= SROMGR T3
1 For each vector, assure that both porosity and permeability always decrease with time.
2 SDRZGR at T0, T1, T2 are functions of SDRZBR.
3 OM = Order of magnitude
PERMX = PERMY = PERMZ

Notes for Tables 6 and 7

When the DRZ is completely healed the finite fractured pore networks will be closed and a DRZ fracture network will no longer exist. The overall effective porosity will become more constricted and pore throats will be very narrow. Connectivity between pore bodies will restrict and immobilize a large portion of the residual brine. Therefore brine saturation will increase to very high values as porosity is reduced. Similarly, gas will be `entrapped' and residual gas saturation will be relatively higher than pre-healed values but lower than residual brine saturation. The constricted nature of the pores and pore throats will halt flow of the majority of resident fluid between pores. EPA considers the values identified for the sensitivity study as more representative of a healed DRZ.
BRAGFLO OUTPUT:
Please provide the following output results from this study (all replicates).
 North flowing gas in the upper and lower PCS DRZ located between the SROR and the NROR.
 South flowing gas the upper and lower the PCS DRZ located between the SROR and the NROR.
 North flowing brine the through the PCS located between the SROR and the NROR.
 South flowing brine the through the PCS located between the SROR and the NROR.

 North flowing gas in the upper and lower PCS DRZ located between the SROR and NROR.
 South flowing gas the upper and lower the PCS DRZ located between the SROR and NROR.
 North flowing brine the through the PCS located between the SROR and NROR.
 South flowing brine the through the PCS located between the SROR and NROR.

 North flowing gas in the upper and lower PCS DRZ located between the waste panel and SROR.
 South flowing gas the upper and lower the PCS DRZ located between the waste panel and SROR.
 North flowing brine the through the PCS located between the waste panel and SROR.
 South flowing brine the through the PCS located between the waste panel and SROR.

 North flowing brine the through the PCS located in the NROR.
 South flowing brine the through the PCS located in the NROR.
 North flowing gas in the upper and lower PCS DRZ in the NROR.
 South flowing gas the upper and lower the PCS DRZ in the NROR.

 Brine flow and saturations in the EXP Cavity
 Brine flow and saturations in the ROR
 Gas flow and saturations in the EXP Cavity
 Gas flow and saturations in the ROR
 Brine and pressure in WAS Panel

 CCDF - Total release
 CCDF  -  Spallings
 CCDF  -  Culebra
 CCDF  -  DBR

healed at the beginning of the study. The results of the SEN3 sensitivity study are described in EPA (2017). The Agency believes that the assumption of instantaneous consolidation and healing of the PCS did not significantly affect the SEN3 sensitivity study because the 100-year time period of progressive healing is short compared with the 10,000-year regulatory period.

7.0 SPECIAL CONSIDERATION OF THE PROPERTIES OF THE FIRST PANEL CLOSURES SOUTH OF THE SHAFTS

Two sets of ROM salt drift closures are to be installed in the waste area access and ventilation drifts north of Waste Panel 10 and south of the operations area. In the CRA-2014 the northernmost of these closures was modeled with the properties of concrete monoliths. This is a legacy concern because the properties of the `concrete plugs' that will be installed in the shafts were similar to the properties of the Option D concrete monoliths that were formerly planned for the waste panel closures. The shaft plugs and nearby panel closure monoliths were therefore combined into a single modeling unit. DOE performed an additional set of calculations in response to EPA Question 2-32-2 that were documented in its 4[th] response to the Agency's completeness questions, but those calculations continued to use the porosity and permeability of concrete for these closures. The properties of concrete are not reflective of the ROM salt panel closures and the PA should be updated to incorporate the properties of ROM salt for these closures. As part of this sensitivity study the properties of the two sets of panel closures at the modeled location are to be the same as the properties of ROM salt and the modeled dimensions (60.96 m long) are to be representative of the two sets of panel closures planned to be emplaced between the northern rest of the repository and the operations area.

8.0 SPECIAL CONSIDERATION OF THE PROPERTIES OF THE PANEL CLOSURES AND DRZ IN THE BRAGFLO_DBR MODEL

The BRAGFLO_DBR model includes representations of the WIPP PCS and the surrounding DRZ. The changes to the properties of the ROM salt PCS and the DRZ described above for the PCS sensitivity study should be made to the BRAGFLO Salado flow model and also the BRAGFLO-DBR model to assure consistency in model results.

9.0 CREEP CLOSURE OF EMPTY ROOMS

Most rooms in operations and experimental areas of the WIPP underground facility will not be filled with ROM salt and will not contain waste but are expected to be empty at the time of repository closure. This section of the report describes the creep closure characteristics the Agency expects in empty rooms. The parameter values described in this section were used in the SEN1 and SEN2 sensitivity studies and apply to all repository drifts that are currently modeled in PA as experimental and operations areas. Currently, this includes all drifts except for those within the waste area of the repository.

Early in the project's history WIPP scientists conducted numerical model predictions of room closure rates based on their field experiments. Data from these early experiments were used as inputs in simulations of closure rates for both filled and empty waste rooms. Certain `empty room' closure rate calculations were based on in-situ conditions with no heat added using creep closure data gathered from Rooms 1 and 2 in the experimental area of the WIPP underground facility. These rooms were mined as part of the Site and Preliminary Design Validation for WIPP (SPDV) to determine room closure rates. Results from these calculations were described in a memo from Harold Morgan to D.E. Munson (1987). To get what he thought were more reasonable results, in these creep closure calculations Morgan removed the anhydrite interbeds and clay seams above and below the repository horizon  thus assuming creep closure of only intact Salado halite. Morgan's calculations predicted that an empty room will creep close to a room porosity of approximately 22% by 100 years and to a porosity of 2% in about 195 years.

