State or other area Fall 1992 Fall 1993 Fall 1994 Fall 1995 Fall 1996 1 Estimated, fall 1997 2 Total Elementary Secondary Unclassified Total Elementary Secondary Unclassified 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 United States ...................................... 2,458,956 2,503,901 2,551,875 2,598,220 1,428,852 952,189 217,179 2,666,034 1,485,683 955,052 225,299 2,709,872 Alabama .................................................. 41,961 43,003 42,791 44,056 24,935 19,121   45,040 25,398 19,642   44,969 Alaska ...................................................... 7,282 7,193 7,205 7,379 4,780 2,599   7,418 4,806 2,612   7,826 Arizona .................................................... 36,076 37,493 38,132 38,017 27,518 10,499   40,521 29,581 10,940   3 43,931 Arkansas .................................................. 26,017 26,014 26,181 26,449 13,882 12,370 197 26,680 14,007 12,399 274 4 26,505 California ................................................. 218,566 221,787 225,016 230,849 145,601 60,743 24,505 248,857 160,179 63,609 25,069 3 248,234 Colorado .................................................. 33,419 33,661 34,894 35,388 17,998 17,390   36,398 18,623 17,775   37,352 Connecticut .............................................. 34,193 34,526 35,316 36,070 21,230 9,445 5,395 36,551 21,418 10,812 4,321 28,814 Delaware ................................................. 6,252 6,380 6,416 6,463 3,205 3,258   6,642 3,278 3,364   4 6,850 District of Columbia ................................. 6,064 6,056 6,110 5,305 3,083 1,815 407 5,288 3,066 1,815 407 3 5,256 Florida ...................................................... 107,590 110,653 110,674 114,938 50,660 42,745 21,533 120,471 52,755 44,902 22,814 4 124,563 Georgia .................................................... 66,942 74,172 77,914 79,480 40,888 38,592   79,091 56,860 22,231   84,235 Hawaii ...................................................... 10,083 10,111 10,240 10,500 5,843 4,616 41 10,576 6,020 4,513 43 10,600 Idaho ........................................................ 11,827 12,007 12,582 12,784 6,505 6,122 157 13,078 6,641 6,274 163 14,200 Illinois ....................................................... 111,461 110,874 110,830 113,538 67,972 29,208 16,358 116,274 69,592 29,826 16,856 119,814 Indiana ..................................................... 54,552 55,107 55,496 55,821 28,257 24,881 2,683 56,708 28,730 25,154 2,824 57,368 Iowa ......................................................... 31,403 31,616 31,726 32,318 19,151 12,063 1,104 32,593 19,420 11,997 1,176 33,266 Kansas ..................................................... 29,753 30,283 30,579 30,729 14,752 12,878 3,099 30,875 14,700 13,133 3,042 30,906 Kentucky .................................................. 37,868 37,324 38,784 39,120 27,422 11,698   39,331 27,402 11,929   39,311 Louisiana ................................................. 46,904 46,913 47,599 46,980 27,691 19,289   47,334 28,020 19,314   3 46,985 Maine ....................................................... 15,375 15,344 15,404 15,392 10,553 4,839   15,551 10,638 4,913   14,700 Maryland .................................................. 44,495 44,171 46,565 47,819 24,999 22,820   47,943 24,305 23,638   50,825 Massachusetts ......................................... 57,225 58,766 60,489 62,710 23,121 30,891 8,698 64,574 23,850 31,983 8,741 66,944 Michigan .................................................. 82,301 80,267 80,522 83,179 36,406 38,200 8,573 88,051 38,025 40,210 9,816 90,400 Minnesota ................................................ 45,050 46,956 46,958 46,971 23,979 22,983 9 48,245 25,136 23,096 13 48,400 Mississippi ............................................... 27,829 28,376 28,866 28,997 15,047 9,070 4,880 29,293 14,925 9,283 5,085 29,844 Missouri ................................................... 52,984 54,860 56,606 57,951 29,386 27,817 748 59,436 30,120 28,596 720 60,403 Montana ................................................... 10,135 9,949 10,079 10,076 6,974 3,102   10,268 7,002 3,266   10,150 Nebraska ................................................. 19,323 19,616 19,774 20,028 11,452 8,506 70 20,174 11,570 8,523 81 4 20,132 Nevada .................................................... 11,953 12,579 13,414 13,878 7,057 5,210 1,611 14,805 7,570 5,330 1,905 15,600 New Hampshire ....................................... 11,654 11,972 12,109 12,346 8,447 3,899   12,692 8,895 3,797   12,606 New Jersey .............................................. 83,057 84,564 85,258 86,706 48,359 26,362 11,985 3 88,903 3 49,684 3 26,695 3 12,524 3 90,172 New Mexico ............................................. 17,912 18,404 19,025 19,398 11,311 4,518 3,569 19,971 11,676 4,599 3,696 21,000 New York ................................................. 176,375 179,413 182,273 181,559 92,550 62,355 26,654 185,104 94,316 63,744 27,044 199,000 North Carolina ......................................... 66,630 69,421 71,592 73,201 42,990 25,795 4,416 75,239 45,402 26,866 2,971 81,310 North Dakota ........................................... 7,794 7,755 7,796 7,501 5,061 2,440   7,892 4,892 3,000   4 7,884 Ohio ......................................................... 106,233 107,444 109,085 107,347 71,376 35,718 253 108,602 72,283 36,075 244 105,275 Oklahoma ................................................ 38,433 39,031 39,406 39,364 18,582 16,601 4,181 39,491 18,428 16,868 4,195 39,809 Oregon ..................................................... 26,634 26,488 26,208 26,680 13,889 8,981 3,810 26,757 14,137 8,675 3,945 26,914 Pennsylvania ........................................... 100,912 101,302 102,988 104,921 47,975 44,455 12,491 106,432 48,647 44,851 12,934 106,900 Rhode Island ........................................... 10,069 9,823 10,066 10,482 4,540 4,477 1,465 10,656 4,897 4,280 1,479 10,764 South Carolina ......................................... 37,295 38,620 39,437 39,922 27,122 12,800   41,463 28,381 13,082   41,360 South Dakota ........................................... 8,767 9,557 9,985 9,641 5,889 2,676 1,076 9,625 5,902 2,700 1,023 9,749 Tennessee ............................................... 43,566 46,066 47,406 53,403 37,969 13,939 1,495 54,790 39,498 13,762 1,530 51,976 Texas ....................................................... 219,385 224,830 234,213 240,371 118,881 88,843 32,647 247,650 121,146 88,160 38,344 254,185 Utah ......................................................... 19,191 19,053 19,524 20,039 9,162 8,390 2,487 19,734 9,250 7,958 2,526 20,500 Vermont ................................................... 7,521 7,330 7,566 7,676 3,129 2,969 1,578 7,751 3,095 3,024 1,632 7,833 Virginia ..................................................... 68,181 70,859 72,505 74,731 46,225 28,506   74,523 45,735 28,788   3 72,113 Washington .............................................. 44,295 45,524 46,439 46,907 24,423 18,501 3,983 48,307 24,812 19,289 4,206 4 48,892 West Virginia ........................................... 20,961 21,029 21,024 21,073 10,600 6,788 3,685 20,888 10,286 7,087 3,515 20,641 Wisconsin ................................................ 53,387 52,822 54,054 55,033 36,808 17,015 1,210 54,769 37,512 17,257   55,987 Wyoming .................................................. 5,821 6,537 6,754 6,734 3,217 3,391 126 6,729 3,172 3,416 141 6,620 Outlying areas American Samoa ..................................... 725 656 698 728 521 192 15 734 519 200 15 4 822 Guam ....................................................... 1,628 1,644 1,826 1,802 801 825 176 1,552 698 703 151 1,731 Northern Marianas ................................... 425 431 406 422 240 182   441 260 181   4 465 Puerto Rico .............................................. 38,381 39,816 39,933 39,328 21,680 14,386 3,262 39,743 21,977 14,521 3,245 39,637 Virgin Islands ........................................... 1,595 1,570 1,528 1,622 731 814 77 1,580 729 789 62 1,645 1 Data have been revised from previously published figures. 2 Unless otherwise indicated, data were estimated by state education agencies. 3 Data imputed by the National Center for Education Statistics based on previous year's data. 4 Actual preliminary count by state.   Data not available, not reported, or not applicable. NOTE.   Distribution of elementary and secondary teachers determined by reporting units. Teachers reported in full time equivalents.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data surveys. ( This table was prepared May 1998.) 77 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 67.   Teachers, enrollment, and pupil/ teacher ratios in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: Fall 1991 to fall 1996 State or other area Pupil/ teacher ratio, fall 1991 Pupil/ teacher ratio, fall 1992 Pupil/ teacher ratio, fall 1993 Fall 1994 Fall 1995 Fall 1996 Teachers Enrollment Pupil/ teacher ratio Teachers Enrollment Pupil/ teacher ratio Teachers Enrollment Pupil/ teacher ratio 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 United States ....................... 17.3 17.4 17.4 2,551,875 44,111,482 17.3 2,598,220 44,840,481 17.3 2,666,034 45,592,213 17.1 Alabama .................................... 17.8 17.4 17.1 42,791 736,531 17.2 44,056 746,149 16.9 45,040 748,156 16.6 Alaska ....................................... 16.7 16.8 17.5 7,205 127,057 17.6 7,379 127,618 17.3 7,418 129,919 17.5 Arizona ...................................... 19.3 18.7 18.9 38,132 737,424 19.3 38,017 743,566 19.6 40,521 799,250 19.7 Arkansas ................................... 17.0 17.0 17.1 26,181 447,565 17.1 26,449 453,257 17.1 26,680 457,349 17.1 California ................................... 22.8 24.0 24.0 225,016 5,407,475 24.0 230,849 5,536,406 24.0 248,857 5,687,901 22.9 Colorado ................................... 17.9 18.3 18.6 34,894 640,521 18.4 35,388 656,279 18.5 36,398 673,438 18.5 Connecticut ............................... 14.0 14.3 14.4 35,316 506,824 14.4 36,070 517,935 14.4 36,551 527,129 14.4 Delaware ................................... 16.8 16.7 16.5 6,416 106,813 16.6 6,463 108,461 16.8 6,642 110,549 16.6 District of Columbia .................. 12.7 13.3 13.3 6,110 80,450 13.2 5,305 79,802 15.0 5,288 78,648 14.9 Florida ....................................... 17.6 18.4 18.4 110,674 2,111,188 19.1 114,938 2,176,222 18.9 120,471 2,242,212 18.6 Georgia ..................................... 18.5 18.0 16.7 77,914 1,270,948 16.3 79,480 1,311,126 16.5 79,091 1,346,761 17.0 Hawaii ....................................... 18.5 17.6 17.8 10,240 183,795 17.9 10,500 187,180 17.8 10,576 187,653 17.7 Idaho ......................................... 19.4 19.6 19.7 12,582 240,448 19.1 12,784 243,097 19.0 13,078 245,252 18.8 Illinois ........................................ 16.8 16.8 17.1 110,830 1,916,172 17.3 113,538 1,943,623 17.1 116,274 1,973,040 17.0 Indiana ...................................... 17.6 17.6 17.5 55,496 969,022 17.5 55,821 977,263 17.5 56,708 983,415 17.3 Iowa .......................................... 15.7 15.8 15.8 31,726 500,440 15.8 32,318 502,343 15.5 32,593 502,941 15.4 Kansas ...................................... 15.2 15.2 15.1 30,579 460,838 15.1 30,729 463,008 15.1 30,875 466,293 15.1 Kentucky ................................... 17.2 17.3 17.6 38,784 657,642 17.0 39,120 659,821 16.9 39,331 656,089 16.7 Louisiana ................................... 16.6 17.0 17.1 47,599 797,933 16.8 46,980 797,366 16.6 47,334 793,296 16.6 Maine ........................................ 14.0 14.1 14.1 15,404 212,601 13.8 15,392 213,569 13.9 15,551 213,593 13.7 Maryland ................................... 16.9 16.9 17.5 46,565 790,938 17.0 47,819 805,544 16.8 47,943 818,583 17.1 Massachusetts .......................... 15.1 15.0 14.9 60,489 893,727 14.8 62,710 915,007 14.6 64,574 933,898 14.5 Michigan .................................... 19.2 19.5 19.9 80,522 1,614,784 20.1 83,179 1,641,456 19.7 88,051 1,684,386 19.1 Minnesota ................................. 17.2 17.6 17.3 46,958 821,693 17.5 46,971 835,166 17.8 48,245 847,204 17.6 Mississippi ................................. 17.9 18.2 17.8 28,866 505,962 17.5 28,997 506,272 17.5 29,293 503,967 17.2 Missouri ..................................... 16.0 16.2 15.8 56,606 878,541 15.5 57,951 889,881 15.4 59,436 900,042 15.1 Montana .................................... 15.8 15.8 16.4 10,079 164,341 16.3 10,076 165,547 16.4 10,268 164,627 16.0 Nebraska ................................... 14.7 14.6 14.5 19,774 287,100 14.5 20,028 289,744 14.5 20,174 291,967 14.5 Nevada ...................................... 18.6 18.7 18.7 13,414 250,747 18.7 13,878 265,041 19.1 14,805 282,131 19.1 New Hampshire ........................ 15.5 15.6 15.5 12,109 189,319 15.6 12,346 194,171 15.7 12,692 198,308 15.6 New Jersey ............................... 13.8 13.6 13.6 85,258 1,174,206 13.8 86,706 1,197,381 13.8 1 88,903 1 1,208,179 1 13.6 New Mexico .............................. 17.6 17.6 17.5 19,025 327,248 17.2 19,398 329,640 17.0 19,971 332,632 16.7 New York .................................. 15.4 15.2 15.2 182,273 2,766,208 15.2 181,559 2,813,230 15.5 185,104 2,843,131 15.4 North Carolina ........................... 16.8 16.7 16.3 71,592 1,156,767 16.2 73,201 1,183,090 16.2 75,239 1,210,108 16.1 North Dakota ............................. 15.3 15.2 15.4 7,796 119,288 15.3 7,501 119,100 15.9 7,892 120,123 15.2 Ohio .......................................... 17.3 16.9 16.8 109,085 1,814,290 16.6 107,347 1,836,015 17.1 108,602 1,844,389 17.0 Oklahoma .................................. 15.6 15.5 15.5 39,406 609,718 15.5 39,364 616,393 15.7 39,491 620,695 15.7 Oregon ...................................... 18.6 19.2 19.5 26,208 521,945 19.9 26,680 527,914 19.8 26,757 537,854 20.1 Pennsylvania ............................. 16.8 17.0 17.2 102,988 1,764,946 17.1 104,921 1,787,533 17.0 106,432 1,804,256 17.0 Rhode Island ............................. 14.6 14.3 14.8 10,066 147,487 14.7 10,482 149,799 14.3 10,656 151,324 14.2 South Carolina .......................... 16.9 17.2 16.7 39,437 648,725 16.4 39,922 645,586 16.2 41,463 653,011 15.7 South Dakota ............................ 14.8 15.3 14.9 9,985 143,482 14.4 9,641 144,685 15.0 9,625 143,331 14.9 Tennessee ................................ 19.4 19.6 18.8 47,406 881,425 18.6 53,403 893,770 16.7 54,790 905,089 16.5 Texas ........................................ 15.8 16.1 16.0 234,213 3,677,171 15.7 240,371 3,748,167 15.6 247,650 3,828,975 15.5 Utah .......................................... 24.9 24.2 24.7 19,524 474,675 24.3 20,039 477,121 23.8 19,734 481,812 24.4 Vermont .................................... 13.8 13.1 14.0 7,566 104,533 13.8 7,676 105,565 13.8 7,751 106,341 13.7 Virginia ...................................... 15.7 15.1 14.8 72,505 1,060,809 14.6 74,731 1,079,854 14.4 74,523 1,096,093 14.7 Washington ............................... 20.2 20.2 20.1 46,439 938,314 20.2 46,907 956,572 20.4 48,307 974,504 20.2 West Virginia ............................. 15.3 15.2 14.9 21,024 310,511 14.8 21,073 307,112 14.6 20,888 304,052 14.6 Wisconsin .................................. 15.7 15.5 16.0 54,054 860,581 15.9 55,033 870,175 15.8 54,769 879,259 16.1 Wyoming ................................... 15.6 17.2 15.4 6,754 100,314 14.9 6,734 99,859 14.8 6,729 99,058 14.7 Outlying areas American Samoa ...................... 19.9 19.3 22.1 698 14,445 20.7 728 14,576 20.0 734 14,766 20.1 Guam ........................................ 18.9 18.5 18.8 1,826 32,185 17.6 1,802 32,960 18.3 1,552 33,393 21.5 Northern Marianas .................... 16.5 19.0 19.0 406 8,429 20.8 422 8,809 20.9 441 9,041 20.5 Puerto Rico ............................... 17.2 16.6 15.9 39,933 621,121 15.6 39,328 627,620 16.0 39,743 618,861 15.6 Virgin Islands ............................ 14.1 14.3 14.5 1,528 23,126 15.1 1,622 22,737 14.0 1,580 22,385 14.2 1 Data imputed by the National Center for Education Statistics based on previous year's data.

