Urban
Unrestricted
                                     April
                                    Weekday
                             14:00:00
to
14:59:59
                                       A
                                       5
                                      300
                                      15
                                     13.64
                                      15
                                      550
                                      27

                                       B
                                      16
                                      250
                                      12
                                     14.20

                                       A
                                       1
                                      300
                                      10
                                     20.45
                                      20
                                     1800
                                      60

                                       B
                                      11
                                      250
                                       8
                                     21.31

                                       B
                                      12
                                      250
                                       9
                                     18.94

                                       B
                                      15
                                      250
                                       8
                                     21.31

                                       B
                                      18
                                      250
                                       8
                                     21.31

                                       B
                                      20
                                      250
                                       9
                                     18.94

                                       B
                                      21
                                      250
                                       8
                                     21.31

                                       A
                                       2
                                      300
                                       9
                                     22.73
                                      25
                                     1650
                                      47

                                       A
                                       3
                                      300
                                       8
                                     25.57

                                       A
                                       4
                                      300
                                       9
                                     22.73

                                       B
                                      13
                                      250
                                       7
                                     24.35

                                       B
                                      14
                                      250
                                       7
                                     24.35

                                       B
                                      19
                                      250
                                       7
                                     24.35

                                       B
                                      17
                                      250
                                       6
                                     28.41
                                      30
                                      250
                                       6

Using the table delivered by TomTom, ERG calculated the time-based average speed distribution for each road type, day, and hour of the day using the average speed bin (Column J) and the total of segment times (Column L). ERG calculated the average speed distribution according to the 16 speed bins used in MOVES. Figure 9-19-1 plots the average speed distribution for one hour (5 pm) stored in the averageSpeedDistribution table in MOVES, which contains average speed distributions for each hour of the day (24 hours). We are using the TomTom data to represent national default average speed distribution in MOVES.

          Figure 9-1 Average speed distribution for hour = 17 (5 pm)
for source types (11 through 54) stored in the AvgSpeedDistribution table in MOVES

Heavy-Duty Average Speed Distributions
It has been shown that combination trucks travel at approximately 92% of the speed of light-duty vehicles on restricted access roads. Since the TomTom data was developed from light-duty vehicles, the average speed distribution for both short-haul and long-haul combination trucks was adjusted on rural and urban restricted road types.

The average speed for each roadway type, day type, and hour can be calculated by multiplying the average speed of each bin by the corresponding distribution of time as shown in Equation 2917. Here, v is the average speed of the distribution, vi is the average speed of bin i, and ρi is the proportion of time spent in bin i.

                                  v= vi∙ρi

    =2.5∙ρ1+5∙ρ2+...+ 70∙ρ15+ 75∙ρ16
                                                                    Equation 17

To adjust the average speed for heavy-duty combination trucks, we redistributed the proportion of time spent in each speed bin such that its contribution to the average speed was 92% of the light-duty speed, as shown in Equation 18. This redistributed proportion of time in each speed bin is given by ρi'.

                         vcombination=.92 vlight-duty
                                        =vi∙ρi'
                                                                    Equation 18

To perform this redistribution, we defined two new variables, α and β, where αi is the fraction of ρi that is shifted down one speed bin, and βi is the fraction of ρi shifted down two speed bins. The new distribution at speed bin i (given by ρi') starts with the original distribution (ρi), gains the proportions moved down from the higher speed bins (αi+1∙ρi+1 and βi+2∙ρi+2), and loses the proportion that is moved to a lower speed bin (αi∙ρi and βi∙ρi). This is shown in Equation 3119:

           ρi'=ρi+αi+1∙ρi+1+βi+2∙ρi+2-αi∙ρi-βi∙ρi
                                                                    Equation 19
For speed bins with an average speed of less than or equal to 60 mph, we only needed to shift distributions using a fraction of one speed bin (or 5 mph). Thus we only calculated αi and set βi=0. Mathematically, reducing a bin's average speed by a certain fraction (η) can be expressed with Equation 20:

                        1-η∙vi=αi∙vi-5+1-αi∙vi
                                                                    Equation 20
Essentially, the fraction that is moved to the next slower bin (αi) is multiplied by the slower speed (note that each of the speed bins are 5 mph apart, so this is vi-5), and the fraction that remains (1-αi) is multiplied by the original speed vi. Since the average speed of the combination trucks is 92% slower, 1-η=92% and η=0.08.

By rearranging terms from equation 20, and solving for αi we obtain:

                                 αi=vi∙η5
                                                                    Equation 21
However, for speed bins >=65 mph, Equation 21 yields αi greater than 1. Since that logically can't happen, some of the distribution needed to be moved to the second next slower speed bin to fully account for the 8% speed reduction. This is mathematically shown in Equation 22, which is the logical extension of Equation 20:

                1-η∙vi=βi∙vi-10+αi∙vi-5+1-αi-βi∙vi
                                                                    Equation 22
The difference between Equation 20 and Equation 22 is that an additional fraction (βi) is removed from the original speed bin and is given the speed of two speed bins slower (or 10 mph slower). With this additional factor, there is an infinite combination of solutions that could satisfy Equation 22. We solved this problem with a linear equation solver by setting  Equation 22 to a constraint (see Equation 23), adding the constraint that αi+βi are less than or equal to 1 (Equation 24), and choosing the solution that minimized βi.

                   αi∙vi-5+βi∙vi-10+vi∙η-αi-βi=0
                                  Equation 23

                                  αi+βi<=1
                                  Equation 24
This linear program was used to solve for αi and βi for each speed bin between 65 and 75 mph. With αi and βi known for each bin, the new distributions ρi' were calculated.

Figure 9-2 An illustration of adjustments made to the average speed bin 55 mph. Here, the original speed distribution is shown in light gray. The darker gray is the proportion of speed bin 55 that is moved out to the slower speed bin 50 mph, and the black areas are the distributions from speed bin 60 and 65 that are moved in to speed bin 55 mph.

An additional adjustment was made for the highest speed bins because we assumed that the maximum speed bin had a triangular distribution with an average speed of 75 mph (see Figure 9-29-2). In the new distribution, all of the maximum speed bin fraction was redistributed to the 65 and 70 mph bins. Therefore, the new maximum speed bin (70 mph) was also assumed to have a triangular distribution. Geometrically, 1/9[th] of a triangular distribution averaging 70 mph is faster than 72.5 mph. Since the 75 mph speed bin is defined as any speed >=72.5 mph, 1/9[th] of the new 70 mph fraction (ρ15') was reclassified as the new fraction for the 75 mph bin.

This process was repeated for both short- and long-haul combination trucks on restricted-access road types for every hour and day type combination. See Figure 9-3 for an example illustration of the results of this analysis.

      Figure 9-3 Average weekday speed distribution for hour = 17 (5 pm)
       by source type stored in the avgSpeedDistribution table in MOVES.

Driving Schedules and Ramps
Drive schedule refers to a second-by-second vehicle speed trajectory. A drive schedule typically includes all vehicle operation from the time the engine starts until the engine is keyed off, both driving (travel) and idling time. Drive schedules are used in MOVES to determine the operating mode distribution for most MOVES running processes for calculation of emissions and energy consumption.

In brief, there is an emission rate (in grams per hour of vehicle operation) for each operating mode of vehicle operation.  Each second of vehicle operation is assigned to an operating mode as a function of vehicle velocity in each second and the specific power (VSP), or scaled tractive power (STP) for heavy-duty vehicles, is calculated from the driving schedules. The average speed distribution is used to weight the operating mode distributions determined from driving schedules with different average speeds into a composite operating mode distribution that represents overall travel by vehicles. The distribution of operating modes is used by MOVES to weight the emission rates to account for the vehicle operation.

