seed contains a nut-like kernel.  It is a thorny little tree whose
zigzag branches with small

leaves up to 5 - 7 m height, with a trunk diameter < 10 cm, and it is
found in almost all of

the regions in dry, moist and wet low and midlands (500 - 2,100m) and
rarely be found in

places up to 2,450 m with a rainfall exceeding 500mm.  Soil pH range
from 6.1 to 7.8,

and can be grown in sandy, sandy loam or clay loam soils.  Recommended
row spacing

are 90 -120 cm.  It can be used as an ornamental.  The tree can produce
fruit at 3 years

old.  The wood is heavy, hard and very durable.  Twigs bear small
scales, spines, 1cm,

thin and straight.  Leaves are up to 7 x 3cm, blue-gray-green, folding
upwards along

midrib with the tip round or notched.  Flowers are very fragrant, small
green-white and 5

-10 mm long.  Fruits are drupes oval to 2.5cm, thin skin red, yellow to
reddish-orange

pulp, around one large seed containing oil.  The seeds are 1.5 cm by 1/0
cm and have a

thousand weight of 600 – 800g.  The fruit can be eaten raw or used to
make beer and the

pulp to make a jelly.  The seed contains non-drying oil up to 60%
suitable for soap,

leather softener, skin ointment, and for lubrication.  The wood is hard
and used for tool

handles.  It is a Florida native and also common in Puerto Rico and the
Virgin Islands.

Blooms spring through fall, with 3 cm berry-like fruit turning from
green to yellow when

mature.  The large seed contains a nut-like kernel that can be roasted.
Fruits are

harvested by hand or by shaking the branches.  The root, bark and leaves
are used for

medicinal purposes.

Tea oil plant:

		The tea oil plant is an exceptionally hardy (USDA Plant Hardiness
Zones 6 – 9), fall blooming, tea-oil that can tolerate temperatures as
low as -10° F.  Smooth, velvety, cinnamon brown bark and fragrant white
flowers appear in the fall and winter garden.  It is a large evergreen
shrub or small flowering tree which can provide garden pleasure
throughout the year.  It can grow to 23 feet tall and 20 feet wide at 50
years with a growth rate of 6-12 inches per year when young and 4-6
inches per year at maturity.  Glossy, deep forest green leaves
approximately 3 inches long and 1.5 inches wide.  Flowers open
sequentially at tips of branches.  The fruit is a shiny green capsule
and the seeds have been utilized in China for more than 1000 years.  Tea
oil is the main cooking oil in China’s southern provinces, especially
Hunan where it is more than 50% of the vegetable cooking oils.  Tea oil
residues have been used for effective control of the following pests:
rice blast, sheath and culm blight of rice, wheat rust, rice hopper,
cutworms, cotton aphids, certain scale insects, long-horned beetles, and
leeches.  Extracts of the seed cake left over after processing are known
to deter larval development in insects.  There is a possibility of
developing new biologically-based pesticides exists for this extract.
Tea oil prefers acidic, well-drained soil with ample organic matter and
consistent moisture. Requires partial shade and flowers best in very
light shade.  Little pruning is required. Plant in a location protected
from early fall frosts to avoid damage to flowers.  The crop roots
easily from cuttings in late spring or early summer in a mixture of sand
and peat under shade.  Camellia oleifera occurs from 18° to 34° North
latitude and grows on acidic soils where January mean temperatures do
not drop below 2°C.  Tea oil is high quality cooking oil which is
comparative to olive oil and it stores well at room temperature.  Oil
content of the seed is 40% to 50% and oleic acid constitutes up to 88%
of the fatty acids.  The triterpenoid saponin from tea oil has been
shown to improve immune function, enhance antibacterial and antiviral
activities, and to have anti-mutation and antioxidation properties in
humans and animals.  Tea oil is a good raw material for industrial uses
and is used to manufacture soap, margarine, hair oil, lubricants, paint,
synthesis of other high-molecular weight compounds, and rustproof oil.
Camellia oil has been proven to have its place in all emulsions used in
the cosmetology and dermatology fields.  Uses include day or night
creams, anti-wrinkle compounds, lipstick, hair creams, make-up, anti-sun
preparations, rouge, and make-up remover products.  Extraction of the
fruit hulls also yields useful compounds such as saponin, tannin, and
pentosan.  Saponin is used as an emulsifying agent in pesticides, for
foam-forming fire extinguishers and in detergents.  Extracts from the
residues of tea oil processing have also been used to feed livestock and
are used to formulate pesticides, feeds, and fertilizers.

Vernonia:

	Vernonia is a perennial herb native to eastern and southeastern parts
of Ethiopia and grows well in North America.  Leaves are alternate and
the flowers are usually purple and in terminal clusters in late summer.
Plant height ranges from 0.2 m to 5.0 m depending on the subspecies and
the geographic location. V. galamensis differs from other annual species
of Vernonia in leaf and flower forms and sizes and grow as an annual
crop.  It is easily cultivated and propagated by division, seeds or
cuttings.  It prefers a sandy loam with a pH ranging from 5.1- 8.5.
There is an advantage to space plants closer to provide support for
other plants.  The days to emergence range from 9 – 11 days, days to
heading 97 – 114, days to flowering 105 – 131 and days to maturity
range from 162 – 257 days.  The closer spacing may also force
flowering on the top and outside canopy, achieving better plant
architecture for ease of harvesting.  Seeds yield in Virginia from 490
– 1934 kg/ha, while in Ethiopia yield can be over 4000 kg/ha.  The
seed contains 38% oil with about 72% as vernolic acid.  It produces oil
high in epoxy fatty acids and is used as drying agent in paints and
plastics and reduces the emissions of volatile chemicals.  The
mid-Atlantic region appears to be feasible.  Further research is needed
on using the defatted meal for livestock feed.

COMPARISON OF HARVESTING, RAW AGRICULTURAL COMMODITY (RAC), EDIBLE
PORTIONS, AND PROCESSED FOOD ITEMS FOR THE OILSEEDS:

	Mechanical harvesting is used for all the oilseed crops, none are hand
harvested, and grain combines are adapted to planting and harvesting
Brassica oilseed crops, as well as the other oilseed crops.  Cotton is
harvested by a stripper or mechanical picker combine.  A two row
stripper harvester can perform at the rate of 1.7 hours/ha, while the
two row picker harvester can perform at 2.3 hours/ha.  A two row spindle
harvester can perform at 1.85 hours/ha (0.75 hours/A).

	The raw agricultural commodity (RAC) and processed foods for all the
commodities in the proposed oilseed crop group are the same.  The
following members of the proposed Oilseed group are listed in the
Residue Chemistry Guidelines, Table 1, OPPTS 860.1000: canola, cotton,
flax, safflower, sesame, and sunflower.  The RAC is the seed and the
processed foods are meal and refined oil (see Table 13).  Most of the
meals are edible to livestock but are not considered significant
feedstuffs because of here limited national production.  Codex guidance
for portion of the commodity to analyze is the seed or kernel after
removal of the shell or husk.

Table 13.  Oilseed Portion Analyzed for the Raw Agricultural Commodity
(RAC) and the Processed Commodity (40CFR Vol. 58, No. 187, 9/29, 1993,
pp. 50888 – 50893. Portion of Food Commodities Analyzed Pesticide
Residues: Proposed Rule), and Table 1 Raw Agricultural and Processed
Commodities Derived from Crops (EPA Residue Chemistry Guidelines OPPTS
860.1000).

Commodity

Portion Analyzed (RAC), Use as a Feedstuff (F)

Processed Commodity and Use as a Feedstuff (F)

Canola

Analyze the seed.

Refined oil

Meal (F)

Cotton

Analyze the undelinted seed (F) and the cotton gin byproducts (F).

Meal (F)

Hulls (F)

Gin byproducts (F)

Refined oil

Flax seed

Analyze the seed.

Meal (F)

Refined oil*

Rapeseed

Analyze the seed and the forage (F).

Meal (F)

Safflower

Analyze the seed.

Meal (F)

Refined oil

Sesame

Analyze the seed.

Refined oil

Sunflower

Analyze the seed.

Meal (F)

Refined oil

All of the other twenty oilseed members**

Analyze the seed

Meal (F)

Refined oil

* Flax seed refined oil is not in the current Table 1, but since the
Table was proposed the refined oil from flax seed solin or linola has
become a popular oil.

** Not all of the edible oils require meal, since they are not
significant livestock feeds.

	Other uses for the specific commodities include the young leaves,
stems, and flowers of borage as a salad garnish; the straw of flax is
used for fiber in garments and linen paper, e.g., cigarette paper; the
flower heads of safflower are used to color and flavor foods; sunflower
seeds are also used as a snack food and as birdseed, as well as an
ornamental flower; safflower seeds are also used as birdseed.  Several
oilseeds such as sunflower are being researched as potential sources of
biodiesel fuel.  Some specific uses of the oilseed crops are listed
below:

Borage:  Borage seed is extracted to make edible oil high in
gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) that has been found to lower cholesterol.
Borage is grown for culinary use in Europe, but little grown presently
in the U.S. for culinary uses.  Only the young leaves are palatable and
used in salads and taste like cucumbers.  In the US, borage is also
grown as an ornamental.  Borage flowers are used for flavoring, mainly
in drinks, such as lemonade and other fruit juice drinks and teas, as
well as an ornamental crop.

Canola:  Canola oil is lower in saturated fats (6 -7%) than any other
vegetable oil such as safflower – 9%, sunflower – 11%, and
cottonseed – 27% (See Figure 2).

Castor oil plant:  Castor oil has medicinal and ornamental uses.  In
Asia the leaves are fed to silkworms and cattle.  Commercially, the oil
is used in paints, plastics, printing inks, cosmetics, greases, and
hydraulic fluids.

Cottonseed:  Cottonseed products derived from the kernel, outer hulls,
and linters have many commercial uses.  The hulls are used for livestock
feed, mulch, poultry litter, oil well drilling mud, and to make furfural
to make synthetic rubber and plastic.  Products from the linters include
cellulose nitrate to make plastics, use in food casings, rayon,
cosmetics, paint, toothpaste (cellulose esters) felts for automobile
upholstery, mattresses, cushions, yarns for lamps , twine and mops,
medical grade cotton balls, paper, use in making film and yarns for
fabrics.  The kernel is used to make the meal and press cake for
livestock feed and fertilizer, fish bait, and crude oil to make refined
oil for salad dressing and cooking oil,, soaps, glycerin for cosmetics,
and fatty acids for soaps, rubber, and pesticides.

