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QL 155 . S63 no. 8 Biological Report 82( 11 .126) December 1989 TR EL 82 4 Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates ( Pacific Northwest)

PACIFIC HERRING ` 2 11.126 z Coastal Ecology Group Fish and Wildlife Service Waterwavs ExDeriment Station U. S. Department of the Interior U. S. Army Corps of Engineers c Biological Report 82( 11.126) TR EL 82 4 December 1989 Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates ( Pacific Northwest)

PACIFIC HERRING bY Dennis R. Lassuy Oregon Cooperative Fishery Research Unit Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 9733 l 3803 Project Officer David Moran U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetlands Research Center 1010 Gause Boulevard Slidell, LA 70458 Performed for U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Ecology Group Waterways Experiment Station Vicksburg, MS 39180 and U. S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service Research and Development National Wetlands Research Center Washington, DC 20240 This series should be referenced as follows:

U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983 19 . Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82( 11). U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL 82 4.

This profile should be cited as follows:

Lassuy, D. R. 1989. Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates ( Pacific Northwest) Pacific herring. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82( 11.126). U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL 82 4. 18 pp. 3 PREFACE This species profile is one of a series on coastal aquatic organisms, principally fish, of sport, commercial, or ecological importance. The profiles are designed to provide coastal managers, engineers, and biologists with a brief comprehensive sketch of the biological characteristics and environmental requirements of the species and to describe how populations of the species may be expected to react to environmental changes caused by coastal development. Each profile has sections on taxonomy, life history, ecological role, environmental requirements, and economic importance, if applicable. A three ring binder is used for this series so that new profiles can be added as they are prepared. This project is jointly planned and financed by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Setvice.

Suggestions or questions regarding this report should be directed to one of the following addresses.

Information Transfer Specialist U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetlands Research Center NASA Slidell Computer Complex 1010 Gause Boulevard Slide& LA 70458 or U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Attention: WESER C Post Office Box 63 1 Vicksburg, MS 39180 . . . 111 CONVERSION TABLE Metric to U. S. Customary Multiply millimeters ( mm) centimeters ( cm) meters ( m) meters kilometers ( km) kilometers BY 0.03937 0.3937 3.281 0.5468 0.6214 0.5396 To Obtain inches inches feet fathoms statute miles nautical miles square meters ( m2) 10.76 square kilometers ( km2) square feet 0.3861 square miles hectares ( ha) 2.471 acres liters ( 1) 0.2642 cubic meters ( m3) gallons 35.31 cubic feet cubic meters 0.0008110 acre feet milligrams ( mg) 0.00003527 ounces grams ( 8) 0.03527 ounces kilograms ( kg) 2.205 pounds metric tons ( t) 2205.0 pounds metric tons 1.102 short tons kilocalories ( kcal) Celsius degrees (" C) 3.968 1.8 (" C) + 32 U. S. Customary to Metric 25.40 2.54 0.3048 1.829 1.609 1.852 British thermal units Fahrenheit degrees inches inches feet ( ft) fathoms statute miles ( mi) nautical miles ( nmi)

square feet ( ft2) square miles ( mi2) acres millimeters centimeters meters meters kilometers kilometers 0.0929 square meters 2.590 square kilometers 0.4047 hectares gallons ( gal) 3.785 liters cubic feet ( ft3) 0.0283 1 cubic meters acre feet 1233.0 cubic meters ounces ( oz) 28350.0 milligrams ounces 28.35 grams pounds ( lb) 0.4536 kilograms pounds 0.00045 metric tons short tons ( ton) 0.9072 metric tons British thermal units ( Btu) 0.2520 kilocalories Fahrenheit degrees (" F) 0.5556 (" F  32) Celsius degrees iv & CONTENTS PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ** 111 CONVERSION TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi NOMENCLATURE/ TAXONOMY/ RANGE ............................... MORPHOLOGY/ IDENTIFICATION AIDS ............................... REASON FOR INCLUSION IN SERIES ................................. LIFE HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spawning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eggs and Larvae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Juveniles and Adults ............................................. GSI and Fecundity ................................................ GROWTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . THE FISHERY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . History and Products .............................................. stocks ........................................................ Population Dynamics and Management .................................. ECOLOGICAL ROLE .............................................. Feeding Habits ................................................... Sources of Mortality ............................................... ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS ................................. Salinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Temperature and Salinity Interactions .................................. Substrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ n~~~ inan; s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C O N C E R N S . . : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 112 222 446 6 689 10 10 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 13 LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 A t V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Any review of the Pacific herring must include a large dose of gratitude to the years of excellent work carried out by many members of the staff of the Pacific Biological Station in Nanaimo, British Columbia. The organizers and editors of, and contributors to, the Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ( Vol. 42, Suppl. 1 of 1985) that covered the International Symposium on the Biological Characteristics of Herring and Their Implications for Management are also owed many thanks. I am grateful to Tom Jow ( California Department of Fish and Game), Jerry Butler ( Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife), and Pat McAllister and Dwane Day ( Washington Department of Fisheries) for supplying information. Jerome Spratt ( California Department of Fish and Game) and Dwane Day and Daniel Pentilla ( Washington Department of Fisheries) reviewed the manuscript. Finally, I thank Adrian Hunter for her dedicated and patient help in preparing the manuscript.

vi Figure 1. Pacific herring ( from Hart 1973).

PACIFIC HERRING NOMENCLATURE/ TAXONOMY/ RANGE Scientific name ......... & pea harengus paZZasi ( Valenciennes 1847) Common name ............ Pacific herring Class .................... Osteichthyes Order ................... Clupeiformes Family ..................... Clupeidae Geographic range: Geographic distribution of this subspecies extends from northern Baja California well into arctic Alaska and the U. S. S. R., Japan, and the Yellow Sea. It is commercially caught throughout most of its subarctic range.

MORPHOLOGY/ IDENTIFICATION AIDS Body elongate, depth about 4 4.5 in standard length ( SL), considerably compressed but variable. Head compressed; mouth terminal, moderate in size, directed moderately upward, lower jaw extending to point below eye; teeth lacking on jaws, ovate patch of fine teeth on vomer. Operculum without striae. Fins: dorsal ( l), 15 21; anal, 13 21; pectorals, about 17; pelvics, about 9, abdominal, each with fleshy appendage at base; caudal forked. Lateral line absent. Scales large, cycloid, 38 to 54 along midside, modified along midventral line with keels moderately developed anterior to pelvic fins and strongly developed between pelvic fins and anus. Vertebrae, 46 to 55. Gill rakers, 20 + 45. Color bluish green to olive on dorsal surface, shading to silvery on ventral surface, dusky on peritoneum. Length to 18 inches.

Recognition: Silvery, lacking black spots on sides of body. Also without spines or adipose fin, no scales or striae on head or gill cover, no modified scales on side of tail fin, no teeth on jaws, keels along midventral line only moderately developed ( see Figure 1).

The above description is based entirely on the taxonomic accounts of the Pacific herring presented by Clemens and Wilby ( 1961); Miller and Lea ( 1972); and Hart ( 1973).

The elongate form of the larva is easily confused with other species. The posterior 1 position of the anus and the absence of an adipose fin separate clupeid larva from others including sand lance, stichaeid, and osmerid larvae.

REASON FOR INCLUSION IN SERIES The Pacific herring has a long history of exploitation for human consumption and reduction fisheries for animal feeds and as an item of trade. It also provides food for a wide variety of pelagic, intertidal, and avian predators. The Pacific herring is particularly susceptible to the influences of shoreline development because its spawning grounds are limited to rather specific intertidal and shallow subtidal locations. This and other life history characteristics also make it susceptible to overfishing. The larval stage is sometimes abundantly found in shallow, nearshore waters that are susceptible to shore based environmental impacts.

LIFE HISTORY Spawning Pacific herring, & pea harenguspallasi, spawn primarily on vegetation and substrates in intertidal or shallow subtidal waters ( Hay 1985). Substrate spawning within the genus CZupea is unique to C. harengus and occurs in both the Pacific and Atlantic subspecies ( Whitehead 1985). Spawning grounds of Pacific herring are typically in sheltered inlets, sounds, bays, and estuaries rather than along open coastlines ( Haegele and Schweigert 1985a). Hay and Outram ( 1981) noted that the locations of spawning grounds were consistent from year to year. The general distribution and major spawning sites of Pacific herring in the Pacific Northwest are shown in Figure 2. Koons and Cardwell ( 1981) provided a detailed map of spawning sites in Puget Sound.

Within the range of the species, there is a latitudinal cline in spawn timing. Spawning may begin as early as October in California ( J. Spratt, California Department of Fish and Game, Monterrey; pet s. comm.) and continue as late as July in northern Alaska ( Haegele and Schweigert 1985b). Spawning peaks in February and March in the Pacific Northwest. Regardless of the calendar month, spawning is apparently timed to coincide with " local spring" conditions ( Ware 1985), a period of increasing plankton productivity.