Driving Schedules
A key feature of MOVES is the capability to accommodate a number of drive schedules to represent driving patterns across source type, roadway type and average speed. For the national default case, MOVES2014 employs 49 drive schedules with various average speeds, mapped to specific source types and roadway types.

MOVES stores all of the drive schedule information in four database tables. DriveSchedule provides the drive schedule name, identification number, and the average speed of the drive schedule. DriveScheduleSecond contains the second-by-second vehicle trajectories for each schedule. In some cases the vehicle trajectories are not contiguous; as detailed below, they may be formed from several unconnected microtrips that overall represent driving behavior.  DriveScheduleAssoc defines the set of schedules which are available for each combination of source use type and road type. Ramps use operating mode distributions directly and do not use drive schedules to calculate operating modes.  The RoadOpModeDistribution table lists operating mode distributions used for ramps for each source use type, road type and speed bin.

The tables below list the driving schedules used in MOVES2014.   Some driving schedules are used for both restricted access (freeway) and unrestricted access (non-freeway) driving.  In most cases, these represent atypical conditions, such as extreme congestion or unrealistic free flow speeds.  In these conditions, we assume that the road type itself has little impact on the expected driving behavior (driving schedule).  Normally, these conditions represent only a small portion of overall driving.  Similarly, some driving schedules are used for multiple source types where vehicle specific information was not available.

In the past, if there was no appropriate driving schedule to use for modeling an average speed bin, MOVES would use the nearest schedule.  MOVES2014 now requires driving schedules that can be used as the upper bound and the lower bound for all average speed bins.  New default driving schedules have been added to assure that all average speed bins have appropriate driving schedules for all the MOVES average speed bins.

Table 10-1 Driving Cycles for Motorcycles, Cars, Passenger Cars and Light Commercial Trucks (11,21,31,32)
                                      ID
                                  Cycle Name
                                 Average Speed
                              Unrestricted Access
                               Restricted access

                                     Rural
                                     Urban
                                     Rural
                                     Urban
                                      101
LD Low Speed 1
                                      2.5
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                     1033
Final FC14LOSF
                                      8.7

                                       X
                                       X
                                     1043
Final FC19LOSAC
                                     15.7

                                       X
                                       X
                                     1041
Final FC17LOSD
                                     18.6
                                       X
                                       X

                                     1021
Final FC11LOSF
                                     20.6

                                       X
                                       X
                                     1030
Final FC14LOSC
                                     25.4
                                       X
                                       X

                                      153
LD LOS E Freeway
                                     30.5

                                       X
                                       X
                                     1029
Final FC14LOSB
                                     31.0
                                       X
                                       X

                                     1026
Final FC12LOSE
                                     43.3

                                       X

                                     1020
Final FC11LOSE
                                     46.1

                                       X
                                       X
                                     1011
Final FC02LOSDF
                                     49.1
                                       X

                                     1025
Final FC12LOSD
                                     52.8

                                       X

                                     1019
Final FC11LOSD
                                     58.8

                                       X
                                       X
                                     1024
Final FC12LOSC
                                     63.7
                                       X
                                       X

                                     1018
Final FC11LOSC
                                     64.4

                                       X
                                       X
                                     1017
Final FC11LOSB
                                     66.4

                                       X
                                       X
                                     1009
Final FC01LOSAF
                                     73.8
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      158
LD High Speed Freeway 3
                                     76.0
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X

              Table 10-2 Driving Cycles for Intercity Buses (41)
                                      ID
                                  Cycle Name
                                 Average Speed
                              Unrestricted access
                               Restricted access

                                     Rural
                                     Urban
                                     Rural
                                     Urban
                                      398
CRC E55 HHDDT Creep
                                      1.8
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      404
New York City Bus
                                      3.7
                                       X
                                       X

                                      201
MD 5mph Non-Freeway
                                      4.6
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      405
WMATA Transit Bus
                                      8.3
                                       X
                                       X

                                      202
MD 10mph Non-Freeway
                                     10.7
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      203
MD 15mph Non-Freeway
                                     15.6
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      204
MD 20mph Non-Freeway
                                     20.8
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      205
MD 25mph Non-Freeway
                                     24.5
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      206
MD 30mph Non-Freeway
                                     31.5
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      251
MD 30mph Freeway
                                     34.4
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      252
MD 40mph Freeway
                                     44.5
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      253
MD 50mph Freeway
                                     55.4
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      254
MD 60mph Freeway
                                     60.4
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      255
MD High Speed Freeway
                                     72.8
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      397
MD High Speed Freeway Plus 5 mph
                                     77.8
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X

        Table 10-3 Driving Cycles for Transit and School Buses (42,43)
                                      ID
                                  Cycle Name
                                 Average Speed
                              Unrestricted access
                               Restricted access

                                     Rural
                                     Urban
                                     Rural
                                     Urban
                                      398
CRC E55 HHDDT Creep
                                      1.8
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      201
MD 5mph Non-Freeway
                                      4.6

                                       X
                                       X
                                      404
New York City Bus
                                      3.7
                                       X
                                       X

                                      202
MD 10mph Non-Freeway
                                     10.7

                                       X
                                       X
                                      405
WMATA Transit Bus
                                      8.3
                                       X
                                       X

                                      401
Bus Low Speed Urban*
                                      15
                                       X
                                       X

                                      203
MD 15mph Non-Freeway
                                     15.6

                                       X
                                       X
                                      204
MD 20mph Non-Freeway
                                     20.8

                                       X
                                       X
                                      205
MD 25mph Non-Freeway
                                     24.5

                                       X
                                       X
                                      402
Bus 30 mph Flow*
                                      30
                                       X
                                       X

                                      206
MD 30mph Non-Freeway
                                     31.5

                                       X
                                       X
                                      251
MD 30mph Freeway
                                     34.4

                                       X
                                       X
                                      252
MD 40mph Freeway
                                     44.5

                                       X
                                       X
                                      403
Bus 45 mph Flow*
                                      45
                                       X
                                       X

                                      253
MD 50mph Freeway
                                     55.4
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      254
MD 60mph Freeway
                                     60.4
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      255
MD High Speed Freeway
                                     72.8
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      397
MD High Speed Freeway Plus 5 mph
                                     77.8
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
	* To be consistent with the speed distributions described in Section 9, this speed represents the average for the traffic the bus is traveling in, not the average speed of the bus, which is lower due to stops.

               Table 10-4 Driving Cycles for Refuse Trucks (51)
                                      ID
                                  Cycle Name
                                 Average Speed
                              Unrestricted access
                               Restricted access

                                     Rural
                                     Urban
                                     Rural
                                     Urban
                                      398
CRC E55 HHDDT Creep
                                      1.8

                                       X
                                       X
                                      501
Refuse Truck Urban
                                      2.2
                                       X
                                       X

                                      301
HD 5mph Non-Freeway
                                      5.8

                                       X
                                       X
                                      302
HD 10mph Non-Freeway
                                     11.2
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      303
HD 15mph Non-Freeway
                                     15.6
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      304
HD 20mph Non-Freeway
                                     19.4
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      305
HD 25mph Non-Freeway
                                     25.6
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      306
HD 30mph Non-Freeway
                                     32.5
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      351
HD 30mph Freeway
                                     34.3
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      352
HD 40mph Freeway
                                     47.1
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      353
HD 50mph Freeway
                                     54.2
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      354
HD 60mph Freeway
                                     59.4
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      355
HD High Speed Freeway
                                     71.7
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      396
HD High Speed Freeway Plus 5 mph
                                     77.8
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X

  Table 10-5 Driving Cycles for Single Unit Trucks and Motor Homes (52,53,54)
                                      ID
                                  Cycle Name
                                 Average Speed
                              Unrestricted access
                               Restricted access

