = Nitrogen solutions are represented largely by Urea Ammonia Nitrogen ( UAN; 15978 77 5) ** = Single superphosphate and granular triple superphosphate are combined into a single dossier.  = No CAS number readily available vi Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 V. REFERENCES CITED 40 CFR 156.62. Toxicity Category.

OECD. 1997. SIDS Manual. OECD Secretariat, 3rd Revision, July 1997.

USEPA. 1999. Development of Chemical Categories in the HPV Challenge Program. www. epa. gove/ chemrtk/ catdoc29. pdf. 1 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 SIDS DATA PROFILE Date: January 27, 2003 1.01 A. CAS No. 7447 40 7 1.01 C. CHEMICAL NAME ( OECD NAME) Potassium chloride 1.01 D CAS DESCRIPTOR Potassium chloride 1.01 G STRUCTURAL FORMULA KCl OTHER CHEMICAL IDENTITY INFORMATION Not applicable 1.5 QUANTITY Greater than 1 million tonnes per annum 1.7 USE PATTERN Over 95 97% of the world's potash ( potassium chloride) production is sold as fertilizer. The rest is used in chemical synthesis, photography, food additives, chemical intermediates, pharmaceuticals, medical treatment. 1.9 SOURCES AND LEVELS OF EXPOSURE Low human exposure is expected because potassium chloride is manufactured in closed systems. Exposure to dusts and direct contact with the material is possible during fertilizer applications. ISSUES FOR DISCUSSION The data for potassium chloride should be evaluated in combination with the other materials in the salts category. 2 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 SIDS DATA SUMMARY Date: January 27, 2003 POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ( CAS NO. 7447 40 7) SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS PHYSICAL CHEMICAL DATA 2.1 Melting Point 771 773 ° C 2.2 Boiling Point 1,420 1,500 ° C 2.3 Density 1.98 g/ mL 2.4 Vapor Pressure No data available 2.5 Octanol/ Water Partition Coefficient No data available 2.6A Water Solubility 347 g/ L at 20 ° C 2.6B pH value About 7 2.7 Flash Point Not applicable 2.8 Auto Flammability Not flammable 2.9 Flammability Not flammable 2.10 Explosive Properties Not explosive 2.11 Oxidizing Properties Not an oxidizer 2.12 Oxidation: Reduction Potential Not an oxidizer ENVIRONMENTAL FATE and PATHWAY 3.1.1 Photodegradation See Appendix B results* 3.1.2 Stability in Water Ions can persist 3.1.3 Stability in Soil Binds to clay particles 3.3.2 Distribution Calculated, Fugacity Level III 1.51 x 10 8% to air 45.2% to water 54.7% to soil 0.0755% to sediment 3.5 Biodegradation See Appendix B results* 3.7 Bioaccumulation See Appendix B results* ECOTOXICITY 4.1 Acute Toxicity to Fish Lepomis macrochirus 96 hrs LC50 = 2,010 mg/ L 4.2 Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates Daphnia magna EC50 = 337 825 mg/ L Physa heterostropha 96 hrs LC50 = 940 mg/ L 4.3 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants ( Algae) Scenedesmus subspicatus EC50 = 2,500 mg/ L Nitzschia linearis 120 hrs TLm = 1,337 ppm Chlorella vulgaris 3 4 months NOEC = 600 mg/ L 4.4 Toxicity to Bacteria See Appendix B results* 4.5.1 Chronic Toxicity to Fish See Appendix B results* 4.5.2 Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates See Appendix B results* 4.6.2 Toxicity to Terrestrial Plants See Appendix B results* 4.6.3 Toxicity to Other Non Mammalian Terrestrial Species See Appendix B results*

* See Appendix B results for data on other chemicals in the salts category. 3 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ( CAS NO. 7447 40 7) SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS TOXICITY 5.1.1 Acute Oral Toxicity Rat LD50 = 2,600 mg/ kg bw Mouse LD50 = 1,500 mg/ kg bw 5.1.2 Acute Inhalation Toxicity See Appendix B results* 5.1.3 Acute Dermal Toxicity See Appendix B results* 5.1.4 Acute Toxicity, Other Routes See Appendix B results* 5.2.1 Skin Irritation/ Corrosion See Appendix B results* 5.2.2 Eye Irritation/ Corrosion See Appendix B results* 5.3 Skin Sensitization See Appendix B results* 5.4 Repeated Dose Toxicity See Appendix B results* 5.5 Genetic Toxicity in vitro . Gene mutation Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mitotic recombination NOAEL = 300 mM . Chromosomal aberration Chinese hamster ovaries See text Mouse lymphoma cells Marginally positive. See text 5.6 Genetic Toxicity in vivo See Appendix B results* 5.7 Carcinogenicity See Appendix B results* 5.8 Toxicity to Reproduction See Appendix B results* 5.9 Developmental Toxicity/ Teratogenicity See Appendix B results* 5.10 Additional Information Absorption is usually complete 5.11 Human Experience See text 1.8 Occupational Exposure Limits TLV as inert dust 15 mg/ m3 * See Appendix B results for data on other chemicals in the salts category. 4 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 1. GENERAL INFORMATION 1.01 SUBSTANCE INFORMATION A. CAS number 7447 40 7 B. Name ( IUPAC name) Potassium chloride C. Name ( OECD name) Potassium chloride D. CAS Descriptor Not applicable E. EINECS Number 231 211 8 F. Molecular Formula KCl G. Structural Formula KCl H. Substance Group Not applicable I. Substance Remark Not applicable J. Molecular Weight 74.5 1.02 OECD INFORMATION A. Sponsor Country Not applicable B. Lead Organization Name of Lead Organization: Not applicable C. Name of Responder Name: Mr. William C. Herz, Director of Scientific Programs Address/ Phones: The Fertilizer Institute Union Center Plaza 820 First Street, NE, Suite 430 Washington, DC 20002 USA Tel: ( 202) 962 0490 Fax: ( 202) 962 0577 5 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 1.1 GENERAL SUBSTANCE INFORMATION A. Type of Substance element [ ]; inorganic [ X]; natural substance [ ]; organic [ ]; organometallic [ ]; petroleum product [ ]

B. Physical State ( at 20 ° C and 1.013 hPa)

gaseous [ ]; liquid [ ]; solid [ X]

C. Purity Potassium chloride is guaranteed to have at least 60% K2O, which is about a 95 96% purity.

1.2 SYNONYMS Potassium muriate Potash muriate Muriate of potash Potassium monochloride Dipotassium dichloride Potash 1.3 IMPURITIES Remarks: May include NaCl, iron, dolomite, anhydrite and clay 1.4 ADDITIVES Remarks: May include anticaking and dedusting agents.

