TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No.

9. INTAKE OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9.1. BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9.2. INTAKE STUDIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9.2.1. U. S. Department of Agriculture Nationwide Food Consumption Survey and Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9.2.2. Key Fruits and Vegetables Intake Study Based on the USDA CSFII . . . . 2 9.2.3. Relevant Fruits and Vegetables Intake Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9.2.4. Relevant Fruits and Vegetables Serving Size Study Based on the USDA NFCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 9.2.5. Conversion Between As Consumed and Dry Weight Intake Rates . . . . . . 7 9.3. RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 9.4. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9 1 9. INTAKE OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES 9.1. BACKGROUND Ingestion of contaminated fruits and vegetables is a contaminant concentration in the produce. Intake data from potential pathway of human exposure to toxic chemicals. the individual component of the NFCS and CSFII are based Fruits and vegetables may become contaminated with toxic on " as eaten" ( i. e., cooked or prepared) forms of the food chemicals by several different pathways. Ambient items/ groups. Thus, corrections to account for changes in pollutants from the air may be deposited on or absorbed by portion sizes from cooking losses are not required. the plants, or dissolved in rainfall or irrigation waters that Estimating source specific exposures to toxic contact the plants. Pollutants may also be absorbed through chemicals in fruits and vegetables may also require plant roots from contaminated soil and ground water. The information on the amount of fruits and vegetables that are addition of pesticides, soil additives, and fertilizers may also exposed to or protected from contamination as a result of result in food contamination. cultivation practices or the physical nature of the food The primary source of information on consumption product itself ( i. e., those having protective coverings that rates of fruits and vegetables among the United States are removed before eating would be considered protected), population is the U. S. Department of Agriculture's ( USDA) or the amount grown beneath the soil ( i. e., most root crops Nationwide Food Consumption Survey ( NFCS) and the such as potatoes). The percentages of foods grown above USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and below ground will be useful when the concentrations of ( CSFII). Data from the NFCS have been used in various contaminants in foods are estimated from concentrations in studies to generate consumer only and per capita intake soil, water, and air. For example, vegetables grown below rates for both individual fruits and vegetables and total fruits ground may be more likely to be contaminated by soil and total vegetables. CSFII data from the 1989 1991 pollutants, but leafy above ground vegetables may be more survey have been analyzed by EPA to generate per capita likely to be contaminated by deposition of air pollutants on intake rates for various food items and food groups. plant surfaces. Consumer only intake is defined as the quantity of The purpose of this section is to provide: ( 1) intake fruits and vegetables consumed by individuals who ate these data for individual fruits and vegetables, and total fruits and food items during the survey period. Per capita intake rates total vegetables; ( 2) guidance for converting between as are generated by averaging consumer only intakes over the consumed and dry weight intake rates; and ( 3) intake data entire population of users and non users. In general, per for exposed and protected fruits and vegetables and those capita intake rates are appropriate for use in exposure grown below ground. Recommendations are based on assessment for which average dose estimates for the general average and upper percentile intake among the general population are of interest because they represent both population of the U. S. Available data have been classified individuals who ate the foods during the survey period and as being either a key or a relevant study based on the individuals who may eat the food items at some time, but considerations discussed in Volume I, Section 1.3.1 of the did not consume them during the survey period. Total fruit Introduction. Recommendations are based on data from the intake refers to the sum of all fruits consumed in a day CSFII 1989 1991 survey, which was considered the only including canned, dried, frozen, and fresh fruits. Likewise, key intake study for fruits and vegetables. Other relevant total vegetable intake refers to the sum of all vegetables studies are also presented to provide the reader with added consumed in a day including canned, dried, frozen, and perspective on this topic. It should be noted that many of fresh vegetables. For the purposes of this handbook, the the relevant studies are based on data from USDA's NFCS distinctions between fruits and vegetables are those and CSFII. The USDA NFCS and CSFII are described commonly used, not the botanical definitions. For example, below. in this report, tomatoes are considered vegetables, although technically they are fruits. Intake rates may be presented on either an as consumed or dry weight basis. As consumed intake rates ( g/ day) are based on the weight of the food in the form that it is consumed. In contrast, dry weight intake rates are USDA conducts the NFCS approximately every 10 based on the weight of the food consumed after the moisture years. The three most recent NFCSs were conducted in content has been removed. In calculating exposures based 1965 66, 1977 78, and 1987 88. The purpose of these on ingestion, the unit of weight used to measure intake should be consistent with those used in measuring the 9.2. INTAKE STUDIES 9.2.1. U. S. Department of Agriculture Nationwide Food Consumption Survey and Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9 2 August 1997 surveys was to " analyze the food consumption behavior and Individual average daily intake rates calculated from dietary status of Americans" ( USDA, 1992a). The survey NFCS and CSFII data are based on averages of reported uses a statistical sampling technique designed to ensure that individual intakes over one day or three consecutive days. all seasons, geographic regions of the U. S., and Such short term data are suitable for estimating mean demographic and socioeconomic groups are represented. average daily intake rates representative of both short term There are two components of the NFCS. The household component collects information on the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of households, and the types, value, and sources of foods consumed over a 7 day period. The individual component collects information on food intakes of individuals within each household over a 3 day period ( USDA, 1992b). The same basic survey design was used for the three most recent NFCSs, but the sample sizes and statistical classifications used were somewhat different ( USDA, 1992a). In 1965 66, 10,000 households were surveyed ( USDA, 1972). The sample size increased to 15,000 households ( over 36,000 individuals) in 1977 78, but decreased to 4,500 households in 1987 88 because of budgetary constraints and a low response rate ( 37 percent). Data from the 1977 78 NFCS are presented in this handbook because the data have been published by USDA in various publications and reanalyzed by various EPA offices according to the food items/ groups commonly used to assess exposure. Published 1 day data from the 1987 88 NFCS data are also presented. USDA also conducts the Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals. The purpose of the survey is to " assess food consumption behavior and nutritional content of diets for policy implications relating to food production and marketing, food safety, food assistance, and nutrition education" ( USDA, 1995). An EPA analysis of the 1989 91 CSFII data set is presented in this handbook. During 1989 through 1991, over 15,000 individuals participated in the CSFII ( USDA, 1995). Using a stratified sampling technique, individuals of all ages living in selected households in the 48 conterminous states and Washington, D. C. were surveyed. Individuals provided 3 consecutive days of data, including a personal interview on the first day followed by 2 day dietary records. The 3 day response rate for the 1989 91 CSFII was approximately 45 percent. Published 1 day data from the 1994 and 1995 CSFII are also presented. The 1994 and 1995 CSFII included data for 2 non consecutive survey days ( although 2 days of data have been collected, only data for the first survey day have been analyzed and published by USDA). Over 5,500 individuals participated in these surveys ( USDA, 1996a; 1996b). and long term consumption. However, the distribution of average daily intake rates generated using short term data ( e. g., 3 day) do not necessarily reflect the long term distribution of average daily intake rates. The distributions generated from short term and long term data will differ to the extent that each individual's intake varies from day to day; the distributions will be similar to the extent that individuals' intakes are constant from day to day. Day to day variation in intake among individuals will be great for food item/ groups that are highly seasonal and for items/ groups that are eaten year around but that are not typically eaten every day. For these foods, the intake distribution generated from short term data will not be a good reflection of the long term distribution. On the other hand, for broad categories of foods ( e. g., vegetables) which are eaten on a daily basis throughout the year with minimal seasonality, the short term distribution may be a reasonable approximation of the true long term distribution, although it will show somewhat more variability. In this and the following section, distributions are shown only for the following broad categories of foods: fruits, vegetables, meats and dairy. Because of the increased variability of the short term distribution, the short term upper percentiles shown here will overestimate somewhat the corresponding percentiles of the long term distribution.

9.2.2. Key Fruits and Vegetables Intake Study Based on the USDA CSFII U. S. EPA Analysis of USDA 1989 91 CSFII Data  EPA analyzed three years of data from USDA's CSFII to generate distributions of intake rates for various fruit and vegetable items/ groups. Data from the 1989, 1990, and 1991 CFSII were combined into a single data set to increase the number of observations available for analysis. Approximately 15,000 individuals provided intake data over the three survey years. The fruit and vegetable items/ groups selected for this analysis included total fruits and total vegetables; individual fruits such as: apples, peaches, pears, strawberries, and other berries; individual vegetables such as: asparagus, beets, broccoli, cabbage, carrots, corn, cucumbers, lettuce, lima beans, okra, onions, peas, peppers, pumpkin, snap beans, tomatoes, and white potatoes; fruits and vegetables categorized as exposed, protected and roots; and various USDA categories ( i. e., Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9 3 citrus and other fruits, and dark green, deep yellow, and spring, summer, and fall); and races ( i. e., White, Black, other vegetables). These fruit and vegetable categories Asian, Native American, and other). Table 9 1 provides the were selected to be consistent with those evaluated in the codes, definitions, and a description of the data in these homegrown food analysis presented in Chapter 13. Intake categories. The total numbers of individuals in the data set, rates of total vegetables, tomatoes, and white potatoes were by demographic group are presented in Table 9 2. The adjusted to account for the amount of these food items eaten food analysis was accomplished using the SAS statistical as meat and grain mixtures as described in Appendix 9A. programming system ( SAS, 1990). Food items/ groups were identified in the CSFII data base The results of this analysis are presented in Tables 9 according to USDA defined food codes. Appendix 9B 3 and 9 4 for total fruits and total vegetables, Table 9 5 for presents the codes used to determine the various food individual fruits and vegetables, and Table 9 6 for the groups. Intake rates for these food items/ groups represent various USDA categories. The data for exposed/ protected intake of all forms of the product ( i. e., home produced and and root food items are presented in Tables 9 7 through 9 commercially produced). 11. These tables are presented at the end of this Chapter. Individual identifiers in the database were used The results are presented in units of g/ kg day. Thus, use of throughout the analysis to categorize populations according these data in calculating potential dose does not require the to demographics. These identifiers included identification body weight factor to be included in the denominator of the number, region, urbanization, age, sex, race, body weight, average daily dose ( ADD) equation. It should be noted that weighting factor, season, and number of days that data were converting these intake rates into units of g/ day by reported. Distributions of intake were determined for multiplying by a single average body weight is individuals who provided data for all three days of the inappropriate, because individual intake rates were indexed survey. Individuals who did not provide information on to the reported body weights of the survey respondents. body weight, or for which identifying information was However, if there is a need to compare the intake data unavailable, were excluded from the analysis. Three day presented here to intake data in units of g/ day, a body average intake rates were calculated for all individuals in weight less than 70 kg ( i. e., approximately 60 kg; calculated the database for each of the food items/ groups. These based on the number of respondents in each age category average daily intake rates were divided by each individual's and the average body weights for these age groups, as reported body weight to generate intake rates in units of presented in Chapter 7 of Volume I) should be used g/ kg day. The data were also weighted according to the because the total survey population included children as three day weights provided in the 1991 CSFII. USDA well as adults. sample weights are calculated to account for inherent biases The advantages of using the 1989 91 CSFII data set in the sample selection process, and to adjust the sample are that the data are expected to be generally representative population to reflect the national population. Summary of the U. S. population and that it includes data on a wide statistics for individual intake rates were generated on a per variety of food types. However, it should be noted that the capita basis. That is, both users and non users of the food survey covers only the 48 coterminous U. S. States; Hawaii, item were included in the analysis. Mean consumer only Alaska, and U. S. Territories are not included. The data set intake rates may be calculated by dividing the mean per was the most recent of a series of publicly available USDA capita intake rate by the percent of the population data sets ( i. e., NFCS 1977 78; NFCS 1987 88; CSFII consuming the food item of interest. Summary statistics 1989 91) at the time that EPA conducted the analysis for included are: number of weighted and unweighted this handbook, and should reflect recent eating patterns in observations, percentage of the population using the food the United States. The data set includes three years of item/ group being analyzed, mean intake rate, standard error, intake data combined. However, the 1989 91 CSFII data and percentiles of the intake rate distribution ( i. e., 0, 1, 5, are based on a three day survey period. Short term dietary 10, 25, 50, 75, 90, 95, 99, and 100th percentile). Data data may not accurately reflect long term eating patterns. were provided for the total population using the food item This is particularly true for the tails ( extremes) of the being evaluated and for several demographic groups distribution of food intake. In addition, the adjustment for including: various age groups ( i. e., < 1, 1 2, 3 5, 6 11, 12 including mixtures adds uncertainty to the intake rate 19, 20 39, 40 69, and 70+ years); regions ( i. e., Midwest, distributions. The calculation for including mixtures Northeast, South, and West); urbanizations ( i. e., Central assumes that intake of any mixture includes all of the foods City, Nonmetropolitan, and Suburban; seasons ( i. e., winter, identified in Appendix Table 9A 1 in the proportions Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9 4 August 1997 specified in that table. This may under or over estimate disaggregating complex food dishes into their component intake of certain foods among some individuals. raw agricultural commodities ( RACs) ( White et al., 1983). The data presented in this handbook for the USDA The DRES per capita, as consumed intake rates for 1989 91 CSFII is not the most up to date information on all age/ sex/ demographic groups combined are presented in food intake. USDA has recently made available the data Table 9 13. These data are based on both consumers and from its 1994 and 1995 CSFII. Over 5,500 people non consumers of these food items. Data for specific nationwide participated in both of these surveys, providing subgroups of the population are not presented here, but are recalled food intake information for 2 separate days. available through OPP via direct request. The data in Table Although the 2 day data analysis has not been conducted, 9 13 may be useful for estimating the risks of exposure USDA published the results for the respondents' intakes on associated with the consumption of individual fruits and the first day surveyed ( USDA, 1996a; 1996b). USDA vegetables. It should be noted that these data are indexed to 1996 survey data will be made available later in 1997. As the reported body weights of the survey respondents and are soon as 1996 data are available, EPA will take steps to get expressed in units of grams of food consumed per kg the 3 year data ( 1994, 1995, and 1996) analyzed and the bodyweight per day. Consequently, use of these data in food ingestion factors updated. Meanwhile, Table 9 12 calculating potential dose does not require the body weight presents a comparison of the mean daily intakes per factor in the denominator of the ADD equation. It should individual in a day for fruits and vegetables from the USDA also be noted that conversion of these intake rates into units survey data from years 1977 78, 19887 88, 1989 91, 1994, of g/ day by multiplying by a single average body weight is and 1995. This table shows that food consumption patterns not appropriate because the DRES data base did not rely on have changed for fruits when comparing 1977 and 1995 a single body weight for all individuals. Instead, DRES data. Consumption of fruits increased by 72 percent, but used the body weights reported by each individual surveyed vegetable intake remained relatively constant, when to estimate consumption in units of g/ kg day. comparing data from 1977 and 1995. However, only an 11 The advantages of using these data are that complex percent increase was observed when comparing fruit intake food dishes have been disaggregated to provide intake rates values from 1989 91 with the most recent data from 1994 for a very large number of fruits and vegetables. These data and 1995. This indicates that the 1989 91 CSFII data are are also based on the individual body weights of the probably adequate for assessing ingestion exposure for respondents. Therefore, the use of these data in calculating current populations. exposure to toxic chemicals may provide more 9.2.3. Relevant Fruits and Vegetables Intake Studies The U. S. EPA's Dietary Risk Evaluation System ( DRES)  USEPA, Office of Pesticide Programs  The U. S. EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs ( OPP) uses the Dietary Risk Evaluation System ( formerly the Tolerance Assessment System) to assess the dietary risk of pesticide use as part of the pesticide registration process. OPP sets tolerances for specific pesticides on raw agricultural commodities based on estimates of dietary risk. These Day in the U. S., USDA ( 1980, 1992b, 1996a, 1996b)  estimates are calculated using pesticide residue data for the USDA calculated mean intake rates for total fruits and total food item of concern and relevant consumption data. Intake vegetables using NFCS data from 1977 78 and 1987 88 rates are based primarily on the USDA 1977 78 NFCS ( USDA, 1980; USDA, 1992b) and CSFII data from 1994 although intake rates for some food items are based on and 1995 ( USDA, 1996a; 1996b). The mean per capita estimations from production volumes or other data ( i. e., total intake rates are presented in Tables 9 14 and 9 15 for some items were assigned an arbitrary value of 0.000001 fruits and Tables 9 16 and 9 17 for vegetables. These g/ kg day) ( Kariya, 1992). OPP has calculated per capita values are based on intake data for one day from the 1977 intake rates of individual fruits and vegetables for 22 78 and 1987 88 USDA NFCSs, respectively. Data from subgroups ( age, regional, and seasonal) of the population by both surveys are presented here to demonstrate that determining the composition of NFCS food items and although the 1987 88 survey had fewer respondents, the representative estimates of potential dose per unit body weight. However, because the data are based on NFCS short term dietary recall the same limitations discussed previously for other NFCS data sets also apply here. In addition, consumption patterns may have changed since the data were collected in 1977 78. OPP is in the process of translating consumption information from the USDA CSFII 1989 91 survey to be used in DRES. Food and Nutrient Intakes of Individuals in One mean per capita intake rates for all individuals are in good Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9 5 agreement with the earlier survey. Also, slightly different provide alternative food categories that may be useful to age classifications were used in the two surveys providing exposure assessors. Because this study was based on the a wider range of age categories from which exposure USDA NFCS, the limitations discussed previously assessors may select appropriate intake rates. Tables 9 18 regarding short term dietary recall data also apply to the and 9 19 present similar data from the 1994 and 1995 intake rates reported here. Also, consumption patterns may CSFII. The age groups used in this data set are the same as have changed since the data were collected in 1977 78. those used in the 1987 88 NFCS. Tables 9 14 through 9 19 include both per capita intake rates and intake rates for consumers only for various ages of individuals. Intake rates for consumers only were calculated by dividing the per capita consumption rate by the fraction of the population using vegetables or fruits in a day. The average per capita vegetable intake rate is 201 g/ day based on the 1977 78 data ( USDA, 1980), 182 g/ day based on the 1987 88 data ( USDA, 1992b), 186 g/ day based on the 1994 data, and 188 g/ day based on the 1995 data. For fruits the average per capita intake rate is 142 g/ day based on the two most recent USDA NFCSs ( USDA, 1980; USDA, 1992b), and 171 g/ day and 173 g/ day based on the 1994 and 1995 CSFII, respectively ( USDA, 1996a, 1996b). One day per capita intake data for fats or oils from the 1994 and 1995 CSFII surveys are presented in Table 9 20. This total fats and oils food category includes table and cooking fats, vegetable oils, salad dressings, nondairy cream substitutes, and sauces such as tartar sauce that are mainly fat or oil ( USDA, 1996a). It does not include oils or fats that were ingredients in food mixtures. The advantages of using these data are that they provide intake estimates for all fruits, all vegetables, or all fats combined. Again, these estimates are based on one day dietary data which may not reflect usual consumption patterns. U. S. EPA  Office of Radiation Programs  The U. S. terms of dry weight intake rates. Thus, conversion is not EPA Office of Radiation Programs ( ORP) has also used the required when contaminants are to be estimated on a dry USDA 1977 78 NFCS to estimate daily food intake ( U. S. weight basis. These data, however, may not reflect current EPA, 1984a; 1984b). ORP uses food consumption data to consumption patterns because they are based on data from assess human intake of radionuclides in foods. The 1977 1977 78. 78 NFCS data have been reorganized by ORP, and food items have been classified according to the characteristics of radionuclide transport. Data for selected agricultural products are presented in Table 9 21 and Table 9 22. These data represent per capita, as consumed intake rates for total, leafy, exposed, and protected produce. Exposed produce refers to products ( e. g., apples, pears, berries, etc.) that can intercept atmospherically deposited materials. The term protected refers to products ( e. g., citrus fruit, carrots, corn, etc.) that are protected from deposition from the atmosphere. Although the fruit and vegetable classifications used in the study are somewhat limited in number, they U. S. EPA  Office of Science and Technology  The U. S. EPA Office of Science and Technology ( OST) within the Office of Water ( formerly the Office of Water Regulations and Standards) used data from the FDA revision of the Total Diet Study Food Lists and Diets ( Pennington, 1983) to calculate food intake rates ( U. S. EPA, 1989). OST uses these consumption data in its risk assessment model for land application of municipal sludge. The FDA data used are based on the combined results of the USDA 1977 78, NFCS and the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES II), 1976 80 ( U. S. EPA, 1989). Because food items are listed as prepared complex foods in the FDA Total Diet Study, each item was broken down into its component parts so that the amount of raw commodities consumed could be determined. Table 9 23 presents intake rates of various fruit and vegetable categories for various age groups and estimated lifetime ingestion rates that have been derived by U. S. EPA. Note that these are per capita intake rates tabulated as grams dry weight/ day. Therefore, these rates differ from those in the previous tables because U. S. EPA ( 1984a, 1984b) report intake rates on an as consumed basis. The EPA OST analysis provides intake rates for additional food categories and estimates of lifetime average daily intake on a per capita basis. In contrast to the other analyses of USDA NFCS data, this study reports the data in Canadian Department of National Health and Welfare Nutrition Canada Survey  The Nutrition Canada Survey was conducted between 1970 and 1972 to "( a) examine the mean consumption of selected food groups and their contribution to nutrient intakes of Canadians, ( b) examine patterns of food consumption and nutrient intake at various times of the day, and provide information on the changes in eating habits during pregnancy." ( Canadian Department of National Health and Welfare, n. d.). The method used for collecting dietary intake data was 24 hour recall. The recall method relied on interview techniques in which the interviewee was asked to recall all foods and Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9 6 August 1997 beverages consumed during the day preceding the reported data from the USDA 1977 78 NFCS. interview. Intake rates were reported for various age/ sex Distributions are provided in the @ Risk format and the groups of the population and for pregnant women ( Table 9 @ Risk formula is also provided. In this handbook, new 24). The report does not specify whether the values analyses of more recent data from the USDA 1989 91 represent per capita or consumer only intake rates. CSFII are presented. Numbers, however, cannot be directly However, they appear to be consistent with the as consumed compared with previous values since the results from the intake rates for consumers only reported by USDA ( 1980, new analysis are presented on a body weight basis. 1992b). It should be noted that these data are also based on The Sourcebook was classified as a relevant study short term dietary recall and are based on the Canadian because it was not the primary source for the data to make population. recommendations in this document. However, it can be USDA ( 1993)  Food Consumption, Prices, and Expenditures, 1970 92  The USDA's Economic Research Service ( ERS) calculates the amount of food available for human consumption in the United States on an annual basis ( USDA, 1993). Supply and utilization balance sheets are generated, based on the flow of food items from production to end uses for the years 1970 to 1992. Total available supply is estimated as the sum of production and imports ( USDA, 1993). The availability of food for human use commonly termed as " food disappearance" is determined by subtracting exported foods from the total available supply ( USDA, 1993). USDA ( 1993) calculates the per capita Individuals  Using data gathered in the 1977 78 USDA food consumption by dividing the total food disappearance NFCS, Pao et al. ( 1982) calculated distributions for the by the total U. S. population. USDA ( 1993) estimated per quantities of individual fruit and vegetables consumed per capita consumption data for various fruit and vegetable eating occasion by members of the U. S. population ( i. e., products from 1970 1992 ( 1992 data are published). In serving sizes), over a 3 day period. The data were collected this section, the 1991 values, which are the most recent during NFCS home interviews of 37,874 respondents, who published final data, are presented. Retail weight per capita were asked to recall food intake for the day preceding the data are presented in Table 9 25. These data have been interview, and record food intake the day of the interview derived from the annual per capita values in units of pounds and the day after the interview. per year, presented by USDA ( 1993), by converting to units Serving size data are presented on an as consumed of g/ day. ( g/ day) basis. The data presented in Table 9 26 are for all One of the limitations of this study is that ages of the population, combined. If age specific intake disappearance data do not account for losses from the food data are needed, refer to Pao et al. ( 1982). Although supply from waste or spoilage. As a result, intake rates serving size data only are presented in this handbook, based on these data may overestimate daily consumption percentiles for the average quantities of individual fruits and because they are based on the total quantity of marketable vegetables consumed by members of the U. S. population commodity utilized. Thus, these data represent bounding who had consumed these fruits and vegetables over a 3 day estimates of intake rates only. It should also be noted that period can be found in Pao et al. ( 1982). per capita estimates based on food disappearance are not a The advantages of using these data are that they were direct measure of actual consumption or quantity ingested, derived from the USDA NFCS and are representative of the instead the data are used as indicators of changes in usage U. S. population. This data set provides serving size over time ( USDA, 1993). An advantage of this study is that distributions for a number of commonly eaten fruits and it provides per capita consumption rates for fruits and vegetables, but the list of foods is limited and does not vegetables that are representative of long term intake account for fruits and vegetables included in complex food because disappearance data are generated annually. dishes. Also, these data represent the quantity of fruits and AIHC, 1994  Exposure Factors Sourcebook  The AIHC Sourcebook ( AIHC, 1994) uses the data presented in the 1989 version of the Exposure Factors Handbook which used as an alternative source of information. The advantage of using the CSFII and USDA NFCS data sets are that they are the largest publicly available data source on food intake patterns in the United States. Data are available for a wide variety of fruit and vegetable products and are intended to be representative of the U. S. population.

