SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, Mathematics Achievement in the Primary School Years, and Science Achievement in the Primary School Years: IEA's Third International Mathematics and Science Study, 1997, by Albert E. Beaton et al. Copyright Ó   1998 Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA. ( This table was prepared October 1998.) 464 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 406.   Average 12th grade science scores, 1 by sex, and average time spent studying science out of school, by country: 1994   95 Country Average score in science Amount of daily out of school study time in science Science overall Males Females Less than 1 hour One to two hours Three or more hours Average hours 2 Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Australia 3 ..................................... 527 ( 9.8) 547 ( 11.5) 513 ( 9.4) 58 ( 1.8) 540 ( 9.5) 35 ( 1.7) 575 ( 6.9) 7 ( 1.0) 588 ( 33.0) 1.0 ( 0.04) Austria 3 ....................................... 520 ( 5.6) 554 ( 8.7) 501 ( 5.8) 87 ( 1.4) 529 ( 6.0) 11 ( 1.4) 526 ( 13.8) 1 ( 0.3)     0.4 ( 0.03) Canada 3 ...................................... 532 ( 2.6) 550 ( 3.6) 518 ( 3.8) 57 ( 2.1) 554 ( 4.2) 35 ( 1.8) 567 ( 6.8) 8 ( 0.9) 537 ( 18.0) 1.1 ( 0.05) Cyprus 3 ....................................... 448 ( 3.0) 459 ( 5.8) 439 ( 3.0) 80 ( 1.1) 436 ( 3.7) 16 ( 0.9) 483 ( 10.7) 4 ( 0.6) 552 ( 11.8) 0.5 ( 0.03) Czech Republic ........................... 487 ( 8.8) 512 ( 8.8) 460 ( 11.0) 84 ( 2.6) 520 ( 11.6) 14 ( 2.3) 571 ( 11.5) 3 ( 0.5) 583 ( 13.6) 0.5 ( 0.05)

Denmark 3 .................................... 509 ( 3.6) 532 ( 5.4) 490 ( 4.1) 73 ( 1.8) 555 ( 4.7) 25 ( 1.6) 570 ( 6.1) 3 ( 0.6) 565 ( 15.0) 0.7 ( 0.03) France 3 ....................................... 487 ( 5.1) 508 ( 6.7) 468 ( 4.8) 59 ( 2.0) 497 ( 5.7) 35 ( 1.8) 525 ( 7.0) 6 ( 0.8) 515 ( 9.1) 1.0 ( 0.04) Germany 3 .................................... 497 ( 5.1) 514 ( 7.9) 478 ( 8.5)                             Hungary ....................................... 471 ( 3.0) 484 ( 4.2) 455 ( 4.3) 67 ( 1.2) 475 ( 3.9) 27 ( 0.9) 486 ( 4.9) 6 ( 0.6) 497 ( 11.5) 0.4 ( 0.03) Iceland 3 ....................................... 549 ( 1.5) 572 ( 2.7) 530 ( 2.1) 87 ( 1.0) 566 ( 2.5) 12 ( 1.0) 575 ( 4.6) 1 ( 0.3)     0.9 ( 0.01)

Italy 3 ............................................ 475 ( 5.3) 495 ( 6.7) 458 ( 5.6) 70 ( 2.8) 487 ( 6.3) 25 ( 2.5) 482 ( 9.7) 5 ( 1.2) 462 ( 13.9) 0.8 ( 0.06) Lithuania 3 .................................... 461 ( 5.7) 481 ( 6.4) 450 ( 7.3) 69 ( 1.5) 465 ( 5.5) 26 ( 1.3) 469 ( 6.5) 5 ( 0.6) 470 ( 11.4) 0.8 ( 0.03) Netherlands 3 ............................... 558 ( 5.3) 582 ( 5.7) 532 ( 6.2) 78 ( 2.8) 593 ( 6.4) 20 ( 2.9) 605 ( 16.9) 1 ( 0.4)     0.7 ( 0.03) New Zealand ............................... 529 ( 5.2) 543 ( 7.1) 515 ( 5.2) 80 ( 1.1) 551 ( 6.3) 18 ( 1.1) 581 ( 6.6) 3 ( 0.5) 553 ( 15.3) 0.6 ( 0.02) Norway 3 ...................................... 544 ( 4.1) 574 ( 5.1) 513 ( 4.5) 74 ( 2.4) 592 ( 7.1) 23 ( 2.2) 598 ( 10.8) 3 ( 0.7) 583 ( 23.8) 0.5 ( 0.02)

Russian Federation 3 ................... 481 ( 5.7) 510 ( 5.7) 463 ( 6.7) 61 ( 1.6) 478 ( 6.0) 30 ( 1.3) 488 ( 7.0) 10 ( 0.8) 501 ( 8.0) 1.1 ( 0.04) Slovenia 3 ..................................... 517 ( 8.2) 541 ( 12.7) 494 ( 6.4) 85 ( 2.0) 528 ( 8.1) 13 ( 1.9) 548 ( 8.9) 2 ( 0.6)     0.5 ( 0.04) South Africa 3 ............................... 349 ( 10.5) 367 ( 11.5) 333 ( 13.0) 47 ( 1.6) 373 ( 15.5) 35 ( 1.3) 367 ( 12.2) 18 ( 1.4) 326 ( 7.3) 1.5 ( 0.05) Sweden ........................................ 559 ( 4.4) 585 ( 5.9) 534 ( 3.5) 81 ( 1.9) 599 ( 7.4) 17 ( 1.8) 632 ( 10.1) 2 ( 0.5)     0.6 ( 0.03) Switzerland .................................. 523 ( 5.3) 540 ( 6.1) 500 ( 7.8) 76 ( 2.3) 564 ( 6.6) 21 ( 2.3) 564 ( 10.9) 3 ( 0.9) 508 ( 29.0) 0.7 ( 0.04) United States 3 ............................. 480 ( 3.3) 492 ( 4.5) 469 ( 3.9) 76 ( 2.1) 505 ( 4.3) 21 ( 2.1) 517 ( 5.7) 2 ( 0.4)     0.7 ( 0.04)

1 Twelfth grade students or equivalent in most countries.

2 Average hours based on: No time = 0; Less than 1 hour = .5; 1   2 hours = 1.5; 3   5 hours = 4; More than 5 hours = 7.

3 Countries not meeting all International Association for the Evaluation of Education Achievement's sampling specifications.   Data not available or not applicable. NOTE.    Standard errors appear in parentheses.

SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, Mathematics Achievement in the Primary School Years, and Science Achievement in the Primary School Years: IEA's Third International Mathematics and Science Study, 1997, by Albert E. Beaton et al. Copyright Ó   1998 Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA. ( This table was prepared October 1998.) 465 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 407.   Reading literacy test scores of 9 year olds: Selected countries, 1992 Country Grade tested Mean age Overall mean score ( s. e.) 1 Narrative 2 1st quartile Narrative 2 mean score ( s. e.) 1 Narrative 2 3rd quartile Expository 3 mean score ( s. e.) 1 Documents 4 mean score ( s. e.) 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Finland ...................................................... 3 9.7 569 ( 3.4) 508 568 ( 3.0) 602 569 ( 3.1) 569 ( 4.0) United States ............................................ 4 10.0 547 ( 2.8) 476 553 ( 3.1) 619 538 ( 2.6) 550 ( 2.7) Sweden ..................................................... 3 9.8 539 ( 2.8) 467 536 ( 2.6) 592 542 ( 2.7) 539 ( 3.2) France ....................................................... 4 10.1 531 ( 4.0) 467 532 ( 4.1) 580 533 ( 4.1) 527 ( 3.9) Italy ........................................................... 4 9.9 529 ( 4.3) 468 533 ( 4.0) 576 538 ( 4.0) 517 ( 4.9)

New Zealand ............................................ 5 10.0 528 ( 3.3) 452 534 ( 3.5) 594 531 ( 3.1) 521 ( 3.3) Norway ...................................................... 3 9.8 524 ( 2.6) 455 525 ( 2.8) 576 528 ( 2.3) 519 ( 2.8) Iceland 5 .................................................... 3 9.8 518 ( 0.0) 448 518 ( 0.0) 571 517 ( 0.0) 519 ( 0.0) Hong Kong ................................................ 4 10.0 517 ( 3.9) 431 494 ( 4.1) 548 503 ( 3.4) 554 ( 4.2) Singapore ................................................. 3 9.3 515 ( 1.0) 450 521 ( 1.1) 567 519 ( 1.0) 504 ( 1.0)

Switzerland ............................................... 3 9.7 511 ( 2.7) 438 506 ( 2.6) 566 507 ( 2.7) 522 ( 2.8) Ireland ....................................................... 4 9.3 509 ( 3.6) 445 518 ( 3.7) 571 514 ( 3.2) 495 ( 3.8) Belgium 6 ................................................... 4 9.8 507 ( 3.2) 439 510 ( 3.3) 558 505 ( 2.8) 506 ( 3.5) Greece ...................................................... 4 9.3 504 ( 3.7) 447 514 ( 3.8) 567 511 ( 3.6) 488 ( 3.8) Spain ......................................................... 4 10.0 504 ( 2.5) 429 497 ( 2.4) 543 505 ( 2.3) 509 ( 2.7)

Germany ( former West) ............................ 3 9.4 503 ( 3.0) 421 491 ( 2.8) 543 497 ( 2.9) 520 ( 3.2) Canada 7 ................................................... 3 8.9 500 ( 3.0) 437 502 ( 3.5) 566 499 ( 2.7) 500 ( 2.8) Germany ( former East) ............................. 3 9.5 499 ( 4.3) 414 482 ( 4.2) 531 493 ( 3.6) 522 ( 5.0) Hungary .................................................... 3 9.3 499 ( 3.1) 437 496 ( 2.9) 541 493 ( 3.1) 509 ( 3.5) Slovenia .................................................... 3 9.7 498 ( 2.6) 435 502 ( 2.7) 570 489 ( 2.5) 503 ( 2.5)

Netherlands .............................................. 3 9.2 485 ( 3.6) 425 494 ( 3.3) 539 480 ( 3.4) 481 ( 3.9) Cyprus ...................................................... 4 9.8 481 ( 2.3) 421 492 ( 2.4) 548 475 ( 2.3) 476 ( 2.1) Portugal .................................................... 4 10.4 478 ( 3.6) 419 483 ( 3.3) 531 480 ( 3.0) 471 ( 4.5) Denmark ................................................... 3 9.8 475 ( 3.5) 386 463 ( 3.4) 539 467 ( 3.5) 496 ( 3.6) Trinidad/ Tobago ........................................ 4 9.6 451 ( 3.4) 383 455 ( 3.6) 502 458 ( 3.4) 440 ( 3.3)

Indonesia .................................................. 4 10.8 394 ( 3.0) 351 402 ( 2.8) 436 411 ( 3.2) 369 ( 3.0) Venezuela ................................................. 4 10.1 383 ( 3.4) 322 378 ( 3.2) 426 396 ( 3.3) 374 ( 3.7)

1 s. e.= standard error. 2 Narrative prose is continuous text in which the writer's aim is to tell a story. 3 Expository prose is continuous text designed to describe factual information to the reader. 4 Documents are structured information presented in the form of charts, tables, maps, graphs, lists, or sets of instructions. 5 Iceland tested all students, therefore standard errors are not applicable. 6 Only French speaking students were tested. 7 British Columbia only.

SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, How in the World Do Students Read?, 1992. ( This table was prepared April 1993.) 466 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 408.   Reading literacy test scores of 14 year olds: Selected countries, 1992 Country Grade tested Mean age Overall mean score ( s. e.) 1 Narrative 2 mean score ( s. e.) 1 Expository 3 1st quartile Expository 3 mean score ( s. e.) 1 Expository 3 3rd quartile Documents 4 mean score ( s. e.) 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Finland ...................................................... 8 14.7 560 ( 2.5) 559 ( 2.8) 493 541 ( 2.2) 575 580 ( 2.5) France ....................................................... 9 15.4 549 ( 4.3) 556 ( 4.2) 484 546 ( 4.3) 580 544 ( 4.2) Sweden ..................................................... 8 14.8 546 ( 2.5) 556 ( 2.6) 469 533 ( 2.4) 576 550 ( 2.4) New Zealand ............................................ 10 15.0 545 ( 5.6) 547 ( 5.7) 457 535 ( 5.7) 597 552 ( 5.3) Hungary .................................................... 8 14.1 536 ( 3.3) 530 ( 3.1) 469 536 ( 3.6) 577 542 ( 3.2)

Iceland 5 .................................................... 8 14.8 536 ( 0.0) 550 ( 0.0) 472 548 ( 0.0) 617 509 ( 0.0) Switzerland ............................................... 8 14.9 536 ( 3.2) 534 ( 3.4) 466 525 ( 3.2) 572 549 ( 3.0) Hong Kong ................................................ 9 15.2 535 ( 3.7) 509 ( 3.7) 480 540 ( 3.8) 576 557 ( 3.8) United States ............................................ 9 15.0 535 ( 4.8) 539 ( 4.9) 456 539 ( 5.6) 599 528 ( 4.0) Singapore ................................................. 8 14.4 534 ( 1.1) 530 ( 1.1) 476 539 ( 1.2) 574 533 ( 1.1)

Slovenia .................................................... 8 14.7 532 ( 2.3) 534 ( 2.6) 471 525 ( 2.2) 576 537 ( 2.2) Germany ( former East) ............................. 8 14.4 526 ( 3.5) 512 ( 3.9) 464 523 ( 3.5) 566 543 ( 2.9) Denmark ................................................... 8 14.8 525 ( 2.1) 517 ( 2.0) 458 524 ( 2.2) 573 532 ( 2.1) Portugal .................................................... 9 15.6 523 ( 3.1) 523 ( 2.5) 469 523 ( 3.4) 556 523 ( 3.4) Canada 6 ................................................... 8 13.9 522 ( 3.0) 526 ( 3.1) 449 516 ( 3.1) 569 522 ( 2.7)

Germany ( former West) ............................ 8 14.6 522 ( 4.4) 514 ( 4.9) 453 521 ( 4.5) 573 532 ( 3.9) Norway ...................................................... 8 14.8 516 ( 2.3) 515 ( 2.1) 464 520 ( 2.4) 569 512 ( 2.4) Italy ........................................................... 8 14.1 515 ( 3.4) 520 ( 3.6) 459 524 ( 3.2) 565 501 ( 3.3) Netherlands .............................................. 8 14.3 514 ( 4.9) 506 ( 4.8) 442 503 ( 4.7) 546 533 ( 5.3) Ireland ....................................................... 9 14.5 511 ( 5.2) 510 ( 5.3) 439 505 ( 5.3) 555 518 ( 4.9)

Greece ...................................................... 9 14.4 509 ( 2.9) 526 ( 2.9) 450 508 ( 3.1) 548 493 ( 2.6) Cyprus ...................................................... 9 14.8 497 ( 2.2) 516 ( 2.2) 427 492 ( 2.4) 536 482 ( 2.0) Spain ......................................................... 8 14.2 490 ( 2.5) 500 ( 3.0) 435 495 ( 2.6) 536 475 ( 2.0) Belgium 7 ................................................... 8 14.3 481 ( 4.9) 484 ( 5.1) 415 477 ( 4.8) 522 483 ( 4.7) Trinidad/ Tobago ........................................ 9 14.4 479 ( 1.7) 482 ( 1.7) 408 485 ( 1.8) 537 472 ( 1.7)

Thailand .................................................... 9 15.2 477 ( 6.2) 468 ( 6.6) 429 486 ( 5.9) 533 478 ( 6.2) Philippines ................................................ 8 14.5 430 ( 3.9) 421 ( 3.6) 378 439 ( 4.1) 472 430 ( 3.9) Venezuela ................................................. 9 15.5 417 ( 3.1) 407 ( 2.9) 381 433 ( 3.3) 482 412 ( 3.0) Nigeria 8,9 .................................................. 9 15.3 401 (   ) 402 (   ) 351 406 (   ) 441 394 (   ) Zimbabwe 9 ............................................... 9 15.5 372 ( 3.8) 367 ( 3.3) 326 374 ( 3.6) 411 373 ( 4.6) Botswana .................................................. 9 14.7 330 ( 2.0) 340 ( 1.6) 294 339 ( 1.9) 371 312 ( 2.4)

1 s. e.= standard error. 2 Narrative prose is continuous text in which the writer's aim is to tell a story. 3 Expository prose is continuous text designed to describe factual information to the reader. 4 Documents are structured information presented in the form of charts, tables, maps, graphs, lists, or sets of instructions. 5 Iceland tested all students, therefore standard errors are not applicable. 6 British Columbia only. 7 Only French speaking students were tested.

8 Insufficient data to calculate the standard error.

9 Sampling response rate of schools was below 80 percent.   Data not available.

SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, How in the World Do Students Read?, 1992. ( This table was prepared April 1993.) 467 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 409.   Number of bachelor's degree recipients per 100 persons of the theoretical age of graduation, 1 by sex: Selected countries, 1989 to 1995 Country Men and women Men Women 1989 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1989 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1989 1990 1991 1992 1994 1995 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Australia .......................................... 19.6   24.1 28.5 32.2 34.9 18.9   21.0 23.7 25.9 27.6 21.1   27.3 33.6 38.7 42.7 Austria ............................................. 6.6 7.7 7.7   9.2 9.8 7.6 8.5 8.5   10.1 10.6 5.5 6.8 6.9   8.4 8.9 Belgium ........................................... 16.5 17.1 13.2       18.9 19.5 15.0       14.1 14.7 11.4       Canada ...........................................     31.1 32.2 30.3 31.8     26.6 27.6 25.5 26.4     35.8 37.6 35.3 37.4 Denmark .......................................... 12.9 15.0 16.6 22.3 30.5 28.5 11.5 13.3 14.4 17.7 26.4 25.1 14.4 16.9 18.9 27.2 34.9 31.9 Finland ............................................ 16.9 17.1 17.1   22.2 22.2 17.1 17.0 16.9   22.2 22.0 16.6 17.1 17.3 17.9 22.1 22.3 France ............................................. 13.8 14.9 16.3       13.7 14.7 14.9       13.9 15.1 17.7       Germany 2 ....................................... 13.2 12.9 12.4   14.6 16.2 16.1 15.7 14.3   16.4 18.2 10.1 10.0 10.4   12.6 14.0 Ireland ............................................. 16.4 17.4 16.8 17.8   21.2 31.9 17.5 17.0 17.9   19.9   17.3 16.6 17.7   22.7 Italy ................................................. 8.9 9.2 9.5   11.3 11.8 9.1 9.3 9.5   10.3 10.8 8.7 9.0 9.5   12.4 12.9 Japan ..............................................   22.1 23.2 23.2 23.2 22.8   31.5 32.7 31.9 31.0 30.4   12.4 13.4 14.0 15.2 14.9 Netherlands ..................................... 10.2 8.0 8.3 17.6   22.0 12.3 9.4 9.6 17.3   20.6 7.9 6.5 6.9 17.8   23.4 New Zealand ................................... 36.1 15.3 15.2 17.2   24.7 16.6 15.4 15.4 16.9   20.9 15.5 15.1 15.0 17.4   28.6 Norway ............................................ 24.6 27.5 30.7 19.0 23.0 23.0 18.1 19.1 22.3 14.5 17.4 17.2 31.7 36.3 39.4 23.7 28.8 28.9 Portugal ...........................................   7.6     13.8 14.6   5.9     10.4 10.8   9.3     17.2 18.3 Spain ............................................... 17.7 18.6 19.9     24.0 14.6 15.3 16.3     19.6 21.0 22.0 23.6     28.6 Sweden ........................................... 13.0 12.2 12.5 14.1 13.7 15.5 11.1 10.5 10.9 11.8 12.0 14.0 15.1 14.0 14.3 16.4 15.4 17.0 Switzerland ...................................... 7.7 7.7 7.6   8.5 9.1 10.1 10.3 9.8   10.7 11.4 5.3 5.1 5.4   6.3 6.8 Turkey ............................................. 6.0 6.1 6.1 6.1   7.0 7.3 7.5 7.5 7.5   8.6 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.6   5.2 United Kingdom ..............................       20.4 25.9 31.6       21.0 25.5 30.3       19.8 26.3 32.9 United States .................................. 27.3 28.6 29.3 27.4 32.2 33.2 25.5 26.2 26.5 24.6 28.7 29.3 29.2 31.1 32.3 30.3 35.9 37.3 1 The graduation rate relates the number of people with bachelor's degrees to the number of people in the population at typical age of graduation. 2 Data for 1989 are for the former West Germany.   Data not available. SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, unpublished tabulations ( This table was prepared August 1998.)