1.5 QUANTITY Remarks: More than 1 million tonnes per annum in the U. S. Total world production in 1992 exceeded 24 million tonnes, representing a declining trend in usage. References: 1) European Commission. 2000. Potassium chloride. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Year 2000 CD ROM edition. 2) United Nations Industrial Development Organization ( UNIDO) and International Fertilizer Development Center ( IFDC). 1998. Fertilizer Manual. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. 6 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 1.6 LABELING AND CLASSIFICATION Remarks: No specific labeling 1.7 USE PATTERN A. General Type of Use: Category:

( a) main Wide dispersive use industrial Agricultural industry use Fertilizer ( b) main Nondispersive use industrial Chemical industry, photographic industry, etc. use Used in chemical synthesis, photography, food additives, chemical intermediates, pharmaceuticals, medical treatment Remarks: Over 95 97% of the world's potash ( potassium chloride) production is sold to improve the world's food, fiber, and other farm input. Reference: 1) European Commission. 2000. Potassium chloride. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Year 2000 CD ROM edition. 2) United Nations Industrial Development Organization ( UNIDO) and International Fertilizer Development Center ( IFDC). 1998. Fertilizer Manual. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

B. Uses in Consumer Products Remarks: Potassium chloride is available as a pharmaceutical and food additive in many forms and dosages. It is administered orally or intravenously to correct and maintain normal plasma levels. It is used in the treatment of potassium deficit, and diuretic induced and other causes of hypokalaemia. References: 1) Environmental Chemicals Data Information Network ( ECDIN). 1999. Potassium chloride. ECDIN No. 0177929. August. http:// www. ecdin. etomep. net. 2) European Commission. 2000. Potassium chloride. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Year 2000 CD ROM edition. 7 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 3) United Nations Industrial Development Organization ( UNIDO) and International Fertilizer Development Center ( IFDC). 1998. Fertilizer Manual. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

1.8 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMIT VALUE Exposure limit value Type: OSHA PEL Value: 15 mg/ m3 total dust; 5 mg/ m3 respirable fraction. Remark: No specific limit has been set, however, the federal OSHA PEL for particulates not otherwise regulated applies to all fertilizer dusts. Regulated limits may vary in local jurisdictions.

1.9 SOURCES OF EXPOSURE Remarks: Potassium chloride can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion, although significant human and environmental exposures during manufacture are unlikely if the process is well managed. Engineering controls such as mechanical ventilation, process or personnel enclosure, control of process conditions, and process modifications significantly reduce exposure. Local exhaust ( ventilation) control as close to the point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne concentrations. Personal protective equipment recommended for use with all chemicals as needed includes neoprene or nitrile gloves, dusk masks or fume hoods as appropriate, chemical safety goggles, and impervious apron, sleeves and boots. Field exposure to workers is possible when handling and using on farms as a fertilizer. However, fertilizers are applied by mechanical spreaders, which reduces contact exposure. Environmental releases are controlled at the manufacturing plant. Gaseous emissions are low due to use of scrubbers and liquid effluent is recovered as much as possible. Exposure to environmental receptors is dependent on the amount used as fertilizer on fields, the climatic conditions, and the hydrological conditions of the area of application. 8 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 1.10 ADDITIONAL REMARKS A. Options for disposal Remarks: Potassium chloride must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations.

2. PHYSICAL CHEMICAL DATA 2.1 MELTING POINT Value: 773 ° C; 771 ° C Decomposition: Yes [ ] No [ X] Ambiguous [ ] Sublimation: Yes [ ] No [ X] Ambiguous [ ] Method: Not described GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] References: 1) Budavari, S. ( ed.). Merck Index. 12th ed. Whitehouse Station: Merck Research Laboratories. 2) Lide, D. R. ( ed.). 1999. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 80th ed. New York: CRC Press.

2.2 BOILING POINT Value: 1420 ° C; 1500oC Pressure: at 1013 hPa Decomposition: Yes [ ] No [ ] Ambiguous [ X] Method: Not described GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] References: 1) European Commission. 2000. Potassium chloride. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Year 2000 CD ROM edition. 2) Lide, D. R. ( ed.). 1999. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 80th ed. New York: CRC Press.

2.3 DENSITY ( Relative Density)

( a) Type: Bulk density [ ]; Density [ X]; Relative Density [ ] Value: 1.98 g/ cm3 Method: Not described GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ ] 9 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 References: 1) Budavari, S. ( ed.). 1996. Merck Index. 12th ed. Whitehouse Station: Merck Research Laboratories. 2) Lide, D. R. ( ed.). 1999. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. New York CRC Press.

2.4 VAPOR PRESSURE Remarks: No data available.

2.5 PARTITION COEFFICIENT logPow Remarks: No data available.

2.6 WATER SOLUBILITY A. Solubility Value: 347 g/ L; 357 g/ L; 567 g/ L Temperature: 20; 25; 100 ° C Description: Miscible [ ]; Of very high solubility [ X]; Of high solubility [ ]; Soluble [ ]; Slightly soluble [ ] Of low solubility [ ]; Of very low solubility [ ]; Not soluble [ ] Method: Not described GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] Remarks: Insoluble in ether and acetone References: 1) Budavari, S. ( ed.). 1996. Merck Index. 12th ed. Whitehouse Station: Merck Research Laboratories. 2) Lide, D. R. ( ed.) 1999. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. New York: CRC Press.

B. pH Value, pKa Value pH Value: About 7 Concentration: Saturated aqueous solution Temperature: 15 ° C Method: Not described GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] References: Budavari, S. ( ed.). 1996. Merck Index. 12th ed. Whitehouse Station: Merck Research Laboratories.

2.7 FLASH POINT ( liquids)

Value: Remarks: Not applicable. 10 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 References: European Commission. 2000. Potassium chloride. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Year 2000 CD ROM edition.

2.8 AUTO FLAMMABILITY ( solid/ gases)

Remarks: Not flammable. References: European Commission. 2000. Potassium chloride. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Year 2000 CD ROM edition.

2.9 FLAMMABILITY Remarks: Not flammable. References: European Commission. 2000. Potassium chloride. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Year 2000 CD ROM edition.

