Netherlands ...................................... 68 ( 3.7) 70 ( 2.7) 92 ( 1.1) 3 ( 0.7) 89 ( 1.5) 0 ( 0.0)     100 ( 0.5) 537 ( 7.2) 0 ( 0.0)     0 ( 0.0)     New Zealand .................................... 55 ( 1.8) 92 ( 0.6) 89 ( 1.0) 33 ( 1.5) 43 ( 1.7) 2 ( 1.1)     41 ( 3.8) 488 ( 8.3) 56 ( 3.9) 494 ( 7.0) 1 ( 0.0)     Philippines ........................................ 78 ( 0.8) 87 ( 0.8) 64 ( 1.0) 56 ( 1.2) 49 ( 1.1) 3 ( 0.9) 361 ( 22.5) 78 ( 3.4) 343 ( 7.1) 8 ( 2.5) 384 ( 33.0) 11 ( 2.5) 326 ( 15.0)

Romania ........................................... 62 ( 1.4) 83 ( 0.9) 49 ( 1.1) 38 ( 2.0) 27 ( 1.6) 10 ( 2.4) 481 ( 15.3) 70 ( 3.9) 471 ( 6.8) 12 ( 2.3) 483 ( 12.0) 9 ( 2.5) 477 ( 21.8)

Russian Federation .......................... 53 ( 1.4) 78 ( 1.2) 62 ( 1.3) 19 ( 0.9) 10 ( 0.8) 0 ( 0.0)     32 ( 3.8) 513 ( 8.5) 57 ( 4.1) 528 ( 7.7) 11 ( 2.5) 553 ( 13.4)

Singapore ......................................... 61 ( 1.0) 97 ( 0.4) 75 ( 0.9) 15 ( 1.1) 60 ( 1.9) 5 ( 2.0) 608 ( 20.0) 48 ( 4.0) 623 ( 7.5) 37 ( 3.8) 586 ( 11.2) 9 ( 2.3) 592 ( 24.7)

Slovak Republic ............................... 59 ( 1.9) 81 ( 1.0) 53 ( 1.6) 11 ( 0.8) 39 ( 1.9) 0 ( 0.0)     44 ( 4.7) 534 ( 6.1) 50 ( 4.8) 534 ( 5.3) 5 ( 2.1) 503 ( 15.2)

Slovenia ........................................... 60 ( 1.7) 76 ( 1.5) 57 ( 1.8) 19 ( 0.9) 28 ( 1.9) 0 ( 0.0)     74 ( 4.1) 528 ( 3.3) 26 ( 4.1) 537 ( 4.5) 0 ( 0.0)     South Africa ..................................... 72 ( 0.8) 83 ( 0.7) 67 ( 1.2) 59 ( 1.4) 69 ( 1.1) 10 ( 2.4) 273 ( 17.2) 23 ( 3.5) 269 ( 13.3) 58 ( 4.2) 277 ( 8.8) 9 ( 2.6) 275 ( 24.4)

Thailand ........................................... 29 ( 1.2) 91 ( 0.7) 52 ( 1.1) 19 ( 1.0) 80 ( 0.9) 1 2 ( 1.4)     1 58 ( 5.1) 461 ( 7.3) 1 9 ( 3.3) 448 ( 18.5) 1 30 ( 4.9) 483 ( 11.4)

Tunisia .............................................. 63 ( 1.2) 85 ( 0.9) 57 ( 1.0) 77 ( 0.7) 32 ( 1.1) 1 ( 1.0)     12 ( 2.6) 441 ( 6.7) 86 ( 2.8) 448 ( 2.8) 1 ( 1.0)     Turkey .............................................. 35 ( 1.1) 84 ( 0.7) 38 ( 0.9) 22 ( 0.8) 21 ( 1.2) 1 13 ( 2.7) 427 ( 11.0) 1 77 ( 3.4) 429 ( 5.0) 1 5 ( 1.6) 415 ( 10.5) 1 5 ( 1.6) 418 ( 16.3)

United States .................................... 79 ( 1.2) 94 ( 0.6) 86 ( 0.7) 29 ( 1.3) 74 ( 1.6) 11 ( 2.3) 491 ( 14.5) 17 ( 2.6) 528 ( 11.6) 56 ( 3.4) 501 ( 4.9) 16 ( 2.2) 490 ( 9.2)

  Not available.

1 Teacher response data available for 70 to 84 percent of students.

2 Teacher response data available for 50 to 69 percent of students.

3 Lithuania tested the same cohort of students as other countries, but later in 1999, at the beginning of the next school year.

4 Student response rate 70   84 percent.

NOTE: Data are for 8th grade or equivalent in most countries. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Standard errors appear in parentheses. SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, Third International Mathematics and Science Study 1999, International Mathematics Report, by Ina V. S. Mullis et al. Copyright   2000 International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement ( IEA). ( This table was prepared June 2001.) 473 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 401.   Average 8th grade science scores by content areas, and average time spent studying out of school, by country: 1999 Country Average achievement scale score Distribution of daily out of school study time in science, with mean science scores Overall science scores Earth science Life science Physics Chemistry Environmental and resource issues Scientific inquiry and the nature of science No time Less than 1 hour One hour or more Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 International average 1 ................... 488 ( 0.7) 488 ( 0.9) 488 ( 0.7) 488 ( 0.9) 488 ( 0.8) 488 ( 0.7) 488 ( 0.7) 14 ( 0.2) 462 ( 1.2) 49 ( 0.2) 495 ( 1.0) 36 ( 0.2) 486 ( 1.0)

Australia ........................................... 540 ( 4.4) 519 ( 6.1) 530 ( 4.4) 531 ( 6.3) 520 ( 5.0) 530 ( 6.3) 535 ( 4.9) 21 ( 1.4) 510 ( 6.6) 65 ( 1.4) 553 ( 4.4) 14 ( 0.8) 533 ( 6.9)

Belgium ( Flemish) ............................ 535 ( 3.1) 533 ( 3.5) 535 ( 4.6) 530 ( 3.5) 508 ( 3.3) 513 ( 3.5) 526 ( 4.9) 14 ( 1.1) 537 ( 8.7) 55 ( 1.2) 543 ( 4.0) 31 ( 1.4) 520 ( 3.9)

Bulgaria ............................................ 518 ( 5.4) 520 ( 5.7) 514 ( 6.9) 505 ( 5.8) 527 ( 5.7) 483 ( 6.4) 479 ( 5.6) 17 ( 1.6) 505 ( 8.7) 38 ( 1.2) 523 ( 6.7) 45 ( 1.5) 528 ( 7.0)

Canada ............................................. 533 ( 2.1) 519 ( 3.7) 523 ( 3.8) 521 ( 3.8) 521 ( 5.4) 521 ( 3.5) 532 ( 5.1) 20 ( 1.0) 525 ( 4.1) 62 ( 0.9) 541 ( 2.3) 18 ( 0.7) 515 ( 4.4)

Chile ................................................. 420 ( 3.7) 435 ( 7.0) 431 ( 3.7) 428 ( 5.6) 435 ( 5.2) 449 ( 4.8) 441 ( 4.7) 17 ( 0.7) 415 ( 4.9) 53 ( 0.8) 431 ( 4.7) 30 ( 1.0) 417 ( 5.4)

Chinese Taipei ................................. 569 ( 4.4) 538 ( 3.0) 550 ( 3.3) 552 ( 3.9) 563 ( 4.3) 567 ( 4.0) 540 ( 4.9) 38 ( 1.3) 530 ( 5.7) 42 ( 0.9) 588 ( 4.4) 20 ( 0.9) 607 ( 4.7)

Cyprus .............................................. 460 ( 2.4) 459 ( 5.4) 468 ( 3.8) 459 ( 2.9) 470 ( 3.4) 475 ( 4.3) 467 ( 4.6) 18 ( 0.7) 425 ( 6.6) 57 ( 0.9) 474 ( 3.1) 25 ( 1.0) 461 ( 5.0)

Czech Republic ................................ 539 ( 4.2) 533 ( 6.9) 544 ( 4.1) 526 ( 4.2) 512 ( 5.2) 516 ( 5.7) 522 ( 5.7) 18 ( 1.1) 529 ( 7.0) 62 ( 1.2) 546 ( 4.5) 20 ( 1.1) 530 ( 5.0)

England ............................................ 538 ( 4.8) 525 ( 3.9) 533 ( 6.2) 528 ( 4.5) 524 ( 5.5) 518 ( 5.8) 538 ( 5.1)                         Finland .............................................. 535 ( 3.5) 520 ( 5.5) 520 ( 4.0) 520 ( 4.4) 535 ( 4.5) 514 ( 7.1) 528 ( 4.0) 8 ( 0.8) 514 ( 9.7) 84 ( 0.9) 541 ( 3.5) 8 ( 0.6) 511 ( 10.8)

Hong Kong ....................................... 530 ( 3.7) 506 ( 4.3) 516 ( 5.5) 523 ( 4.9) 515 ( 5.2) 518 ( 4.9) 531 ( 2.8) 39 ( 1.3) 513 ( 4.2) 48 ( 1.0) 543 ( 4.0) 13 ( 0.6) 539 ( 6.6)

Hungary ............................................ 552 ( 3.7) 560 ( 3.9) 535 ( 4.0) 543 ( 4.3) 548 ( 4.7) 501 ( 6.6) 526 ( 5.9) 6 ( 0.6) 505 ( 8.6) 49 ( 1.2) 558 ( 4.0) 45 ( 1.3) 554 ( 4.0)

Indonesia .......................................... 435 ( 4.5) 431 ( 6.4) 448 ( 3.6) 452 ( 5.5) 425 ( 3.9) 489 ( 4.8) 446 ( 4.3) 13 ( 0.8) 432 ( 6.7) 40 ( 0.9) 442 ( 4.9) 47 ( 1.1) 435 ( 5.9)

Iran, Islamic Republic ....................... 448 ( 3.8) 459 ( 5.2) 437 ( 3.7) 445 ( 5.7) 487 ( 4.1) 470 ( 5.5) 446 ( 5.3) 3 ( 0.3) 432 ( 16.0) 29 ( 1.0) 453 ( 4.1) 68 ( 1.1) 451 ( 4.6)

Israel 2 .............................................. 468 ( 4.9) 472 ( 5.2) 463 ( 4.0) 484 ( 5.3) 479 ( 4.7) 458 ( 4.0) 476 ( 8.3) 17 ( 0.8) 449 ( 7.8) 60 ( 1.1) 487 ( 4.6) 23 ( 1.1) 450 ( 6.5)

Italy ................................................... 493 ( 3.9) 502 ( 5.9) 488 ( 4.6) 480 ( 4.1) 493 ( 4.8) 491 ( 5.4) 489 ( 4.6) 7 ( 0.7) 435 ( 8.6) 48 ( 1.4) 501 ( 4.3) 45 ( 1.4) 498 ( 4.3)

Japan ............................................... 550 ( 2.2) 533 ( 6.2) 534 ( 5.4) 544 ( 2.9) 530 ( 3.1) 506 ( 5.5) 543 ( 2.8) 39 ( 1.4) 535 ( 3.2) 50 ( 1.2) 560 ( 2.3) 12 ( 0.7) 555 ( 7.5)

Jordan .............................................. 450 ( 3.8) 446 ( 3.5) 448 ( 4.1) 459 ( 3.6) 483 ( 5.5) 476 ( 6.0) 440 ( 5.5) 7 ( 0.5) 396 ( 9.2) 37 ( 1.0) 466 ( 5.0) 56 ( 1.1) 465 ( 3.7)

Korea ................................................ 549 ( 2.6) 532 ( 2.7) 528 ( 3.6) 544 ( 5.1) 523 ( 3.7) 523 ( 4.5) 545 ( 7.3) 45 ( 0.8) 527 ( 2.9) 42 ( 0.7) 564 ( 3.1) 13 ( 0.6) 578 ( 4.6)

Latvia ( Latvian speaking schools) 2 503 ( 4.8) 495 ( 5.4) 509 ( 3.9) 495 ( 3.9) 490 ( 3.7) 493 ( 5.2) 495 ( 4.7) 9 ( 0.6) 480 ( 9.9) 66 ( 1.0) 509 ( 5.4) 25 ( 1.0) 496 ( 6.3)

Lithuania 2 ......................................... 488 ( 4.1) 476 ( 4.4) 494 ( 4.6) 510 ( 4.3) 485 ( 4.6) 458 ( 5.1) 483 ( 6.4) 10 ( 0.9) 456 ( 8.2) 66 ( 1.2) 493 ( 4.8) 25 ( 1.2) 494 ( 4.9)

Macedonia, Republic of ................... 458 ( 5.2) 464 ( 4.2) 468 ( 4.9) 463 ( 6.0) 481 ( 6.1) 432 ( 4.2) 464 ( 3.6) 3 ( 0.3) 428 ( 15.3) 25 ( 1.0) 453 ( 5.9) 72 ( 1.2) 470 ( 5.3)

Malaysia ........................................... 492 ( 4.4) 491 ( 4.2) 479 ( 5.4) 494 ( 4.1) 485 ( 3.5) 502 ( 4.4) 488 ( 4.5) 4 ( 0.3) 460 ( 10.6) 36 ( 1.1) 493 ( 5.1) 60 ( 1.2) 495 ( 4.9)

Moldova ............................................ 459 ( 4.0) 466 ( 4.2) 477 ( 3.9) 457 ( 5.5) 451 ( 5.6) 444 ( 6.2) 471 ( 3.8) 7 ( 0.6) 439 ( 10.8) 29 ( 1.0) 460 ( 5.8) 63 ( 1.2) 467 ( 4.2)

Morocco ........................................... 323 ( 4.3) 363 ( 3.3) 347 ( 2.8) 352 ( 4.2) 372 ( 4.8) 396 ( 5.1) 391 ( 4.2) 14 ( 0.8) 323 ( 12.4) 35 ( 1.2) 330 ( 4.9) 51 ( 1.7) 335 ( 6.4)

Netherlands ...................................... 545 ( 6.9) 534 ( 7.2) 536 ( 7.2) 537 ( 6.5) 515 ( 6.4) 526 ( 8.5) 534 ( 6.5) 6 ( 0.8) 530 ( 11.6) 80 ( 1.5) 555 ( 6.4) 15 ( 1.3) 507 ( 12.9)

New Zealand .................................... 510 ( 4.9) 504 ( 5.8) 501 ( 5.6) 499 ( 4.7) 503 ( 4.9) 503 ( 5.2) 521 ( 6.8) 18 ( 1.1) 472 ( 6.8) 66 ( 1.2) 528 ( 4.8) 15 ( 1.0) 491 ( 7.7)

Philippines ........................................ 345 ( 7.5) 390 ( 5.0) 378 ( 5.7) 393 ( 6.3) 394 ( 6.5) 391 ( 7.6) 403 ( 5.5) 5 ( 0.4) 294 ( 14.4) 41 ( 0.8) 365 ( 9.7) 54 ( 0.9) 348 ( 7.7)

Romania ........................................... 472 ( 5.8) 475 ( 5.5) 475 ( 6.0) 465 ( 6.8) 481 ( 6.1) 473 ( 6.6) 456 ( 5.5) 16 ( 0.9) 451 ( 8.4) 36 ( 1.0) 479 ( 7.8) 48 ( 1.3) 484 ( 5.6)

Russian Federation .......................... 529 ( 6.4) 529 ( 5.1) 517 ( 6.5) 529 ( 6.3) 523 ( 8.0) 495 ( 6.6) 491 ( 4.9) 5 ( 0.4) 494 ( 8.4) 34 ( 1.3) 534 ( 7.1) 61 ( 1.3) 536 ( 6.4)

Singapore ......................................... 568 ( 8.0) 521 ( 7.3) 541 ( 7.2) 570 ( 6.7) 545 ( 8.3) 577 ( 8.3) 550 ( 5.9) 7 ( 0.6) 507 ( 13.2) 38 ( 1.1) 573 ( 9.9) 55 ( 1.2) 573 ( 7.1)

Slovak Republic ............................... 535 ( 3.3) 537 ( 4.3) 535 ( 6.2) 518 ( 4.1) 525 ( 4.9) 512 ( 4.5) 507 ( 3.9) 8 ( 0.7) 521 ( 7.5) 67 ( 1.2) 539 ( 3.7) 25 ( 1.2) 532 ( 4.8)

Slovenia ........................................... 533 ( 3.2) 541 ( 4.3) 521 ( 3.9) 525 ( 4.4) 509 ( 5.4) 519 ( 3.4) 513 ( 4.3) 10 ( 0.8) 526 ( 6.7) 52 ( 1.1) 546 ( 3.7) 38 ( 1.1) 521 ( 4.2)

South Africa ..................................... 243 ( 7.8) 348 ( 4.8) 289 ( 7.3) 308 ( 6.7) 350 ( 4.0) 350 ( 8.5) 329 ( 6.4) 15 ( 1.8) 211 ( 14.0) 39 ( 1.1) 269 ( 11.1) 47 ( 1.3) 237 ( 8.7)

Thailand ........................................... 482 ( 4.0) 470 ( 3.9) 508 ( 4.5) 475 ( 4.2) 439 ( 4.3) 507 ( 3.0) 462 ( 4.2) 8 ( 0.5) 455 ( 4.8) 50 ( 1.1) 480 ( 4.8) 42 ( 1.2) 493 ( 5.2)

Tunisia .............................................. 430 ( 3.4) 442 ( 2.7) 441 ( 5.0) 425 ( 6.3) 439 ( 3.7) 462 ( 5.0) 451 ( 3.4) 13 ( 0.8) 438 ( 8.2) 39 ( 0.9) 434 ( 5.3) 48 ( 1.0) 425 ( 2.8)

Turkey .............................................. 433 ( 4.3) 435 ( 4.6) 444 ( 4.5) 441 ( 4.0) 437 ( 5.0) 461 ( 3.6) 445 ( 6.3) 6 ( 0.5) 409 ( 12.9) 44 ( 0.9) 433 ( 4.0) 51 ( 1.2) 444 ( 4.4)

United States .................................... 515 ( 4.6) 504 ( 4.2) 520 ( 4.1) 498 ( 5.5) 508 ( 4.8) 509 ( 6.4) 522 ( 4.3) 24 ( 1.4) 495 ( 6.4) 60 ( 1.3) 532 ( 4.6) 16 ( 0.8) 502 ( 5.9)

  Not available.

1 Data are for 8th grade or equivalent in most countries.

2 Countries not meeting all International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement's sampling specifications NOTE: Standard errors appear in parentheses. Because results are rounded to the nearest whole number some totals may appear inconsistent. SOURCE: InternatThird International Mathematics and Science Study 1999, International Science Report, by Michael O. Martin et al. Copyright   2000 International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement ( IEA). ( This table was prepared June 2001.) 474 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 402.   Instructional practices and time spent teaching science in eighth grade, by country: 1999 Country Percent of students reporting almost always or pretty often Number of hours science is taught weekly We discuss our complete homework Teacher shows us how to do science We work on worksheets or textbooks on our own We work on science projects We begin our homework Less than 2 hours At least 2, but less than 3.5 hours At least 3.5, but less than 5 hours 5 hours or more Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Australia 1 ......................................... 48 ( 1.6) 73 ( 1.4) 75 ( 1.2) 51 ( 1.6) 40 ( 1.5) 6 ( 1.8) 523 ( 15.2) 64 ( 3.9) 535 ( 5.5) 28 ( 3.5) 555 ( 8.2) 3 ( 1.2) 526 ( 16.0)

Canada 2 ........................................... 56 ( 1.4) 74 ( 1.2) 76 ( 1.1) 62 ( 1.5) 68 ( 1.8) 7 ( 1.6) 501 ( 9.0) 71 ( 3.5) 536 ( 3.3) 17 ( 3.2) 549 ( 6.6) 5 ( 1.5) 520 ( 8.7)

Chile ................................................. 50 ( 1.1) 84 ( 0.9) 51 ( 1.0) 72 ( 1.2) 57 ( 1.1) 4 ( 1.5) 419 ( 9.9) 93 ( 1.9) 422 ( 4.2) 2 ( 1.2)     0 ( 0.0) 394   Chinese Taipei 3 ............................... 50 ( 1.4) 88 ( 0.7) 61 ( 1.3) 52 ( 1.3) 29 ( 0.9)                               Cyprus 2 ............................................ 76 ( 0.9) 86 ( 0.9) 66 ( 1.0) 52 ( 1.1) 47 ( 1.2) 72 ( 3.7) 462 ( 3.3) 28 ( 3.7) 463 ( 5.5) 0 ( 0.0)     0 ( 0.0)     England 2 .......................................... 53 ( 1.6) 87 ( 0.9) 63 ( 2.1) 55 ( 1.6) 28 ( 1.3) 7 2.1 582 ( 19.4) 72 ( 4.3) 532 ( 6.2) 17 ( 4.0) 568 ( 16.9) 4 ( 1.6) 668 ( 21.8)

Hong Kong, SAR .............................. 33 ( 1.0) 86 ( 0.8) 54 ( 1.1) 43 ( 1.1) 34 ( 1.1) 4 ( 1.7) 525 ( 22.7) 79 ( 3.9) 532 ( 4.3) 7 ( 2.3) 551 ( 9.4) 10 ( 2.8) 514 ( 14.2)

Indonesia 4 ........................................ 46 ( 1.1) 87 ( 0.8) 48 ( 1.7) 76 ( 1.1) 11 ( 0.8)                                       Iran, Islamic Republic ....................... 49 ( 1.0) 89 ( 0.7) 43 ( 1.1) 38 ( 1.3) 33 ( 1.1) 29 ( 4.3) 455 ( 6.8) 54 ( 4.6) 445 ( 6.4) 9 ( 2.5) 458 ( 11.5) 8 ( 2.3) 454 ( 9.9)