Table 410.   Percent of bachelor's degrees awarded in science: Selected countries, 1985 to 1995 Country All science degrees Natural sciences Mathematics and computer science Engineering 1985 1990 1994 1995 1985 1990 1994 1995 1985 1990 1994 1995 1985 1990 1994 1995 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Australia .......................................................     19.2 19.3     10.2 9.9     3.6 3.8     5.4 5.6 Austria .......................................................... 16.8 19.6 20.7 21.1 5.0 5.3 5.5 6.0 4.1 5.2 5.4 5.3 7.7 9.0 9.8 9.9 Belgium ........................................................         4.6       1.7               Canada ........................................................ 17.1 16.4 16.3 16.7 4.9 6.0 6.2 6.5 4.5 4.2 3.8 3.8 7.7 6.2 6.3 6.4 Denmark ......................................................         6.3 4.4 4.2 2.5         16.2 21.7   17.0 Finland ......................................................... 39.3 33.5 37.0 37.2 7.7 4.1 4.4 4.0 6.3 5.9 7.4 6.9 25.3 23.4 25.1 26.3 Germany 1 .................................................... 23.8 31.3 31.7 31.6 5.0 7.2 6.9 6.7 2.3 3.5 5.2 5.2 16.5 20.5 19.6 19.7 Ireland .......................................................... 28.8 34.1   32.3 12.8 14.1   16.9 4.0 6.3   4.7 12.0 13.7   10.7 Italy .............................................................. 19.5 19.7 19.1 19.5 8.1 7.6 7.0 6.8 3.1 3.9 3.4 3.8 8.3 8.3 8.7 8.9 Japan ........................................................... 22.7 23.5 22.8 22.8 2.4 2.4 3.4 3.4         20.3 21.0 19.3 19.3 Netherlands ................................................. 21.8 21.1     8.5 7.1     1.2 1.6   1.6 12.1 12.4     New Zealand ............................................... 20.5 19.5     11.7 8.2     5.5 5.5     3.3 5.8   3.2 Norway .........................................................   12.9 18.6 16.8 2.5 2.1 4.1 3.1 1.8 0.6 0.4 0.5   10.2 14.2 13.2 Portugal .......................................................     15.9 15.0 6.5 6.7 2.6 2.2     2.4 2.8   10.5 11.0 9.9 Spain ............................................................ 13.9 15.0   18.2 5.5 5.7   4.3 1.3 2.6   4.5 7.0 6.7   9.4 Sweden ........................................................ 15.4 24.0 25.0 26.4 2.6 4.1 3.9 3.9 1.6 4.7 5.3 5.5 11.3 15.2 15.9 17.0 Switzerland .................................................. 20.2 23.0 22.1 22.3 10.3 11.2 10.4 10.4 2.1 3.7 3.3 3.7 7.9 8.1 8.4 8.3 Turkey .......................................................... 23.0 20.6   20.9 3.6 4.6   5.1 1.6 2.1   2.7 17.8 13.8   13.1 United States ............................................... 21.7 16.9 15.9   6.3 5.1 6.0   5.5 4.0 3.3 3.3 9.8 7.8 6.7 6.7 1 Data for 1985 are for the former West Germany.   Data not available.

SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Education at a Glance, unpublished figures. ( This table was prepared July 1998.) 468 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 411.   Percent of graduate degrees awarded in science: Selected countries, 1985, 1990, and 1991 Country All science degrees Natural sciences Mathematics and computer science Engineering 1985 1990 1991 1985 1990 1991 1985 1990 1991 1985 1990 1991 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Australia ...............................................     13.9     9.6           4.3 Austria .................................................. 43.3 37.7 37.4 14.2 12.3 13.4 7.3 4.6 6.1 21.7 20.8 17.9 Canada ................................................ 19.7 20.0 19.7 7.5 7.8 7.7 2.8 3.4 3.4 9.4 8.8 8.7 Denmark .............................................. 16.0 22.2 22.9 4.1 5.8 5.4 2.7 4.8 4.5 9.2 11.6 13.0 Finland ................................................. 47.6 30.6 29.2 24.0 14.7 12.4 6.3 5.4 4.6 17.2 10.5 12.2 Germany 1 ............................................ 27.7 33.2 33.9 18.7 23.5 23.3 1.8 2.3 2.2 7.2 7.4 8.4 Ireland .................................................. 31.4 34.5 28.4 18.9 19.5 15.7 2.6 5.8 4.1 9.9 9.3 8.6 Japan ................................................... 50.1 54.6 54.2 9.5 9.5 9.5       40.5 45.1 44.7 Netherlands .........................................   28.9 29.9 20.6 17.7 16.7   1.5 1.6 7.5 9.7 11.6 New Zealand ....................................... 45.1 22.6 19.3 24.6 13.8 11.5 5.4 4.7 3.6 15.1 4.0 4.2 Norway ................................................. 40.1 33.4 33.8 17.9 8.0 7.9 3.5 2.1 2.5 18.7 23.3 23.4 Spain .................................................... 35.6 26.9 26.6 28.6 19.7 19.1 1.8 1.4 2.5 5.1 5.7 5.0 Sweden ................................................ 48.0 48.5 44.4 21.2 19.4 15.1 6.8 9.2 8.2 20.0 19.9 21.1 Switzerland .......................................... 30.7 30.2 32.6 20.3 22.0 23.1 2.8 1.7 1.8 7.6 6.5 7.6 Turkey .................................................. 35.8 24.0 21.7 6.6 7.6 6.4 2.8 3.3 2.8 26.3 13.2 12.4 United States ....................................... 13.5 14.5 13.8 4.5 4.2 3.8 2.8 3.4 3.2 6.3 6.9 6.7 1 Data for 1985 are for the former West Germany.   Data not available. SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared May 1995.)

Table 412.   Public education expenditures per student, by level of student: Selected countries, 1985 to 1993 [ In constant 1993 dollars]

Country Primary Secondary Higher education 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Austria ...................................... $ 3,554 $ 3,632 $ 3,791 $ 4,130 $ 4,291 $ 4,061 $ 4,771 $ 4,965 $ 6,612 $ 6,721 $ 6,753 $ 6,560 $ 6,834 $ 5,994 $ 8,642 Belgium .................................... 2,299 2,195 2,273 2,462 2,953 5,437 4,949 5,305 5,304 5,373 7,310 6,363 6,615 6,787 6,380 Denmark .................................. 3,677 4,579 4,665 4,346 4,745 5,196 5,459 5,706 5,088 6,175 8,826 8,582 8,153 6,911 8,045 France ......................................     2,749 2,987 3,154     4,923 5,593 5,685     5,050 6,200 6,033 Germany 2 ................................       3,069 2,815       4,388 6,481         7,902 Japan .......................................       3,636 3,960       4,017 4,356       12,205 7,556 Ireland ...................................... 1,363 1,472 1,636 1,823 1,882 2,346 2,475 2,640 2,853 3,031 5,327 5,693 5,927 7,488 7,076 Norway ..................................... 3,505 3,995 4,122 4,614   4,961 5,307 5,704 6,386   8,092 8,887 8,917 8,981 8,343 Portugal .................................... 1,369 1,989 2,239   2,581 1,811   2,508   2,491 3,844   6,536   5,667 Spain ........................................ 1,482 1,854 1,974 2,091 2,293 2,058 2,787 2,896 3,234 3,033 1,964 3,250 3,440 3,883 3,835 Sweden 1 ..................................   5,429 5,803 4,985 4,917   6,480 7,039 6,231 5,651   8,929 9,083 7,333 12,693 Switzerland 1 ............................     5,779 3,667 5,835     6,963   7,024     15,577 13,286 15,731 Turkey ......................................     599   832     535   587     2,965   2,696 United Kingdom ....................... 2,406 2,984 2,964 3,213 3,295 3,979 5,664 4,514 4,521 4,494     10,207 10,680 8,241 United States ........................... 4,495 5,380 5,492 5,768 5,492 5,440 6,742 6,866 6,664 6,541 10,527 12,373 12,521 12,236 14,607 1 Change in definition of expenditures in 1992.

2 Data for 1985 are for the former West Germany.   Data not available. NOTE.   Data adjusted to U. S. dollars using the purchasing power parity ( PPP) index. Public subsidies for students' living expenses are excluded. The figures include public expenditures per student in public and private institutions.

SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Education at a Glance, 1996; and unpublished data. ( This table was prepared September 1997.) 469 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 413.   Total public direct expenditures for education as a percentage of gross domestic product, by level of education:

Selected countries, 1985 to 1994 Country All levels 1 Primary education Secondary education Higher education 1985 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Australia ................... 5.4 4.8     4.4 4.6 4.7 4.4 1.6       1.5 1.4 1.9   2.4 2.8 2.0 1.8 1.7   1.9 1.5 1.1 1.1 Austria ...................... 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.6 5.3   1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0   2.7 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.5   1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0   Belgium .................... 6.3 5.5 5.6 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.5 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 2.9 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.5 2.6 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.6 1.0 1.0 Denmark .................. 6.2 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.7 6.5 1.8 1.7   1.4 1.5 1.5 2.9 2.7   2.6 2.9 2.8 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 France ......................     5.0 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.6   1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1   2.4 2.5 2.7 2.9 2.9   0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 Germany 2 ................ 4.6 4.3         4.5 4.5 0.6       0.7 0.8 2.2       2.3 2.1 1.0       0.9 0.9 Ireland ...................... 5.6 5.4 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.0 5.1 5.1 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.2 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Italy .......................... 4.7 4.9 5.0 5.2   5.0 5.0 4.6 1.2 1.1   1.1 1.1 1.1 2.1 2.2   2.3 2.4 2.2 0.6 1.0   0.8 0.8 0.7 Japan .......................   3.6 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.8       1.3 1.4 1.4       1.4 1.5 1.6       0.3 0.4 0.5 Luxembourg .............   5.2 5.0                                               Netherlands .............. 6.2 6.1 5.7 5.7   4.6 4.6 4.5 1.6 1.3   1.1 1.2 1.2 2.5 2.2   1.8 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.6   1.2 1.2 1.2 New Zealand ............   4.8 5.9 6.2 6.3 5.9 5.8 5.4   1.6 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.5   1.5 1.4 1.9 2.6 2.4   2.2 1.8 1.4 1.2 1.1 Norway ..................... 5.1 5.9 5.9 5.9 6.1 6.8 6.8 6.9 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.5 2.9 2.4 1.6 0.7 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 Portugal ....................   4.0 4.0   4.9   5.4 5.3     2.0   2.0 1.8     1.8   1.9 2.1     0.8   0.8 0.8 Spain ........................ 3.6 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.8 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.8 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.5 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Sweden ....................   5.5 5.2 5.3 5.9 6.5 6.6 6.6   1.9 2.1 1.9 2.0 2.0   2.3 2.6 2.4 2.6 2.5   1.0 1.1 1.0 1.4 1.5 Switzerland .............. 4.9 5.0     5.4 5.2 5.5 5.5 2.7   1.4 1.2 1.6 1.6 1.3   2.3 2.6 2.5 2.5 0.9   1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 Turkey ......................             3.3 3.3         1.7 1.4         0.8 0.7         0.8 1.2 United Kingdom ....... 4.9 4.5 4.4 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.6 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.2 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 United States ........... 4.7 4.9 4.8 5.3 5.5 5.0 5.0 4.8 1.4 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9   1.3 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.1 1 Includes primary, secondary, and higher education and other expenditures not classified by level of education.

2 Data prior to 1991 are for the former West Germany.

  Data not available. SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared July 1998.) 470 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 414.   Foreign students enrolled in institutions of higher education in the United States and outlying areas, by continent, region, and selected countries of origin: 1980   81 to 1996   97 Continent, region, and country 1980   81 1985   86 1990   91 1992   93 1993   94 1994   95 1995   96 1996   97 Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Total .................................. 311,880 100.0 343,780 100.0 407,530 100.0 438,620 100.0 449,704 100.0 452,635 100.0 453,787 100.0 457,984 100.0 Africa ...................................... 38,180 12.2 34,190 9.9 23,800 5.8 20,520 4.7 20,569 4.6 20,724 4.6 20,844 4.6 22,078 4.8 Eastern Africa .................... 6,260 2.0 6,730 2.0 7,590 1.9 6,950 1.6 7,093 1.6 7,139 1.6 7,596 1.7 8,628 1.9 Central Africa ..................... 1,130 0.4 1,540 0.4 1,650 0.4 1,470 0.3 1,472 0.3 1,430 0.3 1,346 0.3 1,187 0.3 North Africa ........................ 7,310 2.3 5,980 1.7 4,540 1.1 3,730 0.9 3,614 0.8 3,522 0.8 3,422 0.8 3,469 0.8 Southern Africa .................. 1,480 0.5 2,360 0.7 2,840 0.7 2,560 0.6 2,563 0.6 2,672 0.6 2,657 0.6 2,678 0.6 West Africa ........................ 22,000 7.1 17,580 5.1 7,180 1.8 5,800 1.3 5,804 1.3 5,943 1.3 5,818 1.3 6,115 1.3 Nigeria ............................ 17,350 5.6 13,710 4.0 3,710 0.9 2,490 0.6 2,285 0.5 2,147 0.5 2,093 0.5 2,184 0.5 Europe .................................... 25,330 8.1 34,310 10.0 49,640 12.2 58,010 13.2 62,442 13.9 64,811 14.3 67,358 14.8 68,315 14.9 Eastern Europe .................. 1,670 0.5 1,770 0.5 4,780 1.2 9,800 2.2 12,929 2.9 15,906 3.5 18,032 4.0 19,471 4.3 Western Europe ................. 23,660 7.6 32,540 9.5 44,860 11.0 48,210 11.0 49,496 11.0 48,905 10.8 49,326 10.9 48,844 10.7 France ............................     3,680 1.1 5,630 1.4 5,660 1.3 5,976 1.3 5,843 1.3 5,710 1.3 5,692 1.2 Germany, Federal Republic of 1 ............... 3,310 1.1 4,730 1.4 7,000 1.7 7,880 1.8 8,508 1.9 8,592 1.9 9,017 2.0 8,990 2.0 Greece ........................... 3,750 1.2 4,440 1.3 4,360 1.1 4,350 1.0 4,144 0.9 3,699 0.8 3,365 0.7 3,010 0.7 Spain ..............................     1,740 0.5 4,300 1.1 5,160 1.2 5,246 1.2 5,126 1.1 4,809 1.1 4,673 1.0 United Kingdom ............. 4,440 1.4 5,940 1.7 7,300 1.8 7,630 1.7 7,828 1.7 7,786 1.7 7,799 1.7 7,357 1.6 Latin America ......................... 49,810 16.0 45,480 13.2 47,580 11.7 43,250 9.9 45,246 10.1 47,239 10.4 47,253 10.4 49,592 10.8 Caribbean .......................... 10,650 3.4 11,100 3.2 12,610 3.1 10,270 2.3 10,672 2.4 11,286 2.5 10,737 2.4 11,796 2.6 Central America ................. 12,970 4.2 12,740 3.7 15,950 3.9 13,460 3.1 13,886 3.1 14,923 3.3 14,220 3.1 14,524 3.2 Mexico ............................ 6,730 2.2 5,460 1.6 6,740 1.7 7,580 1.7 8,021 1.8 9,003 2.0 8,687 1.9 8,975 2.0 South America ................... 26,190 8.4 21,640 6.3 19,020 4.7 19,530 4.5 20,708 4.6 21,030 4.6 22,296 4.9 23,272 5.1 Brazil ..............................     2,840 0.8 3,900 1.0 4,540 1.0 4,977 1.1 5,017 1.1 5,497 1.2 6,168 1.3 Colombia ........................     4,010 1.2 3,180 0.8 2,850 0.6 3,077 0.7 3,208 0.7 3,462 0.8 3,636 0.8 Venezuela ...................... 11,750 3.8 7,040 2.0 2,890 0.7 3,440 0.8 3,742 0.8 4,092 0.9 4,456 1.0 4,590 1.0 Middle East ............................. 84,710 27.2 52,720 15.3 33,420 8.2 30,240 6.9 29,509 6.6 30,246 6.7 30,563 6.7 29,841 6.5 Iran ..................................... 47,550 15.2 14,210 4.1 6,260 1.5 4,090 0.9 3,621 0.8 2,896 0.6 2,628 0.6 2,129 0.5 Jordan ................................ 6,140 2.0 6,590 1.9 4,320 1.1 3,260 0.7 2,826 0.6 2,431 0.5 2,222 0.5 2,094 0.5 Lebanon ............................. 6,770 2.2 7,090 2.1 3,900 1.0 2,540 0.6 2,165 0.5 1,835 0.4 1,554 0.3 1,370 0.3 Saudi Arabia ...................... 10,440 3.3 6,900 2.0 3,590 0.9 3,750 0.9 3,721 0.8 4,075 0.9 4,191 0.9 4,264 0.9 Turkey ................................     2,460 0.7 4,080 1.0 4,980 1.1 5,474 1.2 6,716 1.5 7,678 1.7 8,194 1.8 North America 2 ...................... 14,790 4.7 16,030 4.7 18,950 4.6 21,550 4.9 23,288 5.2 23,394 5.2 23,644 5.2 23,611 5.2 Canada .............................. 14,320 4.6 15,410 4.5 18,350 4.5 20,970 4.8 22,655 5.0 22,747 5.0 23,005 5.1 22,984 5.0 Oceania .................................. 4,180 1.3 4,030 1.2 4,230 1.0 4,300 1.0 3,857 0.9 4,327 1.0 4,202 0.9 3,690 0.8 South and East Asia .............. 94,640 30.3 156,830 45.6 229,830 56.4 260,670 59.4 264,693 58.9 261,789 57.8 259,893 57.3 260,743 56.9 East Asia ........................... 51,650 16.6 80,720 23.5 146,020 35.8 168,410 38.4 171,279 38.1 168,190 37.2 166,717 36.7 167,935 36.7 China .............................. 2,770 0.9 13,980 4.1 39,600 9.7 45,130 10.3 44,381 9.9 39,403 8.7 39,613 8.7 42,503 9.3 Hong Kong ..................... 9,660 3.1 10,710 3.1 12,630 3.1 14,020 3.2 13,752 3.1 12,935 2.9 12,018 2.6 10,942 2.4 Japan ............................. 13,500 4.3 13,360 3.9 36,610 9.0 42,840 9.8 43,770 9.7 45,276 10.0 45,531 10.0 46,292 10.1 Korea, Republic of ......... 6,150 2.0 18,660 5.4 23,360 5.7 28,520 6.5 31,076 6.9 33,599 7.4 36,231 8.0 37,130 8.1 Taiwan ............................ 19,460 6.2 23,770 6.9 33,530 8.2 37,430 8.5 37,581 8.4 36,407 8.0 32,702 7.2 30,487 6.7 South Central Asia ............ 14,540 4.7 25,800 7.5 42,370 10.4 50,430 11.5 48,941 10.9 47,836 10.6 45,401 10.0 44,256 9.7 India ............................... 9,250 3.0 16,070 4.7 28,860 7.1 35,950 8.2 34,796 7.7 33,537 7.4 31,743 7.0 30,641 6.7 Pakistan ......................... 2,990 1.0 5,440 1.6 7,730 1.9 8,020 1.8 7,299 1.6 6,989 1.5 6,427 1.4 6,095 1.3 South East Asia ................. 28,450 9.1 50,310 14.6 41,440 10.2 41,830 9.5 44,461 9.9 45,763 10.1 47,774 10.5 48,550 10.6 Indonesia ........................ 3,250 1.0 8,210 2.4 9,520 2.3 10,920 2.5 11,744 2.6 11,872 2.6 12,820 2.8 12,461 2.7 Malaysia ......................... 6,010 1.9 23,020 6.7 13,610 3.3 12,660 2.9 13,718 3.1 13,617 3.0 14,015 3.1 14,527 3.2 Philippines ......................     3,920 1.1 4,270 1.0 3,700 0.8 3,528 0.8 3,472 0.8 3,127 0.7 2,796 0.6 Singapore .......................     3,930 1.1 4,500 1.1 4,860 1.1 4,823 1.1 4,473 1.0 4,098 0.9 3,727 0.8 Thailand ......................... 6,550 2.1 6,940 2.0 7,090 1.7 8,630 2.0 9,537 2.1 10,889 2.4 12,165 2.7 13,481 2.9 Stateless 3 ............................... 240 0.1 190 0.1 80 ( 4) 80 ( 4) 100 ( 4) 105 ( 4) 30 ( 4) 109 ( 4)

1 1990   91 and later years data are for Germany, which includes the former Federal Republic of Germany and the former Democratic Republic of Germany. 2 Excludes Mexico and Central America, which are included with Latin America. 3 Home country unknown or undeclared. 4 Less than .05 percent.   Data not available. NOTE.   Data are for `` nonimmigrants,'' i. e., students who have not migrated to this country. Because of rounding, details may not add to totals.