There have been several additional benchmark investigations to characterize creep closure rates at WIPP since Morgan's analysis. Investigations by Rath and Arguello (2012) and Arguello and Holland (2012) compared closure rate simulations using an `all salt' lithology to predict closures rates with models where more lithologic units were represented. The `all salt' lithology analyses were found to provide better matches to the measured data. In spite of the recent advances in computational methods and a better understanding of the constitutive properties of both the salt and non-salt lithologies, these studies indicate that the older simulations are valid predictors of the halite creep closure process.

The modeled room shape at 195 years from Morgan's memo is depicted in Figure 12. Then, as now, numeric instabilities arose when the vertical and horizontal edges of the model cells began to overlap. Because of these limitations Morgan's simulations were stopped at 200 years, the time when the model cells representing opposing room faces began to contact one another. Despite these limitations, Morgan's results still provide enough information to approximate the time when an empty room will approach complete closure and final end point porosity.

Morgan prepared a curve of the calculated room closure volume reduction with respect to time, given in Figure 13. Figure 13 indicates that at 44 years the room has a porosity of about 50%, at 100 years the room porosity is about 22%, and at 195 years an empty room will be almost fully closed. Given further creep closure compression of the room, it is reasonable to assume that soon after 200 years the room volume porosity will approach a fully healed, end-point value. Extrapolating Morgan's Figure 13 curve, it appears the room porosity would be reduced to about 1% at about 210 years. A porosity of 1% is within the upper range of expected values for intact Salado halite.

For this sensitivity analysis, predicted room porosities for specified time periods will be based on the Morgan curve illustrated in Figure 13. For simplicity sake, the room porosity will be estimated from the Morgan curve for only two time periods: 0 to 50 years and 50 to 200 years.

Figure 12. Calculated deformation of an open room after 195 years (from Morgan 1987, as cited in Butcher and Mendenhall 1993, Figure 19).

Figure 13. Calculated volume reduction of an open room with respect to time due to creep closure (from Morgan 1987, as cited in Butcher and Mendenhall 1993, Figure 20).

The room permeability associated with the room porosity will also be needed for these sensitivity studies. A relationship between room porosity and permeability was used in DOE's 1995 FEP DR-3 screening analysis of the effect of modeling empty room closure on WIPP PA. In that analysis the time-varying permeability of an empty room was calculated as a function of room porosity using the relationship expressed below (Vaughn et al. 1995, p. 69).

      k = a f[n]

where
      a = 1.0 x 10[-11]
      f = porosity
      n = 4.6

The Agency believes using the same relationship between room porosity and permeability as that used by DOE in the 1995 FEP screening analysis is appropriate for this sensitivity study.

The following information summarizes the steps used to derive the permeability and porosity parameter values to be assigned to the operations and experimental areas of the WIPP underground facility for this sensitivity study. For the purpose of this study, these areas are presumed to be open and empty at the time of repository closure, identified as `time zero' for modeling purposes. The following assumptions are adopted to simplify time discretization issues coupled with the multiple simulations that will need to be performed.

9.1 Flow Properties for the Operations and Experimental Areas

Porosity
Time Period -5 to 0 Years. Use the same porosity as in the CRA-2014.
Time Period 0 to 50 Years. Use an average effective porosity of 50% based on Figure 13 and the following rationale:

 The experimental rooms farthest north in the repository were closed in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and some of these rooms were backfilled. From the 1990s to the anticipated final repository closure in 2035, approximately 40 years will have passed. Therefore, assume that creep closure will have begun 40 years prior to final repository closure in 50% of the operations and experimental area rooms.

 Assume it will take 10 years for the repository to be completely decommissioned, and that creep closure will have begun in the remaining 50% of the operations and experimental area rooms 10 years before final repository closure. Decommissioning includes sealing of all the shafts, subsequent testing once sealed, and permit requirements completed with all regulatory agencies. Considering that half of these areas will have been creep closing for approximately 40 years with a porosity of about 50%, and the other half will have been creep closing for at least 10 years with a porosity of about 80%, the average operations and experimental area porosity will be 65% at time zero.

 At 50 years after repository closure, half of the operations and experimental area rooms will have been creep closing for over 90 years with a porosity reduction from 50% to 30%. The remaining rooms will have been creep closing for over 60 years with a porosity reduction from 80% to 40%. Averaging these porosities results in an effective operations and experimental area porosity of 35% at 50 years.

Time Period 50 to 200 Years. Use an average effective porosity of 18% based on Figure 13 and the following rationale:

 As previously described, at 50 years after repository closure the average operations and experimental area room porosity is assumed to be 35%, equivalent to an open room volume loss of 65%. At 200 years all rooms will have been closed for at least 210 years. From Figure 13 the porosity at 200 years in all rooms will be at least 2% and will be approaching an asymptotic value of 1%. At 200 years a 2% effective porosity is equivalent to a room volume loss of 98%. The average room volume loss over the 50 to 200 year time period is about 82% and the equivalent average room porosity is about 18%.

Time Period 200 to 10,000 Years. Use an average effective porosity equal to the sampled porosity for intact halite plus one half the standard deviation for the uncertainty distribution for intact halite porosity based on Figure 13 and the following rationale:

 Stress-induced creep on the closed operations and experimental area rooms will further reduce the porosity to values below 1%. After approximately 200 years these lower porosities will approach an asymptotic value similar to the porosity of intact halite. Because healing to the undisturbed state may not be complete in 10,000 years, the final creep closed room porosity may be slightly greater than that of intact halite.