2.10 EXPLOSIVE PROPERTIES Remarks: Not explosive. References: European Commission. 2000. Potassium chloride. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Year 2000 CD ROM edition.

2.11 OXIDIZING PROPERTIES Remarks: No oxidizing properties. References: European Commission. 2000. Potassium chloride. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Year 2000 CD ROM edition.

2.12 OXIDATION: REDUCTION POTENTIAL Remarks: Not an oxidizer 3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS 3.1 STABILITY 11 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 3.1.1 PHOTODEGRADATION Remarks: No data available.

3.1.2 STABILITY IN WATER Remarks: Can persist in natural water. References: European Commission. 2000. Potassium chloride. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Year 2000 CD ROM edition.

3.1.3 STABILITY IN SOIL Remarks: The potassium from fertilizers may become ion exchanged with clays or organic matter near the surface and thus may not be very mobile. References: United Nations Industrial Development Organization ( UNIDO) and International Fertilizer Development Center ( IFDC). 1998. Fertilizer Manual. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

3.2 MONITORING DATA ( ENVIRONMENTAL)

Remarks: No data available.

3.3 TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARTMENTS INCLUDING ESTIMATED ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS AND DISTRIBUTION PATHWAYS 3.3.1 TRANSPORT Method: Fugacity Level III ( Mackay type) Mass Distribution by Environmental Compartment: Air 1.51 x 10 8% Water 45.2% Soil 54.7% Sediment 0.0755% References: USEPA. 2000. EPISUITE Estimation Program V. 3.10. US Environmental Protection Agency.

3.3.2 THEORETICAL DISTRIBUTION ( FUGACITY CALCULATION)

Remarks: No data available. 12 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 3.4 IDENTIFICATION OF MAIN MODE OF DEGRADABILITY IN ACTUAL USE Remarks: No data available.

3.5 BIODEGRADATION Remarks: No data available.

3.6 BOD5, COD OR RATIO BOD5/ COD Remarks: No data available.

3.7 BIOACCUMULATION Remarks: No data available.

4. ECOTOXICITY 4.1 ACUTE/ PROLONGED TOXICITY TO FISH ( a) Type of test: Static [ ]; Semi static [ ]; Flow through [ X]; Opensystem [ X]; Closed system [ ] Species: Lepomis macrochirus ( bluegill) Exposure period: 96 hours Results: LC50 = 2,010 mg KCl/ L Analytical monitoring: Yes [ X]; No [ ]; ? [ ] Method: Five gallon jars were placed in a constant temperature tank ( 20 ° C). Each chemical was pipetted into 5 gallons of distilled water. The volume was raised to 20.4 L. Ten fish were placed in each container and tests were run in duplicate for every concentration. Concentrations ranged from 1,661 to 2,200 mg KCl/ L. The pH for the various concentrations ranged from 7.1 to 9.37. GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] Test substance: Analytical or reagent grade potassium chloride ( KCl). Remarks: No fish died at 1,661 mg KCl/ L. At 1,911 mg KCl/ L, the average survival rate was 90% at 72 and 96 h. At 2,200 mg KCl/ L and 96 h, there was 100% mortality. References: Trama, F. B. 1954. The acute toxicity for some common salts of sodium, potassium and calcium to the common bluegill. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 106: 185 205. 13 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 ( b) Type of test: Static [ X]; Semi static [ ]; flow through [ ]; Opensystem [ X]; Closed system [ ] Species: Lepomis macrochirus ( bluegill) Exposure period: 96 hours Results: TLm = 2,010 ppm KCl Analytical monitoring: Yes [ ]; No [ ]; ? [ X] Method: Fish tests were performed in 18 L of various potassium chloride concentrations at 18 ° C. GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] Test substance: ACS grade potassium chloride ( KCl) Remarks: Bluegill were less sensitive to potassium chloride than were diatoms or snails. References: Patrick, R., Cairns, Jr., J., and Scheier, A. 1968. The relative sensitivity of diatoms, snails, and fish to twenty common constituents of industrial wastes. The Progressive Fish Culturist 30( 3): 137 140.

4.2 ACUTE TOXICITY TO AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES A. Daphnia ( a) Type of test: Static [ ]; Semi static [ ]; flow through [ ]; Opensystem [ X]; Closed system [ ] Species: Daphnia magna Exposure period: 48 hours Results: TLm ( university lake water) = 337 mg KCl/ L Analytical monitoring: Yes [ ]; No [ ]; ? [ X] Method: Bioassays were conducted with methods of Anderson, B. G. et al. 1948. GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] Test substance: Potassium chloride ( KCl) References: 1) Dowden, B. F. and Bennett, H. J. 1965. Toxicity of selected chemicals to certain animals. J. Water Pollut. Contrl Fed. 37( 9): 1308 1316. 2) Anderson, B. G., Andrews, T. F., Chandler, D. G., and Jahoda, W. J. 1948. The Evaluation of Aquatic Invertebrates as Assay Organisms for the Determination of the Toxicity of Industrial Wastes. Report of the Ohio State University Research Foundation to the American Petroleum Institute, New York.

( b) Type of test: Static [ X]; Semi static [ ]; flow through [ ]; Opensystem [ X]; Closed system [ ] Species: Daphnia magna Exposure period: 48 hours Results: EC50 = 825 mg/ L 14 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 Analytical monitoring: Yes [ X]; No [ ]; ? [ ] Method: DIN 38412 Part II ( 1982) GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] Test substance: Potassium chloride ( KCl) Reference: European Commission. 2000. Potassium chloride. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Year 2000 CD ROM edition.

B. Other aquatic organisms Type of test: Static [ X]; Semi static [ ]; Flow through [ ]; Opensystem [ X]; Closed system [ ] Species: Physa heterostropha ( freshwater gastropod snail) Exposure period: 96 hours Results: LC50 = 940 mg/ L Analytical monitoring: Yes [ ]; No [ X]; ? [ ] Method: Snails were exposed to a graded series of concentrations for 96 hours. Test volumes were l L and the temperature was maintained at 20+/ 2oC. The diluent was soft reconstituted laboratory water. Test concentrations were nominal. GLP: Yes [ ] No [ X] ? [ ] Test substance: Potassium chloride ( KCl) References: Patrick, R., Cairns, Jr., J., and Scheier, A. 1968. The relative sensitivity of diatoms, snails, and fish to twenty common constituents of industrial wastes. The Progressive Fish Culturist 30( 3): 137 140.