SOURCE: Institute of International Education, `` Open Doors,'' various years; and unpublished data. ( Latest edition copyright Ó   1997 by the Institute of International Education All rights reserved.) ( This table was prepared July 1998.) 471 CHAPTER 7 Learning Resources and Technology This chapter contains statistics on libraries and on the use of information technologies. These data show the extent of America's access to information technologies outside of formal classroom activities. The data also provide a capsule description of the magnitude and availability of library resources. Access to information has been widely cited as the key to success in a growing number of endeavors. Thus, how information is made available and to whom are matters of concern. The first section of the chapter deals with public libraries public and private school libraries, and college and university libraries. It contains data on collections population served, staff, and expenditures. Two tables provide institutional level information for the largest public libraries and the largest college libraries in the country. The second half of the chapter provides information on the availability and use of technology. For example the proportion of children using computers at school is shown over time. Also included are data on the use of home computers by adults and school children, with comparisons among various demographic groups. Related data may be found in various sections of this report. For example, statistics on the number of degrees conferred in computer and information sciences and library sciences are in chapter 3. Further information on survey methodologies is in the `` Guide to Sources'' and in the publications cited in the source notes.

Resources In 1993   94, there were 83 school library visits each week per 100 public school students. Elementary school students were more likely to visit their school libraries ( 89 visits per 100 students each week) than secondary school students ( 69 per 100). Private school students were slightly less likely to visit their libraries ( 77 per 100). The average number of library staff per school was 1.8 at public schools, and 1.2 at private schools. Public school libraries generally had smaller numbers of books on a per student basis than private school libraries. In 1993   94, public school libraries held an average of 2,585 books per 100 students compared to an average of 3,716 per 100 students at private schools. Although public elementary school libraries had slightly smaller holdings than public secondary schools on a per student basis, the elementary school students checked out twice as many books on a per student basis ( 1.5 per week compared to .7 per week) ( table 415). In 1995, there were 8,981 public libraries in the United States with 695 million books and serial volumes The annual attendance per capita was 3.9 and the reference transactions per capita was 1.1 ( table 423). The increase in college library resources kept pace with increases in enrollment between 1984   85 and 1994   95. The library staff to student ratio decreased slightly from 153 students per staff member to 150 students per staff member. The library operating expenditure per student average rose 9 percent in constant dollars to $ 417 in 1994   95. However, other college expenditures rose faster than library expenditures and the proportion of college education budgets spent on libraries fell from 3.4 percent in 1984   85 to 2.9 percent in 1994   95 ( table 420).

Technology There has been widespread introduction of computers into the schools in recent years. In 1997, the average public school contained 75 computers. One important technological advance that has come to schools following the introduction of computers has been connections to the Internet. The proportion of schools with Internet access has increased rapidly from 35 percent in 1994 to 89 percent in 1998. Although some access is now widespread, most schools are not extensively connected. About 51 percent of instructional rooms had access to the Internet in 1998 ( table 419). The total computer usage rate of students at school increased from 59 percent in 1993, to 69 percent in October 1997. The rate for grades 1 to 8 increased from 69 percent in 1989 to 79 percent in 1997. The computer usage rate in 1997 was 70 percent for students in high school and 55 percent for students in college. Sizable percentages of students used computers at home, though fewer actually used them for schoolwork. About 43 percent of elementary school children used computers at home and about 24 percent used them for schoolwork. Students at the high school and undergraduate level were much 472 LEARNING RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY more likely than elementary school children to use home computers for schoolwork. In general, students in higher income families were more likely to use computers at home and use them for schoolwork than students from lower income families. About 13 percent of the high school students in the $ 25,000 to $ 29,999 household income group used computers at home for school work compared to 45 percent in the $ 75,000 and over income group ( table 428). The use of computers has become widespread in the workplace. In October 1997, 50 percent of all workers used computers on the job. More frequent use of computers was associated with higher levels of education and higher incomes. Only 36 percent of the high school graduates and 12 percent of the high school dropouts used computers compared to 79 percent of those with master's degrees. Among those who did use computers, the master's degree recipients were more likely to use the computers for a wider variety of applications than high school graduates Among the most common applications for all employees using computers on the job were: bookkeeping invoicing ( 66 percent), word processing ( 57 percent), communications ( 47 percent), analysis/ spreadsheets ( 41 percent), and calendar/ schedule ( 38 percent). Workers in the 25 to 59 year old age range were more likely to use computers than younger or older workers. Elementary and secondary teachers were less likely to use computers than persons employed in other managerial or professional fields ( table 424).

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Fast Response Survey System, Advanced Telecommunications in U. S. Elementary and Secondary Public Schools, Fall 1996, and Internet Access in Public Schools and Classrooms: 1994 98. 1994 1995 1996 1997 1994 1995 1996 1997 Schools with Internet access Instructional rooms with Internet access Figure 33. Percent of all public schools and instructional rooms having Internet access: Fall 1994 to fall 1998 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 35 3 50 8 65 14 78 27 89 51 Fall Percent 1998 1998 473 LIBRARY RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY: LIBRARIES Table 415.   Percentage of school library/ media centers that offered selected services and equipment, and library/ media center expenditures, by control and level of school: 1993   94 Selected statistics Public Private Total Elementary Secondary Combined Total Elementary Secondary Combined 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Number of schools with libraries ............ 72,286   53,059   17,356   1,871   19,301   10,880   4,178   4,243   Average number of staff per library Total ............................................................. 1.81 ( 0.02) 1.69 ( 0.03) 2.12 ( 0.03) 1.71 ( 0.07) 1.23 ( 0.03) 1.09 ( 0.03) 1.58 ( 0.06) 1.25 ( 0.07) Certified library/ media specialists ........... 0.86 ( 0.01) 0.79 ( 0.02) 1.03 ( 0.02) 0.79 ( 0.05) 0.28 ( 0.01) 0.20 ( 0.02) 0.47 ( 0.03) 0.30 ( 0.02) Full time .............................................. 0.61 ( 0.01) 0.51 ( 0.01) 0.84 ( 0.02) 0.51 ( 0.03) 0.17 ( 0.01) 0.07 ( 0.01) 0.35 ( 0.03) 0.21 ( 0.02) Part time .............................................. 0.25 ( 0.01) 0.28 ( 0.02) 0.19 ( 0.01) 0.28 ( 0.04) 0.11 ( 0.01) 0.12 ( 0.02) 0.11 ( 0.01) 0.09 ( 0.02) Other professional staff .......................... 0.27 ( 0.01) 0.27 ( 0.01) 0.26 ( 0.02) 0.29 ( 0.03) 0.66 ( 0.02) 0.65 ( 0.02) 0.65 ( 0.04) 0.70 ( 0.06) Full time .............................................. 0.13 ( 0.01) 0.13 ( 0.01) 0.14 ( 0.01) 0.13 ( 0.03) 0.23 ( 0.02) 0.19 ( 0.01) 0.26 ( 0.03) 0.32 ( 0.04) Part time .............................................. 0.13 ( 0.01) 0.14 ( 0.01) 0.13 ( 0.01) 0.16 ( 0.02) 0.43 ( 0.01) 0.47 ( 0.02) 0.39 ( 0.03) 0.39 ( 0.04) Other paid employees ............................ 0.68 ( 0.02) 0.63 ( 0.02) 0.83 ( 0.02) 0.62 ( 0.04) 0.29 ( 0.02) 0.24 ( 0.02) 0.46 ( 0.03) 0.25 ( 0.03) Full time .............................................. 0.34 ( 0.01) 0.28 ( 0.01) 0.49 ( 0.02) 0.29 ( 0.03) 0.07 ( 0.01) 0.05 ( 0.01) 0.12 ( 0.02) 0.07 ( 0.01) Part time .............................................. 0.34 ( 0.01) 0.34 ( 0.02) 0.34 ( 0.02) 0.33 ( 0.03) 0.22 ( 0.01) 0.19 ( 0.02) 0.34 ( 0.02) 0.18 ( 0.03)

Percentage of schools' library media centers with the following equipment Telephone .................................................... 61.2 ( 1.3) 55.8 ( 1.8) 74.7 ( 1.6) 51.6 ( 3.3) 40.8 ( 1.3) 30.7 ( 1.6) 52.8 ( 2.5) 54.6 ( 4.2) Fax machine ................................................ 7.8 ( 0.5) 4.7 ( 0.6) 15.1 ( 0.8) 8.8 ( 1.4) 5.1 ( 0.5) 3.1 ( 0.6) 7.9 ( 1.1) 7.4 ( 1.2) Computer with modem ................................ 34.3 ( 1.0) 28.3 ( 1.2) 48.2 ( 1.5) 38.1 ( 3.0) 19.5 ( 1.0) 12.2 ( 1.5) 30.2 ( 1.9) 27.9 ( 2.7) Automated catalog ...................................... 24.0 ( 0.9) 20.3 ( 1.1) 32.8 ( 1.1) 20.5 ( 1.9) 9.7 ( 0.7) 5.5 ( 0.5) 15.8 ( 1.9) 14.4 ( 2.3) Automated circulation system ..................... 37.9 ( 1.1) 34.1 ( 1.6) 47.7 ( 1.3) 27.8 ( 2.6) 9.5 ( 0.7) 5.4 ( 0.6) 16.0 ( 1.8) 13.8 ( 1.8) Database searching with CD ROM ............. 31.2 ( 0.8) 23.9 ( 1.2) 48.1 ( 1.3) 31.4 ( 3.1) 13.9 ( 0.8) 6.3 ( 0.8) 25.7 ( 1.6) 21.6 ( 2.2) On line database searching ........................ 9.4 ( 0.5) 5.4 ( 0.5) 18.9 ( 0.9) 8.8 ( 1.5) 5.5 ( 0.5) 0.7 ( 0.3) 12.2 ( 1.2) 11.0 ( 1.7) Compact disc for periodical indices, etc. .... 46.7 ( 1.1) 39.6 ( 1.5) 63.5 ( 1.3) 46.6 ( 3.7) 19.6 ( 1.0) 12.3 ( 1.1) 33.5 ( 2.2) 24.6 ( 2.2) Video laser disc ........................................... 31.9 ( 1.0) 30.3 ( 1.3) 36.1 ( 1.3) 26.1 ( 2.8) 6.3 ( 0.6) 4.8 ( 0.7) 9.9 ( 1.2) 6.9 ( 1.1) Connection to Internet ................................. 12.0 ( 0.6) 9.5 ( 0.8) 17.5 ( 0.8) 15.0 ( 1.9) 5.3 ( 0.5) 2.8 ( 0.8) 9.2 ( 1.1) 7.5 ( 1.2) Cable television ........................................... 76.2 ( 0.8) 75.0 ( 1.1) 80.6 ( 0.9) 57.7 ( 3.6) 39.9 ( 1.3) 42.6 ( 2.0) 43.1 ( 2.8) 30.1 ( 2.7) Broadcast television .................................... 48.6 ( 1.0) 48.0 ( 1.4) 49.9 ( 1.3) 48.1 ( 3.1) 39.9 ( 1.6) 42.9 ( 1.9) 39.7 ( 2.5) 32.2 ( 3.9) Closed circuit television ............................... 25.5 ( 0.7) 22.0 ( 1.0) 34.0 ( 1.0) 20.9 ( 2.2) 8.8 ( 0.7) 5.7 ( 1.0) 19.2 ( 1.6) 6.3 ( 1.5) Satellite dish ................................................ 22.9 ( 0.6) 14.4 ( 0.7) 41.1 ( 1.1) 45.2 ( 3.0) 8.7 ( 0.9) 5.6 ( 0.9) 15.6 ( 1.2) 9.8 ( 2.5)

Total students using library per 100 students each week 1 ................................... 83.4 ( 0.4) 88.9 ( 0.5) 68.6 ( 0.9) 66.4 ( 1.8) 76.5 ( 0.9) 84.9 ( 1.0) 64.6 ( 1.7) 60.0 ( 2.6)

Books checked out per 100 students each week 1 ...................................................... 128 ( 2) 150 ( 3) 67 ( 4) 85 ( 8) 116 ( 18) 146 ( 28) 47 ( 8) 68 ( 5)

Percentage of schools offering   Microcomputers ...................................... 90.1 ( 0.7) 88.5 ( 1.0) 94.0 ( 1.0) 87.4 ( 1.5) 75.8 ( 1.6) 72.8 ( 2.1) 80.6 ( 2.9) 78.5 ( 3.5) Long distance learning ........................... 19.0 ( 0.8) 15.9 ( 1.1) 24.8 ( 1.0) 36.4 ( 2.6) 8.8 ( 0.9) 8.3 ( 0.9) 8.2 ( 1.6) 10.9 ( 2.9)

Average holdings per 100 students at the end of the 1992   93 school year Books ( number of volumes) ........................ 2,585 ( 57) 2,467 ( 81) 2,891 ( 101) 3,085 ( 262) 3,716 ( 252) 3,455 ( 349) 5,383 ( 726) 3,677 ( 286) Current serial subscriptions ( print/ microfilm) 9 ( 2) 7 ( 2) 14 ( 1) 15 ( 3) 8 ( 1) 7 ( 1) 16 ( 1) 8 ( 1) Video materials ( tape and disc) .................. 38 ( 2) 35 ( 2) 46 ( 2) 70 ( 11) 47 ( 5) 44 ( 5) 50 ( 6) 54 ( 10) Other audiovisual materials ......................... 116 ( 4) 114 ( 6) 117 ( 7) 187 ( 24) 76 ( 6) 74 ( 5) 120 ( 16) 63 ( 16) Microcomputer software .............................. 18 ( 1) 20 ( 1) 12 ( 1) 21 ( 2) 26 ( 4) 28 ( 5) 11 ( 4) 26 ( 9) CD ROM titles ............................................. 1 ( 2) 1 ( 2) 2 ( 2) 3 ( 2) 1 ( 2)   ( 2) 2 ( 1) 2 ( 1)

Locally budgeted expenditures 3 per student, 1992   93 Books ........................................................... $ 8.52 ( 0.23) $ 7.80 ( 0.25) $ 10.06 ( 0.42) $ 14.40 ( 2.06) $ 7.86 ( 0.45) $ 6.94 ( 0.52) $ 12.86 ( 1.26) $ 8.09 ( 0.97) Current serial subscriptions ( print/ microfilm) 2.18 ( 0.05) 1.49 ( 0.06) 4.15 ( 0.14) 3.33 ( 0.30) 1.57 ( 0.09) 0.95 ( 0.10) 4.83 ( 0.36) 1.78 ( 0.20) Video materials ( tape and disc) .................. 1.24 ( 0.04) 1.04 ( 0.05) 1.77 ( 0.10) 1.74 ( 0.35) 1.07 ( 0.09) 0.87 ( 0.08) 1.49 ( 0.15) 1.40 ( 0.27) Other audiovisual materials ......................... 0.82 ( 0.04) 0.77 ( 0.06) 0.87 ( 0.07) 1.54 ( 0.30) 0.55 ( 0.05) 0.55 ( 0.06) 0.72 ( 0.10) 0.45 ( 0.11) Microcomputer software .............................. 1.09 ( 0.09) 0.89 ( 0.07) 1.50 ( 0.35) 2.84 ( 0.90) 1.41 ( 0.19) 1.25 ( 0.20) 1.86 ( 0.59) 1.63 ( 0.36) CD ROM titles ............................................. 0.63 ( 0.05) 0.38 ( 0.06) 1.24 ( 0.09) 2.09 ( 0.53) 0.69 ( 0.17) 0.59 ( 0.25) 1.69 ( 0.18) 0.53 ( 0.11)

Expenditures ( all sources) per student, 1992   93 Total, library/ media materials ...................... 17.18 ( 0.35) 14.86 ( 0.45) 22.71 ( 0.82) 31.11 ( 3.02) 15.96 ( 0.80) 13.68 ( 0.92) 27.29 ( 2.29) 16.99 ( 1.53) Microcomputer hardware ........................ 3.84 ( 0.25) 3.43 ( 0.33) 4.73 ( 0.46) 7.15 ( 1.42) 3.60 ( 0.59) 2.62 ( 0.55) 8.68 ( 1.87) 3.98 ( 1.27) Audiovisual equipment ........................... 2.24 ( 0.15) 2.00 ( 0.17) 2.98 ( 0.46) 2.25 ( 0.30) 1.57 ( 0.19) 1.39 ( 0.25) 3.12 ( 0.60) 1.37 ( 0.32) On line database searching/ electronic communications ................................... 0.30 ( 0.04) 0.25 ( 0.06) 0.43 ( 0.05) 0.55 ( 0.26) 0.31 ( 0.13) 0.29 ( 0.19) 0.60 ( 0.16) 0.24 ( 0.06)