Chinese tallowtree:  Chinese tallowtree oil is a source f vegetable
tallow or drying oil and a protein food.  The outer seed coat is a
source of solid fat known as Chinese vegetable tallow and the kernels
produce a drying oil called Stillingia oil.  Candles, soap, varnishes,
and fuel are made from the tallow.

Common evening primrose:  Common evening primrose is an evening
flowering winter biennial herb.  In Canada the seed oil is an approved
dietary supplement.  The oil contains gamma linolenic acid.

Flax:  Two types of flax are grown, the seed flax for oil in its seed
and fiber flax for fiber in the stems.  Flax mostly grown for fiber is
in Europe and Asia.  The fiber is used to make fine linen cloth.  Flax
seed used in a variety of bakery products.  Flax has a high fiber
content and sometimes used as a laxative.  It is used in fruit juice
drinks and sprinkled on cereals or salads.  The recent introduction of
solin (so-lin) which is a low (< 5%) linolenic acid flax may increase
its importance.  Solin oil is good for salad dressing and cooking oil.
Linseed oil, obtained from seed of the flax plant, is primarily used in
industry; but some is used for edible purposes in Eastern Europe.

Gold of Pleasure:  Gold of pleasure or camelina oil is less unsaturated
than linseed (flax) oil and more unsaturated than sunflower or canola
oils.  The balance of saturated vs. unsaturated fats is similar to that
of soybean, but camelina contains significantly higher proportion of
C18:3 fatty acids.  It along with canola and flax is an excellent source
of heart healthy omega-3 fatty acids, and is being used in a wide range
of foods from pure oil, salad dressings, and crushed oilseed cake.  The
oil has an almond or sweet olive - like flavor.  The gold of pleasure
oil has been used in skin care products like creams, in production of
soaps and detergents, in birdseed, as a replacement for marine oils and
as a natural source of antioxidants as gamma- tocopherols, and is being
researched as a source of liquid biofuels, and as an ingredient for fish
food.

Mustard Seed:  Besides being grown for oil, mustard produces  four types
of condiment mustard-whole mustard seed; ground mustard mainly for the
meat industry; mustard flour for sauces, salad dressings, baked beans,
and Chinese or hot English mustard; and oleoresin mustard.

Oil radish:  The oil radish, young flower clusters can be eaten raw or
cooked.  A spicy flavor with a crisp pleasant texture, they make a nice
addition to salads or can be used as a broccoli substitute.  They have a
hot spicy flavor and go well in salads.  Young seed pods can be eaten
raw.

Safflower: Safflower is grown for its edible oil and use as birdseed.
It is excellent for cooking oil.

Sunflower:  Sunflower oil is light in taste and has more vitamin E than
any other vegetable oil and is good for frying and has health benefits.
It is a combination of monosaturated and polysaturated fats with low
saturated fat levels (< 11%) see figure --.  There are three types of
sunflower oil (National Sunflower Association) and are called NuSun®,
linoleic, and high oleic acid content each developed by plant breeders.
Sunflower oil – only safflower oil contains a higher level of linoleic
cid.  The main use of sunflower oil is as a salad oil and some in
margarine.  NuSun® oil is also used for frying, baking, popping corn,
and for deep frying.  Industrial uses of sunflower oil are for paints,
plastics, soaps, detergents, and as a pesticide carrier, surfactant and
lubricant.  The non-oil sunflower varieties with larger seeds are used.

Tea oil plant:  Tea oil is the main cooking oil in China’s southern
provinces, especially Hunan where more than 50% of the vegetable cooking
oil is from tea oil plant.  Seeds are cold pressed to make the pale
amber green oil.  Also used for stir frying, salad dressings, condiments
and marinade.

Processing of the Oilseed Crops for Their Oil:

	Oilseed crops are processed by one of three methods.  The methods are
batch hydraulic pressing in which the oil is expressed by hydraulic
pressure at a high temperature; continuous mechanical pressing a cold
press method; and the third is by solvent extraction followed by
boiling, bleaching, deodorizing, and heating to remove the solvents.
Since the processing methods are fairly similar the processing of three
crops: canola, cotton, and sunflower are discussed below:

Canola oil: -

	Canola seeds are crushed into an oil and meal.  Clean seed which will
be processed into oil and meal is first preconditioned with mild heat
and then crushed and flaked for oil recovery.  Then the canola flakes
are prepressed in screw presses or expellers to reduce the oil content
from about 42% in the seed to between 16 – 20%.  Screw pressing
compresses the flakes into denser flakes called press cake.  The press
cake is either subjected to a solvent extraction with hexane or a cold
pressed or expeller pressed without solvents.  Oil extraction with
hexane is approximately 96%.  Cold pressed canola oil is generally
marketed in specialty food stores.  Impurities from the crude oil re
removed and then bleached to a purer color and then deodorization by
steam distillation to remove any residual compounds such as chlorophyll
which could affect the taste and odor of the oil.  This oil is then
called refined and is used as a salad or cooking oil.  Canola meal
commonly used in livestock feeds.

Cottonseed oil:

	After harvest the cotton bales are taken to the cottonseed processors
for the first step to clean seeds to remove leaves, stems, broken bolls
or sand picked up from the fields.  After screening the trash, the seed
go to the lint room where short fibers (linters) are removed and the
seeds separated.  After the linters are removed the seed moves to the
hullers, who cut off the hulls and the seeds pass through a series of
screens and shakers.  The hulls are bagged and saved for other uses, and
the seed kernels are ready for oil extraction.  Oil is removed by
mechanical screw, by solvent extraction or a combination of the two
processes.  The kernels are rolled into flakes and move to a cooker or
conditioner where the moisture is reduced.  The flakes then are exposed
to high pressure and the oil is forced from the kernel, where the oil is
then piped through a filter to remove impurities.  The extracted flakes
are cut and ground into a meal used for livestock feed.  The meal
contains about 3-4% oil.  If the cottonseed is extracted by a solvent
such as hexane it is then put through a series of evaporators to remove
the solvent.  Extracted flakes are then put through a deodorizer to
remove the last traces of solvent.  He flakes can be ground or toasted
and ground into meal or processed into pellets.  The crude cottonseed
oil then is refined by adding sodium hydroxide and removes impurities
and soapstock that are separated form the oil.  Most cottonseed oil is
bleached to remove coloring agents and is then filtered.  It is then
deodorized with steam under a partial vacuum to remove any off flavors.

Sunflower oil:

	First processing step is to dehull the seeds and the hulls can be used
for livestock feed or as a fuel source.  The sunflower seeds are crushed
and then extracted with hexane.  The kernels are then flaked and pressed
containing 15 – 20% oil.  The resultant meal contains about 1.5% oil.
The next step is degumming the crude oil by removing the phosphatides
with hot water and centrifugation.  The oil is then refined by caustic
refining or by physical refining.  The caustic refining by low
temperatures removes waxes and physical refining by steam by adding
phosphoric acid and then bleach.  Additional dewaxing and deodorization
is then completed to further refine the oil.

LIVESTOCK FEED ITEMS:

	There are livestock feed items associated with many of the oilseed
crops.  Most have a meal high in protein used for a feedstuff (See Table
13).  Besides the meal, cotton has hulls and gin byproducts as animal
feed items.  Rapeseed, non-canola varieties also has forage as a
feedstuff.  While some of the oilseeds have other items that can be feed
to livestock like sunflower hulls, they are considered insignificant
feedstuffs (Table 1 Raw Agricultural and Processed Commodities Derived
from Crops EPA Residue Chemistry Guidelines OPPTS 860.1000).  The
oilseed crops that meet the criteria for significant livestock feeds are
canola, flax, safflower, sunflower, and cotton.  The main livestock feed
items for most of the members of the proposed crop group would be the
meal.

	The meal of oilseeds is a very valuable livestock feed.  Crambe meal at
a concentration not to exceed 4.2% of the ration can be used as beef
cattle feed.  With precooking during processing or other methods to
reduce glucosinolates, the meal can be used for all livestock and
poultry.  Many oilseed meals such as sunflower or cotton can substitute
for soybean meal for a protein source of livestock diet.  Sunflower
hulls can be used as roughage, and its seeds are also consumed as nuts
with the non-oil varieties for human food and feeding birds.
Sunflowers can also be used as silage crop and can be doubled cropped in
areas with small grains or vegetables and the season is too short to
produce mature corn for silage.  Sunflower, safflower, Niger seed, and
flax seed are also used as birdseed.

PEST PROBLEMS:  (Developed from USDA Crop Profiles from AL, AR, AZ, CA,
GA, KS, LA, MN, MO, MS. MT, NB, NC, OK, OR, SD, TN, and TX, Extension
Bulletins, and Research Literature).

	The proposed members of the Oilseed Crop Group share many of the same
pest problems.  Because of the similarity in the botany, cultivars and
culture among these crops, they have similar pest problems in both the U
S and Canada.  This further justifies the need to increase the
harmonization of crop groups and pesticides’ tolerances, because the
availability of adequate pest control measures could also prevent the
spread of new pests across the border.  Availability of a similar set of
pest control options for the U S and Canada would be useful in promoting
integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for the oilseeds.

	All of the commodities are generally weak competitors with both grassy
and broadleaf weeds at germination and early growth development stages.
Oilseeds all share the same annual and perennial grassy and broadleaf
weed problems because of their similarities in cultural practices such
as their seeding methods.  Some of these pests will be listed.  The
Brassicas (rapeseed, mustard, and crambe) share the same plant diseases
as flax (Fusarium wilt, aster yellows, rusts, Sclerotinia  white mold,
Alternaria stem rot, etc.), and seed diseases (damping off, Phytophtora
root rot, etc.), and insect problems (cutworms, maggots, wireworms) are
common to all the seeds of this proposed group.  Insects that attack the
leaves and flowers are also common to most members of the group such as
grasshoppers, aphids, thistle caterpillars, armyworms, flea beetles, and
weevils.  Nematodes are also a problem and include root knot nematode;
leaf and stem nematode, cyst nematode, root lesion, and dagger nematode.
 Weeds include quackgrass; foxtail, barnyardgrass, Bermudagrass,
Johnsongrass, and many broadleaf annual, biennial, and perennial weeds
such henbit, chickweed, dandelion, lambsquarter, nettle, wild carrot,
burdock, hairy nightshade, mustards, common purslane, morningglory,
plantains, ragweed, cocklebur, nutsedge, and redroot pigweed.  Animal
pest problems include meadow voles, birds, squirrels, deer, raccoons,
bears, and rabbits.