Within a season, spawning occurs in " waves" of several days each separated by a little over 1 to several weeks. Larger fish within a stock tend to spawn first and smaller fish later ( Hay 1986). In the actual spawning event, a rapid response in females is triggered by the presence of milt in the water column ( Stacey and Hourston 1982). Thereafter, the behavior of males and females within the spawning school is simultaneous and nearly identical. Spawning waves are usually completed within 1 or 3 days and may occur either during the day or at night ( Hay 1986). Stacey and Hourston ( 1982) provided an excellent detailed description and illustration of the spawning sequence.

Ew and Larvae The eggs of Pacific herring adhere to vegetation and other solid substrates and may vary in density " from a few thinly scattered eggs to more than 20 layers" ( Haegele and Schweigert 1985b). Densities are highest in the lower intertidal and upper subtidal zones. The fertilized eggs average 1.2 1.5 mm in diameter ( Hart 1973); incubation time is about 2 3 weeks ( Hay and Fulton 1983).

At hatching, Pacific herring larvae " depend on endowed yolk to survive" & asker 1985). Yolk sac larvae move actively in the wild ( Westerhagen and Rosenthal 1979). Acuity of the larval eye is low ( the minimum separable angle is about 3 to 4 degrees in larvae < 12 mm long) but is sufficient in larvae lo 12 mm long to detect prey at short distances ( Blaxter and Jones 1967). The yolk sac stage is generally completed within a week; after that, condition factor ( weightbolume) begins to increase, coinciding with the onset of feeding ( Westerhagen and Rosenthal 1979).

Larval distribution depends on local current patterns ( Eldridge 1977) but may be modified 3 Potential coastal distribution of juvenile and adult WASHINGTON MILES KILOMETERS b `::.:, Crescent _

h. I.:.:.' City ` A CALlFOR OREGON Figure 2. Distribution of the Pacific berring in the Pacific Northwest Region. Shaded areas show known spawning grounds.

3 by daily vertical migrations down by day, up by night ( Hourston and Haegele 1980). Survival in these early stages therefore depends on stable current patterns that promote larval retention in areas favorable to feeding and growth ( Stevenson 1% 2).

Juveniles and Adults Larval Pacific herring metamorphose 2 to 3 months after hatching ( Hourston and Haegele 1980; Hay 1985) and begin to school when they reach lengths of 25 40 mm ( Hart 1973). During the first summer after having been spawned, juveniles gather in large schools and remain primarily in inshore waters ( Hay 1985; Stocker et al. 1985). Juveniles may gather after their first summer and move offshore until maturation ( Stocker et al. 1985) or they may remain inshore until their first spawning ( Hay 1985). First year juveniles that move offshore live mainly in waters with depths of 150 200 m. Schools of immature fish ( second and third year) are found in areas with depths of 100 150 m ( Hourston and Haegele 1980). These offshore " juvenile schools" appear to remain separated from offshore schools of adults ( Haist and Stocker 1985). Age at first maturity is generally 2 5 years but increases with increasing latitude ( Hay 1985) and decreases with increasing exploitation ( Ware 1985).

Not all stocks of Pacific herring make this extensive offshore migration. Many small resident populations remain in coastal inlets and bays ( Stevenson 1955). Some stocks migrate offshore in the spring after spawning and return from their offshore feeding grounds to inshore waters during the late fall and early winter of each year. The large schools of adults may arrive inshore weeks or even months before the spawning season ( Hourston 1980). The move from inshore " holding" areas to spawning sites may simply be from deep water to the adjacent shallows ( Hardwick 1973) or may cover long distances in a short time. On the west coast of Vancouver Island, BC, a tagged herring moved 150 km in 6 days ( Haegele and Schweigert 1985b). Migratory and non migratory stocks may mix while both are inshore but apparently separate before spawning ( Hay 1985). GSI and Fecunddy The gonadosomatic index ( GSI) is an expression of gonadal weight as a percentage of total body weight. It has been found to provide " a sensitive and quantifiable estimate of maturity" for Pacific herring ( Hay and Outram 1981). Since much of the fshery for Pacific herring is for their eggs, or roe, such an index can be extremely useful in correctly timing the fishery to maximize egg yield. The seasonal pattern of gonadal development for male and female Pacific herring from the lower eastern coast of Vancouver Island, BC ( adjacent to Puget Sound, WA) is shown in Figure 3. GSI is lowest in the months after spawning and then begins to increase sharply in the fall. Large herring attain a higher maximum GSI than do the smaller adults ( Hay 1985). The GSI of female Pacific herring during the spawning season was estimated at 29% ( Gunderson and Dygert 1988).

Males begin gonadal development earlier, develop faster, and reach a lower maximum GSI than females ( Hay and Outram 1981). Hay ( 1986) wrote that the " energy investment of ( MONTH)

Figure 3. Seasonal pattern of gonadosomatic index ( GSI = gonad weight + whole body weight X 100%) in a resident stock of Pacific herring ( adapted from Hay and Outram 1981). Solid line is females; dashed line is males. The pattern shown here may not be the same for migratory stocks. Most populations have a maximum GSI above 25%. c ; cI I ,

c Pacific herring in gonadal development is substantial ovaries usually exceed 25% of the total body weight." Peak GSI in females may be as high as 30% 32% ( Hay and Outram 1981; Hay 1986). Reduction of the number of mature oocytes by atresia prior to spawning was found in experimental impoundments and may occur naturally ( Hay and Brett 1988).

The estimation of fecundity in Pacific herring has been related by various researchers to length, weight, or age ( see Table 1). A pattern of decreasing length specific fecundity with increasing latitude is widely reported ( Katz 1948; Paulson and Smith 1977; Hay 1985). However, exceptions within more restricted geographic areas ( specifically coastal British Columbia) have also been noted ( Nagasaki 1958). Hay ( 1985) discounted the roles of GSI and egg size in explaining the widespread latitudinal differences. He suggested instead that the more southern stocks " have a steeper length weight relationship." A similar explanation was given by Paulson and Smith ( 1977).

Although herring from northern stocks are characterized by decreased size specific fecundity they are also characterized by greatly increased maximum size ( Katz 1948; Paulson and Smith 1977). Their average and maximum Table 1. Equations for the estimation of fecundity in Pacific herring.

Equationa Source Location F= 7.98 ( x~ O~) L3.17' Quisheng ( 1980) Yellow Sea F= 4.2 ( x~ O~) SL3n316 Paulson and Smith ( 1977) Prince William Sound, AK log F= 3.25 log SL Nagasaki ( 1958) b Northern British Columbia + 0.08 log A  3.17 F= 2.33 ( x~ O~) L3 028 Hay ( 1985)' Northern British Columbia F= 555 W" 782 Ware ( 1985) Straits of Georgia, 1974 F= III W1.120 Ware ( 1985) Straits of Georgia, 1980 log F= 2.16 log SL Nagasaki ( 1958) b Southern British Columbia + 0.32 log A  0.90 F= 4.19 ( x~ O~) L3m3" Hay ( 1985) Southern British Columbia F=  63920.9 + 496.6 SL Rabin and Barnhart ( 1977) Humboldt Bay, CA F=  56788.4 + 443.4 SL Hardwick ( 1973) d Tomales Bay, CA ` Abbreviations: F = fecundity ( number of eggs), L = length ( mm), SL = standard length ( mm), A = age ( yrs), and W = whole wet weight ( g). bNagasaki ( 1958) did not actually measure standard length but approximated it by measuring from " tip of snout to end of silvery area on the peduncle." ` Hay ( 1985) did not specify whether female " length" was measured as standard, fork, total, or some other measure of fish length. ! Based on data presented by Hardwick ( 1973, Table 1).

5 fecundities, therefore, are actually higher. Female Pacific herring from Siberian stocks, in fact, are reported to reach 370 mm SL and have an estimated fecundity in excess of 134,000 eggs ( Katz 1948). The fish may be larger because they are older. Older fish may be more ubiquitous in northern waters because of sporadic recruitment and the absence of substantial fisheries.

GROWTH The average length of Pacific herring at the time of hatching is 7.5 mm ( Hart 1973). Alderdice and Hourston ( 1985) estimated a growth rate of 0.48 0.52 mm/ day during the first 15 days after hatching. Estimations were based on field samples from Nanoose Bay, Vancouver Island, BC, at ambient temperatures of 8.8 9.1 " C. This rate is two to three times the growth rate observed by Boehlert and Yoklavich ( 1984) for larvae of similar age raised in the laboratory at a temperature of 10 " C and salinity of 15 ppt. Larvae metamorphose into juveniles at a length of 25 40 mm about 10 weeks after hatching ( Hart 1973; Hourston and Haegele 1980). Scales begin to appear at this time and the juveniles develop the general appearance of adults.

Haist and Stocker ( 1985) concluded that the growth rate of juvenile Pacific herring was equally moderated by temperature conditions and density dependent factors. They suggested, however, that density dependent effects on adult growth rate would be evident only in severely reduced stocks. Spratt ( 1981) found no significant difference in the growth rates of males and females. Size at age data are summarized in Table 2. Trumble and Humphreys ( 1985) calculated von Bertalanffy growth equations for stocks from San Francisco Bay and the eastern Bering Sea. Growth rate was higher in San Francisco Bay ( K = 0.59 vs. K = 0.18 0.35), but maximum size was greater in the eastern Bering Sea ( Lm = 299 314 mm vs. Lm = 208 mm). This same inverse relation between K and L= along a latitudinal gradient was noted for stocks in the vicinity of Puget Sound ( Gonyea and Trumble 1983). Growth was slowest and maximum size greatest in the Strait of Georgia ( K = 0.36, Lm = 263 mm). Growth rate was near its highest ( K = 0.59) and maximum size at its lowest ( La = 197 mm) in Case Inlet. The differences, however, may result because the Strait of Georgia stocks are migratory while the Case Inlet stocks are resident. Less than 2 degrees of latitude separate the two areas.