NOTE.   Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Teachers reported in full time equivalents. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data surveys. ( This table was prepared May 1998.) 78 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 68.   Teachers in public and private elementary and secondary schools, by selected characteristics: 1993   94 Selected characteristics Total 1 Percent of teachers, by highest degree earned Percent of teachers, by years of full time teaching experience No degree Associate Bachelor's Master's Education specialist Doctor's Less than 3 3 to 9 10 to 20 Over 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Public schools Total ................................................................ 2,561,294 0.6 0.2 52.0 42.0 4.6 0.7 9.7 25.5 35.0 29.8 Men ............................................................ 694,098 1.3 0.4 46.2 45.7 5.1 1.3 8.9 21.6 29.9 39.6 Women ....................................................... 1,867,195 0.3 0.1 54.1 40.6 4.4 0.5 10.0 26.9 37.0 26.1 Race/ ethnicity White .......................................................... 2,216,605 0.5 0.1 51.8 42.5 4.4 0.7 9.4 25.5 35.1 30.0 Black ........................................................... 188,371 0.5 0.2 48.4 44.6 5.4 0.9 8.5 20.8 35.5 35.2 Hispanic ...................................................... 108,744 0.9 0.5 62.8 29.8 4.6 1.4 16.7 32.1 34.1 17.1 Asian or Pacific Islander ............................ 27,510 0.9 0.4 49.3 34.7 13.1 1.7 14.9 29.7 29.2 26.2 American Indian or Alaskan ....................... 20,064 0.8 0.3 54.9 39.1 4.3 0.6 11.3 27.6 34.5 26.6 Age Less than 30 .............................................. 280,342 0.5 0.1 83.9 14.5 1.0 0.1 47.8 52.2 ( 2) ( 2) 30 to 39 ...................................................... 573,444 0.5 0.2 59.4 36.6 3.0 0.3 10.5 48.7 40.8 ( 2) 40 to 49 ...................................................... 1,070,459 0.4 0.1 46.3 47.0 5.4 0.7 4.3 16.9 47.5 31.3 50 to 59 ...................................................... 540,491 0.7 0.2 40.6 51.2 6.1 1.2 1.4 7.8 25.0 65.7 60 or more .................................................. 96,557 1.5 0.1 43.1 46.2 6.6 2.5 0.8 4.4 19.9 74.9 Level Elementary ................................................. 1,331,281 0.2 ( 2) 55.5 39.7 4.1 0.4 9.7 27.1 35.5 27.7 General ................................................... 938,636 0.3 ( 2) 58.0 38.0 3.5 0.3 9.2 26.5 34.9 29.4 English .................................................... 2,093 ( 2) ( 2) 46.0 52.3 1.0 0.8 12.5 11.2 17.9 58.4 Mathematics ........................................... 3,372 ( 2) ( 2) 74.6 24.4 ( 2) 1.0 11.6 13.1 40.9 34.3 Special education ................................... 127,877 ( 2) ( 2) 45.1 46.9 7.2 0.9 11.1 34.1 39.9 15.0 Other elementary .................................... 259,304 0.3 0.1 51.3 42.6 4.9 0.8 11.1 25.8 35.6 27.5 Secondary .................................................. 1,230,013 0.9 0.3 48.2 44.4 5.1 1.1 9.7 23.8 34.5 32.0 English .................................................... 172,603 0.1 ( 2) 48.3 44.8 5.5 1.3 9.2 22.9 33.6 34.3 Mathematics ........................................... 141,051 0.1 ( 2) 50.2 45.5 3.4 0.8 9.4 24.3 31.7 34.5 Science ................................................... 132,179 0.2 ( 2) 47.9 45.8 4.8 1.2 9.5 26.1 31.2 33.2 Social studies ......................................... 130,045 0.1 ( 2) 47.8 46.0 4.9 1.2 10.3 20.5 28.7 40.5 Special education ................................... 111,215 0.1 0.1 42.1 49.1 7.2 1.3 9.3 28.8 45.1 16.8 Vocational/ technical ................................ 113,269 7.3 2.3 45.2 39.9 4.7 0.5 6.8 23.0 35.7 34.5 Other secondary ..................................... 429,653 0.5 0.2 50.1 43.0 5.1 1.1 10.7 23.1 35.6 30.7 Private schools Total ................................................................ 378,365 5.2 1.5 59.0 29.8 2.9 1.7 20.9 33.9 29.6 15.6 Men ............................................................ 93,130 4.4 0.9 47.3 40.6 2.6 4.3 21.7 28.2 28.7 21.4 Women ....................................................... 285,235 5.4 1.7 62.8 26.3 3.0 0.8 20.6 35.8 29.9 13.7 Race/ ethnicity White .......................................................... 347,811 4.8 1.3 59.4 30.2 2.6 1.6 20.4 33.6 30.0 16.0 Black ........................................................... 11,664 8.3 3.7 55.8 26.4 4.8 1.0 26.9 34.9 27.9 10.3 Hispanic ...................................................... 12,221 11.1 4.9 57.4 19.9 4.4 2.3 25.5 41.8 21.6 11.1 Asian or Pacific Islander ............................ 5,167 6.8 0.9 46.1 36.8 5.7 3.6 26.1 34.6 26.6 12.7 American Indian or Alaskan ....................... 1,502 3.4 6.0 49.4 16.1 25.1 ( 2) 29.4 42.8 17.9 9.9 Age Less than 30 .............................................. 65,168 7.7 1.6 78.8 10.8 1.0 0.2 54.9 44.9 0.1 ( 2) 30 to 39 ...................................................... 93,999 5.9 1.2 63.1 25.7 2.6 1.4 21.7 51.2 27.1 ( 2) 40 to 49 ...................................................... 131,492 3.9 1.6 54.0 35.1 3.4 2.0 12.6 29.8 45.5 12.1 50 to 59 ...................................................... 65,691 4.0 1.8 49.7 38.4 3.5 2.5 7.4 15.7 35.7 41.2 60 or more .................................................. 22,015 5.6 0.9 39.4 46.6 4.4 2.9 6.6 6.5 13.8 73.1 Level Elementary ................................................. 221,036 7.0 1.7 65.9 21.8 2.8 0.8 21.9 36.0 29.0 13.1 General ................................................... 153,691 6.1 1.3 69.4 19.5 3.2 0.4 17.7 37.4 31.0 14.0 Special education ................................... 7,652 5.0 0.2 46.4 45.0 3.4 0.0 18.2 46.8 26.5 8.5 Other elementary .................................... 59,692 9.3 2.9 59.3 24.7 1.6 2.0 33.3 31.2 24.2 11.3 Secondary .................................................. 157,329 2.6 1.2 49.2 41.1 3.0 2.8 19.5 30.9 30.4 19.2 English .................................................... 24,335 1.6 ( 2) 51.3 43.1 1.5 2.5 16.3 30.8 31.3 21.7 Mathematics ........................................... 23,238 1.3 0.9 50.1 42.6 3.0 2.2 14.7 31.1 29.3 24.8 Science ................................................... 18,399 0.1 ( 2) 49.5 42.3 4.2 4.0 21.3 27.7 31.2 19.9 Social studies ......................................... 20,059 0.2 0.4 53.5 38.7 4.1 3.1 21.0 27.8 30.8 20.4 Special education ................................... 6,048 0.1 3.7 56.5 33.7 5.1 0.9 17.8 42.8 29.0 10.4 Vocational/ technical ............................... 2,834 14.0 4.6 40.8 40.6 ( 2) ( 2) 12.7 22.6 42.1 22.6 Other secondary ..................................... 62,415 4.8 2.0 46.3 40.9 2.9 3.1 22.0 32.1 29.7 16.2 1 Data are based upon a sample survey and may not be strictly comparable with data reported elsewhere.