	Proposed oilseed commodities that are being added to the crop group
share many of the same pest problems because of their similar cultural
practices and their highly desirable seeds to many pests.

	The three subgroups also share many similar pest problems.  From the
available information collected, major pest species associated with the
Rapeseed Subgroup are insect pests such as aphids, Aster leafhopper,
flea beetles diamondback moth; cabbage seedpod weevil, crucifer flea
beetle, armyworm, cutworms, grasshoppers, blister beetles, cabbage
aphids, and lygus bugs; diseases such as Aster yellows, root rot,
Sclerotinia stalk rot, black leg disease (Leptosphaeria maculans),
Sclerotinia stem rot, Alternaria black spot, white rust, and downy
mildew; and weeds including annual grass weeds, annual broadleaf weeds
and perennial weeds such as Canada thistle, barnyardgrass, and wild
oats.  Seed treatments are also necessary for the subgroups.  The
Sunflower subgroup: has insect pests such as cutworms, grasshoppers,
mole crickets, scabs, sunflower head moth, wireworm, maggot, sunflower
beetles, spotted sunflower stem weevil, and banded sunflower moth;
diseases such as Sclerotinia diseases (stem and root rots), Rhizopus
head rot, red rust (Puccinia helianthi) , Alternaria diseases (leaf
spots), mildew, white mold, and weeds including foxtail species, kochia,
wild mustard, lambsquarter, thistle, and some annual weed species.  Stem
borers, foliage eaters, bollworm, aphids, whiteflies, leafworm, bird
control is difficult.  Also viruses like aster yellow virus, and tobacco
curl virus.  Weeds are a major problem for reducing sunflower yields.
Birds are major pests by eating the exposed seeds, deer, rabbits, and
mice are also pests.  The Cottonseed subgroup pests include insects such
as boll weevil, bollworm, fleahoppers, aphids, and thrips, as well as
some occasional species such as cutworms, beet armyworms, spider mites,
and other foliage feeders; diseases such as bacterial blight, cotton
root rot, Fusarium wilt, and nematodes; and weeds including winter
annuals, summer annuals, and perennials species.

	Information on pest problems in some of the other members of the
oilseed crop group is:

	Niger seed has many weed pest problems including grassy and broadleaf
weeds.  Leaf eating caterpillars, aphids, mole crickets, grasshoppers,
and cutworms are often pests.  Bollworms and leaf worms, thrips and
aphids may damage the flower head.  Diseases include leaf spots
(Cercospora and Alternaria spp.).  Also bacterial blight (Pseudomonas
spp.) and a root rot (Phytophthora spp.) and powdery mildew has been
reported as problems.  Birds are also pests to the exposed seed heads.

	Jojoba – Weed control is needed during establishment of the crop.
Insect pests are scales, mealy bugs, and false cinch bugs, browsing
animals are a threat as well as rodents that eat the seeds, and ants
that remove leaves of seedlings. Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp. can
be very damaging seedling diseases.

	Castor oil plant - seedling diseases need control similar to other
oilseeds such as Fusarium spp., Fusarium spp., and Phytophthora spp.
Leaf spots and rust diseases can cause damage.  Southeastern U.S. seed
capsules and cotton root rot are attacked by Alternaria spp. and
Botryris spp. Weeds are major problem when establishing crop, especially
for dwarf varieties.  It is attacked by many insect pests such as the
sucking bugs, stem borers, cutworms, mole crickets and grasshoppers,
bollworms.

	Crambe – false cinch bug, moths, flea beetle aphids, lygus bug,
similar to canola in pest problems like clubroot, stem rot, leaf black
spot weeds such as ragweed, pigweed, kochia, lambsquarter, and foxtail
can be a major problem, as well as being susceptible to turnip mosaic
virus.

	Flax - has weeds such as both grassy and broadleaf as a major problem.
Disease problems include rust, wilt, root rot, seedling blight and aster
yellows.  Common insect pests are cutworms, armyworms, wireworms,
aphids, aster leafhopper, mites, grubs, tarnished plant bug,
grasshopper, and the beet webworm.

	Gold of Pleasure – pest problems include downy mildew, turnip mosaic
virus, flea beetle, and the same weed problems as canola.  Weed problems
include wild mustards sow thistle, and the perennial and biennial weeds
are harder to control.

	Mustard seed – pests include seedpod weevil, aphid, cutworm,
wireworms, cabbage maggot, looper, and several annual and perennial
broadleaf weeds and grasses.

	Meadowfoam – flies (Scaptomyza) , grey mold (Botrytis cinerea) and
weeds need to be controlled.

	Oil radish has several fungal diseases such as clubfoot and insects
such as cabbage root maggot and the flea beetle.

	Safflower – aphids, lygus bugs, mites, leafworm (Spordoptera litura)
attacks lower leaves; cutworms (Agrotis spp.) stem borers can also cause
significant damage, bollworms are common pests.  Plant parasites
occasionally cause important (Orobanche spp.)  Diseases wide range of
seed and leaf diseases such as rusts (Puccinia spp.), root rots
(Phytopthora spp.), leaf spots Alternaria spp., Cercospora spp.),
Verticillium and Fusarium wilt, damping off (Pythium spp.)  Viruses such
as cucumber mosaic, aster yellows, and nematodes such as root knot.

	Sesame pests – weeds include grassy like crabgrass and Johnsongrass
and broadleaf weeds like groundcherry.  Sesame attacked by many insects
that like flower head and fruit and foliage eaters.  Cutworms
widespread, rasshoppers, stem borers, leafworms, thrips, white fly,
green peach aphids, caterpillars and moths attack flower heads, aphids
attack all growth stages, and as virus vectors, leafhoppers, whiteflies
the most economically important pests are those that attack flowers,
fruit, or seed.  Stink buds attack developing seed capsules.  Storage
pests are a problem to stored seed such as the red flour beetle, khapa
beetle and the tropical warehouse beetle.  Diseases  Cotton root rot
(Phymatotrichum omnivorum) and other root rots (Fusarium spp.,
Phytopthora spp, bacterial leaf spots (Pseudomonas sesami) is a
worldwide pest, bacterial leaf spot (Alternaria sesami)and Cercospora
leaf spot wilts by Fusarium oxysporum, blight, charcoal; rot, stem
anthracnose , mildew, Phyllody virus deforms flowers, little leaf
disease.

	Stokes aster – susceptible to head blight (Botrytis cinerea) and leaf
spot, powdery mildew, aphids, white flies, and mosaic virus.

CROP ROTATIONS:

	Crop rotations are important for the oilseed crop group to help reduce
weed problems and disease and insect severity, and essential to promote
integrated pest management (IPM) practices.

	Typical crop rotations for the proposed oilseed crops in the United
States are listed in Table 14.

Table 14.  Typical Crop Rotations for the Proposed Oilseed Crops in the
United States.

OILSEED COMMODITY	ROTATIONS	NOTES

Canola	Canola follows cereal grains such as corn or wheat or fallow.
Up to a four year rotation is recommended to avoid pest problems.  Avoid
planting sunflower, dry bean, other Brassicas, and chickpea before
canola.  Recommended crop rotations for weeds in canola are to rotate
with crops that have different life cycles; for root maggots,
Sclerotinia, Alternaria, staghorn, brown girdling rot, and blackleg grow
not more than one year in every four.

Castor oil plant	Field crops such as corn.	Do not plant more than two
years in the same field.

Cotton	Rotate to corn or wheat or soybean, sudangrass, sorghum, alfalfa,
onion, or fallow.	Fallow commonly used in dryland areas.  Three year
rotations can be cotton, winter legume, corn, and then soybean.

Crambe	Rotate with wheat.

	Flax	Corn, small grains, forage legume, buckwheat should precede flax.
Use at least a three year rotation before replanting to flax.  Do not
follow potatoes, canola, or sugar beets.

Gold of Pleasure	Rotate follow a small grain crop like wheat.	Use 3 –
4 year rotations to avoid pest buildups.

Lunaria	Rotate with wheat

	Meadowfoam	Rotate with a grass seed crop.

	Mustard seed	Rotate with wheat or any other small grain	Avoid rotations
with flax, canola, clover, soybean, lentil, and sunflower.

Niger seed	Rotated to corn or millet or follows a rice crop or dry pea
or bean. 	Often grown two – three years in a row then rotated.

Oil Radish	Can only be grown in same field for two years before rotating
to non-Brassica crops.  Rotate with snap beans.  Rotate after wheat,
rye, potato, celery, or cucumber.	Do not rotate to any Brassica crop
group 5 members.

Safflower	Wheat, barley or millet, grasses, corn, rice, cotton, follows
fallow. 	Do not plant after grain sorghum.  In San Joaquin Valley
commonly rotated to cotton.  Use in three year crop rotations.

Sesame 	Cotton, peanut, wheat, alfalfa, sorghum, or soybean.	Recommend
using 2 – 3 year rotations with sesame.

Sunflower	Wheat then sunflower or wheat-fallow and then sunflower.
Frequent with cereal grain such as wheat, soybean, safflower, sorghum,
legumes, and corn.

COMPARISON OF POTENTIAL RESIDUE LEVELS:

	Magness, Markle, and Compton in 1971 classified food and feed crops
based on predicting the potential for pesticide residues based on
exposure of the edible parts to applied pesticides, which led to the
development of the crop groups.  The oilseeds were classified in the
Edible Food Oil Crop Category I and II.  Category I and II includes the
food oil crops in which the source of oil is the seeds.  Category I oil
crops have the seeds completely enclosed in capsules, pods, or other
plant structures during development.  These include castor oil plant,
rapeseed and canola, cottonseed oil, flax, seed, mustard seed, and
sesame seed.  Category II oil crops have the seeds partially exposed
during development and include sunflower and safflower.  One would
expect pesticide residues to be similar in most of the members of the
oilseed crop group, and distinct oilseed crop subgroups may be based on
potential of residue to be deposited on the seed.