Pacific herring may attain a total length of 18 inches ( Miller and Lea 1972) and weight of 550 g ( Ware 1985). Longevity may exceed 15 years, but few live longer than 9 years ( Ware 1985). A review by Gunderson and Dygert ( 1988) listed longevity at 10 years. They presented the size and age of a female at 50% maturity as 209 mm and 3 years.

THE FISHERY Native Americans have for many centuries used nets, traps, and mazes to capture Pacific herring for use as a fresh or salted food source, for trade, and for bait ( Hourston and Haegele 1980; Trumble and Humphreys 1985). In the early 1900' s, dry salted herring and canned herring were important products for human consumption. Large quantities were also reduced to fish meal and oil. Market demand or processing capacity usually limited catches ( Hourston 1980). From about a decade after World War II until the early 1970' s, demand for herring and for human consumption declined and Pacific herring supported only a relatively minor fishery in California ( Spratt 1981). To the north, at the center of the Pacific herring's abundance, British Columbia reduction fisheries prospered until the mid 1960' s, when a major decline occurred. The decline was apparently precipitated by continued heavy fishing through a period of several years of poor recruitment ( Hourston 1980; Ware 1985).

The removal of Japanese import quotas in the early 1970' s opened a new market to U. S. and Canadian herring fishermen. The product of this fishery was the eggs ( roe) of mature females for use as kazunoko ( i. e., caviar), a far more valuable product than other uses of Pacific herring. Consequently, roe fisheries had 6 Table 2. Size of Pacific herring at different ages.

c 1 Age ( vears) Source and location 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 wa 56.5 Wb 22.1 66.0 86.7 106.3 130.6 147.9 164.6 180.1 201.4 Spratt ( 1981), Tomales Bay wb 18.5 57.9 75.9 95.6 116.8 130.5 149.8 156.6  Spratt ( 1981), San Francisco Bay BLc 113.0 164.0 180.0 193.0 207.0 216.0 224.0 231.0 240.0 Spratt ( 1981), Tomales Bay BLC 113.0 161.0 175.0 188.0 200.0 200.0 216.0 219.0  Spratt ( 1981), San Francisco Bay Ld 90.3 153.6 197.9 232.0 255.4 278.4 291.9   Naumenko ( 1979), eastern Bering Sea 90.0 112.5 136.0 155.5    Haist & Stocker ( 1985), Strait of Georgia ` W = mean whole wet weight ( g) for males and females combined from Haist and Stocker bW ( 1985, Table 1). = expected whole wet weight ( g); calculated from observed mean body length ( this table) and length/ weight relationships provided by Spratt ( 1981): Tomales Bay W = 0.2125( x10 4, BL2.93' 6 bBL San Francisco Bay W = 0.4278( x10 5, BL3.2317. = mean body length; Spratt ( 1981) measured " body length" from " the tip of the snout to the dL= end of the silvery part of the body." mean length; Naumenko ( 1979) did not mention whether " length" was measured as standard, fork, total, or some other measure of fish length.

been initiated coastwide by 1973 ( Hardwick 1973; Trumble and Humphreys 1985) and have now become the predominant fishery for Pacific herring. Landings in California, Oregon, and Washington since 1979 are shown in Table 3.

The possibility of stable, substantial markets and high prices for a quality product in roe fisheries led to the development of fleets that by the 1980' s had many times the needed catching capacity, especially since effort shifted to concentrate on the dense aggregations which typify this species' prespawning behavior. To prevent overharvest and to avoid exceeding processing capacity, most State or Provincial governments now manage these nearshore stocks by using limited entry permit systems for very brief openings sometimes as short as 15 minutes ( Hourston 1980; Trumble and Humphreys 1985). The season for a large general area may be longer ( sometimes 3 months). The culturing of prespawning fish in impoundments is probably not a viable alternative at this time because the current fishery is doing well. Should impoundment be recommended in the future, experiments on impounded fish showed that mortality was low. Age, length, and weight specific fecundity were in the range of fish in the wild. Density and cover had no detectable influence on mortality ( Hay and Brett 1988; Hay et al. 1988).

Herring for human consumption, other than as sac roe, still command a market share;

7 Table 3. Pacific herring landings in short tons ( 2,000 lb) in California, Oregon, and Washington, 1977 86. Data provided by State management agencies.

 Landings ( short tons)

State 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 California 4,623 7,103 6,313 11,331 10,515 2,989 8,305 8,620 Oregon 88 70 74 72 73 89 82 =

Washingtonb 4,263 3,273 966 1,202 666 425 464 493 ` Data not available. bTlle sac roe fishery in Washington has been closed since 1981 except for a brief opening in 1982. Data for 198386 are for the bait fishery only.

however, this and other fisheries for Pacific herring are much smaller than the roe fishery. Pacific herring is widely used for bait by recreational and commercial salmon trollers, halibut longliners, and crabbers. Small fisheries also remain that harvest fish for reduction to fish meal and for animal food in zoos and aquaria ( Trumble and Humphreys 1985).

Another product of herring fisheries, and more recently of developing aquacultural interest, is spawn on kelp. As the name suggests, both the eggs and the algal substrate on which they have been laid are harvested. The alga is often a kelp species but may be any of a number of other algae as well e. g., GruciZutiu ( Hardwick 1973). The harvest of algae blanketed with naturally spawned eggs had been practiced in California since 1965 ( Hardwick 1973). Again, this caviar like product is exported almost entirely to Japan. However, the expansion of Japanese import markets in the early 1970' s encouraged the development, led by British Columbia fishermen, of a more reliably available product through aquacultural practices. In the closed pond method, schools of nearly ripe adults are encircled by nets and held until they have spawned on the fronds of kelp that have been placed in the enclosure. In 1985, the spawn on kelp fishery in northern California began to use an open pond method in which fronds of Macrocystis pytiiferu brought in from southern California are attached to rafts in the vicinity of known spawning grounds ( J. Spratt, pers. comm.). The egg laden fronds provide a useful technique to provide spawning substrate at particular times and thereby control the timing of egg release. Possible conflicts with the roe fishery, however, have caused a hesitancy to develop spawn on kelp fisheries in both Puget Sound and California. An experimental spawn on kelp operation run by Native Americans may be developed in Port Gamble Bay, Washington ( Dwane Day, Washington Department of Fisheries, Olympia; per s. comm.). Interest has also been expressed in developing a spawn on kelp fishery in Coos Bay, Oregon ( Jerry Butler, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Newport; per s. comm.).

stuckT Haegele and Schweigert ( 1985) indicated that the variety of spawning sites and times made it difficult to identify genetically distinct stocks of Pacific herring. They remained convinced, however, that efforts should be made to maintain stock diversity because if the time of spawning is genetically influenced, then the reestablishment of lost stocks may be impossible. The identification of separate Pacific herring stocks has been attempted by a number of methods, including patterns of fecundity ( Katz 1948), parasitism ( Arthur and Arai 1980), and 8 growth ( Gonyea and Trumble 1983). A complicating factor in the maintenance of stock diversity is the mixing, particularly in stocks exploited by offshore food or reduction fisheries, that may occur before stocks separate for spawning ( Buchanan 1983; Fried and Wespestad 1985).

Of the " 12 known spawn areas" in California ( Trumble and Humphreys 1985), only San Francisco and Tomales Bays support major herring stocks. Based on information presented by Spratt ( 1981, Table 3) for 197380, only about 1% of the total California catch is taken in the Pacific Northwest region ( Humboldt Bay and Crescent City). Pacific herring stocks in Oregon are relatively small but stable ( Trumble and Humphreys 1985). Yaquina Bay is the only Oregon bay that supports a commercial roe fishery, but Coos, Umpqua, and Tillamook Bays support smaller bait and recreational fisheries ( Jerry Butler, pers. comm.). Most of the Pacific herring fisheries in Washington are in Puget Sound rather than along the open coastline. Gonyea and Trumble ( 1983) suggested the existence of at least three separate stocks ( Strait of Georgia, Northern Hood Canal, and Case Inlet) in the vicinity of Puget Sound.

Pophion Dynamics and Management Hourston and Haegele ( 1980) estimated that of all stages in the life history of the Pacific herring, larvae experienced the greatest mortality (> 99%). They further estimated an average mortality of 20% at the egg stage and a total annual mortality ( A) of 50% for adults (= an instantaneous total mortality, 2, of 0.69). Egg mortality may sometimes be much higher. Hardwick ( 1973) estimated a loss to predation alone of 56%~ 99% and suggested that twothirds of this mortality occurred within the first 3 days of spawning. By assuming some degree of compensatory decrease in predation, however, he suggested that a harvest by spawn on kelp ffihermen of " 10% of the eggs spawned would not significantly reduce the number of eggs that hatch." High egg loss may only occur south of British Columbia on the U. S. coast, where total egg production in an area is typically small and there may be no swamping of predators with many more eggs than they can consume. In British Columbia, where up to 30,000 t may be spawned over several days in one area, egg loss rates are much smaller. Hourston and Haegele ( 1980) cited a correlation between juvenile abundance and abundance at recruitment as evidence that year class strength is determined by the time Pacific herring have reached the juvenile stage.