2 Less than .05 percent. NOTE.   Excludes prekindergarten teachers. Data are based on a head count of all teachers rather than on the number of full time equivalent teachers reported on other tables Details may not add to totals because of survey item nonresponse and rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993   94.'' ( This table was prepared June 1997.) 79 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 69.   Highest degree earned, number of years teaching experience, and average class size for teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: 1993   94 State Total 1 Percent of teachers, by highest degree 2 Percent of teachers, by years of full time teaching experience Average class size 3 Bachelor's Master's Education specialist Doctor's Less than 3 3 to 9 10 to 20 Over 20 Elementary Secondary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 United States ......... 2,561,294 52.0 ( 0.3) 42.0 ( 0.3) 4.6 ( 0.1) 0.7 ( 0.1) 9.7 ( 0.2) 25.5 ( 0.3) 35.0 ( 0.3) 29.8 ( 0.3) 24.1 ( 0.1) 23.6 ( 0.1)

Alabama ....................... 44,791 38.5 ( 1.9) 52.6 ( 1.7) 7.8 ( 0.8) 0.7 ( 0.3) 11.1 ( 0.8) 22.0 ( 1.5) 42.2 ( 1.9) 24.7 ( 1.5) 21.7 ( 0.4) 24.2 ( 0.2) Alaska .......................... 8,152 59.0 ( 1.1) 35.3 ( 1.0) 4.2 ( 0.5) 0.2 ( 0.1) 8.0 ( 0.6) 29.3 ( 1.4) 42.7 ( 1.4) 20.0 ( 1.1) 22.6 ( 0.5) 22.0 ( 0.5) Arizona ......................... 37,600 51.4 ( 1.8) 43.3 ( 1.7) 4.0 ( 0.6) 0.7 ( 0.2) 13.1 ( 1.0) 29.1 ( 1.6) 38.1 ( 1.7) 19.8 ( 1.4) 25.8 ( 0.4) 25.5 ( 0.3) Arkansas ...................... 30,621 64.9 ( 2.1) 32.5 ( 1.7) 1.8 ( 0.6) 0.5 ( 0.1) 9.2 ( 0.8) 27.3 ( 1.7) 40.2 ( 1.8) 23.3 ( 1.6) 21.0 ( 0.4) 21.3 ( 0.3) California ...................... 209,032 58.6 ( 1.8) 32.6 ( 1.8) 6.8 ( 0.7) 1.0 ( 0.2) 9.8 ( 0.8) 27.8 ( 1.9) 31.8 ( 1.7) 30.7 ( 1.7) 29.3 ( 0.3) 29.7 ( 0.4)

Colorado ...................... 35,723 46.5 ( 1.7) 49.4 ( 1.7) 2.5 ( 0.6) 0.5 ( 0.1) 9.4 ( 0.8) 26.1 ( 1.6) 38.7 ( 1.6) 25.7 ( 1.4) 24.7 ( 0.3) 24.5 ( 0.4) Connecticut .................. 35,465 19.6 ( 1.1) 62.4 ( 1.5) 15.7 ( 0.7) 1.4 ( 0.4) 6.4 ( 0.6) 19.8 ( 1.1) 35.5 ( 1.7) 38.3 ( 1.6) 21.4 ( 0.2) 19.7 ( 0.2) Delaware ...................... 7,027 46.0 ( 1.6) 48.3 ( 1.8) 5.1 ( 0.9) 0.2 ( 0.1) 7.7 ( 1.0) 24.1 ( 1.9) 36.2 ( 2.3) 32.0 ( 2.1) 24.8 ( 0.4) 24.1 ( 0.4) District of Columbia ..... 5,185 41.2 ( 1.8) 54.4 ( 1.7) 2.4 ( 0.8) 2.0 ( 0.7) 10.8 ( 1.4) 14.7 ( 2.1) 30.6 ( 2.2) 43.9 ( 3.4) 21.8 ( 0.3) 20.7 ( 0.6) Florida .......................... 106,535 57.2 ( 1.2) 37.0 ( 1.2) 3.3 ( 0.6) 1.4 ( 0.4) 8.7 ( 0.9) 29.4 ( 1.6) 37.8 ( 1.7) 24.0 ( 1.4) 26.0 ( 0.3) 26.6 ( 0.4)

Georgia ........................ 74,907 48.9 ( 1.5) 42.5 ( 1.6) 7.7 ( 0.8) 0.2 ( 0.1) 13.3 ( 1.1) 28.3 ( 1.4) 35.6 ( 1.4) 22.8 ( 1.3) 22.2 ( 0.2) 24.2 ( 0.3) Hawaii .......................... 11,137 47.8 ( 2.1) 21.7 ( 1.5) 27.5 ( 2.2) 1.1 ( 0.4) 16.2 ( 1.4) 28.1 ( 1.6) 22.0 ( 1.4) 33.7 ( 2.2) 23.6 ( 0.3) 23.6 ( 0.8) Idaho ............................ 12,166 74.4 ( 1.6) 21.7 ( 1.5) 2.6 ( 0.5) 0.6 ( 0.2) 12.4 ( 1.2) 33.3 ( 1.5) 33.7 ( 1.3) 20.6 ( 1.2) 24.0 ( 0.5) 23.7 ( 0.4) Illinois ........................... 111,511 49.7 ( 1.3) 46.1 ( 1.4) 3.4 ( 0.5) 0.5 ( 0.2) 9.0 ( 0.6) 25.1 ( 1.0) 30.8 ( 1.3) 35.1 ( 1.3) 24.5 ( 0.3) 24.0 ( 0.3) Indiana ......................... 57,732 21.4 ( 1.7) 72.9 ( 1.7) 4.9 ( 0.6) 0.1 ( 0.1) 5.6 ( 0.8) 24.7 ( 2.0) 37.1 ( 2.2) 32.6 ( 2.0) 21.9 ( 0.4) 23.0 ( 0.3)

Iowa ............................. 35,861 67.3 ( 1.8) 31.3 ( 1.9) 1.2 ( 0.5) 0.2 ( 0.1) 10.1 ( 1.0) 23.3 ( 1.7) 32.1 ( 2.1) 34.5 ( 2.3) 22.5 ( 0.6) 21.4 ( 0.5) Kansas ......................... 31,164 53.5 ( 1.4) 42.8 ( 1.2) 2.3 ( 0.5) 1.1 ( 0.3) 12.3 ( 0.8) 28.2 ( 1.3) 35.2 ( 1.3) 24.3 ( 1.1) 20.6 ( 0.3) 20.7 ( 0.4) Kentucky ...................... 41,571 23.4 ( 2.2) 56.8 ( 2.4) 18.7 ( 1.5) 0.8 ( 0.4) 9.5 ( 1.6) 26.8 ( 2.3) 32.9 ( 2.2) 30.8 ( 2.2) 24.4 ( 0.9) 23.5 ( 0.4) Louisiana ...................... 48,948 60.5 ( 1.6) 31.2 ( 1.5) 6.9 ( 0.7) 0.5 ( 0.1) 9.7 ( 0.8) 29.8 ( 1.3) 35.1 ( 1.4) 25.5 ( 1.3) 22.9 ( 0.3) 23.7 ( 0.3) Maine ........................... 15,658 68.4 ( 1.9) 28.4 ( 1.9) 1.6 ( 0.4) 0.2 ( 0.1) 7.0 ( 0.7) 28.7 ( 1.9) 37.4 ( 1.8) 26.9 ( 1.8) 21.5 ( 1.1) 18.5 ( 0.4)

