[Federal Register Volume 78, Number 144 (Friday, July 26, 2013)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 45116-45135]
[FR Doc No: 2013-18028]

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Parts 52 and 81

[EPA-R05-OAR-2011-0868; EPA-R05-OAR-2012-0463; FRL-9837-8]

Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans and
Designation of Areas for Air Quality Planning Purposes; Ohio;
Redesignation of Cleveland-Akron-Lorain Area to Attainment of the 1997
Annual Standard and 2006 24-Hour Standard for Fine Particulate Matter

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Proposed rule.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: EPA is proposing to approve the State of Ohio's requests to
redesignate the Cleveland-Akron-Lorain area (Cleveland Area) to
attainment for the 1997 annual and 2006 24-hour National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS or standards) for fine particulate matter
(PM2.5). EPA's proposed approval involves several additional
related actions. EPA is proposing to determine that the Cleveland area
has attained the 1997 annual and 2006 24-hour PM2.5
standards. EPA is proposing to approve, as revisions to the Ohio state
implementation plan (SIP), the state's plans for maintaining the 1997
annual and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 standards in the area. EPA is
proposing to approve the ammonia, Volatile Organic Compound (VOC),
nitrogen oxide (NOX), direct PM2.5, and sulfur
dioxide (SO2) emission inventories submitted by the State as
meeting the comprehensive emissions inventory requirement of the Clean
Air Act (CAA). Finally, EPA finds adequate and is proposing to approve
Ohio's NOX and direct PM2.5 Motor Vehicle
Emission Budgets (MVEBs) for 2015 and 2022 for the Cleveland area. In
the course of proposing to approve Ohio's request to redesignate the
Cleveland area, EPA addresses a number of additional issues, including
the effects of two decisions of the United States Court of Appeals for
the District of Columbia (D.C. Circuit or Court): The Court's August
21, 2012, decision to vacate and remand to EPA the Cross-State Air
Pollution Rule (CSAPR) and the Court's January 4, 2013, decision to
remand to EPA two final rules implementing the 1997 PM2.5
standard.

DATES: Comments must be received on or before August 26, 2013.

ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID Nos. EPA-R05-
OAR-2011-0868 and EPA-R05-OAR-2012-0463, by one of the following
methods:
    1. www.regulations.gov: Follow the on-line instructions for
submitting comments.
    2. Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>    3. Fax:<PHONE_NUMBER>.
    4. Mail: Doug Aburano, Chief, Attainment Planning and Maintenance
Section, Air Programs Branch (AR-18J), U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 77 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois 60604.
    5. Hand delivery: Doug Aburano, Chief, Attainment Planning and
Maintenance Section, Air Programs Branch (AR-18J), U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 77 West Jackson Boulevard, 18th floor, Chicago,
Illinois 60604. Such deliveries are only accepted during the Regional
Office normal hours of operation, and special arrangements should be
made for deliveries of boxed information. The Regional Office official
hours of business are Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.,
excluding Federal holidays.
    Instructions: Direct your comments to Docket ID Nos. EPA-R05-OAR-
2011-0868 and EPA-R05-OAR-2012-0463. EPA's policy is that all comments
received will be included in the public docket without change and may
be made available online at www.regulations.gov, including any personal
information provided, unless the comment includes information claimed
to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information
whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Do not submit information
that you consider to be CBI or otherwise protected through
www.regulations.gov or email. The www.regulations.gov Web site is an
``anonymous access'' system, which means EPA will not know your
identity or contact information unless you provide it in the body of
your comment. If you send an email comment directly to EPA without
going through www.regulations.gov, your email address will be
automatically captured and included as part of the comment that is
placed in the public docket and made available on the Internet. If you
submit an electronic comment, EPA recommends that you include your name
and other contact information in the body of your comment and with any
disk or CD-ROM you submit. If EPA cannot read your comment due to
technical difficulties and cannot contact you for clarification, EPA
may not be able to consider your comment. Electronic files should avoid
the use of special characters, any form of encryption, and be free of
any defects or viruses. For additional instructions

on submitting comments, go to Section I of this document, ``What Should
I Consider as I Prepare My Comments for EPA?''
    Docket: All documents in the docket are listed in the
www.regulations.gov index. Although listed in the index, some
information is not publicly available, e.g., CBI or other information
whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Certain other material, such
as copyrighted material, will be publicly available only in hard copy.
Publicly available docket materials are available either electronically
in www.regulations.gov or in hard copy at the Environmental Protection
Agency, Region 5, Air and Radiation Division, 77 West Jackson
Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois 60604. This facility is open from 8:30
a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding Federal holidays.
We recommend that you telephone Kathleen D'Agostino, Environmental
Engineer, at<PHONE_NUMBER> before visiting the Region 5 office.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Kathleen D'Agostino, Environmental
Engineer, Attainment Planning and Maintenance Section, Air Programs
Branch (AR-18J), Environmental Protection Agency, Region 5, 77 West
Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois 60604,<PHONE_NUMBER>,
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Throughout this document whenever ``we,''
``us,'' or ``our'' is used, we mean EPA. This supplementary information
section is arranged as follows:

I. What should I consider as I prepare my comments for EPA?
II. What is the background for the proposal?
III. What are the criteria for redesignation to attainment?
IV. What is EPA's analysis of the State's request?
    A. Attainment Determination and Redesignation
    1. The Area Has Attained the 1997 Annual and 2006 24-Hour
PM2.5 NAAQS (Section 107(d)(3)(E)(i))
    2. The Area Has Met All Applicable Requirements Under Section
110 and Part D; and the Area Has a Fully Approved SIP Under Section
110(k) (Sections 107(d)(3)(E)(v) and 107(d)(3)(E)(ii))
    3. The Improvement in Air Quality Is Due to Permanent and
Enforceable Reductions in Emissions Resulting From Implementation of
the SIP and Applicable Federal Air Pollution Control Regulations and
Other Permanent and Enforceable Reductions (Section
107(d)(3)(E)(iii))
    4. The Area Has a Fully Approved Maintenance Plan Pursuant to
Section 175A of the CAA (Section 107(d)(3)(E)(iv))
    B. Comprehensive Emissions Inventories
    C. Ohio's MVEBs
V. Summary of Proposed Actions
VI. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

I. What should I consider as I prepare my comments for EPA?

    When submitting comments, remember to:
    1. Identify the rulemaking by docket number and other identifying
information (subject heading, Federal Register date, and page number).
    2. Follow directions--EPA may ask you to respond to specific
questions or organize comments by referencing a Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR) part or section number.
    3. Explain why you agree or disagree; suggest alternatives and
substitute language for your requested changes.
    4. Describe any assumptions and provide any technical information
and/or data that you used.
    5. If you estimate potential costs or burdens, explain how you
arrived at your estimate in sufficient detail to allow for it to be
reproduced.
    6. Provide specific examples to illustrate your concerns, and
suggest alternatives.
    7. Explain your views as clearly as possible, avoiding the use of
profanity or personal threats.
    8. Make sure to submit your comments by the comment period deadline
identified.

II. What is the background for the proposal?

    Fine particulate pollution can be emitted directly from a source
(primary PM2.5) or formed secondarily through chemical
reactions in the atmosphere involving precursor pollutants emitted from
a variety of sources. Sulfates are a type of secondary particulate
formed from SO2 emissions from power plants and industrial
facilities. Nitrates, another common type of secondary particulate, are
formed from combustion emissions of NOX from power plants,
mobile sources and other combustion sources.
    The first air quality standards for PM2.5 were
promulgated on July 18, 1997, at 62 FR 38652. EPA promulgated an annual
standard at a level of 15 micrograms per cubic meter ([mu]g/m\3\) of
ambient air, based on a three year average of annual mean
PM2.5 concentrations at each monitoring site. In the same
rulemaking, EPA promulgated a 24-hour PM2.5 standard at 65
[mu]g/m\3\, based on a three year average of the 98th percentile of 24-
hour PM2.5 concentrations at each monitoring site.
    On January 5, 2005, at 70 FR 944, EPA published air quality area
designations for the 1997 annual PM2.5 standard based on air
quality data for calendar years 2001-2003. In that rulemaking, EPA
designated the Cleveland area as nonattainment for the 1997
PM2.5 air quality standards (70 FR 995). EPA defined the
Cleveland nonattainment area to include Cuyahoga, Lake, Lorain, Medina,
Portage, and Summit Counties and Ashtabula Township in Ashtabula
County.
    On October 17, 2006, at 71 FR 61144, EPA retained the annual
PM2.5 standard at 15 [mu]g/m\3\ (2006 annual
PM2.5 standard), but revised the 24-hour standard to 35
[mu]g/m\3\, based again on the three year average of the 98th
percentile of 24-hour PM2.5 concentrations at each monitor.
    On November 13, 2009, at 74 FR 58688, EPA published air quality
area designations for the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 standard. In
that rulemaking, EPA designated the Cleveland area as nonattainment for
the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 standard and defined the area to
include Cuyahoga, Lake, Lorain, Medina, Portage, and Summit Counties.
The Ashtabula Township in Ashtabula County was not included as part of
the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 Cleveland nonattainment area.
Ashtabula County was designated as unclassifiable/attainment.
    In response to legal challenges of the 2006 annual PM2.5
standard, the D.C. Circuit remanded this standard to EPA for further
consideration. See American Farm Bureau Federation and National Pork
Producers Council, et al. v. EPA, 559 F.3d 512 (D.C. Cir. 2009). On
December 14, 2012, EPA finalized a rule revising the PM2.5
annual standard to 12 [mu]g/m\3\ based on current scientific evidence
regarding the protection of public health. EPA is not addressing the
2012 annual PM2.5 standard in this proposal.
    On September 14, 2011, at 76 FR 56641, EPA issued a final
determination that the Cleveland area attained the 1997 annual
PM2.5 standard by the applicable attainment date of April 5,
2010, based on certified ambient monitoring data for the 2007-2009
monitoring period.
    On October 5, 2011, the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (Ohio
EPA) submitted a request to EPA to redesignate the Cleveland area to
attainment for the 1997 annual PM2.5 NAAQS, and to approve
the SIP revision containing an emissions inventory, maintenance plan
and MVEBs for the area. On May 30, 2012, Ohio EPA submitted a similar
request for the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 standard. In a
supplemental submission to EPA on April 30, 2013, Ohio provided ammonia
and VOC emissions inventories to

supplement the comprehensive emissions inventories submitted as part of
the redesignation requests.
    In this proposed redesignation, EPA takes into account two recent
decisions of the D.C. Circuit. In the first of the two Court decisions,
the D.C. Circuit, on August 21, 2012, issued EME Homer City Generation,
L.P. v. EPA, 696 F.3d 7 (D.C. Cir. 2012), which vacated and remanded
CSAPR and ordered EPA to continue administering the Clean Air
Interstate Rule (CAIR) ``pending . . . development of a valid
replacement.'' EME Homer City at 38. The D.C. Circuit denied all
petitions for rehearing on January 24, 2013. In the second decision, on
January 4, 2013, in Natural Resources Defense Council v. EPA, the D.C.
Circuit remanded to EPA the ``Final Clean Air Fine Particle
Implementation Rule'' (72 FR 20586, April 25, 2007) and the
``Implementation of the New Source Review (NSR) Program for Particulate
Matter Less than 2.5 Micrometers (PM2.5)'' final rule (73 FR
28321, May 16, 2008). 706 F.3d 428 (D.C. Cir. 2013).

III. What are the criteria for redesignation to attainment?

    The CAA sets forth the requirements for redesignating a
nonattainment area to attainment. Specifically, section 107(d)(3)(E) of
the CAA allows redesignation provided that: (1) The Administrator
determines that the area has attained the applicable NAAQS; (2) the
Administrator has fully approved the applicable SIP for the area under
section 110(k) of the CAA; (3) the Administrator determines that the
improvement in air quality is due to permanent and enforceable
reductions in emissions resulting from the implementation of the
applicable SIP, Federal emission control regulations, and other
permanent and enforceable emission reductions; (4) the Administrator
has fully approved a maintenance plan for the area meeting the
requirements of section 175A of the CAA; and, (5) the state containing
the area has met all requirements applicable to the area for purposes
of redesignation under section 110 and part D of the CAA.