                                     Rural
                                     Urban
                                     Rural
                                     Urban
                                      398
CRC E55 HHDDT Creep
                                      1.8
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      201
MD 5mph Non-Freeway
                                      4.6
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      202
MD 10mph Non-Freeway
                                     10.7
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      203
MD 15mph Non-Freeway
                                     15.6
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      204
MD 20mph Non-Freeway
                                     20.8
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      205
MD 25mph Non-Freeway
                                     24.5
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      206
MD 30mph Non-Freeway
                                     31.5
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      251
MD 30mph Freeway
                                     34.4
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      252
MD 40mph Freeway
                                     44.5
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      253
MD 50mph Freeway
                                     55.4
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      254
MD 60mph Freeway
                                     60.4
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      255
MD High Speed Freeway
                                     72.8
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      397
MD High Speed Freeway Plus 5 mph
                                     77.8
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X

           Table 10-6 Driving Cycles for Combination Trucks (61,62)
                                      ID
                                  Cycle Name
                                 Average Speed
                              Unrestricted access
                               Restricted access

                                     Rural
                                     Urban
                                     Rural
                                     Urban
                                      398
CRC E55 HHDDT Creep
                                      1.8
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      301
HD 5mph Non-Freeway
                                      5.8
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      302
HD 10mph Non-Freeway
                                     11.2
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      303
HD 15mph Non-Freeway
                                     15.6
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      304
HD 20mph Non-Freeway
                                     19.4
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      305
HD 25mph Non-Freeway
                                     25.6
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      306
HD 30mph Non-Freeway
                                     32.5
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      351
HD 30mph Freeway
                                     34.3
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      352
HD 40mph Freeway
                                     47.1
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      353
HD 50mph Freeway
                                     54.2
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      354
HD 60mph Freeway
                                     59.4
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      355
HD High Speed Freeway
                                     71.7
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                      396
HD High Speed Freeway Plus 5 mph
                                     77.8
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X
                                       X

The default drive schedules for light-duty vehicles listed in the tables above were developed from several sources. "LD LOS E Freeway" and "HD High Speed Freeway" were retained from MOBILE6 and are documented in report M6.SPD.001.   "LD Low Speed 1" is a historic cycle used in the development of speed corrections for MOBILE5 and is meant to represent extreme stop-and-go "creep" driving. "LD High Speed Freeway 3" was developed for MOVES to represent very high speed restricted access driving.  It is a 580-second segment of restricted access driving from an in-use vehicle instrumented as part of EPA's On-Board Emission Measurement "Shootout" program, with an average speed of 76 mph and a maximum speed of 90 mph.  Fifteen new light-duty "Final" cycles were developed by a contractor for MOVES based on urban and rural data collected in California in 2000 and 2004.[37] The new cycles were selected to best cover the range of road types and average speeds modeled in MOVES.

Most of the driving schedules used for buses are borrowed directly from driving schedules used for single unit trucks (described below).  The "New York City Bus" and "WMATA Transit Bus" drive schedules are included for urban driving that includes transit type bus driving behavior.  The "CRC E55 HHDDT Creep"  cycle was included to cover extremely low speeds.  The "Bus 30 mph Flow" and "Bus 45 mph Flow" cycles used for transit and school buses were developed by EPA based on Ann Arbor Transit Authority buses instrumented in Ann Arbor, Michigan.  The bus "flow" cycles were developed using selected non-contiguous snippets of driving from one stop to the next stop, including idle, to create cycles with the desired average driving speeds.  The bus "flow" cycles have a nominal speed used for selecting the driving cycles that does not include the idle time and only considers the free-flow speed between stops. The actual average speed of the cycle (including stops) are shown in Section 20 (Appendix D). Note that the "Bus Low Speed Urban" bus cycle is the last 450 seconds of the standard New York City Bus cycle.

The "Refuse Truck Urban" cycle represents refuse truck driving with many stops and a maximum speed of 20 mph, but an average speed of 2.2 mph.  This cycle was developed by West Virginia University for the State of New York.  The CRC EFF HHDDT Creep cycle was used instead for restricted access driving of refuse trucks at extremely low speeds.  All of the other driving cycles used for refuse trucks were borrowed from driving cycles developed for heavy-duty combination trucks, described below.

Single unit and combination trucks use driving cycles developed specifically for MOVES, based on work performed for EPA by Eastern Research Group (ERG), Inc. and documented in the report "Roadway-Specific Driving Schedules for Heavy-Duty Vehicles." ERG analyzed data from 150 medium and heavy-duty vehicles instrumented to gather instantaneous speed and GPS measurements. ERG segregated the driving into restricted access and unrestricted access driving for medium and heavy-duty vehicles, and then further stratified vehicles trips according the pre-defined ranges of average speed covering the range of vehicle operation.  The medium duty cycles are used with single unit trucks and heavy-duty cycles are used with combination trucks.

The schedules developed by ERG are not contiguous schedules which could be run on a chassis dynamometer, but are made up of non-contiguous "snippets" of driving (microtrips) meant to represent target distributions.  For use with MOVES, we modified the schedules' time field in order to signify when one microtrip ended and one began. The time field of the driving schedule table increments two seconds (instead of one) when each new microtrip begins. This two-second increment signifies that MOVES should not regard the microtrips as contiguous operation when calculating accelerations.

Both single unit and combination trucks use the CRC EFF HHDDT Creep cycle for all driving at extremely low speeds.  At the other end of the distribution, none of the existing driving cycles for heavy-duty trucks included average speeds sufficiently high to cover the highest speed bin used by MOVES.  To construct such cycles, EPA started with the highest speed driving cycle available from the ERG analysis and added 5 mph to each point, effectively increasing the average speed of the driving cycle without increasing the acceleration rate at any point.  We have checked the feasibility of these new driving cycles (396 and 397) using simulations with the EPA's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Model (GEM) for medium- and heavy-duty vehicle compliance. GEM is a forward-looking full vehicle simulation tool that calculates fuel economy and GHG emissions from an input drive trace and series of vehicle parameters.  One of the aspects of forward-looking models is that the driver model is designed to demand torque until the vehicle drive trace is met.  Our results indicate that the simulated vehicles were able to follow the speed demands of the proposed driving cycles without exceeding maximum torque or power.

None of the driving schedules used to represent restricted access (freeway) driving contain vehicle operation on entrance or exit ramps.  The effect of ramp operation is added separately in MOVES.

Ramp Activity
Ramp activity is the driving behavior of vehicles that occurs on entrance and exit ramps as vehicles enter or leave restricted access roads.  It includes all of the activity between operation on the unrestricted road and operation on the restricted road.

None of the driving schedules used to represent restricted access (freeway) driving contain vehicle operation on entrance or exit ramps.  The effect of ramp operation is calculated separately.  Instead of using driving schedules to generate operating mode distributions for ramps, each average speed bin has an associated operating mode distribution that reflects the power demand expected from ramp operation associated with each nominal average speed for each of the source types.  The operating mode distributions used for ramps in MOVES2014 were estimated to represent the driving connecting to and from a freeway with the given average speed. These operating mode distributions (i.e. the fractions of time spent in each of the operating modes for each source type on each road type at each average speed) can be found in the in the default MOVES2014 database (RoadOpModeDistribution table).

Each set of ramp operating modes is associated with a corresponding average speed that does not include ramp operation.  Since  operating modes for ramp emissions are  affected by the distribution of the average speed bins on the surrounding roads, the determination of average speeds for restricted access roads (both urban and rural) should not include the time or distance of vehicles on ramps. However, the VMT on ramps should be included with restricted access VMT.