9.2.4. Relevant Fruits and Vegetables Serving Size Study Based on the USDA NFCS Pao et al. ( 1982)  Foods Commonly Eaten by vegetables consumed per eating occasion. Although these estimates are based on USDA NFCS 1977 78 data, serving size data have been collected but not published for the more Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9 7 IR = IR * [( 100 W)/ 100] ( Eqn. 9 1) dw ac IR = IR /[( 100 W)/ 100] ( Eqn. 9 2) ac dw where:

IR = dry weight intake rate; dw IR = as consumed intake rate; and ac W = percent water content. recent USDA surveys. These estimates may be useful for vegetable intake recommendations. Based on the CSFII assessing acute exposures to contaminants in specific foods, 1989 91, the recommended per capita fruit intake rate for or other assessments where the amount consumed per the general population is 3.4 g/ kg day and the eating occasion is necessary. However, it should be noted recommended per capita vegetable intake rate for the that serving sizes may have changed since the data were general population is 4.3 g/ kg day. Per capita intake rates collected in 1977 78. for specific food items, on a g/ kg day basis, may be 9.2.5. Conversion Between As Consumed and Dry Weight Intake Rates As noted previously, intake rates may be reported in 9 4. From these tables, the 95th percentile intake rates for terms of units as consumed or units of dry weight. It is fruits and vegetables are 12 g/ kg day and 10 g/ kg day, essential that exposure assessors be aware of this difference respectively. It is important to note that the distributions so that they may ensure consistency between the units used presented in Tables 9 3 through 9 4 are based on data for intake rates and those used for concentration data ( i. e., collected over a 3 day period and may not necessarily if the unit of food consumption is grams dry weight/ day, reflect the long term distribution of average daily intake then the unit for the amount of pollutant in the food should rates. However, for these broad categories of food ( i. e., be grams dry weight). total fruits and total vegetables), because they are eaten on If necessary, as consumed intake rates may be a daily basis throughout the year with minimal seasonality, converted to dry weight intake rates using the moisture the short term distribution may be a reasonable content percentages presented in Table 9 27 and the approximation of the long term distribution, although it will following equation: display somewhat increased variability. This implies that " Dry weight" intake rates may be converted to " as recommendations are based on 1989 91 CSFII data, they consumed" rates by using: may not reflect the most recent changes that may have 9.3. RECOMMENDATIONS The 1989 91 CSFII data described in this section Branch ( n. d.). Food Consumption, Patterns Report: were used in selecting recommended fruit and vegetable A report from Nutrition Canada. intake rates for the general population and various Kariya, J. ( 1992) Written communication to L. Phillips, subgroups of the United States population. The general Versar, Inc., March 4, 1992. design of both key and relevant studies are summarized in Pao, E. M.; Fleming, K. H.; Guenther, P. M.; Mickle, S. J. Table 9 28. Table 9 29 presents a summary of the ( 1982) Foods commonly eaten by individuals: recommended values for fruit and vegetable intake and amount per day and per eating occasion. U. S. Table 9 30 presents the confidence ratings for the fruit and obtained from Table 9 5. Percentiles of the per capita intake rate distribution in the general population for total fruits and total vegetables are presented in Tables 9 3 and the upper percentiles shown here will tend to overestimate the corresponding percentiles of the true long term distribution. Intake rates for the home produced form of these fruit and vegetable products are presented in Volume II, Chapter 13. It should be noted that because these occurred in consumption patterns. However, as indicated in Table 9 12, intake has remained fairly constant between 1989 91 and 1995. Thus, the 1989 91 CSFII data are believed to be appropriate for assessing ingestion exposure for current populations.

9.4. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 9 American Industrial Health Council ( AIHC). ( 1994) Exposure factors sourcebook. AIHC, Washington, DC. Canadian Department of National Health and Welfare, Bureau of National Sciences, Health Protection Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9 8 August 1997 Department of Agriculture. Home Economics USDA. ( 1992b) Food and nutrient intakes by Report No. 44. individuals in the United States, 1 day, 1987 88: Pennington, J. A. T. ( 1983) Revision of the total diet U. S. Department of Agriculture, Human Nutrition study food list and diets. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. Information Service. Nationwide Food Consumption 82: 166 173. Survey 1987 88, NFCS Rpt. No. 87 I 1. SAS Institute, Inc. ( 1990) SAS Procedures Guide, USDA. ( 1993) Food consumption prices and Version 6, Third Edition, Cary, NC: SAS Institute, expenditures ( 1970 1992) U. S. Department of Inc., 1990, 705 pp. Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Statistical USDA. ( 1972) Food consumption: households in the Bulletin, No. 867. United States, Seasons and year 1965 1966. U. S. USDA. ( 1995) Food and nutrient intakes by individuals Department of Agriculture. in the United States, 1 day, 1989 91. U. S. USDA. ( 1979 1986) Agricultural Handbook No. 8. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research United States Department of Agriculture. Service. NFS Report No. 91 2. USDA. ( 1980) Food and nutrient intakes of individuals USDA. ( 1996a) Data tables: results from USDA's 1994 in one day in the United States, Spring 1977. Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1977 1978. and 1994 Diet and Health Knowledge Survey. U. S. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Preliminary Report Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research No. 2. Service, Riverdale, MD. USDA. ( 1992a) Changes in food consumption and USDA. ( 1996b) Data tables: results from USDA's 1995 expenditures in American households during the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals 1980s. U. S. Department of Agriculture. and 1995 Diet and Health Knowledge Survey. U. S. Washington, D. C. Statistical Bulletin No. 849. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Riverdale, MD. U. S. EPA. ( 1984a) An estimation of the daily average food intake by age and sex for use in assessing the radionuclide intake of individuals in the general population. EPA 520/ 1 84 021. U. S. EPA. ( 1984b) An estimation of the daily food intake based on data from the 1977 1978 USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey. Washington, DC: Office of Radiation Programs. EPA 520/ 1 84 015. U. S. EPA. ( 1989) Development of risk assessment methodologies for land application and distribution and marketing of municipal sludge. Washington, DC: Office of Science and Technology. EPA 600/ 89/ 001. White, S. B.; Peterson, B.; Clayton, C. A.; Duncan, D. P. ( 1983) Interim Report Number 1: The construction of a raw agricultural commodity consumption data base. Prepared by Research Triangle Institute for EPA Office of Pesticide Programs. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9 9 Table 9 1. Sub category Codes and Definitions Used in the CSFII 1989 91 Analysis Code Definition Description Regiona 1 Northeast Includes Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode 2 Midwest Includes Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South 3 South Includes Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana,

4 West Includes Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Island, and Vermont Dakota, and Wisconsin Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia and Wyoming Urbanization 1 Central City Cities with populations of 50,000 or more that is the main city within the metropolitan statistical area ( MSA).

2 Suburban An area that is generally within the boundaries of an MSA, but is not within the legal limit of the central city.

3 Nonmetropolitan An area that is not within an MSA.

Season Spring  April, May, June Summer  July, August, September Fall  October, November, December Winter  January, February, March Race 1  White ( Caucasian)

2  Black 3  Asian and Pacific Islander 4  Native American, Aleuts, and Eskimos 5, 8, 9 Other/ NA Don't know, no answer, some other race Alaska and Hawaii were not included. a Source: CSFII 1989 91. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9 10 August 1997 Table 9 2. Weighted and Unweighted Number of Observations for 1989 91 CSFII Data Used in Analysis of Food Intake Demographic Factor Weighted Unweighted Total 242,707,000 11,912 Age < 01 7,394,000 424 01 02 7,827,000 450 03 05 11,795,000 603 06 11 21,830,000 1,147 12 19 26,046,000 1,250 20 39 78,680,000 3,555 40 69 71,899,000 3,380 70+ 17,236,000 1,103 Season Fall 60,633,000 3,117 Spring 60,689,000 3,077 Summer 60,683,000 2,856 Winter 60,702,000 2,862 Urbanization Central City 73,410,000 3,607 Nonmetropolitan 53,993,000 3,119 Suburban 115,304,000 5,186 Race Asian 2,871,000 149 Black 29,721,000 1,632 Native American 2,102,000 171 Other/ NA 7,556,000 350 White 200,457,000 9,610 Region Northeast 59,285,000 3,007 Midwest 50,099,000 2,180 South 83,741,000 4,203 West 49,582,000 2,522 Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9 11 Table 9 3. Per Capita Intake of Total Fruits ( g/ kg day as consumed)

Population Percent Group Consuming Mean SE P1 P5 P10 P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P99 P100 Total 69.0% 3.381 0.068 0 0 0 0 1.68 4.16 7.98 12.44 26.54 210.72 Age ( years)