Israel 1 ............................................... 63 ( 1.2) 62 ( 1.3) 67 ( 1.5) 49 ( 1.5) 55 ( 1.5) 23 ( 3.2) 460 ( 11.6) 68 ( 3.7) 472 ( 6.9) 9 ( 2.5) 467 ( 23.8) 0 ( 0.0)     Italy ................................................... 49 ( 1.4) 56 ( 1.5) 38 ( 1.3) 35 ( 1.7) 30 ( 1.6) 27 ( 3.5) 498 ( 5.8) 71 ( 3.7) 490 ( 5.0) 1 ( 0.9)     1 ( 0.8)     Japan ................................................ 10 ( 0.8) 74 ( 1.1) 29 ( 1.3) 21 ( 0.8) 7 ( 0.6) 4 ( 1.3) 599 ( 14.2) 96 ( 1.3) 547 ( 2.4) 0 ( 0.0)     0 ( 0.0)     Jordan ............................................... 71 ( 1.2) 91 ( 0.8) 50 ( 1.2) 55 ( 1.4) 57 ( 1.0) 1 ( 0.0)     25 ( 3.6) 458 ( 9.4) 63 ( 4.1) 449 ( 4.8) 11 ( 2.8) 441 ( 15.2)

Korea ................................................ 14 ( 0.8) 73 ( 1.1) 27 ( 0.8) 36 ( 1.0) 12 ( 0.6) 10 ( 1.9) 546 ( 4.7) 84 ( 2.6) 550 ( 2.8) 4 ( 1.7) 531 ( 8.6) 1 ( 0.8)     Malaysia ........................................... 51 ( 1.0) 89 ( 0.6) 56 ( 1.2) 41 ( 1.5) 45 ( 1.3) 1 ( 0.9)     96 ( 1.8) 493 ( 4.6) 3 ( 1.5) 497 ( 26.7) 0 ( 0.0)     New Zealand .................................... 53 ( 1.4) 81 ( 1.0) 70 ( 1.6) 57 ( 1.6) 35 ( 1.8) 2 ( 1.0)     55 ( 4.1) 508 ( 6.5) 41 ( 4.0) 516 ( 8.9) 2 ( 1.0)     Philippines ........................................ 77 ( 0.7) 86 ( 0.8) 64 ( 0.8) 64 ( 1.1) 51 ( 1.0) 4 ( 1.4) 368 ( 35.3) 2 ( 1.3)     2 ( 1.3)     92 ( 2.4) 347 ( 7.8)

Singapore ......................................... 58 ( 0.9) 85 ( 0.9) 75 ( 0.9) 39 ( 1.5) 44 ( 1.6) 5 ( 1.9) 497 ( 38.7) 42 ( 4.2) 550 ( 14.1) 50 ( 4.2) 586 ( 8.6) 4 ( 1.4) 608 ( 28.0)

South Africa ...................................... 71 ( 0.7) 84 ( 1.1) 68 ( 0.9) 66 ( 1.4) 67 ( 1.1) 26 ( 3.9) 235 ( 15.5) 33 ( 4.3) 256 ( 17.4) 33 ( 4.2) 251 ( 18.9) 8 ( 2.4) 259 ( 31.6)

Thailand 1 .......................................... 36 ( 1.2) 75 ( 1.2) 56 ( 1.1) 42 ( 1.7) 81 ( 0.8) 1 ( 1.0)     76 ( 4.2) 491 ( 5.5) 0 ( 0.0)     23 ( 4.1) 461 ( 10.8)

Tunisia .............................................. 54 ( 1.2) 79 ( 0.8) 44 ( 1.2) 69 ( 0.9) 29 ( 1.0) 63 ( 4.1) 432 ( 4.2) 36 ( 4.1) 425 ( 4.3) 1 ( 0.0)     0 ( 0.0)     Turkey ............................................... 32 ( 1.0) 90 ( 0.7) 38 ( 1.0) 29 ( 1.0) 22 ( 1.2) 12 ( 2.8) 439 ( 12.4) 82 ( 3.0) 432 ( 4.3) 1 ( 0.7)     4 ( 1.4) 416 ( 17.8)

United States 1 .................................. 63 ( 1.9) 69 ( 1.4) 76 ( 1.5) 59 ( 1.3) 57 ( 2.0) 11 ( 2.3) 521 ( 18.3) 16 ( 2.3) 533 ( 11.4) 61 ( 3.0) 523 ( 5.0) 13 ( 2.0) 490 ( 8.0)

  Not available.

1 Teacher response data on hours taught weekly available for 70 to 84 percent of students.

2 Teacher response data on hours taught weekly available for 50 to 69 percent of students.

3 Students were asked about `` natural science;'' data pertain to grade 8 physics/ chemistry 4 Students were asked about `` IPA science;'' data pertain to the composite course taught by biology and physics teachers NOTE: Data are for 8th grade or equivalent in most countries. Standard errors appear in parentheses. In the 23 countries shown science is taught as a single subject. In other countries separate courses are offered in the different science subjects ( earth science, biology, physics, and chemistry). Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, Third International Mathematics and Science Study 1999, International Science Report, by Michael O. Martin et al. Copyright   2000 International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement ( IEA). ( This table was prepared July 2001.) 475 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 403.   Average size of 8th grade mathematics classes, and frequency teachers assign mathematics homework, by country: 1999 Country Overall average class size Percent distribution of mathematics classes, by average size Percent of students, by frequency and average length of mathematics assignments 1 to 20 students 21 to 35 students 36 or more students Never assigning homework Assigning homework less than once a week Assigning homework once or twice a week Assigning homework 3 or more times a week 30 minutes or less More than 30 minutes 30 minutes or less More than 30 minutes 30 minutes or less More than 30 minutes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Australia ........................................... 27 ( 0.3) 9 ( 2.4) 91 ( 2.4) 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 0.6) 2 ( 1.1) 1 ( 0.9) 25 ( 3.6) 6 ( 2.0) 60 ( 3.9) 6 ( 2.0) Belgium ( Flemish) ............................ 19 ( 0.4) 58 ( 3.5) 42 ( 3.5) 0 ( 0.0) 5 ( 3.2) 18 ( 3.3) 3 ( 1.2) 48 ( 4.9) 9 ( 2.0) 15 ( 2.7) 2 ( 0.9) Bulgaria ............................................ 22 ( 0.6) 35 ( 4.4) 63 ( 4.8) 2 ( 1.3) 1 ( 1.0) 1 ( 0.6) 1 ( 0.5) 16 ( 3.5) 6 ( 1.7) 31 ( 4.5) 44 ( 5.6) Canada ............................................. 27 ( 0.3) 11 ( 2.1) 87 ( 2.3) 2 ( 1.0) 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 0.7) 0 ( 0.0) 22 ( 2.8) 3 ( 1.5) 58 ( 3.5) 16 ( 2.6) Chile ................................................. 34 ( 0.6) 6 ( 1.5) 48 ( 4.3) 46 ( 4.1) 4 ( 1.7) 19 ( 2.9) 2 ( 1.0) 39 ( 3.9) 13 ( 2.8) 16 ( 2.6) 7 ( 2.2)

Chinese Taipei ................................. 39 ( 0.5) 0 ( 0.0) 14 ( 2.9) 86 ( 3.0) 0 ( 0.0) 2 ( 1.1) 2 ( 1.1) 27 ( 3.4) 23 ( 3.4) 21 ( 3.1) 25 ( 3.6) Cyprus 1 ............................................ 29 ( 0.2) 0 ( 0.2) 100 ( 0.2) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 2 ( 0.1) 0 ( 0.0) 55 ( 5.1) 44 ( 4.9) Czech Republic 1 .............................. 24 ( 0.4) 18 ( 4.2) 82 ( 4.2) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 13 ( 3.8) 0 ( 0.0) 69 ( 5.1) 2 ( 1.3) 15 ( 3.7) 0 ( 0.2) England ............................................                 0 ( 0.0) 2 ( 0.8) 1 ( 0.3) 48 ( 3.9) 46 ( 4.1) 3 ( 1.4) 1 ( 0.6) Finland .............................................. 19 ( 0.3) 66 ( 3.7) 34 ( 3.7) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 11 ( 2.2) 1 ( 0.8) 79 ( 3.0) 9 ( 2.3)

Hong Kong, SAR .............................. 37 ( 0.5) 7 ( 1.8) 15 ( 3.0) 78 ( 3.4) 0 ( 0.0) 2 ( 1.2) 1 ( 0.0) 26 ( 3.1) 23 ( 3.7) 30 ( 4.0) 19 ( 3.1) Hungary ............................................ 21 ( 0.5) 48 ( 4.2) 51 ( 4.1) 1 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 2 ( 1.0) 1 ( 0.0) 81 ( 2.9) 17 ( 3.0) Indonesia 1 ........................................ 45 ( 0.9) 1 ( 0.3) 10 ( 2.3) 89 ( 2.4) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 0.8) 15 ( 3.2) 25 ( 4.2) 23 ( 4.1) 36 ( 4.2) Iran, Islamic Republic 2 .................... 33 ( 0.5) 5 ( 1.6) 57 ( 4.2) 38 ( 4.2) 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 0.0) 2 ( 0.9) 6 ( 1.9) 67 ( 4.5) 2 ( 1.5) 23 ( 4.0) Israel 1 .............................................. 26 ( 0.7) 31 ( 3.2) 50 ( 4.0) 19 ( 3.3) 1 ( 0.9) 1 ( 0.5) 1 ( 0.3) 6 ( 1.8) 2 ( 1.0) 35 ( 3.6) 53 ( 3.4)

Italy ................................................... 20 ( 0.3) 55 ( 3.9) 44 ( 3.9) 1 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 5 ( 1.7) 12 ( 2.5) 15 ( 2.6) 68 ( 3.8) Japan ................................................ 36 ( 0.2) 1 ( 0.0) 41 ( 3.4) 58 ( 3.3) 9 ( 2.3) 34 ( 4.3) 6 ( 2.0) 27 ( 4.0) 8 ( 2.1) 14 ( 2.7) 3 ( 1.4) Jordan .............................................. 36 ( 0.7) 4 ( 1.3) 43 ( 3.4) 53 ( 3.2) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 8 ( 2.4) 4 ( 1.2) 61 ( 4.0) 28 ( 3.7) Korea ................................................ 42 ( 0.5) 0 ( 0.0) 12 ( 2.2) 88 ( 2.2) 2 ( 0.7) 14 ( 2.6) 6 ( 2.0) 29 ( 3.4) 15 ( 2.7) 24 ( 3.3) 9 ( 2.3) Latvia ( Latvian speaking schools) 1 22 ( 0.5) 45 ( 4.2) 55 ( 4.2) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 2 ( 1.4) 0 ( 0.0) 7 ( 2.5) 1 ( 0.9) 70 ( 3.9) 20 ( 3.7)

Lithuania ........................................... 23 ( 0.3) 32 ( 2.8) 68 ( 2.8) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 2 ( 1.5) 1 ( 0.6) 73 ( 4.0) 24 ( 3.6) Macedonia, Republic of ................... 28 ( 0.4) 10 ( 2.5) 84 ( 3.4) 6 ( 2.2) 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 0.6) 0 ( 0.0) 16 ( 3.1) 4 ( 1.7) 44 ( 4.3) 36 ( 4.4) Malaysia ........................................... 38 ( 0.6) 1 ( 0.0) 26 ( 3.7) 73 ( 3.6) 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 3 ( 1.5) 6 ( 2.0) 24 ( 3.5) 66 ( 3.9) Moldova 1 .......................................... 26 ( 0.4) 15 ( 3.0) 83 ( 3.3) 2 ( 1.6) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 2 ( 1.3) 2 ( 1.2) 4 ( 2.1) 38 ( 4.3) 54 ( 4.2) Morocco 1 ......................................... 33 ( 0.8) 12 ( 2.4) 49 ( 3.4) 39 ( 3.6) 1 ( 0.4) 11 ( 1.8) 40 ( 3.5) 8 ( 1.5) 9 ( 2.1) 21 ( 2.6) 11 ( 1.9)

Netherlands 1 .................................... 25 ( 0.5) 13 ( 4.1) 87 ( 4.1) 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 0.6) 1 ( 0.6) 0 ( 0.0) 13 ( 3.3) 3 ( 1.3) 73 ( 4.4) 9 ( 2.6) New Zealand .................................... 25 ( 0.4) 17 ( 2.9) 82 ( 2.8) 1 ( 0.0) 1 ( 0.8) 2 ( 1.1) 0 ( 0.0) 32 ( 3.5) 3 ( 1.2) 58 ( 3.9) 2 ( 1.4) Philippines 1 ...................................... 50 ( 0.6) 0 ( 0.0) 5 ( 1.5) 95 ( 1.5) 0 ( 0.0) 2 ( 1.1) 0 ( 0.0) 10 ( 2.6) 0 ( 0.0) 74 ( 3.2) 14 ( 3.0) Romania ........................................... 24 ( 0.4) 30 ( 2.9) 65 ( 3.2) 5 ( 1.9) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 1 ( 0.5) 1 ( 1.0) 4 ( 1.2) 21 ( 3.7) 73 ( 3.9) Russian Federation .......................... 24 ( 0.5) 19 ( 3.2) 81 ( 3.2) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.5) 0 ( 0.0) 42 ( 4.5) 57 ( 4.6)

Singapore ......................................... 37 ( 0.3) 1 ( 0.4) 32 ( 3.8) 68 ( 3.8) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 8 ( 2.1) 12 ( 2.4) 26 ( 4.2) 54 ( 4.3) Slovak Republic ............................... 25 ( 0.4) 15 ( 2.6) 85 ( 2.6) 0 ( 0.2) 1 ( 0.0) 3 ( 1.8) 0 ( 0.0) 12 ( 3.2) 1 ( 0.0) 81 ( 3.5) 2 ( 1.5) Slovenia ............................................ 22 ( 0.3) 29 ( 3.2) 71 ( 3.2) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 3 ( 1.5) 0 ( 0.0) 79 ( 3.1) 17 ( 2.8) South Africa 1 ................................... 50 ( 1.4) 2 ( 0.8) 14 ( 2.6) 85 ( 2.7) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 10 ( 2.6) 4 ( 1.4) 64 ( 4.1) 22 ( 3.2) Thailand 1 ......................................... 42 ( 0.9) 3 ( 1.0) 23 ( 3.9) 75 ( 3.7) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 0 ( 0.0) 4 ( 1.5) 16 ( 3.3) 23 ( 3.6) 57 ( 4.4)

Tunisia .............................................. 34 ( 0.4) 3 ( 1.5) 56 ( 3.9) 42 ( 4.1) 2 ( 1.3) 3 ( 1.5) 26 ( 3.6) 3 ( 1.2) 8 ( 2.3) 35 ( 4.2) 24 ( 3.9) Turkey 3 ............................................ 43 ( 1.3) 2 ( 1.1) 28 ( 3.9) 70 ( 3.9) 0 ( 0.0) 4 ( 1.4) 0 ( 0.3) 35 ( 4.1) 39 ( 4.3) 10 ( 2.4) 12 ( 2.4) United States 1 ................................. 26 ( 0.7) 21 ( 2.6) 73 ( 3.0) 6 ( 1.4) 1 ( 0.7) 1 ( 0.7) 0 ( 0.0) 7 ( 1.6) 1 ( 0.6) 63 ( 2.8) 27 ( 2.4)

  Not available. 1 Teacher response data on class size available for 70 to 84 percent of students. 2 Teacher response data on mathematics assignments available for 50 to 69 percent of students. 3 Teacher response data on class size available for 50 to 69 percent of students.

NOTE: Data are for 8th grade or equivalent in most countries. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Standard errors appear in parentheses. SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, Third International Mathematics and Science Study, 1999, TIMSS 1999 International Mathematics Report, by Ina V. S. Mullis et al. Copyright   2000 International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement ( IEA). ( This table was prepared May 2001.) 476 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 404.   Eighth grade students' perceptions about mathematics and hours spent on leisure activities, by country: 1999 Country Students reporting that mathematics is not one of their strengths Average hours each day 1 Strongly disagree Disagree Agree Strongly agree Watching TV or videos Playing or talking with friends Doing jobs at home Playing sports Reading for enjoyment Playing computer games Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Australia ........................................... 18 ( 1.1) 573 ( 5.8) 36 ( 1.0) 546 ( 5.3) 28 ( 0.9) 499 ( 5.2) 17 ( 0.8) 478 ( 5.4) 2.3 ( 0.05) 1.5 ( 0.03) 0.9 ( 0.03) 1.6 ( 0.03) 0.6 ( 0.02) 0.8 ( 0.05)

Belgium ( Flemish) ............................ 17 ( 0.8) 598 ( 5.4) 30 ( 0.9) 581 ( 4.8) 31 ( 1.0) 540 ( 4.5) 21 ( 0.9) 526 ( 4.0) 2.1 ( 0.04) 1.8 ( 0.05) 1.0 ( 0.04) 1.8 ( 0.07) 0.6 ( 0.02) 0.9 ( 0.04)

Bulgaria ............................................ 18 ( 1.9) 560 ( 10.6) 26 ( 1.2) 541 ( 6.3) 30 ( 1.4) 494 ( 4.9) 25 ( 1.5) 476 ( 5.1) 2.8 ( 0.05) 2.6 ( 0.06) 1.9 ( 0.04) 1.5 ( 0.05) 1.0 ( 0.03) 0.8 ( 0.05)

Canada ............................................. 26 ( 1.2) 577 ( 3.2) 31 ( 0.7) 542 ( 3.0) 26 ( 1.0) 502 ( 4.7) 17 ( 0.8) 485 ( 3.4) 2.2 ( 0.03) 2.1 ( 0.04) 1.1 ( 0.03) 1.9 ( 0.03) 0.7 ( 0.04) 0.8 ( 0.03)

Chile ................................................. 15 ( 0.6) 444 ( 8.7) 27 ( 0.7) 408 ( 4.7) 35 ( 0.7) 382 ( 4.7) 23 ( 0.7) 367 ( 5.5) 2.7 ( 0.05) 1.9 ( 0.04) 1.5 ( 0.03) 2.0 ( 0.03) 0.7 ( 0.02) 0.6 ( 0.05)

Chinese Taipei ................................. 16 ( 0.6) 646 ( 6.1) 28 ( 0.7) 623 ( 4.3) 34 ( 0.7) 564 ( 4.5) 23 ( 0.7) 533 ( 3.9) 2.0 ( 0.04) 1.3 ( 0.03) 1.0 ( 0.02) 1.2 ( 0.02) 0.9 ( 0.02) 0.9 ( 0.04)

Cyprus .............................................. 23 ( 1.0) 525 ( 4.3) 34 ( 0.8) 492 ( 2.8) 27 ( 0.9) 445 ( 2.9) 16 ( 0.6) 438 ( 4.3) 2.2 ( 0.04) 1.8 ( 0.04) 0.9 ( 0.03) 1.4 ( 0.04) 0.7 ( 0.02) 1.0 ( 0.04)

Czech Republic ................................ 12 ( 0.9) 567 ( 6.9) 35 ( 1.2) 541 ( 5.0) 36 ( 1.1) 500 ( 4.7) 16 ( 0.9) 486 ( 5.8) 2.3 ( 0.05) 3.0 ( 0.07) 1.2 ( 0.03) 2.0 ( 0.05) 1.0 ( 0.04) 0.9 ( 0.05)

England ............................................ 19 ( 0.9) 539 ( 6.9) 40 ( 1.2) 512 ( 4.5) 28 ( 1.2) 471 ( 4.8) 13 ( 0.8) 458 ( 6.3) 2.6 ( 0.05) 2.5 ( 0.08) 0.8 ( 0.02) 1.6 ( 0.04) 0.6 ( 0.02) 1.2 ( 0.05)

Finland ............................................. 17 ( 0.8) 570 ( 4.4) 34 ( 1.0) 543 ( 3.8) 31 ( 1.1) 498 ( 2.6) 18 ( 1.0) 474 ( 3.7) 2.5 ( 0.04) 3.2 ( 0.07) 0.9 ( 0.02) 1.6 ( 0.04) 0.8 ( 0.02) 1.1 ( 0.04)

Hong Kong ....................................... 11 ( 0.5) 619 ( 5.5) 31 ( 0.8) 606 ( 3.9) 39 ( 0.7) 573 ( 4.4) 20 ( 0.8) 549 ( 5.0) 2.4 ( 0.04) 1.3 ( 0.04) 0.6 ( 0.01) 1.0 ( 0.03) 0.8 ( 0.02) 1.0 ( 0.04)

Hungary ............................................ 15 ( 0.7) 598 ( 5.7) 34 ( 1.1) 552 ( 4.7) 40 ( 1.1) 503 ( 3.7) 11 ( 0.7) 493 ( 5.9) 2.7 ( 0.05) 2.0 ( 0.05) 1.6 ( 0.04) 1.5 ( 0.04) 0.8 ( 0.02) 1.0 ( 0.05)

Indonesia .......................................... 6 ( 0.4) 411 ( 10.6) 31 ( 0.8) 418 ( 5.2) 53 ( 1.0) 404 ( 4.6) 10 ( 0.5) 359 ( 10.7) 1.7 ( 0.05) 1.1 ( 0.02) 1.9 ( 0.03) 1.0 ( 0.02) 0.9 ( 0.02) 0.2 ( 0.05)

Iran, Islamic Republic ...................... 26 ( 1.0) 459 ( 4.6) 35 ( 0.7) 426 ( 3.3) 25 ( 0.9) 404 ( 4.5) 14 ( 0.6) 397 ( 5.2) 1.8 ( 0.04) 1.3 ( 0.04) 1.7 ( 0.04) 1.3 ( 0.06) 0.9 ( 0.02) 0.3 ( 0.04)

Israel ................................................ 29 ( 1.0) 508 ( 4.2) 32 ( 0.8) 483 ( 4.5) 25 ( 0.8) 438 ( 4.0) 14 ( 0.7) 418 ( 6.3) 3.1 ( 0.05) 2.4 ( 0.04) 1.3 ( 0.05) 1.8 ( 0.05) 1.0 ( 0.03) 1.5 ( 0.05)

Italy ................................................... 22 ( 0.9) 529 ( 5.6) 32 ( 0.9) 495 ( 3.6) 27 ( 0.8) 456 ( 4.9) 18 ( 0.9) 435 ( 5.0) 1.8 ( 0.03) 2.7 ( 0.05) 1.1 ( 0.03) 1.7 ( 0.03) 0.7 ( 0.02) 1.0 ( 0.03)

Japan ............................................... 12 ( 0.5) 602 ( 4.9) 29 ( 0.7) 598 ( 2.7) 38 ( 0.6) 576 ( 2.7) 21 ( 0.7) 545 ( 3.3) 3.1 ( 0.05) 1.8 ( 0.04) 0.5 ( 0.02) 1.1 ( 0.03) 0.8 ( 0.02) 0.9 ( 0.05)