	We expect that all proposed members of the oilseed crop group will have
similar residue levels based on similarities of the raw agricultural
commodities (RAC’s), cultural practices, and pest problems.  A
comparison of established tolerances on oilseed commodities also
supports that residue levels will be similar between members of the
group (See Tables 15, 16, 17, and 18).

	Rapeseed, sunflower, and cottonseed  represent over 95% of the acreage
of the crops in this group and they also tend to be an equal or more
conservative estimate of tolerances and potential residues.  Based on
existing tolerances in 40 CFR, a comparison of these tolerances for the
representative commodities is listed in Table 15, and for the Canadian
MRL’s in Table 16.  Table 17 compares established tolerances between
members (canola, borage, flax, and mustard) of the proposed Rapeseed
crop subgroup 20A.  In all cases the tolerance levels for the
representative commodity rapeseed, canola varieties were identical or
higher than the other three commodities in the subgroup.  Table 18
compares established tolerances between members (sunflower and
safflower) of the proposed Sunflower crop subgroup 20B.  Again, in all
cases the tolerance levels for the representative commodity sunflower
were higher than the other member of the subgroup safflower.  Some of
the differences in tolerances is caused by dissimilar use patterns
(preharvest vs. postharvest) with the 8.0 ppm being associated with a
postharvest application while the rest are preharvest applications.  The
glyphosate tolerance for rapeseed at 10.0 ppm, but this is greater than
5X.  However, the use patterns for glyphosate are not similar, since it
was established for use on “Roundup-Ready Canola,” which is applied
directly on the plant as opposed to directed spray in the row middles.

Table 15. MRLs Established in U.S. on Representative Oilseed Crops

Compound	Rapeseed

(Canola)	Sunflower	Cotton, undelinted seed

Azoxystrobin	1	0.5	0.02

Bifenthrin	0.05	-	0.5

Boscalid	3.5; 5 (oil)	0.6	-

Carbaryl	-	1	5

Carfentrazone-ethyl	0.1	0.1	0.2

Clethodim	0.5; 1 (meal) 	5; 10 (meal)	1, 2 (meal)

Clopyralid	3; 6 (meal)	3	-

Cyfluthrin	1, 2 (oil)	0.02	-

Deltamethrin	2.5	0.1	0.04

Endosulfan	0.2	2	1

EPTC	-	0.1	0.1

Ethalfluralin	0.05	0.05	-

Fludioxonil	0.01, 0.01 (meal)	0.01	0.05

Glyphosate	10; 15 (meal)	0.1	35

Imidacloprid	0.05	0.05	6, 8 (meal)

Lambda cyhalothrin	1, 2 (oil)	0.2, 0.3 (oil)	0.05

Malathion	-	8	2

Metalaxyl	-	0.1	0.1

Methidathion	-	0.5	0.2

Methyl parathion	0.2	0.2	0.75

Oxadiyl	-	0.1	0.1

Paraquat dichloride	-	2	0.5

Pendimethalin	-	0.1	0.1

Phosphine	-	0.1	0.1

Sethoxydim	35, 40 (meal)	7; 20 (meal)	5

Tebufenozide	2, 4 (meal)	-	1.5

Thiamethoxam	0.02	0.02	0.1

Tralomethrin	-	0.5	0.2

Tribenuron	0.02	-	0.02

Trifluralin	0.05	0.05	0.05

Table 16. MRLs Established in Canada on Oilseed Crops.(

Compound	Rapeseed (Canola)	Flax seed	Mustard seed	Sunflower

Clethodim	0.05	0.30	0.40	0.20

Difenoconazole	0.03	–	0.05	–

Diquat	1.00	0.50	1.00	0.05

Fluazifop-butyl	–	0.20	0.30	–

Fludioxonil	0.01	0.05	0.05

	Glyphosate	10.00	3.00	–

	Imidacloprid	0.05	–	0.05	–

Lambda-cyhalothrin	0.30 (seed);

0.50 (oil)	0.02	–	–

Metalaxyl	0.10	–	0.10	0.10

Quizalofop-ethyl	0.05	0.05

Sethoxydim	–	0.20	2.00	7.00

Tepraloxydim	–	0.10	–	–

Thifensulfuron-methyl	0.02	0.02	–	–

Tribenuron-methyl	0.02	0.02

Trimethylsulfonium cation	10.00	3.00	–	–

Table 17. Tolerance Comparison Between Members of the Rapeseed Subgroup
20A.  (Based on 40 CFR Part 180, and EPA OPPIN 8/11/2006).

Compound	Rapeseed (Canola)	Borage	Flax seed	Mustard seed

Acetamiprid	0.01	–	–	0.01

Boscalid	3.5; 5 (meal)	–	3.5	–

Carfentrazone-ethyl	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1

Clethodim	0.5; 1 (meal)	-	0.5; 1 (meal)	0.5

Clopyralid	3; 6 (meal)	-	3; 6 (meal)	3

Endosulfan	0.2	-	-	0.2

Fludioxonil	0.01	-	0.05	-

Glyphosate	10; 15 (meal)	0.1	8; 4 (meal)	0.1

Imidacloprid	0.05	-	-	0.05

Lambda cyhalothrin	0.1	-	0.1	-

Methyl parathion	0.2	-	0.2	0.2

Sethoxydim	35, 40 (meal)	6.0, 10 (meal)	5; 7 (meal)	-

Thiamethoxam	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02

Thifensulfuron	0.02	-	0.02	-

Tribenuron	0.02	-	0.02	-

Trifluralin	0.05	-	-	0.05

Table 18. Tolerance Comparison Between Members of the Sunflower

 Subgroup 20B.  (Based on 40 CFR Part 180, and EPA OPPIN 8/11/2006).

Compound	Sunflower*	Safflower

Aluminum phosphide	0.1	0.1

4-Aminopyridine	0.1	0.1

Azoxystrobin	0.5	0.5

Carbamothioic acid, dipropyl-, S-ethyl ester	0.1	0.01

Carfentrazone-ethyl	0.1	0.1

Endosulfan	2	0.2

EPTC	0.1	0.1

Ethalfluralin	0.05	0.05

Fludioxonil	0.01	0.01

Glyphosate	0.1	0.1

Imidacloprid	0.1	0.1

Malathion	8 (postharvest)	0.2

Methidathion	0.5	0.5

Paraquat dichloride	2	0.05

Phosphine	0.1	0.1

Sethoxydim	0.1	0.1

S-Metolachlor	0.5	0.1

Tebuconazole	0.5; 1	0.1

Thiamethoxam	0.3	0.02

Thifensulfuron	0.02	0.02

Trifluralin	0.05	0.05

* Representative commodity for Crop subgroup 20B.

REQUIRED NUMBER OF CROP FIELD TRIALS FOR CROP GROUP 20 AND COMPARISON OF
EPA CROP PRODUCTION REGIONS WITH THE NAFTA CROP PRODUCTION REGIONS:

A reevaluation of crop production data fro the 2002 USDA Agricultural
Census shows that the new Oilseed crop group 20 may require additional
field trials because the acreage for sunflower, canola, cotton, and flax
has increase significantly from the 1991 data used in the current field
trial guidelines (EPA OPPTS 860.1500).  The proposed number of crop
field trials for Crop group 20 Oilseed, as well as the required number
of crop field trials for Crop subgroups 20A, 20B, and 20C is listed in
Tables 19, 20 and 21, respectively.

Table 19.  Minimum Number of Field Trials and Minimum Number of Treated
Samples for Individual Oilseed Crops [OPPTS 860.1500, Table 2).

Oilseed Commodity	Minimum Number of Residue Field Trials	Minimum Number
of Treated Samples

Sunflower**	 8 in current guidelines needs to be raised to 12*	16 raise
to 24

Rapeseed*	 3	 6

Canola*	 8 in current guidelines may need to be raised to 12* based on
new AGCensus data.	16 may be raised to 24

Cotton	12 in current guidelines may need to be raised to 16 based on new
AGCensus data.	24 may be raised to 36

Flax 	 5 in current guidelines may need to be raised to 8 based on new
AGCensus data.	10 may be raised to 16

Safflower	 5	10

Sesame	 3	 6

* Rapeseed non-canola varieties need 3 field trials and canola varieties
need 8 field trials.

** Attachment 7. Methodology for Determining Number of Field Trials, in
Appendix A of the EPA OPPTS 860.1500 Crop Field Trials.

	The oilseed crops in this group are adapted best to the cool temperate
growing season areas of the US.  Generally, all of these oilseed crops
are grown as annuals, primarily in the upper Midwest (U S EPA Crop Group
Regions 5 and 7), which are adjacent to the areas where these crops are
grown in Canada.  These crops are well adapted to the semiarid cropping
areas of the northern and central Great Plains.   Specifically, for
canola greater than 92 % of the US crop is grown in EPA regions 5 and 7
(B. Schneider, 1999), and these adjoin Canadian regions 5A, 5B, 7, 7A,
9, 11, and 14 which contain about 98% of the Canadian canola acreage.
For sunflowers, about 93% of the U.S. crop is grown in EPA Regions 5 and
7.  These regions correspond to Canadian regions 5, 5A, 5B, 7, 7A, and
14 which account for about 99% of Canadian sunflower acreage.

Table 20.  Required Number of Field Trials for Oilseed Commodities to
Establish An Oilseed Crop Group 20. (40 CFR 180.41) [OPPTS 860.1500,
Table 2).

Representative Commodity	Number of Field Trials for Commodities if Not
Part of the Crop Group	Number of Field Trials for Commodities as Part of
the Crop Group Based on 2002 AGCensus

Rapeseed (canola varieties only)	 8 in current guidelines needs to be
raised to 12*	 9

Sunflower	 8 in current guidelines needs to be raised to 12*	 9

Cotton	12 	 9

Total	28* updated to 36	Was 28 updated to 27

* Attachment 7. Methodology for Determining Number of Field Trials, in
Appendix A of the EPA OPPTS 860.1500 Crop Field Trials.

Table 21.  Required Number of Field Trials for Crop Subgroup 20A, 20B,
and 20C.  (40 CFR 180.41) [OPPTS 860.1500, Table 3).