1 During the most recent full week of school.

2 Standard error less than .5.

3 Locally budgeted expenditures exclude federal gifts and grants.   Data not available. NOTE.   Percentages are based on schools that have library/ media centers. In school year 1990   91, 96 percent of public schools had library/ media centers. Standard errors appear in parentheses.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993   94, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared August 1997.) 474 LIBRARY RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY: LIBRARIES Table 416.   Selected statistics on public school library/ media centers, by level and enrollment size of school: 1993   94 Selected statisics Public elementary secondary, and combined Elementary libraries, by enrollment size of school Secondary libraries, by enrollment size of school Total Less than 150 150 to 499 500 to 749 750 or more Total Less than 150 150 to 499 500 to 749 750 or more 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Number of schools with libraries ....................... 72,286   53,059   4,068   27,288   15,587   6,116   17,536   1,991   5,431   3,610   6,503   Average number of staff per library Total ................................ 1.81 ( 0.02) 1.69 ( 0.03) 1.39 ( 0.09) 1.61 ( 0.04) 1.76 ( 0.05) 2.03 ( 0.07) 2.12 ( 0.03) 1.66 ( 0.09) 1.73 ( 0.04) 1.80 ( 0.05) 2.90 ( 0.04) Certified library/ media specialists ............... 0.86 ( 0.01) 0.79 ( 0.02) 0.65 ( 0.07) 0.75 ( 0.03) 0.85 ( 0.04) 0.90 ( 0.04) 1.03 ( 0.02) 0.80 ( 0.06) 0.93 ( 0.03) 0.98 ( 0.03) 1.36 ( 0.03) Full time .................. 0.61 ( 0.01) 0.51 ( 0.01) 0.13 ( 0.04) 0.42 ( 0.02) 0.66 ( 0.02) 0.82 ( 0.04) 0.84 ( 0.02) 0.28 ( 0.04) 0.68 ( 0.02) 0.92 ( 0.02) 1.27 ( 0.02) Part time ................. 0.25 ( 0.01) 0.28 ( 0.02) 0.52 ( 0.06) 0.33 ( 0.02) 0.19 ( 0.03) 0.08 ( 0.02) 0.19 ( 0.01) 0.52 ( 0.05) 0.24 ( 0.02) 0.06 ( 0.01) 0.09 ( 0.01) Other professional staff .......................... 0.27 ( 0.01) 0.27 ( 0.01) 0.30 ( 0.05) 0.27 ( 0.02) 0.25 ( 0.02) 0.31 ( 0.04) 0.26 ( 0.02) 0.33 ( 0.05) 0.23 ( 0.03) 0.17 ( 0.02) 0.25 ( 0.02) Full time .................. 0.13 ( 0.01) 0.13 ( 0.01) 0.09 ( 0.02) 0.13 ( 0.01) 0.12 ( 0.02) 0.22 ( 0.03) 0.14 ( 0.01) 0.13 ( 0.04) 0.11 ( 0.02) 0.08 ( 0.02) 0.17 ( 0.02) Part time ................. 0.13 ( 0.01) 0.14 ( 0.01) 0.21 ( 0.04) 0.14 ( 0.02) 0.13 ( 0.02) 0.09 ( 0.03) 0.13 ( 0.01) 0.19 ( 0.03) 0.11 ( 0.02) 0.09 ( 0.02) 0.08 ( 0.01) Other paid employees 0.68 ( 0.02) 0.63 ( 0.02) 0.44 ( 0.06) 0.59 ( 0.03) 0.66 ( 0.04) 0.82 ( 0.06) 0.83 ( 0.02) 0.54 ( 0.06) 0.57 ( 0.04) 0.66 ( 0.05) 1.29 ( 0.04) Full time .................. 0.34 ( 0.01) 0.28 ( 0.01) 0.10 ( 0.03) 0.22 ( 0.02) 0.34 ( 0.03) 0.51 ( 0.04) 0.49 ( 0.02) 0.28 ( 0.04) 0.27 ( 0.03) 0.39 ( 0.03) 0.86 ( 0.03) Part time ................. 0.34 ( 0.01) 0.34 ( 0.02) 0.34 ( 0.05) 0.37 ( 0.03) 0.32 ( 0.03) 0.31 ( 0.04) 0.34 ( 0.02) 0.26 ( 0.04) 0.31 ( 0.02) 0.27 ( 0.04) 0.43 ( 0.02) Percentage of schools' library media centers with the following equipment Telephone ....................... 61.2 ( 1.3) 55.8 ( 1.8) 40.1 ( 5.0) 49.4 ( 2.3) 64.0 ( 2.8) 73.8 ( 4.0) 74.7 ( 1.6) 42.7 ( 4.9) 68.0 ( 2.6) 85.5 ( 1.9) 92.9 ( 1.0) Fax machine .................... 7.8 ( 0.5) 4.7 ( 0.6) 8.2 ( 2.6) 3.4 ( 0.7) 5.7 ( 1.3) 5.1 ( 1.4) 15.1 ( 0.8) 11.5 ( 2.3) 16.4 ( 1.5) 18.7 ( 2.3) 18.5 ( 1.3) Computer with modem .... 34.3 ( 1.0) 28.3 ( 1.2) 21.9 ( 4.5) 24.9 ( 1.7) 33.4 ( 2.8) 34.6 ( 3.1) 48.2 ( 1.5) 46.4 ( 4.1) 47.3 ( 2.6) 51.3 ( 2.9) 59.0 ( 2.0) Automated catalog .......... 24.0 ( 0.9) 20.3 ( 1.1) 14.2 ( 3.8) 17.5 ( 1.4) 24.9 ( 2.1) 25.4 ( 2.2) 32.8 ( 1.1) 21.6 ( 3.5) 25.9 ( 2.1) 32.2 ( 2.7) 43.6 ( 1.7) Automated circulation system ........................ 37.9 ( 1.1) 34.1 ( 1.6) 16.0 ( 3.8) 28.5 ( 1.9) 40.4 ( 2.7) 55.0 ( 3.3) 47.7 ( 1.3) 22.4 ( 3.9) 41.6 ( 2.5) 48.0 ( 3.1) 64.7 ( 1.8) Database searching with CD ROM ..................... 31.2 ( 0.8) 23.9 ( 1.2) 23.3 ( 3.3) 21.9 ( 1.7) 25.3 ( 2.6) 30.1 ( 2.8) 48.1 ( 1.3) 35.5 ( 4.1) 48.6 ( 2.3) 53.1 ( 3.1) 63.0 ( 2.1) On line database searching ..................... 9.4 ( 0.5) 5.4 ( 0.5) 6.0 ( 1.3) 4.1 ( 0.7) 7.1 ( 1.3) 6.8 ( 1.3) 18.9 ( 0.9) 14.6 ( 2.2) 19.9 ( 2.0) 20.5 ( 2.6) 26.3 ( 1.4) Compact disc for periodical indices, etc. 46.7 ( 1.1) 39.6 ( 1.5) 27.0 ( 3.5) 37.5 ( 2.1) 42.6 ( 2.7) 49.5 ( 3.4) 63.5 ( 1.3) 50.4 ( 3.9) 62.4 ( 2.3) 69.8 ( 2.7) 76.9 ( 1.5) Video laser disc ............... 31.9 ( 1.0) 30.3 ( 1.3) 19.6 ( 4.8) 24.8 ( 1.7) 37.2 ( 2.3) 44.3 ( 3.1) 36.1 ( 1.3) 20.0 ( 4.3) 27.5 ( 2.1) 41.1 ( 2.1) 43.5 ( 1.7) Connection to Internet ..... 12.0 ( 0.6) 9.5 ( 0.8) 5.0 ( 1.3) 8.7 ( 1.4) 11.9 ( 1.8) 10.0 ( 1.5) 17.5 ( 0.8) 12.3 ( 2.8) 18.5 ( 1.7) 18.9 ( 2.5) 23.8 ( 1.6) Cable television ............... 76.2 ( 0.8) 75.0 ( 1.1) 59.8 ( 4.9) 78.0 ( 1.6) 74.7 ( 2.3) 73.0 ( 3.0) 80.6 ( 0.9) 65.5 ( 4.5) 80.3 ( 1.9) 81.9 ( 2.5) 83.9 ( 1.1) Broadcast television ........ 48.6 ( 1.0) 48.0 ( 1.4) 47.0 ( 4.8) 45.2 ( 1.6) 51.5 ( 2.5) 52.3 ( 4.1) 49.9 ( 1.3) 36.4 ( 4.3) 46.0 ( 2.7) 52.0 ( 3.1) 59.4 ( 1.5) Closed circuit television .. 25.5 ( 0.7) 22.0 ( 1.0) 7.0 ( 2.1) 19.2 ( 1.4) 23.1 ( 2.0) 41.4 ( 2.9) 34.0 ( 1.0) 14.3 ( 3.4) 26.8 ( 2.0) 46.1 ( 3.1) 44.5 ( 1.5) Satellite dish .................... 22.9 ( 0.6) 14.4 ( 0.7) 15.4 ( 2.8) 13.6 ( 1.2) 12.7 ( 1.4) 21.3 ( 3.1) 41.1 ( 1.1) 48.1 ( 4.9) 53.3 ( 2.2) 54.5 ( 2.7) 42.4 ( 1.8) Total students using library per 100 students each week 1 ................ 83.4 ( 0.4) 88.9 ( 0.5) 93.6 ( 1.0) 91.7 ( 0.7) 88.0 ( 1.0) 75.1 ( 2.0) 68.6 ( 0.9) 87.9 ( 2.5) 74.2 ( 1.4) 67.0 ( 1.8) 58.9 ( 1.1) Books checked out per 100 students each week 1 .......................... 128 ( 2) 150 ( 3) 222 ( 11.5) 161 ( 5.2) 134 ( 4.6) 93 ( 4.7) 67 ( 4.0) 227 ( 21.3) 66 ( 4.2) 46 ( 3.6) 31 ( 1.1) Percentage of schools offering   Microcomputers .......... 90.1 ( 0.7) 88.5 ( 1.0) 79.2 ( 3.4) 89.1 ( 1.6) 88.4 ( 2.0) 92.1 ( 2.2) 94.0 ( 1.0) 88.4 ( 2.7) 96.4 ( 1.1) 96.4 ( 0.9) 96.5 ( 0.8) Long distance learning 19.0 ( 0.8) 15.9 ( 1.1) 16.7 ( 2.7) 16.3 ( 1.6) 14.4 ( 1.7) 17.5 ( 2.6) 24.8 ( 1.0) 33.0 ( 3.0) 26.6 ( 1.6) 25.6 ( 2.0) 25.3 ( 1.4) Average holdings per 100 students at the end of the 1992   93 school year Books ( number of volumes) ...................... 2,585 ( 57) 2,467 ( 81) 5,774 ( 355) 2,721 ( 124) 1,600 ( 46) 1,340 ( 37) 2,891 ( 101) 10,071 ( 815) 2,809 ( 79) 1,822 ( 50) 1,354 ( 22) Current serial subscriptions ( print/ microfilm) ........... 9 ( 2) 7 ( 2) 25 ( 3) 7 ( 2) 4 ( 2) 3 ( 2) 14 ( 1) 55 ( 4) 14 ( 2) 8 ( 2) 5 ( 0) Video materials ( tape and disc) ............................ 38 ( 2) 35 ( 2) 91 ( 12) 36 ( 4) 24 ( 2) 20 ( 2) 46 ( 2) 129 ( 15) 49 ( 3) 35 ( 2) 23 ( 1) Other audiovisual materials ...................... 116 ( 4) 114 ( 6) 183 ( 37) 122 ( 8) 96 ( 9) 73 ( 8) 117 ( 7) 267 ( 34) 123 ( 17) 102 ( 10) 74 ( 4) Microcomputer software .. 18 ( 1) 20 ( 1) 60 ( 13) 22 ( 2) 11 ( 1) 10 ( 1) 12 ( 1) 47 ( 11) 8 ( 1) 8 ( 1) 6 ( 0) CD ROM titles ................. 1 ( 2) 1 ( 2) 2 ( 2) 1 ( 2) 1 ( 2) 0 ( 2) 2 ( 2) 9 ( 1) 1 ( 2) 1 ( 2) 1 ( 2) Locally budgeted expenditures 3 per student, 1992   93 Books .............................. $ 8.52 ( 0.23) $ 7.80 ( 0.25) $ 17.30 ( 1.3) $ 7.95 ( 0.3) $ 6.36 ( 0.4) $ 4.49 ( 0.3) $ 10.06 ( 0.4) $ 28.34 ( 2.3) $ 11.20 ( 0.7) $ 6.84 ( 0.4) $ 5.30 ( 0.2) Current serial subscriptions ( print/ microfilm) ........... 2.18 ( 0.05) 1.49 ( 0.06) 4.66 ( 0.47) 1.53 ( 0.08) 0.89 ( 0.05) 0.76 ( 0.06) 4.15 ( 0.14) 13.59 ( 1.05) 4.11 ( 0.22) 2.84 ( 0.15) 2.02 ( 0.06) Video materials ( tape and disc) ............................. 1.24 ( 0.04) 1.04 ( 0.05) 2.58 ( 0.37) 0.97 ( 0.05) 0.91 ( 0.07) 0.67 ( 0.07) 1.77 ( 0.10) 5.67 ( 0.67) 1.75 ( 0.15) 1.26 ( 0.11) 0.89 ( 0.05) Other audiovisual materials ...................... 0.82 ( 0.04) 0.77 ( 0.06) 1.30 ( 0.49) 0.79 ( 0.07) 0.70 ( 0.06) 0.53 ( 0.07) 0.87 ( 0.07) 2.63 ( 0.53) 0.89 ( 0.09) 0.64 ( 0.08) 0.45 ( 0.03) Microcomputer software .. 1.09 ( 0.09) 0.89 ( 0.07) 1.95 ( 0.47) 0.92 ( 0.09) 0.77 ( 0.13) 0.41 ( 0.06) 1.50 ( 0.35) 7.52 ( 3.10) 1.07 ( 0.13) 0.69 ( 0.10) 0.46 ( 0.03) CD ROM titles ................. 0.63 ( 0.05) 0.38 ( 0.06) 0.92 ( 0.28) 0.33 ( 0.04) 0.42 ( 0.16) 0.16 ( 0.02) 1.24 ( 0.09) 3.76 ( 0.55) 1.24 ( 0.13) 0.84 ( 0.10) 0.69 ( 0.04) Expenditures ( all sources) per student, 1992   93 Total, library/ media materials ..................... 17.18 ( 0.35) 14.86 ( 0.45) 35.43 ( 2.38) 15.31 ( 0.58) 11.19 ( 0.55) 8.51 ( 0.43) 22.71 ( 0.82) 69.98 ( 5.56) 23.74 ( 0.98) 14.91 ( 0.71) 11.72 ( 0.35) Microcomputer hardware .................. 3.84 ( 0.25) 3.43 ( 0.33) 10.82 ( 3.37) 2.91 ( 0.30) 3.10 ( 0.49) 1.72 ( 0.26) 4.73 ( 0.46) 7.81 ( 2.43) 5.68 ( 1.15) 4.06 ( 0.71) 3.36 ( 0.39) Audiovisual equipment 2.24 ( 0.15) 2.00 ( 0.17) 5.21 ( 1.73) 1.71 ( 0.13) 1.88 ( 0.24) 1.45 ( 0.26) 2.98 ( 0.46) 10.44 ( 4.10) 2.75 ( 0.24) 1.70 ( 0.15) 1.59 ( 0.10) On line database searching/ searching electronic communications ...... 0.30 ( 0.04) 0.25 ( 0.06) 0.30 ( 0.13) 0.27 ( 0.08) 0.26 ( 0.15) 0.11 ( 0.03) 0.43 ( 0.05) 0.79 ( 0.31) 0.62 ( 0.14) 0.27 ( 0.05) 0.26 ( 0.04)

1 During the most recent full week of school.

2 Standard error less than .5.

3 Locally budgeted expenditures exclude federal gifts and grants.   Data not available.

NOTE.   Percentages are based on schools that have library/ media centers. In school year 1990   91, 96 percent of public schools had library/ media centers. Standard errors appear in parentheses. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993   94, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared August 1997.) 475 LIBRARY RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY: LIBRARIES Table 417.   Selected statistics on public school library/ media centers, by state: 1993   94 State or other area Percent of centers offering selected services/ equipment Books held per 100 students Total students using library per 100 students each week 1 Total expenditures for materials per student Expenditure for microcomputers for library per student Expenditure for audiovisual materials for library per student Computer with modem Automated catalog Database searching with CDROM On line database searching Compact disc for indices etc. Connection to the Internet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 United States ................ 34.3 ( 1.0) 24.0 ( 0.9) 31.2 ( 0.8) 9.4 ( 0.5) 46.7 ( 1.1) 12.0 ( 0.6) 2,585 ( 57) 83.4 ( 0.4) $ 17.18 ( 0.35) $ 3.84 ( 0.25) $ 2.24 ( 0.15)

Alabama ............................. 33.0 ( 4.2) 37.6 ( 5.9) 29.3 ( 4.0) 5.7 ( 2.0) 44.1 ( 4.6) 3.2 ( 1.5) 1,510 ( 61) 76.3 ( 2.2) 11.22 ( 0.62) 1.91 ( 0.39) 0.91 ( 0.22) Alaska ................................ 34.7 ( 3.6) 34.3 ( 4.0) 39.7 ( 4.7) 6.8 ( 1.9) 44.6 ( 4.5) 15.1 ( 2.3) 4,167 ( 260) 85.0 ( 2.0) 47.38 ( 5.86) 9.76 ( 2.55) 1.94 ( 0.30) Arizona ............................... 28.1 ( 3.5) 38.3 ( 5.3) 28.0 ( 4.0) 5.6 ( 2.2) 43.0 ( 4.4) 6.0 ( 1.9) 2,552 ( 211) 81.0 ( 3.3) 17.55 ( 3.05) 4.66 ( 1.37) 1.56 ( 0.31) Arkansas ............................ 19.0 ( 4.0) 18.7 ( 4.0) 20.5 ( 4.1) 5.6 ( 2.4) 29.7 ( 4.6) 8.5 ( 2.5) 2,377 ( 355) 78.3 ( 2.8) 15.03 ( 1.45) 1.92 ( 0.53) 1.56 ( 0.29) California ............................ 19.9 ( 4.3) 14.0 ( 3.4) 23.4 ( 3.7) 3.1 ( 1.0) 38.0 ( 5.7) 6.2 ( 2.3) 1,751 ( 193) 77.9 ( 2.7) 7.26 ( 1.00) 3.13 ( 0.87) 0.59 ( 0.17)

Colorado ............................ 47.0 ( 4.7) 43.6 ( 5.7) 43.3 ( 5.5) 30.7 ( 4.7) 60.7 ( 5.5) 16.3 ( 3.5) 2,190 ( 177) 80.6 ( 2.5) 16.42 ( 1.81) 3.01 ( 0.57) 1.63 ( 0.25) Connecticut ........................ 43.8 ( 6.5) 12.8 ( 2.7) 45.4 ( 5.3) 17.9 ( 3.8) 54.4 ( 6.0) 6.5 ( 2.6) 2,289 ( 129) 88.0 ( 2.2) 15.71 ( 2.06) 2.84 ( 1.01) 1.21 ( 0.21) Delaware ............................ 41.8 ( 3.6) 22.5 ( 3.0) 34.7 ( 3.5) 14.4 ( 2.5) 48.2 ( 3.5) 5.7 ( 2.0) 1,587 ( 84) 80.5 ( 2.3) 8.68 ( 0.87) 1.63 ( 0.24) 0.64 ( 0.23) District of Columbia ........... 23.5 ( 4.0) 4.4 ( 2.2) 25.4 ( 2.8) 10.4 ( 3.3) 31.2 ( 3.2) 1.7 ( 1.1) 1,578 ( 74) 65.6 ( 2.9) 8.06 ( 0.69) 0.49 ( 0.13) 1.46 ( 0.30) Florida ................................ 45.3 ( 3.8) 29.8 ( 3.3) 39.9 ( 3.6) 11.8 ( 2.8) 71.0 ( 4.0) 21.1 ( 3.4) 1,855 430 76.6 ( 2.6) 13.61 ( 1.98) 1.85 ( 0.29) 2.30 ( 0.33)

Georgia .............................. 29.8 ( 4.7) 48.2 ( 4.4) 34.5 ( 4.6) 13.6 ( 2.6) 46.6 ( 4.7) 10.8 ( 2.7) 1,535 ( 72) 83.9 ( 1.6) 13.02 ( 0.65) 2.99 ( 0.71) 2.21 ( 0.38) Hawaii ................................ 75.3 ( 5.3) 27.1 ( 4.4) 47.7 ( 5.7) 24.3 ( 4.9) 64.8 ( 4.9) 29.4 ( 5.0) 1,592 ( 100) 83.3 ( 2.6) 10.90 ( 1.01) 2.77 ( 0.46) 1.59 ( 0.42) Idaho .................................. 29.9 ( 4.2) 15.4 ( 4.0) 21.6 ( 4.4) 6.2 ( 2.3) 32.1 ( 5.1) 8.6 ( 3.1) 2,457 ( 289) 86.6 ( 1.9) 12.20 ( 1.24) 2.50 ( 0.63) 1.12 ( 0.24) Illinois ................................. 32.2 ( 3.5) 17.7 ( 3.8) 23.0 ( 3.4) 7.9 ( 1.7) 36.6 ( 4.2) 7.1 ( 2.2) 2,517 ( 264) 85.7 ( 1.8) 13.40 ( 1.34) 4.09 ( 1.48) 1.59 ( 0.19) Indiana ............................... 29.9 ( 6.7) 31.0 ( 4.9) 32.0 ( 5.9) 2.4 ( 0.7) 66.1 ( 6.3) 5.5 ( 1.2) 2,518 ( 387) 86.2 ( 2.4) 14.40 ( 1.12) 12.45 ( 3.24) 2.20 ( 0.45)

Iowa ................................... 38.8 ( 6.4) 17.4 ( 5.0) 44.2 ( 5.7) 14.6 ( 3.6) 71.2 ( 5.7) 8.6 ( 3.1) 4,549 ( 698) 91.0 ( 1.8) 23.04 ( 2.23) 5.14 ( 2.03) 2.78 ( 0.61) Kansas ............................... 24.9 ( 3.0) 31.5 ( 4.9) 20.9 ( 3.1) 9.7 ( 2.0) 46.6 ( 4.5) 10.6 ( 2.5) 3,797 ( 218) 89.1 ( 1.8) 30.85 ( 2.76) 11.16 ( 2.26) 2.93 ( 0.49) Kentucky ............................ 30.1 ( 6.2) 33.1 ( 7.0) 32.3 ( 5.5) 4.3 ( 2.2) 60.3 ( 6.3) 5.3 ( 2.4) 1,732 ( 110) 84.8 ( 2.3) 15.16 ( 1.08) 2.32 ( 0.51) 2.40 ( 0.31) Louisiana ............................ 24.2 ( 3.9) 13.9 ( 3.5) 21.9 ( 3.4) 2.3 ( 0.8) 28.1 ( 3.8) 6.2 ( 2.4) 1,784 ( 74) 64.8 ( 3.9) 16.18 ( 3.82) 1.43 ( 0.42) 0.50 ( 0.08) Maine ................................. 33.3 ( 5.4) 18.9 ( 4.4) 25.5 ( 3.8) 5.4 ( 2.0) 38.9 ( 6.7) 5.4 ( 1.6) 2,331 ( 169) 89.4 ( 2.7) 17.83 ( 2.74) 2.21 ( 0.58) 0.64 ( 0.16)