In a review of Pacific herring management, Trumble and Humphreys ( 1985) wrote that " most estimates of instantaneous natural mortality ( M) [ for adults] fall very consistently in the range of 0.4 0.5." Similar but slightly lower estimates were given by Fried and Wespestad ( 1985, M = 0.39) and by Schweigert and Hourston ( 1980, M = 0.36). Stocker et al. ( 1985) reported that the instantaneous natural mortalities in the Strait of Georgia ranged from 0.31 to 0.71. A review by Gunderson and Dygert ( 1988) lists M at 0.56, as estimated from the gonadosomatic index ( GSI). They found a positive correlation for 20 different species of fish, between M and GSI, indicating that the GSI of those species can predict the natural mortality rates for fishery management models. Schweigert and Hourston ( 1980) reported a mean instantaneous fishing mortality ( F) for 1972 79 of 0.59 for a heavily exploited Canadian stocks.

By combining the instantaneous rates of natural and fishing mortality from Schweigert and Hourston's study ( 1980), a total instantaneous mortality rate ( M + F = Z) of 0.95 can be calculated. This translates to an annual mortality rate ( A = 1  e`) of 61%. Trumble and Humphreys ( 1985) reported Z values of 0.50 ( A = 39%) for a relatively unexploited stock and 0.62 ( A = 46%) for an exploited stock in Puget Sound. Hourston ( 1980) reported that " apparent annual mortality rates, from 75% to over 90%, did not depress the abundance of the stocks" in the 1950' s. Annual mortality rates of 75% and 90% translate to Z values of 1.39 and 2.30, respectively.

Another common expression of the influence of fishing pressure on stocks is the exploitation rate ( E) which expresses instantaneous fishing mortality as a percentage of instantaneous total mortality ( i. e., E = F/ Z). Judging from the 9 Pacific herring's ability to compensate for exploitation through increased growth and decreased age at maturity, Ware ( 1985) estimated that E should not exceed 0.2 0.3 to avoid adversely affecting stock resilience. Similarly, Fried and Wespestad ( 1985) considered the balance between yield and maintenance of the spawning stock to produce a suggested exploitation rate of 0.2. Also rather conservative in his estimate, Spratt ( 1981) suggested a quota of not more than 20% of the previous year's spawning biomass for California roe fisheries.

Smith ( 1985) concluded that " theoretical population approaches and correlative environmental indices are not yet sufficient for setting catch limits . . . direct measurement of current biomass appears to be necessary for setting clupeoid quotas." On the basis of direct estimation techniques such as hydroacoustics and spawning ground sutveys, U. S. management agencies generally set quotas as a percentage ( usually ~ 20%) of the standing stock.

ECOLOGICAL ROLE Feeding Habits If other environmental conditions are sufficient for successful hatching, it is likely that larval survival is dependent on timing in relation to predation and food supply ( Blaxter and Hunter 1982; Alderdice and Hourston 1985). Larval Pacific herring begin feeding during or immediately after the yolk sac stage, at a length of 9.5 11 O mm ( Westernhagen and Rosenthal 1981; Lasker 1985). Earliest food consists mainly of copepods, invertebrate eggs, and diatoms ( Hart 1973). As larvae, clupeoids " are characterized by straight, relatively undifferentiated guts" ( Boehlert and Yoklavich 1984).

In laboratory aquaria, Boehlert and Yoklavich ( 1984) fed 14C labeled rotifers to a group of small larvae ( mean notochord length, NL, = 10.3 mm). Assimilation efficiency ranged from 44% to 59%. In another group of larger larvae ( mean NL = 13.8 mm), which were fed brine shrimp nauplii, assimilation efficiency ranged from 38% to 68%. In both groups, assimilation efficiency was inversely related to ingestion rate. Even with the decrease in assimilation efficiency, however, overall energy uptake was greater at high food density. This pattern of maximizing energy by maximizing the number of prey taken may enable larval herring to better exploit patchy food sources ( Boehlert and Yoklavich 1984).

If larvae are unable to feed soon after hatching, they may " give up" & asker 1985) and die of starvation. McGurk ( 1984) noted a decrease in growth and an increase in mortality with increasing age of first feeding and increasing temperature. The time from exhaustion of the yolk sac to the age of irreversible starvation decreased from 8.5 d at 6 " C to 6 d to 10 " C. McGurk further suggested that catastrophic mortality due to starvation may occur in 18% 36% of natural populations of first feeding Pacific herring larvae. Westernhagen and Rosenthal ( 1981) attributed the occurrence of emaciated larvae in 1976 in the Strait of Georgia to poor food supply during the critical period ( sensu Hjort 1914). Contrary to theory, however, they noted that this same 1976 year class yielded an extremely good recruitment. This finding seems to cast doubt on starvation as a singular cause of year class failures and supports the conclusion of Cushing ( 1985) that we should perhaps " consider predation and starvation as equivalent factors, not exclusive ones."

By the time of metamorphosis, barnacle and mollusk larvae, bryozoans, rotifers, and larval fish are included in the diet, but copepods still predominate ( Hart 1973). Levings ( 1983) noted that the diet of juveniles 45 55 mm long depended on invertebrates that live in eelgrass beds, such as decapod larvae, harpacticoid and calanoid copepods, gammarid amphipods, and barnacle larvae. During summer, while the fish attain lengths of 70 100 mm, copepods remain an important diet item ( Hart 1973). As the herring mature, copepods may be superseded by euphausids. However, since they then move into deeper offshore waters where sampling is difficult, little is known about their feeding until they return as adults for spawning.

10 Pacific herring undertake daily vertical migrations. At dusk, they move up in the water column and begin to disperse and feed. Ingestion may either be by visually mediated particle feeding or, when particle size is less than 300400 pm, by filter feeding ( Blaxter 1985). The herring may gather near the bottom during the day, but are frequently observed in midwater schools at that time.

During their spawning migration and the inshore " holding" period, Pacific herring may reduce their intake or stop feeding altogether ( Ware 1985). Stacey and Hourston ( 1982) examined feeding response in laboratory held Pacific herring during various seasons. Feeding response was reduced during October and November ( the usual period of spawning migration) and was at its lowest during February and March ( the period immediately before spawning). Herring resume feeding heavily after spawning and continue to feed through the summer as they move offshore ( Stacey and Hourston 1982). Over summer and early fall, herring increase in oil content and condition factor ( Ware 1985). These stored lipids apparently support the energy requirements of the herring as they again move inshore and undergo the gonadal development that precedes spawning.

This pattern of feeding offshore and spawning inshore represents a movement of considerable energy from offshore to inshore waters. Hay and Fulton ( 1983) estimated that " about 22% of the total herring spawning stock biomass is released as milt and eggs." They noted that this is a small portion of the carbon budget over an annual cycle, but may be " substantially higher than maximum estimates of primary productivity" over the period from spawning until larval emergence. Hay and Fulton ( 1983) suggested that the heavy organic input of eggs and milt may promote a burst of secondary production, especially in the form of increased microzooplankton that feed on the organic matter. They additionally suggested that the emergence of larvae from the same spawn may coincide with this increased zooplankton availability. In other words, the larval herring may thus be the beneficiary of this burst in local productivity.  of iumlity The earliest source of mortality is the failure of eggs to hatch because of unsuitable environmental conditions, such as salinity and temperature ( Alderdice and Hourston 1985). Other identified sources of mortality at the egg ( or zygote) stage include physical destruction by wave action during storms ( Hay and Miller 1982) intertidal exposure and desiccation ( Haegele and Schweigert 1985b), suffocation due to high egg densities or silting ( Haegele and Schweigert 1985b), and most especially, predation. The list of known egg predators is long, but birds are most consistently cited as the major predator ( Hardwick 1973; Hourston and Haegele 1980; Alderdice and Hourston 1985). Birds that feed on eggs in California include the California gull ( Larus califomicus), mew gull ( L. canus), glaucous winged gull ( L. glaucescens), western gull ( L. occidentalis), coot ( Fulicu americana), and surf scoter ( Melunittu perspicillatu) ( Hardwick 1973). Gulls feed directly on the eggs. Diving ducks may cause mortality either by direct consumption or by dislodging the egg laden algae and setting them adrift to wash ashore.