The emission impact of ramp activity is combined with the other driving activity found in the restricted access (freeway) driving cycles using a ramp fraction.  This fraction defines the fraction of all time spent on a road that occurs on entrance and exit ramps. The fraction used (8%) in MOVES2014 is derived from the ramp fraction value developed originally for the MOBILE6 model.

Hotelling Activity
MOVES2014 defines "hotelling" as any long period of time that drivers spend at their vehicles during mandated down times during long distance deliveries by tractor/trailer combination heavy-duty trucks.  During the mandatory down time, drivers can stay in motels or other accommodations, but most of these trucks have sleeping spaces built into the cab of the truck and drivers stay with their vehicles. Hotelling hours are included in MOVES2014 in order to account for use of the truck engine (referred to as "extended idling") to power air conditioning, heat and other accessories and account for the use of auxiliary power units (APU), which are small on-board power generators.

In MOVES2014, only the long haul combination truck source use type (sourceTypeID=62) is assumed to have any hotelling activity.  All of the long haul combination trucks are diesel fueled.  All source use types other than long haul combination trucks have hotelling activity fractions set to zero.

National Default Hotelling Rate
Federal law limits long haul truck drivers to 10 hours driving followed by a mandatory 8 hour rest period. These regulations are described in the Federal Register.   In long-haul operation, drivers will stop periodically along their routes.  For MOVES, the total hours of hotelling are estimated by using the national estimate of VMT by long haul combination trucks divided an estimated average speed to calculate total hours of driving.  The total hours of driving divided by 10 gives the number of 8-hour rest periods needed and thus the national total hotelling hours.

A method is needed to allocate these total hotelling hours to locations.  For MOVES2014, we decided to determine a "hotelling rate" (hours of hotelling per mile of travel) that could be used, in combination with VMT information to allocate the hotelling hours. We calculate a hotelling rate as the national total hours of hotelling divided by the national total miles driven by long haul trucks on rural restricted access (freeways) roads.  Driving time on all roads contributes to the total hotelling hours calculation.  However, most locations used for hotelling are located near the roadways (restricted access) most travelled by long haul trucks. In order to prevent large amounts of hotelling to be allocated to congested urban areas, we decided to only use the VMT on rural restricted roads as the surrogate for allocating the total hotelling hours.

The hotelling rate (hotelling hours per mile of rural restricted access travel by long haul combination trucks) is applied to the estimate of rural restricted access VMT by long haul combination trucks to estimate the default hotelling hours for any location, month or day.  The allocation of Hotelling to specific hours of the day is described below in Section 12.5.

The MOVES2014 default hotelling rate was calculated using default national total VMT estimates for calendar year 2011 shown in Table 11-1.

             Total Hours=Total Vehicle Miles TraveledAverage Speed
                                  Equation 25

                   Total Trips=Total Hours10 hours per trip
                                  Equation 26

                 Hotelling Hours=Total Trips*8 hours per trip
                                  Equation 27

      Hotelling Rate=Hotelling HoursTotal Rural Restricted Miles Traveled
                                  Equation 28

Where:
         * Total Hours is the calculated time long haul combination trucks spend driving.
         * Total Vehicle Miles Traveled is the total miles traveled by diesel long haul combination trucks in the nation in calendar year 2011 on all road types taken from MOVES defaults.
         * Average Speed is an estimate of the average speed (distance divided by time) for diesel long haul combination trucks on all road types while operating.
         * Total Trips is the calculated number of trips by long haul combination trucks.
         * Hotelling Hours is the calculated amount of rest time for long haul combination trucks.
         * Rural Restricted Miles is the total miles traveled by diesel long haul combination trucks on only rural restricted access roads (freeways) in calendar year 2011 using MOVES defaults.

Table 11-1 Calculation of Hotelling Hours from Long Haul Combination Truck VMT
                                  Description
                                 Annual Value
                                     units
Rural Restricted
<PHONE_NUMBER>0
miles
Rural Unrestricted
<PHONE_NUMBER>0
miles
Urban Restricted
<PHONE_NUMBER>0
miles
Urban Unrestricted
<PHONE_NUMBER>0
miles
Total annual VMT
<PHONE_NUMBER>00
miles
Hours (58.3 mph)
<PHONE_NUMBER>
hours
Trips (10 hrs per trip)
                                                                      217471698
trips
Hotelling hours (8 hrs per trip)
<PHONE_NUMBER>
hours
Hotelling hours per mile for rural restricted roads
                                                                       0.055414
rate

For the MOVES default, all hotelling activity is assumed to occur in counties with travel on rural restricted access roads), and thus will occur primarily in rural areas of states.

The national rate of hotelling hours per mile of rural restricted access roadway VMT is stored in the HotellingCalendarYear table for each calendar year.  The same value calculated for 2011 is used as the default for all calendar years.  The County Data Manager includes the HotellingActivityDistribution table which provides the opportunity for states to provide their own estimates of hotelling hours specific to their location and time. Whenever possible states and local areas should obtain and use more accurate local estimates of hotelling hours when modeling local areas.
Hotelling Activity Distribution
Hotelling differs from simple parking. In MOVES, hotelling hours are divided into operating modes which define the emissions associated with the type of hotelling activity. Long haul trucks are often equipped with sleeping berths and other amenities to make the drive rest periods more comfortable.  These amenities require power for operation.  This power can be obtained by running the main truck engine (extended idle) or by use of smaller on-board power generators (auxiliary power units, APU).  Some truck stop locations include power hookups (truck stop electrification) to allow use of amenities without running either the truck engines or APUs.  Some of rest time may occur without use of amenities at all.  Table 11-211-211-211-2 shows the hotelling operating modes used in MOVES.

                 Table 11-2 Hotelling Activity Operating Modes
                                   OpModeID
                                  Description
                                      200
                        Extended Idling of Main Engine
                                      201
                  Hotelling Diesel Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)
                                      203
                       Hotelling Battery or AC (plug in)
                                      204
                   Hotelling All Engines and Accessories Off

The HotellingActivityDistribution table contains the MOVES default values for the distribution of hotelling activity to the operating modes.

              Table 11-3 Default Hotelling Activity Distributions
                               beginModelYearID
                                endModelYearID
                                   opModeID
                                opModeFraction
                                     1960
                                     2009
                                      200
                                       1
                                     1960
                                     2009
                                      201
                                       0
                                     1960
                                     2009
                                      203
                                       0
                                     1960
                                     2009
                                      204
                                       0
                                     2010
                                     2050
                                      200
                                      0.7
                                     2010
                                     2050
                                      201
                                      0.3
                                     2010
                                     2050
                                      203
                                       0
                                     2010
                                     2050
                                      204
                                       0

All of the hotelling hours for long haul trucks of model years before 2010 are assumed to use extended idle to power accessories.  Starting with the 2010 model year, the trucks are assumed to use extended idle 70 percent of the time and use APUs 30% of the time based on EPA's assessment of technologies used by tractor manufacturers to comply with the Heavy-Duty Greenhouse Gas standards.

Temporal Distributions
MOVES is designed to estimate emissions for every hour of every day type in every month of the year. The vehicle miles traveled (VMT) are provided for MOVES2014 in terms of annual miles.  These miles are allocated to months, days and hours using allocation factors (distributions), either default values or values provided by users.

Default values for most temporal VMT allocations are derived from a 1996 report from the Office of Highway Information Management (OHIM).   The report describes analysis of a sample of 5,000 continuous traffic counters distributed through the United States. EPA obtained the data used in the report and used it to generate the VMT temporal distribution inputs in the form needed for MOVES2014.

The OHIM report does not specify VMT by vehicle type, so MOVES uses the same values for all source types, except motorcycles, as described below. In MOVES, daily truck hotelling hours are calculated as proportional to source hours operating (SHO) calculated by MOVES from the VMT and speed distributions for long haul combination trucks. However, the hours of hotelling activity in each hour of the day are not proportional to VMT, as described in Section 12.5.