Crop Subgroup	Representative Commodity	Production Acres 2002	Number of
Field Trials

20A	Rapeseed (Canola varieties only) 	  1,208,251	 8 in current
guidelines may need to be raised to 12*

20B	Sunflower (oilseed varieties) 	  1,833,435	 8 in current guidelines
needs to be raised to 9*

20C	Cotton	12,456,162	 12

* Attachment 7. Methodology for Determining Number of Field Trials, in
Appendix A of the EPA OPPTS 860.1500 Crop Field Trials.

Table 22A.  EPA Crop Production Regions for the Oilseed Crop.
Representative Commodities (*) for the Crop Group.

Commodity**	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12

Borage	X	X

X	X

X

	X

X

Canola*

	X

X

	Castor oil

X	X

X	X

X

Chinese tallowtree	X	X

X	X

	X

X

Cottonseed*

X

X

X

X

X

Crambe

X	X	X

Cuphea

X

	X

	X

Echium

X

X

X

Euphorbia	X	X

	X

	X	X	X

Evening primrose	X	X	X	X	X	X	X

	X	X	X

Flax seed

	X

X

	Gold of pleasure	X	X

	X	X

	X	XX	X	X

Hare’s ear mustard	X	X	X

X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X

Jojoba	X

X	X

X

Lesquerella

X	X	X	X	X

Lunaria	X	X

	X

X	X	X	X

Meadowfoam	X

X

X

	X

X

Milkweed	X	X

	X	X	X	X

X

Mustard seed	X

X

	X

Niger seed

Oil radish	X	X	X

X

	X	X	X

Poppy seed	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X

X	X

Rapeseed*

	X

X

	Rose hip	X	X

X	X

	X

X	X	X

Safflower

	X

	X

Sesame

X

X

Stokes aster

X	X	X

Sunflower*

	X

X	X

Sweet rocket	X	X	X

X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X

Tallowwood

	X

	Tea oil plant

Vernonia

X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X

	** Commodities that are not representative commodities have field trial
regions generally based on the USDA Plants Database, 2006.

Table 22B.  NAFTA Field Production Regions for the Oilseed Crop Group.
Representative Commodities (*) for the Crop Group.

Commodity	1	1a	2	3	4	5	5a	5b	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	14

Canola*

X

X

X

X

Flaxseed

X

X

X

Mustard seed

X

X

Safflower

X

X

Sunflower*

X

X

X

The NAFTA Regions (Table 22B) vary some from the EPA Crop Production
Regions by having three additional regions (Region 1a, 5b, 14).  The
NAFTA Regions are currently being updated, and any regional differences
may be lessened with the new update.  Any conflict in testing between
regions can generally be resolved by having the ChemSAC review the test
protocol regions before residue trials are initiated and any differences
can be resolved by the International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee
(ICGCC).

Table 22 C.  EPA Crop Production Regions Suggested Distribution of the
Oilseed Crop Field Trials > 3.  Representative Commodities (*) for the
Crop Group.

Commodity	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12

Canola – 8 trials*

	4

4

	Canola - 6 trials*

	3

3

	Cottonseed*- 12 trials

3

3

1

4

1

Cottonseed*- 9 trials

2

2

1

3

1

Rapeseed

	1

2

	Safflower

	2

	3

Sesame seed

3

Sunflower* - 8 trials

	4

3	1

Sunflower* - 6 trials

	3

2	1

AVAILABILITY AND STORAGE LIFE OF THE OILSEED CROP GROUP MEMBERS IN THE
MARKETPLACE:

The oil from the oilseed crops is plentiful enough to be available in
the marketplace for the entire year.  Oils are sensitive to heat, light,
and exposure to air.  They are best stored in a refrigerator after
opening the container.  Refined oils that are high in monosaturated fats
can be stored up to one year, while refined oils high in polyunsaturated
acids can be stored for about six months.  Specific food uses for the
oilseeds are discussed under the Comparison of harvesting, raw
agricultural commodity (RAC), edible portions, and processed food item
section of this report.

COOKING PREPARATION AND COOKING METHODS FOR THE OILSEED CROP GROUP:

	Oilseeds are a source of edible cooking oil and are liquid at room
temperature.  Saturated fats are unhealthy in excess, but small amounts
of these oils are essential.  Unsaturated fats include monosaturated and
polyunsaturated oils are generally considered healthy oils.

	The culinary uses of oilseed crops are used in cooking, baking,
condiments, sautéing, sauce, flavoring, flavoring, margarine, salad
dressings, fried products, and shortenings.  Characteristics of the
cooking oils are listed in Table 23, while Figure 2 shows comparison of
the dietary fats and their fatty acid contents for some of the oilseeds.
 Smoke points are the temperature, at which the oil begins to smoke,
become discolored, and decompose and will burn the food.  The smoke
point can vary by the type of test used to evaluate it.

Table 23.  Types of Some of the Edible Oils and Their Characteristics
(Adapted from Wikipedia,   HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org"
http://en.wikipedia.org ), the Canola Organization, and Cooking for
Engineers (http://www.cookingforengineers.com)..

Type of Oil or Fat	Saturated fat	Monounsaturated fat	Polyunsaturated fat
Smoke point* 	Uses

Canola oil	6%	62%	32%	238°C (460°F)	Frying, baking, sautéing, salad
dressings

Corn, oil**	13%	27%	60%	232°C (450°F)	Frying, stir fry, grill, broil,
baking, salad dressing, margarine, shortening

Cottonseed oil	24%	26%	50%	216°C (420°F)	Margarine, shortening, salad
dressings, commercially fried products

Flax seed oil	9%	16%	75%	107°C (225°F)	Cooking, frying, salad
dressing, condiment

Margarine, hard	80%	14%	16%	150-160°C (300-320°F)	Cooking, baking,
condiment

Margarine, soft	20%	47%	33%	150-160°C (300-320°F)	Cooking, baking,
condiment

Olive oil**	14%	77%	9%	190°C (375°F)	Frying, cooking, broil, grill,
stir frying, salad dressings, condiments

Peanut oil**	19%	51%	30%	232°C (450°F)	Baking, grilling, stir frying,
sautéing, deep frying, margarine

Safflower, oil	10%	13%	77%	265°C (509°F)	Cooking, baking, frying,
salad dressings, margarine

Sesame seed oil	13%	46%	41%	210°C (410°F)	Stir frying, sautéing,
baking, salad dressing, marinades.

Soybean, oil**	15%	24%	61%	241°C (466°F)	Cooking, stir frying,
sautéing, baking, broil, grilling, salad dressings, margarine,
shortening

Sunflower, oil	11%	20%	69%	246°C (475°F)	Cooking, baking, frying,
sautéing, salad dressings, margarine, shortening

* There is a general lack of consensus on the smoke points of many
popular oils, as well as a lack of standardization for qualifiers such
as "refined".  Empirical tests are heavily dependent on the qualities of
the particular samples (brand, composition, process) available, but
appear to be the major source of available data.  A crude guide is that
lighter, more refined oils have higher smoke points.

** Olive and soybean while not part of the proposed Oilseed crop group
20 are in the Table for comparison use only.

CHANGES TO EPA DATABASES:

The proposed new Oilseed Crop Group 20 will affect the need to update
many Risk Assessment Models, Residue Chemistry Guidelines, OPP
databases, and/or HED Standard Operating Procedures (SOP).

The affected EPA databases may include the following:

(1) Risk Assessment Models - The terminology in the Food Exposure
Modules of our current Risk assessment Models from DEEM-FCID, Lifeline,
and Cares will need to be updated to reflect new terminology and the new
Crop Group terminology.

	(2) EPA Residue Chemistry Test Guidelines (OPPTS 860.1000, Background),
Table 1 Raw Agricultural and Processed Commodities and Feedstuffs
Derived from Crops and EPA Residue Chemistry Test Guidelines (OPPTS
860.1000, Background), EPA Residue Chemistry Test Guidelines (OPPTS
860.1500, Crop Field Trials), Table 5 Suggested Distribution of Field
Trials by Region for Crops Requiring > 3 trials and Table 6 Regional
Distribution of Crop Production.

	Any differences between the EPA and NAFTA Crop Production Regions after
the NAFTA Regions are updated will be addressed by the ICCGR Workgroup.
The EPA Residue Chemistry Test Guidelines (OPPTS 860.1500, Crop Field
Trials) Table 5 Suggested Distribution of Field Trials by Region for
Crops Requiring >3 trials and Table 6 Regional Distribution of Crop
Production will be updated to reflect more recent crop production
information.

 (3) Health Effects Division Standard Operating Procedures:  HED SOP
99.3 -  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 – “Translation of Monitoring Data”
issued March 26, 1999.  This policy provides guidance on translating
pesticide monitoring data from one commodity to other similar
commodities.  The policy is based on the crop groupings in the 40 CFR
180.41.

Members of the Oilseed crop group were not included in the policy and
this policy does not need to be updated at this time.

(4) HED SOP 99.6 -   SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1  “Classification of Food
Forms with Respect to Level of Blending” issued August 20, 1999.  This
SOP provides rationale and guidance to HED on revised criteria for
inputting residue values and pesticide usage information into acute
dietary exposure and risk assessments based on commodities.  These
revisions permit the Agency to more fully utilize data generated by the
USDA Pesticide Data Program.

	Some of the Oilseed crop group members are included in the HED SOP
99.6.  See Table   below.  Other members not in the original SOP will
need to be added to the HED SOP 99.6.  All of the oils are considered
refined and blended, while the seeds can be uncooked, cooked, baked, or
boiled.

TABLE 24. Classification of Food Forms with Respect to Level of Blending
for the Oilseed Crop Group. (HED SOP 99.6).

COMMODITY	FOOD FORM	CLASSIFICATION

Castor bean	12 - Cooked : NFS	B - blended

Cottonseed, meal	13 - Baked	B - blended

Cottonseed, oil	98 - Refined	B - blended

Safflower, seed	11 - Uncooked	B - blended

Safflower, oil	98 - Refined	B - blended

Sesame, seed	11 - Uncooked	B - blended

Sesame, seed	13 - Baked	B - blended

Sesame, seed	14 – Boiled	B - blended

Sesame, seed	42 – Frozen: Cooked	B - blended

Sesame, oil	98 - Refined	B - blended

Sunflower, seed	11 - Uncooked	PB – Partially blended

Sunflower, seed	13 - Baked	PB – Partially blended

Sunflower, oil	98 - Refined	B - blended

(5) HED SOP 2000.1 – “  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Guidance for Translation
of Field Trial Data from Representative Commodities in the Crop Group
Regulation to Other Commodities in Each Crop Group/Subgroup” issued
September 12, 2000.