Predation on larval herring may be extremely high ( Hourston and Haegele 1980). Medusae and other pelagic invertebrates may be the major predators. Arai and Hay ( 1982) demonstrated in laboratory aquaria that several species of medusae common to coastal waters were capable of feeding on Pacific herring larvae. Field surveys led them to believe that " the hydromedusae Sursiu tubulosu and Aequoreu Victoria may be the most abundant during the time of peak herring larval abundance." Both species were collected with herring larvae in their stomachs. Ctenophores and chaetognaths may also be important predators of larvae ( Stevenson 1962). Juveniles of a common pelagic hyperiid amphipod, Hyperoche medusurum, may occur in high numbers along with abundant Pacific herring larvae and may prey on the larvae ( Westerhagen and Rosenthal 1976). Hourston and Haegele ( 1980) suggested that juvenile salmonids on their seaward migration would feed on larval herring. Other fishes and invertebrates that have been observed to prey 11 on herring eggs include sturgeon ( Acipenser sp.), smelt ( family Atherinidae), surfperches ( family Embiotocidae), and crabs ( probably Cancer sp.) ( Hardwick 1973). Hourston and Haegele ( 1980) also noted that even juvenile and adult Pacific herring, when in the vicinity of the spawning grounds, may feed " voraciously" on the eggs and newly hatched larvae of their own species.

Again, little is known of predation on juvenile herring. Adults are susceptible to predation while holding inshore before and during the spawning season. Among the predators that feed on herring at these times are salmon, seals, sea lions, killer whales, dogfish, and birds ( Hourston and Haegele 1980). Pacific herring were the most important prey of the northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus, in the inshore waters of the northern coast of Washington ( Perez and Bigg 1986). Pacific herring, containing 2.17 kcal/ g, were among the prey with the highest energy content. When herring are feeding offshore, important predators include hake, sablefish, dogfish, Pacific cod, and salmon.

ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS Salinity Salinities at which apparently viable Pacific herring eggs have been found range from 3 to 35 ppt ( Alderdice and Velsen 1971; Alderdice and Hourston 1985; Haegele and Schweigert 1985b). Reported optima fall in a somewhat narrower range of 12 26 ppt ( Alderdice and Velsen 1971). In their own study, Alderdice and Velsen observed maximum egg and larval survival in the range of 13 19 ppt, around an optimum of 17 ppt. Galkina ( 1957), cited by Haegele and Schweigert ( 1985b), noted a sharp decrease in the successful fertilization of eggs at salinities below 5 ppt. Alderdice and Hourston ( 1985) determined an " incipient lethal limit" ( 3 day LCrO with 3 day old larvae) in the range of 27.5 31.7 ppt. The lower 72 hour median tolerance limit, or the limit at which 50% mortality occurred at 72 hours of exposure, was 2.8 5.2 ppt for larvae O 9 days old ( Alderdice et al. 1979). The upper limit was 33 O 35.8 ppt, but substantial mortality is expected above 20 ppt. Tenrpemtune The range of temperatures at which naturally spawned eggs have been observed is fairly broad, ranging from below 0 to 14 " C ( Alderdice and Velsen 1971; Haegele and Schweigert 1985b). However, most natural spawnings occur between 3 and 9 " C ( Alderdice and Velsen 1971). Again, in their own studies, Alderdice and Velsen determined that optimum egg development occurred in the range of 5.5 to 8.7 " C and that survival of eggs and larvae was highest at about 8.7 " C. They also noted that abnormalities developed in the lower jaws of larvae from eggs incubated at 4.0 to 4.7 " C. Alderdice and Velsen ( 1971) suggested that 10 " C represented an approximate upper limit to natural spawning in the Pacific Northwest. However, water temperatures of 10 to 12 " C are about average for natural spawning grounds in California ( J. Spratt, pets. comm.).

Optimal temperatures for juvenile and adult Pacific herring seem to be a few degrees higher than those for eggs or larvae. Of the environmental factors analyzed by Haist and Stocker ( 1985), sea surface temperature best fits their model for juvenile growth. The suggested optimum temperature was 12.2 " C. In their adult surplus energy model ( energy for somatic and gonadal growth), an optimum temperature of 11.4 " C was estimated.

Ttmperatwe and Salinity lhteraction Alderdice and Velsen ( 1971) provided an extensive review of the literature that dealt with the effects of temperature and salinity on Pacific herring. Most studies dealt with only the egg and larval stages. Alderdice and Velsen ( 1971) concluded that " Pacific herring eggs are considered euryhaline and stenothermal." More specifically, their review led them to conclude that " Pacific herring populations on the North American coast are confined to regions providing protected spawning waters of reduced salinity ( 8 28 ppt S) at temperatures between about 5.0 5.5 " C and 8.8 or 9 " C," and that the size of these populations is related to the physical extent of the regions that provide these spawning requirements. Alderdice and Hourston ( 1985) narrowed these ranges when they concluded that the Pacific herring " appears to have an optimum salinity temperature maximum for physiological performance. during its early life history in the region of 12 17 ppt at temperatures near 6.5 8.3 " C." They also determined that reproductive success occurs over a wide range of temperature and salinity and that salinity plays a major role below 7 " C but not above that temperature.

Substrate Since the Pacific herring is a pelagic rather than demersal species throughout most of its life history, information on substrate use is entirely related to spawning and egg deposition. References to the specificity of spawning substrate selection vary considerably. Hardwick ( 1973) stated that once the herring have moved into shallow waters, " they spawn on whatever substrate is available." Haegele and Schweigert ( 1985b), on the other hand, observed that " eggs are laid almost exclusively on marine vegetation, algae and sea grasses, although quite frequently eggs adhere to the rocky substrate to which the algae are attached." Within the vegetation as a substrate category, however, they found that herring " do not appear to favor one type . . . over another." Some of the plants commonly used as egg deposition sites include the seagrass Zostera and several brown or red algae of the genera Macrocystis, Fucus, and Gracilaria. Statements of preference or of selectivity in onsite substrate use that are based on nonmanipulative field studies must be tempered by the understanding that what is " available" may have been strongly biased by rather specific site selection.

During laboratory observations of Pacilic herring spawning behavior, Stacey and Hourston ( 1982) noted that " rigidity and texture appear to be important components of suitable substrates." In general, a suitable substrate was judged to be one that was " rigid, smooth, and free of sediment." Haegele and Schweigert ( 1985b) similarly noted that spawn was deposited on substrates " free from silting." Apparently, the presence of sediment on a substrate is sufficient to inhibit certain behavioral transitions in the normal spawning sequence ( Stacey and Hourston 1982). The use of vegetation as a spawning substrate raises a very practical consideration for fishery management. Two resources, the herring and the algae upon which they spawn, must be managed. As Hardwick ( 1973) pointed out in the case of Tomales Bay, " a continued supply of Gracilaria is essential to a viable herring eggon seaweed fishery." Unfortunately, this fishery ended in 1977 because of silt contamination of the product ( J. Sprat& per s. comm.).

I found no reference to the oxygen requirements of any Pacific herring life history stage other than the eggs. Alderdice and Hourston ( 1985) suggested a minimum ambient oxygen concentration of 2.5 mg/ ml at the egg's surface. In other words, to achieve this ambient oxygen concentration for deeper layers within an egg mass, water column oxygen concentration must be much higher. The amount higher depends, of course, on the water's ability to penetrate the egg mass and, therefore, upon water movement. Haegele and Schweigert ( 1985) suggested that eggs elevated from the bottom on vegetation could avoid siltation and receive better circulation for waste removal and oxygenation.

c0Muninants Of the life stages of the Pacific herring, the larvae is most sensitive to the water soluble fraction ( WSF) of crude oil. The LC50 ( concentration at which median or 50% mortality occurred was 0.37 ppm WSF and the LCso for indirect exposure ( exposure of prey later consumed) was 6 ppm WSF ( Carls 1987). Larval growth was correlated with larval feeding, and both were reduced after WSF exposure. Exposure may affect growth by causing biochemical changes or by reducing feeding rate. In clean water, larvae rapidly depurated hydrocarbons from tissues, and survivors resumed growth and feeding ( Carls 1987).

CONCERNS Various authors whose papers I reviewed expressed concerns regarding informational needs or management. Some of these are discussed below.

One rather surprising generalization made by Cushing ( 1985) was that " management of herring stocks based on a great expenditure of research has not been very successful." In view of such management difficulties, the very basic concerns of others take on a special importance especially with respect to coastal development policy. I refer to the statement by Trumble ( 1983) that " there is no clear instance of a stock successfully moving its spawning area as a result of destruction or major alteration of their original spawning area." A study of the transplantation of eggs concluded that though eggs hatched, a new spawning population did not become established ( Hay and Marliave 1988). Clearly, the maintenance of relatively undisturbed, quiescent areas of vegetation is a valid concern.

Also pertinent to the maintenance of functional spawning grounds is the avoidance of activities ( e. g., dredging) which would cause silting immediately before, during, and two to three months following the spawning season. The inhibition of spawning behavior, suffocation of eggs, and destruction of product quality were mentioned earlier. It also seems likely to me that a heavy loading of suspended sediment would be ingested or feeding inhibited during a period critical to the nutrition of both adult and newly hatched larvae. Boehlert and Morgan ( 1985) noted that sediment at " low suspension levels" roughly equivalent to natural conditions actually enhanced larval feeding abilities. Higher loads, as might be expected in catastrophic events, inhibited feeding.