< 01 67.9% 14.898 1.285 0 0 0 0 8.80 21.90 35.98 42.77 88.42 210.72 01 02 76.7% 11.836 0.582 0 0 0 2.80 9.76 17.99 25.70 30.69 52.27 80.19 03 05 80.8% 8.422 0.364 0 0 0 2.22 6.37 12.53 19.29 22.78 32.83 52.87 06 11 79.2% 5.047 0.160 0 0 0 1.30 3.86 7.17 11.79 14.49 21.53 30.37 12 19 62.6% 2.183 0.095 0 0 0 0 1.36 3.38 5.66 7.24 11.80 16.86 20 39 58.8% 1.875 0.056 0 0 0 0 1.06 2.82 5.08 6.43 10.26 41.58 40 69 71.0% 2.119 0.051 0 0 0 0 1.36 3.24 5.20 6.73 10.52 23.07 70 + 83.3% 2.982 0.087 0 0 0 0.89 2.42 4.28 6.77 8.31 11.89 15.00 Season Fall 68.9% 3.579 0.169 0 0 0 0 1.66 3.94 8.20 13.41 32.62 204.28 Spring 68.3% 3.249 0.116 0 0 0 0 1.73 4.14 7.43 12.22 23.71 88.42 Summer 70.4% 3.381 0.131 0 0 0 0 1.80 4.29 7.87 12.26 23.11 210.72 Winter 68.4% 3.314 0.119 0 0 0 0 1.52 4.27 8.33 12.17 26.54 75.52 Urbanization Central City 68.8% 3.288 0.114 0 0 0 0 1.66 4.00 7.82 11.94 23.73 210.72 Nonmetropolitan 67.4% 3.107 0.113 0 0 0 0 1.51 3.94 7.52 12.25 26.04 84.34 Suburban 70.1% 3.567 0.113 0 0 0 0 1.80 4.40 8.43 13.19 28.13 204.28 Race Asian 77.2% 5.839 0.632 0 0 0 1.24 4.20 6.76 17.30 20.65 29.61 38.95 Black 63.7% 3.279 0.188 0 0 0 0 1.51 4.25 7.70 12.34 26.54 210.72 Native American 61.4% 3.319 0.490 0 0 0 0 1.58 4.31 7.57 16.02 22.66 29.24 Other/ NA 64.9% 4.027 0.465 0 0 0 0 1.77 5.10 10.92 14.96 47.78 53.89 White 70.1% 3.337 0.075 0 0 0 0 1.66 4.06 7.87 12.21 26.48 204.28 Region Midwest 69.9% 3.236 0.120 0 0 0 0 1.58 4.07 7.87 11.30 28.64 84.34 Northeast 73.9% 3.665 0.143 0 0 0 0.07 1.84 4.70 8.37 12.75 31.67 88.42 South 62.0% 3.017 0.105 0 0 0 0 1.42 3.80 7.39 11.67 24.67 210.72 West 75.4% 3.880 0.187 0 0 0 0.17 2.08 4.45 9.18 14.61 25.49 204.28 NOTE: SE = Standard error P = Percentile of the distribution Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1989 91 CSFII Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9 12 August 1997 Table 9 4. Per Capita Intake of Total Vegetables ( g/ kg day as consumed)

Population Percent Group Consuming Mean SE P1 P5 P10 P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P99 P100 Total 97.2% 4.259 0.029 0 0.75 1.29 2.26 3.60 5.37 7.93 10.00 15.65 44.99 Age ( years)

< 01 74.8% 6.802 0.375 0 0 0 0 5.52 10.41 15.27 19.29 29.61 44.99 01 02 95.6% 7.952 0.228 0 1.33 2.32 4.65 7.28 10.26 14.77 16.32 21.24 32.10 03 05 97.2% 7.125 0.200 0 1.11 2.15 3.79 5.83 9.64 13.87 15.43 25.09 35.56 06 11 97.6% 5.549 0.109 0 1.03 1.72 3.09 4.82 7.31 10.06 11.74 18.39 31.30 12 19 98.1% 3.807 0.070 0 0.85 1.30 2.16 3.49 4.71 6.80 8.52 12.26 27.84 20 39 98.2% 3.529 0.037 0 0.75 1.22 2.06 3.16 4.54 6.36 7.63 10.69 17.07 40 69 98.3% 3.741 0.039 0 0.85 1.34 2.19 3.43 4.94 6.56 7.78 10.91 24.51 70 + 98.3% 4.068 0.071 0 0.96 1.47 2.47 3.67 5.35 6.89 8.17 11.96 18.92 Season Fall 97.8% 4.366 0.063 0 0.86 1.31 2.28 3.56 5.28 8.33 10.52 17.95 35.56 Spring 96.9% 4.095 0.055 0 0.72 1.20 2.19 3.45 5.19 7.67 9.85 15.33 44.99 Summer 97.0% 4.181 0.059 0 0.58 1.16 2.21 3.54 5.34 7.73 9.54 15.14 41.68 Winter 97.0% 4.394 0.056 0 0.86 1.40 2.36 3.78 5.67 8.03 9.69 15.23 29.69 Urbanization Central City 97.4% 4.059 0.053 0 0.67 1.22 2.08 3.34 5.17 7.74 9.51 16.04 44.99 Nonmetropolitan 96.3% 4.450 0.060 0 0.86 1.41 2.44 3.72 5.66 8.28 10.08 16.27 35.56 Suburban 97.6% 4.296 0.044 0 0.82 1.31 2.30 3.64 5.38 7.86 10.17 15.39 41.68 Race Asian 93.3% 4.913 0.330 0 0 1.53 2.06 3.66 7.52 10.32 14.84 15.43 16.76 Black 96.1% 4.228 0.093 0 0.36 0.85 1.99 3.19 5.46 8.80 11.35 18.39 32.10 Native American 87.1% 4.880 0.277 0 0 0.58 2.40 4.22 6.85 8.87 11.37 13.89 21.77 Other/ NA 96.6% 4.762 0.183 0 0 1.11 2.46 4.24 6.20 9.33 11.93 15.02 22.14 White 97.6% 4.229 0.031 0 0.86 1.37 2.30 3.60 5.32 7.74 9.75 15.31 44.99 Region Midwest 97.0% 4.123 0.061 0 0.75 1.20 2.09 3.35 5.16 8.03 9.87 16.90 35.56 Northeast 97.2% 4.494 0.073 0 0.69 1.29 2.37 3.77 5.70 8.42 11.00 15.86 41.68 South 97.4% 4.268 0.047 0 0.86 1.39 2.31 3.66 5.32 7.76 9.80 15.31 44.99 West 96.9% 4.168 0.060 0 0.60 1.22 2.25 3.57 5.38 7.78 9.53 15.28 35.56 NOTE: SE = Standard error P = Percentile of the distribution Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1989 91 CSFII Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9 13 Table 9 5. Per Capita Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables ( g/ kg day as consumed)

Apples Asparagus Bananas Beets Population Group Percent Consuming Mean SE Percent Consuming Mean SE Percent Consuming Mean SE Percent Consuming Mean SE Total 28.4% 0.854 0.052 1.5% 0.012 0.008 20.9% 0.27 0.02 1.8% 0.009 0.010 Age ( years)

< 01 41.7% 5.042 0.823 0.0% 0 0 24.3% 1.33 0.27 1.2% 0.045 0.296 01 02 42.9% 4.085 0.508 0.2% 0.003 0.041 23.3% 0.86 0.17 0.7% 0.006 0.055 03 05 44.1% 3.004 0.312 0.2% 0.001 0.038 20.1% 0.46 0.09 0.5% 0.006 0.056 06 11 41.6% 1.501 0.123 0.3% 0.001 0.019 16.2% 0.29 0.05 0.9% 0.008 0.040 12 19 23.0% 0.394 0.062 0.3% 0.003 0.033 13.3% 0.16 0.03 0.6% 0.001 0.010 20 39 21.3% 0.337 0.033 1.1% 0.008 0.012 14.4% 0.13 0.02 1.3% 0.004 0.007 40 69 26.0% 0.356 0.027 2.5% 0.025 0.016 26.0% 0.22 0.02 2.4% 0.009 0.009 70 + 30.8% 0.435 0.052 3.5% 0.026 0.028 37.4% 0.36 0.03 5.2% 0.029 0.022 Season Fall 33.7% 1.094 0.116 0.8% 0.005 0.013 19.3% 0.25 0.03 1.2% 0.009 0.040 Spring 25.9% 0.667 0.078 2.7% 0.023 0.017 21.3% 0.27 0.03 2.0% 0.009 0.012 Summer 23.2% 0.751 0.122 1.1% 0.006 0.014 20.5% 0.23 0.03 1.7% 0.005 0.008 Winter 30.4% 0.905 0.095 1.3% 0.015 0.018 22.6% 0.31 0.03 2.3% 0.011 0.013 Urbanization Central City 27.4% 0.749 0.081 1.1% 0.013 0.018 19.6% 0.25 0.03 1.3% 0.008 0.031 Nonmetropolitan 26.8% 0.759 0.104 1.3% 0.011 0.015 20.5% 0.24 0.03 1.8% 0.010 0.013 Suburban 29.9% 0.965 0.083 1.8% 0.013 0.012 21.9% 0.29 0.03 2.0% 0.008 0.009 Race Asian 38.3% 0.871 0.327 2.7% 0.067 0.123 33.6% 0.54 0.20 0.7% 0.040 0.320 Black 22.7% 0.688 0.159 0.3% 0.003 0.019 14.4% 0.19 0.04 1.1% 0.007 0.024 Native American 20.5% 0.407 0.273 0.0% 0 0 17.5% 0.36 0.16 1.2% 0.003 0.028 Other/ NA 24.9% 0.964 0.256 0.6% 0.001 0.009 20.6% 0.33 0.15 0.9% 0.015 0.101 White 29.4% 0.879 0.057 1.7% 0.013 0.009 21.8% 0.27 0.02 1.9% 0.008 0.010 Region Midwest 29.1% 0.782 0.082 1.8% 0.015 0.016 18.8% 0.25 0.03 0.8% 0.010 0.049 Northeast 31.5% 0.953 0.116 1.6% 0.015 0.022 23.0% 0.26 0.04 2.3% 0.008 0.012 South 23.6% 0.828 0.099 1.0% 0.010 0.014 19.3% 0.28 0.03 1.8% 0.009 0.011 West 32.7% 0.885 0.121 1.8% 0.012 0.015 24.0% 0.27 0.03 2.4% 0.008 0.009 Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9 14 August 1997 Table 9 5. Per Capita Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables ( g/ kg day as consumed) ( continued)

Broccoli Cabbage Carrots Corn Population Group Percent Consuming Mean SE Percent Consuming Mean SE Percent Consuming Mean SE Percent Consuming Mean SE Total 10.9% 0.107 0.012 12.2% 0.088 0.009 16.9% 0.115 0.010 24.1% 0.206 0.010 Age ( years)

< 01 4.2% 0.142 0.224 2.4% 0.023 0.078 13.4% 0.379 0.165 17.5% 0.356 0.128 01 02 7.6% 0.234 0.134 5.1% 0.086 0.089 13.3% 0.214 0.085 32.9% 0.587 0.091 03 05 10.1% 0.307 0.118 7.5% 0.107 0.081 15.1% 0.148 0.052 31.5% 0.490 0.070 06 11 6.8% 0.098 0.052 7.5% 0.049 0.027 17.1% 0.154 0.037 35.8% 0.367 0.032 12 19 8.2% 0.065 0.028 8.5% 0.065 0.028 11.8% 0.056 0.018 24.0% 0.173 0.024 20 39 11.4% 0.081 0.015 10.6% 0.070 0.015 15.2% 0.076 0.013 23.8% 0.154 0.013 40 69 13.8% 0.102 0.016 17.1% 0.115 0.015 20.1% 0.120 0.016 20.4% 0.138 0.013 70 + 11.8% 0.115 0.028 21.1% 0.151 0.025 21.3% 0.132 0.022 19.0% 0.140 0.027 Season Fall 10.8% 0.089 0.024 12.3% 0.092 0.019 17.7% 0.100 0.017 23.6% 0.171 0.018 Spring 11.7% 0.122 0.022 12.4% 0.086 0.018 16.5% 0.117 0.022 24.7% 0.204 0.019 Summer 8.8% 0.120 0.032 12.3% 0.097 0.018 13.9% 0.083 0.017 24.8% 0.244 0.022 Winter 12.3% 0.098 0.020 11.9% 0.076 0.014 19.2% 0.160 0.022 23.2% 0.205 0.020 Urbanization Central City 10.6% 0.119 0.024 10.8% 0.073 0.015 15.5% 0.111 0.019 22.4% 0.182 0.017 Nonmetropoli tan 9.0% 0.067 0.017 13.7% 0.102 0.016 14.4% 0.095 0.017 27.6% 0.255 0.020 Suburban 12.2% 0.119 0.019 12.4% 0.091 0.014 19.2% 0.127 0.015 23.1% 0.198 0.015 Race Asian 15.4% 0.209 0.166 27.5% 0.400 0.100 28.2% 0.177 0.101 14.1% 0.134 0.080 Black 8.3% 0.154 0.047 13.9% 0.129 0.029 7.0% 0.066 0.036 24.6% 0.226 0.028 Native American 5.3% 0.021 0.045 4.7% 0.037 0.068 11.1% 0.097 0.075 30.4% 0.373 0.099 Other/ NA 10.3% 0.180 0.100 6.0% 0.041 0.044 12.9% 0.104 0.063 16.9% 0.160 0.065 White 11.4% 0.097 0.012 12.1% 0.080 0.009 18.6% 0.122 0.011 24.3% 0.204 0.011 Region Midwest 8.4% 0.077 0.025 10.1% 0.065 0.016 16.2% 0.100 0.018 26.8% 0.242 0.020 Northeast 13.5% 0.113 0.026 11.6% 0.083 0.022 19.0% 0.151 0.027 23.3% 0.208 0.026 South 9.8% 0.109 0.022 14.4% 0.106 0.015 12.4% 0.074 0.015 24.9% 0.219 0.016 West 13.4% 0.135 0.025 11.8% 0.088 0.016 23.3% 0.166 0.021 20.1% 0.138 0.018 Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9 15 Table 9 5. Per Capita Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables ( g/ kg day as consumed) ( continued)

Cucumbers Lettuce Lima Beans Okra Population Group Percent Consuming Mean SE Percent Consuming Mean SE Percent Consuming Mean SE Percent Consuming Mean SE Total 15.8% 0.063 0.006 41.3% 0.224 0.006 0.9% 0.006 0.007 1.3% 0.009 0.007 Age ( years)

< 01 2.4% 0.021 0.107 6.8% 0.025 0.026 0.5% 0.005 0.055 0.5% 0.003 0.040 01 02 7.3% 0.062 0.069 18.2% 0.116 0.039 0.4% 0.006 0.069 0.2% 0.004 0.068 03 05 12.1% 0.083 0.046 29.4% 0.191 0.031 0.0% 0 0 0.7% 0.013 0.046 06 11 14.9% 0.086 0.032 36.3% 0.247 0.027 0.3% 0.002 0.017 0.3% 0.005 0.028 12 19 12.6% 0.050 0.017 40.4% 0.187 0.014 0.5% 0.003 0.019 1.4% 0.011 0.027 20 39 17.0% 0.057 0.009 44.4% 0.231 0.010 0.7% 0.005 0.012 1.0% 0.008 0.016 40 69 19.8% 0.070 0.008 51.0% 0.264 0.010 1.5% 0.010 0.013 1.8% 0.008 0.010 70 + 14.8% 0.055 0.016 37.4% 0.203 0.017 1.9% 0.008 0.019 2.7% 0.015 0.021 Season Fall 14.3% 0.056 0.014 38.1% 0.175 0.010 0.8% 0.004 0.010 0.9% 0.004 0.009 Spring 15.8% 0.060 0.009 43.5% 0.259 0.011 1.0% 0.008 0.015 0.8% 0.009 0.020 Summer 19.0% 0.092 0.014 42.3% 0.218 0.012 0.9% 0.006 0.014 2.2% 0.016 0.015 Winter 14.3% 0.044 0.010 41.5% 0.243 0.013 1.0% 0.007 0.013 1.3% 0.006 0.012 Urbanization Central City 15.1% 0.061 0.011 37.9% 0.196 0.009 0.5% 0.004 0.011 1.0% 0.004 0.008 Nonmetropolitan 15.1% 0.071 0.013 39.9% 0.221 0.012 1.5% 0.015 0.018 1.8% 0.013 0.015 Suburban 16.7% 0.060 0.008 44.6% 0.242 0.009 0.9% 0.004 0.007 1.2% 0.010 0.012 Race Asian 16.1% 0.065 0.036 40.3% 0.231 0.050 0.0% 0 0 4.7% 0.084 0.074 Black 7.8% 0.040 0.021 27.1% 0.134 0.014 0.9% 0.006 0.021 2.1% 0.024 0.029 Native American 6.4% 0.037 0.042 42.7% 0.146 0.034 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 0 Other/ NA 10.9% 0.038 0.029 41.1% 0.186 0.027 0.0% 0 0 1.7% 0.004 0.023 White 17.5% 0.067 0.007 43.7% 0.239 0.007 1.0% 0.006 0.007 1.1% 0.006 0.007 Region Midwest 15.1% 0.074 0.014 36.1% 0.191 0.012 0.4% 0.005 0.019 0.2% 0 0.004 Northeast 18.9% 0.097 0.018 43.9% 0.246 0.014 0.5% 0.003 0.013 0.6% 0.009 0.031 South 13.8% 0.042 0.007 39.3% 0.210 0.009 1.8% 0.011 0.011 3.2% 0.016 0.010 West 17.2% 0.050 0.011 48.7% 0.263 0.013 0.5% 0.002 0.009 0.2% 0.005 0.022 Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9 16 August 1997 Table 9 5. Per Capita Intake of Fruits and Vegetables ( g/ kg day as consumed) ( continued)

Onions Other Berries Peaches Pears Population Group Percent Consuming Mean SE Percent Consuming Mean SE Percent Consuming Mean SE Percent Consuming Mean SE Total 17.4% 0.040 0.003 2.5% 0.029 0.017 8.6% 0.131 0.019 4.8% 0.098 0.036 Age ( years)