Jordan 2 ............................................ 27 ( 1.1) 491 ( 5.4) 29 ( 0.9) 446 ( 4.3) 26 ( 0.9) 401 ( 4.3) 17 ( 0.8) 386 ( 4.8) 1.7 ( 0.04) 1.1 ( 0.04) 1.3 ( 0.05) 1.4 ( 0.05) 1.4 ( 0.04) 0.8 ( 0.04)

Korea ................................................ 10 ( 0.5) 648 ( 3.9) 33 ( 0.7) 621 ( 3.0) 41 ( 0.8) 564 ( 2.7) 15 ( 0.5) 536 ( 3.6) 2.9 ( 0.04) 1.3 ( 0.03) 0.6 ( 0.01) 0.6 ( 0.02) 0.6 ( 0.01) 0.8 ( 0.04)

Latvia ( Latvian speaking schools) ... 10 ( 0.7) 572 ( 6.2) 28 ( 1.1) 534 ( 4.9) 41 ( 1.0) 487 ( 3.8) 20 ( 0.9) 470 ( 4.3) 2.8 ( 0.05) 2.6 ( 0.06) 1.7 ( 0.03) 1.3 ( 0.03) 0.9 ( 0.03) 0.7 ( 0.05)

Lithuania ........................................... 11 ( 0.8) 536 ( 7.0) 35 ( 1.4) 508 ( 5.1) 42 ( 1.4) 461 ( 3.9) 12 ( 0.9) 436 ( 6.6) 2.4 ( 0.05) 2.4 ( 0.06) 1.6 ( 0.05) 1.0 ( 0.03) 0.7 ( 0.02) 0.6 ( 0.05)

Macedonia, Republic of ................... 13 ( 0.6) 501 ( 7.2) 27 ( 0.9) 474 ( 5.3) 37 ( 1.0) 441 ( 5.4) 24 ( 1.1) 423 ( 4.9) 2.2 ( 0.05) 1.8 ( 0.05) 1.9 ( 0.04) 1.8 ( 0.05) 1.2 ( 0.04) 0.7 ( 0.05)

Malaysia ........................................... 23 ( 0.9) 544 ( 5.4) 45 ( 0.9) 525 ( 4.6) 27 ( 1.0) 497 ( 5.1) 5 ( 0.3) 481 ( 6.6) 1.9 ( 0.05) 1.2 ( 0.03) 1.8 ( 0.03) 1.1 ( 0.02) 1.1 ( 0.02) 0.5 ( 0.05)

Moldova ............................................ 17 ( 1.0) 506 ( 6.0) 44 ( 1.2) 477 ( 4.6) 29 ( 1.0) 455 ( 5.5) 10 ( 0.7) 440 ( 6.9) 2.6 ( 0.07) 1.9 ( 0.06) 3.2 ( 0.09) 1.4 ( 0.04) 1.5 ( 0.04) 1.0 ( 0.07)

Morocco 3 ......................................... 18 ( 0.7) 378 ( 6.1) 32 ( 1.2) 350 ( 5.9) 28 ( 0.9) 324 ( 4.2) 22 ( 0.7) 320 ( 6.0) 1.1 ( 0.03) 0.9 ( 0.03) 1.5 ( 0.03) 1.5 ( 0.04) 1.4 ( 0.05) 0.7 ( 0.03)

Netherlands ...................................... 16 ( 0.8) 570 ( 7.4) 28 ( 1.4) 557 ( 7.9) 36 ( 1.5) 529 ( 8.2) 20 ( 1.0) 515 ( 9.2) 2.4 ( 0.10) 2.6 ( 0.09) 0.8 ( 0.04) 1.8 ( 0.06) 0.7 ( 0.04) 0.9 ( 0.10)

New Zealand .................................... 16 ( 0.8) 548 ( 6.7) 36 ( 1.1) 518 ( 5.4) 32 ( 0.9) 466 ( 4.7) 15 ( 0.8) 436 ( 5.1) 2.5 ( 0.05) 1.6 ( 0.04) 1.0 ( 0.03) 1.5 ( 0.04) 0.7 ( 0.02) 0.9 ( 0.05)

Philippines ........................................ 14 ( 0.5) 374 ( 9.6) 37 ( 1.1) 368 ( 6.9) 31 ( 0.8) 337 ( 5.7) 17 ( 0.8) 309 ( 6.1) 1.7 ( 0.04) 1.2 ( 0.03) 2.4 ( 0.05) 1.6 ( 0.04) 1.6 ( 0.04) 0.7 ( 0.04)

Romania ........................................... 11 ( 0.7) 517 ( 6.2) 26 ( 1.1) 498 ( 6.5) 44 ( 1.3) 466 ( 6.3) 19 ( 1.0) 450 ( 7.1) 2.2 ( 0.06) 1.6 ( 0.05) 2.0 ( 0.06) 1.2 ( 0.04) 1.0 ( 0.03) 0.6 ( 0.06)

Russian Federation .......................... 21 ( 0.9) 580 ( 5.8) 40 ( 0.9) 538 ( 5.6) 30 ( 1.2) 501 ( 7.3) 9 ( 0.6) 471 ( 10.0) 2.6 ( 0.05) 3.0 ( 0.05) 1.5 ( 0.03) 1.3 ( 0.03) 1.2 ( 0.03) 0.7 ( 0.05)

Singapore ......................................... 16 ( 0.7) 631 ( 7.3) 37 ( 0.7) 614 ( 6.1) 33 ( 0.8) 593 ( 6.4) 13 ( 0.6) 575 ( 6.9) 2.4 ( 0.04) 1.5 ( 0.04) 0.9 ( 0.02) 1.5 ( 0.04) 1.0 ( 0.02) 1.1 ( 0.04)

Slovak Republic ............................... 12 ( 0.7) 586 ( 7.8) 34 ( 1.1) 554 ( 4.4) 40 ( 1.2) 516 ( 3.9) 14 ( 0.8) 498 ( 5.6) 2.5 ( 0.06) 2.7 ( 0.06) 1.6 ( 0.05) 1.9 ( 0.04) 0.7 ( 0.02) 0.6 ( 0.06)

Slovenia ........................................... 24 ( 0.8) 583 ( 4.4) 40 ( 1.2) 542 ( 3.4) 24 ( 0.9) 490 ( 3.8) 12 ( 0.8) 471 ( 5.7) 2.3 ( 0.05) 1.8 ( 0.04) 1.2 ( 0.03) 1.6 ( 0.04) 0.7 ( 0.02) 0.9 ( 0.05)

South Africa ..................................... 18 ( 0.6) 313 ( 8.5) 26 ( 1.0) 295 ( 12.4) 31 ( 0.8) 264 ( 6.8) 26 ( 0.9) 247 ( 5.2) 2.0 ( 0.07) 1.5 ( 0.04) 2.0 ( 0.04) 2.0 ( 0.05) 1.8 ( 0.05) 0.8 ( 0.07)

Thailand ........................................... 7 ( 0.4) 515 ( 8.5) 34 ( 0.9) 490 ( 5.2) 46 ( 0.9) 454 ( 5.3) 13 ( 0.5) 435 ( 7.5) 2.1 ( 0.05) 1.6 ( 0.04) 1.6 ( 0.02) 1.5 ( 0.03) 1.0 ( 0.02) 0.4 ( 0.05)

Tunisia .............................................. 25 ( 0.8) 476 ( 3.7) 31 ( 0.8) 452 ( 3.7) 25 ( 0.7) 432 ( 5.0) 19 ( 0.6) 428 ( 3.5) 2.0 ( 0.04) 1.3 ( 0.03) 1.7 ( 0.04) 1.9 ( 0.04) 1.4 ( 0.03) 0.9 ( 0.04)

Turkey 4 ............................................ 13 ( 0.5) 468 ( 5.9) 36 ( 0.8) 446 ( 4.8) 36 ( 0.8) 425 ( 3.8) 15 ( 0.6) 397 ( 6.4) 1.6 ( 0.04) 1.5 ( 0.03) 1.1 ( 0.04) 1.4 ( 0.03) 1.2 ( 0.03) 0.4 ( 0.04)

United States ................................... 26 ( 0.8) 547 ( 4.6) 33 ( 0.6) 517 ( 4.5) 24 ( 0.6) 478 ( 4.4) 18 ( 0.7) 455 ( 4.3) 2.5 ( 0.06) 2.4 ( 0.05) 1.1 ( 0.03) 1.9 ( 0.03) 0.6 ( 0.02) 0.9 ( 0.06)

1 Average hours based on: No time = 0; less than 1 hour = .5; 1   2 hours = 1.5; 3   5 hours = 4; more than 5 hours = 7.

2 Student response data on reading for enjoyment available for 70 to 84 percent of students.

3 Student response data available for 70 to 84 percent of students.

4 Student response data for playing computer games available for 70 to 84 percent of students. NOTE: Data are for 8th grade or equivalent in most countries. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Standard errors appear in parentheses.

SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, Third International Mathematics and Science Study, 1999, TIMSS 1999 International Mathematics Report, by Ina V. S. Mullis et al. Copyright   2000 International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement ( IEA). ( This table was prepared May 2001.) 477 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 405.   Average 4th grade mathematics scores, 1 by content areas, and average time spent studying mathematics out of school, by country:

1994   95 Country Average percent correct by content area Amount of daily out of school study time in mathematics Overall mathematics scores Whole numbers Fractions and proportionality Measurement estimation,

and number sense Data representation,

analysis,

and probability Geometry Patterns, relations,

and functions No time Less than 1 hour 1 hour or more Average hours 2 Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Australia 3 .......................... 63 ( 0.6) 67 ( 0.6) 51 ( 0.7) 60 ( 0.7) 67 ( 0.8) 74 ( 0.7) 64 ( 0.9) 15 ( 0.9) 526 ( 5.6) 61 ( 1.2) 559 ( 3.2) 24 ( 1.0) 530 ( 4.4) 0.8 ( 0.02)

Austria 3 ............................. 65 ( 0.7) 74 ( 0.8) 51 ( 0.8) 69 ( 0.8) 66 ( 1.1) 67 ( 0.8) 64 ( 1.1) 4 ( 0.7) 555 ( 8.6) 58 ( 1.8) 571 ( 3.8) 38 ( 1.6) 546 ( 4.1) 1.0 ( 0.03)

Canada .............................. 60 ( 1.0) 68 ( 0.9) 48 ( 1.0) 54 ( 1.1) 68 ( 1.4) 72 ( 1.4) 62 ( 1.5) 14 ( 1.1) 526 ( 4.4) 60 ( 1.4) 544 ( 4.0) 26 ( 1.2) 522 ( 5.0) 0.8 ( 0.02)

Cyprus ............................... 54 ( 0.6) 65 ( 0.7) 48 ( 0.7) 48 ( 0.8) 52 ( 0.9) 53 ( 0.9) 55 ( 1.1) 9 ( 0.7) 473 ( 6.1) 51 ( 1.9) 519 ( 3.6) 40 ( 1.6) 495 ( 3.8) 1.1 ( 0.03)

Czech Republic ................. 66 ( 0.6) 75 ( 0.6) 53 ( 0.8) 68 ( 0.7) 67 ( 0.9) 71 ( 0.7) 67 ( 0.9) 9 ( 0.9) 547 ( 6.6) 69 ( 1.2) 576 ( 3.6) 22 ( 1.1) 560 ( 4.3) 0.7 ( 0.02)

England 3 ........................... 57 ( 0.7) 58 ( 0.7) 45 ( 0.8) 52 ( 0.7) 64 ( 0.9) 74 ( 0.8) 55 ( 1.0)                             Greece .............................. 51 ( 0.9) 62 ( 1.0) 42 ( 1.1) 48 ( 1.0) 50 ( 1.2) 53 ( 1.2) 47 ( 1.2) 6 ( 0.5) 453 ( 6.8) 38 ( 1.6) 512 ( 4.1) 56 ( 1.7) 493 ( 4.0) 1.6 ( 0.04)

Hong Kong ........................ 73 ( 0.9) 79 ( 0.9) 66 ( 1.0) 69 ( 0.9) 76 ( 1.0) 74 ( 0.8) 73 ( 1.2) 6 ( 0.7) 550 ( 7.9) 44 ( 1.2) 595 ( 4.2) 50 ( 1.2) 586 ( 4.5) 1.3 ( 0.03)

Hungary 3 ........................... 64 ( 0.8) 76 ( 0.7) 49 ( 0.9) 64 ( 0.9) 60 ( 1.0) 66 ( 0.8) 69 ( 1.1) 5 ( 0.7) 543 ( 10.8) 58 ( 1.3) 563 ( 3.9) 37 ( 1.4) 533 ( 4.2) 1.0 ( 0.03)

Iceland ............................... 50 ( 0.8) 56 ( 0.9) 36 ( 1.0) 44 ( 0.9) 58 ( 1.2) 63 ( 1.0) 48 ( 1.4) 10 ( 0.8) 457 ( 4.3) 63 ( 1.4) 483 ( 3.5) 27 ( 1.4) 472 ( 3.2) 0.8 ( 0.02)

Iran, Islamic Republic 4 ..... 38 ( 0.9) 51 ( 1.2) 32 ( 1.0) 36 ( 0.9) 23 ( 0.9) 42 ( 0.9) 40 ( 1.4) 5 ( 0.7) 402 ( 6.6) 17 ( 1.3) 433 ( 6.0) 78 ( 1.5) 443 ( 4.5) 2.3 ( 0.07)

Ireland ............................... 63 ( 0.8) 70 ( 0.8) 58 ( 1.0) 56 ( 0.9) 69 ( 0.9) 66 ( 0.8) 64 ( 1.0) 7 ( 0.6) 516 ( 7.1) 70 ( 1.3) 565 ( 3.2) 23 ( 1.2) 530 ( 4.9) 0.8 ( 0.02)

Israel 3,4 ............................. 59 ( 1.0) 71 ( 1.0) 48 ( 1.1) 54 ( 1.0) 64 ( 1.2) 62 ( 1.0) 60 ( 1.5) 14 ( 1.3) 525 ( 6.4) 46 ( 2.2) 535 ( 4.7) 40 ( 1.9) 528 ( 4.1) 1.1 ( 0.05)

Japan ................................ 74 ( 0.4) 82 ( 0.4) 65 ( 0.6) 72 ( 0.5) 79 ( 0.5) 72 ( 0.6) 76 ( 0.6) 10 ( 0.7) 558 ( 4.3) 60 ( 1.1) 598 ( 2.3) 31 ( 1.2) 610 ( 3.0) 0.9 ( 0.02)

Korea ................................. 76 ( 0.4) 88 ( 0.3) 65 ( 0.5) 72 ( 0.5) 80 ( 0.6) 72 ( 0.6) 83 ( 0.7) 14 ( 0.8) 593 ( 4.2) 44 ( 1.1) 610 ( 2.5) 42 ( 1.2) 621 ( 2.3) 1.0 ( 0.02)

Kuwait 3 ............................. 32 ( 0.5) 36 ( 0.5) 25 ( 0.5) 35 ( 0.6) 26 ( 0.6) 36 ( 0.6) 33 ( 1.0) 5 ( 0.7) 372 ( 5.7) 34 ( 1.4) 410 ( 3.0) 60 ( 1.5) 401 ( 2.8) 1.9 ( 0.05)

Latvia ( Latvian speaking schools) 3 ....................... 59 ( 1.0) 68 ( 0.9) 44 ( 1.3) 60 ( 1.0) 54 ( 1.3) 67 ( 1.0) 65 ( 1.2) 7 ( 0.7) 476 ( 7.5) 61 ( 1.9) 542 ( 6.3) 33 ( 1.7) 518 ( 5.1) 1.0 ( 0.03)

Netherlands 3 ..................... 69 ( 0.7) 75 ( 0.8) 60 ( 0.9) 70 ( 0.8) 75 ( 0.9) 71 ( 0.8) 65 ( 1.1) 47 ( 2.7) 593 ( 4.3) 39 ( 2.3) 578 ( 3.6) 14 ( 1.5) 541 ( 6.1) 0.5 ( 0.03)

New Zealand ..................... 53 ( 1.0) 57 ( 1.0) 41 ( 1.1) 49 ( 1.1) 61 ( 1.3) 66 ( 1.1) 52 ( 1.2) 21 ( 1.6) 488 ( 9.7) 54 ( 1.7) 512 ( 4.4) 25 ( 1.4) 493 ( 5.2) 0.8 ( 0.03)

Norway .............................. 53 ( 0.7) 61 ( 0.8) 38 ( 0.7) 56 ( 0.7) 59 ( 0.9) 58 ( 0.9) 50 ( 1.2) 23 ( 1.3) 503 ( 4.1) 58 ( 1.2) 512 ( 3.3) 19 ( 1.1) 497 ( 5.3) 0.6 ( 0.02)

Portugal ............................. 48 ( 0.7) 57 ( 0.8) 38 ( 0.7) 49 ( 0.8) 43 ( 1.1) 52 ( 1.0) 47 ( 1.1) 3 ( 0.5) 420 ( 9.1) 55 ( 1.7) 489 ( 3.9) 42 ( 1.6) 470 ( 3.9) 1.3 ( 0.03)

Scotland 4 .......................... 58 ( 0.8) 61 ( 0.8) 46 ( 1.0) 53 ( 0.9) 66 ( 1.0) 72 ( 0.8) 57 ( 1.0) 26 ( 1.8) 519 ( 7.2) 63 ( 2.0) 528 ( 3.8) 11 ( 1.0) 501 ( 8.9) 0.5 ( 0.02)

Singapore .......................... 76 ( 0.8) 83 ( 0.7) 74 ( 1.0) 67 ( 1.0) 81 ( 0.8) 72 ( 0.8) 76 ( 0.9)                             Slovenia 3 .......................... 64 ( 0.6) 74 ( 0.6) 50 ( 0.9) 64 ( 0.9) 64 ( 1.0) 72 ( 0.8) 68 ( 0.8) 3 ( 0.4) 502 ( 11.4) 57 ( 1.5) 563 ( 3.7) 40 ( 1.4) 548 ( 3.7) 1.0 ( 0.03)

Thailand 3 .......................... 50 ( 1.1) 58 ( 1.3) 44 ( 1.0) 44 ( 1.0) 56 ( 1.5) 53 ( 1.2) 50 ( 1.3) 17 ( 1.3) 470 ( 4.3) 44 ( 1.6) 496 ( 4.5) 39 ( 1.8) 489 ( 6.1) 1.0 ( 0.03)

United States .................... 63 ( 0.6) 71 ( 0.7) 51 ( 0.8) 53 ( 0.6) 73 ( 0.9) 71 ( 0.7) 66 ( 0.9) 8 ( 0.5) 516 ( 4.4) 60 ( 1.1) 561 ( 3.1) 32 ( 1.1) 528 ( 2.9) 1.0 ( 0.03)

  Not available.

1 Fourth grade students or equivalent in most countries.

2 Average hours based on: No time = 0; Less than 1 hour = .5; 1   2 hours = 1.5; 3   4 hours = 3.5; More than 4 hours = 5.

3 Countries not meeting all International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement's sampling specifications 4 Indicates a 70 to 84 percent student response rate on question about time spent studying mathematics.

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Standard errors appear in parentheses.

SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, Mathematics Achievement in the Primary School Years: IEA's Third International Mathematics and Science Study, 1997, by Albert E. Beaton et al.