Maryland ............................ 41.0 ( 3.9) 15.4 ( 3.4) 31.8 ( 4.5) 22.3 ( 3.1) 46.2 ( 4.7) 32.6 ( 3.5) 1,510 ( 70) 87.0 ( 1.8) 11.70 ( 0.73) 0.25 ( 0.06) 1.65 ( 0.45) Massachusetts ................... 38.2 ( 4.9) 9.1 ( 1.6) 45.3 ( 4.8) 8.9 ( 1.6) 46.3 ( 4.8) 24.1 ( 3.8) 2,523 ( 224) 74.8 ( 3.9) 10.14 ( 1.22) 1.50 ( 0.29) 1.77 ( 0.52) Michigan ............................. 42.2 ( 7.6) 12.1 ( 3.9) 38.1 ( 6.3) 10.2 ( 3.8) 57.9 ( 6.1) 15.1 ( 5.3) 1,820 ( 100) 83.5 ( 4.1) 13.36 ( 2.13) 1.62 ( 0.55) 1.35 ( 0.39) Minnesota .......................... 35.6 ( 4.8) 53.4 ( 6.1) 52.9 ( 6.1) 13.8 ( 3.0) 69.0 ( 5.6) 17.3 ( 3.6) 3,114 ( 253) 86.5 ( 2.8) 22.39 ( 3.60) 6.01 ( 0.96) 4.93 ( 1.70) Mississippi .......................... 9.4 ( 2.0) 5.2 ( 2.1) 14.2 ( 3.9) 3.0 ( 1.4) 23.2 ( 3.6) 3.1 ( 1.3) 1,593 ( 69) 74.6 ( 2.5) 16.26 ( 4.13) 1.58 ( 0.62) 1.30 ( 0.30)

Missouri .............................. 31.3 ( 4.3) 39.4 ( 6.7) 31.4 ( 5.0) 17.8 ( 3.9) 46.0 ( 5.9) 15.7 ( 4.2) 2,681 ( 232) 81.4 ( 2.6) 16.95 ( 1.64) 2.80 ( 0.90) 1.23 ( 0.20) Montana ............................. 50.8 ( 4.3) 20.6 ( 3.1) 43.7 ( 4.1) 17.4 ( 3.3) 58.2 ( 3.6) 6.2 ( 2.0) 9,562 ( 1,005) 89.5 ( 2.3) 67.92 ( 8.98) 15.79 ( 6.03) 5.61 ( 1.22) Nebraska ............................ 31.6 ( 5.0) 29.0 ( 4.9) 36.3 ( 5.7) 12.1 ( 2.5) 58.8 ( 6.0) 15.8 ( 3.0) 7,103 ( 817) 90.3 ( 2.7) 41.70 ( 4.30) 23.16 ( 10.55) 13.52 ( 6.68) Nevada ............................... 18.4 ( 4.0) 48.2 ( 5.5) 32.2 ( 4.5) 3.0 ( 1.3) 37.1 ( 4.2) 9.4 ( 2.9) 1,827 ( 168) 87.0 ( 1.7) 11.15 ( 1.00) 1.46 ( 0.38) 0.77 ( 0.14) New Hampshire ................. 43.9 ( 6.6) 21.4 ( 4.8) 39.8 ( 6.6) 8.2 ( 2.6) 51.2 ( 5.9) 17.4 ( 4.4) 2,221 ( 182) 87.1 ( 1.8) 18.97 ( 1.75) 2.83 ( 0.86) 1.41 ( 0.24)

New Jersey ........................ 39.1 ( 6.8) 28.5 ( 6.5) 30.2 ( 6.4) 7.2 ( 1.4) 46.2 ( 7.2) 5.2 ( 1.3) 2,954 ( 400) 84.2 ( 3.0) 22.91 ( 3.96) 3.52 ( 1.37) 2.05 ( 0.88) New Mexico ....................... 32.8 ( 6.1) 21.9 ( 5.3) 32.0 ( 4.3) 3.9 ( 1.5) 43.1 ( 5.5) 7.8 ( 2.4) 2,533 ( 223) 82.9 ( 2.8) 16.80 ( 3.05) 1.55 ( 0.44) 1.73 ( 0.32) New York ........................... 39.5 ( 5.5) 14.3 ( 3.9) 25.2 ( 3.4) 12.5 ( 2.4) 44.8 ( 5.1) 16.0 ( 3.6) 2,207 ( 213) 82.0 ( 3.4) 13.67 ( 1.21) 1.56 ( 0.46) 1.15 ( 0.35) North Carolina .................... 40.4 ( 4.6) 29.4 ( 4.0) 42.0 ( 4.3) 10.8 ( 1.7) 65.0 ( 4.1) 7.9 ( 2.3) 1,630 ( 50) 80.8 ( 2.4) 14.19 ( 0.94) 4.39 ( 0.53) 2.10 ( 0.28) North Dakota ...................... 65.8 ( 5.3) 18.0 ( 3.6) 27.3 ( 5.1) 39.1 ( 5.7) 41.1 ( 6.5) 36.8 ( 5.5) 6,607 ( 689) 93.0 ( 1.3) 29.45 ( 2.25) 3.77 ( 0.84) 5.02 ( 1.77)

Ohio ................................... 33.1 ( 7.1) 12.9 ( 5.0) 16.9 ( 3.9) 3.3 ( 1.1) 31.9 ( 6.7) 7.1 ( 2.3) 3,796 ( 762) 86.5 ( 2.3) 11.03 ( 1.48) 0.75 ( 0.25) 1.53 ( 0.75) Oklahoma ........................... 20.1 ( 2.7) 32.7 ( 3.8) 32.5 ( 3.5) 6.7 ( 1.7) 44.1 ( 4.2) 4.0 ( 1.7) 2,851 ( 163) 84.2 ( 1.5) 36.26 ( 4.69) 3.46 ( 0.60) 7.51 ( 4.23) Oregon ............................... 38.6 ( 5.8) 39.2 ( 5.2) 51.5 ( 6.7) 18.9 ( 4.7) 49.5 ( 6.5) 11.7 ( 4.2) 3,154 ( 362) 84.3 ( 3.2) 21.32 ( 2.14) 7.59 ( 2.49) 2.75 ( 0.86) Pennsylvania ...................... 33.9 ( 6.9) 17.3 ( 4.0) 32.6 ( 5.5) 2.5 ( 1.1) 39.2 ( 6.4) 6.4 ( 3.1) 2,562 ( 203) 89.6 ( 2.6) 15.33 ( 2.09) 2.23 ( 0.60) 1.97 ( 0.67) Rhode Island ...................... 25.0 ( 4.9) 11.8 ( 3.2) 13.0 ( 3.5) 1.0 ( 0.6) 21.7 ( 4.8) 18.6 ( 4.2) 1,835 ( 232) 84.0 ( 2.5) 8.58 ( 1.51) 0.23 ( 0.10) 0.34 ( 0.14)

South Carolina ................... 44.0 ( 5.4) 46.4 ( 5.0) 39.4 ( 5.7) 6.9 ( 1.7) 55.4 ( 7.1) 13.5 ( 4.1) 1,655 ( 133) 80.3 ( 3.2) 11.01 ( 0.71) 2.39 ( 0.55) 1.03 ( 0.19) South Dakota ..................... 56.2 ( 6.8) 12.6 ( 3.4) 37.7 ( 6.2) 23.1 ( 4.2) 60.2 ( 5.5) 9.0 ( 2.7) 5,049 ( 542) 89.8 ( 2.0) 45.53 ( 5.37) 8.26 ( 1.61) 3.73 ( 1.41) Tennessee ......................... 15.1 ( 4.3) 18.9 ( 5.1) 16.6 ( 4.5) 2.5 ( 2.3) 34.9 ( 6.5) 3.6 ( 1.9) 1,677 ( 102) 85.4 ( 2.2) 8.60 ( 0.68) 2.65 ( 1.04) 0.91 ( 0.20) Texas ................................. 39.4 ( 4.6) 20.5 ( 4.2) 27.2 ( 3.1) 9.9 ( 2.8) 33.9 ( 3.8) 24.7 ( 4.2) 1,885 ( 123) 83.3 ( 2.0) 18.94 ( 1.79) 3.75 ( 1.18) 2.95 ( 0.40) Utah ................................... 22.2 ( 3.6) 37.4 ( 4.1) 28.6 ( 3.6) 5.1 ( 2.3) 39.1 ( 3.6) 6.7 ( 1.9) 1,557 ( 105) 79.5 ( 2.2) 9.08 ( 0.95) 1.62 ( 0.26) 1.82 ( 0.32)

Vermont ............................. 47.0 ( 4.9) 27.2 ( 5.6) 35.3 ( 4.2) 14.5 ( 3.3) 51.9 ( 4.8) 32.2 ( 3.4) 3,155 179 87.5 ( 1.8) 34.53 ( 4.95) 6.18 ( 1.57) 2.90 ( 0.52) Virginia ............................... 61.7 ( 8.3) 35.5 ( 6.1) 38.6 ( 5.8) 10.6 ( 2.9) 72.4 ( 7.0) 31.4 ( 5.6) 1,974 ( 108) 88.2 ( 2.2) 15.20 ( 1.09) 3.48 ( 0.66) 3.71 ( 1.01) Washington ........................ 40.2 ( 5.2) 35.7 ( 5.6) 43.1 ( 3.6) 11.7 ( 2.9) 53.1 ( 4.9) 13.0 ( 2.6) 2,004 ( 84) 89.7 ( 1.3) 14.70 ( 1.27) 3.34 ( 0.69) 1.52 ( 0.29) West Virginia ...................... 24.7 ( 6.0) 16.7 ( 4.2) 18.0 ( 4.0) 8.3 ( 3.5) 31.0 ( 5.5) 6.4 ( 3.2) 2,039 ( 201) 76.0 ( 4.7) 7.37 ( 1.41) 0.77 ( 0.25) 0.17 ( 2) Wisconsin ........................... 34.2 ( 6.5) 27.2 ( 4.7) 36.1 ( 5.0) 14.8 ( 3.8) 57.1 ( 6.1) 9.0 ( 2.6) 2,895 ( 157) 86.5 ( 2.8) 23.99 ( 1.18) 5.40 ( 1.55) 4.10 ( 0.74) Wyoming ............................ 39.0 ( 3.4) 28.0 ( 4.2) 32.1 ( 5.7) 8.1 ( 2.5) 41.7 ( 4.5) 6.6 ( 2.3) 10,729 ( 1,185) 83.5 ( 3.4) 46.04 ( 5.36) 3.23 ( 0.59) 3.92 ( 0.85)

1 During the most recent full week of school.

NOTE.   Percentages are based on schools that have library/ media centers. In school year 1990   91, 96 percent of public schools had library media centers. Standard errors appear in parentheses. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993   94, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared August 1997.) 476 LIBRARY RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY: LIBRARIES Table 418.   Percent of public and private schools having access to selected telecommunication capabilities, by location of access site and control of school: 1995 Telecommunications capabilities Percent of schools having access Percent of schools with telecommunications access, by location 1 Administrative offices Teacher workrooms Classrooms Computer labs Library/ media centers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 All public schools Computer with any telecommunication capabilities via local area network ...................... 77 73 20 45 71 64 Computer with any telecommunication capabilities via modem ....................................... 76 61 10 30 41 64 Computer with any telecommunication capabilities via wide area network ...................... 61 58 14 35 41 68 Broadcast television ................................................ 71 35 28 82 47 88 Cable television ....................................................... 76 33 25 72 42 91 Closed circuit television ........................................... 28 50 32 91 60 89 Two way video with two   way audio ........................ 13 24 17 57 37 69 One way video with two way audio or computer link ...................................................... 7 26 15 63 41 54 All private schools Computer with any telecommunication capabilities via local area network ...................... 43 71 18 33 58 35 Computer with any telecommunication capabilities via modem ....................................... 48 70 14 24 38 33 Computer with any telecommunication capabilities via wide area network ...................... 29 59 15 26 41 40 Broadcast television ................................................ 52 24 23 81 27 59 Cable television ....................................................... 37 21 21 75 29 60 Closed circuit television ........................................... 5 32 29 99 51 71 Two way video with two   way audio ........................ 5 9 13 50 54 44 One way video with two way audio or computer link ...................................................... 2 32 21 66 39 46 1 Location estimates are based on those schools having access to each type of telecommunication capability. Percents of schools reporting telecommunication locations do not sum to 100 because many schools have access in more than one location.

NOTE.   Data are derived from a sample survey and are subject to sampling error. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Fast Response Survey System, Advanced Telecommunications in U. S. Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, 1995; and Advanced Telecommunications in U. S. Private Schools, K   12, Fall 1995. ( This table was prepared September 1997.) 477 LIBRARY RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY: LIBRARIES Table 419.   Percent of public schools and school classrooms having access to the Internet, by school characteristics: 1994 to 1998 Schools, computers, instruction rooms, and access All public schools Instructional level 1 Size of school enrollment Metropolitan status Percent of students eligible for free or reduced price lunch Elementary Secondary Less than 300 300 to 999 1,000 or more City Urban fringe Town Rural Less than 11 percent 11 to 30 percent 31 to 70 percent 71 percent or more 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Estimated number of schools 1995 .................................... 77,853 57,705 18,083 20,673 50,044 7,136 17,906 18,464 19,539 21,944 13,192 21,876 28,017 14,651 1997 .................................... 79,125 59,695 19,430 20,540 51,169 7,416 21,071 23,419 12,637 21,998 10,677 21,686 32,666 14,097 Percent of schools having access to the Internet 1994 .................................... 35 30 49 30 35 58 40 38 29 35         1995 .................................... 50 46 65 39 52 69 47 59 47 48 62 59 47 31 1996 .................................... 65 61 77 57 66 80 64 75 61 60 78 72 58 53 1997 .................................... 78 75 89 75 78 89 74 78 84 79 88 83 78 63 1998 .................................... 89 88 94 87 89 95 92 85 90 92 87 94 91 80 Number of computers, in thousands 1995 2 .................................. 5,621 3,453 2,021 850 3,600 1,171 1,497 1,526 1,404 1,195 1,017 1,712 1,919 951 1997 .................................... 5,959 3,701 2,258 839 3,767 1,353 1,727 2,084 934 1,214 1,008 1,782 2,211 959 Mean number of computers per school 1995 .................................... 72 60 112 41 72 164 84 83 72 54 77 78 68 65 1997 .................................... 75 62 116 41 74 183 82 89 74 55 94 82 68 68 Number of computers with Internet access, in thousands 1995 .................................... 448 232 187 59 315 73 96 131 126 94.279 111 163 123 39 Percent of all computers with access to the Internet 1995 .................................... 8 7 9 7 9 6 6 9 9 8 11 10 6 4 Number of instructional rooms, 3 in thousands. 1997 .................................... 2,625 1,720 906 335 1,725 566 830 902 388 505 412 758 976 480 Percent of instructional rooms 3 with access to the Internet 1994 .................................... 3 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 3         1995 .................................... 8 8 8 9 8 4 6 8 8 8 9 10 7 3 1996 .................................... 14 13 16 15 13 16 12 16 14 14 18 16 14 7 1997 .................................... 27 24 32 27 28 25 20 29 34 30 36 32 27 14 1998 .................................... 51 51 52 54 53 45 47 50 55 57 62 53 52 39 1 Excludes combined elementary/ secondary schools because of small sample size. 2 Includes computers used for instructional or administrative purposes. 3 Includes all classrooms, computer labs, and library/ media centers.   Data not available.

NOTE.   Data are derived from sample surveys and are subject to sampling error. Details may not add to totals because of rounding of weighted estimates. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Fast Response Survey System, Internet Access in Public Schools and Classrooms: 1994   98; Internet Access in U. S. Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, and Classrooms 1994   98; and Advanced Telecommunications in U. S. Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, 1995; and unpublished data. ( This table was prepared March 1999.) 478 LIBRARY RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY: LIBRARIES Table 420.   General statistics of college and university libraries: 1974   75 to 1994   95 Item 1974   75 1 1975   76 1 1976   77 1 1978   79 1 1981   82 1984   85 1987   88 1991   92 1994   95 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Number of libraries ............................. 2,972 2,987 3,058 3,122 3,104 3,322 3,438 3,274 3,639 Transactions, general collection .........                 186,092 Transactions, reserve collection .........                 49,567 Total enrollment, in thousands 2 ......... 10,322 11,291 11,121 11,392 12,372 12,242 12,767 14,359 14,279 Full time equivalent enrollment, in thousands 2 .................................. 7,805 8,480 8,313 8,348 9,015 8,952 9,230 10,361 10,348 Collections, thousands of units Number of volumes at end of year ..... 447,059 468,033 481,442 519,895 567,826 631,727 718,504 749,429 792,707 Number of volumes added during year ...................................... 23,242 22,977 22,367 21,608 19,507 20,658 21,907 20,982 22,460 Number of serial subscriptions 3 ......... 4,434 4,618 4,670 4,775 4,890 6,317 6,416 6,966 6,780 Microform titles at end of year ............                 160,188 Computer files at end of year .............                 480 Library staff, in full time equivalents Total staff in regular positions 4 .......... 56,836 56,852 57,087 58,416 58,476 58,476 67,251 67,166 68,920 FTE enrollment per FTE staff ............. 137.3 149.2 145.6 142.9 154.2 153.1 137.2 154.3 150.1 Librarians and professional staff .... 23,530 23,104 23,308 23,676 23,816 21,822 25,115 26,341 27,376 Other paid staff .............................. 33,306 33,748 33,779 34,740 34,660 38,026 40,733 40,421 41,227 Contributed services ......................             1,403 404 317 Student assistants ..........................             33,821 29,075 29,077 Hours of student and other assistance, in thousands ................. 34,687 36,725 39,950 39,552 40,068 28,360       Library operating expenditures ( excluding capital outlay) Operating expenditures, total, in thousands .................................... $ 1,091,784 $ 1,180,128 $ 1,259,637 $ 1,502,158 $ 1,943,769 $ 2,404,524 $ 2,770,075 $ 3,648,654 $ 4,317,847 Salaries 5 ........................................ 592,568 649,374 698,090 824,438 1,081,894 1,156,138 1,451,551 1,889,368 2,058,375 Hourly wages ................................. 61,474 66,175 68,683 79,535 100,847         Fringe benefits ...............................           231,209     238,984 Preservation ................................... 22,206 22,375 22,521 25,274 30,351 32,939 34,144 43,126 47,296 Furniture/ equipment .......................                 56,432 Computer hardware/ software .........                 126,936 Utilities/ networks/ consortia .............                 81,686 Collections ...................................... 327,904 357,544 373,699 450,180 561,199 750,282 891,281 1,197,293 1,374,407 Print materials ............................               420,930 451,988 Serial subscriptions ....................               639,128 703,463 Microforms ..................................               43,666 61,702 Audiovisual materials .................               23,879 29,375 Machine readable materials .......               29,093 72,735 Collections, loans .......................                 12,440 Other collection expenditures .....               40,596 42,704 Other library operating expenditures ............................................. 87,632 84,660 96,643 122,731 169,478 233,957 393,099 518,867 333,732 Operating expenditures per FTE student ............................................. 140 139 152 180 216 269 300 352 417 Operating expenditures per FTE student in constant 1994   95 dollars 406 377 388 395 345 382 390 383 417 Operating expenditures, total, in percents ....................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Salaries 5 ........................................ 54.3 55.0 55.4 54.9 55.7 48.1 52.4 51.8 47.7 Hourly wages ................................. 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.2         Fringe benefits ...............................           9.6     5.5 Preservation ................................... 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.1 Collections ...................................... 30.0 30.3 29.7 30.0 28.9 31.2 32.2 32.8 31.8 Other library operating expenditures ............................................. 8.0 7.2 7.7 8.2 8.7 9.7 14.2 14.2 13.9 Library operating expenditures as percent of total institutional expenditures for educational and general purposes ............................ 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.9 1 Includes data for U. S. territories. 2 Fall enrollment for the academic year specified. 3 Data are for end of year. 4 Excludes student assistants. 5 Includes expenditures for fringe benefits ( except for 1984   85 and 1987   88) and salary equivalents of contributed services staff.   Data not available. NOTE.   Because of rounding, details may not add to totals.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Library Statistics of Colleges and Universities, various years; and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, `` Academic Library Survey.'' ( This table was prepared July 1997.) 479 LIBRARY RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY: LIBRARIES Table 421.   Selected statistics on the collections, staff, and operating expenditures of 60 large college and university libraries: 1994 Institution Rank order, by number of volumes Number of volumes at end of year, in thousands Full time equivalent staff Operating expenditures in thousands Public service hours per week Gate count per week Reference transactions per week Total Professional Total Salaries and wages 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Harvard University ( Mass.) 1 .................................... 1 12,395 1,096 363 $ 54,451 $ 29,467 95 ( 2) ( 2) Yale University ( Conn.) ........................................... 2 10,503 623 191 38,333 16,254 90 ( 2) ( 2) University of Illinois, Urbana Campus ..................... 3 8,475 513 152 21,535 10,704 94 ( 2) 13,516 University of Texas, Austin ...................................... 4 7,020 643 144 22,387 12,517 107 170,346 13,664 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor ........................... 5 6,664 590 140 30,521 13,424 99 ( 2) ( 2)