Other specific concerns relate to the biology of the species and the efficiency of fishery management. Alderdice and Velsen ( 1971) believed that there was a need for the systematic collection of temperature and salinity measurements at the spawning site and for the examination of temperature and salinity tolerances of eggs and larvae from " representative stocks over the range of the species." Such data could be used to build a data base for correlating recruitment with environmental factors. Hay ( 1985) noted that the time and place at which recruits join the spawning population, the patterns of larval dispersal and mortality, and the distribution and ecology of Ogroup juveniles were all areas that are poorly understood. Haegele and Schweigert ( 1985b) were concerned with the maintenance of genetic diversity in order to assure no further reduction in the production capacity of herring stocks. Trumble and Humphreys ( 1985) thought that there was a need to better separate the effects of natural mortality and fishing in explaining stock declines. These same authors, as well as Wilimovsky ( 1985) expressed concern with the availability and precision of pre season quota estimates to better prepare the herring roe industry. Wilimovsky additionally asked fishery managers to more formally consider the risks of management decisions and the value of the information on which those decisions are based.

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Arai, M. N., and D. E. Hay. 1982. Predation by medusae on Pacific herring ( CZupea harengus paZZasi larvae. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39: 1537 1540.

Arthur, J. R., and H. P. Arai. 1980. Studies on the parasites of Pacific herring ( Clupea harengus paZZusi Valenciennes): a preliminary evaluation of parasites as indicators of geographical origin for spawning herring. Can. J. Zool. 58: 521 527.

Blaxter, J. H. S. 1985. The herring: a successful species? Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42 ( Suppl. 1): 21 30.

Blaxter, J. H. S., and J. R. Hunter. 1982. The biology of the clupeoid fishes. Pages l 23 in J. H. S. Blaxter, F. S. Russell, and M. Yonge, eds. Advances in Marine biology, Vol. 20. Academic Press.

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Stacey, N. E., and AS. Hourston. 1982. Spawning and feeding behavior of captive Pacific herring, Clupeu hurengus pullusi. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39489 498.

Stevenson, J. C. 1955. The movement of herring in British Columbia waters as determined by tagging. Rapp. P. V. Reun. Perm. Int. Explor. Mer 140: 33 34.

Stevenson J. C. 1962. Distribution and survival of herring larvae ( Clupeu pullusi Valenciennes) in British Columbia waters. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 19735 810.

Stocker, M., V. Haist, and D. Fournier. 1985. Environmental variation and recruitment of 17 Pacific herring ( Clupea harengus pallasi) in the Strait of Georgia. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42 ( Suppl. 1): 174 180.

Trumble, R. J. 1983. Habitat protection. Pages 113 114 in K. Buchanan, ed. Proceedings of the Fourth Pacific Coast Herring Workshop, October 1981. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1700. 151 pp.

Trumble, R. J., and R. D. Humphreys. 1985. Management of Pacific herring ( Clupea harenguspallasi) in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42 ( Suppl. 1): 230 244.

von Westerhagen, H., and H. Rosenthal. 1976. Predator prey relationship between Pacific herring, Clupea harenguspallasi, larvae and a predatory hyperiid amphipod, Hyperoche medusamm. U. S. Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. Fish. Bull. 74669 674.

von Westerhagen, H., and H. Rosenthal. 1979. Laboratory and in situ studies on larval development and swimming performance of Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi. Helgo. Wiss. Meeresunters. 32: 539 549.

von Westemhagen, H., and H. Rosenthal. 1981. On condition factor measurements in Pacific herring larvae. Helgol. Meeresunters 34~ 257 262.

Ware, D. M. 1985. Life history characteristics, reproductive value, and resilience of Pacific herring ( Clupea harengus pallasi). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42 ( Suppl. 1): 127 137.

Whitehead, P. J. P. 1985. Ring herring: his place amongst the clupeoids. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42 ( Suppl. 1): 3 20.

Wilimovsky, N. J. 1985. The need for formalization of decision algorithms and risk levels in fshety research and management. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42 ( Suppl. 1): 258 262. c L.

18 REPORT E;; MENTATION 11. REWRT_ NO.

/ Bmloglcal Report 82( 11.126)* 1. Title and SubtItle Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates ( Pacific Northwest) Pacific Herring  I5. Report Date ) December 1989 6.

7. Author( s)

Dennis R. Lassuy 9. Performing Organlration Name and Address Oregon Cooperative Fishery Research Unit Oregon State University, 104 Nash Hall Corvallis, OR 97331 3803 _____.~. It. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address U. S. Department of Interior U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Fish and Wildlife Service Waterways Experiment Station Research and Development P. O. Box 631 Washington, DC 20240 Vicksburg, MS 39180 8. Performlne Organization Rept. NC 10. PrplHt/ Task/ Wark " n i t No.

11. COntraCt 0, Grant( G) No.

CC)

r 1% Type Of RCpOrt 6 Penod C o v e r e d F 14.

15. Supplementary Notes

* U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Report No. TR EL 82 4.

16. Abstract ( Limit: 200 words)

Species profiles are literature summaries of the taxonomy, morphology, distribution, life history, ecological role, and environmental requirements of coastal aquatic species. They are prepared to assist coastal managers, engineers, and biologists in the gathering of information pertinent to coastal development activities. The Pacific herring has a long history of exploitation for human consumption, animal feed, and trade. It also provides food for a wide variety of pelagic, intertidal, and avian predators. The herring roe fishery has dominated catches since Japan opened its market to imports in the early 1970' s. Pacific herring spawn in quiescent, nearshore areas, primarily on marine vegetation. Spawning peaks in the Pacific Northwest region during February and March. Larvae remain inshore, transform into juveniles after 2 3 months, then move offshore in the fall. Adults move inshore on their spawning migration in late fall and early winter. Optimum physiological performance during the early life history is achieved at about 12 17 ppt salinity at temperatures near 6.5 8.3" C. It is important to avoid siltation at or near the spawning grounds in order to prevent disruption of spawning behavior or smothering of eggs.

17. Document Analysis a. Dcscr~ ptor. Fisheries Salinity Growth Oxygen Feeding habits Life cycles Temperature Sediments b . Identihen/~ an. Ended Terms Bays Export Inlets Roe Baitfish Gonadosomatic index c. COSATI Field/ Group Fecundity Predators Substrate Pacific herring Clupea harengus pallasi Life history Environmental requirements lg. Availability Statement Unlimited release ' 19. Securuty Class ( This Repat)

m:::: hi, Page)

I Unclassified 21. NO . of Pages 18 __ 22. price See ANSI Z39.16) OPTIONAL FORM 272 M 7: ( Formerly NTIS 35)

Department of Commerce As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island territories under U. S. administration.

I U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR I FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE I TAKE PRIDE :

in America UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE National Wetlands Research Center NASA Slide11 Computer Complex 1010 Gause Boulevard Slidell, IA 70458


[Federal Register: March 20, 2007 (Volume 72, Number 53)]
[Notices]
[Page 13106]
[DOCID:fr20mr07-58]

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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

[Docket No. CP07-100-000]

Northwest Pipeline Corporation; Notice of Request Under Blanket
Authorization

March 14, 2007.
    Take notice that on March 8, 2007, Northwest Pipeline Corporation
(Northwest), 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, Utah 84158, filed in
Docket No. CP07-100-000, a prior notice request pursuant to sections
157.205 and 157.208 of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's
regulations under the Natural Gas Act for authorization of the Windy
Creek pipeline replacement and lowering project on Northwest's Eugene
to Grants Pass Lateral, located in Douglas County, Oregon, all as more
fully set forth in the application, which is on file with the
Commission and open to public inspection. The filing may also be viewed
on the web at http://www.ferc.gov using the ``eLibrary'' link. Enter

the docket number excluding the last three digits in the docket number
field to access the document. For assistance, contact FERC at
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or call toll-free,<PHONE_NUMBER> or TYY,

(202) 502-8659.
    Specifically, Northwest proposes to replace approximately 100 feet
of existing 10-inch diameter pipeline with approximately 100 feet of
new 10-inch diameter pipeline. Northwest states that the new pipeline
segment will be installed at a lower depth in Northwest's existing
right-of-way and the existing pipeline segment will be abandoned by
removal. Northwest asserts that the section of the lateral has become
partially exposed by erosion within the banks of Windy Creek, making a
replacement necessary to maintain safety and integrity of the lateral.
Northwest estimates the cost of the project to be approximately
$300,000.
    Any questions regarding the application should be directed to Gary
K. Kotter, Manager, Certificates and Tariffs, Northwest Pipeline
Corporation, P.O. Box 58900, Salt Lake City, Utah 84158-0900, or call
at<PHONE_NUMBER>.
    Any person or the Commission's Staff may, within 60 days after the
issuance of the instant notice by the Commission, file pursuant to Rule
214 of the Commission's Procedural Rules (18 CFR 385.214) a motion to
intervene or notice of intervention and, pursuant to Sec.  157.205 of
the Commission's Regulations under the Natural Gas Act (NGA) (18 CFR
157.205) a protest to the request. If no protest is filed within the
time allowed therefore, the proposed activity shall be deemed to be
authorized effective the day after the time allowed for protest. If a
protest is filed and not withdrawn within 30 days after the time
allowed for filing a protest, the instant request shall be treated as
an application for authorization pursuant to Section 7 of the NGA.
    The Commission strongly encourages electronic filings of comments,
protests, and interventions via the internet in lieu of paper. See 18
CFR 385.2001(a)(1)(iii) and the instructions on the Commission's Web
site (http://www.ferc.gov) under the ``e-Filing'' link.