The temporal distribution for engine start and corresponding engine soak (parked) distributions are calculated from vehicle activity data stored in the SampleVehicle and SampleVehicleTrip tables of the MOVES database.  These tables contain a set of vehicle trip activity information from over 37,000 trips, taken from a sample of vehicles intended to be representative of activity for each source type.  Evaporative emissions are also affected by the time of day and the duration of parking. Some of the vehicles in the samples take no trips.

               Table 12-1 Sample Vehicle Day Table Sample Sizes
                                  Source Type
                                Vehicle Sample
                                                                   sourceTypeID
Description
Weekday (dayID=5)
Weekend (dayID=2)
                                                                             11
 Motorcycle
                                                                           2214
                                                                            983
                                                                             21
 Passenger Car
                                                                            821
                                                                            347
                                                                             31
 Passenger Truck
                                                                            834
                                                                            371
                                                                             32
 Light Commercial Truck
                                                                            773
                                                                            345
                                                                             41
 Intercity Bus
                                                                            190
                                                                             73
                                                                             42
 Transit Bus
                                                                            110
                                                                             14
                                                                             43
 School Bus
                                                                            136
                                                                             59
                                                                             51
 Refuse Truck
                                                                            205
                                                                             65
                                                                             52
 Single Unit Short-haul Truck
                                                                            112
                                                                             58
                                                                             53
 Single Unit Long-haul Truck
                                                                            123
                                                                             50
                                                                             54
 Motor Home
                                                                           5431
                                                                           2170
                                                                             61
 Combination Short-haul Truck
                                                                            130
                                                                             52
                                                                             62
 Combination Long-haul Truck
                                                                            122
                                                                             49

 VMT Distribution by Month of the Year
In MOVES, VMT is entered as an annual value and allocated to month using the MonthVMTFraction table. For MOVES, we use the data from the OHIM report, Figure 2.2.1 "Travel by Month, 1970-1995," but modified to fit MOVES specifications.  The table shows VMT/day taken from the OHIM report, normalized to one for January. For MOVES, we need the fraction of total annual VMT in each month. The report values of VMT per day were used to calculate the VMT in a month using the number of days in each month.  The calculations assume a non-leap year (365 days).

                          Table 12-2 MonthVMTFraction
                                     Month
                              Normalized VMT/day
                                     MOVES
                                 Distribution
January
                                    1.0000
                                    0.0731
February
                                    1.0560
                                    0.0697
March
                                    1.1183
                                    0.0817
April
                                    1.1636
                                    0.0823
May
                                    1.1973
                                    0.0875
June
                                    1.2480
                                    0.0883
July
                                    1.2632
                                    0.0923
August
                                    1.2784
                                    0.0934
September
                                    1.1973
                                    0.0847
October
                                    1.1838
                                    0.0865
November
                                    1.1343
                                    0.0802
December
                                    1.0975
                                    0.0802
                                      Sum

                                    1.0000

FHWA does not report monthly VMT information by vehicle classification.  But it is clear that in many regions of the United States, motorcycles are driven much less frequently in the winter months. For MOVES2014 an allocation for motorcycles was derived using monthly national counts of fatal motorcycle crashes from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Fatality Analysis System for 2010. This allocation increases motorcycle activity (and emissions) in the summer months and decreases them in the winter compared to the other source types.  These default values for motorcycles are only a national average and do not reflect the strong regional differences that would be expected due to climate.

                  Table 12-3 MonthVMTFraction for Motorcycles
                                     Month
                                   Month ID
                                 Distribution
January
                                       1
                                    0.0262
February
                                       2
                                    0.0237
March
                                       3
                                    0.0583
April
                                       4
                                    0.1007
May
                                       5
                                    0.1194
June
                                       6
                                    0.1269
July
                                       7
                                    0.1333
August
                                       8
                                    0.1349
September
                                       9
                                    0.1132
October
                                      10
                                    0.0950
November
                                      11
                                    0.0442
December
                                      12
                                    0.0242
                                      Sum

                                    1.0000

 VMT Distribution by Type of Day
The DayVMTFraction distribution divides the weekly VMT into two day types.  The OHIM report provides VMT percentage values for each day and hour of a typical week for urban and rural roadway types for various regions of the United States. Since the day  - of-the-week data obtained from the OHIM report is not disaggregated by month or source type, the same values were used for every month and source type. MOVES uses the 1995 data displayed in Figure 2.3.2 of the OHIM report.

The DayVMTFraction needed for MOVES has only two categories; week days (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday) and weekend (Saturday and Sunday) days.  The OHIM reported percentages for each day of the week were summed in their respective categories and converted to fractions. The OHIM report explains that data for "3am" refers to data collected from 3am to 4am. Thus data labeled "midnight" belongs to and was summed with the upcoming day.

                          Table 12-4 DayVMTFractions
                                   Fraction
                                     Rural
                                     Urban
                                    Weekday
                                    0.72118
                                    0762365
                                    Weekend
                                    0.27882
                                   0.237635
                                      Sum
                                    1.00000
                                   1.000000

We assigned the "Rural" fractions to the rural road types and the "Urban" fractions to the urban road types. The fraction of weekly VMT reported for a single weekday in MOVES will be one-fifth of the weekday fraction and the fraction of weekly VMT for a single weekend day will be one-half the weekend fraction.

 VMT Distribution by Hour of the Day
HourVMTFraction uses the same data as for DayVMTFraction. We converted the OHIM report's VMT data by hour of the day in each day type to percent of day by dividing by the total VMT for each day type, as described for the DayVMTFraction.  The OHIM report explains that data for "3am" refers to data collected from 3am to 4am. Thus data labeled "midnight" belongs to and was included with the upcoming day.

There are separate sets of HourVMTFractions for "urban" and "rural" road types, but unrestricted and unrestricted roads use the same HourVMTFraction distributions. All source types use the same HourVMTFraction distributions.

               Table 12-5 Distribution of VMT by Hour of the Day
                                    hourID
                                  Description
                                     Urban
                                     Rural