University of California, Berkeley ............................ 6 6,654 543 132 32,954 16,696 82 ( 2) ( 2) Columbia University, Main Division ( N. Y.) .............. 7 6,532 568 170 27,916 14,768 103 ( 2) ( 2) Stanford University ( Calif.) ...................................... 8 6,409 555 162 36,203 18,658 49 ( 2) ( 2) University of California, Los Angeles ...................... 9 6,306 560 126 27,313 13,141 87 79,871 12,996 University of Chicago ( Ill.) ....................................... 10 5,710 362 75 18,124 8,781 109 24,370 1,407 Indiana University, Bloomington .............................. 11 5,554 471 142 22,761 11,400 101 ( 2) 15,644 University of Wisconsin, Madison ........................... 12 5,536 533 150 25,320 13,245 131 129,254 10,314 University of Washington ......................................... 13 5,355 485 130 23,846 12,704 104 ( 2) ( 2) Princeton University ( N. J.) ....................................... 14 5,186 400 121 23,608 11,556 120 ( 2) ( 2) University of Minnesota, Twin Cities ....................... 15 5,101 446 104 23,870 11,883 122 ( 2) 6,450 Ohio State University, Main Campus ...................... 16 4,786 409 103 19,772 9,304 168 50,616 18,926 Cornell University ( N. Y.) .......................................... 17 4,705 458 134 20,415 9,768 79 ( 2) 4,818 Duke University ( N. C.) ............................................. 18 4,330 330 104 20,929 8,619 113 ( 2) 3,734 University of Pennsylvania ...................................... 19 4,210 376 108 21,498 10,200 137 51,923 8,433 University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill ................ 20 4,155 430 122 20,668 10,006 110 ( 2) 6,401 University of Arizona ............................................... 21 4,126 361 84 17,171 7,272 158 55,783 4,068 University of Virginia, Main Campus ....................... 22 4,059 353 92 17,011 8,157 111 ( 2) 3,400 Michigan State University ........................................ 23 3,904 290 64 13,369 6,871 109 ( 2) ( 2) University of Iowa .................................................... 24 3,567 304 94 15,095 7,250 107 ( 2) ( 2) New York University ................................................ 25 3,335 440 140 24,418 11,889 115 50,000 6,000 University of Southern California ............................. 26 3,248 346 107 17,794 9,061 168 6,433 5,731 University of Georgia ............................................... 27 3,216 317 83 14,455 6,534 114 26,398 2,775 University of Pittsburgh, Main Campus ( Penn.) ...... 28 3,201 379 95 18,671 7,689 121 42,017 6,203 University of Kansas, Main Campus ....................... 29 3,117 282 88 11,760 5,420 100 ( 2) ( 2) University of Florida ................................................. 30 3,092 400 110 15,780 8,553 74 187,737 15,000 University of Hawaii, Manoa .................................... 31 2,942 258 74 13,203 7,277 106 55,620 3,165 Northwestern University ( Ill.) ................................... 32 2,932 315 84 12,663 6,422 119 22,401 2,727 Johns Hopkins University ( Md.) .............................. 33 2,874 281 81 16,853 6,771 123 15,219 1,579 State U. of New York, Buffalo, Main Campus ........ 34 2,864 257 91 12,681 6,554 90 69,700 6,215 University of Rochester ( N. Y.) ................................. 35 2,843 218 69 9,841 4,377 97 17,385 635 Wayne State University ( Mich.) ............................... 36 2,834 261 79 12,938 6,023 97 46,709 9,649 Syracuse University, Main Campus ( N. Y.) .............. 37 2,779 251 70 9,435 4,910 105 23,318 2,193 Louisiana State U. & A& M & Hebert Laws Center 38 2,778 201 48 9,444 4,466 99 ( 2) 3,400 Arizona State University .......................................... 39 2,777 314 86 14,053 6,892 97 6,000 5,260 Brown University ( R. I.) ............................................ 40 2,710 264 79 13,028 5,746 111 25,329 2,019 University of Missouri, Columbia ............................. 41 2,684 248 58 10,166 4,444 105 42,000 2,503 Southern Illinois University, Carbondale ................. 42 2,648 215 42 9,508 4,453 92 22,974 2,660 University of South Carolina at Columbia ............... 43 2,639 236 69 10,549 5,008 111 39,392 5,110 University of Massachusetts at Amherst ................. 44 2,604 189 51 10,432 5,493 95 28,892 3,137 University of Kentucky ............................................. 45 2,557 325 78 11,652 5,950 146 47,034 8,876 Pennsylvania State University, Main Campus ........ 46 2,541 419 84 18,067 9,558 168 65,231 8,426 University of Colorado, Boulder .............................. 47 2,504 249 62 13,512 5,841 107 74,629 5,029 Washington University ( Missouri) ............................ 48 2,476 188 52 10,355 4,039 102 16,811 5,292 University of Maryland, College Park Campus ....... 49 2,454 464 104 14,473 7,538 126 72,844 12,636 North Carolina State University at Raleigh ............. 50 2,399 244 63 11,937 4,943 107 39,954 3,109 University of California, Davis ................................. 51 2,391 306 65 13,132 7,066 87 20,167 4,939 Massachusetts Institute of Technology ................... 52 2,366 226 85 11,771 6,072 100 30,000 3,000 University of Utah .................................................... 53 2,350 319 65 12,856 5,713 100 32,672 1,307 Brigham Young University ( Utah) ............................ 54 2,326 291 100 12,421 5,877 101 73,668 13,231 University of Nebraska at Lincoln ........................... 55 2,324 221 56 9,445 4,339 108 18,556 1,243 University of California, San Diego ......................... 56 2,297 335 81 15,078 8,166 100 43,753 3,333 Southern Methodist University ( Tex.) ...................... 57 2,240 159 50 7,752 3,737 116 ( 2) 2,500 Indiana University of Pennsylvania 1 ....................... 58 2,236 232 60 10,707 5,111 104 ( 2) ( 2) Auburn University, Main Campus ( Ala.) .................. 59 2,234 191 51 8,911 3,733 99 24,714 3,999 University of Oklahoma, Norman Campus .............. 60 2,225 149 42 6,957 2,862 97 30,402 4,017 1 Data estimated based on previous year's report.

2 Data not available. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, 1994 Academic Library Survey. ( This table was prepared July 1997.) 480 LIBRARY RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY: LIBRARIES Table 422.   General statistics of public libraries, by population of legal service area: 1995 Item Population of legal service area Total Under 10,000 10,000 to 49,999 50,000 to 99,999 100,000 to 249,999 250,000 to 499,999 500,000 and over 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Number of public library service outlets .................................................... 16,972 5,795 4,110 1,793 2,085 1,138 2,051 Central libraries .............................................. 8,937 5,465 2,504 493 324 81 70 Branch libraries .............................................. 7,057 255 1,265 1,094 1,582 982 1,879 Bookmobiles .................................................. 978 75 341 206 179 75 102 Collections, in thousands Books and serial volumes 1 ........................... 695,331 96,675 169,876 84,203 98,539 73,450 172,587 Audio and video materials and films ............. 35,715 3,477 8,345 4,400 5,304 3,305 10,884 Serial subscriptions ........................................ 1,837 272 482 225 237 169 450 Paid staff, in full time equivalents Librarians ....................................................... 38,694 5,639 9,840 4,561 5,370 4,028 9,256 Librarians with ALA   MLS 2 ....................... 26,636 1,069 6,067 3,448 4,296 3,248 8,508 Other staff ...................................................... 77,140 5,087 18,408 10,502 12,918 8,527 21,698 Income, in thousands Total operating income .................................. $ 5,594,069 $ 377,585 $ 1,281,141 $ 705,908 $ 884,573 $ 658,645 $ 1,686,216 Percentage distribution Source of operating income Total ....................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Federal 3 .................................................... 1.0 1.3 0.9 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.0 State .......................................................... 12.0 9.6 10.9 13.8 9.8 10.4 14.5 Local .......................................................... 78.3 73.1 79.2 78.3 82.8 82.4 74.6 Other ......................................................... 8.7 16.0 9.0 7.2 6.3 6.0 9.8 1 Some data are different from other tables due to a different population base.

2 ALA   MLS = A master's degree from a graduate library education program accredited by the American Library Association ( ALA).

3 Excludes some federal funds received through state library agencies. NOTE.   Because of rounding, details may not add to totals. Totals may be underestimated due to nonresponse on item or legal service area.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Public Libraries in the United States: FY 1995. ( This table was prepared October 1998.)

Table 423.   Public libraries, books and serial volumes, library visits, and reference transactions, by state: 1995 State Number of public libraries Number of books and serial volumes 1 ( in thousands Number of books and serial volumes per capita Library visits per capita 2 Circulation per capita Public library reference transactions per capita 3 State Number of public libraries Number of books and serial volumes 1 ( in thousands Number of books and serial volumes per capita Library visits per capita 2 Circulation per capita Public library reference transactions per capita 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 United States ....... 8,981 695,331 2.8 3.9 6.4 1.1 Alabama .................... 207 8,133 2.1 3.2 3.9 0.5 Missouri .................... 148 20,137 4.1 4.3 7.9 0.9 Alaska ........................ 84 1,926 3.1 4.6 5.8 0.8 Montana ................... 82 2,567 3.1 3.6 6.2 0.8 Arizona ...................... 39 7,946 2.0 4.5 6.3 1.2 Nebraska .................. 269 5,159 4.0 4.7 8.0 1.1 Arkansas .................... 35 4,883 2.2 2.6 4.0 0.4 Nevada ..................... 23 3,296 2.1 2.9 4.8 0.7 California ................... 171 59,847 1.9 3.4 4.5 1.1 New Hampshire ....... 229 5,004 4.5 4.9 7.6 0.7 Colorado .................... 120 9,471 2.5 4.5 8.3 1.4 New Jersey .............. 308 30,052 3.8 4.9 5.9 0.9 Connecticut ................ 195 14,202 4.3 6.1 8.3 1.2 New Mexico ............. 72 3,910 3.4 4.1 6.5   Delaware ................... 30 1,320 2.0 3.4 4.4 0.5 New York ................. 741 72,347 4.4 5.3 7.3 1.9 District of Columbia ... 1 2,662 4.4 3.4 3.0 2.2 North Carolina .......... 74 13,956 2.0 3.2 5.7 0.8 Florida ........................ 97 23,673 1.8   5.3 2.1 North Dakota ............ 79 1,950 3.6 5.1 7.5 0.7 Georgia ...................... 54 13,290 1.8 2.8 4.5 0.7 Ohio .......................... 250 41,974 3.8 4.8 12.0 1.5 Hawaii ........................ 1 3,502 3.0 2.7 6.4 1.8 Oklahoma ................. 112 5,786 2.3   6.4 0.7 Idaho .......................... 106 3,145 3.3 4.9 7.8 0.9 Oregon ..................... 124 7,130 2.4   9.7 0.7 Illinois ......................... 613 36,803 3.6 5.3 7.7 1.4 Pennsylvania ............ 455 25,053 2.2 3.1 4.6 0.7 Indiana ....................... 238 21,069 4.1 5.3 10.2 1.0 Rhode Island ............ 51 4,228 4.2 5.3 6.6 0.9 Iowa ........................... 527 11,407 4.0 4.9 8.9   South Carolina ......... 40 6,448 1.8 2.8 4.3 1.1 Kansas ....................... 324 9,276 4.5 5.1 9.3 1.3 South Dakota ........... 112 2,431 4.6 4.5 8.7   Kentucky .................... 116 7,384 2.0 2.8 5.3 0.4 Tennessee ............... 140 7,931 1.6 2.6 4.1 1.0 Louisiana ................... 65 9,951 2.3 2.5 4.3 0.7 Texas ....................... 499 32,206 2.0 2.9 4.3 1.0 Maine ......................... 266 5,472 5.3   7.8   Utah .......................... 69 4,969 2.6   9.0   Maryland .................... 24 12,916 2.6 4.3 9.1 1.1 Vermont .................... 200 2,626 5.0 4.4 7.0   Massachusetts ........... 372 28,747 4.8   7.2   Virginia ..................... 90 16,248 2.5 4.2 7.4 1.1 Michigan .................... 382 25,767 2.8 3.8 5.3 0.9 Washington .............. 69 14,957 2.8   10.0   Minnesota .................. 130 13,138 2.9 4.0 9.4 1.6 West Virginia ............ 97 4,744 2.6 3.6 4.7 0.9 Mississippi ................. 47 5,084 1.9 2.4 3.0 0.4 Wisconsin ................. 381 16,864 3.3 5.3 8.9 1.2 Wyoming .................. 23 2,344 4.9 4.9 7.9 0.9 1 Some data are different from other tables due to a different population base.

2 The total number of persons entering the library for whatever purpose during the year.

3 A reference transaction is an information contact which involves the knowledge, use, recommendations, interpretation or instructions in the use of one or more information sources by a member of the library staff.   Response rate less than 70 percent.

NOTE.   Totals may be underestimated due to nonresponse.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Public Libraries in the United States: FY 1995. ( This table was prepared October 1998.) 481 LIBRARY RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY: TECHNOLOGY Table 424.   Percent of workers, 18 years old and over, using computers on the job, by selected characteristics and computer activities: October 1993 and October 1997 Selected characteristics Percent using computers at work, 1993 1997 Percent using computers at work Number using computers at work, in thousands Percent of on the job computer workers using specific computer applications 1 Analysis/ spreadsheets Bookkeeping invoicing, and inventory Communications 2 Calendar

schedule Data bases Desktop publishing graphics Programming Sales and telemarketing Word processing Using 4 or more categories 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Total ....................................... 45.8 49.8 ( 0.2) 63,885 40.9 66.4 47.0 37.5 34.1 26.1 15.0 22.1 57.0 44.0 Age 18 to 24 .................................. 34.4 37.1 ( 0.7) 6,007 28.2 70.3 35.3 28.0 23.4 18.4 11.0 23.5 43.1 30.5 25 to 29 .................................. 48.3 52.5 ( 0.7) 7,984 41.7 69.8 46.6 38.3 35.0 25.8 16.3 23.4 58.3 45.7 30 to 39 .................................. 50.7 53.3 ( 0.5) 18,864 44.0 67.0 49.1 39.6 35.4 28.3 16.7 24.0 58.5 46.8 40 to 49 .................................. 51.3 54.9 ( 0.5) 18,182 43.6 65.8 48.6 39.5 36.9 27.1 15.7 20.6 58.9 46.4 50 to 59 .................................. 43.9 50.7 ( 0.6) 10,092 39.1 62.8 49.0 37.2 33.5 26.1 13.5 19.6 58.8 43.1 60 or older .............................. 27.2 32.6 ( 0.9) 2,755 33.5 62.1 42.2 29.4 28.8 21.6 10.0 21.3 54.1 35.9 Educational attainment and sex Not high school graduate ....... 10.0 11.9 ( 0.5) 1,645 18.6 68.9 23.4 22.1 17.3 10.7 8.7 19.7 30.7 20.2 High school graduate ............. 34.2 36.4 ( 0.4) 15,395 28.7 72.0 34.1 29.0 23.1 16.6 10.1 21.0 41.5 30.7 Some college .......................... 50.4 53.6 ( 0.5) 14,172 36.5 71.6 42.6 36.0 31.3 24.1 13.7 24.0 52.7 40.6 Associate degree .................... 58.2 60.7 ( 0.8) 6,580 38.9 69.8 43.7 36.0 33.0 25.5 15.1 19.7 52.7 41.2 Bachelor's degree .................. 68.8 73.9 ( 0.5) 17,335 52.7 63.9 57.1 44.0 43.1 32.4 18.9 25.8 67.6 55.3 Master's degree ...................... 71.2 78.7 ( 0.8) 6,004 53.8 51.7 63.4 48.1 45.8 39.7 20.8 18.4 80.1 59.8 Doctor's or professional degree ..................................... 66.9 74.6 ( 1.2) 2,754 46.6 47.5 64.9 42.0 39.0 30.3 16.2 10.5 75.2 50.2 Male ........................................ 40.3 44.1 ( 0.3) 30,336 46.5 64.3 51.4 39.2 36.8 29.4 20.0 24.6 53.9 47.2 Not high school graduate .. 8.5 9.8 ( 0.5) 854 20.9 70.1 25.6 22.6 15.6 11.8 9.3 17.8 26.1 20.6 High school graduate ........ 24.2 27.1 ( 0.5) 6,096 29.5 67.4 33.1 25.3 22.9 17.8 11.8 20.5 29.4 27.7 Some college ..................... 42.8 46.0 ( 0.7) 6,188 39.3 69.4 44.4 35.5 31.3 27.0 19.6 27.1 46.4 41.4 Associate degree ............... 52.6 55.2 ( 1.2) 2,790 42.8 64.2 45.5 34.9 34.9 28.7 20.4 20.6 45.3 41.8 Bachelor's degree .............. 69.8 74.3 ( 0.7) 9,258 60.0 64.0 62.1 47.4 46.9 35.7 24.1 30.5 66.6 60.0 Master's degree ................. 75.4 79.8 ( 1.1) 3,201 63.3 56.6 70.6 54.6 50.8 41.9 27.8 23.8 80.5 67.4 Doctor's or professional degree ................................. 66.5 73.4 ( 1.4) 1,949 47.9 50.3 67.3 43.7 38.6 31.9 18.2 11.6 74.6 52.0 Female .................................... 52.4 56.5 ( 0.3) 33,549 35.8 68.3 43.1 36.0 31.6 23.1 10.5 19.9 59.8 41.0 Not high school graduate .. 12.5 15.4 ( 0.8) 791 16.0 67.7 20.9 21.6 19.1 9.4 8.0 21.7 35.6 19.8 High school graduate ........ 45.2 46.9 ( 0.6) 9,299 28.3 75.0 34.7 31.5 23.3 15.9 8.9 21.4 49.4 32.6 Some college ..................... 58.6 61.5 ( 0.7) 7,984 34.4 73.2 41.1 36.4 31.3 21.8 9.1 21.7 57.5 40.1 Associate degree ............... 63.7 65.4 ( 1.0) 3,790 36.0 73.9 42.4 36.8 31.7 23.2 11.2 19.0 58.1 40.7 Bachelor's degree .............. 67.6 73.5 ( 0.7) 8,077 44.4 63.8 51.4 40.1 38.8 28.7 12.9 20.4 68.8 50.0 Master's degree ................. 66.5 77.5 ( 1.1) 2,804 43.0 46.0 55.2 40.7 40.1 37.3 12.8 12.2 79.7 51.0 Doctor's or professional degree ................................. 68.2 77.6 ( 2.1) 805 43.7 41.0 59.1 37.8 39.9 26.4 11.4 7.9 76.8 45.9 Race/ ethnicity White, non Hispanic ............... 48.7 53.8 ( 0.3) 51,904 42.1 67.1 47.7 38.0 34.9 27.1 15.2 23.2 57.9 45.3 Black, non Hispanic ................ 36.2 40.0 ( 0.7) 5,462 33.1 64.3 43.7 36.1 29.6 21.2 14.1 17.1 52.0 37.2 Hispanic .................................. 29.3 30.2 ( 0.8) 3,843 32.2 67.0 40.5 33.7 27.0 20.2 10.6 19.0 50.0 35.1 Other ....................................... 43.9 49.2 ( 1.3) 2,675 45.8 57.4 49.5 35.8 37.8 25.0 19.3 16.2 59.4 44.7 Occupational group Managerial and professional specialty .............................. 67.7 74.6 ( 0.4) 28,427 52.4 61.0 58.6 45.2 42.6 36.3 19.1 20.6 71.7 56.0 Executive, administrative, and managerial ............... 72.3 77.5 ( 0.5) 14,528 60.1 76.3 61.4 49.7 47.2 32.6 17.6 30.9 74.5 63.7 Professional specialty occupations ......................... 68.3 71.7 ( 0.6) 13,900 44.4 45.1 55.8 40.4 37.8 40.3 20.8 9.8 68.7 47.8 Teachers, except college and university ............... 49.1 60.3 ( 1.2) 2,961 33.1 31.9 39.7 38.4 27.5 42.3 10.8 4.6 73.6 39.8 Teachers, college and university ...................... 72.5 79.9 ( 2.2) 759 51.5 27.1 74.6 37.3 40.2 41.3 23.9 5.4 83.5 48.9 Technical, sales, and administrative support ..................... 65.5 79.1 ( 0.4) 25,739 35.1 74.6 41.8 33.9 30.4 19.4 11.9 28.1 52.1 39.5 Technicians and related support ............................ 69.9 75.1 ( 1.1) 3,226 42.9 51.8 49.4 35.5 36.9 26.1 31.2 7.7 49.6 41.4 Sales occupations ............. 48.8 54.8 ( 0.7) 8,277 38.4 83.0 43.0 34.3 31.3 21.0 10.5 57.2 46.1 44.8 Administrative support, including clerical ................. 76.7 77.6 ( 0.5) 14,235 31.4 75.0 39.4 33.3 28.3 17.0 8.3 15.9 56.2 36.0 Service occupations ............... 14.7 16.4 ( 0.5) 2,752 15.7 52.3 27.6 27.9 17.4 9.6 6.6 11.0 34.4 17.9 Precision production, craft, and repair ............................ 23.2 25.0 ( 0.6) 3,501 29.6 62.8 31.6 27.0 22.5 18.2 16.3 11.1 29.0 26.2 Operators, fabricators, and laborers .................................. 14.9 17.3 ( 0.5) 3,154 19.1 63.1 21.3 19.0 14.6 12.6 9.7 9.2 17.4 15.4 Farming, forestry, and fishing 8.5 9.3 ( 0.9) 311 40.2 79.3 22.8 27.3 33.0 11.2 10.2 19.1 33.7 33.0 Family income 3 Less than $ 20,000 .................. 25.1 26.7 ( 0.5) 5,915 27.6 67.8 34.0 28.7 24.0 19.4 11.7 22.2 44.9 31.4 $ 20,000 to $ 29,999 ................ 38.4 38.4 ( 0.6) 7,310 30.3 69.4 36.9 30.2 26.1 21.8 10.5 20.0 48.0 34.3 $ 30,000 to $ 39,999 ................ 45.7 45.8 ( 0.6) 8,915 35.7 67.4 42.2 33.7 29.4 23.8 12.8 20.8 50.8 38.0 $ 40,000 to $ 49,999 ................ 51.9 52.3 ( 0.7) 7,737 40.0 69.0 43.6 36.9 31.8 25.4 15.0 21.0 53.8 42.5 $ 50,000 to $ 74,999 ................ 60.6 59.9 ( 0.5) 16,966 42.7 65.8 48.6 38.9 36.1 27.2 16.5 20.6 58.4 45.5 $ 75,000 or more ..................... 65.9 69.7 ( 0.5) 17,042 51.4 63.6 58.4 44.6 42.3 30.6 17.8 25.7 68.4 54.7 1 Individuals may be counted in more than one computer activity.