Copyright   1997 Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA. ( This table was prepared July 1997.) 478 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 406.   Average 4th grade science scores, 1 by content areas, and average time spent teaching science in school, by country: 1994   95 Country Science content areas Average number of hours science is taught weekly to science classes Overall science scores Earth science Life science Physical science Environmental issues and the nature of science Less than 1 hour 1 to 2 hours 2 to 3 hours More than 3 hours Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Australia 2,3 ........................ 66 ( 0.5) 61 ( 0.6) 72 ( 0.5) 63 ( 0.7) 63 ( 0.8) 35 ( 3.9) 556 ( 5.0) 55 ( 4.0) 568 ( 5.9) 5 ( 1.5) 562 ( 18.1) 5 ( 2.1) 562 ( 8.4)

Austria 2 ............................. 66 ( 0.7) 62 ( 0.8) 72 ( 0.7) 64 ( 0.8) 54 ( 1.0) 0 ( 0.0)     0 ( 0.0)     97 ( 1.8) 566 ( 3.6) 3 ( 1.8) 540 ( 30.3)

Canada .............................. 64 ( 0.6) 62 ( 0.6) 68 ( 0.6) 61 ( 0.7) 56 ( 0.7) 8 ( 2.0) 536 ( 10.1) 42 ( 3.8) 542 ( 5.1) 27 ( 3.3) 567 ( 5.4) 23 ( 3.2) 550 ( 4.6)

Cyprus ............................... 51 ( 0.5) 48 ( 0.7) 55 ( 0.5) 50 ( 0.7) 42 ( 1.0)                                 Czech Republic ................. 65 ( 0.5) 64 ( 0.6) 71 ( 0.5) 62 ( 0.7) 56 ( 0.9) 2 ( 1.1)     79 ( 3.6) 557 ( 3.9) 3 ( 1.4) 572 ( 6.8) 16 ( 3.2) 563 ( 7.3)

England 4,5 ......................... 63 ( 0.6) 61 ( 0.6) 68 ( 0.6) 60 ( 0.8) 56 ( 1.0) 6 ( 1.7) 540 ( 8.7) 27 ( 4.1) 548 ( 7.5) 44 ( 4.8) 556 ( 5.9) 23 ( 3.8) 550 ( 8.2)

Greece .............................. 54 ( 0.8) 52 ( 0.9) 61 ( 0.9) 49 ( 0.9) 43 ( 1.2)                                 Hong Kong ........................ 62 ( 0.7) 61 ( 0.6) 68 ( 0.7) 60 ( 0.8) 50 ( 1.1) 13 ( 3.4) 530 ( 13.3) 84 ( 3.7) 534 ( 4.3) 2 ( 1.5)     1 ( 0.8)     Hungary 2 ........................... 62 ( 0.6) 62 ( 0.7) 66 ( 0.6) 59 ( 0.8) 50 ( 0.9) 6 ( 2.2) 556 ( 13.3) 72 ( 4.1) 529 ( 3.7) 8 ( 3.0) 521 ( 8.4) 14 ( 3.1) 549 ( 10.5)

Iceland 3 ............................ 55 ( 0.7) 55 ( 0.7) 60 ( 0.8) 52 ( 0.7) 47 ( 1.2) 17 ( 4.1) 513 ( 7.3) 41 ( 5.6) 504 ( 7.7) 30 ( 5.1) 499 ( 6.5) 12 ( 4.3) 523 ( 6.8)

Iran, Islamic Republic ....... 40 ( 0.7) 38 ( 0.7) 44 ( 0.7) 40 ( 0.9) 26 ( 0.9)                                 Ireland ............................... 61 ( 0.6) 60 ( 0.8) 66 ( 0.6) 57 ( 0.7) 55 ( 0.9) 47 ( 5.0) 536 ( 5.6) 40 ( 4.4) 540 ( 5.8) 11 ( 3.1) 550 ( 7.1) 2 ( 0.9)     Israel 2,3,6 ........................... 57 ( 0.8) 51 ( 0.8) 61 ( 0.9) 55 ( 0.9) 51 ( 1.3) 0 ( 0.0)     53 ( 5.6) 508 ( 5.5) 32 ( 5.8) 494 ( 6.9) 15 ( 4.3) 493 ( 10.6)

Japan ................................ 70 ( 0.3) 66 ( 0.4) 73 ( 0.3) 70 ( 0.4) 62 ( 0.6) 2 ( 1.3)     1 ( 0.6)     95 ( 1.8) 575 ( 1.8) 2 ( 1.2)     Korea ................................. 74 ( 0.4) 72 ( 0.5) 76 ( 0.4) 75 ( 0.5) 70 ( 0.8) 0 ( 0.0)     1 ( 0.6)     95 ( 1.8) 597 ( 1.9) 5 ( 1.7) 588 ( 10.3)

Kuwait 2,3 ........................... 39 ( 0.5) 36 ( 0.6) 45 ( 0.6) 37 ( 0.5) 25 ( 0.7) 0 ( 0.0)     1 ( 0.7)     96 ( 2.0) 402 ( 3.9) 4 ( 1.8) 416 ( 42.2)

Latvia ( Latvian speaking schools) 2 ....................... 56 ( 0.8) 57 ( 1.0) 60 ( 0.8) 54 ( 0.9) 46 ( 1.2) 89 ( 2.9) 505 ( 5.7) 5 ( 2.2) 538 ( 47.2) 5 ( 2.2) 532 ( 11.9) 1 ( 0.8)     Netherlands 2 ..................... 67 ( 0.5) 61 ( 0.6) 73 ( 0.5) 65 ( 0.6) 61 ( 0.9) 38 ( 5.1) 559 ( 4.0) 44 ( 4.8) 556 ( 4.5) 9 ( 2.6) 556 ( 7.2) 9 ( 2.7) 549 ( 20.1)

New Zealand 3 ................... 60 ( 0.9) 57 ( 0.9) 66 ( 0.9) 57 ( 1.1) 54 ( 1.2) 29 ( 4.2) 542 ( 8.3) 48 ( 4.4) 536 ( 6.1) 14 ( 3.1) 537 ( 17.2) 9 ( 2.6) 509 ( 21.2)

Norway 3 ............................ 60 ( 0.6) 60 ( 0.6) 67 ( 0.7) 55 ( 0.7) 53 ( 0.9) 73 ( 5.0) 527 ( 5.4) 27 ( 5.0) 535 ( 7.6) 0 ( 0.0)     0 ( 0.0)     Portugal ............................. 50 ( 0.7) 50 ( 0.8) 54 ( 0.8) 49 ( 0.9) 39 ( 1.0) 2 ( 1.1)     3 ( 1.4) 486 ( 28.2) 12 ( 3.1) 474 ( 8.8) 84 ( 3.6) 481 ( 4.8)

Scotland 3,4 ........................ 60 ( 0.8) 58 ( 0.9) 65 ( 0.8) 57 ( 0.8) 53 ( 1.2) 35 ( 4.7) 543 ( 5.9) 44 ( 4.7) 534 ( 6.4) 14 ( 3.3) 531 ( 13.2) 7 ( 2.5) 529 ( 12.5)

Singapore .......................... 64 ( 0.8) 58 ( 0.8) 70 ( 0.8) 64 ( 0.8) 53 ( 1.1) 0 ( 0.0)     4 ( 1.5) 548 ( 18.9) 96 ( 1.5) 547 ( 5.1) 0 ( 0.0)     Slovenia 2 .......................... 64 ( 0.7) 64 ( 0.7) 68 ( 0.7) 61 ( 0.8) 54 ( 0.8) 3 ( 1.9) 544 ( 18.9) 60 ( 5.3) 541 ( 4.6) 18 ( 4.0) 550 ( 9.5) 19 ( 3.4) 548 ( 6.8)

Thailand 2,3 ........................ 49 ( 0.9) 48 ( 0.9) 52 ( 0.8) 46 ( 1.0) 48 ( 1.4) 2 ( 1.2)     9 ( 3.5) 463 ( 21.5) 17 ( 6.1) 469 ( 16.5) 73 ( 6.6) 477 ( 6.5)

United States 3 .................. 66 ( 0.5) 64 ( 0.7) 71 ( 0.6) 60 ( 0.6) 65 ( 0.8) 9 ( 2.1) 562 ( 11.5) 16 ( 2.9) 550 ( 10.2) 33 ( 3.8) 578 ( 5.9) 42 ( 4.1) 565 ( 5.1)

  Not available.

1 Fourth grade or equivalent in most countries.

2 Did not satisfy one or more guidelines for sample participation rates, age/ grade specification, or classroom sampling procedures.

3 Teacher response rate for number of hours science is taught is 84 percent or less.

4 Met guidelines for sample participation rates only after replacement schools were included.

5 National defined population covers less than 90 percent of international desired population. 6 National defined population does not cover all of international desired population.

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Standard errors appear in parentheses.

SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, Science Achievement in the Primary School Years: IEA's Third International Mathematics and Science Study, 1997, by Albert E. Beaton et al.

Copyright   1997 Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA. ( This table was prepared July 1997.) 479 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 407.   Average mathematics scores, at the end of secondary school, by sex, and average time spent studying mathematics out of school, by country: 1994   95 Country Average score in mathematics Amount of daily out of school study time in mathematics Mathematics overall Males Females Less than 1 hour One to two hours Three or more hours Average hours 1 Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Australia 2 ..................................... 522 ( 9.3) 540 ( 10.3) 510 ( 9.3) 59 ( 2.2) 521 ( 8.3) 36 ( 2.2) 557 ( 10.2) 5 ( 0.8) 534 ( 13.4) 1.0 ( 0.04) Austria 2 ....................................... 518 ( 5.3) 545 ( 7.2) 503 ( 5.5) 77 ( 1.7) 526 ( 5.8) 19 ( 1.6) 533 ( 9.4) 4 ( 0.8) 502 ( 13.7) 0.6 ( 0.04) Canada 2 ...................................... 519 ( 2.8) 537 ( 3.8) 504 ( 3.5) 56 ( 2.1) 539 ( 5.1) 38 ( 1.9) 547 ( 5.0) 7 ( 1.0) 526 ( 14.6) 1.1 ( 0.05) Cyprus 2 ....................................... 446 ( 2.5) 454 ( 4.9) 439 ( 3.7) 63 ( 2.1) 435 ( 4.3) 29 ( 1.8) 471 ( 4.8) 8 ( 1.3) 451 ( 9.0) 1.0 ( 0.05) Czech Republic ........................... 466 ( 12.3) 488 ( 11.3) 443 ( 16.8) 92 ( 1.5) 464 ( 13.8) 8 ( 1.4) 482 ( 17.8) 0 ( 0.2)     0.4 ( 0.03)

Denmark 2 .................................... 547 ( 3.3) 575 ( 4.0) 523 ( 4.0) 68 ( 2.0) 571 ( 4.9) 28 ( 1.6) 563 ( 4.7) 4 ( 0.7) 562 ( 11.9) 0.9 ( 0.04) France 2 ....................................... 523 ( 5.1) 544 ( 5.6) 506 ( 5.3) 59 ( 2.3) 517 ( 5.1) 35 ( 2.3) 539 ( 6.7) 5 ( 0.7) 505 ( 14.7) 1.0 ( 0.04) Germany 2 .................................... 495 ( 5.9) 509 ( 8.7) 480 ( 8.8)                             Hungary ....................................... 483 ( 3.2) 485 ( 4.9) 481 ( 4.8) 74 ( 0.9) 480 ( 3.2) 24 ( 0.8) 496 ( 5.5) 2 ( 0.2)     0.7 ( 0.02) Iceland 2 ....................................... 534 ( 2.0) 558 ( 3.4) 514 ( 2.2) 79 ( 1.1) 553 ( 3.2) 19 ( 1.1) 542 ( 7.0) 2 ( 0.4)     0.7 ( 0.02)

Italy 2 ............................................ 476 ( 5.5) 490 ( 7.4) 464 ( 6.0) 55 ( 2.6) 479 ( 6.3) 40 ( 2.2) 486 ( 7.2) 5 ( 0.9) 477 ( 11.2) 1.0 ( 0.05) Lithuania 2 .................................... 469 ( 6.1) 485 ( 7.3) 461 ( 7.7) 67 ( 1.8) 472 ( 5.8) 29 ( 1.7) 480 ( 5.2) 4 ( 0.5) 484 ( 11.5) 0.8 ( 0.03) Netherlands 2 ............................... 560 ( 4.7) 585 ( 5.6) 533 ( 5.9) 82 ( 1.7) 606 ( 6.2) 16 ( 1.6) 581 ( 11.1) 1 ( 0.3)     0.7 ( 0.03) New Zealand ............................... 522 ( 4.5) 536 ( 4.9) 507 ( 6.2) 75 ( 1.4) 544 ( 6.1) 23 ( 1.4) 552 ( 5.9) 2 ( 0.3)     0.7 ( 0.03) Norway 2 ...................................... 528 ( 4.1) 555 ( 5.3) 501 ( 4.8) 85 ( 1.4) 541 ( 5.1) 14 ( 1.3) 558 ( 9.5) 1 ( 0.3)     0.5 ( 0.03)

Russian Federation 2 ................... 471 ( 6.2) 488 ( 6.5) 460 ( 6.6) 56 ( 2.0) 463 ( 5.9) 33 ( 1.4) 484 ( 7.5) 11 ( 1.2) 494 ( 8.1) 1.2 ( 0.06) Slovenia 2 ..................................... 512 ( 8.3) 535 ( 12.7) 490 ( 8.0) 72 ( 2.7) 521 ( 9.4) 25 ( 2.6) 518 ( 9.5) 2 ( 0.6)     0.7 ( 0.05) South Africa 2 ............................... 356 ( 8.3) 365 ( 9.3) 348 ( 10.8) 33 ( 1.8) 394 ( 17.1) 51 ( 1.8) 375 ( 10.9) 17 ( 1.2) 344 ( 7.2) 1.7 ( 0.05) Sweden ........................................ 552 ( 4.3) 573 ( 5.9) 531 ( 3.9) 90 ( 0.9) 579 ( 5.4) 9 ( 0.9) 580 ( 7.8) 1 ( 0.2)     0.4 ( 0.02) Switzerland .................................. 540 ( 5.8) 555 ( 6.4) 522 ( 7.4) 67 ( 1.6) 569 ( 4.9) 28 ( 1.3) 550 ( 5.6) 5 ( 0.9) 522 ( 10.6) 0.9 ( 0.04) United States 2 ............................. 461 ( 3.2) 466 ( 4.1) 456 ( 3.6) 76 ( 1.5) 475 ( 3.8) 22 ( 1.5) 486 ( 5.9) 2 ( 0.2)     0.7 ( 0.02)

  Not available. 1 Average hours based on: No time = 0; Less than 1 hour = .5; 1   2 hours = 1.5; 3   5 hours = 4; More than 5 hours = 7. 2 Countries not meeting all International Association for the Evaluation of Education Achievement's sampling specifications.

NOTE: End of secondary school is equivalent to 12th grade in the U. S. and a few other countries, but ranges from 9th to 14th grade among the survey countries. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Standard errors appear in parentheses. SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, Mathematics and Science Achievement in the Final Year of Secondary School: IEA's Third International Mathematics and Science Study, 1998, by Ina V. S. Mullis et al. Copyright   1998 Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA. ( This table was prepared October 1998.) 480 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 408.   Average science scores, at the end of secondary school, by sex, and average time spent studying science out of school, by country: 1994   95 Country Average score in science Amount of daily out of school study time in science Science overall Males Females Less than 1 hour One to two hours Three or more hours Average hours 1 Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Australia 2 ..................................... 527 ( 9.8) 547 ( 11.5) 513 ( 9.4) 58 ( 1.8) 540 ( 9.5) 35 ( 1.7) 575 ( 6.9) 7 ( 1.0) 588 ( 33.0) 1.0 ( 0.04) Austria 2 ....................................... 520 ( 5.6) 554 ( 8.7) 501 ( 5.8) 87 ( 1.4) 529 ( 6.0) 11 ( 1.4) 526 ( 13.8) 1 ( 0.3)     0.4 ( 0.03) Canada 2 ...................................... 532 ( 2.6) 550 ( 3.6) 518 ( 3.8) 57 ( 2.1) 554 ( 4.2) 35 ( 1.8) 567 ( 6.8) 8 ( 0.9) 537 ( 18.0) 1.1 ( 0.05) Cyprus 2 ....................................... 448 ( 3.0) 459 ( 5.8) 439 ( 3.0) 80 ( 1.1) 436 ( 3.7) 16 ( 0.9) 483 ( 10.7) 4 ( 0.6) 552 ( 11.8) 0.5 ( 0.03) Czech Republic ........................... 487 ( 8.8) 512 ( 8.8) 460 ( 11.0) 84 ( 2.6) 520 ( 11.6) 14 ( 2.3) 571 ( 11.5) 3 ( 0.5) 583 ( 13.6) 0.5 ( 0.05)

Denmark 2 .................................... 509 ( 3.6) 532 ( 5.4) 490 ( 4.1) 73 ( 1.8) 555 ( 4.7) 25 ( 1.6) 570 ( 6.1) 3 ( 0.6) 565 ( 15.0) 0.7 ( 0.03) France 2 ....................................... 487 ( 5.1) 508 ( 6.7) 468 ( 4.8) 59 ( 2.0) 497 ( 5.7) 35 ( 1.8) 525 ( 7.0) 6 ( 0.8) 515 ( 9.1) 1.0 ( 0.04) Germany 2 .................................... 497 ( 5.1) 514 ( 7.9) 478 ( 8.5)                             Hungary ....................................... 471 ( 3.0) 484 ( 4.2) 455 ( 4.3) 67 ( 1.2) 475 ( 3.9) 27 ( 0.9) 486 ( 4.9) 6 ( 0.6) 497 ( 11.5) 0.4 ( 0.03) Iceland 2 ....................................... 549 ( 1.5) 572 ( 2.7) 530 ( 2.1) 87 ( 1.0) 566 ( 2.5) 12 ( 1.0) 575 ( 4.6) 1 ( 0.3)     0.9 ( 0.01)

Italy 2 ............................................ 475 ( 5.3) 495 ( 6.7) 458 ( 5.6) 70 ( 2.8) 487 ( 6.3) 25 ( 2.5) 482 ( 9.7) 5 ( 1.2) 462 ( 13.9) 0.8 ( 0.06) Lithuania 2 .................................... 461 ( 5.7) 481 ( 6.4) 450 ( 7.3) 69 ( 1.5) 465 ( 5.5) 26 ( 1.3) 469 ( 6.5) 5 ( 0.6) 470 ( 11.4) 0.8 ( 0.03) Netherlands 2 ............................... 558 ( 5.3) 582 ( 5.7) 532 ( 6.2) 78 ( 2.8) 593 ( 6.4) 20 ( 2.9) 605 ( 16.9) 1 ( 0.4)     0.7 ( 0.03) New Zealand ............................... 529 ( 5.2) 543 ( 7.1) 515 ( 5.2) 80 ( 1.1) 551 ( 6.3) 18 ( 1.1) 581 ( 6.6) 3 ( 0.5) 553 ( 15.3) 0.6 ( 0.02) Norway 2 ...................................... 544 ( 4.1) 574 ( 5.1) 513 ( 4.5) 74 ( 2.4) 592 ( 7.1) 23 ( 2.2) 598 ( 10.8) 3 ( 0.7) 583 ( 23.8) 0.5 ( 0.02)

Russian Federation 2 ................... 481 ( 5.7) 510 ( 5.7) 463 ( 6.7) 61 ( 1.6) 478 ( 6.0) 30 ( 1.3) 488 ( 7.0) 10 ( 0.8) 501 ( 8.0) 1.1 ( 0.04) Slovenia 2 ..................................... 517 ( 8.2) 541 ( 12.7) 494 ( 6.4) 85 ( 2.0) 528 ( 8.1) 13 ( 1.9) 548 ( 8.9) 2 ( 0.6)     0.5 ( 0.04) South Africa 2 ............................... 349 ( 10.5) 367 ( 11.5) 333 ( 13.0) 47 ( 1.6) 373 ( 15.5) 35 ( 1.3) 367 ( 12.2) 18 ( 1.4) 326 ( 7.3) 1.5 ( 0.05) Sweden ........................................ 559 ( 4.4) 585 ( 5.9) 534 ( 3.5) 81 ( 1.9) 599 ( 7.4) 17 ( 1.8) 632 ( 10.1) 2 ( 0.5)     0.6 ( 0.03) Switzerland .................................. 523 ( 5.3) 540 ( 6.1) 500 ( 7.8) 76 ( 2.3) 564 ( 6.6) 21 ( 2.3) 564 ( 10.9) 3 ( 0.9) 508 ( 29.0) 0.7 ( 0.04) United States 2 ............................. 480 ( 3.3) 492 ( 4.5) 469 ( 3.9) 76 ( 2.1) 505 ( 4.3) 21 ( 2.1) 517 ( 5.7) 2 ( 0.4)     0.7 ( 0.04)

  Not available. 1 Average hours based on: No time = 0; Less than 1 hour = .5; 1   2 hours = 1.5; 3   5 hours = 4; More than 5 hours = 7. 2 Countries not meeting all International Association for the Evaluation of Education Achievement's sampling specifications.

NOTE: End of secondary school is equivalent to 12th grade in the U. S. and a few other countries, but ranges from 9th to 14th grade among the survey countries. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Standard errors appear in parentheses. SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, Mathematics and Science Achievement in the Final Year of Secondary School: IEA's Third International Mathematics and Science Study, 1998, by Ina V. S. Mullis et al. Copyright   1998 Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA. ( This table was prepared October 1998.) 481 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 409.   Reading literacy test scores of 9 year olds: Selected countries, 1992 Country Grade tested Mean age Overall mean score Narrative 1 1st quartile Narrative 1 mean score Narrative 1 3rd quartile Expository 2 mean score Documents 3 mean score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Finland ...................................................... 3 9.7 569 ( 3.4) 508 568 ( 3.0) 602 569 ( 3.1) 569 ( 4.0) United States ............................................ 4 10.0 547 ( 2.8) 476 553 ( 3.1) 619 538 ( 2.6) 550 ( 2.7) Sweden ..................................................... 3 9.8 539 ( 2.8) 467 536 ( 2.6) 592 542 ( 2.7) 539 ( 3.2) France ....................................................... 4 10.1 531 ( 4.0) 467 532 ( 4.1) 580 533 ( 4.1) 527 ( 3.9) Italy ........................................................... 4 9.9 529 ( 4.3) 468 533 ( 4.0) 576 538 ( 4.0) 517 ( 4.9)

New Zealand ............................................ 5 10.0 528 ( 3.3) 452 534 ( 3.5) 594 531 ( 3.1) 521 ( 3.3) Norway ...................................................... 3 9.8 524 ( 2.6) 455 525 ( 2.8) 576 528 ( 2.3) 519 ( 2.8) Iceland 4 .................................................... 3 9.8 518 ( 0.0) 448 518 ( 0.0) 571 517 ( 0.0) 519 ( 0.0) Hong Kong ................................................ 4 10.0 517 ( 3.9) 431 494 ( 4.1) 548 503 ( 3.4) 554 ( 4.2) Singapore ................................................. 3 9.3 515 ( 1.0) 450 521 ( 1.1) 567 519 ( 1.0) 504 ( 1.0)

Switzerland ............................................... 3 9.7 511 ( 2.7) 438 506 ( 2.6) 566 507 ( 2.7) 522 ( 2.8) Ireland ....................................................... 4 9.3 509 ( 3.6) 445 518 ( 3.7) 571 514 ( 3.2) 495 ( 3.8) Belgium 5 ................................................... 4 9.8 507 ( 3.2) 439 510 ( 3.3) 558 505 ( 2.8) 506 ( 3.5) Greece ...................................................... 4 9.3 504 ( 3.7) 447 514 ( 3.8) 567 511 ( 3.6) 488 ( 3.8) Spain ......................................................... 4 10.0 504 ( 2.5) 429 497 ( 2.4) 543 505 ( 2.3) 509 ( 2.7)

Germany ( former West) ............................ 3 9.4 503 ( 3.0) 421 491 ( 2.8) 543 497 ( 2.9) 520 ( 3.2) Canada 6 ................................................... 3 8.9 500 ( 3.0) 437 502 ( 3.5) 566 499 ( 2.7) 500 ( 2.8) Germany ( former East) ............................. 3 9.5 499 ( 4.3) 414 482 ( 4.2) 531 493 ( 3.6) 522 ( 5.0) Hungary .................................................... 3 9.3 499 ( 3.1) 437 496 ( 2.9) 541 493 ( 3.1) 509 ( 3.5) Slovenia .................................................... 3 9.7 498 ( 2.6) 435 502 ( 2.7) 570 489 ( 2.5) 503 ( 2.5)

Netherlands .............................................. 3 9.2 485 ( 3.6) 425 494 ( 3.3) 539 480 ( 3.4) 481 ( 3.9) Cyprus ...................................................... 4 9.8 481 ( 2.3) 421 492 ( 2.4) 548 475 ( 2.3) 476 ( 2.1) Portugal .................................................... 4 10.4 478 ( 3.6) 419 483 ( 3.3) 531 480 ( 3.0) 471 ( 4.5) Denmark ................................................... 3 9.8 475 ( 3.5) 386 463 ( 3.4) 539 467 ( 3.5) 496 ( 3.6) Trinidad/ Tobago ........................................ 4 9.6 451 ( 3.4) 383 455 ( 3.6) 502 458 ( 3.4) 440 ( 3.3)

Indonesia .................................................. 4 10.8 394 ( 3.0) 351 402 ( 2.8) 436 411 ( 3.2) 369 ( 3.0) Venezuela ................................................. 4 10.1 383 ( 3.4) 322 378 ( 3.2) 426 396 ( 3.3) 374 ( 3.7)

1 Narrative prose is continuous text in which the writer's aim is to tell a story.

2 Expository prose is continuous text designed to describe, explain, or otherwise convey factual information or opinion to the reader.