 Extrapolating the Figure 13 curve indicates that all operations and experimental area room porosities will be at least 2% and will be approaching an asymptotic value of about 1% at about 210 years. A porosity of 1% is within the sampled range for intact Salado halite. For computational simplicity, assume the end-point porosity of the operations and experimental area rooms has been reached at 200 years and is slightly larger than the porosity of intact halite. Because the porosity of intact halite is uncertain, the end-point porosity should be linked to that uncertainty. Therefore, the operations and experimental area porosity for the time period of 200 to 10,000 years will be the sampled porosity for intact halite but increased by one half the standard deviation for intact halite porosity (~0.0078; (1/2) STD greater than S_HALITE).

Permeability
Time Period -5 to 0 Years. Use the same permeability as in the CRA-2014.
Time Period 0 to 50 Years. Calculate permeability as a function of porosity using Equation 1 and assume the room porosity is 50% (as explained in the text above).
Time Period 50 to 200 Years. Calculate permeability as a function of porosity using Equation 1 and assume the room porosity is 18% (as explained in the text above).
Time Period 200 to 10,000 Years. Use the sampled permeability for intact halite in the sensitivity study but increase it by one order of magnitude (1 OM greater than S_HALITE).

Two-phase Flow Properties
Two-phase flow properties are those associated with the Brooks-Corey model as used in WIPP PA and include threshold capillary pressure, rock compressibility, and residual brine and gas saturation. The parameters used in WIPP PA to simulate those properties for the initially open operations and experimental area rooms are listed in Table 8.

Time Period 0 to 200 Years. Because the empty rooms may consist of large void spaces while they are creep closing for a large portion of the 200 year closure period, it is assumed they will not behave as a porous medium with respect to threshold pressures and residual saturations. Therefore two-phase flow will not occur during this time period.
Time Period 200 to 10,000 Years. It is assumed the non-waste rooms will have closed to the final end-point porosity and permeability values reflective of porous media. Void spaces will be small and the rooms will behave as porous media with respect to two-phase flow where gas and brine flow will be impeded by limited pore networks. Therefore, two-phase flow properties for the non-waste areas will be in effect and will be the same sampled values as those for intact halite.

9.2 Flow Properties for the DRZ Adjoining the Operations and Experimental Areas

Numerous studies support the conclusion that the fractures induced in the DRZ around an open room will heal within a few hundred years after creep closure begins and back pressures are applied. The healing process is due to multiple mechanisms. Brief summaries of a few of these studies are given below.

Pfeifle and Hurtado (1998) report that stress-induced fractures will heal within several hundred years when hydrostatic stresses of 1 to 5 MPa are imposed on them and that fracture healing will occur within a few years when imposed stresses are increased to 10 to 15 MPa.

The IT Corporation (1987) conducted permeability tests to evaluate the healing of longitudinal tension and sawtooth fractures that were both dry and moistened. The tests were conducted at confining pressures between 3.5 MPa and 20 MPa. Fracture healing occurred in both types of fractures and resulted in endpoint permeabilities within an order of magnitude of pre-damage values.

Costin and Wawersik (1980) conducted short-term strength tests of fracture healing under confining pressures ranging between 10 and 35 MPa at temperatures between 22 and 100[o] C and over various lengths of time. The majority of specimens healed to within 70 to 80% of original strength.

Houben et al. (2011) investigated DRZ micro-fracture healing at Utrecht University. They found that multiple mechanisms are involved in DRZ healing. The more commonly understood mechanism is due to back pressure imposed on fracture openings by a rigid body causing them to compress and ultimately heal. The other less commonly known mechanism is due to surface energy ion-transport driven healing. In surface energy healing, salt ions are transported from large fractures along hygroscopic brine films and precipitated in smaller fractures. By this process migration and precipitation of salt ions in fracture openings will eventually fill open fractures, reducing and eventually closing fractures and fracture networks. Their model studies indicate that DRZ micro-fractures can be completely filled within 250 years. Because it is assumed that small amounts of brine will be present in the Salado DRZ due to seepage from both the anhydrite layers and clays within the halite, surface energy healing of micro fractures due to ionic transport of salts may occur.

In summary, the above studies and reports indicate the DRZ adjoining the operational and experimental areas should heal within a few hundred years after repository closure. The dominant process will be compression. The creep closure process will produce rigid bodies in the empty rooms due to roof fall, floor heave and rib exfoliation producing rock debris. The rock debris will partially fill the open rooms. Creep closure will cause all the room faces to compress the rock debris forming a rigid body that will exert backpressures on the adjacent DRZ. Additionally, surface energy ion transport from brine seepage may assist in DRZ healing. The Agency expects it will take more time for the creep closure process to compress the loose rock debris in an initially empty room to a rigid body than in a room initially filled with ROM salt. Consequently, the DRZ adjoining the operations and experimental area rooms will take longer to heal than the DRZ around the panel closures. The DRZ will therefore not be completely healed until after the non-waste rooms have creep closed and impose compressive back stresses on the DRZ. Therefore, the DRZ two-phase flow properties become operative only after the initially open rooms have completely closed and are able to apply relatively uniform compressive back stresses on the DRZ, closing the fractures and transforming the DRZ to a porous rather than a fractured medium.