IV. What is EPA's analysis of the State's request?

A. Attainment Determination and Redesignation

    As noted above, on September 14, 2011, EPA determined that the
Cleveland area had attained the 1997 annual PM2.5 standard
by the applicable attainment date. EPA is proposing to determine that
the Cleveland area continues to attain the 1997 annual standard and is
attaining 2006 24-hour PM2.5 standard with certified 2010-
2012 monitoring data. EPA is also proposing to approve Ohio's
maintenance plans for the area and to determine that the area has met
all other applicable redesignation criteria under CAA section
107(d)(3)(E). The basis for EPA's proposed approval of the
redesignation requests is as follows:
1. The Area Has Attained the 1997 Annual and 2006 24-Hour
PM2.5 NAAQS (Section 107(d)(3)(E)(i))
    In this action EPA is proposing to determine that the Cleveland
area continues to attain the 1997 annual PM2.5 NAAQS. An
area may be considered to be attaining the 1997 annual PM2.5
NAAQS if there are no violations, as determined in accordance with 40
CFR 50.7 and part 50, appendix N, based on three complete consecutive
calendar years of quality-assured air quality monitoring data. To
attain this standard, the three year average of annual means must not
exceed 15.0 [mu]g/m\3\ at all relevant monitoring sites in the subject
area. Under 40 CFR part 50, appendix N 4.1, a year of PM2.5
data meets completeness requirements when at least 75 percent of the
scheduled sampling days for each quarter have valid data.
    The redesignation request includes monitoring data for the 2008-
2010 time period. Certified monitoring data are also now available for
the 2009-2011 and 2010-2012 time periods. Table 1, below, provides a
summary of the PM2.5 annual air quality monitoring data for
the years 2008-2012. Table 2, below, provides the three year average of
annual means for the 2008-2010, 2009-2011 and 2010-2012 time periods.

                                            Table 1--Annual Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for the Cleveland Area
                                                                      [[mu]g/m\3\]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                Yearly annual mean
                         County                               Monitor    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                               2008            2009            2010            2011            2012
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cuyahoga................................................     39-035-0034            10.9            10.2            10.9            10.0             9.3
                                                             39-035-0038            14.1            12.8            14.0            12.6            12.3
                                                             39-035-0045            13.7            11.8            13.3            11.9            11.4
                                                             39-035-0060            14.1            12.3            13.7            12.5            12.8
                                                             39-035-0065            14.6            12.4            13.2            12.6            12.3
                                                             39-035-1002            12.0            10.9            11.3            10.4             9.7
Lake....................................................     39-085-0007  ..............            10.4            10.4             9.4             9.0
                                                             39-085-3002            11.5  ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............
Lorain..................................................     39-093-3002            11.4             9.9            10.4             9.4             9.5
Medina..................................................     39-103-0003            11.8            10.8            10.8  ..............  ..............
                                                             39-103-0004  ..............  ..............  ..............            11.0             9.3
Portage.................................................     39-133-0002            12.1            11.1            11.2            10.5             9.3
Summit..................................................     39-153-0017            13.8            12.6            13.4            11.8            10.8
                                                             39-153-0023            12.9            11.4            12.5            11.1            10.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

           Table 2--Three Year Average of the Annual Mean PM2.5 Concentrations for the Cleveland Area
                                                  [[mu]g/m\3\]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                     County                           Monitor        2008-2010       2009-2011       2010-2012
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cuyahoga........................................     39-035-0034            10.7            10.4            10.1
                                                     39-035-0038            13.6            13.1            13.0
                                                     39-035-0045            12.9            12.3            12.2
                                                     39-035-0060            13.4            12.8            13.0

                                                     39-035-0065            13.4            12.7            12.7
                                                     39-035-1002            11.4            10.9            10.5
Lake............................................     39-085-0007            10.8            10.1             9.6
                                                     39-085-3002  ..............  ..............  ..............
Lorain..........................................     39-093-3002            10.6             9.9             9.7
Medina..........................................     39-103-0003            11.1  ..............  ..............
                                                     39-103-0004  ..............  ..............  ..............
Portage.........................................     39-133-0002            11.5            10.9            10.3
Summit..........................................     39-153-0017            13.3            12.6            12.0
                                                     39-153-0023            12.3            11.7            11.2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Two monitors were operated in Lake County during the 2008-2012 time
period. Site 39-085-3002 shut down on December 31, 2008 and site 39-
085-0007 began operating on January 1, 2009. EPA approved the
combination of these monitors for purposes of calculating the design
value.
    The data in Tables 1 and 2 show that all relevant PM2.5
monitors in the Cleveland PM2.5 nonattainment area have
recorded PM2.5 concentrations attaining the 1997 annual
PM2.5 standard during the 2008-2010, 2009-2011, and 2010-
2012 time periods. On September 14, 2011, EPA determined that the
Cleveland area had attained the 1997 annual PM2.5 standard
by the applicable attainment date.
    Site 39-103-0003 in Medina County ceased operation on December 31,
2010, collecting complete data for all quarters in 2008-2010. Site 39-
103-0004 began operation on September 1, 2009. However, because the
site only began submitting data to EPA's Air Quality System in 2011,
three years of data are not available for evaluation. Because the
monitor in Medina County has historically recorded one of the lowest
PM2.5 concentrations in the area, we are confident that EPA
can rely on the other monitors in the area to determine that the area
continues to attain the standard for the 2010-2012 time period.
Therefore, based on complete, quality assured and certified
PM2.5 monitoring data for the most recent, 2010-2012, time
period, EPA concludes that the Cleveland area continues to attain the
1997 annual PM2.5 standard.
    In this action EPA is proposing to determine that the Cleveland
area has attained the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS based on
complete quality assured, certified data for the 2010-2012 monitoring
period. An area may be considered to be attaining the 2006 24-hour
PM2.5 NAAQS if there are no violations, as determined in
accordance with 40 CFR 50.13 and part 50, appendix N, based on three
complete consecutive calendar years of quality-assured air quality
monitoring data. To attain this standard, the three year average of the
98th percentile 24-hour concentration must not exceed 35 [mu]g/m\3\ at
all relevant monitoring sites in the subject area. Under 40 CFR part
50, appendix N 4.1, a year of PM2.5 data meets completeness
requirements when at least 75 percent of the scheduled sampling days
for each quarter have valid data.
    The redesignation request includes monitoring data for the 2008-
2010 time period. Certified monitoring data are also now available for
the 2009-2011 and 2010-2012 time periods. Table 3, below, provides a
summary of the PM2.5 24-hour air quality monitoring data for
the years 2008-2012. Table 4, below, provides the three year average of
98th percentile 24-hour concentrations for the 2008-2010, 2009-2011 and
2010-2012 time periods.

                                      Table 3--98th Percentile 24-Hour PM2.5 Concentrations for the Cleveland Area
                                                                     [[micro]g/m\3\]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                98th percentile 24-hour concentrations
                         County                               Monitor    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                               2008            2009            2010            2011            2012
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cuyahoga................................................     39-035-0034            31.5            24.7            26.8            22.6            19.5
                                                             39-035-0038            39.4            29.9            30.5            29.7            28.8
                                                             39-035-0045            35.3            23.5            32.7            25.2            24.5
                                                             39-035-0060            36.9            28.9            30.9            26.5            33.5
                                                             39-035-0065            33.8            28.9            27.3            27.0            23.3
                                                             39-035-1002            30.1            20.5            26.5            23.9            19.9
Lake....................................................     39-085-0007  ..............            19.8            26.9            23.3            19.4
                                                             39-085-3002            28.0  ..............  ..............  ..............  ..............
Lorain..................................................     39-093-3002            32.1            21.5            24.4            23.1            22.0
Medina..................................................     39-103-0003            30.3            25.7            28.8  ..............  ..............
                                                             39-103-0004  ..............  ..............  ..............            25.0            19.1
Portage.................................................     39-133-0002            29.4            23.8            31.9            23.2            18.2
Summit..................................................     39-153-0017            37.6            29.2            32.7            26.4            20.3
                                                             39-153-0023            32.7            24.8            30.2            24.8            19.8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Table 4--Three Year Average of the 98th Percentile 24-Hour PM2.5 Concentrations for the Cleveland Area
                                                 [[micro]g/m\3\]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                     County                           Monitor        2008-2010       2009-2011       2010-2012
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cuyahoga........................................     39-035-0034              28              25              23
                                                     39-035-0038              33              30              29
                                                     39-035-0045              31              27              27
                                                     39-035-0060              32              29              30
                                                     39-035-0065              30              28              26
                                                     39-035-1002              26              24              23
Lake............................................     39-085-0007              25              23              23
                                                     39-085-3002              25  ..............  ..............
Lorain..........................................     39-093-3002              26              23              23
Medina..........................................     39-103-0003              28  ..............  ..............
                                                     39-103-0004  ..............  ..............  ..............
Portage.........................................     39-133-0002              28              26              24
Summit..........................................     39-153-0017              33              29              26
                                                     39-153-0023              29              27              25
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The data in Tables 3 and 4 show all relevant PM2.5
monitors in the Cleveland PM2.5 nonattainment area have
recorded PM2.5 concentrations attaining the 2006 24-hour
PM2.5 NAAQS during the 2008-2010, 2009-2011, and 2010-2012
time periods. As with the annual standard, EPA combined data from two
monitors in Lake County as Ohio requested. Both of these sites
collected complete monitoring data during the quarters the monitors
were operated.
    As noted previously, two monitors were also operated in Medina
County during the 2008-2012 time period. Site 39-103-0003 ceased
operation on December 31, 2010, collecting complete data for all
quarters in 2008-2010. Site 39-103-0004 began operation on September 1,
2009, began submitting data to EPA's Air Quality System in 2011, and
does not have three years of data available for evaluation. Because the
monitor in Medina County has historically recorded one of the lowest
PM2.5 concentrations in the area, we are confident that EPA
can rely on the other monitors in the area to determine that the area
is attaining the standard for the 2010-2012 time period.
    Data for monitoring site 39-035-0060 are incomplete in 2009.
However, data for the other sites in Cuyahoga County are complete and
well below the 24-hour standard, with the highest 98th percentile 24-
hour concentration being 29.9 [mu]g/m\3\ at site 39-035-0038, the
historical design value site. In addition, complete, quality-assured
and certified PM2.5 monitoring data at site 39-035-0060 for
the most recent, 2010-2012, time period, show attainment of the 2006
24-hour PM2.5 standard. Therefore, based on complete,
quality-assured and certified PM2.5 monitoring data for the
most recent, 2010-2012, time period, EPA concludes that the Cleveland
area is attaining the 2006 24-hour PM2.5 standard.
2. The Area Has Met All Applicable Requirements Under Section 110 and
Part D; and the Area Has a Fully Approved SIP Under Section 110(k)
(Sections 107(d)(3)(E)(v) and 107(d)(3)(E)(ii))
    We have determined that Ohio's SIP meets all applicable SIP
requirements for purposes of redesignation for the Cleveland area under
section 110 of the CAA (general SIP requirements) and all SIP
requirements currently applicable for purposes of redesignation under
part D of title I of the CAA, in accordance with section
107(d)(3)(E)(v). In addition, with the exception of the emissions
inventory under section 172(c)(3), we have approved all applicable
requirements of the Ohio SIP for purposes of redesignation, in
accordance with section 107(d)(3)(E)(ii). As discussed below, in this
action EPA is proposing to approve Ohio's 2005 and 2008 emissions
inventories as meeting the section 172(c)(3) comprehensive emissions
inventory requirement.
    In making these determinations, we have ascertained which SIP
requirements are applicable to the area for purposes of redesignation,
and have determined that there are SIP measures meeting those
requirements and that they are fully approved under section 110(k) of
the CAA.
a. The Cleveland Area Has Met All Applicable Requirements for Purposes
of Redesignation Under Section 110 and Part D of the CAA
i. Section 110 General SIP Requirements
    Section 110(a) of title I of the CAA contains the general
requirements for a SIP. Section 110(a)(2) provides that the
implementation plan submitted by a state must have been adopted by the
state after reasonable public notice and hearing, and, among other
things, must: (1) Include enforceable emission limitations and other
control measures, means or techniques necessary to meet the
requirements of the CAA; (2) provide for establishment and operation of
appropriate devices, methods, systems, and procedures necessary to
monitor ambient air quality; (3) provide for implementation of a source
permit program to regulate the modification and construction of any
stationary source within the areas covered by the plan; (4) include
provisions for the implementation of part C, Prevention of Significant
Deterioration (PSD) and part D, New Source Review (NSR) permit
programs; (5) include criteria for stationary source emission control
measures, monitoring, and reporting; (6) include provisions for air
quality modeling; and, (7) provide for public and local agency
participation in planning and emission control rule development.
    Section 110(a)(2)(D) of the CAA requires that SIPs contain measures
to prevent sources in a state from significantly contributing to air
quality problems in another state. EPA holds that the requirements
linked with a particular nonattainment area's designation are the
relevant measures to evaluate in reviewing a redesignation request. The
transport SIP submittal requirements, where applicable, continue to
apply to a state regardless of the designation of any one particular
area in the state. Thus, we conclude that these requirements should not
be construed to be applicable requirements for purposes of
redesignation.
    Further, we conclude that the other section 110 elements described
above

