Milon, J. Walter, Sherry L. Larkin, Donna J. Lee, Kathryn J. Quigley, and Charles M. Adams ( 1998). " The Performance of Florida  s Spiny Lobster Trap Certificate Program." Technical Paper XX, Florida Sea Grant College Program, University of Florida, P. O. Box 110409, Gainesville, FL, July.

The purpose of this assessment is to review the performance of the Florida spiny lobster trap certification program ( TCP) using historical catch 4 5 3 and effort data and changes in the number of certificates held by each individual since the program began. This review includes administrative costs incurred by the FDEP, revenues collected, and the transfer of certificate ownership since the TCP was enacted. Actual costs and revenues are compared to initial projections to determine whether the TCP has fulfilled initial expectations about its viability as a self financing regulatory mechanism. The volume of certificate transfers and the reported transfer prices are evaluate to determine whether transferability has contributed to the overall performance of the TCP. In addition to the financial self sufficiency of the program and characteristics of the transfer market, changes in certificate concentration, entry and exit behavior, and geographic distribution of certificates will also be evaluated.

Minerals Management Service ( 1986). " Advance Material for Outer Continental Shelf Policy Committee Incentives for Encouraging Leasing and Exploration in Frontier Areas." Offshore Resource Evaluation Division, September.

A package of material including the legal authority, the work commitment bidding system, etc. that was provided to the committee to assist in their discussion of incentives to encourage the development of frontier areas.

Miranda, Marie Lynn ( 1986). " United States Shrimp Imports, 1980 1986." Draft report, Economics and Statistics Office, Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL, August, 7 pp.

This report discusses the role and influence of shrimp imports on the U. S. shrimp production industry, with reference to the January 1981 to June 1986 period. Most of the analysis is done for count sizes 26 30 and 41 50 as well as total shrimp imports. Also contains an earlier draft of the report.

Mirman, Leonard J. ( 1979). " Dynamic Models of Fishing: A Heuristic Approach." In P. T. Liu and J. G. Sutinen ( eds.) Control Theory in Mathematical Economics, New York, Marcel Dekker.

Models of the interaction of biological and economic aspects of fishing or any renewable resource are studied. The underlying attribute of all the models is that the population is dynamic. The first two sections deal with countries that are interested in the welfare of their citizens. The last two sections use profit maximization instead of utility maximization as the objective of the countries. Generally, monopolists under either system consume more fish than do duopolists.

Mirman, Leonard J. and Daniel F. Spulber ( eds.) ( 1982). Essays in the Economics of Renewable Resources. North Holland Publishing Co., New York.

This volume presents fifteen essays that explore and extend theoretical aspects of the developments in economics of renewable resources. The volume begins with a selective survey of these developments and suggestions for future research. The modeling of renewable resource management within a capital theoretic framework and the resulting optimal harvesting policies are then examined. Resource management in the presence of biological and technical nonconvexities and subject to environmental uncertainty is considered in detail. The problems of free and restricted access to renewable resource stocks are analyzed within the framework of industry structure, conduct and performance. Emphasis is also placed upon the question strategic interfirm competition for resources within a game theoretic framework. The 4 5 4 volume concludes with an examination of alternative regulatory policies.

Mishan, E. J. ( 1948). " Realism and Relevance in Consumer's Surplus." The Review of Economic Studies, 15/ 16( 3): 27 33.

Mishan reviews the literature on consumer surplus and finds only two of the five definition to be tenable for a rise or a fall in price.

Mishan, E. J. ( 1959). " Rent as a Measure of Welfare Change." American Economic Review, 49( 3): 386 394.

Little further reflection is necessary to recognize that consumer surplus and economic rent are both measures of the change in the individual's welfare when the set of prices facing him are changed or the constraints imposed upon him are altered. Any distinction between them is one of convenience only; consumer surpluses have reference to demand prices, economic rent to supply prices. Furthermore, no consideration of logic precludes our measuring the individual's gain  in terms of compensated valuation or equivalent valuation  from, say, a simultaneous fall in price of a good bought and a rise in the price of a service provided.

Mishan, E. J. ( 1966). " A Survey of Welfare Economics, 1939 1959." In Surveys of Economic Theory, Vol. 1. MacMillan Press, London.

A survey of the literature dealing with the formal development of welfare economics.

Mishan, E. J. ( 1971). " The Postwar Literature on Externalities: An Interpretative Essay." Journal of Economic Literature, 9: 1 28.

External economies appears as one of the chief causes of divergences between private net product and social net product. Externalities provide the standard exception to the equation optimality with universal perfect competition. This interpretative survey is organized around four topics: ( 1) the problems of definition, ( 2) the traditional doctrine in the light of later refinements, ( 3) the relation of external economies to public goods, and ( 4) the new concern with environmental spillovers.

Mishan, E. J. ( 1976). " The Use of Compensating and Equivalent Variations in Cost Benefit Analysis." Economica, 43( May): 185 197.

The author addresses three issues concerning the use of compensating variation in cost benefit analysis: ( 1) equity, ( 2) reliability of compensating variation, and ( 3) equivalent variation is as good as compensating variation for the measurement of gains and losses. Compensating variation is demonstrated to be the best available method for determining costs and benefits.

Missios, Paul C. and Charles Plourde ( 1997).  Transboundary Renewable Resource Management and Conservation Motives.  Marine Resource Economics, 12( 1): 29 36.

A simple two country theoretical model of transboundary fishing conflicts in which one country has a nonlucrative incentive to conserve the fish stock is presented to examine the effect of such a conservation motive on the steady state stock level and to analyze how this stock level is affected by the division of the harvest. It is demonstrated that a conservation motive for one or both countries serves to increase the stock level and that this level is dependent on the harvest share of the country with motive. A brief 4 5 5 application to the Canada European Union turbot and Canada United states salmon disputes suggests consistency between the principles of the model and reality.

Mitchell, Carlyle L. ( 1997).  Fisheries Management in the Grand Banks, 1980 1992 and the Straddling Stock Issue.  Marine Policy, 21( 1): 97 109.

This paper examines fisheries management problems on the Grand Banks that were due to divided jurisdiction between Canada  s 200 mile Fisheries Zone and the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization  s ( NAFO) area outside this zone, which brought to the fore the predicaments associated with straddling stocks. These were epitomized by the northern cod fishery. Because Canadian scientists overestimated the stocks, northern cod became the basis of a growth industry for Canada and for considerable fishing activity in the NAFO zone by vessels from NAFO member and non member countries during the 1980s. From 1985 onwards, straddling stocks became a contentious issue between Canada and NAFO with respect to management measures and their enforcement. This issue became particularly acute towards the end of the 1980s when the overestimation of the northern cod stock became apparent, leading to a reduction in the TACs for this species and to Canada  s closure of this fishery in 1992. This had severe economic implications for Canada  s Atlantic Coast fishing industry but resulted in the international acceptance of a new UN Convention for Straddling Stocks and Highly Migratory Species in 1995.

Mitchell, Chris, C. Derning Cowles, Nevette Bowen, Rafe Petersen, and Henry Mitcheill ( 1996).  Building A Bycatch Strategy in the North Pacific: Western Alaska  A Matter of Cultural and Community Survival.  A report to the National Marine Fisheries Service from the Alaska Fisheries Development Foundation, February, 19 pp.

The report of a bycatch workshop held in Alaska to summarize the diversity of opinions held throughout the state. Central to this report is the idea that Western Alaskans feel that bycatch is as much of a sociological as an economic problem. Based upon this knowledge, NMFS should be able to design real solutions to real problems on a more localized basis.

Mitchell, John F. and Arvind Shah ( 1992).  Report on TED Efficiency Trials Aboard a Mexican Shrimp Trawler, A U. S./ Mexico Cooperative Study November 9 20, 1992.  Foreign TED Technology Transfer Program, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Mississippi Laboratory, Pascagoula Facility, P. O. Drawer 1207, Pascagoula, MS, 20 pp.

Gear specialists with the National Marine Fisheries Service and the National Fisheries Institute of Mexico collected information on catch rates of shrimp and bycatch from trawls equipped with super Shooter and Anthony Weedless style TEDs aboard a Mexican shrimp trawler in November 1992. Trawling operations were conducted in Mexican waters of the Gulf of Mexico along the northern coast of the state of Tamaulipas. Catch data was collected from TED versus non TED equipped trawls during 179 hours of comparative towing. Shrimp catch per unit effort ( CPUE = lb/ h) for the Super Shooter TED and corresponding control net was 5.34 and 5.53 lb/ h respectively resulting in a difference of 3.4 percent. Shrimp CPUE for the Anthony Weedless TED and corresponding control net was 6.42 and 6.66 lb/ h respectively resulting in a difference of 3.6 percent. Differences in the catches of shrimp and bycatch between TED equipped nets and their corresponding control nets were not statistically significant over all phases of the test. 4 5 6 Mitchell, Laura and Laura Grignano ( 1992). " Current Trends in Ecologic Economic Valuation of Wetlands." Technical Report No. 92 8, College of William and Mary, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, Wetlands Program, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, August.

This report outlines some techniques employed in assigning economic value to wetlands and discusses the application of economic valuation of natural resources and some of the problems associated with the process.

Mock, C. R. ( 1973). " Shrimp Culture in Japan." Marine Fisheries Review, 35( 3 4): 71 76.

A presentation on Japanese shrimp aquaculture and the progress being made by researchers to perfect their techniques.

Moffett, A. W. ( 1970). The Shrimp Fishery in Texas. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, Texas.

This bulletin is designed to introduce the reader to the biology of the commercial species of shrimp and the fishery in Texas.

Moloney, David G. and Peter H. Pearse ( 1979). " Quantitative Rights as an Instrument for Regulating Commercial Fisheries." J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 36: 859 866.

A method of regulating commercial fisheries by providing fishing enterprise with transferable rights to harvest specific quantities of fish is described and analyzed in terms of its incentives for economic efficiency in harvesting, its administrative practicability, and its amenability to alternative objectives with respect to the division of resource rents between fishermen and the government. The regime proposed can, under certain realistic conditions, be expected to maximize resource rents and to permit the gains to be distributed flexibly. This approach is found to have certain superior characteristics over the main alternative proposals for rationalizing fishing.

Moncol, N. Dolores, J. W. Tate, Barbara C. Barbour, N. B. Webb, and F. B. Thomas ( 19??). " Investigations on the Mechanical Processing and Additive Treatment of Shrimp." Draft Chapter III.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficiency of a relatively small, portable, shrimp processing machine and the effect of selected food grade additives on the quality of shrimp.

Monk, Grant and Grant Hewison ( 1994).  A Brief Criticism of the New Zealand Quota Management System.  In Karyn L. Gimbel ( ed.) Limiting Access to Marine Fisheries: Keeping the Focus on Conservation, Center for Marine Conservation and the World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D. C.

New Zealand  s quota management system ( QMS) is designed to limit access to fisheries through the establishment of private property rights in the form of ITQs and also to conserve fish stocks through biologically determined TACs that are set for each fishery within defined Quota Management Areas. By limiting access to fisheries, the QMS attempts to address the problem of open access to common property fishery resources, which have traditionally led to a destructive race for fish. The QMS system has a number of shortcomings. The system focuses primarily on single species management and largely fails to address broader 4 5 7 ecosystem considerations. Political pressure has led to the setting of TACs at levels beyond maximum sustainable yield. Bycatch and under reporting continue to be major problems in the fisheries, as the system is difficult to enforce and monitor. The creation of private property rights has proven effective in expanding the New Zealand fish trade into international markets, but many species remain overfished. In addition, the system requires that the government compensate quota holders when a decision to lower TAC levels is made. While the New Zealand QMS is attractive in theory, in practice it has a number of drawbacks, and is not a panacea for long term conservation of fisheries. Others intending to embark along similar lines to New Zealand  s fisheries management system would be well advised to critically examine its present deficiencies.

Montegut, R. S. ( 1979). " Planning To Buy a Shrimp Boat." Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service Sea Grant Publication LSU TL 79 005, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La, 11 pp.