Maryland ...................... 43,862 43.3 ( 1.9) 49.7 ( 2.3) 6.2 ( 1.1) 0.6 ( 0.2) 11.7 ( 0.9) 23.6 ( 1.6) 32.4 ( 1.4) 32.4 ( 1.5) 26.3 ( 0.7) 25.0 ( 0.3) Massachusetts ............. 58,416 38.8 ( 1.2) 54.8 ( 1.4) 3.9 ( 0.5) 0.9 ( 0.1) 8.4 ( 0.7) 17.1 ( 1.0) 33.6 ( 1.3) 41.0 ( 1.1) 23.1 ( 0.4) 20.9 ( 0.3) Michigan ....................... 83,288 46.6 ( 1.9) 48.1 ( 1.8) 4.7 ( 0.8) 0.6 ( 0.3) 7.4 ( 1.0) 21.5 ( 1.8) 29.4 ( 2.1) 41.9 ( 2.2) 27.3 ( 1.9) 25.5 ( 0.3) Minnesota .................... 44,150 63.4 ( 2.1) 33.6 ( 2.0) 2.6 ( 0.6) 0.4 ( 0.2) 13.0 ( 1.1) 20.0 ( 1.5) 33.0 ( 1.7) 34.0 ( 1.8) 24.5 ( 1.0) 25.9 ( 0.4) Mississippi .................... 29,851 56.3 ( 1.5) 37.5 ( 1.7) 4.3 ( 0.9) 0.4 ( 0.2) 10.5 ( 0.8) 22.8 ( 1.4) 39.8 ( 1.8) 26.9 ( 1.2) 23.6 ( 0.4) 22.5 ( 0.4)

Missouri ........................ 62,454 54.3 ( 2.0) 42.4 ( 1.9) 2.2 ( 0.5) 0.6 ( 0.2) 10.6 ( 1.1) 26.9 ( 2.0) 37.2 ( 2.2) 25.3 ( 1.9) 23.7 ( 0.5) 22.5 ( 0.4) Montana ....................... 12,851 71.3 ( 1.3) 26.0 ( 1.1) 1.8 ( 0.4) 0.5 ( 0.2) 11.1 ( 0.7) 27.5 ( 1.3) 39.0 ( 1.3) 22.5 ( 1.1) 21.2 ( 0.8) 19.3 ( 0.4) Nebraska ...................... 20,411 61.5 ( 1.7) 36.0 ( 1.6) 1.9 ( 0.4) 0.4 ( 0.2) 10.1 ( 1.0) 24.4 ( 1.4) 39.0 ( 1.1) 26.5 ( 1.6) 20.0 ( 0.8) 18.7 ( 0.4) Nevada ......................... 12,822 50.5 ( 2.2) 42.8 ( 2.3) 5.7 ( 0.9) 0.6 ( 0.3) 12.0 ( 1.1) 33.2 ( 2.4) 35.0 ( 1.8) 19.8 ( 1.8) 24.4 ( 0.7) 26.6 ( 0.6) New Hampshire ........... 12,299 60.2 ( 2.0) 35.9 ( 1.9) 2.6 ( 0.6) 0.7 ( 0.3) 10.6 ( 1.2) 26.8 ( 1.7) 38.2 ( 1.6) 24.4 ( 1.6) 21.8 ( 0.4) 20.5 ( 0.4)

New Jersey .................. 83,935 56.2 ( 2.9) 37.4 ( 2.7) 4.8 ( 1.0) 1.0 ( 0.3) 5.8 ( 0.8) 21.1 ( 2.0) 34.6 ( 2.4) 38.5 ( 1.9) 23.2 ( 0.8) 20.5 ( 0.4) New Mexico ................. 19,265 53.2 ( 1.6) 43.6 ( 1.6) 2.2 ( 0.5) 0.4 ( 0.2) 12.5 ( 1.0) 32.5 ( 1.4) 33.9 ( 1.6) 21.1 ( 1.5) 21.9 ( 0.3) 24.5 ( 0.4) New York ..................... 178,701 25.0 ( 1.9) 68.1 ( 1.9) 5.3 ( 0.8) 1.5 ( 0.6) 10.3 ( 1.2) 23.9 ( 1.7) 29.7 ( 1.6) 36.1 ( 2.0) 23.9 ( 0.4) 23.2 ( 0.4) North Carolina .............. 72,305 61.8 ( 1.5) 35.0 ( 1.6) 1.2 ( 0.4) 0.5 ( 0.3) 9.7 ( 0.7) 26.6 ( 1.4) 38.8 ( 1.3) 25.0 ( 1.3) 24.8 ( 0.2) 22.4 ( 0.3) North Dakota ................ 8,404 79.3 ( 1.1) 18.0 ( 0.9) 1.6 ( 0.3) 0.2 ( 0.1) 12.1 ( 1.0) 27.2 ( 1.0) 37.7 ( 1.5) 23.0 ( 1.4) 20.7 ( 0.7) 19.7 ( 0.5)

Ohio ............................. 111,518 53.2 ( 2.2) 41.8 ( 2.3) 3.1 ( 0.7) 0.4 ( 0.2) 6.8 ( 0.8) 23.2 ( 1.8) 38.6 ( 2.1) 31.4 ( 2.1) 25.0 ( 1.2) 22.3 ( 0.4) Oklahoma ..................... 42,220 56.9 ( 1.8) 39.5 ( 1.9) 3.2 ( 0.5) 0.4 ( 0.2) 10.4 ( 0.8) 27.0 ( 1.7) 41.2 ( 1.8) 21.5 ( 1.1) 20.5 ( 0.4) 20.5 ( 0.3) Oregon ......................... 25,706 51.5 ( 1.9) 43.1 ( 1.9) 4.0 ( 0.9) 0.8 ( 0.5) 7.4 ( 0.8) 27.0 ( 1.6) 39.6 ( 1.7) 26.0 ( 1.7) 24.4 ( 0.3) 23.9 ( 0.4) Pennsylvania ................ 114,571 46.7 ( 2.3) 45.6 ( 1.9) 6.9 ( 1.2) 0.3 ( 0.2) 6.9 ( 1.0) 18.3 ( 2.0) 33.0 ( 2.2) 41.8 ( 2.2) 25.2 ( 0.6) 24.1 ( 0.3) Rhode Island ................ 9,217 40.1 ( 2.5) 53.3 ( 2.4) 5.7 ( 0.9) 1.0 ( 0.5) 7.2 ( 1.1) 21.9 ( 1.8) 28.6 ( 1.7) 42.3 ( 2.0) 23.2 ( 0.6) 20.8 ( 0.5)

South Carolina ............. 39,623 48.8 ( 2.5) 43.4 ( 2.6) 5.6 ( 0.9) 0.7 ( 0.3) 10.5 ( 1.4) 25.1 ( 1.9) 42.3 ( 1.9) 22.1 ( 1.7) 23.3 ( 0.7) 22.5 ( 0.4) South Dakota ............... 10,579 75.1 ( 1.2) 23.2 ( 1.1) 1.5 ( 0.3) 0.1 ( 0.1) 10.4 ( 0.7) 28.6 ( 1.2) 37.3 ( 1.1) 23.8 ( 1.2) 19.2 ( 0.3) 20.9 ( 0.4) Tennessee ................... 47,662 51.2 ( 2.0) 42.0 ( 2.0) 4.8 ( 0.8) 1.2 ( 0.4) 12.4 ( 1.1) 22.9 ( 1.9) 35.5 ( 2.0) 29.2 ( 2.2) 24.4 ( 1.2) 25.2 ( 0.4) Texas ........................... 223,800 69.7 ( 1.3) 26.8 ( 1.5) 1.8 ( 0.4) 0.9 ( 0.5) 12.1 ( 0.9) 30.1 ( 1.5) 37.5 ( 1.4) 20.4 ( 1.4) 20.1 ( 0.2) 22.5 ( 0.4) Utah ............................. 19,884 70.6 ( 1.4) 23.5 ( 1.3) 4.2 ( 0.7) 0.4 ( 0.1) 12.7 ( 0.8) 32.8 ( 1.4) 36.1 ( 1.4) 18.3 ( 1.0) 27.5 ( 0.4) 28.8 ( 0.2)

Vermont ....................... 7,327 49.4 ( 1.8) 47.5 ( 1.8) 2.1 ( 0.8) 0.5 ( 0.4) 12.3 ( 1.5) 25.3 ( 1.9) 34.4 ( 1.9) 28.0 ( 1.8) 19.7 ( 0.8) 19.2 ( 0.4) Virginia ......................... 64,937 64.4 ( 2.1) 31.3 ( 2.0) 2.4 ( 0.6) 0.5 ( 0.2) 10.5 ( 1.2) 26.0 ( 2.2) 37.5 ( 2.0) 26.1 ( 1.9) 22.6 ( 0.3) 21.6 ( 0.3) Washington .................. 48,452 56.3 ( 1.9) 37.5 ( 2.2) 3.6 ( 0.9) 1.0 ( 0.3) 10.8 ( 0.9) 30.1 ( 2.0) 32.2 ( 1.9) 26.9 ( 1.6) 25.9 ( 1.3) 25.5 ( 0.2) West Virginia ................ 21,473 41.7 ( 1.7) 53.1 ( 1.7) 4.3 ( 0.6)     4.4 ( 0.8) 21.6 ( 1.6) 42.7 ( 1.5) 31.4 ( 1.7) 20.9 ( 0.5) 22.5 ( 0.3) Wisconsin ..................... 62,958 59.3 ( 1.7) 38.1 ( 1.6) 1.7 ( 0.4) 0.6 ( 0.3) 9.1 ( 0.8) 24.7 ( 1.8) 29.5 ( 2.2) 36.7 ( 2.2) 23.1 ( 0.4) 23.1 ( 0.4) Wyoming ...................... 7,567 71.3 ( 1.0) 26.5 ( 0.9) 1.4 ( 0.3) 0.4 ( 0.1) 9.4 ( 0.8) 22.6 ( 1.2) 41.6 ( 1.3) 26.5 ( 1.3) 21.0 ( 0.3) 19.3 ( 0.3)

1 Data are based on a head count of all teachers rather than on the number of fulltime equivalent teachers appearing in other tables. 2 Teachers with less than a bachelor's degree are not shown. 3 Elementary teachers are those who taught self contained classes at the elementary level and secondary teachers are those who taught departmentalized classes ( e. g., science, art, social science, or other course subjects) at the secondary level. Excludes special education teachers. Teachers were classified as elementary or secondary on the basis of the grades they taught, rather than on the level of the school in which they taught.   Data not available.