4.3 TOXICITY TO AQUATIC PLANTS, e. g. algae ( a) Type of test: Static [ X]; Semi static [ ]; Flow through [ ]; Opensystem [ X]; Closed system [ ] Species: Nitzschia linearis ( diatom) Exposure period: 5 days Results: TLm ( 120 h) = 1,337 ppm KCl Analytical monitoring: Yes [ ]; No [ ]; ? [ X] Method: Diatoms were placed in 150 mL flasks with varying potassium chloride concentrations, and the number of cells produced at the end of a 5 d growth period were compared. A 50% reduction in the number of cells produced was regarded as equivalent to the TLm for fish. GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] Test substance: Potassium chloride ( KCl) Remarks: Diatoms were more sensitive to potassium chloride than were bluegill, but less sensitive than were snails. References: Patrick, R., Cairns, Jr., J., and Scheier, A. 1968. The relative sensitivity of diatoms, snails, and fish to twenty common constituents of industrial wastes. The Progressive Fish Culturist 30( 3): 137 140. 15 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 ( b) Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus Endpoint: Biomass [ X]; Growth rate [ ]; Other [ ] Exposure period: 72 hours Results: EC50 = 2500 mg/ L Analytical monitoring: Yes [ X]; No [ ]; ? [ ] Method: DIN 38412 Part 33 ( 1991) Chlorophyll fluorescence test GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] Test substance: Potassium chloride ( KCl) Reference: European Commission. 2000. Potassium chloride. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Year 2000 CD ROM edition.

( c) Species: Chlorella vulgaris ( green algae) Endpoint: Biomass [ ]; Growth rate [ X]; Other [ ] Exposure period: 3 4 months Results: NOEL = 600 mg KCl/ L LOEL = 670 mg KCl/ L Analytical monitoring: Yes [ ]; No [ X]; ? [ ] Method: A mineral medium at pH just below 7 was used for each experiment. Fifty mL of the medium was put in each 150 mL flask. The medium was supplemented with 1 30% KCl. Cultivation took place at room temperature in daylight and observations were made until the cultures were 3 to 4 months old. GLP: Yes [ ] No [ X] ? [ ] Test substance: Potassium chloride ( KCl) Remarks: Potassium was well tolerated in the form of potassium chloride. References: De Jong, L. E. D. D. 1965. Tolerance of Chlorella vulgaris for metallic and non metallic ions. Antoine van Leeuwenhoek 31: 301 313.

4.4 TOXICITY TO BACTERIA Remarks: No data available.

4.5 CHRONIC TOXICITY TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS 4.5.1 CHRONIC TOXICITY TO FISH Remarks: No data available. 16 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 4.5.2 CHRONIC TOXICITY TO AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES Remarks: No data available.

4.6 TOXICITY TO TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS 4.6.1 TOXICITY TO SOIL DWELLING ORGANISMS Remarks: No data available.

4.6.2 TOXICITY TO TERRESTRIAL PLANTS Remarks: No data available.

4.6.3 TOXICITY TO OTHER NON MAMMALIAN TERRESTRIAL SPECIES ( INCLUDING AVIAN)

Remarks: No data available.

4.7 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS MONITORING ( INCLUDING BIOMAGNIFICATION)

Remarks: No data available.

4.8 BIOTRANSFORMATION AND KINETICS Remarks: The function of potassium in plant metabolism is different from that of the other major nutrients. The other nutrients ( N, P) become part of the plant structure, but potassium largely remains as an ion in the cells and sap. The function of potassium is to help control the plant's water intake and metabolism. Potash is as vital to the plant as the other fertilizers and is removed from the soil in the same manner. For these reasons fertilization with potash is somewhat more complex than with the other nutrients. Some of the specific effects of potash are to increase root growth; improve drought resistance by reducing water loss, wilting, and respiration ( maintaining " turgor"); and also lower the plant's energy losses. Potash helps form cellulose and reduce lodging, enhances many enzyme actions, aids in photosynthesis and food formation, helps in the translocation of sugars and starch, helps increase the starch and/ or protein content of plants, and helps retard 17 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 crop diseases. It is sometimes called the " quality" nutrient because of these many beneficial functions. To attain maximum effectiveness, primary nutrients must be supplied to crops in essentially the same proportions as they exist in most plant life, where the ratio of nitrogen to potassium is about 2: 1. Thus, among the commercial fertilizers, about one half as much potash is used as nitrogen, except when soil is capable of supplying potash. Thus, the ever increasing use of nitrogen fertilizer necessitates the proportional application of potash. References: United Nations Industrial Development Organization ( UNIDO) and International Fertilizer Development Center ( IFDC). 1998. Fertilizer Manual. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

5. TOXICITY 5.1 ACUTE TOXICITY 5.1.1 ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY ( a) Type: LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD50 [ X]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ] Species/ strain: Rat Exposure time: Not reported Value: 2600 mg/ kg bw. Method: Not described ( 1972) GLP: Yes [ ] No [ X] ? [ ] Test substance: Potassium chloride Remarks: Summary of data from Russian journal References: 1) European Commission. 2000. Potassium chloride. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Year 2000 CD ROM edition. 2) Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances ( RTECS). 1999. Potassium Chloride.

( b) Type: LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD50 [ X]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ] Species: Mouse Exposure time: Not reported Value: 1500 mg/ kg bw. Method: Not described GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] Test substance: Potassium chloride Remarks: Summary of data from Japanese journal Reference: Lyakuhin Kenkyu 21: 257 ( 1990) ( cited in RTECS). 18 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 5.1.2 ACUTE INHALATION TOXICITY Remarks: No data available.

5.1.3 ACUTE DERMAL TOXICITY Remarks: No data available.

5.1.4 ACUTE TOXICITY BY OTHER ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION Remarks: No data available.

5.2 CORROSIVENESS/ IRRITATION 5.2.1 SKIN IRRITATION/ CORROSION Remarks: No data available.

5.2.2 EYE IRRITATION/ CORROSION Remarks: No data available.

5.3 SKIN SENSITIZATION Remarks: No data available.

5.4 REPEATED DOSE TOXICITY Remarks: No data available.

5.5 GENETIC TOXICITY IN VITRO A. Bacterial Test ( a) Type: Mitotic recombination System of testing: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Concentration: 0, 10, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 mM KCl/ L Method: Strain DIS13 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used in the experiment. The phenotypes of 96 colonies per dose were analyzed with every treatment repeated at least 19 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 twice. Experimental concentrations were 0, 10, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mM potassium chloride. GLP: Yes [ ] No [ X] ? [ ] Test substance: Analytical grade potassium chloride ( KCl) Remarks: Potassium chloride disturbed the fidelity of the meiotic process at concentration > 300 mM. It also produced a clear increase in the diploid spore frequency. Low concentrations of potassium chloride stimulated the sporulation process and seemed to improve the accuracy of chromosomal disjunction, resulting in a decreased frequency of disomic spores. References: Sora, S., Carbone, M. L. A., Pacciarini, M., and Magni, G. E. 1986. Disomic and diploid meiotic products induced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the salts of 27 elements. Mutagenesis. 1( 1): 21 28.