The shrimp industry in the Gulf of Mexico is dominated by owner operated shrimp boats. These businessmen are interested in a lifestyle as well as earning a profit. The lifestyle is one not faced by the investor choosing not to operate his shrimp boat. Absentee owners generally experience higher repair and maintenance costs, higher insurance costs and lower shrimp catches. Understanding the situation faced by an absentee owner compared to the experienced owner operator will be helpful in making your investment decisions. Also, there are already a large number of shrimpers competing with expensive boats for a fully utilized supply of shrimp. Thus, the skills and number of your competitors in shrimping must be considered before you invest in the business.

Montgomery, Claire A., Gardner M. Brown, Jr., and Darius M. Adams ( 1994).  The Marginal Cost of Species Preservation: The Northern Spotted Owl.  Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 26: 111 128.

Because species survival is not certain, the decision to  save  a species is not an all or nothing choice but rather a marginal one. The appropriate unit for both benefit and cost functions is the likelihood of survival and the appropriate question is how certain we want to be of species survival. The intensity of the species preservation debate is also fired by strong equity concerns. We illustrate these points for the case of the northern spotted owl by constructing a marginal cost curve for its survival and by disaggregating welfare loss by region and by market level.

Moore, Charles J. ( 1984). " A Socio Economic Survey of the Seventh Annual Arthur Smith King Mackerel Tournament." South Carolina Marine Resources Center, Technical Report Number 58, May, 13 pp.

This report presents the results obtained from the 1983 socio economic survey and provides comparison with results obtained during 1979.

Moore, Charles J. ( 1984). " User Information Needs and the Role of Information in Fisheries Development and Management." Chapter 11 in Richard H. Stroud ( ed.) Marine Recreational Fisheries, 9, Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Marine Recreational Fisheries Symposium, Virginia Beach, Virginia, April 24 and 25, National Coalition for Marine Conservation, Inc., Savannah, Georgia.

During the 1982 marine recreational fisheries symposium, Larkin ( 1982) presented a set of natural laws governing the management of sport and 4 5 8 commercial fisheries. Larkin's first law is " People go sport fishing so that they can tell fish stories." This paper will accept this " Law" and examine what information is needed, what the modes of communication are and, more importantly, the role of this information in marine recreational fisheries development which will allow for the best fish stories to be told.

Moore, Charles J. and Charles H. Farmer, III ( 1981). " An Angler  s Guide to South Carolina Sharks." Recreational Fisheries, Office of Conservation, Management and Marketing, South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department, P. O. Box 12559, Charleston, South Carolina, May, 65 pp.

A guide for the sportsman and general reference to sharks taken in South Carolina waters.

Morey, Edward R. ( 1981). " The Demand for Site Specific Recreational Activities: A Characteristics Approach." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 8: 345 371.

A model of constrained utility maximizing behavior is developed to explain how a representative individual allocates his ski days among alternative sites. The physical characteristics of the ski areas and the individual's skiing ability are explicit arguments in the utility function; the budget allocation is given along with the parametric costs to ski ( including travel costs, entrance fees, equipment costs, and the opportunity cost of his time). Shares ( a site's share being the proportion of ski days that the individual spends at that site) are derived and assumed multinomially distributed, a stochastic specification that maintains the inherent properties of the shares. Maximum likelihood estimation confirms the basic hypothesis that costs, ability, and characteristics all are important determinants of the sites' shares. The model explains a large proportion of the skier's allocation of ski days. A multinomial logit model of skier behavior is also developed and maximum likelihood estimates of its parameters are obtained. Examination of the summary statistics from my model and the logit model indicates that my model predicts the skier's choice of sites better than the logit model.

Morey, Edward R. ( 1984). " The Choice of Ski Areas: Estimation of a Generalized CES Preference Ordering with Characteristics." The Review of Economics and Statistics, ??: 584 590.

A generalized CES ( GENCES) preference ordering is developed and estimated. It incorporates characteristics of both the individual and the activities. The GENCES is used to explain the share of ski time an individual allocates to each ski area as a function of site characteristics, skiing ability, and costs. The stochastic specification limited the shares to the 0 1 simplex. This specification was found to be more appropriate than the conventional normality assumption. The null hypothesis that preferences are homothetic and additive is rejected. Characteristics, ability, and costs are important determinants of demand. The estimated elasticities provide numerous insights into skier behavior.

Morey, Edward R., Donald Waldman, Djeto Assane, and Douglass Shaw ( 1995). " Searching for a Model of Multiple Site Recreation Demand that Admits Interior and Boundary Solutions." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77(!): 129 140.

For most recreation demand data sets, different individuals visit different subsets of the available sites. Interior solutions ( i. e., 4 5 9 individuals who visit all recreational sites) are not the norm. Boundary solutions ( i. e., individuals who do not participate, or who visit some, but not all, of the sites) predominate. We critique eight demand models in terms of their ability to accommodate boundary solutions. Three models are recommended for consideration when there are multiple sites and the data set includes a significant number of boundary solutions: a repeated nested logit model, a multinomial share model, and a Kuhn Tucker model.

Morrison, Catherine J. ( 1985).  On the Economic Interpretation and Measurement of Optimal Capacity Utilization with Anticipatory Expectations.  Review of Economic Studies, 52( 169): 295 310.

This study builds on recent research giving the notion of capacity utilization clearer economic foundations. In this research optimal output Y* is defined as the minimum point on the firm  s short run average total cost curve, and capacity utilization is then computed as CU = Y/ Y*, where Y is actual output. Here I extend these concepts to include adjustment costs due to changes in the stock of capital, and nonstatic expectations of future output demand and input prices. The more general notion of CU is shown to depend on the shadow values of the firm  s quasi fixed inputs, and is decomposed to isolate the effects of anticipatory expectations. An empirical comparison is then made between traditional indices and alternative economic CU measures, using annual U. S. manufacturing data 1954  1980. The calculated indices exhibit plausible patterns, which can be interpreted as the effects of nonstatic expectations and adjustment costs.

Morrison, N. A., D. H. King, M. L. Quinto, and N. B. Webb ( 19??). " Effect of Various Additives and Temperature Applications on the Texture of Shrimp." Draft Chapter IV.

The main objective of this investigation was to determine the influence of cooking, PH, and frozen storage on the texture of shrimp.

Moss, Charles B., Gretchen Greene, and Eric Thunberg ( 1994). " Estimation of Recreational Anglers' Value of Reef Fish in the Gulf of Mexico." Draft report, Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

Several public policy issues in the Gulf of Mexico region involve the value of the reef fish recreational fishery. This study estimates the economic impact of this fishery using a travel cost procedure. The results indicate that the fishery generates $ 460 million within the state of Florida.

Motulsky, Harvey J. and Lennart A. Ransnas ( 1987). " Fitting Curves to data Using Nonlinear Regression: A Practical and Nonmathematical Review." FASEB J., 1: 365 374.

Many types of data are best analyzed by fitting a curve using nonlinear regression, and computer programs that perform these calculations are readily available. Like every scientific technique, however, a nonlinear regression program can produce misleading results when used inappropriately. This article reviews the use of nonlinear regression in a practical and nonmathematical manner. The review is designed to demystify nonlinear regression so that both its power and its limitations will be appreciated.

Moussavian, Mohammed and Larry Samuelson ( 1984). " On the Extraction of an Exhaustible Resource by a Monopoly." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 11( 2): 139 146. 4 6 0 Hotelling's r percent rule does not hold for monopoly extractors of durable exhaustible resources. An example with a nondurable resource in which the rule also fails to hold is presented. An economy with a fixed average propensity to save is modeled. The monopoly extractor recognizes that resource extraction, by affecting output and hence capital accumulation, affects future demand. The firm exploits this effect by causing the marginal profitability of extraction to grow faster or slower than the rate of interest, depending upon initial conditions. Conditions are developed under which the growth rate will be less than the interest rate.

Moxnes, Erling ( 1993). " Mismanagement of Fish Resources." Presented at the International Conference on Fisheries Economics, Os, Norway, May 26 28.

In the literature on renewable resources, the commons problem is held to be the crucial factor explaining experienced mismanagement. In this report an economic experiment demonstrates that serious mismanagement can occur even when property rights are assigned. Mismanagement is measured both in terms of over investment and over utilization. The most likely explanation is a misperception of time lags, also found in studies of other dynamic systems. For policy making this finding adds the dimension of learning to the previous dimension of cooperation and conflict resolution.

Moyer, Camilla C. ( 1994). " Minutes." Memorandum, Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, lincoln Center, Suite 331, 5401 W. Kennedy Blvd., Tampa, Florida, October, 23 pp.

The minutes of the Ad Hoc Red Snapper Advisory Panel meeting held in New Orleans on August 8 9, 1994 concerning proposed red snapper individual transferable quota and license limitation fishery management regulations.

MRAG Americas, Inc. ( 1999).  NMFS Response to the 1997 Peer Review of Red Snapper ( Lutjanus Campechanus) Research and Management in the Gulf of Mexico.  Tampa, Florida, May.

In response to a peer review of the research and management of red snapper, NMFS prepared this response to that review incorporating the expertise of NMFS and outside economists. The report contains a response to the peer review and a research plan to for red snapper in the Gulf of Mexico.

Mueller, Dennis C. ( 1976). " Public Choice: A Survey." Journal of Economic Literature, 14( 2): 395 433.

Public choice can be defined as the economic study of nonmarket decision making, or, simply the application of economics to political science. The basic behavioral postulate of public choice, as for economics, is that man is an egoistic, rational, utility maximizer.

Mueller, Dennis C. and Wallace E. Oates ( 1986). " The Management of the Chesapeake Bay: Alternative Structures for Decision Making." Working draft report presented at the Economics of Managing Chesapeake Bay II, Annapolis, MD., May, 27 pp.

Optimal jurisdiction is explored by developing a model of Chesapeake By using three management alternatives: ( 1) the existing jurisdictional structure, ( 2) a Chesapeake Bay political jurisdiction, and ( 3) a national jurisdiction.

Muller, Robert G. ( 1988). " Spanish Mackerel Summary." Department of 4 6 1 Natural Resources, Bureau of Marine Research, St. Petersburg, Florida, June, 7 pp.

This summary is not a stock assessment but rather an interim report addressing the Spanish mackerel fisheries in Florida. The items addressed in summary are: ( a) commercial landings, ( b) quota impacts on commercial landings, ( c) recreational landings, ( d) bag limit impacts on recreational landings, and ( e) need for additional analyses.

Muller, Robert G. ( 1989). " Spanish Mackerel Summary." Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Marine Research, St. Petersburg, Florida, May, 5 pp.

This summary is not a stock assessment but rather an interim report addressing the Spanish mackerel fisheries in Florida. The items addressed in summary are: ( a) commercial landings, ( b) quota impacts on commercial landings, and © need for additional analyses.

+, Robert G. and Michael D. Murphy ( 1994). " Report on Inshore Finfish Trends." Report prepared for the Florida Marine Fisheries Commission by the Department of Environmental Protection, Florida Marine Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, June, 16 pp.

This report summarizes landings, effort, and catch per unit effort trends for red drum, spotted seatrout, mullet, and an additional 20 finfish species.

Munro, Gordon R. ( 1979). " The Optimal Management of Transboundary Renewable Resources." Canadian Journal of Economics, 12( 3): 355 376.

This paper investigates the question of the optimal management of renewable resources jointly owned by two states. A dynamic model of fisheries is combined with Nash's theory of two person cooperative games. Conflicts in the management strategies of the two states arising from differences in perceptions of the social rate of discount, fishing effort costs, and consumer preferences are examined. Cases are considered in which the two partners can and cannot make side or transfer payments to one another. It is concluded that side payments greatly ease the resolution of resource management conflicts.

Munro, Gordon R. ( 1986). " The Management of Shared Fishery Resources under Extended Jurisdiction." Marine Resource Economics, 3( 4): 271 296.

The management of shared fishery resources is one of the prime management issues to have arisen as a consequence of extended fisheries jurisdiction. This paper reviews the issue from a bioeconomic perspective. A major conclusion arising from this review is that it should in principle be possible for joint owners of shared resources to develop effective joint management programs, even though they may have significantly different views on optimal management strategy. Avenues of future research on the issue are also discussed.

Munro, Gordon R. ( 1989). " Coastal States and Distant water Fishing Nation Relations: An Economist's Perspective." Marine Fisheries Review, 51( 1): 3 10.