NOTE.   Excludes prekindergarten teachers. Details may not add to totals due to rounding. Standard errors appear in parentheses.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993   94;'' and Condition of Education, 1997, Supplemental Tables. ( This table was prepared February 1998.) 80 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 70.   Selected characteristics of public school teachers: Spring 1961 to spring 1996 Item 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Number of teachers, in thousands ............ 1,408 1,710 2,055 2,196 2,185 2,206 2,398 2,164 Sex ( percent) Men ...................................................................... 31.3 31.1 34.3 32.9 33.1 31.2 27.9 25.6 Women ................................................................. 68.7 68.9 65.7 67.1 66.9 68.8 72.1 74.4 Median age ( years) All teachers .......................................................... 41 36 35 33 37 41 42 44 Men ...................................................................... 34 33 33 33 38 42 43 46 Women ................................................................. 46 40 37 33 36 41 42 44 Race ( percent) White ....................................................................     88.3 90.8 91.6 89.6 86.8 90.7 Black .....................................................................     8.1 8.0 7.8 6.9 8.0 7.3 Other ....................................................................     3.6 1.2 0.7 3.4 5.2 2.0 Marital status ( percent) Single ................................................................... 22.3 22.0 19.5 20.1 18.5 12.9 11.7 12.4 Married ................................................................. 68.0 69.1 71.9 71.3 73.0 75.7 75.7 75.9 Widowed, divorced, or separated ........................ 9.7 9.0 8.6 8.6 8.5 11.4 12.6 11.8 Highest degree held ( percent) 1 Less than bachelor's ............................................ 14.6 7.0 2.9 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.3 Bachelor's ............................................................. 61.9 69.6 69.6 61.6 50.1 48.3 46.3 43.6 Master's or specialist degree ............................... 23.1 23.2 27.1 37.1 49.3 50.7 52.6 54.5 Doctor's ................................................................ 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.5 1.7 College credits earned in last 3 years Percent who earned credits .................................     60.7 63.2 56.1 53.1 50.3 50.2 Mean number of credits earned 2 ........................     14   9 4 4   Median years of teaching experience .......................... 11 8 8 8 12 15 15 15 Teaching for first year ( percent) ................................... 8.0 9.1 9.1 5.5 2.4 3.1 3.0 2.1 Average number of pupils per class Elementary teachers, not departmentalized ........ 29 28 27 25 25 24 24 24 Elementary teachers, departmentalized ..............     25 23 22       Secondary teachers ............................................. 28 26 27 25 23 25 26 31 Mean number of students taught per day by secondary teachers ........................................ 138 132 134 126 118 94 93 97 Average number of hours in required school day ........ 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.3 Average number of hours per week spent on all teaching duties All teachers ................................................... 47 47 47 46 46 49 47 49 Elementary teachers ..................................... 49 47 46 44 44 47 44 47 Secondary teachers ...................................... 46 48 48 48 48 51 50 52 Average number of days of classroom teaching in school year .......................................................   181 181 180 180 180 180 180 Average number of nonteaching days in school year .......................................................   5 4 5 6 5 5 6 Average annual salary as classroom teacher .............. 3 $ 5,264 $ 6,253 $ 9,261 $ 12,005 $ 17,209 $ 24,504 $ 31,790 $ 35,549 Total income, including spouse's ( if married) ..............     $ 15,021 $ 19,957 $ 29,831 $ 43,413 $ 55,491 $ 63,171 Willingness to teach again ( percent) Certainly would ..................................................... 49.9 52.6 44.9 37.5 21.8 22.7 28.6 32.1 Probably would ..................................................... 26.9 25.4 29.5 26.1 24.6 26.3 30.5 30.5 Chances about even ............................................ 12.5 12.9 13.0 17.5 17.6 19.8 18.5 17.3 Probably would not .............................................. 7.9 7.1 8.9 13.4 24.0 22.0 17.0 15.8 Certainly would not .............................................. 2.8 2.0 3.7 5.6 12.0 9.3 5.4 4.3 1 Figures for curriculum specialist or professional diploma based on six years of college study are not included.

2 Measured in semester hours.

3 Includes extra pay for extra duties.   Data not available. NOTE.   Data are based upon sample surveys of public school teachers. Data differ from figures appearing in other tables because of varying processing procedures and time period coverages. Because of rounding, percents may not add to 100.0.

SOURCE: National Education Association, `` Status of the American Public School Teacher, 1995   96.'' ( Copyright Ó   1997 by the National Education Association. All rights reserved.) ( This table was prepared October 1997.) 81 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 71.   Public secondary school teachers, by subject taught: Spring 1966 to spring 1996 [ Percentage distribution]

Teaching field in which largest portion of time was spent 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total secondary school teachers, in thousands .......................................... 746 927 1,016 995 970 1,012 1,049 All fields ................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Agriculture ................................................... 1.6 0.6 0.6 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.5 Art ............................................................... 2.0 3.7 2.4 3.1 1.5 2.6 3.3 Business education .................................... 7.0 5.9 4.6 6.2 6.5 3.5 4.1 English ........................................................ 18.1 20.4 19.9 23.8 21.8 25.0 23.9 Foreign language ........................................ 6.4 4.8 4.2 2.8 3.7 3.8 5.2 Health and physical education ................... 6.9 8.3 7.9 6.5 5.6 7.5 5.9 Home economics ........................................ 5.9 5.1 2.8 3.6 2.6 3.1 2.2 Industrial arts .............................................. 5.1 4.1 3.9 5.2 2.2 2.1 0.5 Mathematics ............................................... 13.9 14.4 18.2 15.3 19.2 14.5 17.2 Music .......................................................... 4.7 3.8 3.0 3.7 4.8 4.2 4.3 Science ....................................................... 10.8 10.6 13.1 12.1 11.0 13.3 12.6 Social studies ............................................. 15.3 14.0 12.4 11.2 13.6 11.0 13.4 Special education ....................................... 0.4 1.1 3.0 2.1 3.5 5.2 1.7 Other ........................................................... 1.9 3.1 4.0 3.3 3.4 3.9 5.2 NOTE.   Because of rounding, percents may not add to 100.0. Data are based upon sample surveys of public school teachers. SOURCE: National Education Association, Status of the American Public School Teacher, 1995   96. ( Copyright Ó   1997 by the National Education Association. All rights reserved.) ( This table was prepared October 1997.)