3 Documents are structured information presented in the form of charts, tables, maps, graphs, lists, or sets of instructions.

4 Iceland tested all students, therefore standard errors are not applicable. 5 Only French speaking students were tested. 6 British Columbia only.

NOTE: Standard errors appear in parentheses.

SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, How in the World Do Students Read?, 1992. ( This table was prepared April 1993.) 482 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 410.   Reading literacy test scores of 14 year olds: Selected countries, 1992 Country Grade tested Mean age Overall mean score Narrative 1 mean score Expository 2 1st quartile Expository 2 mean score Expository 2 3rd quartile Documents 3 mean score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Finland ...................................................... 8 14.7 560 ( 2.5) 559 ( 2.8) 493 541 ( 2.2) 575 580 ( 2.5) France ....................................................... 9 15.4 549 ( 4.3) 556 ( 4.2) 484 546 ( 4.3) 580 544 ( 4.2) Sweden ..................................................... 8 14.8 546 ( 2.5) 556 ( 2.6) 469 533 ( 2.4) 576 550 ( 2.4) New Zealand ............................................ 10 15.0 545 ( 5.6) 547 ( 5.7) 457 535 ( 5.7) 597 552 ( 5.3) Hungary .................................................... 8 14.1 536 ( 3.3) 530 ( 3.1) 469 536 ( 3.6) 577 542 ( 3.2)

Iceland 4 .................................................... 8 14.8 536 ( 0.0) 550 ( 0.0) 472 548 ( 0.0) 617 509 ( 0.0) Switzerland ............................................... 8 14.9 536 ( 3.2) 534 ( 3.4) 466 525 ( 3.2) 572 549 ( 3.0) Hong Kong ................................................ 9 15.2 535 ( 3.7) 509 ( 3.7) 480 540 ( 3.8) 576 557 ( 3.8) United States ............................................ 9 15.0 535 ( 4.8) 539 ( 4.9) 456 539 ( 5.6) 599 528 ( 4.0) Singapore ................................................. 8 14.4 534 ( 1.1) 530 ( 1.1) 476 539 ( 1.2) 574 533 ( 1.1)

Slovenia .................................................... 8 14.7 532 ( 2.3) 534 ( 2.6) 471 525 ( 2.2) 576 537 ( 2.2) Germany ( former East) ............................. 8 14.4 526 ( 3.5) 512 ( 3.9) 464 523 ( 3.5) 566 543 ( 2.9) Denmark ................................................... 8 14.8 525 ( 2.1) 517 ( 2.0) 458 524 ( 2.2) 573 532 ( 2.1) Portugal .................................................... 9 15.6 523 ( 3.1) 523 ( 2.5) 469 523 ( 3.4) 556 523 ( 3.4) Canada 5 ................................................... 8 13.9 522 ( 3.0) 526 ( 3.1) 449 516 ( 3.1) 569 522 ( 2.7)

Germany ( former West) ............................ 8 14.6 522 ( 4.4) 514 ( 4.9) 453 521 ( 4.5) 573 532 ( 3.9) Norway ...................................................... 8 14.8 516 ( 2.3) 515 ( 2.1) 464 520 ( 2.4) 569 512 ( 2.4) Italy ........................................................... 8 14.1 515 ( 3.4) 520 ( 3.6) 459 524 ( 3.2) 565 501 ( 3.3) Netherlands .............................................. 8 14.3 514 ( 4.9) 506 ( 4.8) 442 503 ( 4.7) 546 533 ( 5.3) Ireland ....................................................... 9 14.5 511 ( 5.2) 510 ( 5.3) 439 505 ( 5.3) 555 518 ( 4.9)

Greece ...................................................... 9 14.4 509 ( 2.9) 526 ( 2.9) 450 508 ( 3.1) 548 493 ( 2.6) Cyprus ...................................................... 9 14.8 497 ( 2.2) 516 ( 2.2) 427 492 ( 2.4) 536 482 ( 2.0) Spain ......................................................... 8 14.2 490 ( 2.5) 500 ( 3.0) 435 495 ( 2.6) 536 475 ( 2.0) Belgium 6 ................................................... 8 14.3 481 ( 4.9) 484 ( 5.1) 415 477 ( 4.8) 522 483 ( 4.7) Trinidad/ Tobago ........................................ 9 14.4 479 ( 1.7) 482 ( 1.7) 408 485 ( 1.8) 537 472 ( 1.7)

Thailand .................................................... 9 15.2 477 ( 6.2) 468 ( 6.6) 429 486 ( 5.9) 533 478 ( 6.2) Philippines ................................................ 8 14.5 430 ( 3.9) 421 ( 3.6) 378 439 ( 4.1) 472 430 ( 3.9) Venezuela ................................................. 9 15.5 417 ( 3.1) 407 ( 2.9) 381 433 ( 3.3) 482 412 ( 3.0) Nigeria 7,8 .................................................. 9 15.3 401 (   ) 402 (   ) 351 406 (   ) 441 394 (   ) Zimbabwe 8 ............................................... 9 15.5 372 ( 3.8) 367 ( 3.3) 326 374 ( 3.6) 411 373 ( 4.6) Botswana .................................................. 9 14.7 330 ( 2.0) 340 ( 1.6) 294 339 ( 1.9) 371 312 ( 2.4)

  Not available. 1 Narrative prose is continuous text in which the writer's aim is to tell a story. 2 Expository prose is continuous text designed to describe, explain, or otherwise convey factual information or opinion to the reader. 3 Documents are structured information presented in the form of charts, tables, maps, graphs, lists, or sets of instructions. 4 Iceland tested all students, therefore standard errors are not applicable. 5 British Columbia only. 6 Only French speaking students were tested. 7 Insufficient data to calculate the standard error. 8 Sampling response rate of schools was below 80 percent.

NOTE: Standard errors appear in parentheses.

SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, How in the World Do Students Read?, 1992. ( This table was prepared April 1993.) 483 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 411.   Number of bachelor's degree recipients per 100 persons of the theoretical age of graduation, by sex: Selected countries, 1989 to 1999 Country Men and women Men Women 1989 1990 1992 1995 1996 1999 1989 1990 1992 1995 1996 1989 1990 1992 1995 1996 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Australia .................................... 19.6   28.5 34.9 36.0 27.0 18.9   23.7 27.6 28.9 21.1   33.6 42.7 43.3 Austria ....................................... 6.6 7.7   9.8 10.5 12.0 7.6 8.5   10.6 11.4 5.5 6.8   8.9 9.6 Belgium 1 ................................... 16.5 17.1     15.9 17.8 18.9 19.5     16.7 14.1 14.7     15.2 Canada .....................................     32.2 31.8 31.9 29.3     27.6 26.4 26.5     37.6 37.4 37.4 Czech Republic .........................           10.8                     Denmark ................................... 12.9 15.0 22.3 28.5 28.0   11.5 13.3 17.7 25.1 23.1 14.4 16.9 27.2 31.9 33.0 Finland ...................................... 16.9 17.1   22.2 23.9 33.9 17.1 17.0   22.0 22.4 16.6 17.1 17.9 22.3 25.6 France ....................................... 13.8 14.9       24.9 13.7 14.7       13.9 15.1       Germany 2 ................................. 13.2 12.9   16.2 16.1 16.0 16.1 15.7   18.2 18.2 10.1 10.0   14.0 13.5 Hungary ....................................           26.9                     Iceland ......................................           28.9                     Ireland ....................................... 16.4 17.4 17.8 21.2 25.5 26.0 31.9 17.5 17.9 19.9 24.6   17.3 17.7 22.7 26.4 Italy ........................................... 8.9 9.2   11.8 12.6 16.0 9.1 9.3   10.8 11.4 8.7 9.0   12.9 13.8 Japan ........................................   22.1 23.2 22.8 22.9 29.0   31.5 31.9 30.4 30.7   12.4 14.0 14.9 14.9 Korea, Republic of ....................           27.1                     Mexico .......................................           11.2                     Netherlands ............................... 10.2 8.0 17.6 22.0 19.6 33.5 12.3 9.4 17.3 20.6 18.2 7.9 6.5 17.8 23.4 21.1 New Zealand ............................. 36.1 15.3 17.2 24.7 30.8 37.3 16.6 15.4 16.9 20.9 26.2 15.5 15.1 17.4 28.6 35.4 Norway ...................................... 24.6 27.5 19.0 23.0 27.4 33.9 18.1 19.1 14.5 17.2 20.2 31.7 36.3 23.7 28.9 34.8 Portugal .....................................   7.6   14.6 15.7     5.9   10.8 11.3   9.3   18.3 20.2 Spain ......................................... 17.7 18.6   24.0 26.1 30.3 14.6 15.3   19.6 21.5 21.0 22.0   28.6 31.0 Sweden ..................................... 13.0 12.2 14.1 15.5 19.1 27.2 11.1 10.5 11.8 14.0 15.1 15.1 14.0 16.4 17.0 23.3 Switzerland ............................... 7.7 7.7   9.1 9.3 20.5 10.1 10.3   11.4 11.5 5.3 5.1   6.8 7.2 Turkey ....................................... 6.0 6.1 6.1 7.0   9.6 7.3 7.5 7.5 8.6   4.6 4.5 4.6 5.2   United Kingdom ........................     20.4 31.6 34.4 36.8     21.0 30.3 32.7     19.8 32.9 36.2 United States ............................ 27.3 28.6 27.4 33.2 34.7 33.2 25.5 26.2 24.6 29.3 30.6 29.2 31.1 30.3 37.3 38.9   Not available.

1 Data for Flemish Belgium only.

2 Data for 1989 are for the former West Germany. NOTE: The graduation rate relates the number of people with bachelor's degrees to the number of people in the population at typical age of graduation. Data for 1999 reflect a reclassification of degree levels and may not be comparable to figures for earlier years.

SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Education at a Glance 2001, and unpublished tabulations. ( This table was prepared January 2002.)

Table 412.   Percent of bachelor's degrees awarded in science: Selected countries, 1985 to 1999 Country All science degrees Natural sciences Mathematics and computer science Engineering 1985 1990 1995 1996 1999 1985 1990 1995 1996 1999 1985 1990 1995 1996 1999 1985 1990 1995 1996 1999 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Australia ...........................     19.3 20.1 19.4     9.9 10.0 7.0     3.8 4.1 4.5     5.6 6.0 7.9 Austria .............................. 16.8 19.6 21.1 22.1 26.0 5.0 5.3 6.0 6.2 6.3 4.1 5.2 5.3 5.1 3.2 7.7 9.0 9.9 10.8 16.5 Belgium 1 ..........................       24.4 25.3 4.6     3.1 6.1 1.7     1.8 2.3       19.5 17.0 Canada ............................ 17.1 16.4 16.7 17.4 19.7 4.9 6.0 6.5 6.7 8.2 4.5 4.2 3.8 4.0 4.0 7.7 6.2 6.4 6.7 7.5 Czech Republic ................         29.3         3.8         3.0         22.5 Denmark ..........................           6.3 4.4 2.5 1.4         3.3   16.2 21.7 17.0 15.1   Finland ............................. 39.3 33.5 37.2 35.7 33.2 7.7 4.1 4.0 4.1 0.6 6.3 5.9 6.9 6.0 2.4 25.3 23.4 26.3 25.6 30.2 Germany 2 ........................ 23.8 31.3 31.6 31.1 33.5 5.0 7.2 6.7 6.6 6.9 2.3 3.5 5.2 5.0 5.2 16.5 20.5 19.7 19.5 21.4 Hungary ...........................         17.3         1.1         1.3         14.9 Iceland .............................         13.6         6.1         2.6         4.9 Ireland .............................. 28.8 34.1 32.3 28.0 25.8 12.8 14.1 16.9 12.2 8.8 4.0 6.3 4.7 6.3 7.1 12.0 13.7 10.7 9.6 10.0 Italy .................................. 19.5 19.7 19.5 19.9 27.6 8.1 7.6 6.8 6.6 6.0 3.1 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.4 8.3 8.3 8.9 9.6 18.2 Japan ............................... 22.7 23.5 22.8   18.9 2.4 2.4 3.4 3.4             20.3 21.0 19.3 19.3 18.9 Korea, Republic of ...........         36.7         6.3         4.5         25.9 Mexico ..............................         22.9         2.1         7.0         13.8 Netherlands ...................... 21.8 21.1   16.0 16.5 8.5 7.1   1.6 3.2 1.2 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 12.1 12.4   12.8 11.6 New Zealand .................... 20.5 19.5     18.6 11.7 8.2     12.1 5.5 5.5     1.6 3.3 5.8 3.2 3.6 5.0 Norway .............................   12.9 16.8 15.2 12.8 2.5 2.1 3.1 2.8 0.8 1.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 2.8   10.2 13.2 11.9 9.3 Poland ..............................         16.5         2.1         1.8         12.6 Portugal ............................     15.0 15.4   6.5 6.7 2.2 2.8       2.8 2.8     10.5 9.9 9.8   Spain ................................ 13.9 15.0 18.2 18.5 21.0 5.5 5.7 4.3 4.8 4.8 1.3 2.6 4.5 4.3 3.9 7.0 6.7 9.4 9.4 12.3 Sweden ............................ 15.4 24.0 26.4 22.4 25.0 2.6 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.6 1.6 4.7 5.5 4.5 3.0 11.3 15.2 17.0 14.3 18.4 Switzerland ...................... 20.2 23.0 22.3 22.4 25.1 10.3 11.2 10.4 11.1 6.5 2.1 3.7 3.7 3.1 1.8 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.2 16.8 Turkey .............................. 23.0 20.6 20.9   24.2 3.6 4.6 5.1   7.1 1.6 2.1 2.7   3.7 17.8 13.8 13.1   13.4 United Kingdom ...............         28.9         9.8         6.4         12.7 United States ................... 21.7 16.9   16.8 17.4 6.3 5.1   6.9 7.2 5.5 4.0 3.3 3.2 3.3 9.8 7.8 6.7 6.6 6.9   Not available. 1 Data for Flemish Belgium only. 2 Data for 1985 are for the former West Germany.

SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared August 2001.) 484 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 413.   Percent of graduate degrees awarded in science: Selected countries, 1985, 1990, 1996, and 1999 Country All science degrees Natural sciences Mathematics and computer science Engineering 1985 1990 1996 1999 1985 1990 1996 1999 1985 1990 1996 1999 1985 1990 1996 1999 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Australia .................................................     14.0 17.9     5.4 6.3     3.8 3.8     4.7 7.7 Austria .................................................... 43.3 37.7 38.8 38.4 14.2 12.3 17.5 15.0 7.3 4.6 4.7 3.6 21.7 20.8 16.6 19.8 Belgium 1 ................................................       17.6       7.0       2.4       8.3 Canada .................................................. 19.7 20.0 22.3 23.0 7.5 7.8 7.7 7.9 2.8 3.4 3.5 3.6 9.4 8.8 11.2 11.5 Czech Republic ......................................       21.3       5.6       6.3       9.3 Denmark ................................................ 16.0 22.2 12.3   4.1 5.8 3.1   2.7 4.8 1.5   9.2 11.6 7.8   Finland ................................................... 47.6 30.6 28.3 31.1 24.0 14.7 11.6 8.5 6.3 5.4 4.0 3.9 17.2 10.5 12.7 18.7 France ....................................................       21.0       6.4       1.6       13.0 Germany 2 .............................................. 27.7 33.2 38.6 38.9 18.7 23.5 25.5 25.2 1.8 2.3 3.5 4.0 7.2 7.4 9.5 9.8 Hungary .................................................       13.5       4.8       1.2       7.6 Iceland ...................................................       30.7       20.0       0.0       10.7 Ireland .................................................... 31.4 34.5 23.1 24.8 18.9 19.5 10.9 4.0 2.6 5.8 3.0 16.0 9.9 9.3 9.2 4.8 Italy ........................................................       13.1       1.0       6.5       5.6 Japan ..................................................... 50.1 54.6   42.4 9.5 9.5 10.2           40.5 45.1 44.4 42.4 Korea, Republic of .................................       48.3       8.8       4.1       35.4 Netherlands ............................................   28.9 18.6 17.6 20.6 17.7 4.4     1.5 3.7 8.7 7.5 9.7 10.6 8.8 New Zealand .......................................... 45.1 22.6 16.7 24.4 24.6 13.8 12.7 13.4 5.4 4.7 1.1 1.5 15.1 4.0 3.0 9.4 Norway ................................................... 40.1 33.4 38.3 21.0 17.9 8.0 8.7 15.0 3.5 2.1 1.9 4.3 18.7 23.3 27.7   Poland ....................................................       3.1       0.6       0.9       1.7 Spain ...................................................... 35.6 26.9 36.0 40.1 28.6 19.7 24.8 24.8 1.8 1.4 4.1 4.2 5.1 5.7 7.1 11.1 Sweden .................................................. 48.0 48.5 32.3 41.5 21.2 19.4 9.2 14.4 6.8 9.2 5.9 4.1 20.0 19.9 17.1 23.0 Switzerland ............................................ 30.7 30.2 40.1 41.5 20.3 22.0 25.8 11.4 2.8 1.7 4.1 17.0 7.6 6.5 10.1 13.1 Turkey .................................................... 35.8 24.0   29.8 6.6 7.6   8.0 2.8 3.3   3.0 26.3 13.2   18.7 United Kingdom .....................................       21.8       6.0       4.7       11.0 United States ......................................... 13.5 14.5 13.8 13.7 4.5 4.2 4.0 3.8 2.8 3.4 3.2 3.1 6.3 6.9 6.7 6.8   Not available. 1 Data for Flemish Belgium only. 2 Data for 1985 are for the former West Germany. SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared August 2001.)

Table 414.   Public education expenditures per student, by level of student: Selected countries, 1985 to 1998 [ In constant 1998 dollars]

Country Primary Secondary Higher education 1985 1990 1995 1997 1998 1985 1990 1995 1997 1998 1985 1990 1995 1997 1998 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Australia ................... $ 3,117   $ 3,001 $ 3,809 $ 3,981 $ 4,376   $ 4,276 $ 5,884 $ 5,830 1 $ 14,284 2 $ 12,424 $ 7,094 $ 11,414 $ 11,539 Austria ...................... 4,007 $ 4,110   6,355 6,065 4,581 $ 5,398   8,340 8,163 7,616 7,422   10,148 11,279 Belgium 3 .................. 2,595 2,473 3,497 5,286 3,799 5,984   6,180 9,252 6,238 8,252 7,168 6,449   6,597 Canada ....................                     9,568 10,892 7,511 15,046 14,579 Czech Republic ........       1,972 1,645       3,700 3,182       5,563 5,584 Denmark .................. 4,305 5,108 5,948 7,020 6,713 6,076 6,092 6,331 7,398 7,200 9,917 9,672 7,947 7,407 9,562 Finland .....................     4,572 4,715 4,641     5,291 5,087 5,111     7,605 7,302 7,327 France ......................   2,968 3,436 3,735 3,752   5,157 6,055 7,228 6,605   5,610 5,927 7,168 7,226 Germany .................. 4 3,358     3,514 3,531 3,676     4,606 6,209 8,085   8,888 9,770 9,481 Greece .....................     2,132 2,387 2,368     1,991 2,621 3,287     2,712 4,052 4,157 Hungary ...................       2,067 2,028       2,125 2,140       5,514 5,073 Iceland .....................     3,079         9,227               Ireland ...................... 1,560 1,636 2,282 2,611 2,745 2,684 2,753 3,541 3,928 3,934 6,099 6,331 5,177 8,298 8,522 Italy .......................... 3,011 3,962 4,653 5,152 5,653 3,870 4,591 5,421 6,382 6,458 5,438 8,314 4,433 6,065 6,295 Japan ....................... 2 3,059   4,613 5,284 5,075     4,476   5,890 1 3,070   3,921 19,208 9,871 Korea .......................       3,379 2,838       3,970 3,544       6,324 6,356 Luxembourg ............. 2 6,418 5 7,337 11,433         10,653     1 19,020   7,104     Mexico ......................       885 863       1,677 1,586       4,700 3,800 Netherlands .............. 3,507 3,348 3,275   3,795 4,112 4,859 4,478   5,304 11,220 11,945 8,618   10,757 New Zealand ............ 2 3,088 2,751 2,806       2,288 3,902     1 12,932 13,976 5,878     Norway ..................... 3,927 4,470 8,172   5,761 5,364 5,690 4,637 4,239 7,343 7,670 8,475   10,265 10,918 Poland ......................       1,468 1,496         1,438       4,463 4,262 Portugal .................... 2 1,485 2 2,348 2,759 3,298 3,121 1 1,922 2 2,547 3,178 4,330 4,636 1 5,004 2 5,435       Spain ........................ 1,505 1,883 2,410 3,615 3,267 2,078 2,857 3,671 5,470 4,274 2,160 3,574 3,802 5,418 5,038 Sweden 6 .................. 2 5,922 6,147 5,353 5,606 5,579     5,932 5,513 5,648 1 9,010 10,102 12,289 12,983 13,224 Switzerland 6 ............   2 6,459 6,162 6,334 6,470 3,154   8,543 7,355 9,348 15,376 2 16,865 15,468 16,630 16,563 Turkey ......................                           2,434   United Kingdom ....... 2,698 3,046 3,511 3,256 3,329 3,807 4,701 4,497 5,059 5,230 15,045 11,454 5,963   9,699 United States ........... 4,294 5,235 5,105 6,054 6,043 5,401 6,721 6,510 7,578 7,764 8,600 10,202 8,358 15,095 19,802   Not available. 1 1986 data. 2 1991 data. 3 Data for Flemish Belgium only. 4 Data are for the former West Germany. 5 1989 data. 6 Change in definition of expenditures in 1992.