that are not connected with nonattainment plan submissions and not
linked with an area's attainment status are also not applicable
requirements for purposes of redesignation. A state remains subject to
these requirements after an area is redesignated to attainment. We
conclude that only the section 110 and part D requirements that are
linked with a particular area's designation are the relevant measures
which we may consider in evaluating a redesignation request. This
approach is consistent with EPA's existing policy on applicability of
conformity and oxygenated fuels requirements for redesignation
purposes, as well as with section 184 ozone transport requirements. See
Reading, Pennsylvania, proposed and final rulemakings (61 FR 53174-
53176, October 10, 1996) and (62 FR 24826, May 7, 1997); Cleveland-
Akron-Lorain, Ohio, final rulemaking (61 FR 20458, May 7, 1996); and
Tampa, Florida, final rulemaking (60 FR 62748, December 7, 1995). See
also the discussion on this issue in the Cincinnati, Ohio 1-hour ozone
redesignation (65 FR 37890, June 19, 2000), and in the Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania 1-hour ozone redesignation (66 FR 50399, October 19,
2001).
    We have reviewed the Ohio SIP and have concluded that it meets the
general SIP requirements under section 110 of the CAA to the extent
they are applicable for purposes of redesignation. EPA has previously
approved provisions of Ohio's SIP addressing section 110 requirements,
including provisions addressing particulate matter, at 40 CFR 52.1870.
On December 5, 2007, and September 4, 2009, Ohio made submittals
addressing ``infrastructure SIP'' elements required by section
110(a)(2) of the CAA. EPA approved elements of Ohio's submittals on
July 13, 2011, at 76 FR 41075. The requirements of section 110(a)(2),
however, are statewide requirements that are not linked to the
PM2.5 nonattainment status of the Cleveland area. Therefore,
EPA believes that these SIP elements are not applicable requirements
for purposes of review of the state's PM2.5 redesignation
requests.
ii. Part D Requirements
    EPA is proposing to determine that, upon approval of the base year
emissions inventories discussed in section IV.B. of this rulemaking,
the Ohio SIP will meet the applicable SIP requirements for the
Cleveland area applicable for purposes of redesignation under part D of
the CAA. Subpart 1 of part D, found in sections 172-176 of the CAA,
sets forth the basic nonattainment requirements applicable to all
nonattainment areas. Subpart 4 of part D, found in sections 185-190 of
the CAA, provides more specific requirements for particulate matter
nonattainment areas.
(1) Subpart 1
(a) Section 172 Requirements
    For purposes of evaluating these redesignation requests, the
applicable section 172 SIP requirements for the Cleveland area are
contained in sections 172(c)(1)-(9). A thorough discussion of the
requirements contained in section 172 can be found in the General
Preamble for Implementation of Title I (57 FR 13498, April 16, 1992).
    Section 172(c)(1) requires the plans for all nonattainment areas to
provide for the implementation of all Reasonably Available Control
Measures (RACM) as expeditiously as practicable and to provide for
attainment of the primary NAAQS. EPA interprets this requirement to
impose a duty on all nonattainment areas to consider all available
control measures and to adopt and implement such measures as are
reasonably available for implementation in each area as components of
the area's attainment demonstration. Because attainment has been
reached, no additional measures are needed to provide for attainment,
and section 172(c)(1) requirements are no longer considered to be
applicable as long as the area continues to attain the standard until
redesignation. See 40 CFR 51.1004(c).
    The Reasonable Further Progress (RFP) requirement under section
172(c)(2) is defined as progress that must be made toward attainment.
This requirement is not relevant for purposes of this redesignation
because the Cleveland area is monitoring attainment of the 1997 annual
and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS. Id. The requirement to submit
the section 172(c)(9) contingency measures is similarly not applicable
for purposes of this redesignation. Id.
    Section 172(c)(3) requires submission and approval of a
comprehensive, accurate, and current inventory of actual emissions.
Ohio submitted 2005 and 2008 emissions inventories along with their
redesignation request and supplemented the inventories on April 30,
2013. As discussed below in section IV.B., EPA is proposing to approve
the 2005 and 2008 emission inventories as meeting the section 172(c)(3)
emissions inventory requirement for the Cleveland area.
    Section 172(c)(4) requires the identification and quantification of
allowable emissions for major new and modified stationary sources in an
area, and section 172(c)(5) requires source permits for the
construction and operation of new and modified major stationary sources
anywhere in the nonattainment area. EPA approved Ohio's current NSR
program on January 10, 2003 (68 FR 1366). Nonetheless, since PSD
requirements will apply after redesignation, the area need not have a
fully-approved NSR program for purposes of redesignation, provided that
the area demonstrates maintenance of the NAAQS without part D NSR. A
detailed rationale for this view is described in a memorandum from Mary
Nichols, Assistant Administrator for Air and Radiation, dated October
14, 1994, entitled, ``Part D New Source Review Requirements for Areas
Requesting Redesignation to Attainment.'' Ohio has demonstrated that
the Cleveland area will be able to maintain the standard without part D
NSR in effect; therefore, the state need not have a fully approved part
D NSR program prior to approval of the redesignation request. The
state's PSD program will become effective in the Cleveland area upon
redesignation to attainment. See rulemakings for Detroit, Michigan (60
FR 12467-12468, March 7, 1995); Cleveland-Akron-Lorain, Ohio (61 FR
20458, 20469-20470, May 7, 1996); Louisville, Kentucky (66 FR 53665,
October 23, 2001); and Grand Rapids, Michigan (61 FR 31834-31837, June
21, 1996).
    Section 172(c)(6) requires the SIP to contain control measures
necessary to provide for attainment of the standard. Because attainment
has been reached, no additional measures are needed to provide for
attainment.
    Section 172(c)(7) requires the SIP to meet the applicable
provisions of section 110(a)(2). As noted above, we find that the Ohio
SIP meets the section 110(a)(2) requirements applicable for purposes of
redesignation.
(b) Section 176 Conformity Requirements
    Section 176(c) of the CAA requires states to establish criteria and
procedures to ensure that Federally-supported or funded activities,
including highway projects, conform to the air quality planning goals
in the applicable SIPs. The requirement to determine conformity applies
to transportation plans, programs, and projects developed, funded, or
approved under Title 23 of the U.S. Code and the Federal Transit Act
(transportation conformity) as well as to all other Federally-supported
or funded projects (general conformity).

    Section 176(c) of the CAA was amended by provisions contained in
the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A
Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU), which was signed into law on August 10,
2005 (Pub. L. 109-59). Among the changes Congress made to this section
of the CAA were streamlined requirements for state transportation
conformity SIPs. State transportation conformity regulations must be
consistent with Federal conformity regulations and address three
specific requirements related to consultation, enforcement and
enforceability. EPA believes that it is reasonable to interpret the
transportation conformity SIP requirements as not applying for purposes
of evaluating the redesignation request under section 107(d) for two
reasons.
    First, the requirement to submit SIP revisions to comply with the
transportation conformity provisions of the CAA continues to apply to
areas after redesignation to attainment since such areas would be
subject to a section 175A maintenance plan. Second, EPA's Federal
conformity rules require the performance of conformity analyses in the
absence of Federally-approved state rules. Therefore, because areas are
subject to the transportation conformity requirements regardless of
whether they are redesignated to attainment and, because they must
implement conformity under Federal rules if state rules are not yet
approved, EPA believes it is reasonable to view these requirements as
not applying for purposes of evaluating a redesignation request. See
Wall v. EPA, 265 F.3d 426 (6th Cir. 2001), upholding this
interpretation. See also 60 FR 62748, 62749-62750 (Dec. 7, 1995)
(Tampa, Florida).
    EPA approved Ohio's general conformity SIP on March 11, 1996 (61 FR
9646) and Ohio's transportation conformity SIP on and May 30, 2000 (65
FR 34395), and April 27, 2007 (72 FR 20945). Ohio is in the process of
updating its approved transportation conformity SIP, and EPA will
review its provisions when they are submitted.
    Ohio has submitted onroad MVEBs for the Cleveland area of 1,371.35
tons per year (tpy) and 880.89 tpy primary PM2.5 and
35,094.70 tpy and 17,263.65 tpy NOX for the years 2015 and
2022, respectively. The area must use the MVEBs from the maintenance
plan in any conformity determination that is made on or after the
effective date of the adequacy finding and maintenance plan approval.
(2) Effect of the January 4, 2013, D.C. Circuit Decision Regarding
PM2.5 Implementation Under Subpart 4
(a) Background
    As discussed above, on January 4, 2013, in Natural Resources
Defense Council v. EPA, the D.C. Circuit remanded to EPA the ``Final
Clean Air Fine Particle Implementation Rule'' (72 FR 20586, April 25,
2007) and the ``Implementation of the New Source Review (NSR) Program
for Particulate Matter Less than 2.5 Micrometers (PM2.5)''
final rule (73 FR 28321, May 16, 2008) (collectively, ``1997
PM2.5 Implementation Rule''). 706 F.3d 428 (D.C. Cir. 2013).
The Court found that EPA erred in implementing the 1997
PM2.5 NAAQS pursuant to the general implementation
provisions of subpart 1 of part D of title I of the CAA, rather than
the particulate-matter-specific provisions of subpart 4 of Part D of
Title I. Although the Court's ruling did not directly address the 2006
PM2.5 standard, EPA is taking into account the Court's
position on subpart 4 and the 1997 PM2.5 standard in
evaluating redesignations for the 2006 standard.
(b) Proposal on This Issue
    EPA is proposing to determine that the Court's January 4, 2013,
decision does not prevent EPA from redesignating the Cleveland area to
attainment. Even in light of the Court's decision, redesignation for
this area is appropriate under the CAA and EPA's longstanding
interpretations of the CAA's provisions regarding redesignation. EPA
first explains its longstanding interpretation that requirements that
are imposed, or that become due, after a complete redesignation request
is submitted for an area that is attaining the standard, are not
applicable for purposes of evaluating a redesignation request. Second,
EPA then shows that, even if EPA applies the subpart 4 requirements to
the Cleveland redesignation requests and disregards the provisions of
its 1997 PM2.5 implementation rule recently remanded by the
Court, the state's requests for redesignation of this area still
qualify for approval. EPA's discussion takes into account the effect of
the Court's ruling on the area's maintenance plans, which EPA views as
approvable when subpart 4 requirements are considered.
(i) Applicable Requirements for Purposes of Evaluating the
Redesignation Requests
    With respect to the 1997 PM2.5 Implementation Rule, the
Court's January 4, 2013, ruling rejected EPA's reasons for implementing
the PM2.5 NAAQS solely in accordance with the provisions of
subpart 1, and remanded that matter to EPA, so that it could address
implementation of the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS under subpart 4 of
part D of the CAA, in addition to subpart 1. For the purposes of
evaluating Ohio's redesignation requests for the area, to the extent
that implementation under subpart 4 would impose additional
requirements for areas designated nonattainment, EPA believes that
those requirements are not ``applicable'' for the purposes of CAA
section 107(d)(3)(E), and thus EPA is not required to consider subpart
4 requirements with respect to the Cleveland redesignation. Under its
longstanding interpretation of the CAA, EPA has interpreted section
107(d)(3)(E) to mean, as a threshold matter, that the part D provisions
which are ``applicable'' and which must be approved in order for EPA to
redesignate an area include only those which came due prior to a
state's submittal of a complete redesignation request. See ``Procedures
for Processing Requests to Redesignate Areas to Attainment,''
Memorandum from John Calcagni, Director, Air Quality Management
Division, September 4, 1992 (Calcagni memorandum). See also ``State
Implementation Plan (SIP) Requirements for Areas Submitting Requests
for Redesignation to Attainment of the Ozone and Carbon Monoxide (CO)
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) on or after November 15,
1992,'' Memorandum from Michael Shapiro, Acting Assistant
Administrator, Air and Radiation, September 17, 1993 (Shapiro
memorandum); Final Redesignation of Detroit-Ann Arbor, (60 FR 12459,
12465-66, March 7, 1995); Final Redesignation of St. Louis, Missouri,
(68 FR 25418, 25424-27, May 12, 2003); Sierra Club v. EPA, 375 F.3d
537, 541 (7th Cir. 2004) (upholding EPA's redesignation rulemaking
applying this interpretation and expressly rejecting Sierra Club's view
that the meaning of ``applicable'' under the statute is ``whatever
should have been in the plan at the time of attainment rather than
whatever actually was in the plan and already implemented or due at the
time of attainment'').\1\ In this case, at the time that Ohio submitted
its redesignation requests, requirements under subpart 4