Based on the room closure rates in Figure 13 and the cited experimental studies, it is assumed that the end point porosity for the DRZ adjoining the non-waste areas will be reached after approximately 500 years from repository closure. By 500 years it is assumed that the creep closure processes will have significantly compressed and healed the DRZ such that there will not be a continuous set of fractures extending from the operations and experimental areas of the repository to the waste areas and that the DRZ will transition to a porous medium. In the absence of fractures it is also reasonable to assume that two-phase flow and residual saturation will be in effect in the DRZ for the non-waste areas by 500 years.

The assigned sensitivity study values for DRZ properties adjoining the operations and experimental areas for two time periods are given below.

Porosity
Time Period -5 to 500 Years. Use the same values adopted in the CRA 2014.
Time Period 500 to 10000 Years. Use the sampled values for intact halite.

Permeability
Time Period -5 to 500 Years. Use the same values adopted in the CRA 2014.
Time Period 500 to 10000 Years. Use one order of magnitude (1 OM) greater than the sampled permeability for intact halite. This is based on the possibility that healing to the undisturbed state may not be complete in 10,000 years.

Two-Phase Flow Properties
Two-phase flow properties are those associated with the Brooks-Corey model as used in WIPP PA and include threshold capillary pressure, rock compressibility, and residual brine and gas saturation. The parameters used in WIPP PA to simulate those properties for the operations and experimental area DRZs are listed in Table 9.

Time Period -5 to 500 Years. Because open fractures may be present in the DRZ while it is creep closing, it is assumed the DRZ will not behave as a porous medium. Therefore two-phase flow will not occur during this time period.
Time Period 500 to 10,000 Years. It is assumed the final end-point porosity and permeability values for the DRZ will transition from those for fractures and micro-fractures to those for porous media. Therefore, two-phase flow is expected to have a role in both gas and brine moving through these pore networks. At 500 to 10,000 years assign the same two-phase flow properties as those sampled for intact halite.

9.3 Summary Tables

The porosity, permeability, and two-phase flow parameter values identified by EPA for a sensitivity study of the creep closure of empty operations and experimental area rooms and adjacent DRZs are summarized in Tables 8 and 9.

     Table 8. Parameter Values for Operations and Experimental Area Rooms
               to be used in SEN1 and SEN2 Sensitivity Studies

                          Time Period & Material
                                   Porosity
                                 Permeability
                                    (m[2])
                                    CAP_MOD
                                   COMP_RCK
                                      KPT
                                    PC-MAX
                                     PCT_A
                                    PCT_EXP
                                    PO_MIN
                                   PORE_DIS
                                   RELP_MOD
                                   SAT_IBRN
                                   SAT_RBRN
                                   SAT_RGAS
                                 -5 to 0 years
                                   Cavity 3
                                     1.00
                                    1.0E-10
                                       1
                             No capillary effects
                                       0
                                       0
                                     1E08
                                       0
                                       0
                                    101325
                                      0.7
                                      11
                                       0
                                       0
                                       0
                                 0 to 50 years
                                   OPSEX_T1
                                     0.50
                                   4.12E-13

                                       1
                             No capillary effects
                                   7.41E-10
                                  Same as DRZ
                                       0
                                     1E08
                                       0
                                       0
                                    101325
                                      0.7
                                      11
                                       0
                                       0
                                       0
                                50 to 200 years
                                   OPSEX_T2
                                     0.18
                                   3.75E-15

                                       1
                             No capillary effects
                                   7.41E-10
                                  Same as DRZ
                                       0
                                     1E08
                                       0
                                       0
                                    101325
                                      0.7
                                      11
                                       0
                                       0
                                       0
                              200 to 10,000 years
                                   OPSEX_T3
 CRA-2014 Sampled value for S_HALITE + (1/2) standard deviation for intact halite
      One order of magnitude higher than sampled value for intact halite
                                       2
              Activate capillary model  -  Same as intact halite
                    Same as sampled value for intact halite
                                       0
                             Same as intact halite
                                     1E08
                             Same as intact halite
                                     0.56
                             Same as intact halite
                         -0.346 Same as intact halite
                                    101325
                             Same as intact halite
                                      0.7
                             Same as intact halite
                                       4
                             Same as intact halite
                                       1

                                      0.3
                        Same as mean for intact halite
                                      0.2
                        Same as mean for intact halite
Notes:
For each vector, assure that both porosity and permeability always decrease with time.
Sampled values are values sampled for CRA-2104.
Intact halite has material name S_HALITE.
PERMX = PERMY = PERMZ

Table 9. Parameter Values for DRZs Adjoining Operations and Experimental Area Rooms
               to be used in SEN1 and SEN2 Sensitivity Studies

                          Time Period & Material
                                   Porosity
                                 Permeability
                                    (m[2])
                                    CAP_MOD
                                   COMP_RCK
                                      KPT
                                    PC-MAX
                                     PCT_A
                                    PCT_EXP
                                    PO_MIN
                                   PORE_DIS
                                   RELP_MOD
                                   SAT_IBRN
                                   SAT_RBRN
                                   SAT_RGAS
                                 -5 to 0 years
                                     DRZ_0
                   Sampled value for intact halite + 0.0029
                                    1.0E-17
                                       1
                             No capillary effects
                                   7.41E-10
                                       0
                                     1E08
                                       0
                                       0
                                    101325
                                      0.7
                                       4
                                       0
                                      0.0
                                      0.0
                                0 to 500 years
                                     DRZ_1
                   Sampled value for intact halite + 0.0029
                            Sampled value for DRZ_1
                                       1
                             No capillary effects
                                   7.41E-10
                                       0
                                     1E08
                                       0
                                       0
                                    101325
                                      0.7
                                       4
                                       0
                                      0.0
                                      0.0
                              500 to 10,000 years
                                   DRZ_OE_2
                        Sampled value for intact halite
      One order of magnitude higher than sampled value for intact halite
                                       2
                           Activate capillary model
                             Same as intact halite
                        Sampled value for intact halite
                                       0
                             Same as intact halite
                                     1E08
                             Same as intact halite
                                     0.56
                             Same as intact halite
                         -0.346 Same as intact halite
                                    101325
                             Same as intact halite
                                      0.7
                             Same as intact halite
                                       4
                             Same as intact halite
                                       1