NOTE: Data adjusted to U. S. dollars using the purchasing power parity ( PPP) index.

SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Education at a Glance, various years; and unpublished data. ( This table was prepared August 2001.) 485 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 415.   Total public direct expenditures on education as a percentage of the gross domestic product: Selected countries, 1985 to 1998 Country All institutions 1 Primary and secondary institutions Higher education institutions 1985 1990 1995 1997 2 1998 1985 1990 1995 1997 2 1998 1985 1990 1995 1997 2 1998 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Average for year .......... 5.3 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.3 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.6 3.6 1.1 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.3 Average for countries reporting data for all years ..................... 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.5 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.7 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.3 Australia ......................... 5.4 4.3 4.5 4.3 4.8 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.5 1.7 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.2 Austria ............................ 5.6 5.2 5.3 6.0 6.3 3.7 3.6 3.8 4.2 4.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.3 1.6 Belgium 3 ........................ 6.3 4.8 5.0 4.8 5.0 4.0 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.4 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.8 1.0 Canada .......................... 6.1 5.4 5.8 5.4 5.7 4.1 3.7 4.0 4.0 3.7 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.8 Czech Republic ..............     4.8 4.5 4.3     3.4 3.2 2.9     0.7 0.7 0.8 Denmark ........................ 6.2 6.2 6.5 6.5 8.3 4.7 4.4 4.2 4.3 4.9 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.1 2.2 Finland ........................... 5.8 6.4 6.6 6.3 6.2   4.3 4.2 3.8 3.8   1.2 1.7 1.7 2.0 France ............................   5.1 5.8 5.8 6.0   3.7 4.1 4.1 4.2   0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 Germany 4 ...................... 4.6   4.5 4.5 4.6 2.8   2.9 2.9 3.0 1.0   1.0 1.0 1.1 Greece ...........................     3.7 3.5 3.5     2.8 2.5 2.3     0.8 1.0 1.1 Hungary .........................   5.0 4.9 4.5 4.6   3.5 3.3 2.9 2.9   0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 Iceland ...........................   4.3 4.5 5.1 7.1   3.3 3.4 3.9 4.3   0.6 0.7 0.7 2.2 Ireland ............................ 5.6 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.5 4.0 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.3 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 Italy ................................ 4.7 5.8 4.5 4.6 4.9 3.2 4.1 3.2 3.4 3.5 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.8 Japan .............................   3.6 3.6 3.6 3.5   2.9 2.8 2.8 2.8   0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 Korea .............................     3.6 4.4 4.1     3.0 3.4 3.1     0.3 0.5 0.4 Luxembourg ...................     4.3 4.2       4.2 4.1       0.1 0.1   Mexico ............................   3.2 4.6 4.5 4.2   2.2 3.4 3.3 3.0   0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 Netherlands .................... 6.2 5.7 4.6 4.3 4.9 4.1 3.6 3.0 2.9 3.1 1.5 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.4 New Zealand ..................   5.5 5.3 6.1 7.2   3.9 3.8 4.7 4.9   1.2 1.1 1.0 1.8 Norway ........................... 5.1 6.2 6.8 6.6 7.7 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.4 4.6 0.7 1.1 1.5 1.3 2.0 Poland ............................     5.2 5.8 5.4     3.3 3.8 3.5     0.8 1.2 1.2 Portugal ..........................     5.4 5.8 5.7     4.1 4.4 4.3     1.0 1.0 1.0 Russia ............................     3.4         1.9         0.7     Spain .............................. 3.6 4.2 4.8 4.7 4.5 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.3 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.9 Sweden ..........................   5.3 6.6 6.8 8.0   4.4 4.4 4.7 5.3   1.0 1.6 1.6 2.1 Switzerland .................... 4.9 5.0 5.5 5.4 5.5 4.0 3.7 4.1 4.0 4.1 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 Turkey ............................   3.2 2.2   3.0   2.3 1.4   1.8   0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 United Kingdom ............. 4.9 4.3 4.6 4.6 4.9 3.1 3.5 3.8 3.4 3.4 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.1 United States ................. 4.7 5.3 5.0 5.2 5.1 3.2 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.4 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.3 1 Includes preprimary and other expenditures not classified by level. 2 Due to the implementation of a new classification system post 1996 data are not comparable with earlier data. 3 Flemish Belgium data only. 4 Data for 1985 refer to West Germany ( Federal Republic of Germany before unification

NOTE: Direct public expenditure on educational services includes both amounts spent directly by governments to hire educational personnel and to procure other resources, and amounts provided by governments to public or private institutions. Figures for 1998 include public subsidies to households attributable for educational institutions and direct expenditures from international sources, and are not directly comparable with other years. Figures for 1985 also include transfers and payments to private entities, and thus are not strictly comparable with later figures.

SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD), Education Database; Annual National Accounts, Vol. 1, 1997; and Education at a Glance, 2000 and 2001. ( This table was prepared August 2001.) 486 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 416.   Foreign students enrolled in institutions of higher education in the United States and outlying areas, by continent, region, and selected countries of origin: 1980   81 to 1999   2000 Continent, region, and country 1980   81 1985   86 1990   91 1995   96 1996   97 1997   98 1998   99 1999   2000 Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Total ................................... 311,880 100.0 343,780 100.0 407,530 100.0 453,787 100.0 457,984 100.0 481,280 100.0 490,933 100.0 514,723 100.0 Africa ...................................... 38,180 12.2 34,190 9.9 23,800 5.8 20,844 4.6 22,078 4.8 23,162 4.8 26,222 5.3 30,292 5.9 Eastern Africa .................... 6,260 2.0 6,730 2.0 7,590 1.9 7,596 1.7 8,628 1.9 8,951 1.9 10,189 2.1 11,559 2.2 Central Africa ..................... 1,130 0.4 1,540 0.4 1,650 0.4 1,346 0.3 1,187 0.3 1,265 0.3 1,413 0.3 1,775 0.3 North Africa ........................ 7,310 2.3 5,980 1.7 4,540 1.1 3,422 0.8 3,469 0.8 3,862 0.8 4,151 0.8 4,525 0.9 Southern Africa .................. 1,480 0.5 2,360 0.7 2,840 0.7 2,657 0.6 2,678 0.6 2,608 0.5 2,956 0.6 3,247 0.6 West Africa ........................ 22,000 7.1 17,580 5.1 7,180 1.8 5,818 1.3 6,115 1.3 6,471 1.3 7,513 1.5 9,176 1.8 Nigeria ............................ 17,350 5.6 13,710 4.0 3,710 0.9 2,093 0.5 2,184 0.5 2,436 0.5 2,876 0.6 3,602 0.7 Europe .................................... 25,330 8.1 34,310 10.0 49,640 12.2 67,358 14.8 68,315 14.9 71,616 14.9 73,809 15.0 78,485 15.2 Eastern Europe .................. 1,670 0.5 1,770 0.5 4,780 1.2 18,032 4.0 19,471 4.3 21,314 4.4 23,131 4.7 25,731 5.0 Western Europe ................. 23,660 7.6 32,540 9.5 44,860 11.0 49,326 10.9 48,844 10.7 50,301 10.5 50,674 10.3 52,754 10.2 France ............................     3,680 1.1 5,630 1.4 5,710 1.3 5,692 1.2 5,992 1.2 6,241 1.3 6,877 1.3 Germany 1 ...................... 3,310 1.1 4,730 1.4 7,000 1.7 9,017 2.0 8,990 2.0 9,309 1.9 9,568 1.9 9,800 1.9 Greece ........................... 3,750 1.2 4,440 1.3 4,360 1.1 3,365 0.7 3,010 0.7 3,065 0.6 2,847 0.6 2,782 0.5 Spain ..............................     1,740 0.5 4,300 1.1 4,809 1.1 4,673 1.0 4,371 0.9 4,195 0.9 4,337 0.8 United Kingdom ............. 4,440 1.4 5,940 1.7 7,300 1.8 7,799 1.7 7,357 1.6 7,534 1.6 7,765 1.6 7,990 1.6 Latin America ......................... 49,810 16.0 45,480 13.2 47,580 11.7 47,253 10.4 49,592 10.8 51,368 10.7 55,436 11.3 62,098 12.1 Caribbean .......................... 10,650 3.4 11,100 3.2 12,610 3.1 10,737 2.4 11,796 2.6 10,855 2.3 11,884 2.4 13,828 2.7 Central America ................. 12,970 4.2 12,740 3.7 15,950 3.9 14,220 3.1 14,524 3.2 15,211 3.2 15,455 3.1 16,854 3.3 Mexico ............................ 6,730 2.2 5,460 1.6 6,740 1.7 8,687 1.9 8,975 2.0 9,559 2.0 9,641 2.0 10,607 2.1 South America ................... 26,190 8.4 21,640 6.3 19,020 4.7 22,296 4.9 23,272 5.1 25,302 5.3 28,097 5.7 31,416 6.1 Brazil ..............................     2,840 0.8 3,900 1.0 5,497 1.2 6,168 1.3 6,982 1.5 8,052 1.6 8,600 1.7 Colombia ........................     4,010 1.2 3,180 0.8 3,462 0.8 3,636 0.8 4,345 0.9 5,041 1.0 6,277 1.2 Venezuela ...................... 11,750 3.8 7,040 2.0 2,890 0.7 4,456 1.0 4,590 1.0 4,731 1.0 5,133 1.0 5,125 1.0 Middle East ............................. 84,710 27.2 52,720 15.3 33,420 8.2 30,563 6.7 29,841 6.5 30,962 6.4 32,836 6.7 34,897 6.8 Iran ..................................... 47,550 15.2 14,210 4.1 6,260 1.5 2,628 0.6 2,129 0.5 1,863 0.4 1,660 0.3 1,885 0.4 Jordan ................................ 6,140 2.0 6,590 1.9 4,320 1.1 2,222 0.5 2,094 0.5 2,027 0.4 2,039 0.4 2,074 0.4 Lebanon ............................. 6,770 2.2 7,090 2.1 3,900 1.0 1,554 0.3 1,370 0.3 1,321 0.3 1,315 0.3 1,582 0.3 Saudi Arabia ...................... 10,440 3.3 6,900 2.0 3,590 0.9 4,191 0.9 4,264 0.9 4,571 0.9 4,931 1.0 5,156 1.0 Turkey ................................     2,460 0.7 4,080 1.0 7,678 1.7 8,194 1.8 9,081 1.9 9,377 1.9 10,100 2.0 North America 2 ...................... 14,790 4.7 16,030 4.7 18,950 4.6 23,644 5.2 23,611 5.2 22,613 4.7 23,302 4.7 24,128 4.7 Canada .............................. 14,320 4.6 15,410 4.5 18,350 4.5 23,005 5.1 22,984 5.0 22,051 4.6 22,746 4.6 23,544 4.6 Oceania .................................. 4,180 1.3 4,030 1.2 4,230 1.0 4,202 0.9 3,690 0.8 3,893 0.8 4,228 0.9 4,676 0.9 Asia ......................................... 94,640 30.3 156,830 45.6 229,830 56.4 259,893 57.3 260,743 56.9 277,508 57.7 275,076 56.0 280,146 54.4 East Asia ........................... 51,650 16.6 80,720 23.5 146,020 35.8 166,717 36.7 167,935 36.7 178,256 37.0 177,141 36.1 180,146 35.0 China .............................. 2,770 0.9 13,980 4.1 39,600 9.7 39,613 8.7 42,503 9.3 46,958 9.8 51,001 10.4 54,466 10.6 Hong Kong ..................... 9,660 3.1 10,710 3.1 12,630 3.1 12,018 2.6 10,942 2.4 9,665 2.0 8,735 1.8 7,545 1.5 Japan ............................. 13,500 4.3 13,360 3.9 36,610 9.0 45,531 10.0 46,292 10.1 47,073 9.8 46,406 9.5 46,872 9.1 Korea, Republic of ......... 6,150 2.0 18,660 5.4 23,360 5.7 36,231 8.0 37,130 8.1 42,890 8.9 39,199 8.0 41,191 8.0 Taiwan ............................ 19,460 6.2 23,770 6.9 33,530 8.2 32,702 7.2 30,487 6.7 30,855 6.4 31,043 6.3 29,234 5.7 South and Central Asia ..... 14,540 4.7 25,800 7.5 42,370 10.4 45,401 10.0 44,256 9.7 47,761 9.9 52,602 10.7 58,148 11.3 India ............................... 9,250 3.0 16,070 4.7 28,860 7.1 31,743 7.0 30,641 6.7 33,818 7.0 37,482 7.6 42,337 8.2 Pakistan ......................... 2,990 1.0 5,440 1.6 7,730 1.9 6,427 1.4 6,095 1.3 5,821 1.2 5,905 1.2 6,107 1.2 South East Asia ................. 28,450 9.1 50,310 14.6 41,440 10.2 47,774 10.5 48,550 10.6 51,491 10.7 45,333 9.2 41,852 8.1 Indonesia ........................ 3,250 1.0 8,210 2.4 9,520 2.3 12,820 2.8 12,461 2.7 13,282 2.8 12,142 2.5 11,300 2.2 Malaysia ......................... 6,010 1.9 23,020 6.7 13,610 3.3 14,015 3.1 14,527 3.2 14,597 3.0 11,557 2.4 9,074 1.8 Philippines ......................     3,920 1.1 4,270 1.0 3,127 0.7 2,796 0.6 2,801 0.6 2,864 0.6 3,143 0.6 Singapore .......................     3,930 1.1 4,500 1.1 4,098 0.9 3,727 0.8 3,843 0.8 4,030 0.8 4,250 0.8 Thailand ......................... 6,550 2.1 6,940 2.0 7,090 1.7 12,165 2.7 13,481 2.9 15,090 3.1 12,489 2.5 10,983 2.1 Stateless 3 ............................... 240 0.1 190 0.1 80 ( 4) 30 ( 4) 109 ( 4) 159 ( 4) 28 ( 4) 7 ( 4)

  Not available.

1 Data for 1980   81 and 1985   86 are for the former Federal Republic of Germany.

2 Excludes Mexico and Central America, which are included with Latin America.

3 Home country unknown or undeclared.

4 Less than .05 percent. NOTE: Totals and subtotals include other countries not shown separately. Data are for `` nonimmigrants,'' i. e., students who have not migrated to this country. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: Institute of International Education, `` Open Doors,'' various years. ( Latest edition copyright   2000 by the Institute of International Education. All rights reserved.) ( This table was prepared April 2001.) 487 CHAPTER 7 Libraries and Educational Technology This chapter contains statistics on libraries and on the use of information technologies. These data show the extent of America's access to information technologies outside of formal classroom activities. The data also provide a capsule description of the magnitude and availability of library resources. Access to information has been widely cited as the key to success in a growing number of endeavors. Thus, how information is made available and to whom are matters of concern. The first section of the chapter ( tables 417 to 419 and 422 to 425) deals with public libraries, public and private school libraries, and college and university libraries It contains data on collections, population served, staff, and expenditures. Two tables provide institutional level information for the largest public libraries and the largest college libraries in the country The second half of the chapter ( tables 421, 422, and 426 to 430) provides information on the availability and use of technology. For example, the proportion of children using computers at school is shown over time. Also included are data on the use of home computers by adults and school children, with comparisons among various demographic groups. Related data may be found in various sections of this report. For example, statistics on the number of degrees conferred in computer and information sciences and library sciences are in chapter 3. Further information on survey methodologies is in the `` Guide to Sources'' in the Appendix and in the publications cited in the source notes.

Libraries In 1993   94, there were 77 school library visits each week per 100 public school students. Elementary school students were more likely to visit their school libraries ( 86 visits per 100 students each week) than secondary school students ( 61 per 100). Private school students were slightly less likely to visit their libraries ( 75 per 100). The average number of library staff per school was 1.8 at public schools, and 1.2 at private schools. Public school libraries generally had smaller numbers of books on a per student basis than private school libraries. In 1993   94, public school libraries held an average of 1,832 books per 100 students compared to an average of 2,689 per 100 students at private schools. Public elementary school libraries had larger holdings than public secondary schools on a per student basis, and elementary school students checked out three times as many books on a per student basis ( 1.3 per week compared to .4 per week) ( table 417). The increase in college library resources kept pace with increases in enrollment between 1987   88 and 1997   98. The library staff to student ratio rose from 137 students per staff member to 150 students per staff member. The average library operating expenditure per student rose 7 percent in constant dollars from $ 419 in 1987   88 to $ 450 in 1997   98 ( table 422). In 1998, there were 8,964 public libraries in the United States with 739 million books and serial volumes The annual attendance per capita was 4.2 and the reference transactions per capita was 1.1 ( table 425).

Educational Technology There has been widespread introduction of computers into the schools in recent years. In 2000, the average public school contained 110 computers. One important technological advance that has come to schools following the introduction of computers has been connections to the Internet. The proportion of instructional rooms with Internet access increased from 51 percent in 1998 to 77 percent in 2000. About 98 percent of schools had access to the Internet in 2000 ( table 421). The total computer usage rate of students at school increased from 59 percent in 1993 to 69 percent in 1997. The rate for grades 1 to 8 increased from 69 percent in 1993 to 79 percent in 1997. The school computer usage rate in 1997 was 70 percent for students in high school and 65 percent for undergraduate students in college. At that time, sizable percentages of students used computers at home, though fewer actually used them for schoolwork. About 43 percent of elementary school children used computers at home and about 24 percent used them for schoolwork. Students at the high school and undergraduate levels were more likely than elementary school children to use home computers for schoolwork In general, students in higher income families 488 LIBRARY AND EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY were much more likely to use computers at home and use them for schoolwork than students from lower income families. About 13 percent of the high school students in the $ 15,000 to $ 19,999 household income group used computers at home for school work compared to 66 percent in the $ 75,000 and over income group ( table 430). The use of computers has become widespread in the workplace. In 1997, 50 percent of all workers used computers on the job. More frequent use of computers was associated with higher levels of education and higher incomes. Thirty six percent of high school graduates and 12 percent of high school dropouts used computers at work compared to 79 percent of those with master's degrees. Among those who did use computers, the master's degree recipients were the most likely to use the computers for a wide variety of applications. Among the most common applications for all employees using computers on the job were: bookkeeping/ invoicing ( 66 percent), word processing ( 57 percent), communications ( 47 percent), analysis/ spreadsheets ( 41 percent), and calendar/ schedule ( 38 percent). Workers in the 25 to 59 year old age range were more likely to use computers than younger or older workers. Elementary and secondary teachers were less likely to use computers than persons employed in other managerial or professional fields ( table 426).

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Fall 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percent Figure 33.   Percent of all public schools and instructional rooms having Internet access: Fall 1994 to fall 2000 SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Fast Response Survey System, Internet Access in Public Schools and Classrooms: 1994 2000. Schools with Internet access Instructional rooms with Internet access 489 LIBRARIES AND EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY: LIBRARIES Table 417.   Selected statistics on school library/ media centers, by control and level of school: 1993   94 Selected statistics Public Private Total Elementary Secondary Combined Total Elementary Secondary Combined 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Number of schools with libraries ........................ 77,573 ( 407) 53,059 ( 461) 22,643 ( 464) 1,871 ( 100) 19,301 ( 271) 10,880 ( 254) 4,178 ( 260) 4,243 ( 233)

Average number of staff per library Total ........................................................................ 1.81 ( 0.02) 1.69 ( 0.02) 2.12 ( 0.03) 1.71 ( 0.06) 1.23 ( 0.04) 1.09 ( 0.04) 1.58 ( 0.08) 1.25 ( 0.08) Certified library/ media specialists ...................... 0.86 ( 0.01) 0.79 ( 0.02) 1.03 ( 0.01) 0.79 ( 0.03) 0.28 ( 0.02) 0.20 ( 0.02) 0.47 ( 0.04) 0.30 ( 0.02) Full time .......................................................... 0.61 ( 0.01) 0.51 ( 0.01) 0.84 ( 0.02) 0.51 ( 0.03) 0.17 ( 0.01) 0.07 ( 0.01) 0.35 ( 0.03) 0.21 ( 0.02) Part time ......................................................... 0.25 ( 0.01) 0.28 ( 0.01) 0.19 ( 0.01) 0.28 ( 0.04) 0.11 ( 0.01) 0.12 ( 0.02) 0.11 ( 0.02) 0.09 ( 0.02) Other professional staff ...................................... 0.27 ( 0.01) 0.27 ( 0.01) 0.26 ( 0.02) 0.29 ( 0.03) 0.66 ( 0.02) 0.65 ( 0.02) 0.65 ( 0.04) 0.70 ( 0.06) Full time .......................................................... 0.13 ( 0.01) 0.13 ( 0.01) 0.14 ( 0.01) 0.13 ( 0.03) 0.23 ( 0.02) 0.19 ( 0.01) 0.26 ( 0.03) 0.32 ( 0.04) Part time ......................................................... 0.13 ( 0.01) 0.14 ( 0.01) 0.13 ( 0.01) 0.16 ( 0.02) 0.43 ( 0.02) 0.47 ( 0.02) 0.39 ( 0.03) 0.39 ( 0.04) Other paid employees ........................................ 0.68 ( 0.02) 0.63 ( 0.02) 0.83 ( 0.02) 0.62 ( 0.05) 0.29 ( 0.02) 0.24 ( 0.02) 0.46 ( 0.04) 0.25 ( 0.03) Full time .......................................................... 0.34 ( 0.01) 0.28 ( 0.01) 0.49 ( 0.02) 0.29 ( 0.03) 0.07 ( 0.01) 0.05 ( 0.01) 0.12 ( 0.02) 0.07 ( 0.01) Part time ......................................................... 0.34 ( 0.01) 0.34 ( 0.02) 0.34 ( 0.01) 0.33 ( 0.03) 0.22 ( 0.02) 0.19 ( 0.02) 0.34 ( 0.03) 0.18 ( 0.03)