Philis J. Posey,
Acting Secretary.
[FR Doc. E7-5010 Filed 3-19-07; 8:45 am]

BILLING CODE 6717-01-P


[Federal Register Volume 80, Number 59 (Friday, March 27, 2015)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 16286-16289]
[FR Doc No: 2015-06965]

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 52

[EPA-R03-OAR-2014-0342; FRL-9925-16-Region 3]

Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans; Pennsylvania;
Pennsylvania Regional Haze State Implementation Plan Revision: Sulfur
Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxide Best Available Retrofit Technology Limits
for the Cheswick Power Plant

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Final rule.

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SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is finalizing a
limited approval and limited disapproval of a revision to the
Pennsylvania State Implementation Plan (SIP) submitted by the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania through the Pennsylvania Department of
Environmental Protection (PADEP). This SIP revision addresses the
sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOX)
Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART) requirements for Boiler
Number 1 of the Cheswick Generating Station (Cheswick) in Allegheny
County. EPA is finalizing a limited approval of the SIP revision for
Cheswick's SO2 and NOX BART requirements on the
basis that the revision corrects an error in the SIP and strengthens
the Pennsylvania SIP, while EPA is also finalizing a limited
disapproval of this part of the SIP revision because the SIP revision
relies on the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) and not the Cross-State
Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR) which has replaced CAIR. This final action
is in accordance with the requirements of the Clean Air Act (CAA) and
EPA's rules for BART.

DATES: This final rule is effective on April 27, 2015.

ADDRESSES: EPA has established a docket for this action under Docket ID
Number EPA-R03-OAR-2014-0342. All documents in the docket are listed in
the www.regulations.gov Web site. Although listed in the electronic
docket, some information is not publicly available, i.e., confidential
business information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is
restricted by statute. Certain other material, such as copyrighted
material, is not placed on the Internet and will be publicly available
only in hard copy form. Publicly available docket materials are
available either electronically through www.regulations.gov or in hard
copy for public inspection during normal business hours at the Air
Protection Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region III,
1650 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103. Copies of the State
submittal are available at the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental
Protection, Bureau of Air Quality Control, P.O. Box 8468, 400 Market
Street, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17105.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Irene Shandruk,<PHONE_NUMBER>, or by
email at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

I. Background

    Regional haze is visibility impairment that is produced by a
multitude of sources and activities which are located across a broad
geographic area and emit fine particles (e.g., sulfates, nitrates,
organic carbon, elemental carbon, and soil dust) and their precursors
(e.g., SO2, NOX, and in some cases, ammonia
(NH3) and volatile organic compounds (VOC)). Fine particle
precursors react in the atmosphere to form fine particulate matter
(PM2.5), which impairs visibility by scattering and
absorbing light. Visibility impairment reduces the clarity, color, and
visible distance that one can see. Section 169A of the CAA establishes
as a national goal the ``prevention of any future, and the remedying of
any existing, impairment of visibility in mandatory class I Federal
areas which impairment results from manmade air pollution'' and
requires SIPs for states whose emissions may reasonably be anticipated
to cause or contribute to visibility impairment in Class I areas to
contain emission limits, compliance schedules and other measures as may
be necessary to make reasonable progress toward the national goal of
achieving natural visibility

conditions in Class I areas.\1\ A regional haze SIP generally must
include, among other measures, source-specific BART emission limits for
each source subject to BART. A detailed discussion of the requirements
of the regional haze program can be found in our earlier notice
proposing action on Pennsylvania's regional haze SIP. See 77 FR 3984
(January 26, 2012).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ EPA's regulations implementing CAA section 169A are located
at 40 CFR 51.308 and require states to establish long-term
strategies for making reasonable progress toward meeting the
national goal in CAA section 169A.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Rather than requiring source-specific BART controls, states also
have the flexibility to adopt an emissions trading program or other
alternative program as long as the alternative provides greater
reasonable progress towards improving visibility than BART. 40 CFR
51.308(e)(2). EPA made such a demonstration for the CAIR.\2\ 70 FR
39104 (July 6, 2005). EPA's regulations provided that states
participating in the CAIR cap and trade program under 40 CFR part 96
pursuant to an EPA-approved CAIR SIP or which remain subject to the
CAIR Federal Implementation Plan (FIP) in 40 CFR part 97, do not
require affected BART eligible electric generating units (EGUs) to
install, operate, and maintain BART for emissions of SO2 and
NOX. See 40 CFR 51.308(e)(4). EPA subsequently determined
that the trading programs in CSAPR, which was promulgated to replace
CAIR, would achieve greater reasonable progress towards the national
goal than would BART and could also serve as an alternative to source-
by-source BART. See 77 FR 33641 (June 7, 2012).\3\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ CAIR required certain states like Pennsylvania to reduce
emissions of SO2 and NOX that significantly
contribute to downwind nonattainment of the 1997 NAAQS for
PM2.5 and ozone. See 70 FR 25162 (May 12, 2005). CAIR was
later found to be inconsistent with the requirements of the CAA and
the rule was remanded to EPA. See North Carolina v. EPA, 550 F.3d
1176 (D.C. Cir. 2008). The court left CAIR in place until replaced
by EPA with a rule consistent with its opinion. Id.
    \3\ CSAPR was proposed by EPA to replace CAIR and to help states
reduce air pollution and attain CAA standards. See 75 FR 45210
(August 2, 2010) (proposal) and 76 FR 48208 (August 8, 2011) (final
rule). The United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (D.C.
Circuit) issued a decision in EME Homer City Generation, L.P. v.
EPA, 696 F.3d 7 (D.C. Cir. 2012), vacating CSAPR and keeping CAIR in
place pending the promulgation of a valid replacement rule.
Subsequently, on April 29, 2014, the United States Supreme Court
reversed the August 21, 2012 opinion of the D.C. Circuit which had
vacated CSAPR and remanded the matter to the D.C. Circuit for
further proceedings. EPA v. EME Homer City Generation, L.P., 134 S.
Ct. 1584 (2014). After the Supreme Court's decision, EPA filed a
motion to lift the stay of CSAPR and asked the D.C. Circuit to toll
CSAPR's compliance deadlines by three years, so that the Phase 1
emissions budgets apply in 2015 and 2016 (instead of 2012 and 2013),
and the Phase 2 emissions budgets apply in 2017 and beyond (instead
of 2014 and beyond). On October 23, 2014, the D.C. Circuit granted
EPA's motion and lifted the stay on CSAPR. EME Homer City
Generation, L.P. v. EPA, No. 11-1302 (D.C. Cir. Oct. 23, 2014),
Order at 3. EPA views the D.C. Circuit's October 23, 2014 Order as
also granting EPA's request to toll CSAPR's compliance deadlines.
EPA commenced implementation of CSAPR on January 1, 2015. 79 FR
71663 (Dec. 3, 2014) (interim final rule revising CSAPR compliance
deadlines).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    On December 20, 2010, PADEP submitted revisions to the Pennsylvania
SIP to address regional haze as required by the CAA and 40 CFR 51.308.
At the time of the development and submission of Pennsylvania's
December 20, 2010 regional haze SIP submission, EPA had not yet
promulgated CSAPR to replace CAIR. On July 13, 2012, EPA finalized a
limited approval of the Pennsylvania regional haze SIP. 77 FR 41279.
Our approval was limited due to Pennsylvania's reliance upon CAIR for
certain regional haze requirements including BART for EGUs. On June 7,
2012, EPA had also finalized the limited disapproval of Pennsylvania's
regional haze SIP (and other states' regional haze SIPs that relied
similarly on CAIR) due to its reliance on CAIR as EPA had issued the
CSAPR to replace CAIR at that time. 77 FR 33641. On June 7, 2012, EPA
also finalized a limited FIP for Pennsylvania and other states, which
merely substituted reliance on EPA's more recent CSAPR NOX
and SO2 trading programs for EGUs for the SIP's reliance on
CAIR.\4\ See 77 FR 33641.
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    \4\ In response to a petition for review of EPA's limited
approval of the Pennsylvania regional haze SIP in the United States
Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, EPA successfully moved for a
voluntary remand without vacatur. On April 30, 2014, EPA reissued
its final limited approval of the Pennsylvania SIP to implement the
Commonwealth's regional haze program for the first planning period
through 2018. 79 FR 24340.
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    For the December 20, 2010 regional haze SIP, the Allegheny County
Health Department (ACHD) had performed a BART analysis for Cheswick, a
Pennsylvania EGU. In the May 4, 2009 Cheswick BART review memo, ACHD
stated it performed its BART analysis in accordance with 40 CFR
51.308(e) and 40 CFR part 51, appendix Y, Guidelines for BART
Determinations Under the Regional Haze Rule (BART Guidelines).\5\ The
May 4, 2009 Cheswick BART review memo was included in Pennsylvania's
December 20, 2010 regional haze SIP (in Appendix J) and specifically
stated that SO2 and NOX limits were not
considered in the memo since the source was participating in CAIR. The
May 4, 2009 BART Review Memo for Cheswick and the December 20, 2010
regional haze SIP submission also contained an error concerning the
recommended particulate matter (PM) BART for Cheswick.
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    \5\ The BART Guidelines provide a process for making BART
determinations that states and local agencies can use in
implementing the regional haze BART requirements on a source-by-
source basis, as provided in 40 CFR 51.308(e)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The December 20, 2010 regional haze SIP submission explicitly
provided that BART for Pennsylvania EGUs was participation in CAIR;
however, the SIP submission incorrectly identified SO2 and
NOX BART emission limits for Cheswick in error.