B. Non bacterial in vitro test ( a) Type: Chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchange System of testing: Chinese hamster V79 cells Concentration: 0, 2,000, 8,000, and 12,000 µ g KCl/ mL Results: Chromatid aberrations ( gaps; 0 µ g KCl/ mL) = 1 Chromatid aberrations ( gaps; 2,000 µ g KCl/ mL) = 9 Chromatid aberrations ( gaps; 8,000 µ g KCl/ mL) = 5 Chromatid aberrations ( gaps; 12,000 µ g KCl/ mL) = 14 Method: For the chromosome aberration test, V79 cells were treated with potassium chloride for 3 h. The cells were then cultured in normal medium for 24 h. For the sister chromatid study, after treatment in potassium chloride for 30 h, the cells were cultured for two rounds of replication. To measure initial cell survival, 200 cells were plated. Five dishes were used for each dose and they were stained on days 7 8. To determine mutation induction, cells were cultured for 7 9 days. Ten dishes were used for each dose. Cells were exposed to 0, 2,000, 8,000, and 12,000 µ g KCl/ mL. GLP: Yes [ ] No [ X] ? [ ] Test substance: Potassium chloride ( KC1) Remarks: KCl was used to determine if sister chromatid exchangeinducing and/ or mutagenic effects might be caused by a high osmotic pressure. At 12,000 µ g KCl/ mL, there was significant increase in aberrant cells. No metaphases in the second cycle were observed, even at 12,000 µ g KCl/ mL. References: Hasegawa, M. M., Nishi, Y., Ohkawa, Y., and Inui, N. 1984. Effects of sorbic acid and its salts on chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges and gene mutations in cultured Chinese hamster cells. Fd. Chem. Toxic. 22( 7): 501 507. 20 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 ( b) Type: Chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges System of testing: Chinese hamster ovary cells ( clone WBL) Concentration: 0, 8.88, 9.62, 10.4, 11.1, 11.8, mg/ mL KCl Results: LC50 ( 4 hours) = 535 mOsm/ kg H2O Method: Chinese hamster ovary cells were treated at 37oC for 4 h and were reincubated for 6 d for survival tests. To test for sister chromatid exchange ( SCE), cells were treated with 75 mM KCl. The chromosome aberration analysis used mitotic cells that were harvested 16 or 24 h after the beginning of treatment for 4 h in hyperosmotic medium. These experiments were done 2 to 5 minutes. To test DNA strand breaks, cells were treated with hyperosmotic medium for 4 h. GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] Test substance: Potassium chloride ( KCl) Remarks: Small increases in sister chromatid exchanges were found as toxicity and very marked cell cycle delay. Few cells had completed 2 cycles even at 32 h. Longer exposures ( 29 32) did not enhance the increases. Potassium chloride induced aberrations at 10.4 mg KCl/ mL. There were increases in single stranded DNA breaks in potassium chloride. References: Galloway, S. M., Deasy, D. A., Bean, C. L., Kraynak, A. R., Armstrong, M. J. and Bradley, M. O. 1987. Effects of high osmotic strength on chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges and DNA strand breaks, and the relation to toxicity. Mutation Research. 198: 15 25.

( c) Type: Mouse lymphoma cells Results: See remarks Method: Potassium chloride was tested to 5,000 µ g/ mL in the absence of S9. This study used TK+/ L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, clone 3.7.2C. Cultures of 6x106 cells in 10 mL medium or in 10 mL medium containing a mixture of S9, NADP, and sodium isocitrate in F0 medium were exposed to a series of concentrations of potassium chloride for 4 h and then grown for 2 d for mutant expression. Eleven to twelve days after cloning, colonies on plates were counted. Triplicate cultures were included for every tested concentration, including solvent and positive controls. GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] Test substance: Potassium chloride ( KCl) Remarks: No mutagenicity and only slight cytotoxicity were observed in the first experiment, in which potassium chloride was nontoxic and the response was negative. A slight depression in RTG was observed in the second experiment, but mutant frequency was increased approximately 2.5 fold over a concentration range of 21 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 1,049 3,200 µ g/ mL. Cytotoxicity, with no mutagenicity, was observed in the third experiment and evaluated as positive. Potassium chloride was also tested in the presence of S9. The first experiment in the presence of induced S9 was negative. RTG decreased with increasing concentrations to 4,000 µ g/ mL, but no mutagenicity was observed. The second experiment was marginally positive with a two fold increase at 4,000 µ g/ mL and a 2.5 fold increase at 5,000 µ g/ mL. Finally, a third experiment yielded a concentration dependent increase in mutant frequency and was evaluated as positive. References: Mitchell, A. D., Rudd, C. J., and Caspary, W. J. 1988. Evaluation of the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell mutagenesis assay: intralaboratory results for sixty three coded chemicals tested at SRI International. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 12( Supp. 13): 37 101.

5.6 GENETIC TOXICITY IN VIVO Remarks: No data available.

5.7 CARCINOGENICITY Remarks: No data available.

5.8 TOXICITY TO REPRODUCTION Remarks: No data available.

5.9 DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY/ TERATOGENICITY Remarks: No data available. 22 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 5.10 OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION Remarks: The absorption of potassium is usually complete. An isolated dietary deficiency is unusual because of its ubiquitous occurrence in foods, but in malnutrition hypokalaemia is common. Potassium is excreted largely by the kidneys, although 10% is excreted by the colonic mucosa. Excretion in the urine is rapid. Reference: Environmental Chemicals Data Information Network ( ECDIN). 1999. Potassium chloride. ECDIN No. 0177929. August. http:// www. ecdin. etomep. net.

5.11 EXPERIENCE WITH HUMAN EXPOSURE ( a) Remarks: Large doses by mouth can cause GI irritation, purging, weakness and circulatory disturbances. Reference: Budavari, S. ( ed.) 1996. Merck Index. 12th ed. Whitehouse Station: Merck Research Laboratories.