were not due, and indeed, were not yet known to apply.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ Applicable requirements of the CAA that come due subsequent
to the area's submittal of a complete redesignation request remain
applicable until a redesignation is approved, but are not required
as a prerequisite to redesignation. Section 175A(c) of the CAA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA's view that, for purposes of evaluating the Cleveland
redesignation, the subpart 4 requirements were not due at the time the
state submitted the redesignation requests is in keeping with the EPA's
interpretation of subpart 2 requirements for subpart 1 ozone areas
redesignated subsequent to the D.C. Circuit's decision in South Coast
Air Quality Mgmt. Dist. v. EPA, 472 F.3d 882 (D.C. Cir. 2006). In South
Coast, the Court found that EPA was not permitted to implement the 1997
8-hour ozone standard solely under subpart 1, and held that EPA was
required under the statute to implement the standard under the ozone-
specific requirements of subpart 2 as well. Subsequent to the South
Coast decision, in evaluating and acting upon redesignation requests
for the 1997 8-hour ozone standard that were submitted to EPA for areas
under subpart 1, EPA applied its longstanding interpretation of the CAA
that ``applicable requirements'', for purposes of evaluating a
redesignation, are those that had been due at the time the
redesignation request was submitted. See, e.g., Proposed Redesignation
of Manitowoc County and Door County Nonattainment Areas (75 FR 22047,
22050, April 27, 2010). In those actions, EPA therefore did not
consider subpart 2 requirements to be ``applicable'' for the purposes
of evaluating whether the area should be redesignated under section
107(d)(3)(E).
    EPA's interpretation derives from the provisions of CAA Section
107(d)(3). Section 107(d)(3)(E)(v) states that, for an area to be
redesignated, a state must meet ``all requirements `applicable' to the
area under section 110 and part D''. Section 107(d)(3)(E)(ii) provides
that the EPA must have fully approved the ``applicable'' SIP for the
area seeking redesignation. These two sections read together support
EPA's interpretation of ``applicable'' as only those requirements that
came due prior to submission of a complete redesignation request.
First, holding states to an ongoing obligation to adopt new CAA
requirements that arose after the state submitted its redesignation
request, in order to be redesignated, would make it problematic or
impossible for EPA to act on redesignation requests in accordance with
the 18-month deadline Congress set for EPA action in section
107(d)(3)(D). If ``applicable requirements'' were interpreted to be a
continuing flow of requirements with no reasonable limitation, states,
after submitting a redesignation request, would be forced continuously
to make additional SIP submissions that in turn would require EPA to
undertake further notice-and-comment rulemaking actions to act on those
submissions. This would create a regime of unceasing rulemaking that
would delay action on the redesignation request beyond the 18 month
timeframe provided by the CAA for this purpose.
    Second, a fundamental premise for redesignating a nonattainment
area to attainment is that the area has attained the relevant NAAQS due
to emission reductions from existing controls. Thus, an area for which
a redesignation request has been submitted would have already attained
the NAAQS as a result of satisfying statutory requirements that came
due prior to the submission of the request. Absent a showing that
unadopted and unimplemented requirements are necessary for future
maintenance, it is reasonable to view the requirements applicable for
purposes of evaluating the redesignation request as including only
those SIP requirements that have already come due. These are the
requirements that led to attainment of the NAAQS. To require, for
redesignation approval, that a state also satisfy additional SIP
requirements coming due after the state submits its complete
redesignation request, and while EPA is reviewing it, would compel the
state to do more than is necessary to attain the NAAQS, without a
showing that the additional requirements are necessary for maintenance.
    In the context of this redesignation, the timing and nature of the
Court's January 4, 2013, decision in NRDC v. EPA compound the
consequences of imposing requirements that come due after the
redesignation requests are submitted. The state submitted its
redesignation requests on October 5, 2011, and May 30, 2012, but the
Court did not issue its decision remanding EPA's 1997 PM2.5
implementation rule concerning the applicability of the provisions of
subpart 4 until January 2013.
    To require the state's fully-completed and pending redesignation
requests to comply now with requirements of subpart 4 that the Court
announced only in its January, 2013, decision on the 1997
PM2.5 implementation rule, would be to give retroactive
effect to such requirements when the state had no notice that it was
required to meet them. The D.C. Circuit recognized the inequity of this
type of retroactive impact in Sierra Club v. Whitman, 285 F.3d 63 (D.C.
Cir. 2002),\2\ where it upheld the District Court's ruling refusing to
make retroactive EPA's determination that the St. Louis area did not
meet its attainment deadline. In that case, petitioners urged the Court
to make EPA's nonattainment determination effective as of the date that
the statute required, rather than the later date on which EPA actually
made the determination. The Court rejected this view, stating that
applying it ``would likely impose large costs on states, which would
face fines and suits for not implementing air pollution prevention
plans . . . even though they were not on notice at the time.'' Id. at
68. Similarly, it would be unreasonable to penalize the state of Ohio
by rejecting its redesignation requests for an area that is already
attaining the 1997 and 2006 PM2.5 standards and that met all
applicable requirements known to be in effect at the time of the
requests. For EPA now to reject the redesignation requests solely
because the state did not expressly address subpart 4 requirements of
which it had no notice, would inflict the same unfairness condemned by
the Court in Sierra Club v. Whitman.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ Sierra Club v. Whitman was discussed and distinguished in a
recent D.C. Circuit decision that addressed retroactivity in a quite
different context, where, unlike the situation here, EPA sought to
give its regulations retroactive effect. National Petrochemical and
Refiners Ass'n v. EPA. 630 F.3d 145, 163 (D.C. Cir. 2010), rehearing
denied 643 F.3d 958 (D.C. Cir. 2011), cert denied 132 S. Ct. 571
(2011).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

(ii) Subpart 4 Requirements and Ohio's Redesignation Requests
    Even if EPA were to take the view that the Court's January 4, 2013,
decision requires that, in the context of pending redesignations for
the 1997 and 2006 PM2.5 standards, subpart 4 requirements
were due and in effect at the time the state submitted its
redesignation requests, EPA proposes to determine that the Cleveland
area still qualifies for redesignation to attainment. As explained
below, EPA believes that the redesignation request for the Cleveland
area, though not expressed in terms of subpart 4 requirements,
substantively meets the requirements of that subpart for purposes of
redesignating the area to attainment.
    With respect to evaluating the relevant substantive requirements of
subpart 4 for purposes of redesignating the Cleveland area, EPA notes
that subpart 4 incorporates components of subpart 1 of part D, which
contains general air quality planning requirements for areas designated
as nonattainment. See Section 172(c). Subpart 4 itself contains
specific planning and scheduling requirements

for PM10 \3\ nonattainment areas, and under the Court's
January 4, 2013, decision in NRDC v. EPA, these same statutory
requirements also apply for PM2.5 nonattainment areas. EPA
has longstanding general guidance that interprets the 1990 amendments
to the CAA, making recommendations to states for meeting the statutory
requirements for SIPs for nonattainment areas. See, ``State
Implementation Plans; General Preamble for the Implementation of Title
I of the Clear Air Act Amendments of 1990,'' 57 FR 13498 (April 16,
1992) (the ``General Preamble''). In the General Preamble, EPA
discussed the relationship of subpart 1 and subpart 4 SIP requirements,
and pointed out that subpart 1 requirements were to an extent
``subsumed by, or integrally related to, the more specific PM-10
requirements.'' 57 FR 13538 (April 16, 1992). The subpart 1
requirements include, among other things, provisions for attainment
demonstrations, reasonably available control measures (RACM), RFP,
emissions inventories, and contingency measures.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ PM10 refers to particulates nominally 10
micrometers in diameter or smaller.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For the purposes of this redesignation, in order to identify any
additional requirements which would apply under subpart 4, we are
considering the Cleveland area to be a ``moderate'' PM2.5
nonattainment area. Under section 188 of the CAA, all areas designated
nonattainment areas under subpart 4 would initially be classified by
operation of law as ``moderate'' nonattainment areas, and would remain
moderate nonattainment areas unless and until EPA reclassifies the area
as a ``serious'' nonattainment area. Accordingly, EPA believes that it
is appropriate to limit the evaluation of the potential impact of
subpart 4 requirements to those that would be applicable to moderate
nonattainment areas. Sections 189(a) and (c) of subpart 4 apply to
moderate nonattainment areas and include the following: (1) An approved
permit program for construction of new and modified major stationary
sources (section 189(a)(1)(A)); (2) an attainment demonstration
(section 189(a)(1)(B)); (3) provisions for RACM (section 189(a)(1)(C));
and (4) quantitative milestones demonstrating RFP toward attainment by
the applicable attainment date (section 189(c)).
    The permit requirements of subpart 4, as contained in section
189(a)(1)(A), refer to and apply the subpart 1 permit provisions
requirements of sections 172 and 173 to PM10, without adding
to them. Consequently, EPA believes that section 189(a)(1)(A) does not
itself impose for redesignation purposes any additional requirements
for moderate areas beyond those contained in subpart 1.\4\ In any
event, in the context of redesignation, EPA has long relied on the
interpretation that a fully approved nonattainment new source review
program is not considered an applicable requirement for redesignation,
provided the area can maintain the standard with a PSD program after
redesignation. A detailed rationale for this view is described in a
memorandum from Mary Nichols, Assistant Administrator for Air and
Radiation, dated October 14, 1994, entitled, ``Part D New Source Review
Requirements for Areas Requesting Redesignation to Attainment.'' See
also rulemakings for Detroit, Michigan (60 FR 12467-12468, March 7,
1995); Cleveland-Akron-Lorain, Ohio (61 FR 20458, 20469-20470, May 7,
1996); Louisville, Kentucky (66 FR 53665, October 23, 2001); and Grand
Rapids, Michigan (61 FR 31834-31837, June 21, 1996).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ The potential effect of section 189(e) on section
189(a)(1)(A) for purposes of evaluating this redesignation is
discussed below.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    With respect to the specific attainment planning requirements under
subpart 4,\5\ when EPA evaluates a redesignation request under either
subpart 1 and/or 4, any area that is attaining the PM2.5
standard is viewed as having satisfied the attainment planning
requirements for these subparts. For redesignations, EPA has for many
years interpreted attainment-linked requirements as not applicable for
areas attaining the standard. In the General Preamble, EPA stated that:

    \5\ I.e., attainment demonstration, RFP, RACM, milestone
requirements, contingency measures.

    The requirements for RFP will not apply in evaluating a request
for redesignation to attainment since, at a minimum, the air quality
data for the area must show that the area has already attained.
Showing that the State will make RFP towards attainment will,
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
therefore, have no meaning at that point.

``General Preamble for the Interpretation of Title I of the Clean Air
Act Amendments of 1990''; (57 FR 13498, 13564, April 16, 1992).
    The General Preamble also explained that

[t]he section 172(c)(9) requirements are directed at ensuring RFP
and attainment by the applicable date. These requirements no longer
apply when an area has attained the standard and is eligible for
redesignation. Furthermore, section 175A for maintenance plans . . .
provides specific requirements for contingency measures that
effectively supersede the requirements of section 172(c)(9) for
these areas.