                                    Weekday
                                    Weekend
                                    Weekday
                                    Weekend
                                       1
Hour beginning at 12:00 midnight
                                   0.0098621
                                   0.0214739
                                   0.0107741
                                   0.0164213
                                       2
Hour beginning at 1:00 AM
                                  0.00627248
                                   0.0144428
                                   0.0076437
                                   0.0111921
                                       3
Hour beginning at 2:00 AM
                                  0.00505767
                                   0.0109684
                                   0.0065464
                                   0.0085415
                                       4
Hour beginning at 3:00 AM
                                  0.00466686
                                   0.0074945
                                   0.0066348
                                  0.00679328
                                       5
Hour beginning at 4:00 AM
                                  0.00699469
                                   0.0068385
                                   0.0095399
                                  0.00721894
                                       6
Hour beginning at 5:00 AM
                                   0.018494
                                   0.0103588
                                   0.0200551
                                   0.0107619
                                       7
Hour beginning at 6:00 AM
                                   0.0459565
                                   0.0184303
                                   0.0410295
                                  0.01768008
                                       8
Hour beginning at 7:00 AM
                                   0.0696444
                                   0.0268117
                                   0.0579722
                                   0.0268751
                                       9
Hour beginning at 8:00 AM
                                   0.0608279
                                   0.0363852
                                   0.0534711
                                   0.0386587
                                      10
Hour beginning at 9:00 AM
                                   0.0502862
                                   0.0475407
                                   0.0525478
                                   0.0522389
                                      11
Hour beginning at 10:00 AM
                                   0.0499351
                                   0.0574664
                                   0.0550607
                                   0.0631739
                                      12
Hour beginning at 11:00 AM
                                   0.0543654
                                   0.0650786
                                   0.0576741
                                   0.0699435
                                      13
Hour beginning at 12:00 Noon
                                   0.0576462
                                   0.0713228
                                   0.0591429
                                   0.0729332
                                      14
Hour beginning at 1:00 PM
                                   0.0580319
                                   0.0714917
                                   0.0608019
                                   0.0731218
                                      15
Hour beginning at 2:00 PM
                                   0.0622554
                                   0.0717226
                                   0.0652985
                                   0.0736159
                                      16
Hour beginning at 3:00 PM
                                   0.0710049
                                   0.0720061
                                   0.0726082
                                   0.0744608
                                      17
Hour beginning at 4:00 PM
                                   0.0769725
                                   0.0711487
                                   0.0773817
                                   0.0742165
                                      18
Hour beginning at 5:00 PM
                                   0.077432
                                   0.0678874
                                   0.0754816
                                   0.0700091
                                      19
Hour beginning at 6:00 PM
                                   0.059783
                                   0.0617718
                                   0.0587059
                                   0.0614038
                                      20
Hour beginning at 7:00 PM
                                   0.0443923
                                   0.0516882
                                   0.0439864
                                   0.0505043
                                      21
Hour beginning at 8:00 PM
                                   0.0354458
                                   0.0428658
                                   0.0357309
                                   0.0412072
                                      22
Hour beginning at 9:00 PM
                                   0.031824
                                   0.0380302
                                   0.0307428
                                   0.0336373
                                      23
Hour beginning at 10:00 PM
                                   0.0249419
                                   0.0322072
                                   0.0238521
                                   0.0262243
                                      24
Hour beginning at 11:00 PM
                                   0.0179068
                                   0.0245677
                                   0.0173177
                                   0.0191666

                             Sum of All Fractions
                                     1.000
                                     1.000
                                     1.000
                                     1.000

          Figure 12-1 Hourly VMT Fractions by Day Type and Road Type

 Engine Starts and Parking
To properly estimate engine start emissions and evaporative fuel vapor losses, it is important to estimate the number of starts by time of day, and the duration of time between vehicle trips. The time between trips with the engine off is referred to as "soak time". To determine typical patterns of trip starts and ends, MOVES uses information from instrumented vehicles. This data is stored in two tables in the MOVES default database.  We have made only minor changes for MOVE2014.

The first table, SampleVehicleDay, lists a sample population of vehicles, each with an identifier (vehID), an indication of vehicle type (sourceTypeID), and an indication (dayID) of whether the vehicle is part of the weekend or weekday vehicle population.  Some vehicles were added to this table to increase the number of vehicles in each day which do not take any trips to better match a recent study of vehicle activity in Georgia. This change is described in greater detail in the report describing evaporative emissions in MOVES2014.

The second table, SampleVehicleTrip, lists the trips in a day made by each of the vehicles in the SampleVehicleDay table. It records the vehID, dayID, a trip number (tripID), the hour of the trip (hourID), the trip number of the prior trip (priorTripID), and the times at which the engine was turned on and off for the trip.  The keyOnTime and keyOffTime are recorded in minutes since midnight of the day of the trip. 439 trips (about 1.1%) were added to this table to assure that at least on trip is done by a vehicle from each source type in each hour of the day to assure that emission rates will be calculated in each hour.  Light-duty vehicle trip and soak data was copied to all the other source types (11, 41, 42, 43, 51, 52, 53, 54, 61, and 62) for both weekdays (dayID 5) and weekends (dayID 2) for hours with no trips.

To account for overnight soaks, many first trips reference a prior trip with a null value for keyOnTime and a negative value for keyOffTime. The SampleVehicleDay table also includes some vehicles that have no trips in the SampleVehicleTrip table to account for vehicles that sit for one or more days without driving at all.

The data and processing algorithms used to populate these tables are detailed in two contractor reports., The data comes from a variety of instrumented vehicle studies, summarized in Table 12-6. This data was cleaned, adjusted, sampled and weighted to develop a distribution intended to represent average urban vehicle activity.

          Table 12-6 Source Data for Sample Vehicle Trip Information
                                     Study
                                  Study Area
                                  Study Years
                                 Vehicle Types
                                 Vehicle Count
3-City FTP Study
Atlanta, GA; Baltimore, MD; Spokane, WA
                                     1992
Passenger cars & trucks
                                                                            321
Minneapolis
Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN
                                   2004-2005
Passenger cars & trucks
                                                                            133
Knoxville
Knoxville, TN
                                   2000-2001
Passenger cars & trucks
                                                                            377
Las Vegas
Las Vegas, NV
                                   2004-2005
Passenger cars & trucks
                                                                            350
Battelle
California, statewide
                                   1997-1998
Heavy-duty trucks
                                                                            120
TxDOT
Houston, TX
                                     2002
Diesel dump trucks
                                                                              4

For vehicle classes that were not represented in the available data, the contractor synthesized trips using trip-per-operating hour information from the EPA MOBILE6 model and soak time and time-of-day information from source types that did have data. The application of synthetic trips is summarized in Table 12-7.

     Table 12-7 Synthesis of Sample Vehicles for Source Types Lacking Data
                                  Source Type
                             Based on Direct Data?
                               Synthesized From
Motorcycles
                                      No
Passenger Cars
Passenger Cars
                                      Yes
n/a
Passenger Trucks
                                      Yes
n/a
Light Commercial Trucks
                                      No
Passenger Trucks
Intercity Buses
                                      No
Combination long-haul trucks
Transit Buses
                                      No
Single unit short-haul trucks
School Buses
                                      No
Single unit short-haul trucks
Refuse Trucks
                                      No
Combination short-haul trucks
Single unit short-haul trucks
                                      Yes
n/a
Single unit long-haul trucks
                                      No
Combination long-haul trucks
Motor homes
                                      No
Passenger Cars
Combination short-haul trucks
                                      Yes
n/a
Combination long-haul trucks
                                      Yes
n/a

The resulting trip-per-day estimates are summarized in Table 12-8.  The same estimate for trips per day is used for all ages of vehicles in any calendar year.

                   Table 12-8 Starts per Day by Source Type
                                  Source Type
                                   MOVES2014
                                    Weekday
                                   MOVES2014
                                    Weekend
Motorcycles
                                     0.78
                                     0.79
Passenger Cars
                                     5.89
                                     5.30
Passenger Trucks
                                     5.80
                                     5.06
Light Commercial Trucks
                                     6.05
                                     5.47
Intercity Buses
                                     2.77
                                     0.88
Transit Buses
                                     4.58
                                     3.46
School Buses
                                     5.75
                                     1.26
Refuse Trucks
                                     3.75
                                     0.92
Single unit short-haul trucks
                                     6.99
                                     1.28
Single unit long-haul trucks
                                     4.29
                                     1.29
Motor homes
                                     0.57
                                     0.57
Combination short-haul trucks
                                     5.93
                                     1.16
Combination long-haul trucks
                                     4.29
                                     1.29

MOVES2014 now has inputs in the County Data Manager that allows users to specify the number of engine starts in each month, day type and hour of the day, as well as by source type and vehicle age.  These user inputs override the default values provided by MOVES.