There is no guidance in the SOP for the new Oilseed crop group, so the
following guidance for translation of the representative commodities to
other members of the group/subgroups will be provided below:

	Crop Group 20:  Oilseed

Representative Commodities:  Rapeseed (canola varieties only);
Sunflower, and Cotton, undelinted seed.

CROP GROUP COMMODITY		REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY

Borage 				Rapeseed*

Castor oil plant 			Sunflower

Chinese tallowtree			Sunflower

Cottonseed				Cotton, undelinted seed

Crambe				Rapeseed*

Cuphea				Rapeseed*

Echium				Rapeseed*

Euphorbia				Sunflower

Evening primrose			Sunflower

Flax seed				Rapeseed*

Gold of pleasure			Rapeseed*

Hare's-ear mustard			Rapeseed*

Jojoba					Sunflower

Lesquerella				Rapeseed*

Lunaria				Rapeseed*

Meadowfoam				Rapeseed*

Milkweed				Rapeseed*

Mustard seed				Rapeseed*

Niger seed				Sunflower

Oil radish				Rapeseed*

Poppy seed				Rapeseed*

Rapeseed				Rapeseed*

Rose hip				Sunflower

Safflower				Sunflower

Sesame				Rapeseed*

Stokes aster				Sunflower

Sunflower				Sunflower

Sweet rocket				Rapeseed*

Tallowwood				Sunflower

Tea oil plant				Sunflower

Vernonia				Sunflower

	* Rapeseed use canola varieties only.

________________________________________________________________________

	The proposed new translations of field trials from the representative
commodities to other commodities in the Rapeseed subgroup 20A would be
as follows:

Crop Subgroup 20A:  Rapeseed subgroup

Representative Commodity:  Rapeseed, canola varieties only

CROP SUBGROUP COMMODITY		REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY

Borage 				Rapeseed*

Crambe				Rapeseed*

Cuphea				Rapeseed*

Echium				Rapeseed*

Flax seed				Rapeseed*

Gold of pleasure			Rapeseed*

Hare's-ear mustard			Rapeseed*

Lesquerella				Rapeseed*

Lunaria				Rapeseed*

Meadowfoam				Rapeseed*

Milkweed				Rapeseed*

Mustard seed				Rapeseed*

Oil radish				Rapeseed*

Poppy seed				Rapeseed*

Rapeseed				Rapeseed*

Sesame				Rapeseed*

Sweet rocket				Rapeseed*

	* Rapeseed use canola varieties only.

________________________________________________________________________

	The proposed new translations of field trials from the representative
commodities to other commodities in the Sunflower subgroup 20B would be
as follows:

Crop Subgroup 20B:  Sunflower subgroup

Representative Commodity:  Sunflower

SUBGROUP COMMODITY		REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY

Castor oil plant 			Sunflower

Chinese tallowtree			Sunflower

Euphorbia				Sunflower

Evening primrose			Sunflower

Jojoba					Sunflower

Niger seed				Sunflower

Rose hip				Sunflower

Safflower				Sunflower

Stokes aster				Sunflower

Sunflower				Sunflower

Tallowwood				Sunflower

Tea oil plant				Sunflower

Vernonia				Sunflower

________________________________________________________________________

	The proposed new translations of field trials from the representative
commodities to other commodities in the Cottonseed subgroup 20C would be
as follows:

Crop Subgroup 20C:  Cottonseed subgroup

Representative Commodity:  Cottonseed (cotton, undelinted seed)

CROP SUBGROUP COMMODITY		REPRESENTATIVE COMMODITY

Cottonseed				Cotton, undelinted seed

_____________________________________________________________________

(5) Health Effects Division Dry Matter and Seeding Rate Database for the
Oilseed Crop Group, prepared by Dr’s. NG and B. A. Schneider, June
2006, are shown in Table 24 below:

Table 25. Health Effects Division Dry Matter and Seeding Rate Database.

Oilseed Crop Group.  Prepared by Dr’s. NG and B. A. Schneider.  June
2006.

Commodity 	% Dry Matter

Canola, seed	90.0, 91.0, 92.0

Canola, meal	88.0, 89.0, 90.0, 90.4

Canola, refined oil	0.0

Castor oil plant	92.0, 92.9, 93.5, 94.2, 94.9, 95.5, 96.9

Cotton, undelinted seed	88.0, 91.0

Cotton, meal	89.0

Cotton, refined oil	0.0

Cotton, hulls	90.0

Cotton gin, byproducts 	90.0

Crambe, seed	93.5

Flax, seed	96.0

Flax, meal	88.0, 90.0

Jojoba, seed	95.3

Mustard seed, meal	93.0

Niger seed	92.2, 93.8, 94.0, 94.5

Rapeseed, seed	90.0, 91.0, 92.0

Rapeseed, meal	88.0, 90.0

Rapeseed, forage	30.0

Safflower, seed	93.0, 94.0, 94.3

Safflower, meal	91.0, 92.0

Safflower, refined oil	0.0

Safflower, hay	91.0

Sesame seed	94.3, 94.6, 95.0

Sesame meal	92.0

Sesame, flour, high fat	98.9

Sesame, flour, low fat	92.9

Sesame, oil	0.0

Sunflower, seed	93.0, 95.0

Sunflower, meal	92.0

Sunflower, refined oil	0.0

CODEX CLASSIFICATION OF PROPOSED COMMODITIES AND EPA FOOD AND FEED
COMMODITY VOCABULARY: See Table 26. Comparison of Oilseed Crop Groups:
CODEX (023) and EPA (20) (Data prepared by Dr’s. Yuen-Shaung NG, Hong
Chen, and Dr. Bernard A. Schneider, US EPA and USDA IR-4, 2004, 2006).

	EPA is proposing 31 commodities for the Oilseed Crop Group, and CODEX
has a current Oilseed crop group 23, which has 28 commodity terms.
Sixteen CODEX commodity terms match those in the proposed EPA Food and
Feed Commodity Vocabulary (See Table 26).  CODEX has nine commodities in
their group that will be considered by EPA as members of other crop
groups such as the tropical /subtropical fruit groups.  Borage is
classified by CODEX as an herb (HH 723) and a dried vegetable (DH 724).
CODEX at the time only had borage leaves as a commodity, since then its
edible oil has become a commercial product.  Crambe is also not in the
CODEX system and is a fairly new crop.  In addition the proposed EPA
Oilseed Crop Group has fifteen commodities not in the CODEX Oilseed
Group.  In the next proposed revision to the CODEX Classification of
Foods and Animal Feeds we would expect both to be considered as an
oilseed crop.  Therefore, this proposal will not only increase
harmonization with the Canadian and NAFTA crop grouping system, but it
is compatible with the international system of CODEX.  The Food Quality
Protection Act of 1996 placed increased emphasis on using CODEX  MRLs in
setting U. S. tolerances for pesticides.

	The individual listing of the oilseed commodities (Group 23-SO) for the
CODEX classification is as follows: flax, seed is listed as linseed (SO
693); mustard, seed is SO 485; field mustard seed is SO 694; Indian
mustard seed is SO 478; Indian rapeseed is SO 4721; rapeseed is SO 495;
safflower seed is SO 699; sunflower seed is SO 0702.

Table 26. EPA/Codex Oilseeds Group Comparison

(Based on Ng and Schneider, 2006).

Codex Group #	Codex Commodity Name	Current EPA Group #	Proposed EPA
Group #	EPA Commodity Name

023	Colza, see rape seed	99	20	Rapeseed

023	Colza, Indian, see mustard seed, field	99	20	Rapeseed

023	Cotton seed	99	20	Cotton, undelinted seed

023	Flax-seed, see linseed	99	20	Flax, seed

023	Linseed	99	20	Flax, seed

023	Mustard seed	19	20	Mustard, seed

023	Mustard seeds(	19	20	Mustard, seed

023	Mustard seed, field*	99	20	Rapeseed, seed

023	Mustard seed, Indian1*	19	20	Mustard, seed

023	Niger seed	99	20	Niger seed, seed

023	Poppy seed*	19	20	Poppy, seed

023	Rape seed	99	20	Rapeseed, seed

023	Rape seed, Indian, see mustard seed, field*	99	20	Rapeseed

023	Safflower seed	99	20	Safflower, seed

023	Sesame seed	99	20	Sesame, seed

023	Sunflower seed	99	20	Sunflower, seed

NA	NA	NA	20	Borage

NA	NA	NA	20	Castor oil plant

NA	NA	NA	20	Chinese tallowtree

NA	NA	NA	20	Crambe

NA	NA	NA	20	Cuphea

NA	NA	NA	20	Echium

NA	NA	NA	20	Euphorbia

NA	NA	NA	20	Evening primrose

NA	NA	NA	20	Gold of pleasure

NA	NA	NA	20	Hare's ear mustard

NA	NA	NA	20	Jojoba

NA	NA	NA	20	Lesquerella

NA	NA	MA	20	Lunaria

NA	NA	NA	20	Meadowfoam

NA	NA	NA	20	Milkweed

NA	NA	NA	20	Oil radish

NA	NA	NA	20	Rose hip

NA	NA	NA	20	Rose hip

NA	NA	NA	20	Stokes aster

NA	NA	NA	20	Sweet rocket

NA	NA	NA	20	Tallowwood

NA	NA	NA	20	Tea oil plant

NA	NA	NA	20	Vernonia

023	Ben moringa seed	99	Tropical/ subtropical	Ben moringa seed

023	Coconut, see Group 022: Tree nuts	99	Tropical/ subtropical	Coconut

023	Desert date, see Group 005: Assorted tropical and sub-tropic	99
Tropical/ subtropical	Date, dried fruit

023	Drumstick tree seed, see ben moringa seed	99	Tropical/ subtropical
Ben moringa seed

023	Groundnut, see peanut	99	Other group to be determined	Peanut

023	Horseradish tree seed, see ben moringa seed	99	Tropical/ subtropical
Ben moringa seed

023	Kapok	99	Tropical/ subtropical	Kapok, oil

023	Olive, see Group 005: Assorted tropical and sub-tropical	99
Tropical/ subtropical	Olive

023	Pala nut	99	Tropical/ subtropical	Palm, oil

023	Peanut	99	Other group to be determined	Peanut

023	Peanut, whole*	99	Other group	Peanut

023	Shea nuts	99	Tropical/ subtropical	Shea butter tree

023	Soya bean (dry), see Group 015: Pulses	06	Legume vegetables	Soybean,
seed

TOLERANCE EXPRESSION GUIDANCE:

	Until the Federal Register Notice is issued revising the Crop Group
Regulation to establish the new Oilseed Crop Group 20 with three Crop
subgroups the commodities approved for the crop group and subgroups will
have to be listed as separate commodities at the same tolerance level.
This also applied to the new Crop subgroups, the individual commodities
will have to be listed separately with each at the same tolerance level.
 When ChemSAC approves the new Oilseed crop group 20, the Risk
Integration, Minor Use, and Emergency Response Branch (RIMUERB) of the
Registration Division can immediately implement the new Crop Group and
Crop Subgroups with new tolerance expressions located in the Section F
submissions.  The seven tolerance expression examples will provide an
expedited way to establish tolerances in or on oilseed crops, especially
for new reduced risk pesticides, without requiring additional residue
data for all the crops noted.  This will create a practice in the United
States which is already formalized in Canada and promote international
harmonization.  Several tolerance expression examples for guidance
purposes for use by RIMUERB and HED reviewers will be listed below:

Example 1.  What is the tolerance expression for the new Oilseed Crop
Group 20?