Table 72.   Percent of vocational and nonvocational public school teachers of grades 9 to 12, by selected demographic and educational characteristics: 1993   94 Characteristics of teachers Total Teacher type Characteristics of teachers Total Teacher type Nonvocational Vocational Nonvocational Vocational 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Total .................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sex Major field of study Male .................................................................. 48.3 46.2 63.2 Business and management .............................. 1.1 0.7 6.5 Female ............................................................. 51.7 53.8 36.8 Education .......................................................... 52.4 50.3 75.2 Academic area ............................................... 26.7 28.6 5.3 English education ....................................... 5.2 5.7 0.3 Race/ ethnicity Music education ......................................... 3.4 3.7 0.2 White ................................................................ 88.8 88.9 88.5 Physical education ..................................... 9.1 9.5 3.8 Black ................................................................. 6.0 5.9 7.1 Other academic area ................................. 9.0 9.7 1.0 Hispanic ............................................................ 3.4 3.5 2.8 Administration ................................................ 5.3 5.1 7.0 Asian ................................................................ 0.9 0.9 0.8 General .......................................................... 4.5 4.6 3.3 American Indian or Alaskan Native ................. 0.8 0.8 0.8 Special education .......................................... 6.8 7.3 1.3 Vocational education ..................................... 6.5 3.7 37.2 Other education ............................................. 7.9 6.7 21.5 Age English .............................................................. 4.1 4.4 0.3 Under 30 years ................................................ 9.8 10.3 6.4 Foreign language .............................................. 4.7 5.1 0.1 30 to 39 years .................................................. 22.1 22.3 20.8 Mathematics ...................................................... 3.2 3.5 0.6 40 to 49 years .................................................. 40.7 40.7 40.6 Sciences ............................................................ 7.8 8.1 4.3 50 years and over ............................................ 27.5 26.8 32.2 Social sciences and history .............................. 10.0 10.7 1.8 Visual and performing arts ................................ 2.6 2.7 1.0 Other ................................................................. 6.1 6.2 5.5 Highest college degree Age at which first began to Less than a bachelor's degree ........................ 1.7 0.5 10.3 teach full time or part time Bachelor's degree ............................................ 46.6 47.0 43.5 25 or under .................................................... 75.7 75.6 76.5 Master's degree ............................................... 45.4 46.2 39.8 26 to 35 ......................................................... 22.1 22.1 21.7 Education specialist 1 ....................................... 5.3 5.2 5.6 36 to 45 ......................................................... 2.2 2.2 1.9 Doctorate or first professional .......................... 1.1 1.1 0.7 46 to 55 ......................................................... 0.1 0.1 0.0 1 Education specialist degrees or certificates are generally awarded for one year's work beyond the master's level. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993   94.'' ( This table was prepared September 1996.) 82 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 73.   Mobility of public and private elementary and secondary teachers, by selected school and teacher characteristics: 1987   88 to 1994   95 Characteristic Percentage distribution of public school teachers Percentage distribution of private school teachers 1987   88 to 1988   89 1990   91 to 1991   92 1993   94 to 1994   95 1987   88 to 1988   89 1990   91 to 1991   92 1993   94 to 1994   95 Remained teaching in the same school Remained in teaching but changed schools Left teaching Remained teaching in the same school Remained in teaching but changed schools Left teaching Remained teaching in the same school Remained in teaching but changed schools Left teaching Left teaching Left teaching Remained teaching in the same school Remained in teaching but changed schools Left teaching 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total .......................................... 86.5 7.9 5.6 87.6 7.3 5.1 86.3 7.2 6.6 12.7 12.3 82.3 5.8 11.9 Sex Male ...................................... 87.7 7.3 5.1 89.1 6.4 4.5 88.2 6.6 5.2 10.2 12.1 82.1 4.8 13.1 Female .................................. 86.1 8.1 5.8 87.1 7.6 5.3 85.6 7.4 7.1 13.4 12.3 82.4 6.1 11.6 Race/ ethnicity White, non Hispanic ............. 86.5 7.8 5.7 87.6 7.3 5.1 86.7 6.8 6.5 12.1 12.0 82.5 5.7 11.7 Total minority ........................ 87.0 8.6 4.4 87.5 7.1 5.3 83.7 9.5 6.8 21.4 15.4 79.2   14.8 Black, non Hispanic .......... 86.2 8.8 5.1 85.5 8.3 6.1 84.9 8.5 6.6 34.7 19.3 82.3   12.6 Hispanic ............................ 88.9 8.2 2.9 89.6 6.0 4.4 79.4 11.5 9.1 21.3 13.6 77.2   14.6 Age Less than 25 ......................... 78.7 17.0 4.3 73.8 17.2 9.1 81.1 15.2 3.8 19.0 23.8 67.4 12.6 20.0 25 to 29 ................................ 75.0 16.1 9.0 76.6 14.3 9.0 76.3 13.7 10.0 17.6 17.8 76.1 10.8 13.1 30 to 39 ................................ 85.2 9.0 5.8 85.9 9.9 4.2 84.8 8.6 6.7 12.4 13.7 77.6 7.5 14.9 40 to 49 ................................ 91.2 6.4 2.4 92.5 5.5 2.0 89.9 6.1 3.9 10.5 7.7 87.2 4.1 8.7 50 to 59 ................................ 90.4 3.9 5.7 89.3 4.0 6.7 88.9 4.8 6.3 11.3 9.6 89.3 2.4 8.2 60 to 64 ................................ 72.0 4.5 23.4 71.0 2.2 26.8 68.0 1.5 30.5 16.9 17.8 84.9 2.0 13.1 65 and over .......................... 83.3 0.0 16.7 48.9 10.3 40.9 63.2   34.1 7.9 20.7 56.6   41.9 Full time teaching experience Less than 1 year .................. 76.9 11.5 11.6 51.5 31.3 17.2 79.7 11.1 9.3 27.4 28.4 70.3 7.6 22.1 1 to 3 years .......................... 77.4 14.3 8.3 79.7 13.1 7.2 79.6 12.7 7.8 15.9 16.7 72.3 10.3 17.3 1 year ................................ 77.3 14.2 8.5 79.0 12.6 8.4 81.2 12.4 6.4 18.8 18.8 66.7 11.6 21.7 2 years .............................. 78.8 13.6 7.6 78.7 14.1 7.1 76.4 14.6 9.1 14.6 15.8 71.9 11.2 17.0 3 years .............................. 76.0 15.2 8.8 81.6 12.4 5.9 81.4 10.8 7.8 14.3 14.7 79.8 7.8 12.4 4 to 9 years .......................... 82.9 11.1 6.0 84.8 9.9 5.3 83.0 9.9 7.1 12.8 12.7 81.2 7.0 11.9 10 to 19 years ...................... 89.3 6.7 4.0 91.0 6.5 2.4 89.1 6.6 4.4 11.4 6.2 89.7 2.4 7.9 20 to 24 years ...................... 93.6 4.1 2.2 93.3 3.3 3.4 92.5 2.8 4.6 7.4 4.7 92.3 2.5 5.2 25 years or more .................. 84.9 4.1 11.0 85.9 3.1 11.0 84.9 4.1 11.1 7.4 14.6 85.5 2.9 11.6 Level taught Elementary ........................... 85.0 9.5 5.5 87.1 8.1 4.8 86.0 7.6 6.4 12.5 11.3 82.4 6.1 11.5 Secondary ............................ 88.1 6.2 5.6 88.2 6.4 5.5 86.6 6.7 6.7 12.9 13.3 82.2 5.2 12.6 School size Less than 150 ....................... 85.6 9.8 4.5 86.6 8.1 5.3 78.6 10.3 11.1 19.4 17.0 76.0 7.9 16.2 150 to 299 ............................ 84.6 9.9 5.4 88.0 7.7 4.3 85.8 7.0 7.1 12.1 13.8 79.6 8.0 12.4 300 to 499 ............................ 86.9 7.5 5.6 85.8 8.5 5.7 86.2 7.3 6.5 10.2 7.7 84.3 3.2 12.5 500 to 749 ............................ 86.8 7.5 5.7 87.7 7.6 4.7 85.3 7.1 7.6 9.2 9.8 89.6 3.3 7.1 750 or more .......................... 87.7 7.4 4.9 88.6 6.1 5.4 87.7 6.6 5.7 12.8 6.7 89.6 4.2 6.2 Percent minority enrollment Less than 5% ....................... 88.0 6.9 5.1 89.6 5.7 4.6 87.1 4.9 8.0 13.2 11.5 83.9 5.1 11.0 5 to 19% ............................... 86.6 7.6 5.8 88.1 6.4 5.5 87.3 6.7 6.0 10.3 12.2 84.8 4.2 11.1 20 to 49% ............................. 87.3 7.6 5.2 85.6 8.6 5.9 86.6 7.2 6.2 18.9 12.2 77.0 7.4 15.6 50% or more ......................... 85.0 9.7 5.3 86.2 8.9 4.9 83.6 9.6 6.8 13.6 13.1 75.8 10.9 13.2 Community type Central city ...........................       86.3 8.6 5.2 86.1 7.6 6.3   12.7 83.4 5.7 10.9 Urban fringe/ small town .......       87.2 7.3 5.5 86.3 7.2 6.5   10.6 81.9 5.5 12.6 Rural/ small town ...................       88.8 6.4 4.8 86.4 6.8 6.8   13.9 80.0 6.4 13.6   Data not available or not applicable.

NOTE.   Details may not add to 100 percent due to rounding. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Characteristics of Stayers, Movers, and Leavers: Results from the Teacher Followup Survey: 1994   95. ( This table was prepared April 1997.) 83 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 74.   Average salaries for full time teachers in public and private elementary and secondary schools, by selected characteristics: 1993   94 Selected characteristics Total earned income Base salary Number of full time teachers School year supplemental contract Supplemental contract during summer Number of teachers with nonschool employment Number of teachers Supplemental salary Number of teachers Supplemental salary Teaching or tutor Education related Not education related 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Public schools Total ................................................................. $ 36,498 $ 34,153 2,340,443 815,827 $ 2,075 401,516 $ 2,070 118,603 80,014 237,177 Men .............................................................. 41,031 36,182 642,807 348,855 2,923 147,299 2,530 37,297 39,150 124,487 Women ......................................................... 34,781 33,384 1,697,636 466,972 1,442 254,218 1,803 81,305 40,863 112,689 Race/ ethnicity White, non Hispanic ..................................... 36,576 34,221 2,012,142 722,694 2,067 328,492 2,015 100,017 68,991 208,306 Black, non Hispanic ..................................... 36,200 33,889 181,896 48,968 2,325 40,819 2,221 10,734 5,490 16,336 Hispanic ....................................................... 35,197 32,996 102,965 31,653 1,930 24,122 2,477 5,817 3,644 7,337 Asian or Pacific Islander .............................. 38,292 36,134 25,383 6,391 1,873 5,381 2,285 1,298 910 2,327 American Indian or Alaskan Native ............. 35,635 32,994 18,057 6,121 2,068 2,703 2,305 737 979 2,871 Age Less than 30 ................................................ 27,151 24,737 258,692 113,918 1,777 51,862 1,819 11,924 8,078 28,228 30 to 39 ........................................................ 31,596 29,270 517,638 204,607 2,163 102,314 1,942 24,860 19,623 49,690 40 to 49 ........................................................ 38,106 35,751 974,299 328,974 2,107 161,320 2,053 50,193 34,480 100,528 50 or more ................................................... 42,243 39,931 589,815 168,328 2,109 86,021 2,404 31,625 17,833 58,730 Years of teaching experience First year ...................................................... 26,641 23,544 99,833 35,238 1,573 16,007 2,516 4,554 2,463 13,210 2 to 4 years .................................................. 27,217 25,089 272,905 109,127 1,660 54,192 1,806 10,991 9,575 30,150 5 to 9 years .................................................. 30,709 28,451 388,370 145,326 1,998 79,198 2,046 23,195 11,272 36,451 10 to 14 years .............................................. 33,805 31,792 355,460 114,950 2,110 58,360 2,003 16,150 12,281 30,036 15 to 19 years .............................................. 37,984 35,809 380,168 131,094 2,177 65,105 1,842 19,878 14,175 35,835 20 or more years ......................................... 43,796 41,215 843,707 280,091 2,279 128,653 2,285 43,835 30,248 91,495 Level Elementary ................................................... 34,944 33,517 1,193,257 254,890 1,503 170,059 1,801 47,820 27,084 90,749 Secondary .................................................... 38,114 34,815 1,147,186 560,937 2,335 231,457 2,267 70,783 52,930 146,427 Private schools Total ................................................................. $ 24,053 $ 21,968 302,431 64,063 $ 1,894 62,847 $ 2,122 20,237 11,424 34,099 Men .............................................................. 30,215 26,120 72,264 27,418 2,408 21,317 2,584 3,993 4,969 14,283 Women ......................................................... 22,118 20,669 230,167 36,645 1,509 41,530 1,885 16,244 6,456 19,816 Race/ ethnicity White, non Hispanic ..................................... 24,084 22,000 278,749 59,475 1,903 55,950 2,109 18,461 10,677 31,724 Black, non Hispanic ..................................... 23,043 20,796 8,946 1,350 2,451 3,024 2,173 ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) Hispanic ....................................................... 22,256 20,672 9,862 2,013 1,209 2,269 2,298 ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) Asian or Pacific Islander .............................. 28,505 25,861 3,786 997 2,054 1,185 2,643 ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) American Indian or Alaskan Native ............. 25,082 21,625 1,088 ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1)

Age Less than 30 ................................................ 19,438 17,010 56,709 14,802 1,572 15,865 1,781 4,600 2,373 8,982 30 to 39 ........................................................ 23,334 20,925 73,855 16,590 1,947 17,227 2,161 4,636 3,247 10,087 40 to 49 ........................................................ 25,230 23,224 102,226 21,284 1,915 20,355 2,196 6,965 3,794 9,580 50 or more ................................................... 26,845 25,273 69,641 11,388 2,193 9,400 2,467 4,035 2,010 5,449 Years of teaching experience First year ...................................................... 19,408 16,318 22,922 4,832 1,539 4,545 1,973 1,798 ( 1) 3,395 2 to 4 years .................................................. 19,858 17,719 54,831 12,001 1,580 15,974 1,899 3,970 1,924 8,207 5 to 9 years .................................................. 21,764 19,748 66,567 13,905 1,816 14,111 2,112 4,625 3,184 8,044 10 to 14 years .............................................. 24,266 22,424 49,880 10,007 1,741 9,171 2,032 2,369 1,404 5,133 15 to 19 years .............................................. 27,238 25,351 42,209 8,985 2,129 8,460 2,257 3,601 1,812 3,452 20 or more years ......................................... 29,258 27,178 66,022 14,334 2,310 10,585 2,508 3,874 2,320 5,867 Level Elementary ................................................... 21,485 19,977 179,936 23,015 1,514 33,338 1,846 11,805 5,645 18,137 Secondary .................................................... 27,824 24,896 122,496 41,048 2,106 29,509 2,435 8,432 5,780 15,962 1 Too few sample cases ( fewer than 30) for a reliable estimate.