This paper presents an analytical framework to be used by economists in 4 6 2 studying the relationship of coastal states with distant water fishing nations ( DWFN) seeking access to the coastal state's 200 mile extended fisheries jurisdiction zone.

Munro, Gordon R. ( 1998). " A Theoretical Framework for Examining Interactions Between Subsidies, Overcapitalization and Resource Overexploitation: Short Term and Long Term Consequences." PECC Task Force on Fisheries Cooperation and Development Workshop on  The Impact of Government Financial Transfers on Fisheries Management, Resource Sustainability and International Trade,  Manila, August, 21 pp.

This paper discusses the interactions between subsidies and fishery resource overexploitation and overcapitalization. Even benign subsidies upon closer inspection are seen to have decidedly malign aspects.

Munro, Gordon R. and Anthony D. Scott ( 1985). " The Economics of Fisheries Management." Chapter 14 in Kneese, Allen V. and James L. Sweeney ( ed.). Handbook of Natural Resource and Energy Economics, Vol. II, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.

The major development in fisheries economics that is stressed in this chapter is the shift away from static to dynamic or capital theoretic analysis. Dynamic considerations in turn lead naturally to a consideration of problems arising from uncertainty.

Murawski, Steven A. ( 1997).  Meeting the Challenges of Bycatch: New Rules and New Tools.  In Solving Bycatch, Considerations for Today and Tomorrow, Alaskan Sea Grant College Program Report No. 96 03, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, 322 pp.

Bycatch considerations have become critical constraints on the prosecution and development of marine fisheries in the nation and the world. Unless species and size selectivity of fishing techniques are improved, tough new rules will place additional requirements on existing fisheries or fisheries may be closed all together. In these circumstances, the industry will likely be unable to develop fisheries for the nation  s few remaining underutilized resources. This workshop has two important objectives: ( 1) review recent developments in bycatch reduction, and ( 2) promote dialogue on research and policy goals for the future. Since the first National Industry Buycatch Workshop, held in Newport Oregon, there has been considerable gear based research, supported by industry, associations, and government partnerships. Technical standards for evaluating bycatch reduction have been developed and applied in some situations. Bycatch monitoring programs have been expanded to include a widening array of fisheries and the nature and extent of the bycatch problem subjected to quantitative evaluation. This information has exonerated some fisheries, and excoriated others. Recently , more sophisticated real time bycatch monitoring systems have been developed, with capabilities for information dissemination. However, much remains to be done. Although often assumed, specific goals for bycatch management have rarely been articulated. Development of goals is a necessary step if we are to measure our success solving bycatch. New approaches to information sharing, and personal accountability to operate  cleanly  are challenges which must be faced. As well, the scientific community needs to define  how clean is clean enough?  and to evaluate the consequences of bycatch reduction alternatives on species and ecosystems. Regulatory schemes that encourage innovation and responsibility through incentives for bycatch reduction and discourage those who jeopardize personal and collective fishing opportunities through 4 6 3 disincentives, must be implemented.

Murawski, S. A. and J. T. Finn ( 1986). " Optimal Effort Allocation Among Competing Mixed Species Fisheries, Subject to Fishing Mortality Constraints." Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 43: 90 100.

A linear programming ( LP) approach to effort allocation among two or more fisheries ( fleets) exploiting several common species/ stocks is described and applied to otter trawl fisheries exploiting demersal fish stocks on Georges Bank ( northeastern United States). Total instantaneous fishing mortality on a particular species ( i) is computed as the linear summation of fishing mortalities generated by each fishery ( j): Fi=  £ qijfi i where fi is the amount of standardized fishing effort exerted in fishery j and qij is the catchability coefficient for species i taken in fishery j. Mortality on species i due to both directed fishing and bycatch can thus be accounted for in the qij's. Optimal allocation of effort among the j fisheries may be considered a minimization problem ( minimize  £ fi), subject to the constraints that fishing mortality rates on particular species are maintained at, above, or below certain predefined levels. Fishing mortality goals for individual species can be based on various biological and/ or economic criteria: fishing mortality rates that prevent growth or recruitment overfishing, or that optimize productivity from predator prey systems. Other constraints in the LP model may be included to modify optimal solutions based on various economic and social considerations ( e. g. protection of certain fisheries). Sensitivity analyses indicate the general infeasibility of maintaining relatively high or low fishing mortality rates on ubiquitously distributed species, while moderately fishing species with more discrete distributions, due to bycatch considerations.

Murphy, G. I. ( 1977). " Clupeoids." In J. A. Gulland ( ed.), Fish Population Dynamics, Wiley Interscience, New York, pp. 283 308.

There has always been considerable interest in the population dynamics of the clupeoids, in part because of the size of the fisheries, but also because their landings tend to fluctuate widely, and because some populations have collapsed under exploitation. In some instances the collapse seems to be relatively permanent. The six million tons of lost production detailed in Table 35 may not be the end, as Peruvian anchovy catches fell to four million tons in 1972, and did not significantly exceed two million tons in 1973.

Murphy, Thomas M. and Sally R. Hopkins Murphy ( 1989). " Sea Turtle and Shrimp Fishing Interactions: A Summary and Critique of Relevant Information." Center for Marine Conservation.

This report examines the interactions between sea turtle populations and the shrimp fleet, particularly from North Carolina to Florida, by analyzing major aspects of each that relate to this interaction. The major aspects examined are the density and distribution of marine turtle nesting, marine turtle carcass strandings, incidental captures of marine turtles in shrimp trawls, shrimping effort, and aerial observations of turtles at sea. Each section on these major aspects looks at historic and current information, values and uses for the information and shortcomings and cautions regarding these data. The report also summarizes and critiques the primary source documents upon which management and research decisions are made by the two federal agencies that have legal jurisdiction over sea turtles.

Murray, James D., James J. Bahen, and Roger A. Rulifson ( 1992). 4 6 4 " Management Considerations for Bycatch in the North Carolina and Southeast Shrimp Fishery." Fisheries, 17( 1): 21 26.

Many observers believe that commercial shrimp bycatch will be the most important issue southeastern U. S fishery managers must address during the next several years. Although the biological impact of bycatch on finish stocks is uncertain for many species, there is evidence that it may already be affecting red snapper, mackerel, and weakfish stocks. Available management measures to reduce bycatch include area and season closures and gear modification requirements. Recent experiences in the southeast with turtle excluder devices are instructive for developing policy and implementing management regimes. Through a 1990 amendment to the Fishery Conservation and Management Act, Congress established a 3 year program to assess the impact on fishery resources of incidental harvest by the shrimp trawl fishery. The Gulf and South Atlantic Fisheries Development Foundation is forming a steering committee to develop a strategic plan and to establish criteria for evaluating gear for the management of bycatch in the southeast shrimp fishery. The North Carolina Marine Fisheries Commission ( NCMFC) recently required the Division of Marine Fisheries to establish the goal of reducing bycatch to the absolute minimum, and appointed a scrap fish committee to develop draft recommendations for affected fisheries. To achieve an acceptable compromise by the fishery constituency, good coordination, communication, and citizen participation processes are required. The committees offer an important opportunity for developing bycatch management systems.

Murray, James D., Jeffrey C. Howe, David G. Lindquist, and David C. Griffith ( 1987). " Using FAD's to Attract Fish at Coastal Fishing Piers." Marine Fisheries Review, 49( 2): 143 154.

Eighteen midwater fish aggregating devices ( FADs) were deployed alternatively off the ends of two piers ( one acting as a control) in Wrightsville Beach, N. C., to evaluate their ability to attract coastal fishes. Creel censuses of pier fishermen and diver surveys of FADs were conducted to determine ( 1) the aggregation capabilities of FADs, by number, size, and fish species; attracted baitfish, ( 2) the effect of FADs on catch per unit of effort by species; no difference in catch rates, and ( 3) the durability of the FADs in this environment; most damaged during category 2 hurricane.

Murray, James D., Jeffrey C. Johnson, and David C. Griffith ( 1987). " Encouraging the Use of Underutilized Marine Fishes by Southeastern U. S. Anglers, Part II: Educational Objectives and Strategy." Marine Fisheries Review, 49( 2): 138 142.

This paper, the second of a two part series, focuses on the educational program and the process of increasing demand for under utilized marine fishes by recreational fishermen in the southeastern United States. Short and long term objectives, strategy, development of educational materials, and results are discussed. We point out how the species were selected for development and how the research findings influenced the information presented in the materials. The advantages of initiating projects that contain both research and extension components are pointed out. We show how marketing and consumer behavior research techniques can be used to shape an educational program. Also discussed is the importance of producing multifaceted educational materials and training a network of educators to conduct educational programs to achieve widespread distribution and adoption of information.

Murray, James D., Roger Rulifson, and James Bahen ( 1991). " Laboratory and Field Experimentation of Three Finfish Separator Devices to Reduce Bycatch in the Shrimp Fishery." Final Project Report, 4 6 5 Saltonstall Kennedy Grant # NA90AA H SK048, SERO, NMFS, NOAA, USDOC.

Standard shrimp trawls used in the southeastern USA commercial fishery were modified in an attempt to reduce the amount of unwanted fish and invertebrates retained during normal shrimp trawling procedures. A statistical sampling design was used to test the effectiveness of finfish separator devices ( FSD) towed in combination with unmodified nets in coastal waters off Brunswick, Georgia, in 1990. Several problems hampered statistical analysis of the data, including slight differences in the towing of port and starboard nets, onboard modifications of FSDs during testing to correct design deficiencies, and seasonality of shrimp catches in combination with large masses of sargassum and jellyfish in trawls during fall sampling. The modified Parrish TED was the only FSD that had a significant reduction in the percent difference in total biomass compared to the control net.

Murray, Thomas J. ( 1996).  Creation of a Real Time and Historical Shark Fishery Data Series.  Grant Number NA27FD0069 01, Center for Economic and Management research, University of South Florida.

This project has three goals. The first is to create a vessel level data base that can be used to understand the economic operations of the shark fishery and the implications of shark management plans. Second, the project establishes a protocol for the continuous updating of the database. Third, a spreadsheet was developed that permits the establishment of a baseline assessment of costs and returns to shark fishermen.

Musaiger, Abdulrahman O. ( 1987). " Marine Fisheries in Bahrain." Marine Fisheries Review, 49( 3): 96 99.

Since the end of the 1970' s, serious efforts have been focused on developing the fishery sector that has been in decline since the 1930' s when higher incomes in the oil production industry began attracting labor and capital away from the fishing industry. Actually, the Bahrain islands are rich in fishery resources with many potentially productive sites on the inhabited coasts. However, the efforts to develop fisheries are facing many difficulties. This paper briefly highlights Bahrain's fisheries and gives some possible measures to develop them.

Muse, Ben ( 1991). " Survey of Individual Quota Programs." Draft report, Alaska Commercial Fisheries Entry Commission, June, pp. 32.

By 1980 fishermen had individual quotas in Iceland, the Bay of Fundy, Ontario, Manitoba, Wisconsin, and British Columbia. Most programs were fairly small, but one covered over 700 gillnet fishermen on Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba. Since 1980 the number of programs has increased greatly. This appendix describes individual quota programs in the United States, Iceland, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia. The survey is wide rather than deep; the programs are not described in detail.

Muse, Ben and Kurt Schelle ( 1985). " A Fiscal Model for the Southeast Alaska Salmon Drift Gill Net Fishery in 1981." CFEC Report Number 83 3, Commercial Fisheries Entry Commission, Pouch KB, Juneau, Alaska 99811, January, pp. 82.

This paper illustrates a methodology for using mail survey data, vessel licensing information, and catch records to derive a model to estimate operating costs and net returns measures in a fishery. Operating costs, net operating income, and returns to labor and management are estimated for the 4 6 6 Southeastern Alaska salmon drift gill net fishery.

Muse, Ben and Kurt Schelle ( 1985). " Net Return Estimates for the Southeast Alaska Salmon Drift Gill Net Fishery, 1980 1982." CFEC Report Number 84 9, commercial Fisheries Entry Commission, Pouch KB, Juneau, Alaska 99811, April, pp. 17.

This report summarizes the results of CFEC research into the net returns of Southeast Alaska salmon drift gill net fishermen in 1980, 1981, and 1982. A brief description of the CFEC financial model for this fishery is provided as well as various outputs of that model. Results summarized include estimates of average fleet operating costs for each year and estimates of average net operating income and average returns to labor for the fleet and for various parts of it.