( b) Remarks: Potassium chloride used as a dietary supplement in food for human consumption is generally recognized as safe ( GRAS). Reference: 21 CFR 182.5622, as cited in Hazardous Substance Data Bank ( HSDB), Feb. 2, 1999.

6. REFERENCES 21 CFR 182.5622, as cited in Hazardous Substance Data Bank ( HSDB), Feb. 2, 1999.

Anderson, B. G., Andrews, T. F., Chandler, D. G. and Jahoda, W. J. 1948. The Evaluation of Aquatic Invertebrates as Assay Organisms for the Determination of the Toxicity of Industrial Wastes. Report of the Ohio State University Research Foundation to the American Petroleum Institute, New York.

Budavari, S. ( ed.). Merck Index. 12th ed. Whitehouse Station: Merck Research Laboratories.

De Jong, L. E. D. D. 1965. Tolerance of Chlorella vulgaris for metallic and non metallic ions. Antoine van Leeuwenhoek. 31: 301 313.

Dowden, B. F. and Bennett, H. J. 1965. Toxicity of selected chemicals to certain animals. J. Water Pollut. Contrl Fed. 37( 9): 1308 1316.

Environmental Chemicals Data Information Network ( ECDIN). 1999. Potassium chloride. ECDIN No. 0177929. August. http:// www. ecdin. etomep. net. 23 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 European Commission. 2000. Potassium chloride. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Year 2000 CD ROM edition.

Galloway, S. M., Deasy, D. A., Bean, C. L., Kraynak, A. R., Armstrong, M. J. and Bradley, M. O. 1987. Effects of high osmotic strength on chromosome aberrations, sisterchromatid exchanges and DNA strand breaks, and the relation to toxicity. Mutation Research. 198: 15 25.

Hasegawa, M. M., Nishi, Y., Ohkawa, Y. and Inui, N. 1984. Effects of sorbic acid and its salts on chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges and gene mutations in cultured Chinese hamster cells. Fd. Chem. Toxic. 22( 7): 501 507.

Lide, D. R. Ed. CRC Handbook of Chem. & Physics, 80th Ed. 1999 2000.

Lyakuhin Kenkyu 21: 257 ( 1990) ( cited in RTECS).

Mitchell, A. D., Rudd, C. J. and Caspary, W. J. 1988. Evaluation of the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell mutagenesis assay: intralaboratory results for sixty three coded chemicals tested at SRI International. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis. 12( Supp. 13): 37 101.

Patrick, R., Cairns, Jr., J. and Scheier, A. 1968. The relative sensitivity of diatoms, snails, and fish to twenty common constituents of industrial wastes. The Progressive Fish Culturist. 30( 3): 137 140.

Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances ( RTECS). 1999. Potassium Chloride.

Sora, S., Carbone, M. L. A., Pacciarini, M., and Magni, G. E. 1986. Disomic and diploid meiotic products induced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the salts of 27 elements. Mutagenesis. 1( 1): 21 28.

Trama, F. B. 1954. The acute toxicity for some common salts of sodium, potassium and calcium to the common bluegill. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 106: 185 205.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization ( UNIDO) and International Fertilizer Development Center ( IFDC). 1998. Fertilizer Manual. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

USEPA. 2000. EPISUITE Estimation Program V. 3.10. US Environmental Protection Agency. Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 APPENDIX A   SIDS Data Availability Summary Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 Explanation of Appendix A Appendix A is a SIDS Data Summary table that provides an overview of availability and quality of the data used in this Health and Environmental Safety Data Summary for Potassium Chloride. Y ( Yes) and N ( No) designations indicate whether data are available that meet the criteria for each column. The columns are described as:

Information: Data exist that were useful for describing the data element. These data may be from standard laboratory tests or from generally recognized published sources or professional experience.

OECD Study: The data were developed using standard OECD or essentially similar ( e. g., EPA harmonized protocols) guidelines.

GLP: The data were developed under standard Good Laboratory Practice provisions. These generally represent the highest quality data.

Other Study: Studies were conducted that could not be definitively identified as following OECD or GLP protocols. These studies were included when they were determined to be of adequate quality and provided relevant information to the characterization of the compound.

Estimation Method: In some cases, data may be estimated using established structure activity relationships. These methods are common for physical chemical parameters such as octanolwater partition coefficients and water solubility.

Acceptable: This column indicates whether the data are deemed acceptable by standard acceptability criteria and professional judgment. Only the data meeting adequacy standards are included in this summary document.