                                      0.3
                        Same as mean for intact halite
                                      0.2
                        Same as mean for intact halite
Notes:
For each vector, assure that both porosity and permeability always decrease with time.
Sampled values are values sampled for CRA-2104.
Intact halite has material name S_HALITE.
PERMX = PERMY = PERMZ

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Hansen, F.D., Callahan, G.D. and VanSambeek, L.L. 1993. Reconsolidation of Salt as Applied to Permanent Seals for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. SAND93-1348C. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Hansen, F.D., E.H. Ahrens, V.C. Tidwell, J.R. Tillerson, and N.S. Brodsky 1995. Dynamic Compaction of Salt: Initial Demonstration and Performance Testing, Rock Mechanics, Proceedings of the 35th U.S. Symposium, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, June 5-7,1995. Eds. J.J.K. Daemen and R.A. Schultz. Brookfield, VT: A.A.Balkema. 755-760.

Hansen, F.D., and T.W. Thompson 2002. Effective Permeability of the Redesigned Panel Closure System. ERMS 523476. Memorandum to Paul E. Shoemaker dated August 29, 2002. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Hansen, F.D., T. Popp, K. Wieczorek, and D. Stührenberg. 2014. Granular Salt Summary: Reconsolidation Principles and Applications. Fuel Cycle Research & Development Program Report FCRD-UFD-2014-000590 Rev 0. Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy by Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico. July.

Herrick, Courtney 2012. JAS3D Calculations Performed in Support of PCS-2012 PA Paremeters Selections. ERMS 557354. Memorandum to WIPP Records Center. Sandia National Laboratories, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

Holcomb, David J., and Marlene Shields 1987. Hydrostatic Creep Consolidation of Crushed Salt with Added Water. SAND87-1900. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico. October.

Houben, M, C. Spiers and J. Grupa 2011. "Microphysical Modelling of EDZ Healing" in Proceedings 2nd US/German Workshop on Salt Repository Research, Design and Operation, Session 4. Francis D. Hansen, Walter Steininger, and Enrique Biurrun, Editors. SAND2012-1245C. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Howarth, S.M. and T. Christian-Frear 1996. Porosity, Single Phase Permeability, and
Capillary Pressure Data $"om Preliminary Laboratory Experiments on Selected Samples
From Marker Bed 139 at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. DRAFT. SAND94-0472. (Copy on file in the Sandia WIPP Records Center as WO# 38367). Sandia National Laboratories, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

Hurtado, L.D., M.K. Knowles, V.A. Kelly, T.L. Jones, J.B. Ogintz, and T.W. Pfeifle 1997.  WIPP Shaft Seal System Parameters Recommended to Support Compliance Calculations.  SAND97-1287. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

IT Corporation 1987. Laboratory Investigation of Crushed Salt and Consolidation and Fracture Healing. BMI/ONWI-631. Prepared for Office of Nuclear Waste Isolation, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio

Jackson, Dana S. 1985. Petrology, Porosity, and Permeability of Berea Sandstone (Mississippian). Perry Township, Ashland County, Ohio AAPG Bulletin Volume: 69 (1985) Issue: 9. (September)

Kröhn, Klaus-Peter 2015. The Compaction Behavior of Salt Backfill as a THM-Process. Proc. Salt Mechanics VIII, May 26  -  28, 2015. Rapid City, South Dakota.

Mellegard, K., Pfeifle, T. and Hansen, F. 1999. Laboratory Characterization of Mechanical and Permeability Properties of Dynamically Compacted Crushed Salt. SAND98-2046. Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Morgan, H.S., SPDV Test Room Calculation with Reduced Elastic Moduli. Memo to D. E. Munson, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico. March 25, 1987. Cited in Butcher, B.M., and F.T. Mendenhall 1993. SAND92-0427, Appendix A, pp. A67-105. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Olivella, S., and A. Gens 2002. A Constitutive Model for Crushed Salt. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech., 2002; 26, pp. 719-746.

Olivella, S., S. Castagna, E.E. Alonso, and A. Lloret. 2011. Porosity Variations in Saline Media Induced by Temperature Gradients: Experimental Evidences and Modelling. Transport in Porous Media (90) 3,  pp:763 - 777.

Parker, J.C., R.J. Lenhard, and T. Kuppusamy 1987. A Parametric Model for Constitutive
Properties Governing Multiphase Flow in Porous Media. Water Resources Research.
Vol. 23, no. 4, 618-624.

Pettigrew and Associates 1993. Laboratory Test Report, Sieve Analysis of WIPP Salt Backfill. Carlsbad, New Mexico. December.

Pfeifle, T.W., N.S. Brodsky, and D.E. Munson 1998. Experimental Determination of the Relationship between Permability and Microfracture-Induced Damage in Bedded Salt. Proceedings, 3rd North American Rock Mechanics Symposium. Cancun, Quintana Roo, Mexico, June 3-5.