< 01 1.9% 0.004 0.022 0.9% 0.092 0.369 14.2% 0.855 0.268 12.3% 1.286 0.598 01 02 6.4% 0.012 0.017 1.3% 0.053 0.248 8.9% 0.286 0.158 2.7% 0.105 0.243 03 05 8.0% 0.023 0.016 2.2% 0.039 0.073 10.0% 0.283 0.121 4.5% 0.144 0.141 06 11 9.7% 0.033 0.015 1.4% 0.014 0.056 13.8% 0.250 0.063 7.8% 0.147 0.057 12 19 12.2% 0.030 0.010 0.8% 0.011 0.029 6.9% 0.084 0.037 3.4% 0.025 0.027 20 39 20.5% 0.040 0.005 2.3% 0.024 0.030 4.2% 0.037 0.019 2.4% 0.026 0.019 40 69 24.0% 0.054 0.005 3.2% 0.031 0.023 8.7% 0.090 0.021 5.2% 0.062 0.022 70 + 16.5% 0.043 0.012 5.1% 0.049 0.040 16.1% 0.161 0.033 7.8% 0.087 0.037 Season Fall 16.3% 0.045 0.007 2.6% 0.024 0.023 6.4% 0.113 0.043 5.5% 0.159 0.107 Spring 19.7% 0.040 0.005 1.9% 0.019 0.024 8.4% 0.107 0.037 4.3% 0.071 0.041 Summer 18.7% 0.040 0.005 3.4% 0.032 0.027 12.5% 0.166 0.033 4.2% 0.076 0.066 Winter 14.8% 0.033 0.006 2.0% 0.042 0.058 7.4% 0.136 0.041 5.1% 0.088 0.039 Urbanization Central City 16.4% 0.043 0.006 2.9% 0.033 0.030 7.3% 0.121 0.035 4.5% 0.120 0.091 Nonmetropolitan 15.7% 0.033 0.005 1.6% 0.016 0.019 9.8% 0.156 0.034 5.4% 0.083 0.033 Suburban 19.1% 0.041 0.004 2.7% 0.033 0.028 8.8% 0.125 0.029 4.6% 0.092 0.050 Race Asian 20.8% 0.090 0.042 2.7% 0.014 0.057 6.7% 0.202 0.235 2.7% 0.053 0.151 Black 9.6% 0.034 0.014 0.9% 0.008 0.034 5.6% 0.111 0.053 2.9% 0.066 0.056 Native American 5.3% 0.018 0.022 2.3% 0.072 0.165 9.9% 0.192 0.158 1.2% 0.003 0.053 Other/ NA 15.1% 0.057 0.022 0.9% 0.015 0.069 4.3% 0.118 0.145 5.1% 0.063 0.089 White 19.0% 0.039 0.003 2.8% 0.033 0.019 9.3% 0.132 0.021 5.2% 0.106 0.042 Region Midwest 13.8% 0.033 0.006 2.3% 0.022 0.020 9.6% 0.155 0.040 6.0% 0.121 0.054 Northeast 20.6% 0.057 0.009 3.2% 0.023 0.024 9.0% 0.132 0.048 5.7% 0.108 0.064 South 17.2% 0.034 0.004 1.7% 0.030 0.037 7.9% 0.113 0.027 3.6% 0.051 0.023 West 19.2% 0.039 0.006 3.3% 0.043 0.045 8.3% 0.131 0.042 4.5% 0.142 0.142 Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9 17 Table 9 5. Per Capita Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables ( g/ kg day as consumed) ( continued)

Peas Peppers Pumpkins Snap Beans Population Group Percent Consuming Mean SE Percent Consuming Mean SE Percent Consuming Mean SE Percent Consuming Mean SE Total 12.8% 0.095 0.009 6.5% 0.022 0.005 1.0% 0.026 0.032 21.5% 0.146 0.008 Age ( years)

< 01 13.7% 0.294 0.142 0.7% 0.003 0.025 5.2% 0.497 0.363 16.7% 0.439 0.154 01 02 13.6% 0.174 0.083 2.4% 0.011 0.031 0.4% 0.030 0.253 24.9% 0.383 0.070 03 05 12.9% 0.199 0.077 3.0% 0.014 0.032 0.7% 0.018 0.148 25.0% 0.274 0.048 06 11 13.2% 0.120 0.029 4.7% 0.019 0.016 0.4% 0.012 0.118 25.6% 0.183 0.024 12 19 8.4% 0.053 0.021 5.3% 0.017 0.014 0.2% 0 0.007 18.3% 0.112 0.018 20 39 10.9% 0.067 0.013 7.9% 0.026 0.009 0.6% 0.007 0.026 19.0% 0.096 0.010 40 69 14.8% 0.084 0.011 8.6% 0.027 0.008 1.2% 0.011 0.018 22.3% 0.124 0.011 70 + 16.4% 0.117 0.024 4.7% 0.010 0.008 1.7% 0.034 0.053 25.5% 0.149 0.019 Season Fall 13.2% 0.120 0.023 6.0% 0.023 0.009 1.9% 0.043 0.056 21.5% 0.164 0.018 Spring 12.6% 0.077 0.015 7.3% 0.021 0.009 0.6% 0.034 0.105 18.9% 0.109 0.013 Summer 11.2% 0.074 0.019 7.9% 0.023 0.009 0.4% 0.012 0.064 22.3% 0.147 0.016 Winter 14.1% 0.111 0.017 4.7% 0.019 0.010 1.0% 0.015 0.037 23.7% 0.163 0.017 Urbanization Central City 11.7% 0.085 0.018 6.5% 0.023 0.009 1.1% 0.035 0.068 20.2% 0.133 0.015 Nonmetropolitan 14.5% 0.113 0.020 6.0% 0.017 0.006 0.5% 0.015 0.068 22.3% 0.141 0.013 Suburban 12.5% 0.094 0.014 6.8% 0.023 0.007 1.3% 0.025 0.041 22.0% 0.156 0.013 Race Asian 8.1% 0.047 0.071 8.1% 0.102 0.112 0.7% 0.005 0.057 13.4% 0.059 0.050 Black 17.0% 0.143 0.032 3.6% 0.005 0.007 0.3% 0.037 0.238 24.1% 0.188 0.022 Native American 2.9% 0.007 0.035 5.3% 0.015 0.031 0.0% 0 0 21.1% 0.119 0.048 Other/ NA 6.9% 0.037 0.058 11.1% 0.037 0.024 0.9% 0.024 0.208 15.1% 0.168 0.073 White 12.5% 0.092 0.010 6.8% 0.022 0.005 1.2% 0.025 0.030 21.5% 0.140 0.009 Region Midwest 10.9% 0.071 0.014 4.7% 0.016 0.011 1.2% 0.027 0.050 22.4% 0.146 0.014 Northeast 12.5% 0.101 0.026 9.0% 0.036 0.012 1.4% 0.061 0.106 19.7% 0.131 0.020 South 16.2% 0.126 0.017 5.8% 0.015 0.006 0.5% 0.002 0.026 24.3% 0.177 0.014 West 9.5% 0.067 0.018 7.6% 0.025 0.010 1.3% 0.030 0.060 17.5% 0.107 0.019 Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9 18 August 1997 Table 9 5. Per Capita Intake of Individual Fruits and Vegetables ( g/ kg day as consumed) ( continued)

Strawberries Tomatoes White Potatoes Population Group Percent Consuming Mean SE Percent Consuming Mean SE Percent Consuming Mean SE Total 3.4% 0.039 0.019 91.8% 0.876 0.010 87.6% 1.093 0.013 Age ( years)

< 01 0.7% 0.018 0.154 64.2% 1.116 0.094 59.9% 1.102 0.128 01 02 1.6% 0.155 0.598 93.8% 1.838 0.103 84.2% 2.228 0.113 03 05 3.2% 0.045 0.080 94.9% 1.700 0.072 88.1% 1.817 0.086 06 11 3.3% 0.052 0.058 95.2% 1.160 0.032 90.5% 1.702 0.058 12 19 2.3% 0.016 0.028 95.5% 0.852 0.022 90.1% 1.238 0.042 20 39 2.7% 0.028 0.020 94.7% 0.791 0.013 88.6% 0.897 0.018 40 69 4.5% 0.042 0.020 90.6% 0.673 0.013 88.1% 0.882 0.018 70 + 5.8% 0.050 0.040 87.2% 0.689 0.027 88.9% 0.865 0.031 Season Fall 1.3% 0.008 0.017 92.5% 0.907 0.021 88.9% 1.169 0.027 Spring 7.7% 0.105 0.045 90.6% 0.808 0.018 86.3% 1.036 0.024 Summer 2.2% 0.030 0.032 92.4% 0.946 0.019 86.5% 1.001 0.029 Winter 2.5% 0.013 0.015 91.9% 0.844 0.018 88.7% 1.167 0.024 Urbanization Central City 2.8% 0.028 0.020 91.5% 0.827 0.017 84.7% 1.017 0.025 Nonmetropolitan 3.8% 0.052 0.029 90.7% 0.827 0.018 89.4% 1.211 0.027 Suburban 3.6% 0.040 0.035 92.8% 0.931 0.015 88.5% 1.087 0.019 Race Asian 3.4% 0.395 1.152 90.6% 1.147 0.110 77.2% 0.446 0.062 Black 1.5% 0.031 0.056 87.4% 0.713 0.027 83.3% 1.202 0.047 Native American 1.8% 0.023 0.120 84.2% 0.890 0.073 85.4% 1.735 0.134 Other/ NA 1.4% 0.007 0.042 91.4% 1.004 0.049 77.1% 1.036 0.080 White 3.9% 0.037 0.013 92.8% 0.892 0.011 88.9% 1.082 0.014 Region Midwest 4.8% 0.051 0.025 92.2% 0.814 0.019 89.2% 1.246 0.029 Northeast 3.3% 0.059 0.079 93.0% 0.988 0.024 86.6% 1.090 0.030 South 2.6% 0.025 0.019 90.7% 0.831 0.016 88.5% 1.074 0.021 West 3.3% 0.028 0.025 92.3% 0.914 0.021 85.1% 0.946 0.026 NOTE: SE = Standard error P = Percentile of the distribution Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1989 91 CSFII Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9 19 Table 9 6. Per Capita Intake of USDA Categories of Fruits and Vegetables ( g/ kg day as consumed)

Dark Green Vegetables Deep Yellow Vegetables Citrus Fruits Other Fruits Other Vegetables Population Group Percent Consuming Mean SE Percent Consuming Mean SE Percent Consuming Mean SE Percent Consuming Mean SE Percent Consuming Mean SE Total 19.1% 0.180 0.012 20.0% 0.147 0.010 38.0% 1.236 0.039 57.7% 2.141 0.063 83.1% 1.316 0.016 Age ( years)

< 01 7.5% 0.180 0.177 10.1% 0.178 0.157 24.8% 1.929 0.586 61.6% 12.855 1.284 41.7% 1.346 0.200 01 02 12.4% 0.364 0.137 14.4% 0.281 0.109 43.6% 4.237 0.459 66.4% 7.599 0.498 73.6% 2.077 0.136 03 05 14.8% 0.390 0.119 16.3% 0.177 0.063 41.0% 2.596 0.267 70.0% 5.826 0.348 78.9% 1.979 0.102 06 11 13.3% 0.150 0.044 19.1% 0.185 0.043 40.5% 1.805 0.138 70.1% 3.242 0.126 83.2% 1.534 0.062 12 19 14.3% 0.112 0.030 14.0% 0.080 0.020 37.0% 1.130 0.085 47.3% 1.053 0.070 81.0% 0.950 0.035 20 39 18.8% 0.137 0.016 17.5% 0.100 0.015 33.4% 0.903 0.049 44.9% 0.972 0.042 84.1% 1.081 0.022 40 69 24.4% 0.187 0.016 24.8% 0.164 0.017 39.9% 0.864 0.045 60.9% 1.255 0.038 88.3% 1.374 0.026 70 + 24.6% 0.255 0.034 29.4% 0.245 0.028 46.8% 1.155 0.069 76.1% 1.827 0.067 87.7% 1.615 0.046 Season Fall 19.6% 0.169 0.023 22.7% 0.156 0.020 38.3% 1.211 0.074 57.6% 2.354 0.171 82.5% 1.276 0.032 Spring 21.0% 0.187 0.020 19.7% 0.144 0.023 38.4% 1.225 0.072 56.4% 2.024 0.102 83.3% 1.297 0.030 Summer 15.4% 0.182 0.029 15.6% 0.094 0.017 33.8% 1.136 0.093 60.8% 2.245 0.112 83.1% 1.332 0.032 Winter 20.0% 0.180 0.024 21.9% 0.192 0.023 41.3% 1.371 0.073 56.0% 1.943 0.106 83.4% 1.361 0.031 Urbanization Central City 20.5% 0.197 0.021 18.6% 0.133 0.019 39.8% 1.187 0.072 55.3% 2.090 0.100 81.4% 1.245 0.027 Nonmetropolitan 16.0% 0.133 0.020 18.4% 0.138 0.021 34.2% 1.153 0.074 57.8% 1.954 0.100 83.2% 1.407 0.033 Suburban 19.9% 0.190 0.019 22.0% 0.160 0.016 39.1% 1.306 0.058 59.2% 2.262 0.110 84.1% 1.319 0.023 Race Asian 30.9% 0.327 0.127 29.5% 0.221 0.118 51.0% 2.479 0.453 69.8% 3.360 0.547 85.2% 2.228 0.205 Black 25.9% 0.318 0.039 12.5% 0.104 0.029 40.1% 1.474 0.135 46.2% 1.806 0.156 78.1% 1.232 0.044 Native American 9.4% 0.126 0.092 10.5% 0.081 0.060 33.3% 0.945 0.219 50.9% 2.375 0.431 75.4% 1.077 0.107 Other/ NA 15.1% 0.224 0.087 13.4% 0.106 0.071 40.3% 1.439 0.229 52.0% 2.589 0.452 76.3% 1.116 0.104 White 18.1% 0.156 0.012 21.6% 0.154 0.011 37.4% 1.178 0.041 59.8% 2.154 0.071 84.2% 1.326 0.017 Region Midwest 12.6% 0.125 0.026 18.7% 0.128 0.020 35.5% 1.099 0.077 59.8% 2.137 0.108 81.2% 1.186 0.029 Northeast 21.1% 0.185 0.026 22.1% 0.175 0.026 45.6% 1.430 0.079 60.5% 2.235 0.132 84.5% 1.445 0.040 South 20.5% 0.206 0.021 16.8% 0.119 0.018 33.5% 1.090 0.067 50.3% 1.927 0.095 83.2% 1.346 0.026 West 22.6% 0.195 0.022 25.2% 0.187 0.021 41.8% 1.449 0.092 65.0% 2.414 0.182 83.8% 1.293 0.033 NOTE: SE = Standard error P = Percentile of the distribution Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1989 91 CSFII Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9 20 August 1997 Table 9 7. Per Capita Intake of Exposed Fruits ( g/ kg day as consumed)

Population Group Percent Consuming Mean SE P1 P5 P10 P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P99 P100 Total 44.1% 1.435 0.062 0 0 0 0 0 1.402 3.496 6.075 17.823 204.28 Age ( years)

< 01 54.7% 9.224 1.247 0 0 0 0 2.897 12.336 26.98 33.216 75.353 204.28 01 02 55.3% 5.682 0.486 0 0 0 0 2.897 8.598 15.187 19.107 33.353 80.189 03 05 56.9% 4.324 0.344 0 0 0 0 2.305 5.766 11.65 19.049 24.123 48.728 06 11 58.8% 2.316 0.12 0 0 0 0 1.379 3.32 5.879 8.585 15.318 25.367 12 19 36.4% 0.682 0.065 0 0 0 0 0 0.871 2.158 3.214 6.703 10.766 20 39 32.7% 0.596 0.038 0 0 0 0 0 0.754 1.984 2.858 5.911 28.486 40 69 44.3% 0.716 0.031 0 0 0 0 0 1.102 2.139 3.048 5.127 13.206 70 + 57.7% 1.032 0.058 0 0 0 0 0.534 1.452 2.894 4.042 6.983 10.631 Season Fall 45.5% 1.753 0.179 0 0 0 0 0 1.521 3.64 7.537 25.206 204.28 Spring 42.6% 1.184 0.078 0 0 0 0 0 1.283 3.208 5.505 14.872 84.336 Summer 45.3% 1.44 0.113 0 0 0 0 0 1.389 3.451 6.313 17.427 98.133 Winter 43.0% 1.362 0.097 0 0 0 0 0 1.441 3.54 5.703 18.752 59.848 Urbanization Central City 42.4% 1.322 0.088 0 0 0 0 0 1.328 3.481 6.075 15.927 80.189 Nonmetropolitan 44.0% 1.335 0.097 0 0 0 0 0 1.445 3.32 5.505 16.057 84.336 Suburban 45.3% 1.553 0.112 0 0 0 0 0 1.442 3.686 6.614 20.444 204.28 Race Asian 52.3% 2.118 0.541 0 0 0 0 0.654 1.674 4.299 8.678 25.206 27.337 Black 34.6% 1.132 0.149 0 0 0 0 0 1.045 2.888 4.618 17.351 80.189 Native American 35.7% 0.939 0.316 0 0 0 0 0 0.922 2.271 4.157 15.635 17.684 Other/ NA 34.0% 1.614 0.408 0 0 0 0 0 1.659 4.084 8.529 35.073 36.71 White 46.1% 1.468 0.07 0 0 0 0 0 1.441 3.593 6.104 17.427 204.28 Region Midwest 47.3% 1.422 0.091 0 0 0 0 0 1.645 3.501 6.114 16.438 84.336 Northeast 47.3% 1.518 0.118 0 0 0 0 0 1.49 3.898 6.834 19.393 75.353 South 36.9% 1.271 0.092 0 0 0 0 0 1.177 3.104 5.695 19.91 80.189 West 49.4% 1.643 0.198 0 0 0 0 0 1.443 3.774 7.009 15.947 204.28 NOTE: SE = Standard error P = Percentile of the distribution Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1989 91 CSFII Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9 21 Table 9 8. Per Capita Intake of Protected Fruits ( g/ kg day as consumed)