SIDS Testing Recommended: This column indicates whether additional testing is recommended based on an evaluation of the available data summarized in this document. It is generally not necessary to fill all of the apparent data gaps in order to adequately characterize the inherent hazard of chemicals. Information from other data elements and from other chemicals in the category, along with professional judgment, are useful in the final determination of the need for further testing. Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 SIDS DATA AVAILABILITY SUMMARY DATE: January 27, 2003 Potassium Chloride CAS No 7447 40 7 Information OECD Study GLP Other Study Estimated Method Acceptable SIDS Testing Recommended STUDY Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N PHYSICAL CHEMICAL DATA 2.1 Melting Point Y N N N N Y N 2.2 Boiling Point Y N N N N Y N 2.3 Density Y N N N N Y N 2.4 Vapor Pressure N N N N N  N 2.5 Partition Coefficient N N N N N  N 2.6 Water Solubility Y N N N N Y N pH and pKa Values Y N N N N Y N 2.8 Auto Flammability Y N N N N Y N 2.9 Flammability Y N N N N Y N 2.10 Explosive Properties Y N N N N Y N 2.11 Oxidizing Properties Y N N N N Y N 2.12 Oxidation: Reduction Potential Y N N N N Y N OTHER P/ C STUDIES RECEIVED Y N N Y N Y N ENVIRONMENTAL FATE and PATHWAY 3.1.1 Photodegradation N N N N N  N 3.1.2 Stability in Water Y N N N N Y N 3.1.3 Stability in Soil Y N N N N Y N 3.2 Monitoring Data N N N N N  N 3.3.1 Transport N N N N N  N 3.3.2 Distribution Y N N N Y Y N 3.5 Biodegradation N N N N N  N 3.7 Bioaccumulation N N N N N  N OTHER ENV FATE STUDIES RECEIVED N N N N N  N ECOTOXICITY 4.1 Acute Toxicity to Fish Y N N Y N Y N 4.2 Acute Toxicity to Daphnia Y N N Y N Y N 4.3 Toxicity to Algae Y N N Y N Y N 4.4 Toxicity to Bacteria N N N N N  N 4.5.1 Chronic Toxicity to Fish N N N N N  N 4.5.2 Chronic Toxicity to Daphnia N N N N N  N 4.6.1 Toxicity to Soil Dwelling Organisms N N N N N  N 4.6.2 Toxicity to Terrestrial Plants Y N N N N Y N 4.6.3 Toxicity to Birds N N N N N  N OTHER ECOTOXICITY STUDIES RECEIVED Y N N N N Y N Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 Potassium Chloride CAS No 7447 40 7 Information OECD Study GLP Other Study Estimated Method Acceptable SIDS Testing Recommended STUDY Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N TOXICITY 5.1.1 Acute Oral Y N N Y N Y N 5.1.2 Acute Inhalation N N N N N  N 5.1.3 Acute Dermal N N N N N  N 5.1.4 Acute Toxicity by other Routes of Administration N N N N N  N 5.2 Skin and Eye Irritation N N N N N  N 5.3 Skin Sensitization N N N N N  N 5.4 Repeated Dose N N N N N  N 5.5 Genetic Toxicity in vitro . Gene mutation Y N N N N Y N . Chromosomal aberration Y N N Y N Y N 5.6 Genetic Toxicity in vivo N N N N N  N 5.7 Carcinogenicity N N N N N  N 5.8 Reproduction Toxicity N N N N N  N 5.9 Development/ Teratogenicity N N N N N  N 5.11 Human Experience Y N N N N Y N OTHER TOXICITY STUDIES RECEIVED Y N N N N Y N Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 APPENDIX B   SIDS Data Summaries for the Salt Compounds Category: Calcium Sulfate, Potassium Chloride, Potassium Magnesium Sulfate, Potassium Sulfate, Potassium Nitrate, and Potassium Sodium Nitrate SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE SALTS CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 Calcium Sulfate Potassium Chloride Potassium Magnesium Sulfate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS PHYSICAL CHEMICAL DATA 2.1 Melting Point 1,450 ° C 771 773 ° C 972 ° C 2.2 Boiling Point Decomposes 1,420 1,500 ° C 2.3 Density 2.31 2.97 g/ mL at 20 25oC 1.98 g/ mL 2.4 Vapor Pressure 2.5 Octanol/ Water Partition Coefficient 2.6A Water Solubility 2 2.5 g/ L at 20oC 347 g/ L at 20 ° C 24.4% at 25oC 2.6B pH and pKa values 2 g/ L pH = 7 About 7 7.04 in 5%

solution 2.7 Flash Point Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable 2.8 Auto Flammability Not flammable Not flammable 2.9 Flammability Not flammable Not flammable 2.10 Explosive Properties Not explosive Not explosive 2.11 Oxidizing Properties Not an oxidizer Not an oxidizer 2.12 Oxidation:

Reduction Potential Not an oxidizer Not an oxidizer SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE SALTS CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 Calcium Sulfate Potassium Chloride Potassium Magnesium Sulfate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS ENVIRONMENTAL FATE and PATHWAY 3.1.1 Photodegradation 3.1.2 Stability in Water Dissociates in water Ions can persist 3.1.3 Stability in Soil See text Binds to clay particles 3.3.2 Distribution Calculated,

Fugacity Level III 1.1 x 10 7% to air 45% to water 54.9% to soil 0.0755% to sediment Calculated,

Fugacity Level III 1.51 x 10 8% to air 45.2% to water 54.7% to soil 0.0755% to sediment 3.5 Biodegradation 3.7 Bioaccumulation Does not bioaccumulate SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE SALTS CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 Calcium Sulfate Potassium Chloride Potassium Magnesium Sulfate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS ECOTOXICITY 4.1 Acute toxicity to Fish Pimephales promelas 96 hrs LC50 > 1,970 mg/ L Lepomis macrochirus 96 hrs LC50 = 2,010 mg/ L Oncorhynchus mykiss 96 hrs LC50 > 63.6 mg/ L Lepomis macrochirus 96 hrs LC50 > 2,980 mg/ L Daphnia magna EC50 = 337 825 mg/ L Gambusia affinis 96 hrs LC50 > 56,000 mg/ L Physa heterostropha 96 hrs LC50 = 940 mg/ L 4.2 Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates Daphnia magna 48 hrs EC50 = 1,970 mg/ L Scenedesmus subspicatus EC50 = 2,500 mg/ L 4.3 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants ( Algae) Nitzschia linearis 120 hrs TLM = 3,200 mg/ L Nitzschia linearis 120 hrs TLm = 1,337 ppm Chlorella vulgaris 3 4 months NOEC = 600 mg/ L 4.4 Toxicity to Bacteria 4.5.1 Chronic Toxicity to Fish Salmo irideus 28 days NOEC > 3,263 mg/ L 4.5.2 Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates 4.6.1 Toxicity to Soil Dwelling Organisms 4.6.2 Toxicity to Terrestrial Plants 4.6.3 Toxicity to Other Non Mammalian Terrestrial Species SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE SALTS CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 Calcium Sulfate Potassium Chloride Potassium Magnesium Sulfate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS TOXICITY 5.1.1 Acute Oral Toxicity Rat LD50 > 5,000 mg/ kg bw Rat LD50 = 2,600 mg/ kg bw Rat OECD 425 LD50 > 2,000 mg/ kg bw Mouse LD50 > 4,052

4,226 mg/ kg bw Mouse LD50 = 1,500 mg/ kg bw 5.1.2 Acute Inhalation See text 5.1.3 Acute Dermal Toxicity 5.1.4 Acute Toxicity,

Other Routes 5.2.1 Skin Irritation/

Corrosion May be irritating 5.2.2 Eye Irritation/

Corrosion Not irritating 5.3 Skin Sensitization 5.4 Repeated Dose Hamster Intratracheal;