Id.
    EPA similarly stated in its 1992 Calcagni memorandum that, ``The
requirements for reasonable further progress and other measures needed
for attainment will not apply for redesignations because they only have
meaning for areas not attaining the standard.''
    It is evident that even if we were to consider the Court's January
4, 2013, decision in NRDC v. EPA to mean that attainment-related
requirements specific to subpart 4 should be imposed retroactively \6\
and thus are now past due, those requirements do not apply to an area
that is attaining the 1997 and 2006 PM2.5 standards, for the
purpose of evaluating a pending request to redesignate the area to
attainment. EPA has consistently enunciated this interpretation of
applicable requirements under section 107(d)(3)(E) since the General
Preamble was published more than twenty years ago. Courts have
recognized the scope of EPA's authority to interpret ``applicable
requirements'' in the redesignation context. See Sierra Club v. EPA,
375 F.3d 537 (7th Cir. 2004).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ As EPA has explained above, we do not believe that the
Court's January 4, 2013 decision should be interpreted so as to
impose these requirements on the states retroactively. Sierra Club
v. Whitman, supra.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Moreover, even outside the context of redesignations, EPA has
viewed the obligations to submit attainment-related SIP planning
requirements of subpart 4 as inapplicable for areas that EPA determines
are attaining the standard. EPA's prior ``Clean Data Policy''
rulemakings for the PM10 NAAQS, also governed by the
requirements of subpart 4, explain EPA's reasoning. They describe the
effects of a determination of attainment on the attainment-related SIP
planning requirements of subpart 4. See ``Determination of Attainment
for Coso Junction Nonattainment Area,'' (75 FR 27944, May 19, 2010).
See also Coso Junction proposed PM10 redesignation, (75 FR
36023, 36027, June 24, 2010); Proposed and Final Determinations of
Attainment for San Joaquin Nonattainment Area (71 FR 40952, 40954-55,
July 19, 2006; and 71 FR 63641, 63643-47 October 30, 2006). In short,
EPA in this context has also long concluded that to require states to
meet superfluous SIP planning requirements is not necessary and not
required by the CAA, so long as those areas continue to attain the
relevant NAAQS.
    Elsewhere in this notice, EPA proposes to determine that the area
has attained the 2006 PM2.5 standard and continues to attain
the 1997 PM2.5 standard. Under its longstanding

interpretation, EPA is proposing to determine here that the area meets
the attainment-related plan requirements of subparts 1 and 4.
    Thus, EPA is proposing to conclude that the requirements to submit
an attainment demonstration under 189(a)(1)(B), a RACM determination
under section 172(c)(1) and section 189(a)(1)(c), a RFP demonstration
under 189(c)(1), and contingency measure requirements under section
172(c)(9) are satisfied for purposes of evaluating the redesignation
requests.
(iii) Subpart 4 and Control of PM2.5 Precursors
    The D.C. Circuit in NRDC v. EPA remanded to EPA the two rules at
issue in the case with instructions to EPA to re-promulgate them
consistent with the requirements of subpart 4. EPA in this section
addresses the Court's opinion with respect to PM2.5
precursors. While past implementation of subpart 4 for PM10
has allowed for control of PM10 precursors such as
NOX from major stationary, mobile, and area sources in order
to attain the standard as expeditiously as practicable, CAA section
189(e) specifically provides that control requirements for major
stationary sources of direct PM10 shall also apply to
PM10 precursors from those sources, except where EPA
determines that major stationary sources of such precursors ``do not
contribute significantly to PM10 levels which exceed the
standard in the area.''
    EPA's 1997 PM2.5 implementation rule, remanded by the
D.C. Circuit, contained rebuttable presumptions concerning certain
PM2.5 precursors applicable to attainment plans and control
measures related to those plans. Specifically, in 40 CFR 51.1002, EPA
provided, among other things, that a state was ``not required to
address VOC [and ammonia] as . . . PM2.5 attainment plan
precursor[s] and to evaluate sources of VOC [and ammonia] emissions in
the State for control measures.'' EPA intended these to be rebuttable
presumptions. EPA established these presumptions at the time because of
uncertainties regarding the emission inventories for these pollutants
and the effectiveness of specific control measures in various regions
of the country in reducing PM2.5 concentrations. EPA also
left open the possibility for such regulation of VOC and ammonia in
specific areas where that was necessary.
    The Court in its January 4, 2013, decision made reference to both
section 189(e) and 40 CFR 51.1002, and stated that, ``In light of our
disposition, we need not address the petitioners' challenge to the
presumptions in [40 CFR 51.1002] that volatile organic compounds and
ammonia are not PM2.5 precursors, as subpart 4 expressly
governs precursor presumptions.'' NRDC v. EPA, at 27, n.10.
    Elsewhere in the Court's opinion, however, the Court observed:

    Ammonia is a precursor to fine particulate matter, making it a
precursor to both PM2.5 and PM10. For a
PM10 nonattainment area governed by subpart 4, a
precursor is presumptively regulated. See 42 U.S.C. 7513a(e)
[section 189(e)].

Id. at 21, n.7.

    For a number of reasons, EPA believes that its proposed
redesignation of the Cleveland area is consistent with the Court's
decision on this aspect of subpart 4. First, while the Court, citing
section 189(e), stated that ``for a PM10 area governed by
subpart 4, a precursor is `presumptively regulated,' '' the Court
expressly declined to decide the specific challenge to EPA's 1997
PM2.5 implementation rule provisions regarding ammonia and
VOC as precursors. The Court had no occasion to reach whether and how
it was substantively necessary to regulate any specific precursor in a
particular PM2.5 nonattainment area, and did not address
what might be necessary for purposes of acting upon a redesignation
request.
    However, even if EPA takes the view that the requirements of
subpart 4 were deemed applicable at the time the state submitted the
redesignation requests, and disregards the implementation rule's
rebuttable presumptions regarding ammonia and VOC as PM2.5
precursors (and any similar provisions reflected in the guidance for
the 2006 PM2.5 standard), the regulatory consequence would
be to consider the need for regulation of all precursors from any
sources in the area to demonstrate attainment and to apply the section
189(e) provisions to major stationary sources of precursors. In the
case of the Cleveland area EPA believes that doing so is consistent
with proposing redesignation of the area for the 1997 and 2006
PM2.5 standards. The Cleveland area has attained the
standards without any specific additional controls of VOC and ammonia
emissions from any sources in the area.
    Precursors in subpart 4 are specifically regulated under the
provisions of section 189(e), which requires, with important
exceptions, control requirements for major stationary sources of
PM10 precursors.\7\ Under subpart 1 and EPA's prior
implementation rule, all major stationary sources of PM2.5
precursors were subject to regulation, with the exception of ammonia
and VOC. Thus we must address here whether additional controls of
ammonia and VOC from major stationary sources are required under
section 189(e) of subpart 4 in order to redesignate the area for the
1997 PM2.5 standard. As explained below, we do not believe
that any additional controls of ammonia and VOC are required in the
context of this redesignation.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ Under either subpart 1 or subpart 4, for purposes of
demonstrating attainment as expeditiously as practicable, a state is
required to evaluate all economically and technologically feasible
control measures for direct PM emissions and precursor emissions,
and adopt those measures that are deemed reasonably available.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In the General Preamble, EPA discusses its approach to implementing
section 189(e). See 57 FR 13538-13542. With regard to precursor
regulation under section 189(e), the General Preamble explicitly stated
that control of VOCs under other CAA requirements may suffice to
relieve a state from the need to adopt precursor controls under section
189(e). 57 FR 13542. EPA in this proposal proposes to determine that
the SIP has met the provisions of section 189(e) with respect to
ammonia and VOCs as precursors. This proposed determination is based on
our findings that (1) the Cleveland area contains no major stationary
sources of ammonia, and (2) existing major stationary sources of VOC
are adequately controlled under other provisions of the CAA regulating
the ozone NAAQS.\8\ In the alternative, EPA proposes to determine that,
under the express exception provisions of section 189(e), and in the
context of the redesignation of the area, which is attaining the 1997
annual PM2.5 standard and the 2006 24-hour standard, at
present ammonia and VOC precursors from major stationary sources do not
contribute significantly to levels exceeding the 1997 PM2.5
standard in the Cleveland area. See 57 FR 13539-42.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ The Cleveland area has reduced VOC emissions through the
implementation of various control programs including VOC Reasonably
Available Control Technology regulations and various onroad and
nonroad motor vehicle control programs.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    EPA notes that its 1997 PM2.5 implementation rule
provisions in 40 CFR 51.1002 were not directed at evaluation of
PM2.5 precursors in the context of redesignation, but at SIP
plans and control measures required to bring a nonattainment area into
attainment of the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS. By contrast,
redesignation to attainment primarily requires the area to have already
attained due to permanent and enforceable emission reductions, and to
demonstrate that controls in place can

continue to maintain the standard. Thus, even if we regard the Court's
January 4, 2013, decision as calling for ``presumptive regulation'' of
ammonia and VOC for PM2.5 under the attainment planning
provisions of subpart 4, those provisions in and of themselves do not
require additional controls of these precursors for an area that
already qualifies for redesignation. Nor does EPA believe that
requiring Ohio to address precursors differently than they have already
would result in a substantively different outcome.
    Although, as EPA has emphasized, its consideration here of
precursor requirements under subpart 4 is in the context of a
redesignation to attainment, EPA's existing interpretation of subpart 4
requirements with respect to precursors in attainment plans for
PM10 contemplates that states may develop attainment plans
that regulate only those precursors that are necessary for purposes of
attainment in the area in question, i.e., states may determine that
only certain precursors need be regulated for attainment and control
purposes.\9\ Courts have upheld this approach to the requirements of
subpart 4 for PM10.\10\ EPA believes that application of
this approach to PM2.5 precursors under subpart 4 is
reasonable. Because the Cleveland area has already attained the 1997
PM2.5 NAAQS with its current approach to regulation of
PM2.5 precursors, EPA believes that it is reasonable to
conclude in the context of this redesignation that there is no need to
revisit the attainment control strategy with respect to the treatment
of precursors. Even if the Court's decision is construed to impose an
obligation, in evaluating these redesignation requests, to consider
additional precursors under subpart 4, it would not affect EPA's
approval here of Ohio's requests for redesignation of the Cleveland
area. In the context of a redesignation, the area has shown that it has
attained the standard. Moreover, the state has shown and EPA has
proposed to determine that attainment in this area is due to permanent
and enforceable emissions reductions on all precursors necessary to
provide for continued attainment. It follows logically that no further
control of additional precursors is necessary. Accordingly, EPA does
not view the January 4, 2013, decision of the Court as precluding
redesignation of the Cleveland area to attainment for the 1997 annual
and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS at this time.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ See, e.g., ``Approval and Promulgation of Implementation
Plans for California--San Joaquin Valley PM-10 Nonattainment Area;
Serious Area Plan for Nonattainment of the 24-Hour and Annual PM-10
Standards,'' 69 FR 30006 (May 26, 2004) (approving a PM10
attainment plan that impose controls on direct PM10 and
NOX emissions and did not impose controls on
SO2, VOC, or ammonia emissions).
    \10\ See, e.g., Assoc. of Irritated Residents v. EPA et al., 423
F.3d 989 (9th Cir. 2005).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In sum, even if Ohio were required to address precursors for the
Cleveland area under subpart 4 rather than under subpart 1, as
interpreted in EPA's remanded PM2.5 implementation rule, EPA
would still conclude that the area had met all applicable requirements
for purposes of redesignation in accordance with section
107(d)(3)(E)(ii) and (v).
(iv) Maintenance Plan and Evaluation of Precursors
    A discussion of the impact of the Court's decision on the
maintenance plan required under sections 175A and 107(d)(3)(E)(iv) can
be found in section IV.A.4.d. below.
b. The Cleveland Area Has a Fully Approved Applicable SIP Under Section
110(k) of the CAA
    Upon final approval of Ohio's comprehensive 2005 and 2008 emissions
inventories, EPA will have fully approved the Ohio SIP for the
Cleveland area under section 110(k) of the CAA for all requirements
applicable for purposes of redesignation. EPA may rely on prior SIP
approvals in approving a redesignation request (See page 3 of the
Calcagni memorandum; Southwestern Pennsylvania Growth Alliance v.
Browner, 144 F.3d 984, 989-990 (6th Cir. 1998); Wall v. EPA, 265 F.3d
426 (6th Cir. 2001)) plus any additional measures it may approve in
conjunction with a redesignation action. See 68 FR 25413, 25426 (May
12, 2003). Since the passage of the CAA of 1970, Ohio has adopted and
submitted, and EPA has fully approved, provisions addressing various
required SIP elements under particulate matter standards. In this
action, EPA is proposing to approve Ohio's 2005 and 2008 emissions
inventories for the Cleveland area as meeting the requirement of
section 172(c)(3) of the CAA. No Cleveland area SIP provisions are
currently disapproved, conditionally approved, or partially approved.
3. The Improvement in Air Quality Is Due to Permanent and Enforceable
Reductions in Emissions Resulting From Implementation of the SIP and
Applicable Federal Air Pollution Control Regulations and Other
Permanent and Enforceable Reductions. (Section 107(d)(3)(E)(iii))
    EPA finds that Ohio has demonstrated that the observed air quality
improvement in the Cleveland area is due to permanent and enforceable
reductions in emissions resulting from implementation of the SIP,
Federal measures, and other state-adopted measures.
    In making this showing, Ohio EPA has calculated the change in
emissions between 2005, one of the years in the period during which the
Cleveland area monitored nonattainment, and 2008, one of the years in
the period during which the Cleveland area monitored attainment. The
reduction in emissions and the corresponding improvement in air quality
over this time period can be attributed to a number of regulatory
control measures that the Cleveland area and upwind areas have
implemented in recent years.
a. Permanent and Enforceable Controls Implemented
    The following is a discussion of permanent and enforceable measures
that have been implemented in the area:
i. Consent Decrees
    Some of the emissions reductions resulting from the consent decrees
occurred during the attainment period, while other reductions will aid
in maintenance of the standards.
    A March 18, 2005, consent decree with Ohio Edison Company required
the Eastlake Power Plant, located in Eastlake, Ohio, to reduce
NOX emissions by 11,000 tpy beginning in 2007. Beginning in
September 2011, the Eastlake plant was only be used for emergency power
purposes. The facility is now scheduled to completely shut down in
2015.
    A December 9, 2005, consent decree required Saint Gobain
Performance Plastics Corporation to pay, in addition to a civil
penalty, $12,000 to Ohio EPA's Clean Diesel School Bus Program Fund.
    A September 30, 2011, consent agreement and final order requires
Potters Industries, Inc. to retrofit a fleet, fleets, or portion
thereof, of diesel buses or diesel vehicles contracted for public use,
located within 50 miles of Cleveland. Potters Industries is required to
spend a minimum of $50,000 and complete the project by May 18, 2012.
    A May 11, 2012, consent order and final judgement between Ohio and
Procex, Ltd. requires several actions by Procex, including implementing
the following no later than November 30, 2012: (1) An air pollution
capture system for the collection of particulate emissions from
emissions units P003, P005, and P007, and associated operations; (2)
ductwork and an exhaust fan to transfer the collected emissions from
the air pollution capture system for all four emissions units to air
pollution