The same trip information that is used to determine the number of engine starts is also used to determine the vehicle soak time. "Soak time" is the time between trips when the engine is off.  The soak times are used to estimate the activity in each of the operating modes for engine start emissions.  The base emission rate for engine starts is based on a 12 hour soak period.  All engine soaks greater than 12 hours assume the same engine start emission rate as for 12 hours.  However, for all engine soaks less than 12 hours, the base engine start emission rate is adjusted based on soak time bins (operating modes).3,4 The distribution of operating modes in each hour of the day is part of the calculation used to determine the engine start emissions for that hour of the day.
A more complete discussion of the relationship between engine soak time and emissions will be found in the MOVES report covering engine start emission rates used in MOVES.3

 Hourly Hotelling Activity
The hotelling hours in each day should not track the miles traveled in each hour, since hotelling occurs only when drivers are not driving.  Instead, the fraction of hours spent hotelling by time of day can be derived from other sources. In particular, the report, Roadway-Specific Driving Schedules for Heavy-Duty Vehicles,[53] combines data from several instrumented truck studies and contains detailed information about truck driver behavior.  While none of the trucks were involved in long haul interstate activity, for lack of better data, we have assumed that long haul truck trips have the same hourly truck trip distribution as the heavy heavy-duty trucks that were studied.

For each hour of the day, we estimated the number of trips that would end in that hour, based on the number of trips that started 10 hours earlier. The hours of hotelling in that hour is the number that begin in that hour, plus the number that began in the previous hour, plus the number that began in the hour before that, and so on, up to the required eight hours of rest time.  Table 12-9 shows the number of trip starts and inferred trip ends over the hours of the day in the sample of trucks assuming all trips are 10 hours long. For example, the number of trip ends in hour 1 is the same as the number of trip starts 10 hours earlier in hour 15 of the previous day.

Table 12-9 Hourly Distribution of Truck Trips used to calculate hotelling hours
                                    hourID
                                Hour of the Day
                                  Trip Starts
                                   Trip Ends
                                       1
Hour beginning at 12:00 midnight
                                      78
                                      171
                                       2
Hour beginning at 1:00 AM
                                      76
                                      167
                                       3
Hour beginning at 2:00 AM
                                      65
                                      144
                                       4
Hour beginning at 3:00 AM
                                      94
                                      98
                                       5
Hour beginning at 4:00 AM
                                      107
                                      71
                                       6
Hour beginning at 5:00 AM
                                      131
                                      73
                                       7
Hour beginning at 6:00 AM
                                      194
                                      71
                                       8
Hour beginning at 7:00 AM
                                      230
                                      52
                                       9
Hour beginning at 8:00 AM
                                      279
                                      85
                                      10
Hour beginning at 9:00 AM
                                      267
                                      48
                                      11
Hour beginning at 10:00 AM
                                      275
                                      78
                                      12
Hour beginning at 11:00 AM
                                      240
                                      76
                                      13
Hour beginning at 12:00 Noon
                                      201
                                      65
                                      14
Hour beginning at 1:00 PM
                                      211
                                      94
                                      15
Hour beginning at 2:00 PM
                                      171
                                      107
                                      16
Hour beginning at 3:00 PM
                                      167
                                      131
                                      17
Hour beginning at 4:00 PM
                                      144
                                      194
                                      18
Hour beginning at 5:00 PM
                                      98
                                      230
                                      19
Hour beginning at 6:00 PM
                                      71
                                      279
                                      20
Hour beginning at 7:00 PM
                                      73
                                      267
                                      21
Hour beginning at 8:00 PM
                                      71
                                      275
                                      22
Hour beginning at 9:00 PM
                                      52
                                      240
                                      23
Hour beginning at 10:00 PM
                                      85
                                      201
                                      24
Hour beginning at 11:00 PM
                                      48
                                      211

An estimate of the distribution of truck hotelling duration times is derived from a 2004 CRC paper based on a survey of 365 truck drivers at 6 different locations.  Table 12-10 lists the fraction of trucks in each duration bin.  Some trucks are hotelling for more than the required eight hours, but some are hotelling for less than eight hours.

         Table 12-10 Distribution of Truck Hotelling Activity Duration
                               Duration (hours)
                              Fraction of Trucks
                                       2
                                     0.227
                                       4
                                     0.135
                                       6
                                     0.199
                                       8
                                     0.191
                                      10
                                     0.156
                                      12
                                     0.057
                                      14
                                     0.014
                                      16
                                     0.021
                                     Total
                                     1.000

We assume that all hotelling activity begins at the trip ends shown in Table 12-9. The distribution of hotelling durations from Table 12-10 is applied to these trip ends.  These calculations are shown in Table 12-11.  The column "2 hours" adds the number of trip ends in the previous 2 hours, assuming all trips will have 2 hours of hotelling after their trip ends, the column "4 hours" adds the trips ends in the previous 4 hours, etc.  The first hour of hotelling in each category is reduced by 60% to account for the fact that not all of the trips actually ended at the beginning of the hour.  The total hotelling hours is the product of the total hours in each column multiplied by the fraction of trucks with each duration from Table 12-10.