Percentage of schools' library media centers with the following equipment Telephone ............................................................... 61.2 ( 1.3) 55.8 ( 1.8) 74.7 ( 1.6) 51.6 ( 3.3) 40.8 ( 1.3) 30.7 ( 1.6) 52.8 ( 2.5) 54.6 ( 4.2) Fax machine ........................................................... 7.8 ( 0.5) 4.7 ( 0.6) 15.1 ( 0.8) 8.8 ( 1.4) 5.1 ( 0.5) 3.1 ( 0.6) 7.9 ( 1.1) 7.4 ( 1.2) Computer with modem ............................................ 34.3 ( 1.0) 28.3 ( 1.2) 48.2 ( 1.5) 38.1 ( 3.0) 19.5 ( 1.0) 12.2 ( 1.5) 30.2 ( 1.9) 27.9 ( 2.7) Automated catalog .................................................. 24.0 ( 0.9) 20.3 ( 1.1) 32.8 ( 1.1) 20.5 ( 1.9) 9.7 ( 0.7) 5.5 ( 0.5) 15.8 ( 1.9) 14.4 ( 2.3) Automated circulation system ................................. 37.9 ( 1.1) 34.1 ( 1.6) 47.7 ( 1.3) 27.8 ( 2.6) 9.5 ( 0.7) 5.4 ( 0.6) 16.0 ( 1.8) 13.8 ( 1.8) Database searching with CD ROM ........................ 31.2 ( 0.8) 23.9 ( 1.2) 48.1 ( 1.3) 31.4 ( 3.1) 13.9 ( 0.8) 6.3 ( 0.8) 25.7 ( 1.6) 21.6 ( 2.2) Online database searching ..................................... 9.4 ( 0.5) 5.4 ( 0.5) 18.9 ( 0.9) 8.8 ( 1.5) 5.5 ( 0.5) 0.7 ( 0.3) 12.2 ( 1.2) 11.0 ( 1.7) Compact disc for periodical indices ........................ 46.7 ( 1.1) 39.6 ( 1.5) 63.5 ( 1.3) 46.6 ( 3.7) 19.6 ( 1.0) 12.3 ( 1.1) 33.5 ( 2.2) 24.6 ( 2.2) Video laser disc ...................................................... 31.9 ( 1.0) 30.3 ( 1.3) 36.1 ( 1.3) 26.1 ( 2.8) 6.3 ( 0.6) 4.8 ( 0.7) 9.9 ( 1.2) 6.9 ( 1.1) Connection to Internet ............................................ 12.0 ( 0.6) 9.5 ( 0.8) 17.5 ( 0.8) 15.0 ( 1.9) 5.3 ( 0.5) 2.8 ( 0.8) 9.2 ( 1.1) 7.5 ( 1.2) Cable television ....................................................... 76.2 ( 0.8) 75.0 ( 1.1) 80.6 ( 0.9) 57.7 ( 3.6) 39.9 ( 1.3) 42.6 ( 2.0) 43.1 ( 2.8) 30.1 ( 2.7) Broadcast television ................................................ 48.6 ( 1.0) 48.0 ( 1.4) 49.9 ( 1.3) 48.1 ( 3.1) 39.9 ( 1.6) 42.9 ( 1.9) 39.7 ( 2.5) 32.2 ( 3.9) Closed circuit television .......................................... 25.5 ( 0.7) 22.0 ( 1.0) 34.0 ( 1.0) 20.9 ( 2.2) 8.8 ( 0.7) 5.7 ( 1.0) 19.2 ( 1.6) 6.3 ( 1.5) Satellite dish ............................................................ 22.9 ( 0.6) 14.4 ( 0.7) 41.1 ( 1.1) 45.2 ( 3.0) 8.7 ( 0.9) 5.6 ( 0.9) 15.6 ( 1.2) 9.8 ( 2.5)

Percentage of schools offering   Microcomputers .................................................. 90.1 ( 0.7) 88.5 ( 1.0) 94.0 ( 1.0) 87.4 ( 1.5) 75.8 ( 1.6) 72.8 ( 2.1) 80.6 ( 2.9) 78.5 ( 3.5) Long distance learning ....................................... 19.0 ( 0.8) 15.9 ( 1.1) 24.8 ( 1.0) 36.4 ( 2.6) 8.8 ( 0.9) 8.3 ( 0.9) 8.2 ( 1.6) 10.9 ( 2.9)

Total students using library per 100 students each week 1 ......................................... 77.4 ( 0.6) 86.2 ( 0.7) 61.4 ( 0.9) 59.7 ( 2.9) 74.9 ( 0.7) 84.0 ( 1.0) 63.7 ( 1.6) 62.2 ( 1.5)

Books checked out per 100 students each week 1 101.0 ( 1.9) 134.4 ( 2.6) 39.0 ( 1.4) 57.7 ( 4.6) 85.2 ( 1.9) 112.6 ( 2.6) 27.9 ( 2.3) 63.4 ( 3.6)

Average holdings per 100 students at the end of the 1992   93 school year Books ( number of volumes) .................................... 1,832 ( 33) 1,925 ( 48) 1,650 ( 26) 1,879 ( 69) 2,689 ( 69) 2,464 ( 72) 3,277 ( 225) 2,787 ( 122) Current serial subscriptions ( print/ microfilm) ......... 6 ( 2) 5 ( 2) 7 ( 2) 7 ( 2) 6 ( 2) 4 ( 2) 11 ( 2) 6 ( 2) Video materials ( tape and disc) .............................. 29 ( 1) 28 ( 2) 29 ( 1) 41 ( 5) 33 ( 1) 29 ( 2) 41 ( 4) 39 ( 4) Other audiovisual materials .................................... 95 ( 3) 100 ( 5) 84 ( 4) 109 ( 14) 80 ( 4) 80 ( 6) 98 ( 10) 68 ( 6) Microcomputer software .......................................... 12 ( 2) 15 ( 1) 6 ( 2) 13 ( 2) 11 ( 1) 15 ( 1) 6 ( 1) 8 ( 2) CD ROM titles ......................................................... 1 ( 2) 1 ( 2) 1 ( 2) 1 ( 2) 1 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 2 ( 2) 1 ( 2)

Locally budgeted expenditures 3 per student, 1992   93 Books ...................................................................... $ 6.43 ( 0.16) $ 6.48 ( 0.21) $ 6.28 ( 0.20) $ 7.41 ( 0.60) $ 6.93 ( 0.32) $ 5.23 ( 0.30) $ 9.90 ( 0.96) $ 8.68 ( 0.59) Current serial subscriptions ( print/ microfilm) .................................................... 1.56 ( 0.04) 1.10 ( 0.04) 2.44 ( 0.07) 1.96 ( 0.12) 1.69 ( 0.08) 0.74 ( 0.06) 3.80 ( 0.23) 2.35 ( 0.16) Video materials ( tape and disc) .............................. 0.94 ( 0.03) 0.89 ( 0.04) 1.06 ( 0.04) 0.78 ( 0.08) 0.90 ( 0.05) 0.71 ( 0.05) 1.21 ( 0.12) 1.13 ( 0.12) Other audiovisual materials .................................... 0.65 ( 0.03) 0.72 ( 0.04) 0.52 ( 0.03) 0.65 ( 0.08) 0.54 ( 0.04) 0.51 ( 0.05) 0.66 ( 0.07) 0.54 ( 0.10) Microcomputer software .......................................... 0.69 ( 0.04) 0.73 ( 0.06) 0.60 ( 0.04) 1.17 ( 0.16) 0.81 ( 0.06) 0.77 ( 0.10) 0.91 ( 0.09) 0.83 ( 0.12) CD ROM titles ......................................................... 0.50 ( 0.04) 0.33 ( 0.06) 0.80 ( 0.04) 0.90 ( 0.16) 0.66 ( 0.08) 0.34 ( 0.12) 1.46 ( 0.11) 0.84 ( 0.10)

Expenditures ( all sources) per student, 1992   93 Total, library/ media materials .................................. $ 12.74 ( 0.24) $ 12.00 ( 0.31) $ 13.92 ( 0.32) $ 16.79 ( 1.28) $ 14.47 ( 0.57) $ 10.55 ( 0.55) $ 22.13 ( 1.72) $ 17.96 ( 1.11) Microcomputer hardware ................................... 2.96 ( 0.16) 2.63 ( 0.23) 3.57 ( 0.28) 3.44 ( 0.40) 3.06 ( 0.40) 1.72 ( 0.23) 6.05 ( 1.24) 4.02 ( 1.08) Audiovisual equipment ....................................... 1.76 ( 0.08) 1.77 ( 0.11) 1.77 ( 0.07) 1.43 ( 0.20) 1.42 ( 0.13) 1.06 ( 0.14) 2.65 ( 0.45) 1.39 ( 0.13) Online database searching/ electronic communications ............................................... 0.26 ( 0.04) 0.22 ( 0.06) 0.33 ( 0.03) 0.32 ( 0.11) 0.23 ( 0.04) 0.10 ( 0.04) 0.40 ( 0.12) 0.41 ( 0.07)

1 During the most recent full week of school. 2 Data less than 0.5. 3 Locally budgeted expenditures exclude federal gifts and grants.

NOTE: Percentages are based on schools that have library/ media centers. In school year 1990   91, 96 percent of public and 87 percent of private schools had library/ media centers. Data revised from previously published figures. Standard errors appear in parentheses

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993   94, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared November 2001.) 490 LIBRARIES AND EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY: LIBRARIES Table 418.   Selected statistics on public school library/ media centers, by level and enrollment size of school: 1993   94 Selected statisics Public elementary secondary, and combined Elementary libraries, by enrollment size of school Secondary libraries, by enrollment size of school Total Less than 150 150 to 499 500 to 749 750 or more Total Less than 150 150 to 499 500 to 749 750 or more 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Average number of staff per library Total ................................ 1.81 ( 0.02) 1.69 ( 0.02) 1.39 ( 0.08) 1.61 ( 0.03) 1.76 ( 0.05) 2.03 ( 0.05) 2.12 ( 0.03) 1.71 ( 0.04) 1.80 ( 0.05) 2.63 ( 0.04) 3.58 ( 0.09) Certified library/ media specialists ................. 0.86 ( 0.01) 0.79 ( 0.02) 0.65 ( 0.06) 0.75 ( 0.02) 0.85 ( 0.02) 0.90 ( 0.04) 1.03 ( 0.01) 0.89 ( 0.02) 0.98 ( 0.02) 1.25 ( 0.02) 1.62 ( 0.05) Full time .................. 0.61 ( 0.01) 0.51 ( 0.01) 0.13 ( 0.04) 0.42 ( 0.02) 0.66 ( 0.02) 0.82 ( 0.04) 0.84 ( 0.02) 0.58 ( 0.02) 0.92 ( 0.02) 1.17 ( 0.02) 1.53 ( 0.05) Part time ................. 0.25 ( 0.01) 0.28 ( 0.01) 0.52 ( 0.06) 0.33 ( 0.02) 0.19 ( 0.03) 0.08 ( 0.02) 0.19 ( 0.01) 0.32 ( 0.02) 0.06 ( 0.02) 0.08 ( 0.02) 0.09 ( 0.02) Other professional staff .......................... 0.27 ( 0.01) 0.27 ( 0.01) 0.30 ( 0.04) 0.27 ( 0.02) 0.25 ( 0.02) 0.31 ( 0.04) 0.26 ( 0.02) 0.25 ( 0.02) 0.17 ( 0.03) 0.23 ( 0.02) 0.30 ( 0.04) Full time .................. 0.13 ( 0.01) 0.13 ( 0.01) 0.09 ( 0.02) 0.13 ( 0.01) 0.12 ( 0.02) 0.22 ( 0.03) 0.14 ( 0.01) 0.12 ( 0.02) 0.08 ( 0.02) 0.14 ( 0.01) 0.25 ( 0.04) Part time ................. 0.13 ( 0.01) 0.14 ( 0.01) 0.21 ( 0.03) 0.14 ( 0.02) 0.13 ( 0.02) 0.09 ( 0.03) 0.13 ( 0.01) 0.13 ( 0.02) 0.09 ( 0.02) 0.09 ( 0.01) 0.05 ( 0.01) Other paid employees 0.68 ( 0.02) 0.63 ( 0.02) 0.44 ( 0.06) 0.59 ( 0.03) 0.66 ( 0.03) 0.82 ( 0.05) 0.83 ( 0.02) 0.57 ( 0.03) 0.66 ( 0.05) 1.14 ( 0.04) 1.65 ( 0.08) Full time .................. 0.34 ( 0.01) 0.28 ( 0.01) 0.10 ( 0.03) 0.22 ( 0.02) 0.34 ( 0.03) 0.51 ( 0.04) 0.49 ( 0.02) 0.27 ( 0.02) 0.39 ( 0.03) 0.76 ( 0.04) 1.10 ( 0.06) Part time ................. 0.34 ( 0.01) 0.34 ( 0.02) 0.34 ( 0.04) 0.37 ( 0.03) 0.32 ( 0.03) 0.31 ( 0.04) 0.34 ( 0.01) 0.29 ( 0.02) 0.27 ( 0.03) 0.38 ( 0.02) 0.55 ( 0.05) Percentage of schools' library media centers with the following equipment Telephone ....................... 61.2 ( 1.3) 55.8 ( 1.8) 40.1 ( 5.0) 49.4 ( 2.3) 64.0 ( 2.8) 73.8 ( 4.0) 74.7 ( 1.6) 61.2 ( 2.2) 85.5 ( 1.9) 90.4 ( 1.3) 98.8 ( 0.5) Fax machine .................... 7.8 ( 0.5) 4.7 ( 0.6) 8.2 ( 2.6) 3.4 ( 0.7) 5.7 ( 1.3) 5.1 ( 1.4) 15.1 ( 0.8) 15.1 ( 1.3) 18.8 ( 2.3) 17.9 ( 2.0) 19.9 ( 2.1) Computer with modem .... 34.3 ( 1.0) 28.3 ( 1.2) 21.9 ( 4.5) 24.9 ( 1.7) 33.3 ( 2.8) 34.6 ( 3.1) 48.2 ( 1.5) 47.0 ( 2.2) 51.3 ( 2.9) 56.7 ( 2.7) 64.8 ( 2.7) Automated catalog .......... 24.0 ( 0.9) 20.3 ( 1.1) 14.2 ( 3.8) 17.5 ( 1.4) 24.9 ( 2.1) 25.4 ( 2.2) 32.8 ( 1.1) 24.7 ( 1.8) 32.2 ( 2.7) 39.7 ( 1.8) 53.1 ( 3.2) Automated circulation system ......................... 37.9 ( 1.1) 34.1 ( 1.6) 16.0 ( 3.8) 28.5 ( 1.9) 40.4 ( 2.7) 55.0 ( 3.3) 47.7 ( 1.3) 36.5 ( 2.0) 48.0 ( 3.1) 61.9 ( 2.3) 71.6 ( 3.0) Database searching with CD ROM ...................... 31.2 ( 0.8) 23.9 ( 1.2) 23.3 ( 3.3) 21.9 ( 1.7) 25.3 ( 2.6) 30.1 ( 2.8) 48.1 ( 1.3) 45.1 ( 2.1) 53.1 ( 3.1) 59.4 ( 2.5) 71.7 ( 2.2) Online database searching ..................... 9.4 ( 0.5) 5.4 ( 0.5) 6.0 ( 1.3) 4.1 ( 0.7) 7.1 ( 1.3) 6.8 ( 1.3) 18.9 ( 0.9) 18.5 ( 1.6) 20.5 ( 2.6) 23.4 ( 1.6) 33.3 ( 2.8) Compact disc for periodical indices ......... 46.7 ( 1.1) 39.6 ( 1.5) 27.0 ( 3.5) 37.5 ( 2.1) 42.6 ( 2.7) 49.5 ( 3.4) 63.5 ( 1.3) 59.2 ( 1.9) 69.8 ( 2.7) 74.3 ( 1.8) 83.2 ( 2.8) Video laser disc ............... 31.9 ( 1.0) 30.3 ( 1.3) 19.6 ( 4.8) 24.8 ( 1.7) 37.2 ( 2.3) 44.3 ( 3.1) 36.1 ( 1.3) 25.5 ( 1.8) 41.1 ( 2.1) 42.2 ( 1.8) 46.6 ( 3.1) Connection to Internet ..... 12.0 ( 0.6) 9.5 ( 0.8) 5.0 ( 1.3) 8.7 ( 1.4) 11.9 ( 1.8) 10.0 ( 1.5) 17.5 ( 0.8) 16.8 ( 1.5) 18.9 ( 2.5) 20.9 ( 1.9) 31.0 ( 2.6) Cable television ............... 76.2 ( 0.8) 75.0 ( 1.1) 59.8 ( 4.9) 78.0 ( 1.6) 74.7 ( 2.3) 73.0 ( 3.0) 80.6 ( 0.9) 76.3 ( 1.9) 81.9 ( 2.5) 87.7 ( 1.3) 74.8 ( 2.4) Broadcast television ........ 48.6 ( 1.0) 48.0 ( 1.4) 47.0 ( 4.8) 45.2 ( 1.6) 51.5 ( 2.5) 52.3 ( 4.1) 49.9 ( 1.3) 43.4 ( 2.3) 52.0 ( 3.1) 60.5 ( 2.0) 56.6 ( 2.9) Closed circuit television .. 25.5 ( 0.7) 22.0 ( 1.0) 7.0 ( 2.1) 19.2 ( 1.4) 23.1 ( 2.0) 41.4 ( 2.9) 34.0 ( 1.0) 23.4 ( 1.7) 46.1 ( 3.1) 44.8 ( 1.7) 43.7 ( 2.9) Satellite dish .................... 22.9 ( 0.6) 14.4 ( 0.7) 15.4 ( 2.8) 13.6 ( 1.2) 12.7 ( 1.4) 21.3 ( 3.1) 41.1 ( 1.1) 51.9 ( 2.3) 54.5 ( 2.7) 45.5 ( 2.0) 35.0 ( 3.0) Percentage of schools offering   Microcomputers .......... 90.1 ( 0.7) 88.5 ( 1.0) 79.2 ( 3.4) 89.1 ( 1.6) 88.4 ( 2.0) 92.1 ( 2.2) 94.0 ( 1.0) 94.2 ( 1.1) 96.4 ( 0.9) 95.7 ( 1.1) 98.5 ( 0.9) Long distance learning .................... 19.0 ( 0.8) 15.9 ( 1.1) 16.7 ( 2.7) 16.3 ( 1.6) 14.4 ( 1.7) 17.5 ( 2.6) 24.8 ( 1.0) 28.3 ( 1.5) 25.6 ( 2.0) 26.8 ( 1.4) 21.6 ( 2.7) Total students using library per 100 students each week 1 .............. 77.4 ( 0.6) 86.2 ( 0.7) 93.4 ( 1.0) 92.1 ( 0.7) 87.7 ( 1.1) 73.6 ( 2.2) 61.4 ( 0.9) 75.2 ( 1.4) 66.9 ( 1.8) 61.3 ( 1.1) 51.4 ( 1.6) Books checked out per 100 students each week 1 ................ 101.0 ( 1.9) 134.4 ( 2.6) 213.0 ( 11.3) 159.4 ( 4.6) 132.9 ( 4.7) 90.9 ( 4.8) 39.0 ( 1.4) 71.2 ( 4.5) 45.9 ( 3.5) 32.1 ( 1.6) 27.4 ( 2.7) Average holdings per 100 students at the end of the 1992   93 school year Books ( number of volumes) ...................... 1,832 ( 33) 1,925 ( 48) 4,839 ( 302) 2,510 ( 108) 1,587 ( 42) 1,325 ( 36) 1,650 ( 26) 3,063 ( 79) 1,801 ( 49) 1,422 ( 25) 1,133 ( 29) Current serial subscriptions ( print/ microfilm) 6 ( 2) 5 ( 2) 20 ( 2) 6 ( 2) 4 ( 2) 3 ( 2) 7 ( 2) 16 ( 2) 8 ( 2) 5 ( 2) 3 ( 2) Video materials ( tape and disc) ............................. 29 ( 1) 28 ( 2) 86 ( 10) 34 ( 4) 25 ( 2) 20 ( 2) 29 ( 1) 52 ( 3) 35 ( 2) 25 ( 2) 20 ( 1) Other audiovisual materials ...................... 95 ( 3) 100 ( 5) 197 ( 47) 116 ( 6) 97 ( 9) 71 ( 7) 84 ( 4) 135 ( 16) 102 ( 10) 80 ( 4) 52 ( 5) Microcomputer software ....................... 12 ( 2) 15 ( 1) 55 ( 14) 20 ( 1) 11 ( 1) 10 ( 1) 6 ( 2) 10 ( 1) 8 ( 1) 6 ( 1) 4 ( 2) CD ROM titles ................. 1 ( 2) 1 ( 2) 2 ( 2) 1 ( 2) 1 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 1 ( 2) 2 ( 2) 1 ( 2) 1 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) Locally budgeted expenditures 3 per student, 1992   93 Books .............................. $ 6.43 ( 0.16) $ 6.48 ( 0.21) $ 15.10( 1.21) $ 7.47 ( 0.25) $ 6.37 ( 0.41) $ 4.42 ( 0.29) $ 6.28 ( 0.20) $ 11.24( 0.51) $ 6.83 ( 0.36) $ 5.68 ( 0.19) $ 4.20 ( 0.37) Current serial subscriptions ( print/ microfilm) ... 1.56 ( 0.04) 1.10 ( 0.04) 4.19 ( 0.44) 1.37 ( 0.06) 0.89 ( 0.05) 0.76 ( 0.06) 2.44 ( 0.07) 4.51 ( 0.20) 2.84 ( 0.15) 2.20 ( 0.07) 1.47 ( 0.06) Video materials ( tape and disc) ............................. 0.94 ( 0.03) 0.89 ( 0.04) 2.46 ( 0.40) 0.93 ( 0.05) 0.91 ( 0.07) 0.66 ( 0.07) 1.06 ( 0.04) 1.85 ( 0.13) 1.26 ( 0.11) 0.98 ( 0.07) 0.63 ( 0.04) Other audiovisual materials ...................... 0.65 ( 0.03) 0.72 ( 0.04) 1.31 ( 0.58) 0.82 ( 0.07) 0.70 ( 0.06) 0.53 ( 0.07) 0.52 ( 0.03) 0.96 ( 0.09) 0.63 ( 0.08) 0.47 ( 0.04) 0.31 ( 0.03) Microcomputer software .. 0.69 ( 0.04) 0.73 ( 0.06) 1.76 ( 0.49) 0.86 ( 0.09) 0.76 ( 0.13) 0.38 ( 0.05) 0.60 ( 0.04) 1.31 ( 0.18) 0.70 ( 0.11) 0.52 ( 0.04) 0.29 ( 0.04) CD ROM titles ................. 0.50 ( 0.04) 0.33 ( 0.06) 0.98 ( 0.35) 0.31 ( 0.03) 0.41 ( 0.16) 0.16 ( 0.02) 0.80 ( 0.04) 1.36 ( 0.12) 0.85 ( 0.10) 0.74 ( 0.06) 0.57 ( 0.04) Expenditures ( all sources) per student, 1992   93 Total, library/ media materials ...................... $ 12.74( 0.24) $ 12.00( 0.31) $ 31.05( 2.45) $ 14.27( 0.50) $ 11.16( 0.56) $ 8.34 ( 0.45) $ 13.92( 0.32) $ 24.95( 0.80) $ 15.01( 0.72) $ 12.53( 0.45) $ 9.45 ( 0.51) Microcomputer hardware .................. 2.96 ( 0.16) 2.63 ( 0.23) 6.23 ( 1.32) 2.53 ( 0.26) 3.14 ( 0.52) 1.69 ( 0.26) 3.57 ( 0.28) 5.69 ( 0.94) 4.04 ( 0.70) 3.93 ( 0.50) 1.79 ( 0.21) Audiovisual equipment 1.76 ( 0.08) 1.77 ( 0.11) 4.37 ( 1.28) 1.70 ( 0.16) 1.91 ( 0.24) 1.45 ( 0.25) 1.77 ( 0.07) 2.96 ( 0.23) 1.69 ( 0.15) 1.61 ( 0.11) 1.42 ( 0.14) Online database searching/ electronic communications ............... 0.26 ( 0.04) 0.22 ( 0.06) 0.31 ( 0.16) 0.23 ( 0.06) 0.26 ( 0.15) 0.10 ( 0.03) 0.33 ( 0.03) 0.57 ( 0.09) 0.26 ( 0.05) 0.22 ( 0.05) 0.39 ( 0.08)