control equipment; and, (3) air pollution control equipment that meets
a total hourly particulate emissions limit of 1.65 pounds/hour. Procex
is also required to contribute $2,000 to Ohio EPA's Clean Diesel School
Bus Program Fund by April 30, 2014.
    A September 28, 2012, consent agreement and final order order with
Charter Manufacturing Company, Inc. requires the following which had
already been completed by Charter Manufacturing: (1) By August 2010,
modification of the existing canopy area to better contain and evacuate
emissions; (2) by June 1, 2012, submission to EPA of a protocol to
performance test the melt shop baghouse; (3) by July 1, 2012,
performance testing of the melt shop baghouse; and, (4) by August 15,
2012, submission to EPA of a report of the performance testing results.
In addition, Charter Manufacturing is required to: (1) Submit an
application to Ohio EPA requesting the conditions and emission rates
associated with stainless steel production be removed from title V and
other air permits; (2) comply with the melt shop baghouse pressure drop
operational and monitoring requirements specified in the administrative
consent order; and, (3) keep the door at the west end of the melt shop
closed, except for times when a scrap car needs to enter or exit the
melt shop.
ii. Federal Emission Control Measures
    Reductions in fine particle precursor emissions have occurred
statewide and in upwind areas as a result of Federal emission control
measures, with additional emission reductions expected to occur in the
future. Federal emission control measures include the following:
    Tier 2 Emission Standards for Vehicles and Gasoline Sulfur
Standards. These emission control requirements result in lower VOC,
NOX, and SO2 emissions from new cars and light
duty trucks. The Federal rules were phased in between 2004 and 2009.
The EPA has estimated that, by the time post-2009 vehicles have
entirely replaced pre-2009 vehicles, the following vehicle
NOX emission reductions will have occurred nationwide:
Passenger cars (light duty vehicles) (77 percent); light duty trucks,
minivans, and sports utility vehicles (86 percent); and, larger sports
utility vehicles, vans, and heavier trucks (69 to 95 percent). Some of
the emissions reductions resulting from new vehicle standards occurred
during the 2008-2010 attainment period; however additional reductions
will continue to occur throughout the maintenance period as new
vehicles replace older vehicles. The Tier 2 standards also reduced the
sulfur content of gasoline to 30 parts per million (ppm) beginning in
January 2006. Gasoline sold in the region including Ohio prior to
implementation of the Tier 2 sulfur content limits had an average
sulfur content of 276 ppm.\11\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \11\ See Regulatory Impact Analysis--Control of Air Pollution
from New Motor Vehicles: Tier 2 Motor Vehicle Emissions Standards
and Gasoline Sulfur Control Requirements, December 1999, EPA420-R-
99-023, p. IV-42.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Rule. This rule, which EPA issued in July
2000, limited the sulfur content of diesel fuel beginning in 2004. A
second phase took effect in 2007 which reduced fine particle emissions
from heavy-duty highway engines and further reduced the highway diesel
fuel sulfur content to 15 ppm. The total program is estimated to
achieve a 90 percent reduction in primary PM2.5 emissions
and a 95 percent reduction in NOX emissions for these new
engines using low sulfur diesel, compared to existing engines using
higher sulfur content diesel. The reductions in fuel sulfur content
occurred by the 2008-2010 attainment period. Some of the emissions
reductions resulting from new vehicle standards occurred during the
2008-2010 attainment period, however additional reductions will
continue to occur throughout the maintenance period as the fleet of
older heavy duty diesel engines turns over. The reduction in fuel
sulfur content also yielded an immediate reduction in sulfate particle
emissions from all diesel vehicles.
    Nonroad Diesel Rule. In May 2004, EPA promulgated a new rule for
large nonroad diesel engines, such as those used in construction,
agriculture, and mining equipment, which established engine emission
standards to be phased in between 2008 and 2014. The rule also required
reductions to the sulfur content in nonroad diesel fuel by over 99
percent. Prior to 2006, nonroad diesel fuel averaged approximately
3,400 ppm sulfur. This rule limited nonroad diesel sulfur content to
500 ppm by 2006, with a further reduction to 15 ppm, by 2010. The
combined engine and fuel rules will reduce NOX and PM
emissions from large nonroad diesel engines by over 90 percent,
compared to current nonroad engines using higher sulfur content diesel.
The reduction in fuel sulfur content yielded an immediate reduction in
sulfate particle emissions from all diesel vehicles. In addition, some
emissions reductions from the new engine emission standards were
realized over the 2008-2010 time period, although most of the
reductions will occur over the maintenance period as the fleet of older
nonroad diesel engines turns over.
    Nonroad Large Spark-Ignition Engine and Recreational Engine
Standards. In November 2002, EPA promulgated emission standards for
groups of previously unregulated nonroad engines. These engines include
large spark-ignition engines such as those used in forklifts and
airport ground-service equipment; recreational vehicles using spark-
ignition engines such as off-highway motorcycles, all-terrain vehicles,
and snowmobiles; and recreational marine diesel engines. Emission
standards from large spark-ignition engines were implemented in two
tiers, with Tier 1 starting in 2004 and Tier 2 in 2007. Recreational
vehicle emission standards are being phased in from 2006 through 2012.
Marine Diesel engine standards were phased in from 2006 through 2009.
With full implementation of all of the nonroad spark-ignition engine
and recreational engine standards, an overall 72 percent reduction in
VOC, 80 percent reduction in NOX and 56 percent reduction in
carbon monoxide (CO) emissions are expected by 2020. Some of these
emission reductions occurred by the 2008-2010 attainment period and
additional emission reductions will occur during the maintenance period
as the fleet turns over.
iii. Control Measures Implemented in Ohio and in Upwind Areas
    Given the significance of sulfates and nitrates in the Cleveland
area, the area's air quality is strongly affected by regulation of
SO2 and NOX emissions from power plants.
    NOX SIP Call. On October 27, 1998 (63 FR 57356), EPA issued a
NOX SIP Call requiring the District of Columbia and 22
states to reduce emissions of NOX. Affected states were
required to comply with Phase I of the SIP Call beginning in 2004, and
Phase II beginning in 2007. Emission reductions resulting from
regulations developed in response to the NOX SIP Call are
permanent and enforceable.
    CAIR and CSAPR. EPA promulgated CSAPR (76 FR 48208, August 8,
2011), to replace CAIR, which has been in place since 2005. See 76 FR
59517. CAIR requires significant reductions in emissions of
SO2 and NOX from electric generating units to
limit the interstate transport of these pollutants and the ozone and
fine particulate matter they form in the atmosphere. See 76 FR 70093.
The D.C. Circuit initially vacated CAIR, North Carolina v. EPA, 531
F.3d 896 (D.C. Cir. 2008), but ultimately remanded the rule to EPA
without vacatur to preserve the environmental

benefits provided by CAIR, North Carolina v. EPA, 550 F.3d 1176, 1178
(D.C. Cir. 2008).
    On December 30, 2011, the D.C. Circuit issued an order addressing
the status of CSAPR and CAIR in response to motions filed by numerous
parties seeking a stay of CSAPR pending judicial review. In that order,
the Court stayed CSAPR pending resolution of the petitions for review
of that rule in EME Homer City Generation, L.P. v. EPA (No. 11-1302 and
consolidated cases). The Court also indicated that EPA was expected to
continue to administer CAIR in the interim until judicial review of
CSAPR was completed.
    On August 21, 2012, the D.C. Circuit issued a decision to vacate
CSAPR. In that decision, it also ordered EPA to continue administering
CAIR ``pending the promulgation of a valid replacement.'' EME Homer
City, 696 F.3d at 38. The D.C. Circuit denied all petitions for
rehearing on January 24, 2013. EPA and other parties filed petitions
for certiorari to the U.S. Supreme Court. On June 24, 2013, the Supreme
Court granted certiorari and agreed to review the D.C. Circuit's
decision in EME Homer City. The Supreme Court's grant of certiorari, by
itself, does not alter the status of CAIR or CSAPR. At this time, CAIR
remains in place.
    In light of these unique circumstances and for the reasons
explained below, to the extent that attainment is due to emission
reductions associated with CAIR, EPA is here proposing to determine
that those reductions are sufficiently permanent and enforceable for
purposes of CAA sections 107(d)(3)(E)(iii) and 175A. EPA therefore
proposes to approve the redesignation requests and the related SIP
revisions for the Cleveland area, including Ohio's plan for maintaining
attainment of the PM2.5 standard.
    As directed by the D.C. Circuit, CAIR remains in place and
enforceable until substituted by a valid replacement rule. Ohio
submitted a CAIR SIP which was approved by EPA on February 1, 2008 (73
FR 6034). On July 15, 2009 Ohio submitted revisions to its CAIR SIP,
which EPA approved on September 25, 2009 (74 FR 48857). In its
redesignation requests, Ohio notes that in 2008 and 2009 facilities
began preparing for and implementing control programs to address CAIR
and consent decrees. Thus, it is likely that some of the emissions
reductions that lead to monitored attainment of the 1997 annual and
2006 24-hour PM2.5 standards in the Cleveland area were due
to sources beginning to comply with CAIR requirements. The quality-
assured, certified monitoring data used to demonstrate the area's
attainment of the 1997 annual and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS
by the attainment deadline was also impacted by CAIR.
    To the extent that Ohio is relying on CAIR in its maintenance plan,
the directive from the D.C. Circuit in EME Homer City ensures that the
reductions associated with CAIR will be permanent and enforceable for
the necessary time period. EPA has been ordered by the Court to develop
a new rule to address interstate transport to replace CSAPR, and the
opinion makes clear that after promulgating that new rule EPA must
provide states an opportunity to draft and submit SIPs to implement
that rule. Thus, CAIR will remain in place until EPA has promulgated a
final rule through a notice-and-comment rulemaking process, states have
had an opportunity to draft and submit SIPs, EPA has reviewed the SIPs
to determine if they can be approved, and EPA has taken action on the
SIPs, including promulgating a FIP if appropriate. The Court's clear
instruction to EPA that it must continue to administer CAIR until a
valid replacement exists provides an additional backstop: By
definition, any rule that replaces CAIR and meets the Court's direction
would require upwind states to have SIPs that eliminate significant
contributions to downwind nonattainment and prevent interference with
maintenance in downwind areas.
    Further, in vacating CSAPR and requiring EPA to continue
administering CAIR, the D.C. Circuit emphasized that the consequences
of vacating CAIR ``might be more severe now in light of the reliance
interests accumulated over the intervening four years.'' EME Homer
City, 696 F.3d at 38. The accumulated reliance interests include the
interests of states who reasonably assumed they could rely on
reductions associated with CAIR which brought certain nonattainment
areas into attainment with the NAAQS. If EPA were prevented from
relying on reductions associated with CAIR in redesignation actions,
states would be forced to impose additional, redundant reductions on
top of those achieved by CAIR. EPA believes this is precisely the type
of irrational result the court sought to avoid by ordering EPA to
continue administering CAIR. For these reasons also, EPA believes it is
appropriate to allow states to rely on CAIR, and the existing emissions
reductions achieved by CAIR, as sufficiently permanent and enforceable
for purposes such as redesignation. Following promulgation of the
replacement rule, EPA will review SIPs as appropriate to identify
whether there are any issues that need to be addressed.
b. Emission Reductions
    Ohio developed annual emissions inventories for NOX,
primary PM2.5, and SO2 for 2005, one of the years
the Cleveland area monitored nonattainment of the 1997 annual and 2006
24-hour PM2.5 standards, and 2008, one of the years the area
monitored attainment of the standards.
    The emission inventories submitted by Ohio EPA were developed with
the assistance of the Lake Michigan Air Directors Consortium (LADCO).
The main purpose of LADCO is to provide technical assessments for and
assistance to its member states on problems of air quality. LADCO's
primary geographic focus is the area encompassed by its member states
(Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio and Wisconsin) and any
areas which affect air quality in its member states.
    The 2005 nonattainment inventory was developed as described below.
Point source emissions for 2005 were compiled by Ohio EPA using source
specific data reported by facilities through the state's STARShip
database program. The data are reported by facilities annually and
include emissions, process rates, operating schedules, emissions
control data and other relevant information. Ohio EPA quality assured
the database files and submitted the data to LADCO for emissions
processing through the Emissions Modeling System (EMS). LADCO used the
Electric Generating Unit (EGU) inventory compiled by EPA's Acid Rain
Program, based on facility reported emissions as measured by continuous
emissions monitors.
    Area source sector emissions were calculated using surrogate
emissions factors based on energy usage, population, employment
records, or other reliable data. Ohio EPA used Emission Inventory
improvement Program methodologies or selected other methodologies which
are shared by other states. The decision of which methodology to use
was largely based on Ohio's data availability.
    Nonroad source sector emissions estimates were generated using
EPA's National Mobile Inventory Model (NMIM), with the following
modifications: Emission factors were added for diesel tampers/rammers;
the PM2.5 ratios in the SCC table were revised to correctly
calculate PM2.5 diesel emissions; and, gasoline parameters,
including Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP), Oxygenate content and sulfur
content, were revised using updates provided by the state and E.H.