Pfeifle, Thomas W. and L.D. Hurtado 1998. Permeability of Natural Rock Salt From the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) During Damage Evolution and Healing. SAND98-0417C.
 Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Popp, T., H. Kern and O. Schulze 2001. Evolution of Dilatancy and Permeability in Rock Salt during Hydrostatic Compaction and Triaxial Deformation. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 106, No. B3, Pages 4061-4078. March 10, 2001.

Popp, T., W. Minkley, K. Salzer, and O. Schulze 2012. Gas Transport Properties of Rock Salt - Synoptic View. Mechanical Behavior of Salt VII. Edited by P. Berest, M. Ghoreychi, F. Hadj-Hassen, and M. Tijani. Taylor & Francis Group, London N. ISBN 978-0-415-62122-9, 143-153.

Rath, J.R., and J.G. Arguello 2012. Revisiting Historic Numerical Analyses of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Room B and D in-situ Experiments Regarding Thermal and Structural Response. SAND2012-7525. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

RockSol Consulting Group, Inc. 2012. Design Report for a Panel Closure System at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant. Prepared for Nuclear Waste Partnership LLC, Carlsbad, New Mexico. October.

Schenk, O., J.L. Urai, and S. Piazolo 2006. Structure of Grain Boundaries in Wet, Synthetic Polycrystalline, Statically Recrystallising Halite - Evidence from Cryo-SEM Observations. Geofluids 6(1), pp. 93-104.

Shor, A., Baes, C. and Canonico, C. 1981. Consolidation and Permeability of Salt in Brine.
ORNL-5774. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

Spiers, C.J.  C.J. Peach, R.H. Brzesowsky, P.M.T.M. Schutjens, J.L Liezenberg, H.J. Zwart 1988. Long-Term Rheological and Transport Properties of Dry and Wet Salt Rocks. Nuclear Science and Technology, Department of Geology, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Spiers, C.J., P.M.T.M. Schutjens, R.H. Brzesowsky, C.H. Peach, J.L. Liezenberg, and H.J. Zwart 1990. Experimental Determination of Constitutive Parameters Governing Creep of Rocksalt by Pressure Solution. Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics. Edited by R.J. Knipe and E.H. Rutter. Geol. Sci. Spec. Publ., 54. Granular Salt Summary: Reconsolidation Principles and Applications July 24, 2014 7-7

Stormont, J.C. 1990. Gas Permeability Changes in Rock Salt During Deformation, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 1990.

Stormont, J.C. 1997. In Situ Gas Permeability Measurement to Delineate Damage Rock Salt, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science, (34)7, pp 1055  -  1064.

Stormont, J.C., and J.J.K. Daemen. 1992. Laboratory Study of gas Permeability Changes in Rock Salt During Deformation. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science. Geomechanics Abstract., 29, pp. 325-342.

U.S. Department of Energy and Nuclear Waste Partnership, 2012. Class 3 Permit Modification Request to New Mexico Environment Department, Item 1: Modification to the WIPP Panel Closure. WIPP Permit Number NM4890139088-TSDF. Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, Carlsbad, New Mexico. November.

van Genuchten MTh. 1980. A Closed-Form Equation for Predicting the Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils. Soil Sic. Soc. Am. J. 44:892-898.

Vaughn, Palmer, D. Lord, and R. MacKinnon 1995. Record of FEP Screening Work. FEP ID # DR-2 Capillary Action (Wicking) Within the Waste, FEP ID # DR-3 Dynamic Consolidation of the North End and Hallways, FEP ID # DR-6 Brine Puddling in the Repository Due to Heterogeneities, FEP ID # DR-2 Capillary Action (Wicking) Within the Waste, FEP ID # DR-7 Permeability Varying the Consolidation in the Closure Regions, FEP ID # S-6 Dynamic Alteration of the Disturbed Rock Zone/Transition Zone. ERMS 230798. Sandia National Laboratories, Carlsbad, New Mexico.

Webb, S.W. 1992. Uncertainty Estimates for Two-Phase Characteristic Curves for 1992 40 CFR 191 Calculations, Preliminary Performance Assessment for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant December 1992. Memo from S.W. Webb to D.R. Anderson, April 30, 1992.


[Federal Register Volume 87, Number 245 (Thursday, December 22, 2022)]
[Notices]
[Pages 78680-78682]
[FR Doc No: 2022-27858]

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

Combined Notice of Filings #1 Take notice that the Commission
received the following exempt wholesale generator filings:

    Docket Numbers: EG23-32-000.
    Applicants: Diversion Wind Energy Holdings LLC.
    Description: Diversion Wind Energy Holdings LLC submits Notice of
Self-Certification of Exempt Wholesale Generator Status.
    Filed Date: 12/15/22.
    Accession Number: 20221215-5134.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/5/23.

    Docket Numbers: EG23-33-000.
    Applicants: Wagon Wheel Wind Project Holdings LLC.
    Description: Wagon Wheel Wind Project Holdings LLC submits Notice
of Self-Certification of Exempt Wholesale Generator Status.
    Filed Date: 12/15/22.
    Accession Number: 20221215-5144.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/5/23.

    Docket Numbers: EG23-34-000.
    Applicants: Wagon Wheel Wind Project, LLC.
    Description: Wagon Wheel Wind Project, LLC submits Notice of Self-
Certification of Exempt Wholesale Generator Status.
    Filed Date: 12/15/22.
    Accession Number: 20221215-5158.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/5/23.