NOTE.   Details may not add to totals because of rounding or missing values in cells with too few cases, or survey item nonresponse. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993   94,'' unpublished data. ( This table was prepared November 1997.) 84 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 75.   Opinions of public school teachers on the overall quality of education that students received at their school, by selected characteristics: 1987 and 1997 Student characteristics Percent of teachers 1987 1997 Excellent Good Fair Poor Excellent Good Fair Poor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total ...................................................................................... 26 64 9 1 37 55 7 1 Urbanicity Urban ................................................................................ 18 65 15 1 30 56 12 2 Suburban .......................................................................... 29 62 8 1 50 47 3 0 Small town ........................................................................ 26 64 9 1 36 59 5 0 Rural ................................................................................. 26 64 8 2 33 58 8 ( 1) Median income of community where most students live $ 30,000 or less ................................................................         29 59 10 1 More than $ 30,000 ...........................................................         49 48 2 0 1 Value less than .05 percent.   Data not available. SOURCE: Metropolitan Life/ Louis Harris Associates, Inc., The Metropolitan Life Survey of The American Teacher, 1998. `` Building Family School Partnerships: Views of Teachers and Students.'' ( This table was prepared September 1998.)

Table 76.   Percent of public school teachers who reported opinions on various aspects of their schools: 1987 and 1997 Aspect of school 1987 1997 Excellent Good Fair Poor Excellent Good Fair Poor The qualifications and competence of teachers in your school ....................................................... 45 48 7   54 41 4   The relations between parents and teachers in your school ....................................................... 15 53 25 6 13 58 24 4 The availability and responsiveness of parents when you need to contact them ......................... 14 38 37 11 16 47 27 10 The amount of support for the school shown by the parents .......................................................... 17 40 30 12 19 44 28 10 The overall quality of the education that students receive at your school .................................... 26 64 9 1 37 55 7 1   Data not available. SOURCE: Metropolitan Life/ Louis Harris Associates, Inc., The Metropolitan Life Survey of The American Teacher, 1998, `` Building Family School Partnerships: Views of Teachers and Students.'' ( This table was prepared September 1998.)

Table 77.   Percent of public school students who reported various levels of parental/ guardian involvement in their education, by selected student characteristics: 1997 Student characteristics Parental level of involvement Very involved Somewhat involved Not very involved Not at all involved 1 2 3 4 5 Total ..................................................................................................................................... 40 43 11 4 Race/ ethnicity White ................................................................................................................................... 37 45 13 3 Black .................................................................................................................................... 56 35 7 1 Hispanic ............................................................................................................................... 41 40 10 8 Poverty level Not enough/ just enough money for basics ......................................................................... 32 45 14 8 More than enough money for basics .................................................................................. 43 43 11 2 At least one parent with college degree Yes ...................................................................................................................................... 47 42 7 3 No ........................................................................................................................................ 35 45 14 4 School level Grades 7   8 .......................................................................................................................... 46 39 10 3 Grades 9   12 ........................................................................................................................ 37 45 12 4 Student's grades Mostly A/ B ........................................................................................................................... 44 43 9 3 Mostly B/ C ........................................................................................................................... 39 43 13 4 Worse than C ...................................................................................................................... 25 44 19 6 SOURCE: Metropolitan Life/ Louis Harris Associates, Inc., The Metropolitan Life Survey of The American Teacher, 1998. `` Building Family School Partnerships: Views of Teachers and Students.'' ( This table was prepared September 1998.) 85 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 78.   Estimated average annual salary of teachers in public elementary and secondary schools: 1959   60 to 1997   98 School year Current dollars Constant 1997   98 dollars 1 All teachers Elementary teachers Secondary teachers All teachers Elementary teachers Secondary teachers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1959   60 ................................................. $ 4,995 $ 4,815 $ 5,276 $ 27,496 $ 26,505 $ 29,042 1961   62 ................................................. 5,515 5,340 5,775 29,676 28,735 31,075 1963   64 ................................................. 5,995 5,805 6,266 31,439 30,443 32,860 1965   66 ................................................. 6,485 6,279 6,761 32,873 31,828 34,272 1967   68 ................................................. 7,423 7,208 7,692 35,304 34,281 36,583 1969   70 ................................................. 8,626 8,412 8,891 36,934 36,018 38,069 1970   71 ................................................. 9,268 9,021 9,568 37,735 36,729 38,957 1971   72 ................................................. 9,705 9,424 10,031 38,146 37,041 39,427 1972   73 ................................................. 10,174 9,893 10,507 38,441 37,379 39,699 1973   74 ................................................. 10,770 10,507 11,077 37,361 36,449 38,426 1974   75 ................................................. 11,641 11,334 12,000 36,354 35,395 37,475 1975   76 ................................................. 12,600 12,280 12,937 36,748 35,814 37,730 1976   77 ................................................. 13,354 12,989 13,776 36,801 35,795 37,964 1977   78 ................................................. 14,198 13,845 14,602 36,665 35,753 37,708 1978   79 ................................................. 15,032 14,681 15,450 35,494 34,665 36,480 1979   80 ................................................. 15,970 15,569 16,459 33,272 32,437 34,291 1980   81 ................................................. 17,644 17,230 18,142 32,944 32,171 33,874 1981   82 ................................................. 19,274 18,853 19,805 33,126 32,402 34,039 1982   83 ................................................. 20,695 20,227 21,291 34,103 33,332 35,086 1983   84 ................................................. 21,935 21,487 22,554 34,857 34,145 35,840 1984   85 ................................................. 23,600 23,200 24,187 36,090 35,478 36,987 1985   86 ................................................. 25,199 24,718 25,846 37,455 36,740 38,417 1986   87 ................................................. 26,569 26,057 27,244 38,634 37,889 39,615 1987   88 ................................................. 28,034 27,519 28,798 39,142 38,423 40,209 1988   89 ................................................. 29,564 29,022 30,218 39,456 38,733 40,329 1989   90 ................................................. 31,367 30,832 32,049 39,956 39,274 40,824 1990   91 ................................................. 33,084 32,490 33,896 39,958 39,241 40,939 1991   92 ................................................. 34,063 33,479 34,827 39,863 39,180 40,757 1992   93 ................................................. 35,029 34,350 35,880 39,752 38,981 40,718 1993   94 ................................................. 35,737 35,233 36,566 39,531 38,974 40,448 1994   95 ................................................. 36,685 36,160 37,468 39,449 38,885 40,291 1995   96 ................................................. 37,716 37,295 38,371 39,484 39,043 40,170 1996   97 ................................................. 38,554 38,193 39,137 39,242 38,874 39,835 1997   98 ................................................. 39,385 39,075 39,889 39,385 39,075 39,889 1 Based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor.