Muse, Ben and Kurt Schelle ( 1986). " A Fiscal Model for the Cook Inlet Salmon Drift Gill Net Fishery in 1982." Document Number CFEC 85 4, Commercial Fisheries Entry Commission, Pouch KB, Juneau, Alaska 99811.

This report describes a model designed to produce estimates of Cook Inlet salmon drift gillnetters' net operating incomes and returns to labor and management. In 1982, a good year in this fishery, mean returns to labor and management for owner operators, assuming a 10% opportunity cost of capital, were about $ 8,801.

Muse, Ben and Kurt Schelle ( 1988). " New Zealand's ITQ Program." CFEC 88 3, Alaska Commercial Fisheries Entry Commission, Box KB, Juneau, Alaska 99801, June.

In the last four years New Zealand has started an ambitious program of individual fisherman's quotas in its commercial fisheries. This paper describes the provisions of the program, its evolution, and its impacts on the New Zealand fisheries through June, 1988.

Muse, Ben and Kurt Schelle ( 1989). " Individual Fisherman's Quotas: A Preliminary Review of Some Recent Programs." CFEC 89 1, Alaska Commercial Fisheries Entry Commission.

Individual fisherman's quota programs are relatively new approaches to fisheries management that appear to offer an attractive way to manage some fisheries. In an individual quota program each quota holder is given the right to harvest a portion of the total allowable catch in a fishery. This paper briefly describes twelve individual quota programs which have recently been implemented in Atlantic Canada, Ontario, Iceland, New Zealand, Australia, and the United States. Topics discussed include the initial allocation of shares, the nature of the bundle of rights contained in the shares, enforcement, and the apparent impacts of each program.

Musick, J. A. ( 1995).  Comments on Proposed Modifications of the Fisheries Management Plan for Sharks of the Atlantic Ocean.  School of Marine Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, June 7, 12 pp.

Several problems exist with the current Fisheries Management Plan for sharks and proposed changes in the FMP for 1995. Many of these problems were recognized by the Shark Panel of Experts that was convened at the NMFS Workshop in Miami in March 1994. Unfortunately, some important comments were omitted, and more importantly, dissenting conclusions and recommendations were 4 6 7 ignored. The Panel members have no way of telling what the consensus recommendations were because such a consensus was not reached at the meeting, but rather we were invited to make comments on a draft workshop report prepared by NMFS. Consequently the following comments are offered.

Myers, R. A., A. A. Rosenberg, P. M. Mace, N. Barrowman, V. R. Restrepo ( 1994).  In Search of Thresholds for Recruitment Overfishing.  ICES J. Mar Sci., 51: 191 205.

In this study we consider the problem of estimating, for management purposes, a minimum biomass reference level at which recruitment to a fish stock is seriously reduced. We take an empirical, comparative approach to the problem by examining observations on a wide range of fish stocks. Eight methods for estimating spawning stock biomass thresholds for recruitment overfishing are investigated. Their behavior is tested using stock and recruitment data for 72 finfish populations, each with at least 20 years of data. We considered three classes of thresholds defined by : ( 1) the stock size corresponding to 50% of the maximum predicted average recruitment; ( 2) the minimum stock size that would produce a good year class when environmental conditions are favorable; and ( 3) the stock size corresponding to 20% of various estimates of virgin stock size. The estimators of the first type are generally preferable because they are easily understood, relatively robust if only data at low stock sizes are available, and almost always result in higher levels of recruitment above the threshold.

Nakamura, Eugene L. ( 1976). " Recreational Fisheries for Snappers and Groupers in the Gulf of Mexico." Pages 77 85 in Harvey R. Bullis, Jr. and Albert C. Jones ( eds.) ( 1976). " Proceedings: Colloquium on Snapper Grouper Fishery Resources of the Western Central Atlantic Ocean. Report Number 17, Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, New Orleans, Louisiana, Texas A& M University Sea Grant College and Mississippi Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, November, 333 pp.

Recreational fishing for snappers and groupers is conducted mainly from boats: party, charter, and private boats. Available statistics for snappers and groupers caught in the Gulf of Mexico indicate that catches by recreational anglers are substantially higher than those by commercial fishermen. In 1970, the number of recreational anglers fishing in the Gulf of Mexico for snappers was estimated at 437,000 and for groupers at 301,000. The average annual expenditure by salt water anglers was estimated at $ 178. Thus, the 437,000 anglers spent about $ 77.8 million and the 301,000 anglers spent about $ 53.6 million in pursuit of their avocation. These numbers probably are not additive, since the grouper anglers also may have fished for snappers. In 1973, the number of private boats fishing in the Gulf of Mexico was estimated at 348,595; the number of party boats and charter boats was estimated at 437. The annual gross revenue for these 437 commercial sport boats was estimated at $ 26.9 million. Comparable data for the private boats were not available.

Nakamura, E. L., H. A. Brusher, and J. K. Lacey ( 1987). " Report on the 1986 Charterboat Survey of 15 Coastal Areas of the Southeastern U. S." Draft report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Panama City Laboratory, Panama City, FL.

The Fishery Management Plan for Coastal Migratory Pelagic Resources of the Gulf of Mexico and the U. S. south Atlantic as amended on September 22, 1985, requires statistical reporting of fishing activities on coastal pelagic fishes for the purpose of providing information for management. A survey of charterboats was conducted in 1986 under this authority by the Southeast 4 6 8 Fisheries Center. This report summarizes the data for king mackerel and Spanish mackerel caught by charterboats in the 1986 survey.

Nakamura, E. L., H. A. Brusher, and J. K. Lacey ( 1987). " Catch Per Unit Effort of Snappers, Groupers, and Red Drum by Southeastern Charterboats in 1986." Draft report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Panama City Laboratory, Panama City, FL.

Under the authority of an amendment to the Fishery Management Plan for Coastal Migratory Pelagics resources, that among other requirements declared mandatory reporting, a survey of charterboats in the southeast was conducted. Only the reporting of catches of coastal pelagics was mandatory. However, six noncoastal pelagic fishes were added to the list of fishes in the charterboat logbooks. The six were red snapper, ( Lutjanus campechanus), vermilion snapper ( Rhomboplites aurorubens), yellowtail snapper ( Ocyurus chrysurus), gag ( Mycteroperca microlepis), black sea bass ( Centropristis striata), and red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus). This report summarizes the catch and effort for these six as reported by responding charterboat captains in 1986.

Nance, James M. ( 1991). " Shrimp Recruitment Overfishing Analysis." Report for the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, June, 5 pp.

Recruitment and parent stock estimates are proposed as measures of overfishing in the shrimp fishery.

Nance, James M. ( 1991). " Gulf of Mexico White Shrimp Analysis." Report for the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, February, 9 pp.

This report was prepared to respond to questions about the catch of Gulf of Mexico white shrimp in the state managed territorial sea and the federal managed exclusive economic zone.

Nance, James M. ( 1991). " Estimation of Effort for the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery." Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, December.

Description of the shrimp fishing effort trends in the Gulf of Mexico and how they are estimated.

Nance, James M. ( 1991). " Estimation of Effort for the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery." Galveston Laboratory, Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, May, 12 pp.

Description of the shrimp fishing effort trends in the Gulf of Mexico and how they are estimated. Only the mathematical models and the analytical techniques applied in the effort estimation will be explained. Thus, it is advisable to become familiar with the fishery data utilized in these procedures. Therefore, this effort review should be read in conjunction with a companion report that provides a detailed description of both the data and the procedures employed to collect these data from the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery ( Poffenberger, 1991) attached.

Nance, James M. ( 1992). " Shrimp Recruitment Overfishing Analysis for 1991." Report for the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, July, 6 pp.

Recruitment and parent stock estimates are proposed as measures of 4 6 9 overfishing in the shrimp fishery.

Nance, James M. ( 1992). " Estimation of Effort for the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery." NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS, SEFSC, 300, February, 12 pp.

Description of the shrimp fishing effort trends in the Gulf of Mexico and how they are estimated.

Nance, James M. ( 1992). " Biological Review of the 1992 Texas Closure." Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, Galveston Laboratory, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, December, 28 pp.

This report contains an overview of selected effects of the 1992 Texas closure.

Nance, James M. ( 1992). " Analysis of White Shrimp Closure in the Gulf of Mexico." Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, Galveston Laboratory, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, December, 28 pp.

The GMFMC requested that NMFS investigate the feasibility of improving economic returns from the white shrimp fishery through cooperative management measures with Gulf coast states. The General Bioeconomic Fisheries Simulation Model ( GBFSM) developed at Texas A& M University ( Grant et al. 1981) was used to simulate various white shrimp closures in the Gulf of Mexico. This report contains the results of this analysis.

Nance, James M. ( 1992). " Shrimp Fishing Effort Estimation Workshop." Report of a Workshop, NMFS Galveston Laboratory, Galveston, TX, June 17 19.

Shrimp fishing effort workshop final report.

Nance, James M. ( 1993). " Analysis of White Shrimp Closures in the Gulf of Mexico." NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS SEFSC 321, Galveston Laboratory, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, March, 12 pp.

In response to a Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council request, the National Marine Fisheries Service investigated the feasibility of improving economic returns from the white shrimp fishery through cooperative management measures with Gulf coast states. The General Bioeconomic Fisheries Simulation Model ( GBFSM) developed at Texas A& M University ( Grant, et al., 1981) was used to simulate various white shrimp closures in the Gulf of Mexico. Each of the white shrimp closure options have a positive benefit to the shrimp fishery ( profits to the vessel owners) in the Gulf of Mexico.

Nance, James M. ( 1993). " Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery Recruitment Overfishing Definition Workshop 2." NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS SEFSC 323, Galveston Laboratory, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, April, 12 pp. 4 7 0 This report summarizes the findings of a two day workshop required by the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council to review the current definitions of overfishing; recommend changes, if needed, to the current definitions of overfishing; and recommend action that might be taken if overfishing levels are surpassed in any of these stocks for three of the four shrimp species named in the fishery management plan.

Nance, James M. ( 1993). " Review of the Rock Shrimp Fishery off the East Coast of the United States." NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFSSEFSC 324, Galveston Laboratory, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, April, 18 pp.

The report summarizes the landings and effort data for south Atlantic rock shrimp from 1981 through 1991. Although several species of rock shrimp exist along the east coast of the United States, most are either too small in size or not abundant enough for commercial harvest. The majority of the rock shrimp landed from the east coast are Sicyonia brevirostris. The weights reported are in pounds of headed shrimp. The dollar values are in actual dollars reported in each year. No attempt has been made to standardize the dollar values reported in each year. No attempt has been made to standardize the dollar values for comparisons between years. The effort values are in days fished as reported by the NMFS and state port agents. Days fished represent the actual time fishing and not the length of a trip ( i. e., days out of port). No attempt has been made to standardize the effort data by vessel class or trawl type.

Nance, James M. ( 1993). " Biological Review of the 1992 Texas Closure." NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS SEFSC 325, Galveston Laboratory, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, April, 30 pp.

This report contains an overview of selected effects of the 1992 Texas Closure that is designed to increase the yield of brown shrimp and eliminate the waste of the resource caused by discarding undersized shrimp caught during a period in their life cycle when they are growing rapidly. The western Gulf of Mexico should experience a combined annual brown shrimp production level of between 44.9 and 55.4 million pounds during the 1992 1993 season. This estimate is below the 55.9 million pound average for the area.

Nance, James M. ( 1993). " Shrimp Trawl Bycatch Characterization Study." MARFIN Final Report, Grant Number 93NMFS20, December, 10 pp.

Sixty seven trips have been completed for this bycatch research project during the period from May 1992 through September 1993. Trip length varied from 1 to 27 days. A total of 770 sea days were used to collect the data from 1027 tows during these 67 trips. Thirty nine different vessels have been used in the study. Data files produced from all 67 trips are complete and archived in the computer. Only data collected from May 1992 through April 1993 in the Gulf of Mexico has been summarized ( i. e. species composition).

Nance, James M. ( 1993). " Council Effort Presentation." Memorandum for Andy Kemmerer, Regional Director, Southeast Regional Office, National Marine Fisheries Service, St. Petersburg, FL, November.