2 Includes bulletin boards and electronic mail.

3 Excludes persons whose income data were not available. NOTE.   Data are based on a sample survey of households and are subject to sampling and nonsampling error. Standard errors appear in parentheses.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, October 1997, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared August 1998.) 482 LIBRARY RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY: TECHNOLOGY Table 425.   Access to and use of home computers, by selected characteristics of students and other users: October 1997 Selected characteristics Percent with computers at home Percent using computers at home, in thousands Percent using computers at home Distribution of frequency of use per week for persons using computers in home Percent of persons whose home computer has specific capabilities 1 6 or 7 days 4 or 5 days 2 or 3 days 1 day or less CD ROM drive Printer Modem Internet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total, all persons ... 43.0 ( 0.2) 81,013 30.3 ( 0.2) 23.4 ( 0.2) 20.1 ( 0.2) 32.6 ( 0.2) 24.0 ( 0.2) 71.3 ( 0.2) 85.5 ( 0.2) 71.1 ( 0.2) 52.1 ( 0.3)

Sex Male ............................. 44.3 ( 0.2) 41,260 31.6 ( 0.2) 27.1 ( 0.2) 20.1 ( 0.2) 30.6 ( 0.2) 22.2 ( 0.2) 72.1 ( 0.3) 85.5 ( 0.2) 71.7 ( 0.3) 52.9 ( 0.3) Female ......................... 41.7 ( 0.2) 39,753 29.1 ( 0.2) 19.6 ( 0.2) 20.0 ( 0.2) 34.6 ( 0.2) 25.8 ( 0.2) 70.6 ( 0.3) 85.6 ( 0.2) 70.5 ( 0.3) 51.2 ( 0.3)

Race/ ethnicity White, non Hispanic .... 49.2 ( 0.2) 68,026 35.5 ( 0.2) 23.5 ( 0.2) 20.2 ( 0.2) 32.1 ( 0.2) 24.3 ( 0.2) 72.4 ( 0.3) 87.1 ( 0.2) 72.8 ( 0.3) 53.7 ( 0.3) Black, non Hispanic ..... 22.8 ( 0.4) 4,943 14.7 ( 0.3) 20.8 ( 0.7) 20.5 ( 0.7) 37.6 ( 0.8) 21.2 ( 0.7) 58.2 ( 1.0) 75.2 ( 0.9) 57.7 ( 1.0) 40.3 ( 1.0) Hispanic ....................... 22.2 ( 0.5) 4,081 13.5 ( 0.4) 23.3 ( 0.8) 17.3 ( 0.7) 36.4 ( 0.9) 23.1 ( 0.8) 69.1 ( 1.1) 78.2 ( 1.0) 60.8 ( 1.2) 44.4 ( 1.2)

Age Under 5 ........................ 39.0 ( 0.6) 1,675 8.5 ( 0.3) 12.2 ( 0.5) 16.3 ( 0.5) 38.1 ( 0.7) 33.5 ( 0.7) 71.9 ( 0.8) 83.3 ( 0.7) 74.5 ( 0.8) 53.8 ( 0.9) 5 to 9 ........................... 46.4 ( 0.6) 7,599 37.1 ( 0.6) 11.8 ( 0.4) 17.6 ( 0.5) 44.2 ( 0.6) 26.4 ( 0.6) 74.7 ( 0.7) 83.8 ( 0.6) 71.5 ( 0.8) 50.5 ( 0.8) 10 to 14 ....................... 55.1 ( 0.6) 9,500 48.7 ( 0.6) 21.1 ( 0.5) 21.8 ( 0.5) 38.0 ( 0.6) 19.1 ( 0.5) 75.5 ( 0.7) 87.9 ( 0.5) 70.6 ( 0.7) 50.3 ( 0.8) 15 to 19 ....................... 53.0 ( 0.6) 8,395 43.1 ( 0.5) 24.7 ( 0.5) 22.4 ( 0.5) 32.4 ( 0.6) 20.5 ( 0.5) 73.7 ( 0.7) 88.0 ( 0.5) 69.9 ( 0.7) 52.3 ( 0.8) 20 to 24 ....................... 41.2 ( 0.6) 4,975 28.5 ( 0.6) 28.3 ( 0.8) 20.2 ( 0.7) 28.9 ( 0.8) 22.6 ( 0.7) 69.5 ( 1.0) 83.4 ( 0.8) 69.8 ( 1.0) 53.0 ( 1.1) 25 to 29 ....................... 39.3 ( 0.6) 5,963 31.7 ( 0.6) 26.1 ( 0.7) 22.3 ( 0.6) 30.0 ( 0.7) 21.7 ( 0.6) 70.1 ( 0.9) 80.4 ( 0.8) 75.8 ( 0.9) 58.4 ( 1.0) 30 to 39 ....................... 47.0 ( 0.4) 15,393 35.8 ( 0.4) 24.2 ( 0.4) 20.6 ( 0.4) 32.0 ( 0.4) 23.2 ( 0.4) 71.9 ( 0.5) 84.5 ( 0.4) 72.8 ( 0.5) 53.5 ( 0.6) 40 to 49 ....................... 54.0 ( 0.4) 15,346 38.3 ( 0.4) 24.3 ( 0.4) 18.8 ( 0.3) 30.3 ( 0.4) 26.6 ( 0.4) 73.9 ( 0.5) 87.4 ( 0.4) 73.0 ( 0.5) 54.4 ( 0.6) 50 to 59 ....................... 44.2 ( 0.5) 7,679 28.5 ( 0.5) 26.6 ( 0.5) 19.8 ( 0.5) 28.0 ( 0.5) 25.7 ( 0.5) 66.5 ( 0.7) 86.2 ( 0.5) 67.6 ( 0.7) 50.7 ( 0.8) 60 to 69 ....................... 27.5 ( 0.6) 3,162 16.2 ( 0.5) 29.7 ( 0.8) 17.5 ( 0.7) 24.1 ( 0.8) 28.6 ( 0.8) 61.0 ( 1.2) 86.8 ( 0.8) 63.5 ( 1.1) 42.3 ( 1.2) 70 or older ................... 13.2 ( 0.4) 1,327 5.9 ( 0.3) 29.4 ( 1.1) 17.8 ( 1.0) 25.4 ( 1.1) 27.5 ( 1.1) 59.0 ( 1.6) 86.1 ( 1.1) 60.4 ( 1.5) 38.6 ( 1.5)

Family income Less than $ 5,000 ......... 19.4 ( 0.6) 1,517 13.3 ( 0.5) 31.1 ( 1.3) 16.7 ( 1.1) 26.8 ( 1.3) 25.3 ( 1.3) 63.2 ( 1.8) 81.9 ( 1.4) 66.2 ( 1.8) 44.6 ( 1.8) $ 5,000 to $ 9,999 ......... 12.1 ( 0.4) 1,575 8.1 ( 0.3) 24.8 ( 1.2) 19.6 ( 1.1) 29.4 ( 1.3) 26.1 ( 1.3) 59.6 ( 1.8) 81.0 ( 1.4) 56.7 ( 1.8) 40.5 ( 1.8) $ 10,000 to $ 14,999 ..... 15.6 ( 0.4) 2,197 9.7 ( 0.3) 26.2 ( 1.1) 17.7 ( 0.9) 31.4 ( 1.1) 24.8 ( 1.0) 55.9 ( 1.5) 74.5 ( 1.3) 54.7 ( 1.5) 38.7 ( 1.4) $ 15,000 to $ 19,999 ..... 18.4 ( 0.5) 2,084 12.0 ( 0.4) 25.9 ( 1.1) 20.4 ( 1.0) 29.9 ( 1.1) 23.8 ( 1.1) 60.5 ( 1.5) 77.8 ( 1.3) 60.0 ( 1.5) 42.7 ( 1.5) $ 20,000 to $ 24,999 ..... 25.5 ( 0.5) 3,645 17.1 ( 0.4) 25.1 ( 0.8) 18.9 ( 0.7) 31.4 ( 0.9) 24.5 ( 0.8) 59.9 ( 1.2) 80.9 ( 0.9) 58.1 ( 1.2) 38.8 ( 1.2) $ 25,000 to $ 29,999 ..... 31.4 ( 0.6) 4,174 21.0 ( 0.5) 23.3 ( 0.7) 19.3 ( 0.7) 33.3 ( 0.8) 24.1 ( 0.8) 62.2 ( 1.1) 77.6 ( 0.9) 61.0 ( 1.1) 42.0 ( 1.1) $ 30,000 to $ 34,999 ..... 38.3 ( 0.6) 5,003 25.7 ( 0.5) 22.5 ( 0.7) 20.5 ( 0.6) 32.9 ( 0.7) 24.1 ( 0.7) 66.4 ( 1.0) 82.6 ( 0.8) 64.1 ( 1.0) 43.7 ( 1.0) $ 35,000 to $ 39,999 ..... 43.6 ( 0.6) 5,367 29.1 ( 0.6) 22.7 ( 0.6) 18.5 ( 0.6) 34.1 ( 0.7) 24.7 ( 0.6) 65.9 ( 0.9) 84.3 ( 0.7) 66.3 ( 0.9) 46.1 ( 1.0) $ 40,000 to $ 49,999 ..... 51.1 ( 0.5) 9,627 35.4 ( 0.5) 22.2 ( 0.5) 19.5 ( 0.4) 33.3 ( 0.5) 25.1 ( 0.5) 68.2 ( 0.7) 86.0 ( 0.5) 67.6 ( 0.7) 46.4 ( 0.7) $ 50,000 to $ 74,999 ..... 62.3 ( 0.4) 21,685 44.6 ( 0.4) 22.1 ( 0.3) 20.2 ( 0.3) 32.5 ( 0.4) 25.1 ( 0.3) 73.9 ( 0.4) 87.2 ( 0.3) 74.3 ( 0.4) 53.9 ( 0.5) $ 75,000 or more .......... 77.6 ( 0.4) 24,138 58.0 ( 0.4) 24.1 ( 0.3) 21.1 ( 0.3) 32.8 ( 0.3) 22.0 ( 0.3) 80.9 ( 0.4) 89.8 ( 0.3) 81.1 ( 0.4) 64.5 ( 0.5)

Total, all students ...... 54.6 ( 0.3) 32,459 45.1 ( 0.3) 21.7 ( 0.2) 21.2 ( 0.2) 36.3 ( 0.3) 20.8 ( 0.2) 74.6 ( 0.3) 86.9 ( 0.3) 71.9 ( 0.4) 52.9 ( 0.4) Preprimary .............. 45.2 ( 0.9) 2,493 29.6 ( 0.8) 10.8 ( 0.6) 17.7 ( 0.8) 41.2 ( 1.0) 30.3 ( 0.9) 74.8 ( 1.2) 85.4 ( 0.9) 73.4 ( 1.2) 53.5 ( 1.3) 1st to 8th grade ...... 50.7 ( 0.5) 14,056 43.4 ( 0.5) 16.5 ( 0.4) 19.9 ( 0.4) 41.5 ( 0.5) 22.1 ( 0.4) 75.2 ( 0.6) 86.0 ( 0.4) 71.0 ( 0.6) 50.3 ( 0.6) 9th to 12th grade .... 55.7 ( 0.6) 7,699 48.8 ( 0.6) 23.9 ( 0.5) 22.8 ( 0.5) 33.6 ( 0.6) 19.6 ( 0.5) 74.6 ( 0.7) 88.6 ( 0.5) 70.2 ( 0.8) 51.5 ( 0.8) Undergraduate ........ 64.7 ( 0.7) 6,179 49.8 ( 0.7) 30.8 ( 0.7) 22.3 ( 0.6) 29.0 ( 0.7) 17.9 ( 0.6) 73.3 ( 0.9) 86.9 ( 0.7) 73.6 ( 0.9) 57.6 ( 1.0) Graduate ................. 75.3 ( 1.2) 2,032 67.2 ( 1.3) 34.1 ( 1.2) 25.4 ( 1.1) 26.9 ( 1.1) 13.6 ( 0.9) 73.6 ( 1.5) 89.4 ( 1.0) 78.9 ( 1.4) 65.1 ( 1.6)

Sex Male ............................. 54.8 ( 0.4) 16,213 45.2 ( 0.4) 24.4 ( 0.4) 21.1 ( 0.3) 35.1 ( 0.4) 19.4 ( 0.3) 75.5 ( 0.5) 86.5 ( 0.4) 72.3 ( 0.5) 53.4 ( 0.6) Preprimary .............. 46.5 ( 1.3) 1,308 30.3 ( 1.2) 13.4 ( 0.9) 20.1 ( 1.1) 37.1 ( 1.3) 29.4 ( 1.3) 74.3 ( 1.6) 83.3 ( 1.4) 72.3 ( 1.6) 53.6 ( 1.8) 1st to 8th grade ...... 50.9 ( 0.6) 7,257 43.6 ( 0.6) 18.0 ( 0.5) 20.8 ( 0.5) 41.2 ( 0.7) 20.1 ( 0.5) 75.1 ( 0.8) 85.6 ( 0.6) 70.8 ( 0.8) 50.2 ( 0.9) 9th to 12th grade .... 56.1 ( 0.9) 3,971 49.3 ( 0.9) 27.3 ( 0.8) 21.8 ( 0.7) 31.4 ( 0.8) 19.6 ( 0.7) 76.4 ( 1.0) 88.7 ( 0.7) 71.9 ( 1.0) 53.0 ( 1.1) Undergraduate ........ 66.6 ( 1.0) 2,841 51.3 ( 1.0) 36.9 ( 1.1) 20.4 ( 0.9) 26.9 ( 1.0) 15.8 ( 0.8) 76.9 ( 1.3) 87.2 ( 1.0) 76.1 ( 1.3) 60.8 ( 1.5) Graduate ................. 73.8 ( 1.9) 834 64.1 ( 2.0) 40.3 ( 1.9) 24.5 ( 1.7) 25.4 ( 1.7) 9.8 ( 1.2) 74.2 ( 2.2) 88.3 ( 1.7) 77.8 ( 2.1) 63.7 ( 2.5)

Female ......................... 54.4 ( 0.4) 16,246 44.9 ( 0.4) 19.0 ( 0.3) 21.3 ( 0.3) 37.4 ( 0.4) 22.3 ( 0.4) 73.7 ( 0.5) 87.3 ( 0.4) 71.6 ( 0.5) 52.4 ( 0.6) Preprimary .............. 43.9 ( 1.3) 1,185 28.8 ( 1.2) 8.0 ( 0.8) 15.0 ( 1.0) 45.6 ( 1.4) 31.4 ( 1.3) 75.5 ( 1.7) 87.7 ( 1.3) 74.7 ( 1.7) 53.4 ( 1.9) 1st to 8th grade ...... 50.5 ( 0.7) 6,799 43.3 ( 0.7) 15.0 ( 0.5) 18.9 ( 0.5) 41.7 ( 0.7) 24.3 ( 0.6) 75.3 ( 0.8) 86.4 ( 0.6) 71.3 ( 0.8) 50.4 ( 0.9) 9th to 12th grade .... 55.2 ( 0.9) 3,728 48.1 ( 0.9) 20.3 ( 0.7) 23.9 ( 0.8) 36.1 ( 0.8) 19.7 ( 0.7) 72.6 ( 1.1) 88.5 ( 0.8) 68.4 ( 1.1) 49.9 ( 1.2) Undergraduate ........ 63.1 ( 0.9) 3,337 48.6 ( 0.9) 25.7 ( 0.9) 23.9 ( 0.9) 30.7 ( 0.9) 19.7 ( 0.8) 70.4 ( 1.2) 86.7 ( 0.9) 71.7 ( 1.2) 55.0 ( 1.3) Graduate ................. 76.5 ( 1.6) 1,197 69.6 ( 1.7) 29.7 ( 1.5) 26.0 ( 1.4) 28.0 ( 1.5) 16.3 ( 1.2) 73.2 ( 1.9) 90.2 ( 1.3) 79.7 ( 1.7) 66.0 ( 2.1)