Pechan and Associates. Marine, aircraft and rail nonroad emissions were
calculated separately. Contractors were employed by LADCO to estimate
emissions for commercial marine vessels and railroads. Ohio developed
aircraft emissions estimates using AP-42 emission factors and landing
and take-off data provided by the Federal Aviation Administration.
    Onroad mobile source emissions estimates were developed using the
EPA's MOVES2010 model.
    The 2008 attainment year inventory was developed as follows. Point
source emissions for 2008 were compiled from Ohio's STARShip database.
Onroad emissions projections were based on EPA's MOVES2010 model. Area
and nonroad emissions were grown from the 2005 inventory using LADCO's
growth factors.
    NOX, primary PM2.5, and SO2
emissions data are shown in Table 5 below.

                Table 5--Comparison of 2005 and 2008 NOX, Primary PM2.5, and SO2 Emission Totals by Source Sector in Tons per Year (tpy)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                     2005                             2008                     Net change 2005-2008
                        Sector                        --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         PM2.5       NOX        SO2       PM2.5       NOX        SO2       PM2.5       NOX        SO2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Point................................................      1,916     29,699    147,256      2,003     29,280    111,991         87       -419    -35,265
Area.................................................      2,380     10,419        954      2,433     10,527        945         53        108         -9
Nonroad..............................................      1,888     29,286      3,154      1,656     26,148      1,828       -233     -3,138     -1,326
Onroad...............................................      3,022     86,522      1,854      2,556     69,731        556       -466    -16,791     -1,299
                                                      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total............................................      9,206    155,927    153,218      8,648    135,687    115,319       -558    -20,240    -37,899
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Table 5 shows that the Cleveland area reduced primary
PM2.5, NOX, and SO2 emissions by 558
tpy, 20,240 tpy, and 37,899 tpy, respectively, between 2005 and 2008.
Based on the information summarized above, Ohio has adequately
demonstrated that the improvement in air quality is due to permanent
and enforceable emissions reductions.
    On April 30, 2013, Ohio submitted supplemental information
regarding emissions of VOC and ammonia. This information is reviewed
below. However, EPA believes that the improvement in air quality is
attributable to the PM2.5, NOX, and
SO2 emission reductions described above and is not
significantly affected by any changes in VOC or ammonia emissions.
4. The Area Has a Fully Approved Maintenance Plan Pursuant to Section
175A of the CAA (Section 107(d)(3)(E)(iv))
    In conjunction with Ohio's requests to redesignate the Cleveland
nonattainment area to attainment status, Ohio EPA submitted SIP
revisions to provide for maintenance of the 1997 annual and 2006 24-
hour PM2.5 NAAQS in the area through 2022.
a. What is required in a maintenance plan?
    Section 175A of the CAA sets forth the required elements of a
maintenance plan for areas seeking redesignation from nonattainment to
attainment. Under section 175A, the plan must demonstrate continued
attainment of the applicable NAAQS for at least ten years after EPA
approves a redesignation to attainment. Eight years after
redesignation, the state must submit a revised maintenance plan which
demonstrates that attainment will continue to be maintained for ten
years following the initial ten year maintenance period. To address the
possibility of future NAAQS violations, the maintenance plan must
contain contingency measures with a schedule for implementation as EPA
deems necessary to assure prompt correction of any future
PM2.5 violations.
    The September 4, 1992, John Calcagni memorandum provides additional
guidance on the content of a maintenance plan. The memorandum states
that a maintenance plan should address the following items: The
attainment emissions inventories, a maintenance demonstration showing
maintenance for the ten years of the maintenance period, a commitment
to maintain the existing monitoring network, factors and procedures to
be used for verification of continued attainment of the NAAQS, and a
contingency plan to prevent or correct future violations of the NAAQS.
b. Attainment Inventory
    The Ohio EPA developed annual emissions inventories for
NOX, direct PM2.5, and SO2 for 2008,
one of the years the area monitored attainment of the 1997 annual and
2006 24-hour PM2.5 standard, as described in section
IV.A.3.b. The use of an annual inventory is appropriate for both the
annual and 24-hour standard because 24-hour exceedances occur in all
four quarters. The attainment level of emissions is summarized in Table
5, above.
c. Demonstration of Maintenance
    Along with the redesignation requests, Ohio EPA submitted revisions
to the Ohio PM2.5 SIP to include maintenance plans for the
Cleveland area, as required by section 175A of the CAA. Section 175A
requires a state seeking redesignation to attainment to submit a SIP
revision to provide for the maintenance of the NAAQS in the area ``for
at least 10 years after the redesignation.'' EPA has interpreted this
as a showing of maintenance ``for a period of ten years following
redesignation.'' Calcagni Memorandum, p. 9. Where the emissions
inventory method of showing maintenance is used, its purpose is to show
that emissions during the maintenance period will not increase over the
attainment year inventory. Calcagni Memorandum, pp. 9-10.
    As discussed in detail in the section below, Ohio's maintenance
plan submissions expressly document that the area's emissions
inventories will remain below the attainment year inventories through
2022. In addition, for the reasons set forth below, EPA believes that
the state's submissions, in conjunction with additional supporting
information, further demonstrate that the area will continue to
maintain the PM2.5 standard at least through 2023. Thus, if
EPA finalizes its proposed approval of the redesignation requests and
maintenance plans in 2013, it is based on a showing, in accordance with
section 175A, that the state's maintenance plans provide for
maintenance for at least ten years after redesignation.
    Ohio's plans demonstrate maintenance of the 1997 annual and 2006
24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS through 2022 by showing that current and
future emissions of NOX, directly emitted PM2.5
and SO2 for the area remain at or below attainment year
emission levels.

A maintenance demonstration need not be based on modeling. See Wall v.
EPA, 265 F.3d 426 (6th Cir. 2001), Sierra Club v. EPA, 375 F.3d 537
(7th Cir. 2004). See also 66 FR 53094, 53099-53100 (October 19, 2001),
68 FR 25413, 25430-25432 (May 12, 2003). As discussed below, a
comparison of current and future emissions inventories for VOC and
ammonia show significant reductions in VOC emissions and relatively
constant emissions of ammonia, which further support a finding that the
area will continue to maintain the standard.
    For NOX, directly emitted PM2.5, and
SO2, Ohio is using emissions inventory projections for the
years 2015 and 2022 to demonstrate maintenance. The projected emissions
were estimated by Ohio EPA, with assistance from LADCO, The Ohio
Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the Northeast Ohio Areawide
Coordinating Agency (NOACA).
    LADCO has developed growth and control files for point, area and
nonroad categories. These files were used along with LADCO's 2009 and
2018 emission inventories to develop the 2015 and 2022 emissions
estimates. NOACA and ODOT developed onroad emissions projections using
the MOVES model.
    As discussed in section IV.3.a. above, many of the control programs
that helped to bring the area into attainment of the standard will
continue to achieve additional emission reductions over the maintenance
period. These control programs include Tier 2 emission standards for
vehicles and gasoline sulfur standards, the heavy-duty diesel engine
rule, the nonroad diesel rule, and the nonroad large spark-ignition
engine and recreation engine standards. In addition, implementation of
CAIR was assumed in the projections. Emissions data for all sources by
source sector are shown in Tables 6 through 8, below.

  Table 6--Comparison of 2008, 2015, and 2022 NOX Emission Totals by Source Sector (tpy) for the Cleveland Area
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                    Net change                      Net change
             Sector                    2008            2015          2008-2015         2022          2008-2022
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Point...........................          29,280          26,285          -2,995          24,921          -4,359
Area............................          10,527          10,612              84          10,705             178
Nonroad.........................          26,148          17,479          -8,669           9,156         -16,992
Onroad..........................          69,731          30,517         -39,214          15,012         -54,719
                                 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total.......................         135,687          84,892         -50,795          59,794         -75,893
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

     Table 7--Comparison of 2008, 2015, and 2022 Direct PM2.5 Emission Totals by Source Sector (tpy) for the
                                                 Cleveland Area
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                    Net change                      Net change
                                       2008            2015          2008-2015         2022          2008-2022
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Point...........................           2,003           2,111             108           2,242             239
Area............................           2,433           2,421             -12           2,417             -16
Nonroad.........................           1,656           1,187            -469             711            -944
Onroad..........................           2,556           1,192          -1,364             766          -1,790
                                 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total.......................           8,648           6,911          -1,737           6,136          -2,512
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  Table 8--Comparison of 2008, 2015, and 2022 SO2 Emission Totals by Source Sector (tpy) for the Cleveland Area
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                    Net change                      Net change
             Sector                    2008            2015          2008-2015         2022          2008-2022
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Point...........................         111,991          85,877         -26,114          57,024         -54,967
Area............................             945             916             -28             888             -56
Nonroad.........................           1,828             887            -940             409          -1,419
Onroad..........................             556             185            -371             164            -392
                                 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total.......................         115,319          87,866         -27,453          58,486         -56,834
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Tables 6-8 show that emissions of NOX, direct
PM2.5, and SO2 are projected to decrease by
50,795 tpy, 1,737 tpy, and 27,453 tpy, respectively, between 2008 and
2015. In addition, Tables 6-8 show that emissions of NOX,
direct PM2.5, and SO2 are projected to decrease
by 75,893 tpy, 2,512 tpy, and 56,834 tpy, respectively, between 2008
and 2022.
    The rate of decline in emissions of PM2.5,
NOX, and SO2 from the attainment year 2008
through 2022 indicates that emissions inventory levels not only
significantly decline between 2008 and 2022, but that the reductions
will continue in 2023 and beyond. The average annual rate of decline is
7,256 tpy for NOX, 179 tpy for direct PM2.5, and
4,060 tpy for SO2. These rates of decline are consistent
with monitored and projected air quality trends, emissions reductions
achieved through emissions controls and regulations that will remain in
place beyond 2023. Furthermore, fleet turnover in onroad and nonroad
vehicles that will continue to occur after 2022 will continue to
provide additional significant emission reductions.
    In addition, as Tables 2 and 4 demonstrate, monitored
PM2.5 design value concentrations in the Cleveland area are
well below the NAAQS in the years beyond 2008, an attainment year for
the area. Further, those values are