Population Group Percent Consuming Mean SE P1 P5 P10 P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P99 P100 Total 52.9% 1.692 0.037 0 0 0 0 0.598 2.316 4.687 6.717 13.019 136.69 Age ( years)

< 01 38.9% 3.097 0.528 0 0 0 0 0 4.353 9.963 15.242 23.624 136.69 01 02 56.7% 5.518 0.455 0 0 0 0 2.618 9.049 15.677 20.912 27.432 49.904 03 05 57.0% 3.443 0.235 0 0 0 0 1.948 5.606 9.826 13.018 17.729 35.141 06 11 56.2% 2.339 0.125 0 0 0 0 1.079 3.727 6.92 8.688 12.807 27.945 12 19 47.7% 1.401 0.081 0 0 0 0 0.598 2.234 4.341 5.761 7.894 15.503 20 39 45.4% 1.188 0.047 0 0 0 0 0.108 1.694 3.645 4.844 8.205 29.275 40 69 57.3% 1.284 0.043 0 0 0 0 0.583 2.009 3.541 4.596 7.719 21.372 70 + 67.5% 1.78 0.072 0 0 0 0 1.236 2.706 4.363 5.779 8.611 15.003 Season Fall 50.2% 1.539 0.071 0 0 0 0 0.269 2.04 4.323 6.509 13.595 26.751 Spring 53.9% 1.75 0.072 0 0 0 0 0.688 2.407 4.681 6.787 13.032 44.68 Summer 54.1% 1.754 0.082 0 0 0 0 0.672 2.471 4.732 6.571 15.503 136.69 Winter 53.7% 1.727 0.071 0 0 0 0 0.621 2.423 4.941 6.905 12.166 30.692 Urbanization Central City 53.3% 1.632 0.069 0 0 0 0 0.625 2.276 4.497 6.099 11.535 136.69 Nonmetropolitan 49.4% 1.55 0.069 0 0 0 0 0.334 2.115 4.368 6.961 12.076 29.275 Suburban 54.7% 1.797 0.056 0 0 0 0 0.667 2.472 4.897 6.826 14.399 44.68 Race Asian 69.8% 3.279 0.429 0 0 0 0 2.052 4.382 6.981 17.729 17.729 18.792 Black 49.6% 1.861 0.126 0 0 0 0 0.621 2.695 5.64 7.241 13.572 136.69 Native American 46.8% 2.019 0.33 0 0 0 0 0.851 2.701 5.995 10.354 11.554 15.244 Other/ NA 51.7% 2.014 0.263 0 0 0 0 0.845 2.472 5.759 8.88 14.279 44.68 White 53.4% 1.629 0.039 0 0 0 0 0.574 2.238 4.527 6.425 12.53 49.904 Region Midwest 49.5% 1.501 0.072 0 0 0 0 0.265 2.07 4.353 6.099 12.53 49.904 Northeast 59.4% 1.887 0.08 0 0 0 0 0.838 2.675 5.371 7.268 13.018 42.347 South 47.6% 1.56 0.064 0 0 0 0 0.465 2.147 4.443 6.39 12.076 136.69 West 60.1% 1.947 0.084 0 0 0 0 0.854 2.613 4.88 7.836 16.064 44.68 NOTE: SE = Standard error P = Percentile of the distribution Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1989 91 CSFII Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9 22 August 1997 Table 9 9. Per Capita Intake of Exposed Vegetables ( g/ kg day as consumed)

Population Group Percent Consuming Mean SE P1 P5 P10 P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P99 P100 Total 84.9% 1.49 0.016 0 0 0 0.367 1.043 2.067 3.403 4.515 7.727 20.492 Age ( years)

< 01 42.7% 1.208 0.17 0 0 0 0 0 1.55 3.834 6.451 11.524 18.592 01 02 78.0% 2.268 0.145 0 0 0 0.299 1.132 3.616 5.855 7.404 12.808 20.492 03 05 83.6% 2.245 0.119 0 0 0 0.329 1.411 3.061 5.433 7.664 12.493 17.872 06 11 84.7% 1.606 0.059 0 0 0 0.293 1.062 2.222 3.769 5.118 9.161 15.741 12 19 83.6% 1.181 0.04 0 0 0 0.253 0.804 1.696 2.756 3.84 5.699 12.139 20 39 86.3% 1.3 0.025 0 0 0 0.331 0.923 1.87 2.968 3.692 6.327 14.837 40 69 89.9% 1.568 0.026 0 0 0.07 0.557 1.22 2.177 3.42 4.443 6.274 13.624 70 + 86.4% 1.603 0.044 0 0 0 0.672 1.326 2.214 3.344 4.206 5.928 12.814 Season Fall 82.8% 1.383 0.033 0 0 0 0.29 0.951 1.824 3.151 4.283 8.783 18.592 Spring 85.0% 1.475 0.031 0 0 0 0.383 1.028 2.075 3.406 4.562 7.403 20.492 Summer 87.1% 1.634 0.033 0 0 0 0.432 1.272 2.289 3.68 4.765 7.399 18.283 Winter 84.9% 1.468 0.033 0 0 0 0.367 0.999 2.09 3.109 4.464 7.664 16.152 Urbanization Central City 83.6% 1.413 0.029 0 0 0 0.302 0.957 1.952 3.278 4.331 8.17 20.492 Nonmetropolitan 85.8% 1.55 0.031 0 0 0 0.471 1.185 2.146 3.499 4.59 7.283 17.872 Suburban 85.2% 1.511 0.025 0 0 0 0.356 1.055 2.098 3.464 4.683 7.664 16.152 Race Asian 83.2% 2.133 0.195 0 0 0 0.606 1.537 3.135 4.746 6.883 10.325 11.841 Black 81.8% 1.472 0.051 0 0 0 0.308 0.908 1.88 3.217 4.989 9.219 16.141 Native American 75.4% 1.501 0.141 0 0 0 0.168 1.018 2.423 3.445 4.155 6.424 8.189 Other/ NA 85.4% 1.682 0.092 0 0 0 0.338 1.287 2.748 3.644 4.697 6.933 8.368 White 85.6% 1.476 0.017 0 0 0 0.371 1.045 2.067 3.376 4.464 7.359 20.492 Region Midwest 80.9% 1.215 0.029 0 0 0 0.239 0.824 1.683 2.843 3.834 6.35 20.492 Northeast 84.7% 1.561 0.041 0 0 0 0.378 1.051 2.126 3.564 4.994 8.243 18.283 South 86.7% 1.609 0.027 0 0 0 0.434 1.208 2.254 3.575 4.562 7.404 14.568 West 86.6% 1.546 0.035 0 0 0 0.424 1.127 2.158 3.524 4.7 7.664 16.152 NOTE: SE = Standard error P = Percentile of the distribution Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1989 91 CSFII Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9 23 Table 9 10. Per Capita Intake of Protected Vegetables ( g/ kg day as consumed)

Population Group Percent Consuming Mean SE P1 P5 P10 P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P99 P100 Total 34.0% 0.332 0.012 0 0 0 0 0 0.414 1.038 1.637 3.394 14.4 Age ( years)

< 01 30.9% 1.144 0.192 0 0 0 0 0 1.435 4.584 6.25 8.752 14.4 01 02 41.6% 0.794 0.104 0 0 0 0 0 1.201 2.232 3.766 6.488 9.74 03 05 39.8% 0.703 0.081 0 0 0 0 0 1.205 2.443 3.053 4.811 11.3 06 11 44.3% 0.5 0.035 0 0 0 0 0 0.848 1.439 2.058 3.32 8.6 12 19 30.1% 0.229 0.025 0 0 0 0 0 0.332 0.824 1.339 2.138 4.94 20 39 31.6% 0.233 0.015 0 0 0 0 0 0.323 0.78 1.161 2.427 5.6 40 69 32.4% 0.239 0.014 0 0 0 0 0 0.362 0.772 1.164 2.033 6.25 70 + 34.6% 0.303 0.028 0 0 0 0 0 0.427 1.015 1.491 2.291 5.34 Season Fall 34.1% 0.336 0.025 0 0 0 0 0 0.394 1.064 1.725 3.674 11.3 Spring 34.8% 0.32 0.024 0 0 0 0 0 0.421 0.96 1.435 3.493 14.4 Summer 32.5% 0.334 0.024 0 0 0 0 0 0.411 1.116 1.7 3.492 10.4 Winter 34.4% 0.337 0.022 0 0 0 0 0 0.42 1.109 1.724 2.945 8.68 Urbanization Central City 31.7% 0.303 0.022 0 0 0 0 0 0.354 0.971 1.619 3.098 14.4 Nonmetropolitan 37.9% 0.396 0.024 0 0 0 0 0 0.514 1.22 1.725 3.826 11.3 Suburban 33.1% 0.32 0.018 0 0 0 0 0 0.39 1.029 1.591 3.32 14.1 Race Asian 16.1% 0.166 0.081 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.636 1.201 1.506 3.17 Black 37.3% 0.411 0.038 0 0 0 0 0 0.502 1.29 2.014 4.579 9.07 Native American 32.7% 0.38 0.095 0 0 0 0 0 0.446 1.062 1.826 2.85 4.64 Other/ NA 22.9% 0.221 0.074 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.644 1.369 2.767 5.6 White 34.1% 0.326 0.013 0 0 0 0 0 0.413 1.014 1.587 3.317 14.4 Region Midwest 35.8% 0.344 0.022 0 0 0 0 0 0.46 1.127 1.674 3.013 11.3 Northeast 32.4% 0.369 0.036 0 0 0 0 0 0.376 1.102 1.835 5.022 14.1 South 36.8% 0.358 0.019 0 0 0 0 0 0.48 1.093 1.726 3.484 14.4 West 28.4% 0.236 0.022 0 0 0 0 0 0.178 0.791 1.257 2.688 6.25 NOTE: SE = Standard error P = Percentile of the distribution Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1989 91 CSFII Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9 24 August 1997 Table 9 11. Per Capita Intake of Root Vegetables ( g/ kg day as consumed)

Population Group Percent Consuming Mean SE P1 P5 P10 P25 P50 P75 P90 P95 P99 P100 Total 80.7% 1.245 0.015 0 0 0 0.226 0.832 1.675 2.974 4.029 7.074 30.609 Age ( years)

< 01 52.4% 1.857 0.204 0 0 0 0 0.184 2.66 5.337 8.233 12.5 30.609 01 02 76.2% 2.398 0.129 0 0 0 0.52 1.879 3.542 5.695 7.084 10.449 16.27 03 05 77.9% 1.914 0.096 0 0 0 0.203 1.344 2.998 4.596 6.14 7.505 17.416 06 11 84.4% 1.85 0.065 0 0 0 0.381 1.23 2.638 4.449 6.018 8.165 17.107 12 19 81.4% 1.29 0.045 0 0 0 0.279 0.909 1.739 3.051 4.177 5.74 24.949 20 39 81.6% 0.988 0.02 0 0 0 0.182 0.717 1.37 2.385 3.096 5.025 8.002 40 69 82.8% 1.059 0.021 0 0 0 0.244 0.807 1.488 2.454 3.087 4.983 9.043 70 + 80.6% 1.109 0.04 0 0 0 0.312 0.821 1.549 2.535 3.203 5.636 10.723 Season Fall 80.6% 1.324 0.032 0 0 0 0.213 0.893 1.756 3.238 4.402 7.484 15.625 Spring 80.5% 1.204 0.029 0 0 0 0.228 0.858 1.557 2.752 3.889 6.644 30.609 Summer 80.3% 1.102 0.031 0 0 0 0.152 0.655 1.452 2.669 3.858 7.751 24.949 Winter 81.5% 1.348 0.029 0 0 0 0.339 0.97 1.953 3.1 4.137 5.989 17.416 Urbanization Central City 77.6% 1.167 0.029 0 0 0 0.176 0.755 1.545 2.826 3.903 7.505 30.609 Nonmetropolitan 82.3% 1.33 0.03 0 0 0 0.311 0.893 1.795 3.256 4.422 6.946 19.449 Suburban 81.9% 1.254 0.023 0 0 0 0.21 0.861 1.708 2.972 4.017 7.079 17.416 Race Asian 55.0% 0.743 0.146 0 0 0 0 0.274 0.814 1.764 3.546 7.269 10.702 Black 73.8% 1.309 0.052 0 0 0 0.134 0.761 1.627 3.337 5.358 7.968 17.534 Native American 78.9% 1.791 0.137 0 0 0 0.655 1.47 2.762 3.858 4.705 7.067 13.578 Other/ NA 65.4% 1.239 0.11 0 0 0 0 0.635 1.75 3.38 4.861 8.253 10.415 White 82.9% 1.237 0.016 0 0 0 0.25 0.858 1.673 2.887 3.942 6.651 30.609 Region Midwest 82.2% 1.361 0.033 0 0 0 0.29 0.889 1.844 3.238 4.386 7.968 19.449 Northeast 80.2% 1.304 0.037 0 0 0 0.21 0.912 1.781 3.212 4.246 7.022 24.949 South 81.2% 1.183 0.024 0 0 0 0.25 0.796 1.591 2.82 3.906 6.926 30.609 West 78.5% 1.15 0.032 0 0 0 0.146 0.786 1.56 2.673 3.683 7.269 13.578 NOTE: SE = Standard error P = Percentile of the distribution Source: Based on EPA's analyses of the 1989 91 CSFII Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9 25 Table 9 12. Mean Daily Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Per Individual in a Day for USDA 1977 78, 87 88, 89 91, 94, and 95 Surveys Food Product 77 78 Data 87 88 Data 89 91 Data 94 Data 95 Data ( g/ day) ( g/ day) ( g/ day) ( g/ day) ( g/ day)

Fruits 142 142 156 171 173 Vegetables 201 182 179 186 188 Source: USDA, 1980; 1992; 1996a; 1996b. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9 26 August 1997 Table 9 13. Mean Per Capita Intake Rates ( as consumed) for Fruits and Vegetables Based on All Sex/ Age/ Demographic Subgroups Raw Agricultural Commodity ( Grams/ kg Body Weight Day) Standard Error a Average Consumption Alfalfa Sprouts 0.0001393 0.0000319 Apples Dried 0.0002064 0.0000566 Apples Fresh 0.4567290 0.0142203 Apples Juice 0.2216490 0.0142069 Apricots Dried 0.0004040 0.0001457 Apricots Fresh 0.0336893 0.0022029 Artichokes Globe 0.0032120 0.0007696 Artichokes Jerusalem 0.0000010 *

Asparagus 0.0131098 0.0010290 Avocados 0.0125370 0.0020182 Bamboo Shoots 0.0001464 0.0000505 Bananas Dried 0.0004489 0.0001232 Bananas Fresh 0.2240382 0.0088206 Bananas Unspecified 0.0032970 0.0004938 Beans Dry Blackeye Peas ( cowpeas) 0.0024735 0.0005469 Beans Dry Broad Beans ( Mature Seed) 0.0000000 *

Beans Dry Garbanzo ( Chick Pea) 0.0005258 0.0001590 Beans Dry Great Northern 0.0000010 *

Beans Dry Hyacinth ( Mature Seeds) 0.0000000 *

Beans Dry Kidney 0.0136313 0.0045628 Beans Dry Lima 0.0079892 0.0016493 Beans Dry Navy ( Pea) 0.0374073 0.0023595 Beans Dry Other 0.0398251 0.0023773 Beans Dry Pigeon Beans 0.0000357 0.0000357 Beans Dry Pinto 0.0363498 0.0048479 Beans Succulent Broad Beans ( Immature 0.0000000 * Seed)

Beans Succulent Green 0.2000500 0.0062554 Beans Succulent Hyacinth ( Young Pods) 0.0000000 *

Beans Succulent Lima 0.0256648 0.0021327 Beans Succulent Other 0.0263838 0.0042782 Beans Succulent Yellow, Wax 0.0054634 0.0009518 Beans Unspecified 0.0052345 0.0012082 Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9 27 Table 9 13. Mean Per Capita Intake Rates ( as consumed) for Fruits and Vegetables Based on All Sex/ Age/ Demographic Subgroups ( continued)

Raw Agricultural Commodity ( Grams/ kg Body Weight Day) Standard Error a Average Consumption Beets Roots 0.0216142 0.0014187 Beets Tops ( Greens) 0.0008287 0.0003755 Bitter Melon 0.0000232 0.0000233 Blackberries 0.0064268 0.0007316 Blueberries 0.0090474 0.0008951 Boysenberries 0.0007313 0.0006284 Bread Nuts 0.0000010 *

Bread Fruit 0.0000737 0.0000590 Broccoli 0.0491295 0.0032966 Brussel Sprouts 0.0068480 0.0009061 Cabbage Chinese/ Celery, Inc. Bok Choy 0.0045632 0.0020966 Cabbage Green and Red 0.0936402 0.0039046 Cactus Pads 0.0000010 *