Race/ ethnicity White, non Hispanic .... 65.4 ( 0.3) 26,229 54.9 ( 0.4) 21.4 ( 0.3) 21.4 ( 0.3) 35.8 ( 0.3) 21.4 ( 0.3) 76.4 ( 0.4) 89.1 ( 0.3) 74.1 ( 0.4) 55.2 ( 0.4) Preprimary .............. 56.9 ( 1.1) 2,080 38.4 ( 1.1) 11.2 ( 0.7) 17.4 ( 0.8) 41.8 ( 1.1) 29.6 ( 1.0) 77.1 ( 1.3) 87.3 ( 1.0) 74.9 ( 1.3) 54.9 ( 1.5) 1st to 8th grade ...... 62.0 ( 0.6) 11,340 54.4 ( 0.6) 16.0 ( 0.4) 20.3 ( 0.4) 41.1 ( 0.5) 22.6 ( 0.4) 77.2 ( 0.6) 88.5 ( 0.5) 74.0 ( 0.6) 53.2 ( 0.7) 9th to 12th grade .... 68.7 ( 0.7) 6,265 60.9 ( 0.7) 23.9 ( 0.6) 23.0 ( 0.6) 32.8 ( 0.6) 20.3 ( 0.5) 76.3 ( 0.8) 90.6 ( 0.5) 72.1 ( 0.8) 53.5 ( 0.9) Undergraduate ........ 71.3 ( 0.7) 4,927 55.1 ( 0.8) 31.1 ( 0.8) 22.1 ( 0.7) 27.9 ( 0.8) 18.9 ( 0.7) 74.6 ( 1.0) 89.0 ( 0.7) 75.4 ( 1.0) 59.9 ( 1.1) Graduate ................. 78.9 ( 1.3) 1,617 70.3 ( 1.5) 33.0 ( 1.3) 25.8 ( 1.2) 27.1 ( 1.2) 14.0 ( 1.0) 74.3 ( 1.6) 90.5 ( 1.1) 78.6 ( 1.5) 65.2 ( 1.8)

Black, non Hispanic ..... 28.2 ( 0.7) 2,330 21.1 ( 0.6) 20.3 ( 1.0) 21.9 ( 1.0) 41.1 ( 1.2) 16.6 ( 0.9) 57.8 ( 1.5) 75.3 ( 1.3) 58.6 ( 1.5) 39.1 ( 1.5) Preprimary .............. 17.8 ( 1.5) 139 9.8 ( 1.2) 11.3 ( 2.4) 19.8 ( 3.0) 31.0 ( 3.5) 37.8 ( 3.7) 55.5 ( 4.7) 80.5 ( 3.8) 62.0 ( 4.6) 43.0 ( 4.7) 1st to 8th grade ...... 26.8 ( 0.9) 1,078 20.6 ( 0.8) 19.7 ( 1.3) 17.2 ( 1.3) 47.3 ( 1.7) 15.8 ( 1.2) 58.3 ( 2.0) 74.0 ( 1.8) 55.4 ( 2.0) 34.8 ( 1.9) 9th to 12th grade .... 26.6 ( 1.4) 534 21.0 ( 1.3) 19.9 ( 2.1) 27.6 ( 2.4) 38.4 ( 2.6) 14.1 ( 1.8) 56.2 ( 3.1) 73.8 ( 2.8) 57.5 ( 3.1) 39.4 ( 3.1) Undergraduate ........ 37.8 ( 2.0) 394 25.6 ( 1.8) 19.2 ( 2.7) 26.4 ( 3.0) 38.4 ( 3.3) 16.0 ( 2.5) 56.2 ( 4.1) 73.1 ( 3.6) 61.3 ( 4.0) 40.3 ( 4.0) Graduate ................. 63.0 ( 4.4) 185 56.3 ( 4.5) 34.4 ( 4.3) 24.7 ( 3.9) 26.5 ( 4.0) 14.3 ( 3.2) 67.0 ( 5.5) 87.6 ( 3.8) 75.6 ( 5.0) 61.0 ( 5.7)

Hispanic ....................... 27.2 ( 0.8) 1,944 21.1 ( 0.7) 22.2 ( 1.1) 18.7 ( 1.1) 41.1 ( 1.4) 18.0 ( 1.1) 72.8 ( 1.6) 77.9 ( 1.5) 60.8 ( 1.7) 45.2 ( 1.8) Preprimary .............. 21.2 ( 1.5) 134 11.2 ( 1.1) 9.6 ( 1.9) 17.3 ( 2.4) 43.3 ( 3.1) 29.9 ( 2.9) 65.8 ( 3.7) 74.7 ( 3.4) 67.4 ( 3.7) 46.0 ( 3.9) 1st to 8th grade ...... 24.0 ( 0.8) 863 18.6 ( 0.7) 18.0 ( 1.1) 17.3 ( 1.1) 44.2 ( 1.5) 20.4 ( 1.2) 72.8 ( 1.7) 75.7 ( 1.6) 57.7 ( 1.9) 43.6 ( 1.9) 9th to 12th grade .... 25.8 ( 1.7) 458 21.6 ( 1.6) 25.0 ( 2.5) 19.3 ( 2.3) 37.1 ( 2.8) 18.6 ( 2.2) 73.2 ( 3.3) 81.0 ( 2.9) 58.0 ( 3.7) 41.0 ( 3.7) Undergraduate ........ 45.8 ( 2.6) 430 37.3 ( 2.5) 29.1 ( 2.9) 21.1 ( 2.6) 38.7 ( 3.1) 11.2 ( 2.0) 74.4 ( 3.6) 81.1 ( 3.2) 65.0 ( 3.9) 50.9 ( 4.1) Graduate ................. ( 2)   ( 2) ( 2)   ( 2)   ( 2)   ( 2)   ( 2)   ( 2)   ( 2)   ( 2)   ( 2)   Family income Less than $ 5,000 ......... 29.5 ( 1.2) 812 22.6 ( 1.1) 30.7 ( 1.7) 16.7 ( 1.4) 31.2 ( 1.7) 21.4 ( 1.5) 66.8 ( 2.3) 86.1 ( 1.7) 69.3 ( 2.2) 49.5 ( 2.4) $ 5,000 to $ 9,999 ......... 20.8 ( 0.9) 790 15.8 ( 0.8) 27.0 ( 1.7) 18.9 ( 1.5) 32.7 ( 1.8) 21.5 ( 1.6) 63.6 ( 2.3) 81.4 ( 1.9) 58.7 ( 2.4) 43.3 ( 2.4) $ 10,000 to $ 14,999 ..... 23.7 ( 0.9) 1,004 18.4 ( 0.8) 26.2 ( 1.6) 17.0 ( 1.3) 37.0 ( 1.7) 19.7 ( 1.4) 58.6 ( 2.1) 74.0 ( 1.9) 54.2 ( 2.2) 39.5 ( 2.1) $ 15,000 to $ 19,999 ..... 27.1 ( 1.1) 854 20.7 ( 1.0) 28.6 ( 1.7) 21.1 ( 1.5) 35.7 ( 1.8) 14.5 ( 1.3) 63.9 ( 2.2) 77.5 ( 1.9) 62.0 ( 2.3) 45.6 ( 2.3) $ 20,000 to $ 24,999 ..... 36.8 ( 1.0) 1,541 30.5 ( 1.0) 26.3 ( 1.3) 19.8 ( 1.1) 33.0 ( 1.3) 20.8 ( 1.2) 61.8 ( 1.8) 82.4 ( 1.4) 60.2 ( 1.8) 39.9 ( 1.8) $ 25,000 to $ 29,999 ..... 44.2 ( 1.1) 1,649 34.6 ( 1.1) 21.2 ( 1.1) 23.0 ( 1.2) 35.3 ( 1.3) 20.5 ( 1.1) 62.8 ( 1.7) 76.6 ( 1.4) 60.6 ( 1.7) 41.5 ( 1.7) $ 30,000 to $ 34,999 ..... 48.6 ( 1.1) 2,014 38.7 ( 1.0) 20.3 ( 1.0) 21.4 ( 1.0) 37.3 ( 1.2) 20.9 ( 1.0) 69.6 ( 1.4) 83.4 ( 1.2) 62.8 ( 1.5) 44.5 ( 1.5) $ 35,000 to $ 39,999 ..... 55.5 ( 1.1) 2,187 44.1 ( 1.1) 22.8 ( 1.0) 18.8 ( 0.9) 36.4 ( 1.1) 22.0 ( 0.9) 68.9 ( 1.4) 86.3 ( 1.0) 67.2 ( 1.4) 45.8 ( 1.5) $ 40,000 to $ 49,999 ..... 61.4 ( 0.9) 3,801 50.6 ( 0.9) 18.8 ( 0.7) 21.3 ( 0.7) 39.0 ( 0.9) 20.9 ( 0.7) 71.2 ( 1.0) 86.9 ( 0.8) 69.0 ( 1.1) 45.5 ( 1.2) $ 50,000 to $ 74,999 ..... 73.0 ( 0.6) 8,577 61.7 ( 0.6) 19.1 ( 0.5) 22.0 ( 0.5) 36.3 ( 0.6) 22.6 ( 0.5) 78.4 ( 0.6) 89.6 ( 0.5) 75.7 ( 0.7) 55.2 ( 0.8) $ 75,000 or more .......... 86.7 ( 0.5) 9,231 74.2 ( 0.6) 22.2 ( 0.5) 21.9 ( 0.5) 36.4 ( 0.5) 19.6 ( 0.4) 85.2 ( 0.6) 91.6 ( 0.4) 82.7 ( 0.6) 66.7 ( 0.7)

1 Data are for the most recently purchased computer for families with more than one computer. Percent based on persons who have a computer in their home.

2 Sample size too small for reliable results.   Data not available or not applicable. NOTE.   Data are based on a sample survey of households and are subject to sampling and nonsampling error. Standard errors appear in parentheses.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, October 1997, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared November 1998.) 483 LIBRARY RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY: TECHNOLOGY Table 426.   Percent of home computer users using specific applications, by selected characteristics: October 1997 Selected characteristics Number of home computer users, in thousands Percent of computer users using specific applications 1 Home bookkeeping 2 School assignments Games Jobrelated 2 Home connection to school or work Word processing Data bases 2 Graphics Desktop publishing 2 Spreadsheets 2 Internet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Total, all persons ... 81,013 ( 600)     29.9 62.6   10.6 ( 0.2) 60.9   23.4     44.9 ( 0.3) Total, all persons over 15 ................. 53,845 ( 461) 45.2 ( 0.4) 16.0 53.2 35.5 14.6 ( 0.3) 70.6 26.7 26.0 17.9 29.4 52.4 ( 0.4)

Sex Male ............................. 41,260 ( 413) 32.4 ( 0.4) 28.5 66.4 26.8 12.9 ( 0.3) 57.0 21.0 24.0 12.4 23.1 48.4 ( 0.4) Female ......................... 39,753 ( 304) 28.8 ( 0.4) 31.3 58.5 21.8 8.3 ( 0.2) 64.9 16.4 22.8 13.2 17.8 41.3 ( 0.4)

Race/ ethnicity White, non Hispanic .... 68,026 ( 330) 31.5 ( 0.3) 28.9 62.9 24.8 10.9 ( 0.2) 61.7 19.3 24.0 13.2 21.1 46.1 ( 0.3) Black, non Hispanic ..... 4,943 ( 108) 28.1 ( 1.1) 32.9 62.5 22.5 8.8 ( 0.7) 55.6 15.2 20.5 11.0 17.9 34.3 ( 1.2) Hispanic ....................... 4,081 ( 93) 24.3 ( 1.3) 34.6 59.6 19.9 7.5 ( 0.8) 55.8 14.3 20.1 10.4 14.6 38.1 ( 1.5) Other ............................ 3,963   24.3 ( 1.3) 38.3 59.1 22.4 11.7 ( 1.0) 59.1 17.7 21.3 10.0 19.4 44.2 ( 1.6)

Age Under 15 ...................... 18,774 ( 222)     49.0 87.0   1.2 ( 0.1) 31.5   17.2     22.8 ( 0.5) 15 to 19 ....................... 8,395 ( 153) 5.6 ( 0.4) 75.9 67.7 7.1 6.1 ( 0.5) 64.2 9.3 20.9 8.9 9.4 46.1 ( 0.9) 20 to 24 ....................... 4,975 ( 119) 24.0 ( 1.0) 51.3 60.9 16.4 16.3 ( 0.9) 70.9 19.0 22.6 12.1 21.6 55.9 ( 1.2) 25 to 29 ....................... 5,963 ( 130) 44.3 ( 1.1) 23.4 58.5 34.8 17.9 ( 0.9) 71.5 26.3 25.1 19.8 30.5 59.0 ( 1.1) 30 to 39 ....................... 15,393 ( 203) 48.3 ( 0.7) 13.3 58.3 39.2 15.8 ( 0.5) 68.7 27.0 27.7 19.3 31.1 53.2 ( 0.7) 40 to 49 ....................... 15,346 ( 203) 46.5 ( 0.7) 12.2 50.4 39.2 14.9 ( 0.5) 71.4 28.0 27.3 18.9 30.8 52.8 ( 0.7) 50 to 59 ....................... 7,679 ( 147) 48.2 ( 1.0) 8.3 43.7 41.2 13.5 ( 0.7) 73.4 30.3 25.8 18.0 30.7 50.0 ( 1.0) 60 to 69 ....................... 3,162 ( 96) 51.3 ( 1.5) 3.5 47.9 25.1 5.8 ( 0.7) 69.9 25.1 22.4 15.1 25.7 42.3 ( 1.5) 70 or older ................... 1,327 ( 62) 44.5 ( 2.4) 2.1 43.0 17.3 4.4 ( 1.0) 63.8 22.4 17.1 9.2 20.2 35.3 ( 2.3)

Family income Under $ 20,000 ............. 7,374 ( 144) 25.8 ( 0.9) 34.2 61.8 16.2 9.3 ( 0.6) 58.0 15.3 21.8 9.9 17.4 38.9 ( 1.0) $ 20,000 to $ 29,999 ..... 7,819 ( 148) 29.3 ( 0.9) 30.8 66.4 18.7 6.7 ( 0.5) 57.2 15.6 22.4 12.4 16.6 37.6 ( 0.9) $ 30,000 to $ 39,999 ..... 10,370 ( 169) 30.2 ( 0.8) 29.4 64.5 20.4 7.6 ( 0.5) 55.3 17.5 23.2 12.0 17.4 38.7 ( 0.8) $ 40,000 to $ 49,999 ..... 9,627 ( 164) 29.3 ( 0.8) 28.3 66.3 20.4 8.1 ( 0.5) 55.5 16.6 23.9 12.1 18.0 38.6 ( 0.9) $ 50,000 to $ 74,999 ..... 21,685 ( 236) 30.4 ( 0.5) 29.9 63.6 24.6 10.4 ( 0.4) 61.7 18.6 24.0 13.2 20.7 45.6 ( 0.6) $ 75,000 or more .......... 24,138 ( 247) 33.4 ( 0.5) 29.1 58.2 31.7 14.9 ( 0.4) 66.8 22.2 23.7 14.1 25.0 53.6 ( 0.6)

1 Individuals may be counted in more than one computer activity.

2 Data are for persons 15 years old and over.   Data not available or not applicable. NOTE.   Data are based on a sample survey of households and are subject to sampling and nonsampling error. Standard errors appear in parentheses.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, October 1997, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared October 1998.)

Table 427.   Percent of student home computer users using specific applications, by selected characteristics: October 1997 Selected characteristics Number of home computer users, in thousands Percent of computer users using specific applications 1 Home bookkeeping School assignments Games Jobrelated Home connection to school or work Word processing Data bases Graphics Desktop publishing Spreadsheets Internet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Total, all students ................ 32,459 ( 310)   65.9 ( 0.4) 78.0   7.4 ( 0.2) 52.5   21.4     36.3 ( 0.4) Preprimary ........................ 2,493 ( 83)   5.2 ( 0.7) 89.5   0.4 ( 0.2) 4.6 0.0 10.8     4.4 ( 0.7) 1st to 8th grade ................ 14,056 ( 205)   58.3 ( 0.7) 93.0   1.3 ( 0.2) 36.1 0.0 19.2     25.1 ( 0.6) White, non Hispanic ...... 11,340 ( 182)   55.6 ( 0.8) 89.1   1.2 ( 0.2) 35.7 0.0 19.5     26.4 ( 0.7) Black, non Hispanic ...... 1,078 ( 50)   49.8 ( 2.3) 84.1   1.0 ( 0.5) 23.6 0.0 9.5     16.0 ( 1.7) Hispanic ........................ 863 ( 37)   51.0 ( 2.1) 77.5   2.0 ( 0.6) 28.2 0.0 14.3     19.4 ( 1.7) 9th to 12th grade .............. 7,699 ( 139) 2.9 84.8 ( 0.6) 76.0 5.2 3.1 ( 0.3) 65.9 6.1 22.3 7.0 6.5 42.2 ( 0.9) White, non Hispanic ...... 6,265 ( 125) 2.8 80.4 ( 0.8) 72.5 4.2 3.1 ( 0.3) 64.3 6.0 22.2 7.1 6.3 43.6 ( 1.0) Black, non Hispanic ...... 534 ( 38) 1.7 74.3 ( 3.1) 69.7 9.9 1.4 ( 0.8) 47.2 2.4 15.3 4.0 2.2 27.6 ( 3.2) Hispanic ........................ 458 ( 37) 3.1 73.0 ( 3.6) 64.2 4.4 2.2 ( 1.2) 55.2 4.1 13.4 3.9 4.5 37.3 ( 3.9) Undergraduate .................. 6,179 ( 124) 22.5 82.0 ( 0.8) 54.3 17.8 20.3 ( 0.8) 79.7 0.0 25.4 14.3 24.6 57.9 ( 1.0) Graduate ........................... 2,032 ( 70) 38.1 73.4 ( 1.5) 44.3 43.4 32.0 ( 1.6) 88.0 0.0 32.9 25.5 36.6 65.9 ( 1.6)

Males ..................................... 16,213 ( 208) 7.2 62.5 ( 0.6) 79.9 7.2 7.7 ( 0.3) 47.0 0.0 20.3 5.4 8.9 37.3 ( 0.6) Preprimary ........................ 1,308 ( 60)   5.5 ( 1.0) 90.3   0.8 ( 0.4) 3.8 0.0 11.2     5.9 ( 1.1) 1st to 8th grade ................ 7,257 ( 144)   54.8 ( 1.0) 89.8   1.4 ( 0.2) 31.3 0.0 16.3     25.0 ( 0.8) 9th to 12th grade .............. 3,971 ( 98) 3.0 78.6 ( 1.0) 78.8 5.5 3.4 ( 0.4) 58.9 0.0 21.9 6.6 6.7 44.5 ( 1.2) Undergraduate .................. 2,841 ( 83) 23.5 82.7 ( 1.1) 59.8 18.8 23.7 ( 1.2) 78.8 0.0 28.6 13.8 28.4 63.6 ( 1.4) Graduate ........................... 834 ( 45) 44.2 73.7 ( 2.3) 50.4 48.1 39.0 ( 2.6) 85.9 0.0 34.5 26.0 43.0 68.8 ( 2.5)

Females ................................. 16,246 ( 208) 7.5 64.3 ( 0.6) 70.2 7.4 6.6 ( 0.3) 54.1 0.0 20.8 6.4 8.0 35.4 ( 0.6) Preprimary ........................ 1,185 ( 57)   4.9 ( 1.0) 88.6   0.0 0.0 5.3 0.0 10.4     2.7 ( 0.8) 1st to 8th grade ................ 6,799 ( 139)   55.4 ( 1.0) 85.9   1.1 ( 0.2) 37.0 0.0 20.0     25.1 ( 0.9) 9th to 12th grade .............. 3,728 ( 95) 2.5 81.3 ( 1.0) 64.0 4.1 2.5 ( 0.4) 65.5 0.0 20.0 6.5 5.5 39.7 ( 1.2) Undergraduate .................. 3,337 ( 90) 21.6 81.5 ( 1.0) 49.5 17.0 17.4 ( 1.0) 80.6 0.0 22.7 14.7 21.3 53.1 ( 1.3) Graduate ........................... 1,197 ( 54) 33.9 73.2 ( 2.0) 40.0 40.2 27.0 ( 2.0) 89.4 0.0 31.8 25.2 32.2 63.8 ( 2.1)

1 Individuals may be counted in more than one computer activity.   Data not available or not applicable.