1 During the most recent full week of school.

2 Data less than 0.5.

3 Locally budgeted expenditures exclude federal gifts and grants.

NOTE: Percentages are based on schools that have library/ media centers. In school year 1990   91, 96 percent of public and 87 percent of private schools had library/ media centers. Data revised from previously published figures. Standard errors appear in parentheses SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993   94, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared November 2001.) 491 LIBRARIES AND EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY: LIBRARIES Table 419.   Selected statistics on public school library/ media centers, by state: 1993   94 State or other area Percent of centers offering selected services/ equipment Average number of staff per library 1 Total students using library per 100 students each week 2 Books checked out per 100 students each week 2 Books held per 100 students Total expenditures for materials per student Computer with modem Automated catalog Database searching with CDROM Online database searching Compact disc for indices etc. Connection to the Internet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 United States ................ 34.3 ( 1.0) 24.0 ( 0.9) 31.2 ( 0.8) 9.4 ( 0.5) 46.7 ( 1.1) 12.0 ( 0.6) 1.81 ( 0.02) 77.4 ( 0.6) 101.0 ( 1.9) 1,832 ( 33) $ 12.74 ( 0.24)

Alabama ............................. 33.0 ( 4.2) 37.6 ( 5.9) 29.3 ( 4.0) 5.7 ( 2.0) 44.1 ( 4.6) 3.2 ( 1.5) 1.47 ( 0.06) 70.4 ( 2.4) 90.8 ( 14.4) 1,420 ( 44) 10.93 ( 0.52) Alaska ................................ 34.7 ( 3.6) 34.3 ( 4.0) 39.7 ( 4.7) 6.8 ( 1.9) 44.6 ( 4.5) 15.1 ( 2.3) 1.53 ( 0.07) 82.5 ( 2.5) 144.1 ( 14.2) 2,698 ( 148) 29.39 ( 2.67) Arizona ............................... 28.1 ( 3.5) 38.3 ( 5.3) 28.0 ( 4.0) 5.6 ( 2.2) 43.0 ( 4.4) 6.0 ( 1.9) 2.03 ( 0.09) 79.2 ( 2.5) 99.9 ( 6.6) 1,857 ( 83) 12.63 ( 0.89) Arkansas ............................ 19.0 ( 4.0) 18.7 ( 4.0) 20.5 ( 4.1) 5.6 ( 2.4) 29.7 ( 4.6) 8.5 ( 2.5) 1.49 ( 0.06) 75.0 ( 3.6) 98.5 ( 11.0) 1,854 ( 148) 12.75 ( 0.67) California ............................ 19.9 ( 4.3) 14.0 ( 3.4) 23.4 ( 3.7) 3.1 ( 1.0) 38.0 ( 5.7) 6.2 ( 2.3) 1.54 ( 0.10) 72.8 ( 2.6) 87.1 ( 9.0) 1,315 ( 77) 6.45 ( 0.89)

Colorado ............................ 47.0 ( 4.7) 43.6 ( 5.7) 43.3 ( 5.5) 30.7 ( 4.7) 60.7 ( 5.5) 16.3 ( 3.5) 1.89 ( 0.09) 75.8 ( 3.0) 104.4 ( 7.2) 1,812 ( 75) 13.03 ( 0.76) Connecticut ........................ 43.8 ( 6.5) 12.8 ( 2.7) 45.4 ( 5.3) 17.9 ( 3.8) 54.4 ( 6.0) 6.5 ( 2.6) 1.69 ( 0.07) 84.6 ( 2.6) 89.7 ( 7.1) 2,076 ( 99) 14.10 ( 1.25) Delaware ............................ 41.8 ( 3.6) 22.5 ( 3.0) 34.7 ( 3.5) 14.4 ( 2.5) 48.2 ( 3.5) 5.7 ( 2.0) 1.43 ( 0.06) 74.4 ( 3.5) 79.0 ( 3.8) 1,428 ( 64) 8.75 ( 0.73) District of Columbia ........... 23.5 ( 4.0) 4.4 ( 2.2) 25.4 ( 2.8) 10.4 ( 3.3) 31.2 ( 3.2) 1.7 ( 1.1) 1.46 ( 0.08) 59.6 ( 3.5) 38.5 ( 3.9) 1,377 ( 53) 7.53 ( 0.59) Florida ................................ 45.3 ( 3.8) 29.8 ( 3.3) 39.9 ( 3.6) 11.8 ( 2.8) 71.0 ( 4.0) 21.1 ( 3.4) 2.04 ( 0.06) 70.9 ( 3.1) 80.5 ( 8.4) 1,428 ( 202) 9.87 ( 0.57)

Georgia .............................. 29.8 ( 4.7) 48.2 ( 4.4) 34.5 ( 4.6) 13.6 ( 2.6) 46.6 ( 4.7) 10.8 ( 2.7) 2.07 ( 0.06) 80.1 ( 1.8) 97.4 ( 5.7) 1,384 ( 31) 12.04 ( 0.47) Hawaii ................................ 75.3 ( 5.3) 27.1 ( 4.4) 47.7 ( 5.7) 24.3 ( 4.9) 64.8 ( 4.9) 29.4 ( 5.0) 1.46 ( 0.08) 80.0 ( 2.4) 143.7 ( 18.6) 1,366 ( 49) 10.21 ( 0.67) Idaho .................................. 29.9 ( 4.2) 15.4 ( 4.0) 21.6 ( 4.4) 6.2 ( 2.3) 32.1 ( 5.1) 8.6 ( 3.1) 1.68 ( 0.11) 80.9 ( 2.4) 106.1 ( 8.3) 1,774 ( 124) 10.07 ( 0.60) Illinois ................................. 32.2 ( 3.5) 17.7 ( 3.8) 23.0 ( 3.4) 7.9 ( 1.7) 36.6 ( 4.2) 7.1 ( 2.2) 2.05 ( 0.11) 77.7 ( 2.7) 104.8 ( 7.6) 1,879 ( 95) 12.02 ( 0.81) Indiana ............................... 29.9 ( 6.7) 31.0 ( 4.9) 32.0 ( 5.9) 2.4 ( 0.7) 66.1 ( 6.3) 5.5 ( 1.2) 1.93 ( 0.07) 82.3 ( 2.1) 133.9 ( 18.1) 2,192 ( 274) 13.92 ( 0.94)

Iowa ................................... 38.8 ( 6.4) 17.4 ( 5.0) 44.2 ( 5.7) 14.6 ( 3.6) 71.2 ( 5.7) 8.6 ( 3.1) 2.15 ( 0.12) 87.6 ( 2.6) 138.3 ( 10.6) 2,923 ( 260) 17.21 ( 1.59) Kansas ............................... 24.9 ( 3.0) 31.5 ( 4.9) 20.9 ( 3.1) 9.7 ( 2.0) 46.6 ( 4.5) 10.6 ( 2.5) 2.00 ( 0.07) 86.3 ( 1.7) 127.4 ( 8.7) 2,768 ( 152) 24.81 ( 2.59) Kentucky ............................ 30.1 ( 6.2) 33.1 ( 7.0) 32.3 ( 5.5) 4.3 ( 2.2) 60.3 ( 6.3) 5.3 ( 2.4) 1.77 ( 0.10) 80.8 ( 2.5) 109.4 ( 6.8) 1,529 ( 72) 13.62 ( 0.88) Louisiana ............................ 24.2 ( 3.9) 13.9 ( 3.5) 21.9 ( 3.4) 2.3 ( 0.8) 28.1 ( 3.8) 6.2 ( 2.4) 1.43 ( 0.09) 66.0 ( 3.2) 93.2 ( 10.1) 1,635 ( 56) 15.76 ( 4.25) Maine ................................. 33.3 ( 5.4) 18.9 ( 4.4) 25.5 ( 3.8) 5.4 ( 2.0) 38.9 ( 6.7) 5.4 ( 1.6) 1.54 ( 0.12) 87.4 ( 2.6) 118.7 ( 12.5) 2,141 ( 124) 15.08 ( 1.20)

Maryland ............................ 41.0 ( 3.9) 15.4 ( 3.4) 31.8 ( 4.5) 22.3 ( 3.1) 46.2 ( 4.7) 32.6 ( 3.5) 1.70 ( 0.08) 84.2 ( 1.7) 87.0 ( 4.6) 1,363 ( 45) 11.25 ( 0.56) Massachusetts ................... 38.2 ( 4.9) 9.1 ( 1.6) 45.3 ( 4.8) 8.9 ( 1.6) 46.3 ( 4.8) 24.1 ( 3.8) 1.67 ( 0.11) 71.1 ( 3.3) 62.2 ( 6.5) 2,003 ( 134) 10.29 ( 0.89) Michigan ............................. 42.2 ( 7.6) 12.1 ( 3.9) 38.1 ( 6.3) 10.2 ( 3.8) 57.9 ( 6.1) 15.1 ( 5.3) 1.85 ( 0.12) 80.5 ( 3.3) 91.6 ( 9.9) 1,797 ( 89) 12.25 ( 1.35) Minnesota .......................... 35.6 ( 4.8) 53.4 ( 6.1) 52.9 ( 6.1) 13.8 ( 3.0) 69.0 ( 5.6) 17.3 ( 3.6) 2.43 ( 0.16) 82.1 ( 2.7) 128.4 ( 19.5) 2,362 ( 104) 15.94 ( 1.31) Mississippi .......................... 9.4 ( 2.0) 5.2 ( 2.1) 14.2 ( 3.9) 3.0 ( 1.4) 23.2 ( 3.6) 3.1 ( 1.3) 1.74 ( 0.13) 70.0 ( 3.1) 80.9 ( 8.8) 1,415 ( 51) 13.78 ( 2.65)

Missouri .............................. 31.3 ( 4.3) 39.4 ( 6.7) 31.4 ( 5.0) 17.8 ( 3.9) 46.0 ( 5.9) 15.7 ( 4.2) 1.63 ( 0.09) 74.2 ( 2.9) 119.8 ( 11.5) 2,052 ( 105) 14.88 ( 0.93) Montana ............................. 50.8 ( 4.3) 20.6 ( 3.1) 43.7 ( 4.1) 17.4 ( 3.3) 58.2 ( 3.6) 6.2 ( 2.0) 1.73 ( 0.07) 86.4 ( 2.7) 139.2 ( 9.9) 4,127 ( 259) 28.39 ( 2.34) Nebraska ............................ 31.6 ( 5.0) 29.0 ( 4.9) 36.3 ( 5.7) 12.1 ( 2.5) 58.8 ( 6.0) 15.8 ( 3.0) 1.65 ( 0.12) 86.3 ( 2.2) 140.6 ( 12.0) 3,289 ( 285) 24.63 ( 1.77) Nevada ............................... 18.4 ( 4.0) 48.2 ( 5.5) 32.2 ( 4.5) 3.0 ( 1.3) 37.1 ( 4.2) 9.4 ( 2.9) 1.96 ( 0.10) 77.3 ( 3.4) 82.6 ( 6.4) 1,528 ( 156) 10.26 ( 0.91) New Hampshire ................. 43.9 ( 6.6) 21.4 ( 4.8) 39.8 ( 6.6) 8.2 ( 2.6) 51.2 ( 5.9) 17.4 ( 4.4) 1.76 ( 0.08) 82.7 ( 2.5) 98.6 ( 10.5) 1,858 ( 124) 16.82 ( 1.12)

New Jersey ........................ 39.1 ( 6.8) 28.5 ( 6.5) 30.2 ( 6.4) 7.2 ( 1.4) 46.2 ( 7.2) 5.2 ( 1.3) 2.08 ( 0.13) 77.5 ( 3.5) 79.4 ( 9.7) 2,198 ( 233) 18.38 ( 1.94) New Mexico ....................... 32.8 ( 6.1) 21.9 ( 5.3) 32.0 ( 4.3) 3.9 ( 1.5) 43.1 ( 5.5) 7.8 ( 2.4) 1.29 ( 0.06) 72.3 ( 2.6) 104.8 ( 9.8) 1,781 ( 76) 13.10 ( 3.26) New York ........................... 39.5 ( 5.5) 14.3 ( 3.9) 25.2 ( 3.4) 12.5 ( 2.4) 44.8 ( 5.1) 16.0 ( 3.6) 1.90 ( 0.10) 70.9 ( 4.2) 74.7 ( 7.7) 1,768 ( 78) 11.47 ( 0.96) North Carolina .................... 40.5 ( 4.6) 29.4 ( 4.0) 42.0 ( 4.3) 10.8 ( 1.7) 65.0 ( 4.1) 7.9 ( 2.3) 2.07 ( 0.10) 76.1 ( 2.6) 105.6 ( 8.4) 1,493 ( 39) 13.76 ( 0.90) North Dakota ...................... 65.8 ( 5.3) 18.0 ( 3.6) 27.3 ( 5.1) 39.1 ( 5.7) 41.1 ( 6.5) 36.8 ( 5.5) 1.65 ( 0.06) 90.5 ( 1.1) 283.2 ( 56.3) 5,198 ( 853) 22.43 ( 1.41)

Ohio ................................... 33.1 ( 7.1) 12.9 ( 5.0) 16.9 ( 3.9) 3.3 ( 1.1) 31.9 ( 6.7) 7.1 ( 2.3) 1.69 ( 0.09) 79.7 ( 3.0) 92.8 ( 8.3) 2,906 ( 435) 9.87 ( 1.03) Oklahoma ........................... 20.1 ( 2.7) 32.7 ( 3.8) 32.5 ( 3.5) 6.7 ( 1.7) 44.1 ( 4.2) 4.0 ( 1.7) 1.81 ( 0.05) 78.0 ( 1.9) 114.0 ( 7.3) 2,045 ( 90) 22.89 ( 1.49) Oregon ............................... 38.6 ( 5.8) 39.2 ( 5.2) 51.5 ( 6.7) 18.9 ( 4.7) 49.5 ( 6.5) 11.7 ( 4.2) 1.87 ( 0.11) 82.7 ( 3.7) 112.3 ( 10.9) 2,125 ( 113) 17.90 ( 1.45) Pennsylvania ...................... 33.9 ( 6.9) 17.3 ( 4.0) 32.6 ( 5.5) 2.5 ( 1.1) 39.2 ( 6.4) 6.4 ( 3.1) 1.88 ( 0.11) 86.6 ( 2.6) 117.0 ( 14.5) 2,169 ( 106) 12.36 ( 1.13) Rhode Island ...................... 25.0 ( 4.9) 11.8 ( 3.2) 13.0 ( 3.5) 1.0 ( 0.6) 21.7 ( 4.8) 18.6 ( 4.2) 1.75 ( 0.08) 79.6 ( 3.2) 103.3 ( 13.3) 1,626 ( 155) 7.73 ( 0.90)

South Carolina ................... 44.0 ( 5.4) 46.4 ( 5.0) 39.4 ( 5.7) 6.9 ( 1.7) 55.4 ( 7.1) 13.5 ( 4.1) 1.97 ( 0.09) 74.6 ( 3.7) 97.8 ( 10.6) 1,415 ( 49) 10.89 ( 0.51) South Dakota ..................... 56.2 ( 6.8) 12.6 ( 3.4) 37.7 ( 6.2) 23.1 ( 4.2) 60.2 ( 5.5) 9.0 ( 2.7) 1.69 ( 0.12) 87.3 ( 2.2) 149.6 ( 13.4) 3,075 ( 271) 26.47 ( 2.62) Tennessee ......................... 15.1 ( 4.3) 18.9 ( 5.1) 16.6 ( 4.5) 2.5 ( 2.3) 34.9 ( 6.5) 3.6 ( 1.9) 1.46 ( 0.08) 79.7 ( 2.8) 84.1 ( 7.9) 1,550 ( 79) 8.19 ( 0.60) Texas ................................. 39.4 ( 4.6) 20.5 ( 4.2) 27.2 ( 3.1) 9.9 ( 2.8) 33.9 ( 3.8) 24.7 ( 4.2) 1.81 ( 0.07) 75.7 ( 2.6) 109.1 ( 7.3) 1,554 ( 69) 14.62 ( 0.97) Utah ................................... 22.2 ( 3.6) 37.4 ( 4.1) 28.6 ( 3.6) 5.1 ( 2.3) 39.1 ( 3.6) 6.7 ( 1.9) 1.67 ( 0.07) 70.5 ( 2.4) 88.8 ( 5.4) 1,235 ( 54) 7.92 ( 0.50)

Vermont ............................. 47.0 ( 4.9) 27.2 ( 5.6) 35.3 ( 4.2) 14.5 ( 3.3) 51.9 ( 4.8) 32.2 ( 3.4) 1.80 ( 0.11) 86.8 ( 1.7) 153.8 ( 29.1) 2,871 ( 156) 25.50 ( 2.40) Virginia ............................... 61.7 ( 8.3) 35.5 ( 6.1) 38.6 ( 5.8) 10.6 ( 2.9) 72.4 ( 7.0) 31.4 ( 5.6) 1.85 ( 0.11) 82.6 ( 2.8) 118.6 ( 14.4) 1,716 ( 76) 13.03 ( 0.85) Washington ........................ 40.2 ( 5.2) 35.7 ( 5.6) 43.1 ( 3.6) 11.7 ( 2.9) 53.1 ( 4.9) 13.0 ( 2.6) 1.91 ( 0.10) 85.7 ( 1.9) 127.8 ( 8.9) 1,728 ( 53) 13.16 ( 1.18) West Virginia ...................... 24.7 ( 6.0) 16.7 ( 4.2) 18.0 ( 4.0) 8.3 ( 3.5) 31.0 ( 5.5) 6.4 ( 3.2) 0.95 ( 0.09) 67.1 ( 4.4) 79.0 ( 11.9) 1,666 ( 124) 7.15 ( 0.67) Wisconsin ........................... 34.2 ( 6.5) 27.2 ( 4.7) 36.1 ( 5.0) 14.8 ( 3.8) 57.1 ( 6.1) 9.0 ( 2.6) 1.98 ( 0.11) 83.9 ( 2.9) 138.9 ( 14.6) 2,430 ( 117) 21.84 ( 1.19) Wyoming ............................ 39.0 ( 3.4) 28.0 ( 4.2) 32.1 ( 5.7) 8.1 ( 2.5) 41.7 ( 4.5) 6.6 ( 2.3) 1.82 ( 0.10) 80.4 ( 2.1) 158.0 ( 13.8) 3,968 ( 379) 22.42 ( 1.61)

1 Includes professional and nonprofessional staff. 2 During the most recent full week of school.

NOTE: Percentages are based on schools that have library/ media centers. In school year 1990   91, 96 percent of public schools had library/ media centers. Data have been revised from previously published figures. Standard errors appear in parentheses. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993   94, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared November 2001.) 492 LIBRARIES AND EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY: LIBRARIES Table 420.   Percent of public and private schools having access to selected telecommunication capabilities, by location of access site and control of school: 1995 and 1998   99 Telecommunications capabilities Percent of schools having access Percent of schools with telecommunicatons access, by location Administrative offices Teacher workrooms Classrooms Computer labs Library/ media centers Other instructional rooms 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 All public schools, 1995 Computer with any telecommunication capabilities via local area network ................................ 77 73 20 45 71 64   Computer with any telecommunication capabilities via modem ................................................. 76 61 10 30 41 64   Computer with any telecommunication capabilities via wide area network ................................ 61 58 14 35 41 68   Broadcast television ........................................................... 71 35 28 82 47 88   Cable television ................................................................. 76 33 25 72 42 91   Closed circuit television ..................................................... 28 50 32 91 60 89   Two way video with two way audio ................................... 13 24 17 57 37 69   One way video with two way audio or computer link ................................................................. 7 26 15 63 41 54   All private schools, 1998   99 Computer connected to a local area network ................................................................. 49 79   51 68 45 31 Computer with modem ...................................................... 73 81   41 50 31 18 Computer with connection or access to the Internet ................................................................ 67 79   44 56 41 21 Computer with connection or access to the Intranet ................................................................ 19 86   61 75 54 30 Stand alone computer ( i. e., not connected to any network) ............................................................. 85 68   83 52 42 39 Computer with multimedia capabilities ( e. g., CD ROM, speakers) ............................................ 81 83   69 70 48 35 Interactive television/ computer with two way audio/ visual ..................................................... 12 12   54 65 38 28   Not available.