Cantaloupes 0.0444220 0.0029515 Carambola 0.0000010 *

Carob 0.0000913 0.0000474 Carrots 0.1734794 0.0041640 Casabas 0.0007703 0.0003057 Cassava ( Yuca Blanca) 0.0002095 0.00001574 Cauliflower 0.0158368 0.0011522 Celery 0.0609611 0.0014495 Cherimoya 0.0000010 *

Cherries Dried 0.0000010 *

Cherries Fresh 0.0321754 0.0024966 Cherries Juice 0.0034080 0.0009078 Chicory ( French or Belgian Endive) 0.0006707 0.0001465 Chili Peppers 0.0000000 *

Chives 0.0000193 0.0000070 Citrus Citron 0.0001573 0.0000324 Coconut Copra 0.0012860 0.0000927 Coconut Fresh 0.0001927 0.0000684 Coconut Water 0.0000005 0.0000005 Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9 28 August 1997 Table 9 13. Mean Per Capita Intake Rates ( as consumed) for Fruits and Vegetables Based on All Sex/ Age/ Demographic Subgroups ( continued)

Raw Agricultural Commodity ( Grams/ kg Body Weight Day) Standard Error a Average Consumption Collards 0.0188966 0.0032628 Corn, Pop 0.0067714 0.0003348 Corn, Sweet 0.2367071 0.0062226 Crabapples 0.0003740 *

Cranberries 0.0150137 0.0006153 Cranberries Juice 0.0170794 0.0022223 Crenshaws 0.0000010 *

Cress, Upland 0.0000010 *

Cress, Garden, Field 0.0000000 *

Cucumbers 0.0720821 0.0034389 Currants 0.0005462 0.0000892 Dandelion 0.0005039 0.0002225 Dates 0.0006662 0.0001498 Dewberries 0.0023430 *

Eggplant 0.0061858 0.0007645 Elderberries 0.0001364 0.0001365 Endive, Curley and Escarole 0.0011851 0.0001929 Fennel 0.0000000 *

Figs 0.0027847 0.0005254 Garlic 0.0007621 0.0000230 Genip ( Spanish Lime) 0.0000010 *

Ginkgo Nuts 0.0000010 *

Gooseberries 0.0003953 0.0001341 Grapefruit Juice 0.0773585 0.0053846 Grapefruit Pulp 0.0684644 0.0032321 Grapes Fresh 0.0437931 0.0023071 Grapes Juice 0.0900960 0.0058627 Grapes Leaves 0.0000119 0.0000887 Grapes Raisins 0.0169730 0.0009221 Groundcherries ( Poha or Cape 0.0000000 * Gooseberries)

Guava 0.0000945 0.0000558 Honeydew Melons 0.0183628 0.0042879 Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9 29 Table 9 13. Mean Per Capita Intake Rates ( as consumed) for Fruits and Vegetables Based on All Sex/ Age/ Demographic Subgroups ( continued)

Raw Agricultural Commodity ( Grams/ kg Body Weight Day) Standard Error a Average Consumption Huckleberries ( Gaylussacia) 0.0000010 *

Juneberry 0.0000010 *

Kale 0.0015036 0.0006070 Kiwi 0.0000191 0.0000191 Kohlrabi 0.0002357 0.0001028 Kumquats 0.0000798 0.0000574 Lambsquarter 0.0000481 0.0000481 Leafy Oriental Vegetables 0.0000010 *

Leeks 0.0000388 0.0000221 Lemons Juice 0.0189564 0.0009004 Lemons Peel 0.0002570 0.0001082 Lemons Pulp 0.0002149 0.0000378 Lemons Unspecified 0.0020695 0.0003048 Lentiles Split 0.0000079 0.0000064 Lentiles Whole 0.0012022 0.0002351 Lettuce Head Varieties 0.2122803 0.0059226 Lettuce Leafy Varieties 0.0044328 0.0003840 Lettuce Unspecified 0.0092008 0.0004328 Limes Juice 0.0032895 0.0005473 Limes Pulp 0.0000941 0.0000344 Limes Unspecified 0.0000010 *

Loganberries 0.0002040 *

Logan Fruit 0.0000010 *

Loquats 0.0000000 *

Lychee Dried 0.0000010 *

Lychees ( Litchi) 0.0000010 *

Maney ( Mammee Apple) 0.0000010 *

Mangoes 0.0005539 0.0002121 Mulberries 0.0000010 *

Mung Beans ( Sprouts) 0.0066521 0.0006462 Mushrooms 0.0213881 0.0009651 Mustard Greens 0.0145284 0.0024053 Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9 30 August 1997 Table 9 13. Mean Per Capita Intake Rates ( as consumed) for Fruits and Vegetables Based on All Sex/ Age/ Demographic Subgroups ( continued)

Raw Agricultural Commodity ( Grams/ kg Body Weight Day) Standard Error a Average Consumption Nectarines 0.0129663 0.0013460 Okra 0.0146352 0.0017782 Olives 0.0031757 0.0002457 Onions Dehydrated or Dried 0.0001192 0.0000456 Onions Dry Bulb ( Cipollini) 0.1060612 0.0021564 Onions Green 0.0019556 0.0001848 Oranges Juice 1.0947265 0.0283937 Oranges Peel 0.0001358 0.0000085 Oranges Pulp 0.1503524 0.0092049 Papayas Dried 0.0009598 0.0000520 Papayas Fresh 0.0013389 0.0005055 Papayas Juice 0.0030536 0.0012795 Parsley Roots 0.0000010 *

Parsley 0.0036679 0.0001459 Parsnips 0.0006974 0.0001746 Passion Fruit ( Granadilla) 0.0000010 *

Pawpaws 0.0000010 *

Peaches Dried 0.0000496 0.0000152 Peaches Fresh 0.2153916 0.0078691 Pears Dried 0.0000475 0.0000279 Pears Fresh 0.1224735 0.0050442 Peas ( Garden) Green Immature 0.1719997 0.0067868 Peas ( Garden) Mature Seeds, Dry 0.0017502 0.0002004 Peppers, Sweet, Garden 0.0215525 0.0010091 Peppers Other 0.0043594 0.0004748 Persimmons 0.0004008 0.0002236 Persian Melons 0.0000010 *

Pimentos 0.0019485 0.0001482 Pineapple Dried 0.0000248 0.0000195 Pineapple Fresh, Pulp 0.0308283 0.0017136 Pineapple Fresh, Juice 0.0371824 0.0026438 Pitanga ( Surinam Cherry) 0.0000010 * Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9 31 Table 9 13. Mean Per Capita Intake Rates ( as consumed) for Fruits and Vegetables Based on All Sex/ Age/ Demographic Subgroups ( continued)

Raw Agricultural Commodity ( Grams/ kg Body Weight Day) Standard Error a Average Consumption Plantains 0.0016370 0.0007074 Plums, Prune Juice 0.0137548 0.0017904 Plums ( Damsons) Fresh 0.0248626 0.0020953 Plums Prunes ( Dried) 0.0058071 0.0005890 Poke Greens 0.0002957 0.0001475 Pomegranates 0.0000820 0.0000478 Potatoes ( White) Whole 0.3400582 0.0102200 Potatoes ( White) Unspecified 0.0000822 0.0000093 Potatoes ( White) Peeled 0.7842573 0.0184579 Potatoes ( White) Dry 0.0012994 0.0001896 Potatoes ( White) Peel Only 0.0000217 0.0000133 Pumpkin 0.0044182 0.0004354 Quinces 0.0001870 *

Radishes Roots 0.0015558 0.0001505 Radishes Tops 0.0000000 *

Raspberries 0.0028661 0.0005845 Rhubarb 0.0037685 0.0006588 Rutabagas Roots 0.0027949 0.0009720 Rutabagas Tops 0.0000000 *

Salsify ( Oyster Plant) 0.0000028 0.0000028 Shallots 0.0000000 *

Soursop ( Annona Muricata) 0.0000010 *

Soybeans Sprouted Seeds 0.0000000 *

Spinach 0.0435310 0.0030656 Squash Summer 0.0316479 0.0022956 Squash Winter 0.0324417 0.0026580 Strawberries 0.0347089 0.0020514 Sugar Apples ( Sweetsop) 0.0000010 *

Sweetpotatoes ( including Yams) 0.0388326 0.0035926 Swiss Chard 0.0016915 0.0004642 Tangelos 0.0025555 0.0006668 Tangerine Juice 0.0000839 0.0000567 Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9 32 August 1997 Table 9 13. Mean Per Capita Intake Rates ( as consumed) for Fruits and Vegetables Based on All Sex/ Age/ Demographic Subgroups ( continued)

Raw Agricultural Commodity ( Grams/ kg Body Weight Day) Standard Error a Average Consumption Tangerines 0.0088441 0.0010948 Tapioca 0.0012199 0.0000951 Taro Greens 0.0000010 *

Taro Root 0.0000010 *

Tomatoes Catsup 0.0420320 0.0015878 Tomatoes Juice 0.0551351 0.0029515 Tomatoes Paste 0.0394767 0.0012512 Tomatoes Puree 0.17012311 0.0054679 Tomatoes Whole 0.4920164 0.0080927 Towelgourd 0.0000010 *

Turnips Roots 0.0082392 0.0014045 Turnips Tops 0.0147111 0.0025845 Water Chestnuts 0.0004060 0.0000682 Watercress 0.0003553 0.0001564 Watermelon 0.0765054 0.0068930 Yambean, Tuber 0.0000422 0.0000402 Yautia, Tannier 0.0000856 0.0000571 Youngberries 0.0003570 *

* Not reported Consumed in any raw or prepared form a Source: DRES data base ( based on 1977 78 NFCS data). Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9 33 Table 9 14. Mean Total Fruit Intake ( as consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age ( 1977 1978) a Age ( yr) Per Capita Intake Percent of Population Using Fruit Intake ( g/ day) for Users Only ( g/ day) in a Day b Males and Females 1 and under 169 86.8 196 1 2 146 62.9 231 3 5 134 56.1 239 6 8 152 60.1 253 Males 9 11 133 50.5 263 12 14 120 51.2 236 15 18 147 47.0 313 19 22 107 39.4 271 23 34 141 46.4 305 35 50 115 44.0 262 51 64 171 62.4 275 65 74 174 62.2 281 75 and over 186 62.6 197 Females 9 11 148 59.7 247 12 14 120 48.7 247 15 18 126 49.9 251 19 22 133 48.0 278 23 34 122 47.7 255 35 50 133 52.8 252 51 64 171 66.7 256 65 74 179 69.3 259 75 and over 189 64.7 292 Males and Females All ages 142 54.2 263 Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey ( 1977 1978) data for one day. a Intake for users only was calculated by dividing the per capita intake rate by the fraction of the population using fruit in a day. b Source: USDA, 1980.

Table 9 15. Mean Total Fruit Intake ( as consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age ( 1987 1988) a Age ( yr) Per Capita Intake ( g/ day) in 1 Day Percent of Population Using Fruit Intake ( g/ day) for Users Onlyb Males and Females 5 and under 157 59.2 265 Males 6 11 182 63.8 285 12 19 158 49.4 320 20 and over 133 46.5 286 Females 6 11 154 58.3 264 12 19 131 47.1 278 20 and over 140 52.7 266 Males and Females All Ages 142 51.4 276 Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey ( 1987 1988) data for one day. a Intake for users only was calculated by dividing the per capita intake rate by the fraction of the population using fruits in a day. b Source: USDA, 1992b. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9 34 August 1997 Table 9 16. Mean Total Vegetable Intake ( as consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age ( 1977 1978) a Age ( yr) Per Capita Intake Percent of Population Using Intake ( g/ day) for Users Only ( g/ day) Vegetables in a Day b Males and Females 1 and under 76 62.7 121 1 2 91 78.0 116 3 5 100 79.3 126 6 8 136 84.3 161 Males 9 11 138 83.5 165 12 14 184 84.5 217 15 18 216 85.9 251 19 22 226 84.7 267 23 34 248 88.5 280 35 50 261 86.8 300 51 64 285 90.3 316 65 74 265 88.5 300 75 and over 264 93.6 281 Females 9 11 139 83.7 166 12 14 154 84.6 183 15 18 178 83.8 212 19 22 184 81.1 227 23 34 187 84.7 221 35 50 187 84.6 221 51 64 229 89.8 255 65 74 221 87.2 253 75 & over 198 88.1 226 Males and Females All Ages 201 85.6 235 Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey ( 1977 1978) data for one day. a Intake for users only was calculated by dividing the per capita intake rate by the fraction of the population using vegetables in a day. b Source: USDA, 1980.

Table 9 17. Mean Total Vegetable Intake ( as consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age ( 1987 1988) a Age ( yr) Per Capita Intake ( g/ day) Vegetables in a Day Intake ( g/ day) for Users Only Percent of Population Using b Males and Females 5 and under 81 74.0 109 Males 6 11 129 86.8 149 12 19 173 85.2 203 20 and over 232 85.0 273 Females 6 11 129 80.6 160 12 19 129 75.8 170 20 and over 183 82.9 221 Males and Females All Ages 182 82.6 220 Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey ( 1987 1988) data for one day. a Intake for users only was calculated by dividing the per capita intake rate by the fraction of the population using vegetables in a day. b Source: USDA, 1992b. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9 35 Table 9 18. Mean Total Fruit Intake ( as consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age ( 1994 and 1995) a Age ( yr) Per Capita Intake ( g/ day) in 1 Day Intake ( g/ day) for Users Only Percent of Population Using Fruit b 1994 1995 1994 1995 1994 1995 Males and Females 5 and under 230 221 70.6 72.6 326 304 Males 6 11 176 219 59.8 62.2 294 352 12 19 169 210 44.0 47.1 384 446 20 and over 175 170 50.2 49.6 349 342 Females 6 11 174 172 59.3 63.6 293 270 12 19 148 167 47.1 44.4 314 376 20 and over 157 155 55.1 54.4 285 285 Males and Females All Ages 171 173 54.1 54.2 316 319 Based on USDA CSFII ( 1994 and 1995) data for one day. a Intake for users only was calculated by dividing the per capita intake rate by the fraction of the population using fruits in a day. b Source: USDA, 1996a; 1996b.

Table 9 19. Mean Total Vegetable Intake ( as consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age ( 1994 and 1995) a Age ( yr) Per Capita Intake ( g/ day) Vegetables in 1 Day Intake ( g/ day) for Users Only Percent of Population Using b 1994 1995 1994 1995 1994 1995 Males and Females 5 and under 80 83 75.2 75.0 106 111 Males 6 11 118 111 82.4 80.6 143 138 12 19 154 202 74.9 79.0 206 256 20 and over 242 241 85.9 86.4 282 278 Females 6 11 115 108 82.9 79.1 139 137 12 19 132 144 78.5 76.0 168 189 20 and over 190 189 84.7 83.2 224 227 Males and Females All Ages 186 188 83.2 82.6 223 228 Based on USDA CSFII ( 1994 and 1995) data for one day. a Intake for users only was calculated by dividing the per capita intake rate by the fraction of the population using vegetables in a day. b Source: USDA, 1996a; 1996b. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9 36 August 1997 Table 9 20. Mean Per Capita Intake of Fats and Oils ( g/ day as consumed) in a Day by Sex and Age ( 1994 and 1995) a Total Fats and Oils Table Fats Salad Dressings b c d 1994 1995 1994 1995 1994 1995 Males and Females 5 and under 4 3 2 2 2 1 Males 6 11 8 7 3 3 5 4 12 19 11 14 2 5 8 10 20 and over 19 18 5 5 11 10 Females 6 11 7 8 3 3 4 4 12 19 9 9 2 3 6 6 20 and over 16 14 4 5 10 7 Males and Females All Ages 14 14 4 4 9 8 Based on USDA CSFII 1994 and 1995 data for one day. a Table fats, cooking fats, vegetable oils, salad dressings, nondairy cream substitutes, sauces that are mainly fat and oil. b Butter, margarines, blends of butter with margarines or vegetable oils, and butter replacements. c Regular and reduced and low calorie dressings and mayonnaise. d Source: USDA, 1996a; 1996b.

Table 9 21. Mean and Standard Error for the Per Capita Daily Intake of Food Class and Subclass by Region ( g/ day as consumed)

US population Northeast North Central South West Total Produce 282.6 ± 3.5 270.6 ± 6.9 282.4 ± 6.7 280.7 ± 5.6 303.1 ± 8.2 Leafy 39.2 ± 0.8 38.1 ± 1.5 37.1 ± 1.5 38.4 ± 1.2 45.3 ± 1.8 a Exposed 86.0 ± 1.5 88.5 ± 3.0 87.8 ± 2.9 76.9 ± 2.4 95.5 ± 3.6 b Protected 150.4 ± 2.3 137.2 ± 4.5 150.1 ± 4.3 160.1 ± 3.6 152.5 ± 5.3 c Other 7.0 ± 0.3 6.9 ± 0.6 7.3 ± 0.5 5.4 ± 0.4 9.8 ± 0.7 Produce belonging to this category include: cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, celery, lettuce, and spinach. a Produce belonging to this category include: apples, pears, berries, cucumber, squash, grapes, peaches, apricots, plums, prunes, string beans, b pea pods, and tomatoes. Produce belonging to this category include: carrots, beets, turnips, parsnips, citrus fruits, sweet corn, legumes ( peas, beans, etc.), melons, c onion, and potatoes.

NOTE: Northeast = Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.

North Central = Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas.

South = Maryland, Delaware, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma.

West = Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Washington, Oregon, and California.