    Docket Numbers: EG23-35-000.
    Applicants: Diversion Wind Energy LLC.
    Description: Diversion Wind Energy LLC submits Notice of Self-
Certification of Exempt Wholesale Generator Status.

    Filed Date: 12/15/22.
    Accession Number: 20221215-5161.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/5/23.

    Docket Numbers: EG23-36-000.
    Applicants: Paris Farm Solar, LLC.
    Description: Paris Farm Solar, LLC submits Notice of Self-
Certification of Exempt Wholesale Generator Status.
    Filed Date: 12/16/22.
    Accession Number: 20221216-5095.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/6/23.

    Take notice that the Commission received the following electric
rate filings:
    Docket Numbers: ER20-1085-003.
    Applicants: Virginia Electric and Power Company, PJM
Interconnection, L.L.C.
    Description: Compliance filing: Virginia Electric and Power Company
submits tariff filing per 35: Dominion submits Second Order No. 864
Compliance Filing to be effective 1/27/2020.
    Filed Date: 12/15/22.
    Accession Number: 20221215-5154.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/5/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER22-1612-001.
    Applicants: Central Maine Power Company.
    Description: Compliance filing: Compliance Filing-Second Amendment
to Sappi North America, Inc. IA to be effective 11/17/2022.
    Filed Date: 12/16/22.
    Accession Number: 20221216-5157.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/6/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER22-2216-001.
    Applicants: Southwest Power Pool, Inc.
    Description: Compliance filing: Notice of Effective Date--Timing of
the Day-Ahead Supply Adequacy Study to be effective N/A.
    Filed Date: 12/16/22.
    Accession Number: 20221216-5055.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/6/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER22-2726-002.
    Applicants: AEP Texas Inc.
    Description: Tariff Amendment: AEPTX-Electric Transmission Texas
Interconnection Agreement--Amend Pending to be effective 7/29/2022.
    Filed Date: 12/16/22.
    Accession Number: 20221216-5111.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/6/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER22-2922-001.
    Applicants: Southern California Edison Company.
    Description: Tariff Amendment: Response to Deficiency Letter,
TOT381-TOT405 Silver State South Solar_ER22-2290 to be effective 9/24/
2022.
    Filed Date: 12/16/22.
    Accession Number: 20221216-5105.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/6/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER22-2984-001.
    Applicants: PJM Interconnection, L.L.C.
    Description: Tariff Amendment: Responses to Deficiency Letter in
ER22-2984 re Quadrennial Review to be effective 12/1/2022.
    Filed Date: 12/16/22.
    Accession Number: 20221216-5156.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/6/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER23-208-001.
    Applicants: Southwest Power Pool, Inc.
    Description: Tariff Amendment: 1276R29 Evergy Metro NITSA NOA to be
effective 1/1/2023.
    Filed Date: 12/16/22.
    Accession Number: 20221216-5072.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/6/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER23-246-001.
    Applicants: Happy Jack Windpower, LLC.
    Description: Tariff Amendment: Amendment Filing to be effective 12/
28/2022.
    Filed Date: 12/15/22.
    Accession Number: 20221215-5177.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 12/27/22.

    Docket Numbers: ER23-256-001.
    Applicants: Silver Sage Windpower, LLC.
    Description: Tariff Amendment: Amendment Filing to be effective 12/
28/2022.
    Filed Date: 12/15/22.
    Accession Number: 20221215-5162.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/5/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER23-259-001.
    Applicants: Three Buttes Windpower, LLC.
    Description: Tariff Amendment: Amendment Filing to be effective 12/
28/2022.
    Filed Date: 12/15/22.
    Accession Number: 20221215-5199.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/5/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER23-262-001.
    Applicants: Top of the World Wind Energy, LLC.
    Description: Tariff Amendment: Amendment Filing to be effective 12/
28/2022.
    Filed Date: 12/15/22.
    Accession Number: 20221215-5192.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/5/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER23-269-001.
    Applicants: Kit Carson Windpower, LLC.
    Description: Tariff Amendment: Amendment Filing to be effective 12/
28/2022.
    Filed Date: 12/15/22.
    Accession Number: 20221215-5185.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/5/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER23-642-000.
    Applicants: Chaparral Springs, LLC.
    Description: Sec.  205(d) Rate Filing: Certificates of Concurrence
for Shared Facilities Common Ownership Agreements to be effective 12/
16/2022.
    Filed Date: 12/15/22.
    Accession Number: 20221215-5136.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/5/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER23-643-000.
    Applicants: PJM Interconnection, L.L.C.
    Description: Sec.  205(d) Rate Filing: Amendment to ISA, SA No.
5596; Queue No. AD1-020 (amend) to be effective 2/4/2020.
    Filed Date: 12/15/22.
    Accession Number: 20221215-5140.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/5/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER23-644-000.
    Applicants: Diversion Wind Energy LLC.
    Description: Baseline eTariff Filing: Application for Market-Based
Rate Authorization to be effective 2/14/2023.
    Filed Date: 12/15/22.
    Accession Number: 20221215-5169.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/5/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER23-645-000.
    Applicants: Wagon Wheel Wind Project, LLC.
    Description: Baseline eTariff Filing: Application for Market-Based
Rate Authorization to be effective 2/14/2023.
    Filed Date: 12/15/22.
    Accession Number: 20221215-5170.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/5/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER23-646-000.
    Applicants: Wagon Wheel Wind Project Holdings LLC.
    Description: Baseline eTariff Filing: Application for Market-Based
Rate Authorization to be effective 2/14/2023.
    Filed Date: 12/15/22.
    Accession Number: 20221215-5173.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/5/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER23-647-000.
    Applicants: Diversion Wind Energy Holdings LLC.
    Description: Baseline eTariff Filing: Application for Market-Based
Rate Authorization to be effective 2/14/2023.
    Filed Date: 12/15/22.
    Accession Number: 20221215-5188.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/5/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER23-648-000.
    Applicants: Consolidated Power Co., LLC.
    Description: Baseline eTariff Filing: Application for Market Based
Rate to be effective 12/16/2022.
    Filed Date: 12/15/22.
    Accession Number: 20221215-5195.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/5/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER23-649-000.
    Applicants: Tucson Electric Power Company.
    Description: Sec.  205(d) Rate Filing: Concurrence to PNM Rate
Schedule No. 180 to be effective 10/8/2022.
    Filed Date: 12/16/22.