Copies of the visual material that may be included in the SEFSC presentation to the Gulf of Mexico Fisheries Management Council on shrimp fishing effort estimation. 4 7 1 Nance, James M. ( 1993). " Stock Assessment Report 1993, Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery." National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Galveston Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, June.

The need to better manage the penaeid shrimp stocks of the United States, to insure that all involved in the fishery may benefit from this common resource, has prompted this research effort. This stock assessment report deals only with the 1960 1993 commercial catch statistics for brown shrimp ( Penaeus aztecus), white shrimp ( Penaeus setiferus), and pink shrimp ( Penaeus duorarum) from the U. S. Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. This analysis provides the annual update of the status of the shrimp stocks first presented at the Southeast Fisheries Center's Second Stock Assessment Workshop ( Nichols, 1984).

Nance, James M. ( 1994). " Stock Assessment Report 1994, Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery." National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Galveston Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, June.

The need to better manage the penaeid shrimp stocks of the United States, to insure that all involved in the fishery may benefit from this common resource, has prompted this research effort. This stock assessment report deals only with the 1960 1994 commercial catch statistics for brown shrimp ( Penaeus aztecus), white shrimp ( Penaeus setiferus), and pink shrimp ( Penaeus duorarum) from the U. S. Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. This analysis provides the annual update of the status of the shrimp stocks first presented at the Southeast Fisheries Center's Second Stock Assessment Workshop ( Nichols, 1984).

Nance, James M. ( 1995).  A Biological Review of the Tortugas Pink Shrimp Fishery Through December 1994.  National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Galveston Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, July.

The trends in landings and fishing effort for the Tortugas pink shrimp fishery are presented. Landings have been depressed in recent years, catch per unit effort has been below average, and while yield per recruit has been enhanced since the Tortugas closure, recruitment has been low. No cause for the decrease in the pink shrimp fishery can be established at this time, although problems within the habitat are suspected.

Nance, James M. ( 1995).  Royal Red Landings by Month as a Function of Percentage of the MSY Value ( 392,000 pounds of tails).  A letter, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Galveston Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, July.

A letter in response to an information request from the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council presenting landings of royal red shrimp as a percentage of MSY, monthly from January, 1993 to March, 1995.

Nance, James M. ( 1995).  Shrimp Recruitment Overfishing Analysis for 1994.  National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Galveston Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, July.

Summary of results from the recruitment overfishing analysis of landings for brown, white, pink, and royal red shrimp. No stocks have been overfished according to the report. 4 7 2 Nance, James M. ( 1996). " Biological Review of the 1995 Texas Closure." NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS SEFSC 379, Galveston Laboratory, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, April, 27 pp.

In 1981, the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery Management Plan ( FMP) was implemented with a primary objective being to increase the yield of brown shrimp harvested from Texas offshore waters. Since then, various aspects of the Texas Closure management measure have been analyzed and reported on by scientists at the Southeast Fisheries Science center ( SEFSC). This report contains an overview of selected effects of the 1995 Texas closure and will be presented to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council ( GMFMC) in January 1996.

Nance, James M. ( 1998). " Congressional Bycatch Report." Draft report. Galveston Laboratory, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, April, 64 pp.

A summary of the biological and economic research accomplished to address the finfish bycatch problem in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. The emphasis is on the biological data collected through the observer program funded by NMFS and industry by MARFIN. The economic data is summarized in a qualitative discussion of the problem using preliminary estimates of the impact of proposed BRD regulations. The report concludes that the interaction between the shrimp and finfish fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico constitutes a management and economics problem that is controversial, challenging, and, as yet, unresolved in the case of most southeast finfish stocks.

Nance, James M. and E. F. Klima ( 1990). " Shrimp Recruitment Overfishing Definition." Report Prepared for the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council.

The purposes of this paper are to highlight recent fishery trends observed in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp stocks and explore possible critical index values that could be used to monitor the possibility that recruitment overfishing could be occurring in the fishery.

Nance, James M., Nina Garfield, and J. Anthony Paredes ( 1991). " A Demographic Profile of Participants in Two Gulf of Mexico Inshore Shrimp Fisheries and Their Response to the Texas Closure." Marine Fisheries Review, 53( 1): 10 18.

A social study of the shrimp fisheries of Galveston Bay, Texas, and Calcasieu Lake, La., was made during the summer of 1987 to examine the impacts of the seasonal closure of the Federal waters off Texas and to understand the infrastructure and demographic processes of these two diverse fisheries. Survey instruments were administered to 159 shrimp boat captains; 89 from Galveston Bay and 70 from Calcasieu Lake. Shrimp house owners were interviewed in each region as well. The results suggest that the inshore fisheries are distinct from the offshore fisheries. The infrastructure of the two inshore fisheries examined differ in that the market distribution of shrimp from Galveston Bay was more diffuse than from Calcasieu Lake. Much more of the shrimp harvested from Galveston Bay was channelled into the surrounding community than from Calcasieu Lake. The distribution of age, years as a commercial fisherman, and family involvement in fishing suggest that participation in Calcasieu Lake's and 4 7 3 Galveston Bay's inshore fisheries have expanded concurrent with declining economies. While overall the Texas closure had little impact on either of the inshore fisheries, the Galveston Bay shrimpers experienced more of a direct impact on their livelihood than Calcasieu Lake shrimpers.

Nance, James M., E. F. Klima, and Thomas E. Czapla ( 1989). " Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Stock Assessment Workshop." NOAA Technical Memorandum, SEFC NMFS 239, USDOC, NOAA, NMFS, SEFC, Galveston Laboratory, October, 41 pp.

A technical review of the biological status of the brown, pink, and white shrimp fisheries was recommended by the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council. This workshop was convened to assess the present status of the fisheries, review stock assessment techniques and make recommendations about areas of focus for research. The workshop panel was comprised of national experts, state and federal officials, and the scientific support staff from the NMFS, Galveston Laboratory.

Nance, James M., E. F. Klima, and E. X. Martinez ( 1990). " Impacts of Proposed Brown Shrimp Fishery Management Closures in the Gulf of Mexico." Report for the GMFMC, January 1991. NMFS, Galveston Laboratory, December, 27 pp.

In January, 1990, the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council requested that the Southeast Fisheries Center investigate the feasibility of improving the economic returns from the brown shrimp fishery through cooperative management measures with Louisiana and other Gulf coast states. During the past year, a simulation model was developed at the Galveston Laboratory to study the impact of closure options on the brown shrimp fishery. The basic premise of the model was to prohibit fishing on emigrating juvenile brown shrimp and allow the population to increase to a larger and more valuable average size. The complete analysis involved four phases: 1) construction of the biological model to simulate yields in numbers of shrimp and pounds; 2) calculation of revenues from simulated landings and regional price structure; 3) determination of fishing costs based on published cost information and data regarding the size of the fishery ( i. e., number and type of fishing vessels); and 4) simulation of four separate time period closure options in the brown shrimp fishery for different regional areas within the Gulf of Mexico.

Nance, James M., Edward F. Klima, and Frank J. Patella ( 1991). " Biological Review of the 1991 Texas Closure." Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, December.

A review of the 1991 Texas Closure regulation with a discussion of the reallocation of shrimp within Texas.

Nance, James M., Edward F. Klima, and Frank J. Patella ( 1992). " Biological Review of the 1991 Texas Closure." NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS SEFSC 301, February, 18 pp.

A review of the 1991 Texas Closure regulation with a discussion of the reallocation of shrimp within Texas.

Nance, James M., Eduardo X. Martinez, and Edward F. Klima, ( 1994). " Feasibility of Improving the Economic Return from the Gulf of Mexico Brown Shrimp Fishery." North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 14: 522 536. 4 7 4 A bioeconomic model was developed to investigate the feasibility of improving the economic return from the fishery for brown shrimp Penaeus aztecus through cooperative federal and state management closures in the U. S. Gulf fo Mexico. Four different closure periods were simulated with the model. The closure options were evaluated for Texas only ( current condition) and for the entire U. S. Gulf of Mexico ( proposed condition). The model provided an accurate biological simulation of the brown shrimp fishery in the Gulf of Mexico. Each of the evaluated closures gave positive net profits to the fishery as a whole. However, these benefits were mainly for larger vessels ( greater than 50 feet in length). None of the proposed closures increased the profits for boats ( undocumented vessels of unknown lengths), and only some closures increased the profits for smaller vessels ( Less than 50 feet in length).

Nance, James M., Edward F. Klima, Peter F. Sheridan, K. Neal Baxter, Frank J. Patella, and Dennis B. Koi ( 1988). " Review of the 1987 Texas Closure for the Shrimp Fishery Off Texas and Louisiana." Report, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Galveston Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, January, 116 pp.

This report provides information to determine how well the objectives of the Texas closure regulation were achieved in 1986 and 1987 and to determine if a 15 nautical mile closure meets all the objectives of the closure regulation as effectively as a 200 nautical mile closure. Social as well as economic impacts are discussed.

Nash, Darrel A. and Frederick W. Bell ( 1969). " An Inventory of Demand Equations for Fishery Products." Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Economic Research Working Paper Series, No. 10, July, 31 pp.

This paper contains demand equations that were selected as the most representative of all those submitted to the conference on fishery product demand. The respective demand functions were chosen as the best function for each species so far developed in that area.

National Academy of Sciences ( 1979). " Basic Productivity Concepts: Meaning and Measurement." Chapter 3 in Measurement and Interpretation of Productivity, Washington, D. C.

This chapter develops the concept of productivity within the framework of production theory by means of empirical production functions. It explains how partial productivity and multi factor productivity may be measured within the framework of the economic accounts. It develops further the concepts of output and inputs that underlie the productivity relationship.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1974). " Status of Shrimp Industry: August 1974", Southeast Regional Office, St. Petersburg, Florida, September, 7 pp.

The shrimp industry in the Gulf and south Atlantic is suffering severe economic hardship. Vessel owners are caught in a unprecedented cost price squeeze and the average vessel is not even covering variable costs at present. Since September 1973, Gulf shrimp prices have fallen an average of 41 percent, while variable costs have risen substantially. Nonetheless, most vessels continue to fish for reasons that include the fisherman's eternal hope for the " big catch." If conditions do not change, many vessel operators will probably be forced out of the fishery by January 1975. Shrimp processors, principally 4 7 5 breaders, have suffered losses totaling millions of dollars and hundreds of employees of these firms have lost their jobs. The total effect on the associated local economies is not known, but many counties have applied or asked for disaster assistance in the form of food stamps, low cost loans or other temporary economic relief. Further up the marketing chain the losses are not quite as severe, principally because the restaurants and retailers do not depend so heavily on shrimp as their principal livelihood. Still, loses have been suffered at all marketing levels.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1976). " Gulf Coast Shrimp Data Annual Summary, 1975." Current Fisheries Statistics No. 6925, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, D. C., July, 26 pp.

Tabulations in this bulletin contain data on the shrimp catch landed by U. S. craft at U. S. ports along the Gulf of Mexico for trips completed during the period indicated. The figures include the species, size, depth, area fished, and actual fishing time in number of days.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1978). " Gulf Coast Shrimp Data Annual Summary, 1976." Current Fisheries Statistics No. 7225, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, D. C., November, 13 pp.

Tabulations in this bulletin contain data on the shrimp catch landed by U. S. craft at U. S. ports along the Gulf of Mexico for trips completed during the period indicated. The figures include the species, size, depth, area fished, and actual fishing time in number of days.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1979). " Gulf Coast Shrimp Data Annual Summary, 1977." Current Fisheries Statistics No. 7523, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, D. C., December, 13 pp.

Tabulations in this bulletin contain data on the shrimp catch landed by U. S. craft at U. S. ports along the Gulf of Mexico for trips completed during the period indicated. The figures include the species, size, depth, area fished, and actual fishing time in number of days.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1984). " United States Imports of Fishery Products." Office of Industry Services, International Trade Staff Report 84 3, May.

This paper reports on trends in imports of fishery products to the United States through 1983, with particular attention to ( 1) imports' effects on the United States fishing and processing sectors, ( 2) tuna, shrimp, salmon, and northeast and northwest groundfish species, and ( 3) present import restricting measures applied by the United States government.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1985). " Fishery Management  Lessons from Other Resource Management Areas." NOAA Technical Memorandum, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, Office of Policy and Planning, Washington, D. C. 20230, July, 59 pp.