Source: U. S. EPA, 1984b ( based on 1977 78 NFCS data). Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9 37 Table 9 22. Mean and Standard Error for the Daily Intake of Food Subclasses Per Capita by Age ( g/ day as consumed)

Age ( years) Leafy produce Exposed produce Protected produce Other produce a b c All Ages 39.2 ± 0.8 86.0 ± 1.5 150.4 ± 2.3 7.0 ± 0.3 < 1 3.2 ± 4.9 75.5 ± 9.8 50.8 ± 14.7 25.5 ± 1.8 1 4 9.1 ± 2.4 55.6 ± 4.8 94.5 ± 7.2 5.1 ± 0.9 5 9 20.1 ± 2.0 69.2 ± 4.8 128.9 ± 6.1 4.3 ± 0.8 10 14 26.1 ± 1.9 76.8 ± 3.8 151.7 ± 5.7 8.1 ± 0.7 15 19 31.4 ± 2.0 71.9 ± 4.0 156.6 ± 6.0 6.2 ± 0.7 20 24 35.3 ± 2.6 65.6 ± 5.2 144.5 ± 7.8 5.0 ± 1.0 25 29 41.4 ± 2.7 73.4 ± 5.3 149.8 ± 8.0 7.0 ± 1.0 30 39 44.4 ± 2.1 77.1 ± 4.2 150.5 ± 6.3 6.1 ± 0.8 40 59 51.3 ± 1.6 94.7 ± 3.3 162.9 ± 4.9 6.9 ± 0.6 $ 60 45.4 ± 1.8 114.2 ± 3.6 163.9 ± 5.5 7.6 ± 0.7 Produce belonging to this category include: cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, celery, lettuce, and spinach. a Produce belonging to this category include: apples, pears, berries, cucumber, squash, grapes, peaches, apricots, plums, prunes, string beans, pea b pods, and tomatoes. Produce belonging to this category include: carrots, beets, turnips, parsnips, citrus fruits, sweet corn, legumes ( peas, beans, etc.), melons, onion, c and potatoes. Source: U. S. EPA, 1984a ( based on 1977 78 NFCS data).

Table 9 23. Consumption of Foods ( g dry weight/ day) for Different Age Groups and Estimated Lifetime Average Daily Food Intakes for a US Citizen ( averaged across sex) Calculated from the FDA Diet Data Age ( in years) Estimated Lifetime Intakea ( 0 1) ( 1 5) ( 6 13) ( 14 19) ( 20 44) ( 45 70)

Potatoes 5.67 10.03 14.72 19.40 17.28 14.79 15.60 Leafy Veg. 0.84 0.49 0.85 1.22 2.16 2.65 1.97 Legume Veg. 3.81 4.56 6.51 8.45 9.81 9.50 8.75 Root Veg. 3.04 0.67 1.20 1.73 1.77 1.64 1.60 Garden fruits 0.66 1.67 2.57 3.47 4.75 4.86 4.15 Peanuts 0.34 2.21 2.56 2.91 2.43 1.91 2.25 Mushrooms 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.14 0.06 0.08 Veg. Oils 27.62 17.69 27.54 37.04 37.20 27.84 31.24 The estimated lifetime dietary intakes were estimated by: a Estimated lifetime = IR( 0 1) + 5yrs * IR ( 1 5) + 8 yrs * IR ( 6 13) + 6 yrs * IR ( 14 19) + 25 yrs * IR ( 20 44) + 25 yrs * IR ( 45 70) 70 years where IR = the intake rate for a specific age group. Source: U. S. EPA, 1989 ( based on 1977 78 NFCS and NHANES II data). Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9 38 August 1997 Table 9 24. Mean Daily Intake of Foods ( grams) Based on the Nutrition Canada Dietary Surveya Age ( yrs) Sample Size Fruit Products Including Potatoes Potatoes Legumes Fruit and Vegetables Not Nuts and Males and Females 1 4 1031 258 56 75 6 5 11 1995 312 83 110 13 Males 12 19 1070 237 94 185 20 20 39 999 244 155 189 15 40 64 1222 194 134 131 15 65+ 881 165 118 124 8 Females 12 19 1162 237 97 115 15 20 39 1347 204 134 99 8 40 64 1500 239 136 79 10 65+ 818 208 103 80 5 Pregnant Females  769 301 156 114 15 Report does not specify whether means were calculated per capita or for consumers only. The reported values are consistent with the as a consumed intake rates for consumers only reported by USDA ( 1980). Source: Canadian Department of National Health and Welfare, n. d.

Table 9 25. Per Capita Consumption of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables in 1991a Fresh Fruits Fresh Vegetables Food Item ( g/ day) Food Item ( g/ day) Per Capita Consumption Per Capita Consumption b b Citrus Artichokes 0.62 Oranges ( includes Temple oranges) 10.2 Asparagus 0.75 Tangerines and Tangelos 1.6 Snap Beans 1.4 Lemons 3.1 Broccoli 3.5 Limes 0.9 Brussel Sprouts 0.4 Grapefruit 7.1 Cabbage 9.5 Total Fresh Citrus 22.9 Carrots 9.0 Noncitrus Celery 7.8 Apples 21.8 Sweet Corn 6.6 Apricots 0.1 Cucumber 5.2 Avocados 1.7 Eggplant 0.5 Bananas 31.2 Escarole/ Endive 0.3 Cherries 0.5 Garlic 1.6 Cranberries 0.4 Head Lettuce 30.2 Grapes 8.2 Onions 18.4 Kiwi Fruit 0.5 Bell Peppers 5.8 Mangoes 1.0 Radishes 0.6 Peaches & Nectarines 7.6 Spinach 0.9 Pears 3.7 Tomatoes 16.3 Pineapple 2.2 Total Fresh Vegetables 126.1 Papayas 0.3 Plums and Prunes 1.7 Strawberries 4.1 Total Fresh Noncitrus 85.0 Total Fresh Fruits 107.7 Cauliflower 2.2 Based on retail weight equivalent. Includes imports; excludes exports and foods grown in home gardens. Data for 1991 used. a Original data were presented in lbs/ yr; data were converted to g/ day by multiplying by a factor of 454 g/ lb and dividing by 365 days/ yr. b Source: USDA, 1993. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9 39 Table 9 26. Quantity ( as consumed) of Fruits and Vegetables Consumed Per Eating Occasion and the Percentage of Individuals Using These Foods in Three Days Food category % Indiv. using food in 3 days Quantity consumed per eating occasion ( g) Consumers only Quantity consumed per eating occasion at specified percentiles ( g)

a 5 25 50 75 90 95 99 Average Standard Deviation Raw vegetables White potatoes Cabbage and coleslaw Carrots Cucumbers Lettuce and tossed salad Mature onions Tomatoes 74.4 9.7 5 5.6 50.7 8.5 27.8 125 68 43 80 65 31 81 90 45 40 76 59 33 55 29 15 4 8 10 3 30 63 40 13 24 20 17 45 105 60 31 70 55 18 62 170 90 55 110 93 36 113 235 120 100 158 140 57 123 280 120 122 220 186 72 182 426 240 183 316 270 180 246 Cooked vegetables Broccoli Cabbage Carrots Corn, whole kernel Lima beans Mixed vegetables Cowpeas, field peas, black eyed peas Green peas Spinach String beans Summer squash Sweet potatoes Tomato juice Cucumber pickles 6.2 4.7 9.8 23.9 2.8 3.4 2.9 18.3 4.5 27.3 2.8 4.1 3.9 9.2 112 128 70 95 110 117 131 90 121 86 145 136 91 45 68 83 59 56 75 69 88 57 70 54 98 87 122 45 30 28 19 21 21 28 22 20 24 18 27 38 91 7 78 75 46 65 67 91 88 43 78 67 105 86 122 16 90 145 75 83 88 94 88 85 103 70 108 114 182 30 155 150 92 123 170 182 175 85 185 135 215 185 243 65 185 225 150 170 175 187 196 170 205 140 215 225 243 90 190 300 155 170 219 187 350 170 205 140 352 238 363 130 350 450 276 330 350 374 350 330 380 280 430 450 486 222 Fruits Grapefruit Grapefruit juice Oranges Orange juice Apples Applesauce, cooked apples Apple juice Cantaloupe Raw peaches Raw pears Raw strawberries 4.7 3.6 9 35.5 18.2 9.8 3.8 3.3 4.5 3.1 2.1 159 202 146 190 141 134 191 171 160 163 100 58 99 57 84 49 86 101 91 75 69 58 106 95 73 95 69 28 63 61 76 82 37 134 125 145 125 138 64 124 136 152 164 75 134 186 145 187 138 128 186 136 152 164 75 165 247 145 249 138 130 248 272 152 164 149 268 250 180 249 212 255 248 272 304 164 149 268 375 228 311 212 155 372 272 304 328 180 330 500 360 498 276 488 496 529 456 328 298 Percentiles are cumulative; for example, 50 percent of people eat 105 g white potatoes per day or less.

a Source: Pao et al., 1982 ( based on 1977 78 NFCS data). Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9 40 August 1997 Table 9 27. Mean Moisture Content of Selected Fruits and Vegetables Expressed as Percentages of Edible Portions Food Moisture Content ( Percent) Comments Raw Cooked Fruit Apples  dried 31.76 84.13* sulfured; * without added sugar Apples  83.93* 84.46** * with skin; ** without skin Apples  juice 87.93 canned or bottled Applesauce 88.35* * unsweetened Apricots 86.35 86.62* * canned juice pack with skin Apricots  dried 31.09 85.56* sulfured; * without added sugar Bananas 74.26 Blackberries 85.64 Blueberries 84.61 86.59* * frozen unsweetened Boysenberries 85.90 frozen unsweetened Cantaloupes  unspecified 89.78 Casabas 91.00 Cherries  sweet 80.76 84.95* * canned, juice pack Crabapples 78.94 Cranberries 86.54 Cranberries  juice cocktail 85.00 bottled Currants ( red and white) 83.95 Elderberries 79.80 Grapefruit 90.89 Grapefruit  juice 90.00 90.10* * canned unsweetened Grapefruit  unspecified 90.89 pink, red, white Grapes  fresh 81.30 American type ( slip skin) Grapes  juice 84.12 canned or bottled Grapes  raisins 15.42 seedless Honeydew melons 89.66 Kiwi fruit 83.05 Kumquats 81.70 Lemons  juice 90.73 92.46* * canned or bottled Lemons  peel 81.60 Lemons  pulp 88.98 Limes  juice 90.21 92.52* * canned or bottled Limes  unspecified 88.26 Loganberries 84.61 Mulberries 87.68 Nectarines 86.28 Oranges  unspecified 86.75 all varieties Peaches 87.66 87.49* * canned juice pack Pears  dried 26.69 64.44* sulfured; * without added sugar Pears  fresh 83.81 86.47* * canned juice pack Pineapple 86.50 83.51* * canned juice pack Pineapple  juice 85.53 canned Plums 85.20 Quinces 83.80 Raspberries 86.57 Strawberries 91.57 89.97* * frozen unsweetened Tangerine  juice 88.90 87.00* * canned sweetened Tangerines 87.60 89.51* * canned juice pack Watermelon 91.51 Vegetables Alfalfa sprouts 91.14 Artichokes  globe & French 84.38 86.50 boiled, drained Artichokes  Jerusalem 78.01 Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9 41 Table 9 27. Mean Moisture Content of Selected Fruits and Vegetables Expressed as Percentages of Edible Portions ( continued) Food Moisture Content ( Percent) Comments Raw Cooked Asparagus 92.25 92.04 boiled, drained Bamboo shoots 91.00 95.92 boiled, drained Beans  dry Beans  dry  blackeye peas ( cowpeas) 66.80 71.80 boiled, drained Beans  dry  hyacinth ( mature seeds) 87.87 86.90 boiled, drained Beans  dry  navy ( pea) 79.15 76.02 boiled, drained Beans  dry  pinto 81.30 93.39 boiled, drained Beans  lima 70.24 67.17 boiled, drained Beans  snap  Italian  green  yellow 90.27 89.22 boiled, drained Beets 87.32 90.90 boiled, drained Beets  tops ( greens) 92.15 89.13 boiled, drained Broccoli 90.69 90.20 boiled, drained Brussel sprouts 86.00 87.32 boiled, drained Cabbage  Chinese/ celery, including bok choy 95.32 95.55 boiled, drained Cabbage  red 91.55 93.60 boiled, drained Cabbage  savoy 91.00 92.00 boiled, drained Carrots 87.79 87.38 boiled, drained Cassava ( yucca blanca) 68.51 Cauliflower 92.26 92.50 boiled, drained Celeriac 88.00 92.30 boiled, drained Celery 94.70 95.00 boiled, drained Chili peppers 87.74 92.50* * canned solids & liquid Chives 92.00 Cole slaw 81.50 Collards 93.90 95.72 boiled, drained Corn  sweet 75.96 69.57 boiled, drained Cress  garden  field 89.40 92.50 boiled, drained Cress  garden 89.40 92.50 boiled, drained Cucumbers 96.05 Dandelion  greens 85.60 89.80 boiled, drained Eggplant 91.93 91.77 boiled, drained Endive 93.79 Garlic 58.58 Kale 84.46 91.20 boiled, drained Kohlrabi 91.00 90.30 boiled, drained Lambsquarter 84.30 88.90 boiled, drained Leeks 83.00 90.80 boiled, drained Lentils  whole 67.34 68.70 stir fried Lettuce  iceberg 95.89 Lettuce  romaine 94.91 Mung beans ( sprouts) 90.40 93.39 boiled, drained Mushrooms 91.81 91.08 boiled, drained Mustard greens 90.80 94.46 boiled, drained Okra 89.58 89.91 boiled, drained Onions 90.82 92.24 boiled, drained Onions  dehydrated or dried 3.93 Parsley 88.31 Parsley roots 88.31 Parsnips 79.53 77.72 boiled, drained Peas ( garden)  mature seeds  dry 88.89 88.91 boiled, drained Peppers  sweet  garden 92.77 94.70 boiled, drained Potatoes ( white)  peeled 78.96 75.42 baked Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9 42 August 1997 Table 9 27. Mean Moisture Content of Selected Fruits and Vegetables Expressed as Percentages of Edible Portions ( continued) Food Moisture Content ( Percent) Comments Raw Cooked Potatoes ( white)  whole 83.29 71.20 baked Pumpkin 91.60 93.69 boiled, drained Radishes  roots 94.84 Rhubarb 93.61 67.79 frozen, cooked with added sugar Rutabagas  unspecified 89.66 90.10 boiled, drained Salsify ( oyster plant) 77.00 81.00 boiled, drained Shallots 79.80 Soybeans  sprouted seeds 69.05 79.45 steamed Spinach 91.58 91.21 boiled, drained Squash  summer 93.68 93.70 all varieties; boiled, drained Squash  winter 88.71 89.01 all varieties; baked Sweetpotatoes ( including yams) 72.84 71.85 baked in skin Swiss chard 92.66 92.65 boiled, drained Tapioca  pearl 10.99 dry Taro  greens 85.66 92.15 steamed Taro  root 70.64 63.80 Tomatoes  juice 93.90 canned Tomatoes  paste 74.06 canned Tomatoes  puree 87.26 canned Tomatoes  raw 93.95 Tomatoes  whole 93.95 92.40 boiled, drained Towelgourd 93.85 84.29 boiled, drained Turnips  roots 91.87 93.60 boiled, drained Turnips  tops 91.07 93.20 boiled, drained Water chestnuts 73.46 Yambean  tuber 89.15 87.93 boiled, drained Source: USDA, 1979 1986. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9 43 Table 9 28. Summary of Fruit and Vegetable Intake Studies Study Survey Population Used in Calculating Intake Types of Data Used Units Food Items KEY STUDIES EPA Analysis of 1989 91 USDA CSFII data Per capita data; consumer only data can be calculated 1989 91 CSFII data;

Based on 3 day average individual intake rate g/ kg day; as consumed Major food groups; individual food items; exposed and protected fruits and vegetables; USDA food categories RELEVANT STUDIES AIHC, 1994 Per Capita Based on the 1977 78 USDA NFCS data provided in the 1989 version of the Exposure Factors Handbook. g/ day Distributions for vegetables using @ Risk software.

Canadian Department of National Health and Welfare, n. d. Not known if per capita or consumers only 1970 72 survey based on 24 hour dietary recall g/ day; not known if as consumed Fruit and fruit products, vegetables not including potatoes and nuts and legumes EPA's DRES Per capita ( i. e., consumers and nonconsumers) 1977 78 NFCS 3 day individual intake data g/ kg day; as consumed Intake for a wide variety of fruits and vegetables presented; complex food groups were disaggregated Pao et al., 1982 Consumers only serving size data provided 1977 78 NFCS 3 day individual intake data g; as consumed Serving sizes for only a limited number of products USDA, 1980; 1992b;

1996a; 1996b Per capita and consumer only 1977 78 and 1987 88 NFCS, and 1994 and 1995 CSFII 1 day individual intake data g/ day; as consumed Total fruits and total vegetables USDA, 1993 Per capita consumption based on " food disappearance" Based on food supply and utilization data provided by the National Agricultural Statistics Service ( NASS), Customs Service Reports, and trade associations g/ day; as consumed Various food groups U. S. EPA/ ORP, 1984a;

1984b Per capita 1977 78 NFCS Individual intake data g/ day; as consumed Exposed, protected, and leafy produce U. S. EPA/ OST, 1989 Estimated lifetime dietary intake Based on FDA Total Diet Study Food List which used 1977 78 NFCS data,

and NHANES II data g/ day; dry weight Various food groups; complex foods disaggregated Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9 44 August 1997 Table 9 29. Summary of Recommended Values for Per Capita Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Mean 95th Percentile Multiple Percentiles Study Total Fruit Intake 3.4 g/ kg day 12 g/ kg day see Table 9 3 EPA Analysis of CSFII 1989 91 Data Total Vegetable Intake 4.3 g/ kg day 10 g/ kg day see Table 9 4 EPA Analysis of CSFII 1989 91 Data Individual Fruit and Vegetables Intake see Table 9 5   EPA Analysis of CSFII 1989 91 Data Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 9  Intake of Fruits and Vegetables Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9 45 Table 9 30. Confidence in Fruit and Vegetable Intake Recommendations Considerations Rationale Rating Study Elements ° Level of peer review USDA CSFII survey receives high level of peer High review. EPA analysis of these data has been peer reviewed outside the Agency.