Answer to Example 1:

The tolerance expression for the new Oilseed Crop Group 20 will be
“Oilseed group 20.”

Example 2.  What is the correct Section F tolerance expression for the
three new Oilseed Crop Group Subgroups?

Answer to Example 2:

The tolerance expression for the eight Berry and Small Fruit Crop Group
subgroups is as follows:

Name of Crop Subgroup	Tolerance Expression for the Crop Subgroup

Rapeseed subgroup 20A	Rapeseed subgroup 20A

Sunflower subgroup 20B	Sunflower subgroup 20B

Cottonseed subgroup 20C	Cottonseed subgroup 20C

Example 3:  How will the Crop group and subgroups appear in the Federal
Register for the proposed crop group regulation [40CFR 180.41(c)]?  This
example is for the Field and External Affairs Division (FEAD) use in
preparing the new Federal Register Regulation.  The example follows the
same format as the current Crop Grouping Regulation Federal Register
Notice (FR 60, No.95, 5/17/95, 26626-26643).

Answer to Example 3:

“Crop Group 20: Oilseed Crop Group.

Representative commodities.  Rapeseed, canola varieties only; sunflower,
and cottonseed, undelinted seed.

Table.  The following Table 1 lists all the commodities listed in Crop
Group 20 and identifies the related crop subgroups and includes
cultivars and/or varieties of these commodities.

TABLE 1 -Crop Group 20: Oilseed Crop Group

Commodities	Related crop subgroups

Borage, Borago officinalis (L.) 	20A

Castor oil plant, Ricinus communis (L.)	20B

Chinese tallowtree, Triadica sebifera (L.) Small	20B

Cottonseed, Gossypium spp.L.	20C

Crambe, Crambe hispanica L.; Crambe abyssinica Hochst. ex R.E. Fr.	20A

Cuphea, Cuphea hyssopifolia Kunth	20A

Echium, Echium plantagineum L	20A

Euphorbia, Euphorbia esula L.	20B

Evening primrose, Oenothera biennis (L.)	20B

Flax seed, Linum usitatissimum L.	20A

Gold of pleasure, Camelina sativa L. Crantz	20A

Hare's ear mustard, Conringia orientalis Dumort.	20A

Jojoba, Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C.K. Schneid.	20B

Lesquerella, Lesquerella recurvata (Engelm. ex A. Gray) S. Watson	20A

Lunaria, Lunaria annua L.	20A

Meadowfoam, Limnanthes alba Hartw. Ex Benth.	20A

Milkweed, Asclepias spp. L.	20A

Mustard seed, Brassica hirta, spp.	20A

Niger seed, Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.	20B

Oil radish, Raphanus sativus var. oleiformis Pers	20A

Poppy seed, Papaver somniferum L. subsp. somniferum	20A

Rapeseed, Brassica spp.; Brassica napus L.	20A

Rose hip, Rosa rubiginosa L.	20B

Safflower, Carthamus tinctorious L.	20B

Sesame, Sesamum indicum L.; Sesamum radiatum Schumach. & Thonn.	20A

Stokes aster, Stokesia laevis (Hill) Greene	20B

Sunflower, Helianthus annuus L.	20B

Sweet rocket, Hesperis matronalis L.	20A

Tallowwood, Ximenia americana L.	20B

Tea oil plant, Camellia oleifera C. Abel	120B

Vernonia, Vernonia galamensis (Cass.) Less.	20B

 Table. The following Table 2 identifies the crop subgroups for Crop
Group 20, specifies the representative commodities for each subgroup and
lists all the commodities included in each subgroup.

TABLE 2 -Crop Group 20: Subgroup Listing

Representative commodities	Commodities

Subgroup 20A:  Rapeseed subgroup.

Rapeseed, canola varieties only.	Borage, Crambe, Cuphea, Echium, Flax
seed, Gold of pleasure, Hare's ear mustard, Lesquerella, Lunaria,
Meadowfoam, Milkweed, Mustard seed, Oil radish, Poppy seed, Rapeseed,
Sesame, Sweet rocket, cultivars and/or hybrids of these.

Subgroup 20B:  Sunflower.

Sunflower.	Castor oil plant, Chinese tallowtree, Euphorbia, Evening
primrose/common, Jojoba, Niger seed, Rose hip, Safflower, Stokes aster,
Sunflower, Tallowwood, Tea oil plant, Vernonia.

Subgroup 20C: Cottonseed subgroup.

Cotton, undelinted seed.	Cottonseed

Example 4:  How will I express the tolerances on an interim basis until
the Federal Register Notice is final for the Oilseed crop group 20, for
example at a tolerance level of 1.5 ppm?  This example will be useful
for the Registration Division (RD) and Health Effects Division (HED) to
prepare tolerance tables.  All the new proposed commodities will have to
be listed separately from the crop group tolerance and at the same level
as the crop group.

Answer to Example 4:

Commodity	Parts per million (ppm)

Borage, seed 	1.5

Castor oil plant, seed	1.5

Chinese tallowtree, seed	1.5

Cotton, undelinted seed	1.5

Crambe, seed	1.5

Cuphea, seed	1.5

Echium, seed	1.5

Euphorbia, seed 	1.5

Evening primrose, seed	1.5

Flax, seed	1.5

Gold of pleasure, seed	1.5

Hare's ear mustard, seed	1.5

Jojoba, seed	1.5

Lesquerella, seed	1.5

Lunaria, seed	1.5

Meadowfoam, seed	1.5

Milkweed, seed	1.5

Mustard, seed	1.5

Niger seed, seed	1.5

Oil radish, seed	1.5

Poppy, seed	1.5

Rapeseed, seed	1.5

Rose hip, seed	1.5

Safflower, seed	1.5

Sesame, seed	1.5

Stokes aster, seed	1.5

Sunflower, seed	1.5

Sweet rocket, seed	1.5

Tallowwood, seed	1.5

Tea oil plant, seed	1.5

Vernonia, seed	1.5

Cultivars and/or hybrids of those above commodities

Example 5:  How will I express the tolerances on an interim basis until
the Federal Register Notice is final for the Rapeseed subgroup 20A for
example at a tolerance level of 1.5 ppm?  This example will be useful
for the Registration Division (RD) and Health Effects Division (HED) to
prepare tolerance tables.

Answer to Example 5 for the Rapeseed subgroup 20A:

Commodity	Parts per million (ppm)

Borage, seed 	1.5

Crambe, seed	1.5

Cuphea, seed	1.5

Echium, seed	1.5

Flax, seed	1.5

Gold of pleasure, seed	1.5

Hare's ear mustard, seed	1.5

Lesquerella, seed	1.5

Lunaria, seed	1.5

Meadowfoam, seed	1.5

Milkweed, seed	1.5

Mustard, seed	1.5

Oil radish, seed	1.5

Poppy, seed	1.5

Rapeseed, seed	1.5

Sesame, seed	1.5

Sweet rocket, seed	1.5

Cultivars and/or hybrids of those above commodities

Example 6:  How will I express the tolerances on an interim basis until
the Federal Register Notice is final for the Sunflower subgroup 20B, for
example at a tolerance level of 1.5 ppm?  This example will be useful
for the Registration Division (RD) and Health Effects Division (HED) to
prepare tolerance tables.

Answer to Example 6 for the Sunflower subgroup 20B:

Commodity	Parts per million (ppm)

Castor oil plant, seed	1.5

Chinese tallowtree, seed	1.5

Euphorbia, seed 	1.5

Evening primrose, seed	1.5

Jojoba, seed	1.5

Niger seed, seed	1.5

Rose hip, seed	1.5

Safflower, seed	1.5

Stokes aster, seed	1.5

Sunflower, seed	1.5

Tallowwood, seed	1.5

Tea oil plant, seed	1.5

Vernonia, seed	1.5

Cultivars and/or hybrids of those above commodities

Example 7:  How will I express the tolerances on an interim basis until
the Federal Register Notice is final for the Cottonseed subgroup 20C,
for example at a tolerance level of 1.5 ppm?  This example will be
useful for the Registration Division (RD) and Health Effects Division
(HED) to prepare tolerance tables.

Answer to Example 7 for the Cottonseed subgroup 20C:

Commodity	Parts per million (ppm)

Cotton, undelinted seed	1.5

EPA FOOD AND FEED COMMODITY VOCABULARY FOR THE OILSEED CROP GROUP:

	The following terms for the oilseed commodities will be incorporated to
the EPA Food and Feed Commodity Database (  HYPERLINK
"http://www.epa.govopp/foodfeed"  http://www.epa.govopp/foodfeed ).  The
Table below is identical to the current Food and Feed Commodity
Vocabulary format.  A search of the lookup terms will link to the EPA
preferred tolerance/commodity term, and the Base crop/Animal term is the
specific crop animal terms associated with the preferred term.  The
tolerance terms for oil, and meal are not listed in this Table, they
will be the same as the preferred term without the seed, and for example
the correct meal term for crambe is crambe, meal.  Until the Federal
Register Notice for the Crop Group is final, the Crop Group designation
on each term will be listed as no crop group or crop subgroup and given
the crop group 99 for the present.