These overall approaches are not mutually exclusive and deserve further discussion. In particular, a tax or fee system may support the other approaches. There is probably on singe " best" approach. Instead, a case bycase decision is necessary. The IFQ, for example, has many theoretical 4 7 6 advantages, especially compared to a limit on input factors, but implicitly assumes that total yield from the fishery can be reasonably predicted ( not true) and that an individual quota can be enforced. Although areal leases can be used for fugitive resources, this approach might not gain public acceptance because of possible monopolistic aspects ( wrong). Taxes or fees return the greatest revenues to the general public and do not create a property or access right. All approaches, except the limit on input factors, promote efficiency but might be more expensive to enforce. Limits on inputs factors might be most acceptable to fishermen and easiest to enforce but have proven to be inflexible and ineffective for managing common property resource.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1986). " Final Secretarial Fishery Management Plan, Regulatory Impact Review, and Regulatory Flexibility Analysis for the Red Drum Fishery of the Gulf of Mexico." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, December.

Fishery Management Plan for Red Drum in the Gulf of Mexico.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1987). " Status of the Fishery Resources off the Northeastern United States for 1987." NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS F/ NEC 50, Northeast Fisheries Center, Conservation and Utilization Division, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, October, 132 pp.

This report describes trends in recreational and commercial fisheries in the overview section and summarizes the general status of the major finfish and shellfish resources off the northeast coast of the United States from Cape Hatteras to Nova Scotia through 1986 in the species synopses section. Many of the assessments are described in Laboratory Reference Documents at the Woods Hole Laboratory and may be obtained upon request. The most recent complete assessments for each stock are cited in the appropriate species synopsis.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1987). " Final Supplement to the Final Environmental Impact Statement Listing and Protecting the Green Sea Turtle, Loggerhead Sea Turtle, and Pacific Ridley Sea Turtle Under the Endangered Species Act of 1973." U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, June.

The final supplemental environmental impact statement ( FSEIS) describes final regulations being promulgated by NOAA, NMFS that require shrimp trawlers 25 feet and longer in offshore waters from North Carolina through Texas to use turtle excluder devices ( TEDs) during certain times of the year. Shrimp trawlers less than 25 feet long are required to restrict their tow times to 90 minutes or less. Shrimp trawlers in inshore waters must also limit their tow times to 90 minutes or less.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1987). " Fishing Trends and Conditions in the Southeast Region, 1987." U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Southeast Fisheries Center, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, Florida.

This report contains information on existing conditions and developments in the commercial fishing industry in the southeastern United States during 1987. The information was provided by Federal and state fishery reporting specialists located in major fishing ports throughout the southeast. The landings and value data provided at the end of the report are preliminary and 4 7 7 subject to change.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1988). " Aquaculture and Capture Fisheries: Impacts in U. S. Seafood Markets." Report Prepared Pursuant To The National Aquaculture Improvement Act of 1985 ( P. L. 99 198), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C., April, 230 pp.

The objective of the National Aquaculture Improvement Act of 1985 was to stimulate development of a domestic aquaculture industry. However, concerns that marine aquaculture could affect certain traditional capture fisheries exist. This report examines U. S. seafood markets for shrimp and salmon that are supplied with products from commercial capture fisheries and aquaculture enterprises ( domestic and foreign).

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1989). " Imports and Exports of Fishery Products, Annual Summary, 1989." MF 6, Current Fisheries Statistics No. 9802.

Annual summary of fishery trade statistics for 1989.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1989). " Report of the Mackerel Stock Assessment Panel." Contribution Number CRD 89/ 90 12, U. S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, NMFS, SEFC, Miami Laboratory, Coastal Resources Division, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, Florida 33149.

Condition of the stock of king mackerel and Spanish mackerel in the Gulf of Mexico and the south Atlantic for 1989.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1989). " Summary Report from Trawl Tow Time Versus Sea Turtle Mortality Workshop." Draft report, Southeast Fisheries Center, Mississippi Laboratories, Pascagoula, Mississippi, August 10 11, 22 pp.

Except under certain conditions where trawling periods are limited by fishing conditions to about 45 minutes bottom time, synchronized tow times may not be a practical management option for the conservation of sea turtles in offshore shrimp fisheries of the southeast region. Furthermore, there seems to be little room for reasonable compromise. Jeopardy of sea turtles increases rapidly at bottom tow times above 45 minutes, while on the other hand, production capabilities of the shrimp fisheries decrease rapidly at bottom tow times less than about 105 minutes. The extremes of the situation seem too great to reasonably expect a practical solution predicated on enforceable maximum tow times.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1990). " Estimated Number of Boats/ Vessels and Crew in the Mackerel Fisheries During 1989." Draft report, Statistics and Data Management Office, Southeast Fisheries Center, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, Florida 33149, March, pp. 6.

A survey of the number of king and Spanish mackerel vessels and boats operating in the fishery during 1989 by port agents.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1990). " Use of Marine Mammals in Swim With The Dolphin Programs." Final Environmental Impact Statement, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, 4 7 8 Office of Protected Resources, April.

This EIS addresses the issue of whether the use of bottlenose dolphins in swim with the dolphin programs should be allowed after April 30, 1990. The preferred alternative is the continuation of existing programs on an experimental basis until December 31, 1991 with additional conditions.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1990). " Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act." Public Law 94 265, As amended through November 28, 1990. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce.

An act to provide for the conservation and management of the fisheries and for other purposes.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1991). " Economic Impact of ABC Ranges for Gulf Group King and Spanish Mackerel." Gulf and South Atlantic Fishery Management Council Presentation, Southeast Regional Office, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, April.

The report contains some basic background information that has an important bearing on the nature and extent of the economic implications of choosing a particular TAC from within the ABC range that is available to the council. This information includes the number of commercial and charterboat permits over time, the gag limits that apply in the EEZ and in the states, the allocation formulas used to compute quotas from specified levels of TAC, the ABC ranges for the 1991/ 92 fishing year, and the quotas that result from the various levels of TAC. The economic implications for commercial fishermen, recreational anglers and charterboat operations are estimated in terms of exvessel values, changes in recreational value ( consumer surplus), changes in charterboat profits and changes in charterboat revenues. Also, month of closure predictions are made for the mackerel group/ user combinations.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1991). " Shrimp Trawl Bycatch Research Requirements." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, November, 66 pp.

This paper provides a scientifically sound basis for developing and implementing a comprehensive, research plan for understanding and reducing shrimp bycatch in the Southeast Region as required by the 1990 Amendments to the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1991). " Strategic Plan of the National Marine Fisheries Service Goals and Objectives." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, June, 21 pp.

The strategic plan indicates the principles that will guide the National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS) and the program emphasis that is necessary for NMFS to fulfill its mission and support the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration strategic plan.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1991). " Environmental Assessment and Supplemental Regulatory Impact Review of Proposed Regulations Expanding Sea Turtle Conservation Requirements in the South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, September, 55 pp. 4 7 9 This assessment examines the environmental impact of regulations proposed by the National Marine Fisheries Service that require increased conservation measures year round by shrimp trawlers in the south Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico to reduce the incidental catch and mortality of sea turtles in shrimp trawls. This proposed rule would amend those requirements currently contained in the 1987 sea turtle conservation regulations ( 52 FR 24244, June 27, 1987). This report recommends that TEDs be required for all shrimp trawls at most places and most times of the year from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to the Texas Mexico border to protect sea turtles as recommended by a National Academy of Science study and required under the Endangered Species Act of 1973.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1991). " Our Living Oceans." NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS F/ SPO 1, November, 123 pp.

This report is a status review of U. S. living marine resources that have commercial, recreational, and ecological significance. The report is broken down into five distinct regions reflecting the Northeast Atlantic, Southeast Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, Hawaii and the Pacific Islands, and Alaska.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1992). " Abstracts for Fifth Annual MarFin Conference." Fifth Annual MarFin Conference, Corpus Christi, Texas, October 28 29.

Refer to attached agenda for assistance in locating a specific abstract. Abstracts for projects not presented are also included. The last section contains research recommendations provided by conference participants.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1992). " Analysis of the Potential Economic Benefits From Rebuilding U. S. Fisheries." Office of the Senior Scientist for Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, Silver Spring, Maryland, April, 7 pp.

This report provides two measures of the potential magnitude of economic and social benefits that may be realized by rebuilding U. S. fisheries. First, many U. S. fishery resources are over utilized and fishing industries over capitalized. The report estimates the potential net benefits resulting from the recovery of depleted stocks and the full and efficient utilization of all fishery resources. These net benefits from the foundation for economic investment and growth of the industry. Second, public officials and resource managers are also interested in the immediate and long term effects of their decisions on the overall economic activity, independent of economic efficiency. Therefore, the report also estimates the cumulative direct, indirect, and induced effects of increased harvesting on the Nation  s Gross National Product and on employment.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1992). " Environmental Assessment and Supplemental Regulatory Impact Review of Proposed Regulations Expanding Sea Turtle Conservation Requirements in the South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, September.

A qualitative discussion of the costs associated with various proposed sea turtle conservation regulations. Benefits are defined to be numbers of sea turtle deaths prevented relative to the status quo in the fishery. No use is made of economic theory as it applies to the fishery in the report. Alternatives considered are restricted to the use of turtle excluder devices or no shrimp harvesting. Alternative measures to restrict turtle mortality 4 8 0 such as property rights are not discussed.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1992). " Evaluation of Bycatch Reduction Devices, Sampling Protocol Manual for Data Collection." Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Galveston Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, September.

The Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program ( SEAMAP) has a standard data collection system used by state and federal research labs and universities in the southeast region. This method of data collection is recommended for the regional bycatch research program to standardize data collection procedures, analyses, and allow data to be pooled into a common data base using existing hardware and software.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1992). " Fisheries of the United States, 1991." Current Fishery Statistics No. 9100, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, May, 113 pp.

Current landings and values for fishery resources harvested by commercial and recreational fishermen in the United States.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1992). " Fishery Management Plan for Sharks of the Atlantic Ocean." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, December 10.

The fishery management plan for Atlantic sharks.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1992). Marine Recreational Fishery Statistics Survey, Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, 1990 1991, Current Fisheries Statistics Number 9204, Fisheries Statistics Division, Silver Spring, MD, USDOC, NOAA, September.

This report covers the results of the MRFSS conducted in 1990 and 1991 on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1992). " Shrimp Trawl Bycatch Characterization, Sampling Protocol Manual for Data Collection." Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Galveston Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, September.

Onboard data collection for the purpose of bycatch characterization will consist of sampling trawl catches taken from commercial shrimp fishery vessels operating in U. S. Gulf of Mexico and U. S. south Atlantic waters. Data relevant to species composition, abundance, and life history will be gathered from each tow. Sample size and allocation of samples by stratum have been included in the sampling design and are discussed in the National Marine Fisheries Service's " Shrimp Trawl Bycatch Research Requirements Document," ( 1991). The procedures outlined below for sampling trawl catches have been prepared by personnel at NMFS and are consistent with the Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program's ( SEAMAP) data management system. This protocol or similar data collection methods are recommended for use in all regional bycatch assessment programs to facilitate the accessibility and analysis of integrated data sets.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1992). " Status of Fishery Resources off the Southeastern United States for 1991." NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS SEFSC 306, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries 4 8 1 Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, Florida 33149, April, 75 pp.

A review of stock assessment techniques and fishery trends for important commercial and recreational fisheries in the southeastern region.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1992). " Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation for Reef Fish in the U. S. Gulf of Mexico." Southeast Regional Office, 9450 Koger Boulevard, St. Petersburg, FL 33702, March, 35 pp.

Reef fish SAFE report.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1992). " World Shrimp Culture." Vol 1 and Vol 2, Parts 1 3, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS F/ SPO 4, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, Office of International Affairs, Silver Springs, Maryland, November.