° Accessibility CSFII data are publicly available. High ° Reproducibility Enough information is included to reproduce High results.

° Focus on factor of interest Analysis is specifically designed to address food High intake.

° Data pertinent to U. S. Data focuses on the U. S. population. High ° Primary data This is new analysis of primary data. High ° Currency Were the most current data publicly available at the High time the analysis was conducted for the Handbook.

° Adequacy of data collection Survey is designed to collect short term data. Medium confidence for average values; period Low confidence for long term percentile distribution ° Validity of approach Survey methodology was adequate. High ° Study size Study size was very large and therefore adequate. High ° Representativeness of the The population studied was the U. S. population. High population ° Characterization of variability Survey was not designed to capture long term day Medium to day variability. Short term distributions are provided.

° Lack of bias in study design Response rate was adequate. Medium ( high rating is desirable)

° Measurement error No measurements were taken. The study relied on N/ A survey data.

Other Elements ° Number of studies 1; CSFII 1989 91 was the most recent data set Low publicly available at the time the analysis was conducted for the Handbook. Therefore, it was the only study classified as key study.

° Agreement between researchers Although the CSFII was the only study classified as High key study, the results are in good agreement with earlier data.

Overall Rating The survey is representative of U. S. population. High confidence in the average; Although there was only one study considered key, Low confidence in the long term upper these data are the most recent and are in agreement percentiles with earlier data. The approach used to analyzed the data was adequate. However, due to the limitations of the survey design estimation of longterm percentile values ( especially the upper percentiles) is uncertain. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Appendix 9A Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9A 1 APPENDIX 9A CALCULATIONS USED IN THE 1989 91 CSFII ANALYSIS TO CORRECT FOR MIXTURES IR meat & adjusted ' ( IR gr mixtures ( Fr meat/ gr) % ( IR mt mixtures ( Fr meat/ mt) % ( IR meat) Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Appendix 9B Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9B 1 APPENDIX 9A Calculations Used in the 1989 91 CSFII Analysis to Correct for Mixtures Distributions of intake for various food groups were generated for the food/ items groups using the USDA 1989 91 CSFII data set as described in Sections 9.2.2. and 11.1.2. However, several of the food categories used did not include meats, dairy products, and vegetables that were eaten as mixtures with other foods. Thus, adjusted intake rates were calculated for food items that were identified by USDA ( 1995) as comprising a significant portion of grain and meat mixtures. To account for the amount of these foods consumed as mixtures, the mean fractions of total meat or grain mixtures represented by these food items were calculated ( Table 9A 1) using Appendix C of USDA ( 1995). Mean values for all individuals were used to calculate these fractions. These fractions were multiplied by each individual's intake rate for total meat mixtures or grain mixtures to calculate the amount of the individual's food mixture intake that can be categorized into one of the selected food groups. These amounts were then added to the total intakes rates for meats, grains, total vegetables, tomatoes, and white potatoes to calculate an individual's total intake of these food groups, as shown in the example for meats below.

where: IR = adjusted individual intake rate for total meat; meat adjusted IR = individual intake rate for grain mixtures; gr mixtures IR = individual intake rate for meat mixtures; mt mixtures IR = individual intake rate for meats; meat Fr = fraction of grain mixture that is meat; and meat/ gr Fr = fraction of meat mixture that is meat. meat/ mt Population distributions for mixture adjusted intakes were based on adjusted intake rates for the population of interest.

Table 9A 1. Fraction of Grain and Meat Mixture Intake Represented by Various Food Items/ Groups Grain Mixtures total vegetables 0.2360 tomatoes 0.1685 white potatoes 0.0000 total meats 0.0787 beef 0.0449 pork 0.0112 poultry 0.0112 dairy 0.1348 total grains 0.3146 Meat Mixtures total vegetables 0.2778 tomatoes 0.1111 white potatoes 0.0333 total meats 0.3556 beef 0.2000 pork 0.0222 poultry 0.0778 dairy 0.0556 total grains 0.1333 APPENDIX 9B Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Appendix 9B Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9B 2 August 1997 FOOD CODES AND DEFINITIONS USED IN ANALYSIS OF THE 1989 91 USDA CSFII DATA Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Appendix 9B Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9B 4 August 1997 Appendix 9B. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1989 91 USDA CSFII Data Food Food Codes Product MAJOR FOOD GROUPS Total Fruits 6 Fruits ( includes baby foods) citrus fruits and juices dried fruits other fruits fruits/ juices & nectar fruit/ juices baby food Total 7 Vegetables ( all forms) 411 Beans/ legumes Vegetables white potatoes & PR starchy 412 Beans/ legumes dark green vegetables 413 Beans/ legumes deep yellow vegetables ( includes baby foods; mixtures, mostly vegetables; does not tomatoes and tom. mixtures include nuts and seeds) other vegetables veg. and mixtures/ baby food veg. with meat mixtures Total Meats 20 Meat, type not specified ( excludes meat, poultry, and fish with non meat items; frozen 21 Beef plate meals; soups and gravies with meat, poultry and fish base; 22 Pork and gelatin based drinks; includes baby foods) 23 Lamb, veal, game, carcass meat 24 Poultry 25 Organ meats, sausages, lunchmeats, meat spreads Total Dairy 1 Milk and Milk Products ( includes regular fluid milk, human milk, imitation milk products, milk and milk drinks yogurt, milk based meal replacements, and infant formulas) cream and cream substitutes milk desserts, sauces, and gravies cheeses INDIVIDUAL FOODS White 71 White Potatoes and PR Starchy Veg. ( does not include vegetables soups; vegetable mixtures; or Potatoes baked, boiled, chips, sticks, creamed, scalloped, au gratin, vegetable with meat mixtures) fried, mashed, stuffed, puffs, salad, recipes, soups, Puerto Rican starchy vegetables Peppers 7512100 Pepper, hot chili, raw 7522606 Pepper, red, cooked, fat added 7512200 Pepper, raw 7522609 Pepper, hot, cooked, NS as to fat added 7512210 Pepper, sweet green, raw 7522610 Pepper, hot, cooked, fat not added 7512220 Pepper, sweet red, raw 7522611 Pepper, hot, cooked, fat added 7522600 Pepper, green, cooked, NS as to fat added 7551101 Peppers, hot, sauce 7522601 Pepper, green, cooked, fat not added 7551102 Peppers, pickled 7522602 Pepper, green, cooked, fat added 7551105 Peppers, hot pickled 7522604 Pepper, red, cooked, NS as to fat added ( does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or 7522605 Pepper, red, cooked, fat not added vegetable with meat mixtures)

Onions 7510950 Chives, raw 7522102 Onions, mature cooked, fat added 7511150 Garlic, raw 7522103 Onions, pearl cooked 7511250 Leek, raw 7522104 Onions, young green cooked, NS as to fat 7511701 Onions, young green, raw 7522105 Onions, young green cooked, fat not added 7511702 Onions, mature 7522106 Onions, young green cooked, fat added 7521550 Chives, dried 7522110 Onion, dehydrated 7521740 Garlic, cooked 7541501 Onions, creamed 7521840 Leek, cooked 7541502 Onion rings 7522100 Onions, mature cooked, NS as to fat added ( does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or 7522101 Onions, mature cooked, fat not added vegetable with meat mixtures) Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Appendix 9B Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9B 5 Appendix 9B. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1989 91 USDA CSFII Data ( continued)

Food Food Codes Product Corn 7510960 Corn, raw 7521621 Corn, cooked, white/ fat not added 7521600 Corn, cooked, NS as to color/ fat added 7521622 Corn, cooked, white/ fat added 7521601 Corn, cooked, NS as to color/ fat not added 7521625 Corn, white, cream style 7521602 Corn, cooked, NS as to color/ fat added 7521630 Corn, yellow, canned, low sodium, NS fat 7521605 Corn, cooked, NS as to color/ cream style 7521631 Corn, yell., canned, low sod., fat not add 7521607 Corn, cooked, dried 7521632 Corn, yell., canned, low sod., fat added 7521610 Corn, cooked, yellow/ NS as to fat added 7521749 Hominy, cooked 7521611 Corn, cooked, yellow/ fat not added 752175 Hominy, cooked 7521612 Corn, cooked, yellow/ fat added 7541101 Corn scalloped or pudding 7521615 Corn, yellow, cream style 7541102 Corn fritter 7521616 Corn, cooked, yell. & wh./ NS as to fat 7541103 Corn with cream sauce 7521617 Corn, cooked, yell. & wh./ fat not added 7550101 Corn relish 7521618 Corn, cooked, yell. & wh./ fat added 76405 Corn, baby 7521619 Corn, yellow, cream style, fat added ( does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or 7521620 Corn, cooked, white/ NS as to fat added vegetable with meat mixtures; includes baby food)

Apples 6210110 Apples, dried, uncooked 6310141 Apple rings, fried 6210115 Apples, dried, uncooked, low sodium 6310142 Apple, pickled 6210120 Apples, dried, cooked, NS as to sweetener 6310150 Apple, fried 6210122 Apples, dried, cooked, unsweetened 6340101 Apple, salad 6210123 Apples, dried, cooked, with sugar 6340106 Apple, candied 6210130 Apple chips 6410101 Apple cider 6310100 Apples, raw 6410401 Apple juice 6310111 Applesauce, NS as to sweetener 6410405 Apple juice with vitamin C 6310112 Applesauce, unsweetened 6410409 Apple juice with calcium 6310113 Applesauce with sugar 6710200 Applesauce baby fd., NS as to str. or jr. 6310114 Applesauce with low calorie sweetener 6710201 Applesauce baby food, strained 6310121 Apples, cooked or canned with syrup 6710202 Applesauce baby food, junior 6310131 Apple, baked NS as to sweetener 6720200 Apple juice, baby food 6310132 Apple, baked, unsweetened ( includes baby food; except mixtures) 6310133 Apple, baked with sugar Tomatoes 74 Tomatoes and Tomato Mixtures raw, cooked, juices, sauces, mixtures, soups, sandwiches Snap Beans 7510180 Beans, string, green, raw 7520602 Beans, string, cooked, yellow/ fat 7520498 Beans, string, cooked, NS color/ fat added 7540301 Beans, string, green, creamed 7520499 Beans, string, cooked, NS color/ no fat 7540302 Beans, string, green, w/ mushroom sauce 7520500 Beans, string, cooked, NS color & fat 7540401 Beans, string, yellow, creamed 7520501 Beans, string, cooked, green/ NS fat 7550011 Beans, string, green, pickled 7520502 Beans, string, cooked, green/ no fat 7640100 Beans, green, string, baby 7520503 Beans, string, cooked, green/ fat 7640101 Beans, green, string, baby, str. 7520511 Beans, str., canned, low sod., green/ NS fat 7640102 Beans, green, string, baby, junior 7520512 Beans, str., canned, low sod., green/ no fat 7640103 Beans, green, string, baby, creamed 7520513 Beans, str., canned, low sod., green/ fat ( does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or 7520600 Beans, string, cooked, yellow/ NS fat vegetable with meat mixtures; includes baby foods) 7520601 Beans, string, cooked, yellow/ no fat Beef 21 Beef ( excludes meat, poultry, and fish with non meat items; frozen beef, nfs plate meals; soups and gravies with meat, poultry and fish base; beef steak and gelatin based drinks; includes baby food) beef oxtails, neckbones, ribs roasts, stew meat, corned, brisket, sandwich steaks ground beef, patties, meatballs other beef items beef baby food Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Appendix 9B Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9B 6 August 1997 Appendix 9B. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1989 91 USDA CSFII Data ( continued)

Food Food Codes Product Pork 22 Pork ( excludes meat, poultry, and fish with non meat items; frozen pork, nfs; ground dehydrated plate meals; soups and gravies with meat, poultry and fish base; chops and gelatin based drinks; includes baby food) steaks, cutlets ham roasts Canadian bacon bacon, salt pork other pork items pork baby food Game 233 Game ( excludes meat, poultry, and fish with non meat items; frozen plate meals; soups and gravies with meat, poultry and fish base; and gelatin based drinks)

Poultry 24 Poultry ( excludes meat, poultry, and fish with non meat items; frozen chicken plate meals; soups and gravies with meat, poultry and fish base; turkey and gelatin based drinks; includes baby food) duck other poultry poultry baby food Eggs 3 Eggs ( includes baby foods) eggs egg mixtures egg substitutes eggs baby food froz. meals with egg as main ingred.

Broccoli 722 Broccoli ( all forms) ( does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or vegetable with meat mixtures)

Carrots 7310 Carrots ( all forms) ( does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or 7311140 Carrots in Sauce vegetable with meat mixtures; includes baby foods except 7311200 Carrot Chips mixtures) 76201 Carrots, baby Pumpkin 732 Pumpkin ( all forms) ( does not include vegetable soups; vegetables mixtures; or 733 Winter squash ( all forms) vegetable with meat mixtures; includes baby foods) 76205 Squash, baby Asparagus 7510080 Asparagus, raw ( does not include vegetable soups; vegetables mixtures, or 75202 Asparagus, cooked vegetable with meat mixtures) 7540101 Asparagus, creamed or with cheese Lima Beans 7510200 Lima Beans, raw ( does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or 752040 Lima Beans, cooked vegetable with meat mixtures; does not include succotash) 752041 Lima Beans, canned 75402 Lima Beans with sauce Cabbage 7510300 Cabbage, raw 75212 Red Cabbage, cooked 7510400 Cabbage, Chinese, raw 752130 Savoy Cabbage, cooked 7510500 Cabbage, red, raw 75230 Sauerkraut, cooked 7514100 Cabbage salad or coleslaw 7540701 Cabbage, creamed 7514130 Cabbage, Chinese, salad 755025 Cabbage, pickled or in relish 75210 Chinese Cabbage, cooked ( does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or 75211 Green Cabbage, cooked vegetable with meat mixtures) Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Appendix 9B Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 9B 7 Appendix 9B. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1989 91 USDA CSFII Data ( continued)

Food Food Codes Product Lettuce 75113 Lettuce, raw ( does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or 75143 Lettuce salad with other veg. vegetable with meat mixtures) 7514410 Lettuce, wilted, with bacon dressing 7522005 Lettuce, cooked Okra 7522000 Okra, cooked, NS as to fat 7541450 Okra, fried 7522001 Okra, cooked, fat not added 7550700 Okra, pickled 7522002 Okra, cooked, fat added ( does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or 7522010 Lufta, cooked ( Chinese Okra) vegetable with meat mixtures)

Peas 7512000 Peas, green, raw 7541660 Pea salad with cheese 7512775 Snowpeas, raw 75417 Peas, with sauce or creamed 75223 Peas, cowpeas, field or blackeye, cooked 76409 Peas, baby 75224 Peas, green, cooked 76411 Peas, creamed, baby 75225 Peas, pigeon, cooked ( does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or 75231 Snowpeas, cooked vegetable with meat mixtures; includes baby foods except 7541650 Pea salad mixtures)

Cucumbers 7511100 Cucumbers, raw 7550305 Cucumber pickles, fresh 75142 Cucumber salads 7550307 Cucumber, Kim Chee 752167 Cucumbers, cooked 7550311 Cucumber pickles, dill, reduced salt 7550301 Cucumber pickles, dill 7550314 Cucumber pickles, sweet, reduced salt 7550302 Cucumber pickles, relish ( does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or 7550303 Cucumber pickles, sour vegetable with meat mixtures) 7550304 Cucumber pickles, sweet Beets 7510250 Beets, raw 7550021 Beets, pickled 752080 Beets, cooked 76403 Beets, baby 752081 Beets, canned ( does not include vegetable soups; vegetable mixtures; or 7540501 Beets, harvard vegetable with meat mixtures; includes baby foods except mixtures)

Strawberries 6322 Strawberries ( includes baby food; except mixtures) 6413250 Strawberry Juice Other Berries 6320 Other Berries 6410460 Blackberry Juice 6321 Other Berries 64105 Cranberry Juice 6341101 Cranberry salad ( includes baby food; except mixtures)

Peaches 62116 Dried Peaches 67108 Peaches , baby 63135 Peaches 6711450 Peaches, dry, baby 6412203 Peach Juice ( includes baby food; except mixtures) 6420501 Peach Nectar Pears 62119 Dried Pears 67109 Pears, baby 63137 Pears 6711455 Pears, dry, baby 6341201 Pear salad 6721200 Pear juice, baby 6421501 Pear Nectar ( includes baby food; except mixtures) Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Appendix 9B Page Exposure Factors Handbook 9B 8 August 1997 Appendix 9B. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1989 91 USDA CSFII Data ( continued)