trending downward as time progresses. Based on the future projections
of emissions in 2015 and 2022 showing significant emissions reductions
in direct PM2.5, NOX, and SO2, it is
very unlikely that monitored PM2.5 values in 2023 and beyond
will show violations of the NAAQS. Additionally, the 2010-2012 design
values of 13.0 and 30 [mu]g/m\3\ (for the annual and the 24-hour
standards, respectively) provide a sufficient margin in the unlikely
event emissions rise slightly in the future.
    Based on the information summarized above, Ohio has adequately
demonstrated maintenance of the PM2.5 standard for a period
extending ten years from the date that EPA may be expected to complete
rulemaking on the state's redesignation request.
d. Maintenance Plan and Evaluation of Precursors
    After evaluating the effect of the Court's remand of EPA's
implementation rule, a rule that included presumptions against
consideration of VOC and ammonia as PM2.5 precursors, EPA in
this proposal is also considering the impact of the decision on the
maintenance plans required under sections 175A and 107(d)(3)(E)(iv). To
begin with, EPA notes that the area has attained the 1997 annual and
2006 24-hour PM2.5 standards and that the state has shown
that attainment of that standard is due to permanent and enforceable
emission reductions.
    Based on its review of Ohio's maintenance plan and related
information, EPA believes that the primary influences on future air
quality in the Cleveland area will be emissions of NOX,
directly emitted PM2.5, and SO2. EPA therefore
proposes to determine that the state's maintenance plans show continued
maintenance of the standards by tracking the levels of the pollutants
whose control brought about attainment of the PM2.5
standards in the Cleveland area. Nevertheless, pursuant to the Court's
January 4, 2013, decision, EPA is further assessing the potential role
of VOC and ammonia in achieving continued maintenance in this area. As
explained below, based upon documentation provided by the state and
supporting information, EPA believes that the prospective trends in
emissions of VOC and ammonia are consistent with a finding of continued
maintenance of the standards in the Cleveland area.
    First, as noted above in EPA's discussion of section 189(e), VOC
emission levels in this area have historically been well-controlled
under SIP requirements related to ozone and other pollutants. Second,
total ammonia emissions throughout the Cleveland area are relatively
low, estimated to be less than 13,200 tons per year. See Table 9 below.
This amount of ammonia emissions is small in comparison to the total
amounts of SO2, NOX, and even direct
PM2.5 emissions from sources in the area. Third, as
described below, NOX, SO2, direct
PM2.5 and VOC emissions are expected to decrease over the
maintenance period, and ammonia emissions are projected to increase
only slightly. Thus, future emissions levels are not expected to
interfere with or undermine the state's maintenance demonstrations.
    Ohio's maintenance plans show that emissions of NOX,
direct PM2.5, and SO2 are projected to decrease
by 75,893 tpy, 2,512 tpy, and 56,834 tpy, respectively, over the
maintenance period. See Tables 6-8 above. In addition, emissions
inventories used in the regulatory impact analysis (RIA) for the 2012
PM2.5 NAAQS show that VOC emissions are projected to
decrease by 32,376 tpy, with ammonia emissions increasing by only 93
tpy. While the RIA emissions inventories are only projected out to
2020, there is no reason to believe that these trends would not
continue through 2023.
    Given that the Cleveland area is already attaining the 1997 annual
and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS, even with the current level of
emissions from sources in the area, the overall downward trend in
emissions would be consistent with continued attainment. Indeed,
projected emissions reductions for the precursors that the state is
addressing for purposes of the PM2.5 NAAQS indicate that the
area should continue to attain the NAAQS following the precursor
control strategy that the state has already elected to pursue. Even if
VOC and ammonia emissions were to increase unexpectedly between 2020
and 2025, the overall emissions reductions projected in direct
PM2.5, SO2, and NOX would be
sufficient to offset any increases. For these reasons, EPA believes
that local emissions of all of the potential PM2.5
precursors will not increase to the extent that they will cause
monitored PM2.5 levels to violate the 1997 annual or 2006
24-hour PM2.5 standards during the maintenance period.

                 Table 9--Comparison of 2007 and 2020 VOC and Ammonia Emission Totals by Source Sector (tpy) for the Cleveland Area \12\
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                VOC                                           Ammonia
                                                         -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         Sector                                                             Net change                                      Net change
                                                               2007            2020          2007-2020         2007            2020          2007-2020
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Point...................................................           7,205           7,122             -83              31             165             134
Area....................................................          35,944          36,222             278          11,803          12,336             533
Nonroad.................................................          28,017          13,362         -14,655              23              25               3
Onroad..................................................          29,558          11,642         -17,917           1,234             657            -576
                                                         -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Total...............................................         100,724          68,348         -32,376          13,090          13,184              93
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    In addition,  available air quality modeling analyses show
continued maintenance of the 1997 annual standard during the
maintenance period. Based on 2010-2012 air quality data, the current
design values for the area is 13.0 [mu]g/m\3\, which is well below the
1997 annual PM2.5 NAAQS of 15 [mu]g/m\3\. Moreover, the
modeling analysis conducted for the RIA for the 2012 PM2.5
NAAQS indicates that the annual design value for this area is expected
to continue to decline through 2020. In the RIA analysis, the 2020
modeled annual design value for the Cleveland area is 10.7 [mu]g/m\3\.
Given that overall precursor emissions are projected to decrease
through 2022, it is reasonable to conclude that monitored
PM2.5 levels in this area will also continue to decrease
through the maintenance period.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \12\ These emissions estimates were taken from the emissions
inventories developed for the RIA for the 2012 PM2.5
NAAQS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Thus, EPA believes that there is ample justification to conclude
that the Cleveland area maintenance plans

should be approved, even taking into consideration the emissions of
other precursors potentially relevant to PM2.5. After
consideration of the D.C. Circuit's January 4, 2013, decision, and for
the reasons set forth in this notice, EPA proposes to approve the
state's maintenance plans.
e. Monitoring Network
    Ohio currently operates twelve monitors for purposes of determining
attainment with the 1997 annual and 2006 24-hour PM2.5
standard in the Cleveland area. Ohio EPA has committed to continue to
operate and maintain these monitors and will consult with EPA prior to
making any changes to the existing monitoring network. Ohio EPA remains
obligated to continue to quality assure monitoring data in accordance
with 40 CFR part 58 and enter all data into the AQS in accordance with
Federal guidelines.
f. Verification of Continued Attainment
    Continued attainment of the PM2.5 NAAQS in the Cleveland
area depends, in part, on the state's efforts toward tracking
indicators of continued attainment during the maintenance period.
Ohio's plans for verifying continued attainment of the 1997 annual and
24-hour PM2.5 standards in the Cleveland area consists of
continued ambient PM2.5 monitoring in accordance with the
requirements of 40 CFR part 58. Ohio EPA will also continue to develop
and submit periodic emission inventories as required by the Federal
Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule (codified at 40 CFR part 51
Subpart A) to track future levels of emissions.
g. Contingency Plan
    The contingency plan provisions are designed to promptly correct or
prevent a violation of the NAAQS that might occur after redesignation
of an area to attainment. Section 175A of the CAA requires that a
maintenance plan include such contingency measures as EPA deems
necessary to ensure that the state will promptly correct a violation of
the NAAQS that occurs after redesignation. The maintenance plan should
identify the contingency measures to be adopted, a schedule and
procedure for adoption and implementation of the contingency measures,
and a time limit for action by the state. The state should also
identify specific indicators to be used to determine when the
contingency measures need to be adopted and implemented. The
maintenance plan must include a requirement that the state will
implement all measures with respect to control of the pollutant(s) that
were contained in the SIP before redesignation of the area to
attainment. See section 175A(d) of the CAA.
    As required by section 175A of the CAA, Ohio has adopted
contingency plans for the Cleveland area to address possible future
1997 annual and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 air quality problems.
Ohio's contingency plans include Warning Level Responses and Action
Level Responses. An initial Warning Level Response is triggered when
either 1) the weighted annual mean is equal to or greater than 15.5
[mu]g/m\3\ within the maintenance area in a single calendar year or 2)
a 98th percentile 24-hour PM2.5 concentration of 35.5 [mu]g/
m\3\ or greater occurs within a single year in the maintenance area. If
a Warning Level Response is triggered, a study will be conducted to
determine whether emissions appear to be increasing; whether the trend,
if any, is likely to continue; and, if so what control measures are
necessary to reverse the trend. Should it be determined through the
warning level study that action is necessary to reverse the noted
trend, Ohio will follow the same procedures for control selection and
implementation as for an Action Level Response.
    An Action Level Response will be prompted by any one of the
following: A two year average of the weighted annual means of 15.0
[mu]g/m\3\ or greater; a violation of the 1997 annual PM2.5
standard; a two year average of the 98th percentile 24-hour
PM2.5 concentration of 35.0 [mu]g/m\3\ or greater; or, a
violation of the 24-hour PM2.5 standard. If an Action Level
Response is triggered, Ohio EPA will determine what additional control
measures are needed to assure future attainment of the PM2.5
standards. Selected measures are to be in place within 18 months from
the close of the calendar year that prompted the action level. Ohio EPA
will determine if significant new regulations not currently included as
part of the maintenance provisions will be implemented in a timely
manner so as to constitute the state's response. If such a
determination is made, Ohio will submit to EPA an analysis to
demonstrate the proposed measures are adequate to return the area to
attainment. Ohio EPA included the following list of potential
contingency measures:

    i. Diesel reduction emission strategies;
    ii. Alternative fuel (e.g., liquid propane and compressed
natural gas) and diesel retrofit programs for fleet vehicle
operations;
    iii. Tighter NOX, SO2, or PM2.5
emissions offsets for new and modified major sources;
    iv. Impact crushers located at recycle scrap yards--upgrade wet
suppression;
    v. Concrete manufacturing--upgrade wet suppression; and,
    vi. Additional NOX RACT statewide.

    EPA believes that Ohio's contingency plan satisfies the pertinent
requirements of section 175A(d).
h. Provisions for Future Updates of the Annual PM2.5
Maintenance Plan
    As required by section 175A(b) of the CAA, Ohio commits to submit
to EPA updated maintenance plans eight years after redesignation of the
Cleveland area to attainment of the 1997 annual and 2006 24-hour
PM2.5 standards to cover an additional ten-year period
beyond the initial ten year maintenance period. As required by section
175A of the CAA, Ohio has committed to retain the control measures
contained in the SIP prior to redesignation, and to submit to EPA for
approval as a SIP revision, any changes to its rules or emission limits
applicable to SO2, NOX, or direct
PM2.5 sources as required for maintenance of the 1997 annual
and 2006 24-hour PM2.5 standard in the Cleveland area.
    EPA has concluded that the maintenance plan adequately addresses
the five basic components of a maintenance plan: Attainment inventory,
maintenance demonstration, monitoring network, verification of
continued attainment, and a contingency plan.

B. Comprehensive Emissions Inventories

    As discussed above in section IV.A.2.a.ii., section 173(c)(3) of
the CAA requires areas to submit a comprehensive, accurate and current
emissions inventory. As part of the redesignation request, Ohio
submitted 2005 and 2008 emissions inventories for NOX,
primary PM2.5, and SO2. These emissions
inventories are discussed in section IV.A.3.b., above, and the data are
shown in Table 5.
    On April 30, 2013, Ohio submitted 2007/2008 ammonia and VOC
emissions inventories to supplement the comprehensive emissions
inventories submitted as part of the redesignation requests. These
emissions inventories were developed by LADCO, in conjunction with its
member states, as described below.
    To generate point source emissions estimates, LADCO ran the EMS
model using STARShip data provided by Ohio. For area sources, LADCO ran
the EMS model using the 2008 National Emissions Inventory (NEI) data
provided by Ohio. LADCO followed Eastern Regional Technical Advisory
Committee (ERTAC) recommendations on area sources when preparing the
data. Agricultural ammonia emissions were not taken from NEI; instead

emissions were based on Carnegie Mellon University's Ammonia Emission
Inventory for the Continental United States (CMU). Specifically, the
CMU 2002 annual emissions were grown to reflect 2007 conditions. A
process-based ammonia emissions model developed for LADCO was then used
to develop temporal factors to reflect the impact of average
meteorology on livestock emissions.
    Onroad mobile source emissions were generated using EPA's
MOVES2010a emissions model. Nonroad mobile source emissions were
generated using the NMIM2008 emissions model. LADCO also accounted for
three other nonroad categories not covered by the NMIM model:
Commercial marine vessels, aircraft, and railroads. Marine emissions
were based on reports prepared by Environ entitled ``LADCO Nonroad
Emissions Inventory Project for Locomotive, Commercial Marine, and
Recreational Marine Emission Sources, Final Report, December 2004'' and
``LADCO 2005 Commercial Marine Emissions, Draft, March 2, 2007.''
Aircraft emissions were provided by Ohio and calculated using AP-42
emission factors and landing and take-off data provided by the Federal
Aviation Administration. Rail emissions were based on the 2008
inventory developed by ERTAC.
    EPA notes that the emissions inventory developed by LADCO is
documented in ``Regional Air Quality Analyses for Ozone,