II. Summary of SIP Revision and EPA Analysis

    On March 25, 2014, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania through PADEP
submitted a SIP revision to revise the incorrect PM BART emission limit
for Cheswick's Boiler No. 1 and to remove the errant inclusion of the
BART SO2 and NOX emission limits for Cheswick's
Boiler No. 1 from the regional haze SIP because Pennsylvania intended
CAIR as SO2 and NOX BART for all EGUs including
Cheswick. EPA has corrected the PM BART error in a separate rulemaking.
See 80 FR 2834 (January 21, 2015). On January 21, 2015 (80 FR 2841),
EPA published a notice of proposed rulemaking (NPR) for the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania proposing limited approval and limited
disapproval of this SIP revision to correct the SO2 and
NOX BART for Cheswick. As explained in detail in the NPR,
EPA proposed a limited approval to the March 25, 2014 SIP revision to
the Cheswick SO2 and NOX BART limits included in
the Pennsylvania regional haze SIP because the removal of the specific
SO2 and NOX emission limits corrects an error in
the regional haze SIP and strengthens the Pennsylvania SIP overall
through replacing the incorrect BART limits with Cheswick's
participation in an emissions trading program. EPA proposed a limited
disapproval to the portion of the SIP revision addressing
SO2 and NOX BART for Cheswick because the
revision relied on replacing the specific SO2 and
NOX limits with CAIR which the D.C. Circuit remanded to EPA
and which EPA replaced with CSAPR. EPA began implementing CSAPR on
January 1, 2015 as the emissions trading program for SO2 and
NOX for EGUs in certain states including Pennsylvania
following the D.C. Circuit's lifting of the stay on CSAPR. See EME
Homer City Generation, L.P. v. EPA, No. 11-1302 (D.C. Cir. Oct. 23,
2014), Order at 3. See also 79 FR 71663 (interim final rule revising
CSAPR compliance deadlines).
    Although CAA section 110(c)(1) provides that EPA must promulgate a
FIP within two years after disapproving

a SIP submission in whole or in part, unless EPA approves a SIP
revision correcting the deficiencies, EPA believes our limited
disapproval of the March 25, 2014 SIP submission does not result in any
new FIP obligation for EPA because we already promulgated a FIP on June
7, 2012 to address the identified deficiency (replacing CAIR with CSAPR
for SO2 and NOX BART for Pennsylvania EGUs).
Thus, as explained in the NPR, the June 7, 2012 FIP fully addresses
Cheswick's SO2 and NOX BART because Cheswick is a
Pennsylvania EGU subject to CSAPR. Under section 179(a) of the CAA,
final disapproval of a submittal that addresses a requirement of part D
of title I of the CAA (CAA sections 171-193) or is required in response
to a finding of substantial inadequacy as described in CAA section
110(k)(5) (SIP Call) starts a sanctions clock. Pennsylvania's March 25,
2014 SIP revision submittal for revising Cheswick's BART was not
submitted to meet either of these requirements. Therefore, our limited
disapproval of Pennsylvania's SIP submission concerning Cheswick's
SO2 and NOX BART does not trigger mandatory
sanctions under CAA section 179. Other specific requirements and the
rationale for EPA's proposed action are explained in the NPR and will
not be restated here.\6\ No adverse public comments were received on
the NPR.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ In the NPR, EPA found this SIP revision to Cheswick's BARTs
complies with section 110(l) of the CAA and will not interfere with
any applicable requirements concerning attainment and reasonable
further progress or any other applicable requirement of the CAA,
such as the visibility and regional haze provisions of sections 169A
and 169B of the CAA.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

III. Final Action

    EPA is finalizing a limited approval of the portion of the
Pennsylvania March 25, 2014 revision to its regional haze SIP which
removes specific SO2 and NOX BART emission
limitations for Cheswick set in error and is finalizing a limited
disapproval of the SIP revision due to its reliance upon CAIR, which
has been replaced with CSAPR. As EPA issued a FIP for SO2
and NOX BART emission limitations for EGUs in Pennsylvania,
which includes Cheswick, no further action by EPA is required to
address the limited disapproval. This conclusion is based on our review
of the March 25, 2014 SIP revision as well as Pennsylvania's December
20, 2010 regional haze SIP submission, including technical data and
supporting analysis. This final action concludes that Cheswick's
participation in CSAPR supersedes the previous SO2 and
NOX BART determinations for Cheswick included in
Pennsylvania's regional haze SIP.

IV. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

A. General Requirements

    Under the CAA, the Administrator is required to approve a SIP
submission that complies with the provisions of the CAA and applicable
Federal regulations. 42 U.S.C. 7410(k); 40 CFR 52.02(a). Thus, in
reviewing SIP submissions, EPA's role is to approve state choices,
provided that they meet the criteria of the CAA. Accordingly, this
action merely approves state law as meeting Federal requirements and
does not impose additional requirements beyond those imposed by state
law. For that reason, this action:
     Is not a ``significant regulatory action'' subject to
review by the Office of Management and Budget under Executive Order
12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993);
     does not impose an information collection burden under the
provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.);
     is certified as not having a significant economic impact
on a substantial number of small entities under the Regulatory
Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.);
     does not contain any unfunded mandate or significantly or
uniquely affect small governments, as described in the Unfunded
Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-4);
     does not have Federalism implications as specified in
Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10, 1999);
     is not an economically significant regulatory action based
on health or safety risks subject to Executive Order 13045 (62 FR
19885, April 23, 1997);
     is not a significant regulatory action subject to
Executive Order 13211 (66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001);
     is not subject to requirements of Section 12(d) of the
National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272
note) because application of those requirements would be inconsistent
with the CAA; and
     does not provide EPA with the discretionary authority to
address, as appropriate, disproportionate human health or environmental
effects, using practicable and legally permissible methods, under
Executive Order 12898 (59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994).

In addition, this rule does not have tribal implications as specified
by Executive Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, November 9, 2000), because the
SIP is not approved to apply in Indian country located in the state,
and EPA notes that it will not impose substantial direct costs on
tribal governments or preempt tribal law.

B. Submission to Congress and the Comptroller General

    The Congressional Review Act, 5 U.S.C. 801 et seq., as added by the
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996, generally
provides that before a rule may take effect, the agency promulgating
the rule must submit a rule report, which includes a copy of the rule,
to each House of the Congress and to the Comptroller General of the
United States. Section 804, however, exempts from section 801 the
following types of rules: Rules of particular applicability; rules
relating to agency management or personnel; and rules of agency
organization, procedure, or practice that do not substantially affect
the rights or obligations of non-agency parties. 5 U.S.C. 804(3).
Because this is a rule of particular applicability, EPA is not required
to submit a rule report regarding this action under section 801.

C. Petitions for Judicial Review

    Under section 307(b)(1) of the CAA, petitions for judicial review
of this action must be filed in the United States Court of Appeals for
the appropriate circuit by May 26, 2015. Filing a petition for
reconsideration by the Administrator of this final rule does not affect
the finality of this action for the purposes of judicial review nor
does it extend the time within which a petition for judicial review may
be filed, and shall not postpone the effectiveness of such rule or
action.
    This action revising the SO2 and NOX BART
emission limitations for Cheswick in Pennsylvania's regional haze SIP
may not be challenged later in proceedings to enforce its requirements.
(See section 307(b)(2).)

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52

    Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Incorporation by
reference, Intergovernmental relations, Nitrogen dioxide, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements, Sulfur oxides.

    Dated: March 10, 2015.
William C. Early,
Acting Regional Administrator, Region III.

    Therefore, 40 CFR part 52 is amended as follows:

PART 52--APPROVAL AND PROMULGATION OF IMPLEMENTATION PLANS

0
1. The authority citation for part 52 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.

Subpart NN--Pennsylvania

0
2. In Sec.  52.2020, the table in paragraph (e)(1) is amended by adding
a new entry following the existing entries for ``Regional Haze Plan''
to read as follows:

Sec.  52.2020  Identification of plan.

* * * * *
    (e) * * *
    (1) * * *

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Name of non-regulatory SIP      Applicable geographic       State
             revision                        area          submittal date             EPA Approval date                    Additional explanation
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                                      * * * * * * *
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Regional Haze Plan................  Statewide............         3/25/14  3/27/15 [Insert Federal Register        Rulemaking pertains to Boiler No. 1
                                                                            citation].                              of the Cheswick Power Plant in
                                                                                Allegheny County.
                                                                                Limited approval removes SO2 and NOX
                                                                                Best Available Retrofit Technology
                                                                                limits. Limited disapproval relates
                                                                                to the Federal Implementation Plan
                                                                                at Sec.   52.2042(b) and (c).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                                      * * * * * * *
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* * * * *
[FR Doc. 2015-06965 Filed 3-26-15; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P