EPA FOOD AND FEED COMMODITY VOCABULARY

SEARCH LOOKUP TERM FOR OILSEED COMMODITIES	PREFERRED TOLERANCE TERM	BASE
CROP/ANIMAL TERM

Borage; Borage, seed; Seed, borage; Beebread; Beeplant; Talewort;
Borraja; Common borage; Borage, common; Bourrache; Bouragem; Boretsch;
Starflower; Gurkenkraut 	Borage, seed	Borage

Canola; Canola, seed; Seed, canola; Edible oil rape; Rape, edible oil
Canola, seed 	Canola

Castor, oil plant; Oil, castor; Castorbean; Koli; Pa’aila;
La’au-’aila; Palma christi; Wonder tree; Higuerilla; Ricin; Herba
mora; Castor bean; Bean, castor; Castor; Ricino; Rizinus;
Kasterolieboom; Tick hemp; Mbono; Gulo; Bedanjir; Kiewa; Ruvuka; Eranda;
Mahung; Pi-ma; Castor oil plant, seed	Castor oil plant, seed	Castor oil
plant

Chinese tallow tree; Tallowtree, Chinese; Popcorntree; Candleberry-tree;
Tree, candleberry a suif; Boire; Arbol del sebo; Chinesischer talgbaum;
Florida aspen; Popcorn tree; Chinese tallowtree, seed	Chinese
tallowtree, seed	Chinese tallowtree

Cottonseed; Cotton, seed; Seed, cotton; Cotton, undelinted seed;
Undelinted seed, cotton; Cotton; Algodonera; Algodon; Algodociro
Americano; American-Egyptian; American pima cotton; Brazilian cotton;
Egyptian cotton; Gallini cotton; Cotton, gallini; Kidney cotton;
Peruvian cotton; Pima cotton; Sea island cotton; Extra-long staple
cotton; Long-staple cotton; Cottonseed oil; Upland cotton; American
cotton; American upland cotton; Bourbon cotton; Cotton, bourbon;
Brazilian cotton; Hawaiian cotton; Short-staple cotton; Arabian cotton;,
Lecant cotton; Levant cotton; Cotton, levant; Coton velu; Cotton des
Indes occidentals; Oak leaf cotton; Short staple cotton; Maltese cotton;
Syrian cotton; Tree cotton	Cotton, undelinted seed	Cottonseed

Crambe; Crambe, seed; Seed, crambe; Colewort; Krambe; Abyssium kale;
Crambe, seed	Crambe, seed	Crambe

Cuphea; Waxweed; Mexican heather; Cuphea, seed	Cuphea, seed	Cuphea

Echium; Echium oil; Salvation Jane; Pattersons curse; Purple vipers
bugloss; Patersons curse; Riverina bluebell; Blueweed; Purple buglosa;
Purple bugloss; Sonaja; Echium, seed	Echium, seed	Echium

Euphorbia; Leafy spurge; Euphorbia, seed	Euphorbia, seed	Euphorbia

Evening primrose, common; Common evening primrose; Onagre; Onagra;
Nachtkerze; German rampion; Tufted evening primrose; Evening primrose,
seed	Evening primrose, seed 	Evening primrose

Flax seed; Seed, flax; Flaxseed; Solin; Linsed; Saatlein; Linho; Linseed
oil; Oil, linseed; Lino; Lin; Lein; Flachs; Linaza; Flax, seed	Flax,
seed	Flax

Gold of pleasure; False flax; Linseed dodder; Big seed false flax;
Leindotter; Camelina; Camelina pilosa; Tea oil camellia; Gold of
pleasure, seed	Gold of pleasure, seed	Gold of pleasure

Hare’s–ear mustard; Mustard, hare’s–ear; Hare's-ear cabbage;
Orientalischer akerkohlnelt; Hare’s ear mustard, seed; Hare’s ear
mustard	Hare’s ear mustard, seed	Hare’s ear mustard

Jojoba; Goatnut; Deernut; Bucknut; Pignut; Jojoba, seed	Jojoba, seed
Jojoba

Lesquerella; Bladderpod; Fendler’s bladderpod; Lesquerella, seed
Lesquerella, seed	Lesquerella

Lunaria; Honesty; Mongviole; Annual honesty; Honesty, annual;
Moneyplant; Silver penny; Lunaria, seed	Lunaria, seed	Lunaria

Meadowfoam; Meadowfoam, seed	Meadowfoam, seed	Meadowfoam

Milkweed; Common milkweed; Milkweed, common; Virginia silk;
Algodoncillo; Silky swallowwort; Herbe a  la ouate; Seidenplanze
Butterfly milkweed; Milkweed, butterfly; Milkweed, seed	Milkweed, seed
Milkweed

Mustard, seed; Seed, mustard; Yellow mustard; Mustard, yellow; Mustard,
seed, Indian; Indian mustard seed; Seed, Indian mustard; Mustard seed;
Brown mustard; Mustard, brown; Oriental mustard; Mustard, oriental;
Mustard, seed, field; Field mustard seed; Seed, field mustard; Brown
sarson; Sarson, brown; Toria; Indian rape; Rape, Indian; Mustard, seed,
black; Black mustard seed; Seed, black mustard	Mustard, seed	Mustard

Niger seed; Seed, Niger; Nug; Neuk; Noog; Noug; Ramtil; Niger thistle;
Abiscini negrillo; Ramtilla; Nigerseed; Nigersaat; Kalatil; Karala;
Sarguia; Nigrt; Niger pea; Niger seed, seed	Niger seed, seed	Niger seed

Oil Radish; Fodder radish; Radish, fodder; Radis fourrage; Rabano
oleaginosor; Oil radish, seed 	Oil radish, seed	Oil radish

Poppy seed; Seed, poppy; Poppy, seed; Opium poppy; Oeillette papoula;
Schlafmohn; Dormideira	Poppy, seed	Poppy

Rapeseed, seed; Seed, rapeseed; Colza, Colsat	Rapeseed, seed	Rapeseed

Rose hip; Hip. Rose; Sweetbrier rose; Shakespeare's rose; Eglantine
rose; Sweet Briar; Sweetbriar; Sweetbrier; Wilderoos; Rose hip, oil	Rose
hip, seed	Rose hip

Safflower; Safflower, seed; Seed, safflower; False saffron; Cartamo
Safflower, seed	Safflower

Sesame; Sesame seed; Seed, sesame; Benne; Benneseed; Beniseed; Simsim;
Sesamo; Sesame oil; Oil, sesame; Ellu; Sesam; Ajonjoli	Sesame, seed
Sesame

Stokes aster; Aster, stokes; Cornflower aster; Aster, cornflower; Stokes
aster, seed	Stokes aster, seed	Stokes aster

Sunflower; Sunflower, seed; Seed, sunflower; Sunflower seed oil; Oil,
sunflower seed; Hopi sunflower; Sunflower, hopi; Girasol; Polocote;
Girasole; Sunseed; Sunoil; Sunmeal	Sunflower, seed	Sunflower

Sweet rocket; Dame's-violet; Dame's rocket Damesviolet, Violette; Garden
rocket; Damastbloem; Dammask violet; Sweet rocket, seed	Sweet rocket,
seed	Sweet rocket

Tallowwood; Tallow nuts; False sandalwood; Monkey Plum; Tallow Nut;
Tallownut; Seaside Plum; Hog plum tree; Blue sour plum; Hai tan mu;
Mutoywo; Mtundakula; Madarau; Miehtta; Tallowwood, seed	Tallowwood, seed
Tallowwood

Tea oil plant; Oil, tea plant; Lu shan snow; Camellia; Himalayan; Oltee;
Abura – tsubaki; Tea oil plant, seed	Tea oil plant, seed	Tea oil plant

Vernonia; Ironweed; Vernonia oil; Vernonia, seed	Vernonia, seed	Vernonia

REFERENCES:

ADAMS: Adams, J. 1982. Sunflower. National Sunflower Association.
Bismarck, North Dakota. 40 pp.

ALBERS:  Albers, D.W. 1993.  Cotton Plant Development and Plant Mapping.
 Univ MO State Extension Agricultural Publications.  G4268.

AMARICAN MEADOWS:   HYPERLINK
"http://www.americanmeadows.com/bulk_ind_detail.cfm?itemid=91"
http://www.americanmeadows.com/bulk_ind_detail.cfm?itemid=91

ANONYMOUS 1990:  Anonymous. 1990. Cottonseed and Its Products. Ninth Ed.
 National Cottonseed Products Association. Memphis, TN 24pp.

ANONYMOUS 1997a:  Anonymous. 1997. Minn-Dak Growers, Ltd. Mustard.
Production. MinnDak Growers Ltd. 5 pp.

ANONYMOUS 1997b:  Anonymous. 1997. Minn-Dak Growers, Ltd. Yellow Mustard
Production. MinnDak Growers Ltd. 5 pp.

ANONYMOUS 1997b:  Anonymous. 1997.	Anonymous. 1997. Minn-Dak Growers,
Ltd. Flax Production. MinnDak Growers Ltd. 1 p.

ANONYMOUS 1997c:  Anonymous. 1997. Anonymous. 1997. Minn-Dak Growers,
Ltd. Confectionary Sunflower Production. MinnDak Growers Ltd. 2 pp.

ANONYMOUS 1997d:  Anonymous. 1997.	Anonymous. 1997. Minn-Dak Growers,
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Figure 1. Typical Seed Pods of Canola Typical for the Proposed Rapeseed
Subgroup.

Figure 2. Comparison of Dietary Fats of Various Oilseed Crops.

Figure 3.  Harvested Cotton Acres in 2002 Ag Census.

Figure 4.  Harvested Sunflower Seed (Oil Varieties) Acres in 2002 Ag
Census.

Figure 5.  Harvested Sunflower Seed (Non-Oil Varieties) Acres in 2002 Ag
Census.

Figure 6.  Harvested Canola Acres in 2002 Ag Census.

 Ha = Hectare

 Mt = Metric ton

 Ha = Hectare

 Mt = Metric ton

( For the purposes of comparison this list only includes MRLs on
multiple commodities for each ingredient.

( Duplicated commodities.

 PAGE   68

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