The National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of International Affairs began monitoring world shrimp culture developments in 1983 as part of an effort to both assess the potential economic impact on the important u. S. commercial trawl fishery and to provide basic information to U. S. companies and academic researchers. The shrimp trawl fishery is one of the most important U. S. commercial fisheries. Shrimp landings exceeded $ 0.5 billion in 1991 and play a key role especially in many Gulf of Mexico coastal communities. The massive increases in cultured shrimp harvests during the 1980' s have had a major impact on world shrimp markets. The increases have played a major role in the decline of real ( inflation adjusted) prices for shrimp. This book and previous assessments are an effort to provide the fishing community sufficient information to understand past trends and make economic projections based on likely future prospects for cultured harvests.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1993). " Fishery Conservation and Management; Foreign Fishing; Atlantic Sharks." 50 CFR Parts 204, 611, and 678, Federal Register, 68( 78): 21931 21949, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, April, 26.

NMFS issues this final rule and interim final rule to implement the Fishery Management Plan for Sharks of the Atlantic Ocean.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1993). " Fishery Management Plan for Sharks of the Atlantic Ocean." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, February 25.

The fishery management plan for Atlantic sharks.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1993). " Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery Recruitment Overfishing Definition Workshop 2." Report to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, Shrimp Stock Assessment Panel, Galveston Laboratory, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce, March, 12 pp.

This report summarizes the findings of a two day workshop and provides recommendations from the working group on the current definitions of overfishing for the brown, white, pink, and royal red shrimp stocks, changes 4 8 2 to current definitions of overfishing, and action that might be taken if overfishing levels are surpassed in any of these stocks.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1993). " Our Living Oceans." NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS F/ SPO 15, December, 156 pp.

This report is a status review of U. S. living marine resources that have commercial, recreational, and ecological significance. The report is broken down into five distinct regions reflecting the Northeast Atlantic, Southeast Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, Hawaii and the Pacific Islands, and Alaska.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1993). " Review of the Rock Shrimp Fishery 1981 1991." Report to the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, Galveston Laboratory, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, NMFS, NOAA, March, 4 pp.

The report presents a summary of landings, value, and effort data for south Atlantic rock shrimp during the eleven year period from 1981 through 1991 and suggests possible recruitment overfishing levels that could be used for this species.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1993). " United States Trade of Edible Fishery Products, 1991 1992." Trade services Division, Office of Trade and Industry Services, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, June.

The value of U. S. exports of domestic edible seafood rose to $ 3.36 billion in 1992, an increase of $ 319 million over 1991. The U. S. imports of edible seafood were valued at $ 5.7 billion in 1992. To calculate the trade deficit, the U. S. re exports of foreign origin edible fish are included. The following table shows the exports, re exports, imports, and the deficit. The u. S. trade deficit in the seafood trade in 1992 was $ 2.2 billion, compared with $ 2.5 billion in 1991.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1994). " Coral and Coral Reefs of the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic." Federal Register, 59( 187): 49377 49384.

Rules implementing Amendment 2 to the Fishery Management Plan for Coral and Coral Reefs of the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic to control the harvest of wild live rock.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1994). " Atlantic Sharks." Federal Register, 50 CFR Part 678 as of Oct. 20.

NMFS issues this final rule to implement certain measures authorized by the Fishery Management Plan for Sharks of the Atlantic Ocean ( FMP) that were part of an interim final rule. Final measures implemented by this rule: Clarify operation of vessels with a Federal commercial permit, establish a fishing year, consolidate the regulations for drift gillnets, require dealers to obtain a permit to purchase sharks, require dealer reports, establish recreational bag limits, establish quotas for commercial landings, and provide for commercial fishery closures when quotas are reached. The intended effect of this rule is to prevent overfishing of shark resources, encourage consistent Federal and state management of shark stocks, increase the benefits from shark resources to the nation while preventing waste, and standardize data reporting requirements among different fisheries to avoid confusion among fishermen with multiple permits. 4 8 3 National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1994). " Habitat Protection Accomplishments of the National Marine Fisheries Service." Habitat Conservation Division, Southeast Regional Office, 9721 Executive Center Drive, North, St. Petersburg, FL.

Fiscal year 1994 report on the effectiveness of the southeastern region's habitat protection plan. The Habitat Conservation Division reviewed more than 53,262 projects proposing to alter fishery habitat between 1981 and 1993. Of the proposed 891,288 acres of wetland to be altered, the National Marine Fisheries Service recommended that 426,486 acres be conserved and that an additional 361,278 acres of mitigation be provided.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1995). " Atlantic Sharks." Federal Register, 50 CFR Part 678.

This is an unofficial compilation of Federal regulations prepared in the Southeast Regional Office of the National Marine Fisheries Service for the Information and Convenience of Interested Persons. It does not include changes to these regulations that may have occurred after the date indicated.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1995). " Atlantic Swordfish Fishery." Federal Register, 50 CFR Part 630.

This is an unofficial compilation of Federal regulations prepared in the Southeast Regional Office of the National Marine Fisheries Service for the Information and Convenience of Interested Persons. It does not include changes to these regulations that may have occurred after the date indicated.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1995). " Atlantic Tuna Fishery; Quotas and Permit Requirements." Federal Register, 50 CFR Part 285.

Proposed rule, public hearings, and request for comments concerning changes in TAC for Atlantic tunas.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1995). " Initial Regulatory Flexibility Act and Draft Regulatory Impact Review for Regulatory Adjustments for the 1995 Western Atlantic Tuna Fishery." 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, Maryland, April.

A description of the western Atlantic tuna fishery and a qualitative analysis of proposed fishery management regulations designed to extend the fishing season, allocate quotas by category, reduce overcapitalization, and permitting changes.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1995). " Operational Guidelines Fishery Management Plan Process." Silver Spring, Maryland, March.

This document clarifies procedures necessary under the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act to simplify the development, review, and implementation of fishery management plans.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1995). " Status of the Fishery Resources off the Northeastern United States for 19947." NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS F/ NEC 108, Northeast Fisheries Center, Conservation and Utilization Division, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, October, 140 pp.

This report describes trends in recreational and commercial fisheries in 4 8 4 the overview section and summarizes the general status of the major finfish and shellfish resources off the northeast coast of the United States from Cape Hatteras to Nova Scotia through 1993 in the species synopses section. Many of the assessments are described in Laboratory Reference Documents at the Woods Hole Laboratory and may be obtained upon request. The most recent complete assessments for each stock are cited in the appropriate species synopsis.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1995). " Stock Assessment and Fishery Evaluation For Reef Fishes in the U. S. Gulf of Mexico." Southeast Regional Office, 9721 Executive Center Drive, St. Petersburg, FL, January, 41 pp.

The SAFE report for the reef fish species managed by the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1995). " A User  s Guide to: SEFSC Computing Services.  Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 75 Virginia Beach Drive Miami, FL, May.

The intent of the User  s Guide is to provide a document that can be used to explain the computer services available at the Southeast Fisheries Science Center.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1996). " Atlantic Highly Migratory Species Fisheries; Consolidation of Regulations." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, 94 pp.

National Marine Fisheries Service proposes to consolidate four CFR parts containing regulations for the conservation and management of Atlantic highly migratory species ( HMS) in the U. S. Exclusive Economic Zone ( EEZ) into one CFR part. Atlantic HMS include Atlantic tunas, swordfish, billfishes, and sharks. The consolidation would reorganize the existing regulations in a more logical and cohesive order, eliminate duplicative and outdated provisions, and make editorial changes to achieve readability, clarity, and uniformity. A number of substantive changes are proposed to achieve consistency among common elements such as permits and reporting. The purpose of this proposed rule is to make the regulations more concise, better organized and, therefore, easier for the public to use. This proposed action is part of the President  s Regulatory Reinvention Initiative.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1996). " Atlantic Highly Migratory Species Monitoring and Research Activities." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, March, 39 pp.

A report required by the Atlantic Tunas Convention Act to identify current governmental and nongovernmental research and monitoring activities on Atlantic Bluefin tuna and other highly migratory species; describing personnel and budgetary resources allocated to such activities; and explaining how each activity contributes to the conservation and management of Atlantic bluefin tuna and other highly migratory species.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1996). " Atlantic Tuna Fishery; Annual Quotas and Effort Controls." Federal Register, 61( 81), 50 CFR Part 285.

NMFS proposes to amend the regulations governing the Atlantic tuna fisheries to: set Atlantic tuna ( ABT) fishing category quotas for the 1996 fishing year, revise allocations to monthly quota periods and establish the 4 8 5 effort control schedule in the ABT General category, allow the partial transfer of quotas among Purse seine category permit holders and amend landing requirements, and increase minimum sizes for Atlantic yellowfin and bigeye tunas. The proposed regulatory amendments are necessary to implement the 1994 recommendation of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas ( ICCAT) regarding fishing quotas for bluefin tuna, as required by the Atlantic Tunas Convention Act ( ATCA), and to achieve domestic management objectives. NMFS will hold public hearings to receive comments from fishery participants and other members of the public regarding these proposed amendments.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1996). " High Seas Fishing Compliance Act; Initial Regulations; OMB Control Numbers." Federal Register, 61( 57), 50 CFR Part 300.

NMFS issues an interim final rule to implement the High Seas Fishing Compliance Act of 1995 ( HSFCA). The purpose of the HSFCA is to license U. S. vessels fishing on the high seas and to implement the Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1996).  Magnuson Act Provisions; Essential Fish Habitat ( EFH).  In press, Federal Register, 50 CFR Part 600.

A call for public comments on the Magnuson Stevens Act requirement to conserve and enhance essential fish habitat.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1996).  The NMFS Specific Plan to Meet the Goals and Objectives of the Recreational Fishery Resources Conservation Plan.  Office of Interjurisdictional and Recreational Fisheries, Silver Spring, MD, 8 pp.

The President  s executive order on recreational fisheries in support of the recreational fishery resources conservation plan and the plan to implement it.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1996). " Our Living Oceans." NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS F/ SPO 19, February, 160 pp.

This report is a status review of U. S. living marine resources that have commercial, recreational, and ecological significance. The report is broken down into a national overview with two feature articles on Pacific Northwest Salmon and the Marine Mammal Protection Act and a section on living marine resources.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1996). " Our Living Oceans. The Economic Status of U. S. Fisheries, 1996." NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFSF SPO 22, December, 130 pp.

This report is an economic status review of U. S. living marine resources that have commercial, recreational, and ecological significance. Each regional report focusing on the commercial and recreational harvesting and processing sectors is presented along with a spotlight issue. The spotlight issues for Alaska groundfish and Gulf of Mexico shrimp concern bycatch issues and Hawaii and the Northeast regions concentrate on limited entry issues. A primer on economic theory and terms is presented in the beginning of the report.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1996). " U. S. Chilean Fishery 4 8 6 Cooperation Talks." Briefing Book, Silver Spring, Maryland, March, 117 pp.

Briefing book for the U. S.  Chilean fishery cooperation talks.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1997). " Development of Guidelines for Providing Scientific Advice to Implement Precautionary Management." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, December, 4 pp.

A team ( 6 to 10 individuals) with expertise in stock assessment and the development of management guidelines will be responsible for drafting the guidelines. The team will meet 3 to 4 times to discuss areas that need to be covered in the guidelines, to develop an outline for the guidelines, and to review the draft guidelines and make revisions. It is anticipated that a variety of analyses may be necessary and that team members may be tasked with conducting such analyses. The initial draft will be written by 2 or 3 of the team members with input, discussion and review by the entire team. The National Stock Assessment Workshop, to be held in February 1998, will provide a forum for discussion and collaboration among NMFS assessment scientists.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1997).  Fisheries of the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and South Atlantic; Shrimp Fishery of the Gulf of Mexico; Amendment 9.  Final Rule, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD.

NMFS issues this final rule to implement Amendment 9 to the Fishery Management Plan for the Shrimp Fishery of the Gulf of Mexico ( FMP). Amendment 9 requires, with limited exceptions, the use of certified bycatch reduction devices ( BRDs) in shrimp trawls in the exclusive economic zone ( EEZ) in the Gulf of Mexico shoreward of the 100 fathom ( fm) ( 183 meter) depth contour west of 85o 30' W. long.; sets the bycatch reduction criterion for the certification for BRDs; and establishes an FMP framework procedure for modifying the bycatch reduction criterion, for establishing and modifying the BRD testing protocol and its specifications, and for certifying and decertifying BRDs. The intended effects are to reduce the unwanted bycatch mortality of juvenile red snapper and, to the extent practicable, not adversely affect the shrimp fishery in the Gulf of Mexico.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1997).  Magnuson Stevens Act Provisions; National Standard Guidelines.  Federal Register, 62( 149): 41907 41920.