    Accession Number: 20221216-5080.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/6/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER23-650-000.
    Applicants: PJM Interconnection, L.L.C.
    Description: Sec.  205(d) Rate Filing: Original NSA, Service
Agreement No. 6737; Queue No. AE1-160 to be effective 11/16/2022.
    Filed Date: 12/16/22.
    Accession Number: 20221216-5089.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/6/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER23-651-000.
    Applicants: Southwest Power Pool, Inc.
    Description: Sec.  205(d) Rate Filing: 4010 Plum Nellie & ITC Great
Plains Facilities Service Agr to be effective 2/14/2023.
    Filed Date: 12/16/22.
    Accession Number: 20221216-5094.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/6/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER23-652-000.
    Applicants: Happy Solar 1, LLC.
    Description: Baseline eTariff Filing: Petition for MBR Tariff,
Waivers, Blanket Authority, and Expedited Treatment to be effective 2/
1/2023.
    Filed Date: 12/16/22.
    Accession Number: 20221216-5127.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/6/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER23-653-000.
    Applicants: PJM Interconnection, L.L.C.
    Description: Sec.  205(d) Rate Filing: Original ISA No. 6728; Queue
No. AE2-001 to be effective 11/16/2022.
    Filed Date: 12/16/22.
    Accession Number: 20221216-5128.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/6/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER23-654-000.
    Applicants: AEP Ohio Transmission Company, Inc., PJM
Interconnection, L.L.C.
    Description: Sec.  205(d) Rate Filing: AEP Ohio Transmission
Company, Inc. submits tariff filing per 35.13(a)(2)(iii: AEP submits
OHTCo & DP&L Interconnection Agreement SA No. 6581 to be effective 12/
1/2022.
    Filed Date: 12/16/22.
    Accession Number: 20221216-5135.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/6/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER23-655-000.
    Applicants: San Diego Gas & Electric Company.
    Description: Sec.  205(d) Rate Filing: 2023 RS Filing to be
effective 1/1/2023.
    Filed Date: 12/16/22.
    Accession Number: 20221216-5137.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/6/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER23-656-000.
    Applicants: Tri-State Generation and Transmission Association, Inc.
    Description: Sec.  205(d) Rate Filing: Amendment to Rate Schedule
FERC No. 67 to be effective 2/14/2023.
    Filed Date: 12/16/22.
    Accession Number: 20221216-5142.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/6/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER23-657-000.
    Applicants: Sunwave USA Holdings, Inc.
    Description: Tariff Amendment: Sunwave USA MBR Cancellation Filing
to be effective 12/16/2022.
    Filed Date: 12/16/22.
    Accession Number: 20221216-5159.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/6/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER23-658-000.
    Applicants: Sunwave Gas & Power New York, Inc.
    Description: Tariff Amendment: Sunwave GP NY MBR Cancellation
Filing to be effective 12/16/2022.
    Filed Date: 12/16/22.
    Accession Number: 20221216-5160.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/6/23.

    Docket Numbers: ER23-659-000.
    Applicants: Upper Missouri G. & T. Electric Cooperative, Inc.
    Description: Sec.  205(d) Rate Filing: Revisions to FERC Electric
Tariff No. 1--Formula Rate 12.16.22 to be effective 1/1/2023.
    Filed Date: 12/16/22.
    Accession Number: 20221216-5164.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/6/23.

    Take notice that the Commission received the following electric
reliability filings
    Docket Numbers: RD23-3-000.
    Applicants: North American Electric Reliability Corporation.
    Description: The North American Electric Reliability Corporation
submits Petition for Approval of Proposed Reliability Standard CIP-003-
9.
    Filed Date: 12/6/22.
    Accession Number: 20221206-5175.
    Comment Date: 5 p.m. ET 1/5/23.

    The filings are accessible in the Commission's eLibrary system
(https://elibrary.ferc.gov/idmws/search/fercgensearch.asp) by querying
the docket number.
    Any person desiring to intervene or protest in any of the above
proceedings must file in accordance with Rules 211 and 214 of the
Commission's Regulations (18 CFR 385.211 and 385.214) on or before 5:00
p.m. Eastern time on the specified comment date. Protests may be
considered, but intervention is necessary to become a party to the
proceeding.
    eFiling is encouraged. More detailed information relating to filing
requirements, interventions, protests, service, and qualifying
facilities filings can be found at:http://www.ferc.gov/docs-filing/efiling/filing-req.pdf. For other information, call<PHONE_NUMBER>
(toll free). For TTY, call<PHONE_NUMBER>.

    Dated: December 16, 2022.
Debbie-Anne A. Reese,
Deputy Secretary.
[FR Doc. 2022-27858 Filed 12-21-22; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6717-01-P