2 yrs LOAEL = 10 mg/ animal 5.5 Genetic Toxicity in vitro . Gene mutation Salmonella typhimurium OECD 471 Negative Saccharo

myces cerevisiae Mitotic recombination NOAEL = 300 mM . Chromosomal aberration Chinese hamster ovaries Negative Mouse lymphoma cells Marginally positive. See text 5.7 Carcinogenicity 5.8 Toxicity to Reproduction 5.9 Development Toxicity/ Teratogenicity 5.10 Additional Information Not cytotoxic SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE SALTS CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 Calcium Sulfate Potassium Chloride Potassium Magnesium Sulfate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS 5.11 Human Experience See text See text 1.8 Occupational Exposure Limits TLV as inert dust 15 mg/ m3 TLV as inert dust 15 mg/ m3 TLV for inert dust 15 mg/ m3 SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE SALTS CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 Potassium Sulfate Potassium Nitrate Potassium Sodium Nitrate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS PHYSICAL CHEMICAL DATA 2.1 Melting Point 1,069 ° C 344oC 2.2 Boiling Point 1,689 ° C 400oC at 760 mm Hg 2.3 Density 2.66 g/ mL at 20oC 2.109 g/ mL at 16oC 2.4 Vapor Pressure EPISUITE V. 3.10 1.39x10 15 hPa at 25oC 2.5 Octanol/ Water Partition Coefficient EPISUITE V. 3.10  0.79 at 25oC 2.6A Water Solubility 1,110 g/ L at 20 ° C 357 g/ L at 25oC 2.6B pH and pKa values 7 in aqueous solution pH ~ 7 at 25oC 2.7 Flash Point Not applicable Not applicable 2.8 Auto Flammability Not flammable Not flammable 2.9 Flammability Not flammable Not flammable 2.10 Explosive Properties Not explosive May explode on contact with reducing agents and/ or impact.

2.11 Oxidizing Properties Not an oxidizer Strong oxidizer 2.12 Oxidation:

Reduction Potential 2.13A Additional data See text SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE SALTS CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 Potassium Sulfate Potassium Nitrate Potassium Sodium Nitrate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS ENVIRONMENTAL FATE and PATHWAY 3.1.1 Photodegradation Does not photodegrade Does not photodegrade 3.1.2 Stability in Water Stable 3.1.3 Stability in Soil Stable Stable 3.3.2 Distribution Calculated,

Fugacity Level III 4.5 x 10 9% to air 45.3% to water 54.6% to soil 0.0755% to sediment Fugacity Level III ( Mackay type) 8.34x10 9 % to air 45.3% to water 54.7% to soil 0.0755% to sediment 3.5 Biodegradation Biodegradable 3.7 Bioaccumulation Does not bioaccumulate SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE SALTS CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 Potassium Sulfate Potassium Nitrate Potassium Sodium Nitrate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS ECOTOXICITY 4.1 Acute toxicity to Fish Lepomis macrochirus 96 hrs LC50 = 3,550 mg/ L Lepomis macrochirus 96 hrs LC50 = 1,839 mg NO3/ L Oncorhynchus mykiss 96 hrs LC50 > 98.9 mg/ L Pimephales promelas 96 hrs LC50 = 680 mg/ L 4.2 Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates Daphnia magna 48 hrs EC50 = 720 890 mg/ L Daphnia magna 48 hrs TLm = 300 mg NO3/ L 4.3 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants ( Algae) Scenedesmus subspicatus 72 hrs EC50 = 1,430

2,900 mg/ L See text 4.4 Toxicity to Bacteria 4.5.1 Chronic Toxicity to Fish 4.5.2 Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates Nereis grubei Neanthes arenaceodentata Dorvilliea articulata Capitella capita TLm = 327 mg NO3/ L TLm = 496 mg NO3/ L TLm = 880 mg NO3/ L TLm = 713 mg NO3/ L 4.6.1 Toxicity to Soil Dwelling Organisms 4.6.2 Toxicity to Terrestrial Plants See text 4.6.3 Toxicity to Other Non Mammalian Terrestrial Species Turkey poults 21 days NOEC > 1,000 mg/ L SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE SALTS CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 Potassium Sulfate Potassium Nitrate Potassium Sodium Nitrate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS TOXICITY 5.1.1 Acute Oral Toxicity Rat LD50 = 6,600 mg/ kg bw Rat LD50 = 3,750 mg/ kg bw Rat OECD 425 LD50 > 2,000 mg/ kg bw Rabbit LD50 = 1,166 NO3/ kg Cow, Sheep Lethal dose ( cow)

= 75 140 mg NO3  N/ kg Lethal dose ( sheep) = 70 mg NO3  N/ kg Goat LD100 = 1,000

1,500 mg/ kg 5.1.2 Acute Inhalation 5.1.3 Acute Dermal Toxicity Rat OECD 402 LD50 > 5,000 mg/ kg 5.1.4 Acute Toxicity,

Other Routes Guinea pig Subcutaneous LDLO = 3,000 mg/ kg bw 5.2.1 Skin Irritation/

Corrosion 5.2.2 Eye Irritation/

Corrosion 5.3 Skin Sensitization 5.4 Repeated Dose Rat OECD 422 NOAEL = 1,500 mg/ kg/ day Rat OECD 422 NOAEL = 1,500 mg/ kg/ day SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE SALTS CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 Potassium Sulfate Potassium Nitrate Potassium Sodium Nitrate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS 5.5 Genetic Toxicity in vitro . Gene mutation Salmonella typhimurium OECD 471 Negative Salmonella typhimurium Bacterial reverse mutation assay Negative Bacillus subtilis recombination assay Negative . Chromosomal aberration Chinese hamster ovaries OECD 473 Negative 5.6 Genetic Toxicity in vivo Rat 10 weeks Negative 5.7 Carcinogenicity 5.8 Toxicity to Reproduction Rat OECD 422 NOAEL = 1,500 mg/ kg/ day Rat OECD 422 NOAEL = 1,500 mg/ kg/ day Guinea pig One generation study NOAEL Parental = 10,000 ppm NOAEL F1 Offspring =

10,000 ppm Rat Twogeneration study NOAEL Parental = 2.5%

5.9 Development Toxicity/ Teratogenicity Rat OECD 422 NOAEL = 1,500 mg/ kg/ day Rat OECD 422 NOAEL = 1,500 mg/ kg/ day Chicken eggs LD50 = 5.01 mg/ kg Mouse Oral; 10 day exposure NOAEL > 400 mg/ kg bw 5.10 Metabolism and Toxicokinetics No sensory irritation SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE SALTS CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Potassium Chloride CAS # 7447 40 7 Potassium Sulfate Potassium Nitrate Potassium Sodium Nitrate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS 5.11 Human Experience Large doses can induce vomiting if swallowed See text 1.8 Occupational Exposure Limits TLV as inert dust 15 mg/ m3 TLV as inert dust 15 mg/ m3