A call for public comments on NMFS proposed revisions to the guidelines for national standards 1 ( optimum yield), 2 ( scientific information), 4 ( allocations), 5 ( efficiency), and 7 ( cost and benefits), and adds guidelines for new national standards 8 ( communities), 9 ( bycatch), and 10 ( safety of life at sea).

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1997). " Managing the Nation  s Bycatch: Priorities, Programs, and Actions for the National Marine Fisheries Service." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C., March, 211 pp.

This plan is the result of a series of workshops initiated by the fishing industry in 1992 to clearly articulate the NMFS  objectives, priorities, and strategies regarding bycatch. Included are proposed national bycatch objectives, specific recommendations concerning data collection, evaluation and management actions necessary to attain the objectives, and a 4 8 7 comprehensive assessment of the state of bycatch in the nation  s marine fisheries. The development of this plan has brought into sharp focus the fact that bycatch is indeed a multifaceted and complex set of problems that affect nearly all aspects of fishing operations. As a result, no single solution to the bycatch problem exists. Rather, fishermen, managers, scientists, conservationists, and other interest groups must work together to craft a balanced approach to addressing bycatch; one that will promote the sustainability of our nation  s living marine resources.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1997). " Managing the Nation  s Bycatch: Priorities, Programs, and Actions for the National Marine Fisheries Service." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C., November, 225 pp.

This plan is the result of a series of workshops initiated by the fishing industry in 1992 to clearly articulate the NMFS  objectives, priorities, and strategies regarding bycatch. Included are proposed national bycatch objectives, specific recommendations concerning data collection, evaluation and management actions necessary to attain the objectives, and a comprehensive assessment of the state of bycatch in the nation  s marine fisheries. The development of this plan has brought into sharp focus the fact that bycatch is indeed a multifaceted and complex set of problems that affect nearly all aspects of fishing operations. As a result, no single solution to the bycatch problem exists. Rather, fishermen, managers, scientists, conservationists, and other interest groups must work together to craft a balanced approach to addressing bycatch; one that will promote the sustainability of our nation  s living marine resources.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1997). " Operational Guidelines Fishery Management Plan Process." Silver Spring, Maryland, May.

Guidance in developing fishery management plans ( FMP) that conform with the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act and its amendments to produce a clearer understanding of the laws affecting the FMP process, and to simplify and speed the flow of work directed to final implementation of an FMP.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1997). " Regulatory Flexibility Act." Office of Sustainable Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, 9 pp.

Guidance in developing initial and final Regulatory Flexibility Act analyses ( IRFA and FRFA) that conform with the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act and the Sustainable Fisheries Act to simplify and speed the flow of work directed to final implementation of an FMP.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1997). " Status of Fisheries of the United States." Draft Report to Congress, Office of Sustainable Fisheries, Silver Spring, Maryland, September, 75 pp.

The reauthorized Magnuson Stevens Act requires the Secretary of Commerce to report to Congress annually on the status of fisheries within each Council  s geographical area of authority and identify those fisheries that are overfished or are approaching a condition of being overfished based on the current overfishing definitions contained in the fishery management plans. Eighty six species are listed as overfished with ten species approaching an overfished condition, 193 species as not overfished, and 448 species are listed as unknown. 4 8 8 National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1997). " Strategic Plan for Fisheries Research." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, Silver Spring, Maryland, October, 40 pp.

The scope of this document includes fisheries, habitat, protected species, and utilization research to address requirements of the Magnuson Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act ( MSFCMA). This plan covers what NMFS does now and how to improve it. It relies primarily on the current NMFS budget and strives to maximize benefits.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1997). Telephone Survey Instrument. Versions A and B, Southeast Regional Office, Economics and Trade Analysis, January.

Telephone survey add on for recreational valuation estimation in the southeastern region of the United States.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1998).  Outline for Council Member Briefing.  Draft for New Council Member Briefing Book. Office of Sustainable Fisheries, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, January.

Outline and copies of overhead projections for a briefing on fisheries economics for new council members.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1998).  Southeastern United States Shrimp Trawl Bycatch Program.  Draft report, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, October, 61 pp.

The NMFS and others have determined that a number of finfish resources in the Gulf of Mexico and south Atlantic are depleted for several reasons, including the application of too much fishing effort by commercial and recreational fishermen and the incidental bycatch of the shrimp trawl fleet. The ensuing debate about how best to restore the stocks to desirable levels involves numerous technological, political, biological, and economic factors. Among them are: 1) technological interaction in which shrimp gear inadvertently harvests finfish; 2) management interaction between the shrimp and other FMPs governing the harvest of finfish species; 3) competition between commercial and recreational fishermen and among fishermen with different gear types within each group; 4) economic trade offs over time among various harvesting groups and between different groups of consumers; 5) the current uncertainty regarding whether or not the commercial management structure will allow for an ITQ or similar management system; 6) a lack of current biological information to determine the desirable size of some of the finfish stocks and future yields; and 7) whether or not effort controls will be placed on the recreational fishery. For all these reasons, the interaction between the shrimp and finfish fisheries of the U. S. Gulf of Mexico constitutes a management and economics problem that is controversial, challenging, and, as yet unresolved in the case of most southeast finfish stocks.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1998).  Southeastern United States Shrimp Trawl Bycatch Program.  Final Report to Congress, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, October, 69 pp.

The NMFS and others have determined that a number of finfish resources in the Gulf of Mexico and south Atlantic are depleted for several reasons, including the application of too much fishing effort by commercial and recreational fishermen and the incidental bycatch of the shrimp trawl fleet. 4 8 9 The ensuing debate about how best to restore the stocks to desirable levels involves numerous technological, political, biological, and economic factors. Among them are: 1) technological interaction in which shrimp gear inadvertently harvests finfish; 2) management interaction between the shrimp and other FMPs governing the harvest of finfish species; 3) competition between commercial and recreational fishermen and among fishermen with different gear types within each group; 4) economic trade offs over time among various harvesting groups and between different groups of consumers; 5) the current uncertainty regarding whether or not the commercial management structure will allow for an ITQ or similar management system; 6) a lack of current biological information to determine the desirable size of some of the finfish stocks and future yields; and 7) whether or not effort controls will be placed on the recreational fishery. For all these reasons, the interaction between the shrimp and finfish fisheries of the U. S. Gulf of Mexico constitutes a management and economics problem that is controversial, challenging, and, as yet unresolved in the case of most southeast finfish stocks.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1998).  Strategic Plan for Fisheries Research.  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, February, 58 pp.

This plan covers what we do now and how we expect to improve it. It relies primarily on the current NMFS budget and strives to maximize benefits.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1998).  Fisheries Research Vessels: Planning for the Future.  Draft, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, March, 12 pp.

The National Marine Fisheries Service research vessel fleet plan and its rationale.

National Marine Fisheries Service ( 1999). " Our Living Oceans." NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS F/ SPO 41, June, 301 pp.

This report is a status review of U. S. living marine resources that have commercial, recreational, and ecological significance. The report is broken down into a national overview, a set of feature articles on the precautionary approach to fisheries management, New England groundfish, and Gulf of Mexico King mackerel, and a review of living marine resources in the five distinct regions reflecting the Northeast Atlantic, Southeast Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, Hawaii and the Pacific Islands, and Alaska.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( 1994). " Interpretation of the U. S. National Research Council's Report on An Assessment of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna." ICCAT Working Document, SCRS/ 94/ 151, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of the Assistant Administrator for Fisheries, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD.

NOAA believes that the assessment methods used by the National Research Council have merit and should be pursued in future assessments.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( 1995). " Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary." Volumes 1  3, Sanctuaries and Reserves Division, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Ocean Service, 1305 East West Highway, SSMC4, Silver Spring, MD. 4 9 0 Volume I describes the proposed Management Plan and Draft Environmental Impact Statement for the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Volume II describes the process used to develop the management alternatives and includes environmental and socioeconomic impact analyses of the alternatives. Volume III consists of the appendices, including the two acts that designate and implement the sanctuary.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( 1997). " FOCI." U. S. Department of Commerce, 7600 Sand Point Way, N. E., Seattle, WA, 13 pp.

The Fisheries Oceanography Coordinated Investigations ( FOCI) program was established by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in 1984 to examine the physical and biological factors that affect the walleye pollock fishery in Alaska.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( 1997). " NOAA Fisheries Strategic Plan." U. S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, May, 37 pp.

The strategic plan of the National Marine Fisheries Service to conserve and protect marine fishery resources.

National Recreational Fisheries Coordination Council ( 1997).  Recreational Fishery Resources Conservation Plan.  U. S. Government Printing Office, 16 pp.

This conservation plan provides the basis for the federal contribution to a strong partnership among Federal, State, and tribal governments and the recreational fisheries community.

National Research Council ( 1986). Proceedings of the Conference on Common Property Resource Management. Panel on Common Property Resource Management, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Office of International Affairs. National Academy Press, Washington, D. C.

The Council's conference on Common Property Resource Management was undertaken to assess systematically differing institutional arrangements for the effective conservation and utilization of jointly managed resources. The members of the Panel on Common Property Resource Management, recognizing the global dimensions of the current environmental emergency, selected case studies drawn from four continents and a broad range of cultural and environmental settings. It is hoped that the background papers, case studies, and conclusions of the conference will contribute substantively to efforts to rehabilitate and manage the soils, water resources, forests, rangelands, agricultural lands, and other jointly held resources that constitute the global commons.

National Research Council ( 1990). " Decline of the Sea Turtles: Causes and Prevention." Draft Report, Committee on Sea Turtle Conservation, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Board on Biology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Academy Press, Washington, D. C.

This report presents scientific and technical information on the population biology, ecology, and reproductive behavior of five endangered or threatened species of sea turtles. It evaluates population declines, causes 4 9 1 of turtle mortality, and the effectiveness of past and current mitigation efforts, and recommends conservation measures to protect or increase turtle populations. The committee was not charged or constituted to address and did not analyze social and economic issues related to sea turtle conservation.

National Research Council ( 1990). " Decline of the Sea Turtles: Causes and Prevention." Committee on Sea Turtle Conservation, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Board on Biology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Academy Press, Washington, D. C.

This report presents scientific and technical information on the population biology, ecology, and reproductive behavior of five endangered or threatened species of sea turtles. It evaluates population declines, causes of turtle mortality, and the effectiveness of past and current mitigation efforts, and recommends conservation measures to protect or increase turtle populations. The committee was not charged or constituted to address and did not analyze social and economic issues related to sea turtle conservation.

National Research Council ( 1994). An Assessment of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna. National Academy Press, Washington, D. C.

The National Research Council's Ocean Studies Board formed the Committee to Review Atlantic Bluefin Tuna. The committee's charge was to conduct a technical review and evaluation of the scientific basis of U. S. management of fisheries for Atlantic bluefin tuna and address: ( a) are current Standing Committees on Research and Statistics ( SCRS) assessments of eastern and western Atlantic bluefin the most defensible interpretation of the available data, ( b) are uncertainties in the assessments dealt with adequately, ( c) what is the status of the Atlantic bluefin tuna relative to the convention's goal of managing tuna to achieve maximum sustainable yield, and ( d) does the available information support treating bluefin tuna as separate eastern and western management units?

National Research Council ( 1997). Improving Fish Stock Assessments. Committee on Fish Stock Assessment Methods, Ocean Studies Board, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources, National Academy Press, Washington, D. C.

This report is in response to a National Marine Fisheries Service request to conduct a broad review of the methods used in the United States for stock assessments. Recommendations that will advance the state of the art were made for data collection and assessment methods, models, harvest strategies, and new approaches that better account for incomplete and variable data and for environmental fluctuations on fisheries.

National Research Council ( 1998).  Findings and Recommendations.  Chapter 6 in Sharing the Fish: Toward a National Policy on IFQs. Draft Report to Congress, Washington, D. C.

This chapter summarizes the findings of a special panel assembled to determine the appropriateness of using Individual Fishery Quotas ( IFQs) in the management of living marine resources. The panel determined that IFQs were an appropriate management approach under certain conditions in the fishery.

National Research Council ( 1999). Sharing the Fish: Toward a National Policy on Individual Fishing Quotas. National Academy Press, Washington, D. C.