     Table 12-11 Calculation of Hourly Distributions of Hotelling Activity

                                    hourID
                                  Trip Starts
                                  Trip Ends*
                                    2 hours
                                    4 hours
                                    6 hours
                                    8 hours
                                   10 hours
                                   12 hours
                                   14 hours
                                   16 hours
                                  Total Hours
                                 Distribution
                                       1
                                                                             78
                                                                            171
                                                                          255.4
                                                                            679
                                                                         1204.8
                                                                           1736
                                                                         2120.4
                                                                         2343.6
                                                                         2495.4
                                                                         2638.2
                                                                           1276
                                    0.0628
                                       2
                                                                             76
                                                                            167
                                                                          235.4
                                                                          629.4
                                                                           1100
                                                                         1643.6
                                                                         2118.6
                                                                         2408.8
                                                                           2593
                                                                         2739.2
                                                                           1234
                                    0.0611
                                       3
                                                                             65
                                                                            144
                                                                          210.8
                                                                          566.4
                                                                            990
                                                                         1515.8
                                                                           2047
                                                                         2431.4
                                                                         2654.6
                                                                         2806.4
                                                                           1166
                                    0.0577
                                       4
                                                                             94
                                                                             98
                                                                          155.6
                                                                          477.4
                                                                          871.4
                                                                           1342
                                                                         1885.6
                                                                         2360.6
                                                                         2650.8
                                                                           2835
                                                                           1056
                                    0.0526
                                       5
                                                                            107
                                                                             71
                                                                          110.2
                                                                          379.8
                                                                          735.4
                                                                           1159
                                                                         1684.8
                                                                           2216
                                                                         2600.4
                                                                         2823.6
                                                                            930
                                    0.0458
                                       6
                                                                            131
                                                                             73
                                                                          101.4
                                                                          299.6
                                                                          621.4
                                                                         1015.4
                                                                           1486
                                                                         2029.6
                                                                         2504.6
                                                                         2794.8
                                                                            823
                                    0.0407
                                       7
                                                                            194
                                                                             71
                                                                          100.2
                                                                          254.2
                                                                          523.8
                                                                          879.4
                                                                           1303
                                                                         1828.8
                                                                           2360
                                                                         2744.4
                                                                            728
                                    0.0357
                                       8
                                                                            230
                                                                             52
                                                                           80.4
                                                                          224.4
                                                                          422.6
                                                                          744.4
                                                                         1138.4
                                                                           1609
                                                                         2152.6
                                                                         2627.6
                                                                            630
                                    0.0306
                                       9
                                                                            279
                                                                             85
                                                                          105.8
                                                                          237.2
                                                                          391.2
                                                                          660.8
                                                                         1016.4
                                                                           1440
                                                                         1965.8
                                                                           2497
                                                                            581
                                    0.0289
                                      10
                                                                            267
                                                                             48
                                                                             82
                                                                          213.4
                                                                          357.4
                                                                          555.6
                                                                          877.4
                                                                         1271.4
                                                                           1742
                                                                         2285.6
                                                                            507
                                    0.0255
                                      11
                                                                            275
                                                                             78
                                                                           97.2
                                                                          231.8
                                                                          363.2
                                                                          517.2
                                                                          786.8
                                                                         1142.4
                                                                           1566
                                                                         2091.8
                                                                            479
                                    0.0238
                                      12
                                                                            240
                                                                             76
                                                                          107.2
                                                                            236
                                                                          367.4
                                                                          511.4
                                                                          709.6
                                                                         1031.4
                                                                         1425.4
                                                                           1896
                                                                            457
                                    0.0221
                                      13
                                                                            201
                                                                             65
                                                                           95.4
                                                                          238.2
                                                                          372.8
                                                                          504.2
                                                                          658.2
                                                                          927.8
                                                                         1283.4
                                                                           1707
                                                                            434
                                    0.0221
                                      14
                                                                            211
                                                                             94
                                                                            120
                                                                          266.2
                                                                            395
                                                                          526.4
                                                                          670.4
                                                                          868.6
                                                                         1190.4
                                                                         1584.4
                                                                            447
                                    0.0221
                                      15
                                                                            171
                                                                            107
                                                                          144.6
                                                                          296.4
                                                                          439.2
                                                                          573.8
                                                                          705.2
                                                                          859.2
                                                                         1128.8
                                                                         1484.4
                                                                            476
                                    0.0238
                                      16
                                                                            167
                                                                            131
                                                                          173.8
                                                                            358
                                                                          504.2
                                                                            633
                                                                          764.4
                                                                          908.4
                                                                         1106.6
                                                                         1428.4
                                                                            526
                                    0.0255
                                      17
                                                                            144
                                                                            194
                                                                          246.4
                                                                          469.6
                                                                          621.4
                                                                          764.2
                                                                          898.8
                                                                         1030.2
                                                                         1184.2
                                                                         1453.8
                                                                            635
                                    0.0323
                                      18
                                                                             98
                                                                            230
                                                                          307.6
                                                                          597.8
                                                                            782
                                                                          928.2
                                                                           1057
                                                                         1188.4
                                                                         1332.4
                                                                         1530.6
                                                                            767
                                    0.0374
                                      19
                                                                             71
                                                                            279
                                                                            371
                                                                          755.4
                                                                          978.6
                                                                         1130.4
                                                                         1273.2
                                                                         1407.8
                                                                         1539.2
                                                                         1693.2
                                                                            933
                                    0.0458
                                      20
                                                                             73
                                                                            267
                                                                          378.6
                                                                          853.6
                                                                         1143.8
                                                                           1328
                                                                         1474.2
                                                                           1603
                                                                         1734.4
                                                                         1878.4
                                                                           1068
                                    0.0526
                                      21
                                                                             71
                                                                            275
                                                                          381.8
                                                                            913
                                                                         1297.4
                                                                         1520.6
                                                                         1672.4
                                                                         1815.2
                                                                         1949.8
                                                                         2081.2
                                                                           1194
                                    0.0594
                                      22
                                                                             52
                                                                            240
                                                                            350
                                                                          893.6
                                                                         1368.6
                                                                         1658.8
                                                                           1843
                                                                         1989.2
                                                                           2118
                                                                         2249.4
                                                                           1268
                                    0.0628
                                      23
                                                                             85
                                                                            201
                                                                            297
                                                                          822.8
                                                                           1354
                                                                         1738.4
                                                                         1961.6
                                                                         2113.4
                                                                         2256.2
                                                                         2390.8
                                                                           1289
                                    0.0645
                                      24
                                                                             48
                                                                            211
                                                                          291.4
                                                                            762
                                                                         1305.6
                                                                         1780.6
                                                                         2070.8
                                                                           2255
                                                                         2401.2
                                                                           2530
                                                                           1308
                                    0.0645
                                    Totals
                                                                           3428
                                                                           3428
                                                                           4799
                                                                          11655
                                                                          18511
                                                                          25367
                                                                          32223
                                                                          39079
                                                                          45935
                                                                          52791
                                                                          20213
                                    1.0000
* Assumes all trip ends occur 10 hours after trips start and all trips are 10 hours long.

The first hour of hotelling in each hour bin column sum is reduced by 60% to account for trip ends in a column that are not a full hour.

The distribution calculated using this method is similar to the behavior observed in a dissertation at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville.  This study observed the trucks parking at the Petro truck travel center located at the I40/I75 and Watt Road interchange between mid-December 2003 and August 2004.  Rather than use a study at a specific location, MOVES2014 uses the more generic simulated values to determine the diurnal distribution of hotelling behavior. The distribution of total hotelling hours to hours of the day is calculated from the total hotelling hours and stored in the SourceTypeHour table of the default MOVES2014 database.

MOVES2014 uses this same default hourly distribution from Table 12-11 for all days and locations, as shown below in Figure 12-2.  Note, this distribution of hotelling by hour of the day is similar to the inverse of the VMT distribution used for these trucks by hour of the day.

   Figure 12-2 Truck hotelling distribution by hour of the day in MOVES2014

 Single and Multiday Diurnals
The evaporative vapor losses from gasoline vehicle fuel tanks are affected by many factors, including the number of hours a vehicle is parked without an engine start, referred to as engine soak time.  Most modern gasoline vehicles are equipped with emission control systems designed to capture most evaporative vapor losses and store them.  These stored vapors are then burned in the engine once the vehicle is operated.  However, the vehicle storage capacity for evaporative vapors is limited and multiple days of parking (diurnals) will overload the storage capacity of these systems, resulting in larger losses of evaporative vapors in subsequent days.

The soak time calculations are discussed in Section 12.4.  The detailed description of the calculation for the number of vehicles that have been soaking for more than a day and the amount of time that the vehicles have been soaking can be found in the MOVES technical report on evaporative emissions.[63]

 Geographical Allocation of Activity
MOVES is designed to model activity at a "domain" level and then to allocate that activity to "zones." The MOVES2014 default database is populated for a domain of the entire United States (including Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands), and the default zones correspond to individual counties. The MOVES design only allows for one set of geographic allocations to be stored in the default database.  While geographic allocations clearly change over time, the MOVES defaults were developed using the data from calendar year 2011, and are used for all calendar years. For this reason, the MOVES default allocation of activity is rarely used for any official purpose by either EPA or local areas.  National-level emissions can be generated with calendar year specific geographical information by running each year separately, with different user-input allocations for each run. County- and Project-level calculations do not use the default geographical allocation factors at all. Instead, County and Project scales require that the user input local total activity for each individual year being modeled.  The MOVES geographic allocation factors are stored in two tables, Zone and ZoneRoadType.

 Source Hours Operating Allocation to Zones

Most of the emission rate calculations in MOVES2014 are based on emission rates by time units (hour). Using time units for emissions is the most flexible approach, since the activity for some processes (like leaks) and some source types (like nonroad generators) are more naturally in units of time.  As a result, MOVES converts activity data to hours in many cases in order to produce the hours needed for emissions calculations.

The national total source hours of operation (SHO) are calculated from the estimates of VMT and speed as described in sections above. This total VMT for each roadtype is allocated to county using the SHOAllocFactor field in the ZoneRoadType table. The allocation factors are derived using 2011 VMT and MOVES default VMT.

In particular, the MOVES2014 default estimates for the VMT by county come from Version 1 of the 2011 National Emission Inventory (NEI) analysis.[43] These estimates are based on the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) state level data collected by the Federal Highway Administration annually for use in transportation planning.  The HPMS state level VMT is distributed to the individual counties in each state as part of the NEI analysis.  This data is reviewed and updated by the states as necessary prior to use in the NEI. The default inputs for SHOAllocFactor in MOVES2014 were calculated using the VMT estimates obtained from Version 1 of the 2011 NEI for each county by road type.