NOTE.   Some data have been revised from previously published figures. SOURCE: National Education Association, Estimates of School Statistics; and unpublished data. ( Latest edition 1997   98. Copyright Ó   1998 by the National Education Association. All rights reserved.) ( This table was prepared October 1998.) 86 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 79.   Estimated average annual salary of teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: 1969   70 to 1997   98 State Current dollars Constant 1997   98 dollars 1 Percent change, 1979   80 to 1997   98 in constant dollars 1969   70 1979   80 1989   90 1994   95 1995   96 1996   97 1997   98 1969   70 1979   80 1989   90 1994   95 1995   96 1996   97 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 United States .............. $ 8,626 $ 15,970 $ 31,367 $ 36,685 $ 37,716 $ 38,554 $ 39,385 $ 36,934 $ 33,272 $ 39,956 $ 39,449 $ 39,484 $ 39,242 18.4 Alabama ........................... 6,818 13,060 24,828 31,144 31,313 32,549 32,818 29,193 27,209 31,626 33,491 32,781 33,129 20.6 Alaska .............................. 10,560 27,210 43,153 47,951 49,171 50,647 51,738 45,215 56,690 54,969 51,564 51,476 51,550   8.7 Arizona ............................. 8,711 15,054 29,402 32,574 33,300 33,300 33,850 37,298 31,364 37,453 35,029 34,861 33,894 7.9 Arkansas .......................... 6,307 12,299 22,352 28,934 29,533 30,319 30,578 27,005 25,624 28,472 31,114 30,917 30,860 19.3 California .......................... 10,315 18,020 37,998 41,078 42,259 42,992 43,725 44,166 37,543 48,402 44,173 44,240 43,759 16.5 Colorado .......................... 7,761 16,205 30,758 34,571 35,364 36,271 37,052 33,230 33,762 39,180 37,176 37,022 36,918 9.7 Connecticut ...................... 9,262 16,229 40,461 50,045 50,254 50,426 50,730 39,657 33,812 51,540 53,816 52,610 51,325 50.0 Delaware .......................... 9,015 16,148 33,377 39,076 40,533 41,436 42,439 38,600 33,643 42,516 42,021 42,433 42,175 26.1 District of Columbia ......... 10,285 22,190 38,402 43,700 43,700 45,012 46,350 44,037 46,231 48,917 46,993 45,748 45,815 0.3 Florida .............................. 8,412 14,149 28,803 32,588 33,330 33,889 34,475 36,018 29,478 36,690 35,044 34,892 34,493 17.0 Georgia ............................ 7,276 13,853 28,006 32,291 34,002 35,596 37,378 31,154 28,862 35,674 34,724 35,596 36,231 29.5 Hawaii .............................. 9,453 19,920 32,047 38,518 35,807 35,842 38,377 40,475 41,502 40,822 41,421 37,485 36,481   7.5 Idaho ................................ 6,890 13,611 23,861 29,783 30,891 31,818 32,775 29,501 28,357 30,394 32,027 32,339 32,385 15.6 Illinois ............................... 9,569 17,601 32,794 39,431 40,919 42,125 43,873 40,972 36,670 41,773 42,402 42,837 42,876 19.6 Indiana ............................. 8,833 15,599 30,902 36,785 37,675 38,845 39,682 37,820 32,499 39,363 39,557 39,441 39,538 22.1 Iowa ................................. 8,355 15,203 26,747 31,511 32,372 33,272 34,040 35,774 31,674 34,071 33,886 33,889 33,865 7.5 Kansas ............................. 7,612 13,690 28,744 34,652 35,023 35,739 36,811 32,592 28,522 36,614 37,263 36,665 36,376 29.1 Kentucky .......................... 6,953 14,520 26,292 32,257 33,080 33,797 34,525 29,771 30,251 33,491 34,688 34,631 34,400 14.1 Louisiana ......................... 7,028 13,760 24,300 26,461 27,530 29,025 29,650 30,092 28,668 30,954 28,455 28,820 29,543 3.4 Maine ............................... 7,572 13,071 26,881 31,972 32,869 33,676 34,349 32,421 27,232 34,241 34,381 34,410 34,277 26.1 Maryland .......................... 9,383 17,558 36,319 40,661 41,160 41,148 41,739 40,175 36,581 46,263 43,725 43,089 41,882 14.1 Massachusetts ................. 8,764 17,253 34,712 40,718 41,408 42,650 43,930 37,525 35,945 44,216 43,786 43,349 43,411 22.2 Michigan .......................... 9,826 19,663 37,072 41,895 46,832 48,238 49,277 42,072 40,966 47,223 45,052 49,027 49,098 20.3 Minnesota ........................ 8,658 15,912 32,190 35,948 36,937 38,281 39,106 37,071 33,151 41,004 38,657 38,668 38,964 18.0 Mississippi ....................... 5,798 11,850 24,292 26,818 27,692 27,720 29,547 24,825 24,689 30,943 28,839 28,990 28,214 19.7 Missouri ........................... 7,799 13,682 27,094 31,189 32,322 33,155 33,975 33,393 28,505 34,513 33,539 33,837 33,746 19.2 Montana ........................... 7,606 14,537 25,081 28,785 29,364 29,958 30,617 32,567 30,287 31,948 30,954 30,740 30,492 1.1 Nebraska ......................... 7,375 13,516 25,522 30,922 31,496 31,768 32,668 31,578 28,159 32,510 33,252 32,972 32,335 16.0 Nevada ............................ 9,215 16,295 30,590 34,836 36,167 37,340 37,093 39,456 33,949 38,966 37,461 37,862 38,006 9.3 New Hampshire ............... 7,771 13,017 28,986 34,720 35,792 36,029 36,640 33,273 27,120 36,923 37,336 37,470 36,672 35.1 New Jersey ...................... 9,130 17,161 35,676 47,038 48,751 49,786 50,442 39,092 35,754 45,444 50,583 51,036 50,674 41.1 New Mexico ..................... 7,796 14,887 24,756 28,493 29,074 30,131 30,152 33,380 31,016 31,534 30,640 30,437 30,668   2.8 New York ......................... 10,336 19,812 38,925 47,612 48,115 48,000 49,034 44,256 41,277 49,583 51,200 50,370 48,856 18.8 North Carolina ................. 7,494 14,117 27,883 30,793 30,411 31,167 33,315 32,087 29,412 35,518 33,113 31,836 31,723 13.3 North Dakota ................... 6,696 13,263 23,016 26,327 26,969 27,711 28,230 28,670 27,632 29,318 28,311 28,233 28,205 2.2 Ohio ................................. 8,300 15,269 31,218 36,802 37,835 38,676 38,977 35,538 31,812 39,766 39,575 39,608 39,366 22.5 Oklahoma ........................ 6,882 13,107 23,070 28,172 28,404 30,369 30,606 29,467 27,307 29,387 30,295 29,735 30,911 12.1 Oregon ............................. 8,818 16,266 30,840 38,555 39,706 40,960 42,150 37,756 33,889 39,284 41,460 41,567 41,690 24.4 Pennsylvania ................... 8,858 16,515 33,338 44,510 46,087 47,147 47,650 37,927 34,408 42,466 47,864 48,247 47,988 38.5 Rhode Island ................... 8,776 18,002 36,057 40,729 41,765 43,019 44,300 37,576 37,506 45,930 43,798 43,723 43,786 18.1 South Carolina ................. 6,927 13,063 27,217 30,279 31,622 32,830 33,608 29,659 27,216 34,669 32,561 33,104 33,415 23.5 South Dakota ................... 6,403 12,348 21,300 25,994 26,346 26,764 27,341 27,416 25,726 27,132 27,953 27,581 27,241 6.3 Tennessee ....................... 7,050 13,972 27,052 32,477 33,126 34,222 35,340 30,186 29,110 34,459 34,924 34,679 34,832 21.4 Texas ............................... 7,255 14,132 27,496 31,223 32,000 33,038 33,648 31,064 29,443 35,025 33,576 33,500 33,627 14.3 Utah ................................. 7,644 14,909 23,686 29,082 30,588 31,867 32,950 32,729 31,062 30,171 31,273 32,022 32,435 6.1 Vermont ........................... 7,968 12,484 29,012 35,406 36,295 36,053 36,299 34,117 26,009 36,956 38,074 37,996 36,696 39.6 Virginia ............................. 8,070 14,060 30,938 33,987 34,792 35,691 36,654 34,553 29,293 39,409 36,548 36,423 36,328 25.1 Washington ...................... 9,225 18,820 30,457 36,151 37,853 37,815 38,788 39,499 39,210 38,796 38,875 39,627 38,489   1.1 West Virginia ................... 7,650 13,710 22,842 31,944 32,155 33,257 33,398 32,755 28,564 29,096 34,351 33,662 33,850 16.9 Wisconsin ........................ 8,963 16,006 31,921 37,746 38,182 39,057 39,899 38,377 33,347 40,661 40,590 39,972 39,754 19.6 Wyoming .......................... 8,232 16,012 28,141 31,285 31,571 31,715 32,022 35,247 33,360 35,846 33,642 33,051 32,281   4.0 1 Based on the Consumer Price Index prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor. Price index does not account for different rates of change in the cost of living among states.

NOTE.   Some data have been revised from previously published figures. SOURCE: National Education Association, Estimates of School Statistics; and unpublished data. ( Latest edition 1997   98. Copyright Ó   1998 by the National Education Association. All rights reserved.) ( This table was prepared October 1998.) 87 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 80.   Minimum and average teacher salaries, by state: 1990   91, 1995   96, and 1996   97 State 1990   91 1995   96 1996   97 Percent change, 1990   91 to 1996   97 ( constant dollars) 1 Minimum ( beginning) salary Average salary Minimum ( beginning) salary ( in 1996   97 dollars) 1 Average salary ( in 1996   97 dollars) 1 Minimum ( beginning) salary Average salary Minimum ( beginning) salary ( in 1996   97 dollars) 1 Average salary ( in 1996   97 dollars) 1 Minimum ( beginning) salary Average salary Minimum ( beginning) salary as a percent of average salary Minimum ( beginning) salary Average salary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 United States ................ $ 21,542 $ 32,880 $ 25,561 $ 39,014 $ 24,507 $ 37,594 $ 25,205 $ 38,665 $ 25,012 $ 38,436 65.1   2.1   1.5 Alabama .............................. 22,114 26,846 26,239 31,854 24,824 31,323 25,531 32,215 26,717 32,470 82.3 1.8 1.9 Alaska ................................. 2 29,950 43,406 2 35,537 51,504 2 34,800 49,148 35,791 50,548 32,502 49,140 66.1   8.5   4.6 Arizona ................................ 2 21,375 30,773 2 25,363 36,514 2 24,042 32,843 24,727 33,778 24,286 33,208 73.1   4.2   9.1 Arkansas ............................. 3 17,458 4 23,735 3 20,715 4 28,163 2 21,189 4 29,964 21,792 30,817 2 20,680 30,987 66.7   0.2 10.0 California ............................. 2 24,570 2 39,118 2 29,154 2 46,416 2 25,762 2 42,259 26,496 43,462 26,684 42,992 62.1   8.5   7.4 Colorado ............................. 19,786 31,819 23,477 37,755 21,472 35,364 22,084 36,371 23,068 36,271 63.6   1.7   3.9 Connecticut ......................... 25,312 43,398 30,034 51,494 28,840 50,938 29,661 52,389 29,154 51,181 57.0   2.9   0.6 Delaware ............................. 21,112 35,246 25,051 41,821 24,300 40,533 24,992 41,687 24,349 41,436 58.8   2.8   0.9 District of Columbia ............ 23,327 2 39,362 27,679 2 46,705 25,937 42,424 26,676 43,632 2 25,937 2 42,424 61.1   6.3   9.2 Florida ................................. 21,368 30,555 25,354 36,255 23,508 33,330 24,177 34,279 24,736 33,885 73.0   2.4   6.5 Georgia ............................... 20,471 4 28,950 24,290 4 34,351 24,693 5 33,869 25,396 34,834 2 25,434 35,679 71.3 4.7 3.9 Hawaii ................................. 23,792 33,548 28,231 39,807 25,436 37,044 26,160 38,099 6 25,965 6 38,105 68.1   8.0   4.3 Idaho ................................... 15,685 25,510 18,611 30,269 19,667 30,891 20,227 31,771 19,715 31,818 62.0 5.9 5.1 Illinois .................................. 4 21,954 4 34,642 4 26,050 4 41,105 7 26,753 7 40,890 27,515 42,055 6 27,210 6 42,339 64.3 4.5 3.0 Indiana ................................ 4 20,247 4 32,931 4 24,024 4 39,074 4 24,216 4 37,675 24,906 38,748 24,172 38,722 62.4 0.6   0.9 Iowa .................................... 19,404 27,949 23,024 33,163 21,338 32,372 21,946 33,294 21,884 33,272 65.8   5.0 0.3 Kansas ................................ 8 18,954 8 28,188 8 22,490 8 33,447 8 21,607 8 32,429 22,222 33,353 8 21,909 8 33,150 66.1   2.6   0.9 Kentucky ............................. 19,311 29,115 22,914 34,547 2 22,457 32,935 23,097 33,873 2 23,018 4 33,802 68.1 0.5   2.2 Louisiana ............................ 17,486 26,170 20,748 31,052 19,406 2 26,800 19,959 27,563 21,087 28,347 74.4 1.6   8.7 Maine .................................. 18,878 28,531 22,400 33,854 20,725 32,869 21,315 33,805 21,108 33,676 62.7   5.8   0.5 Maryland ............................. 23,548 4 38,312 27,941 4 45,459 7 26,846 41,186 27,611 42,359 26,548 41,257 64.3   5.0   9.2 Massachusetts .................... 2 21,800 36,090 2 25,867 42,823 2 25,815 43,025 26,550 44,250 2 26,445 2 44,101 60.0 2.2 3.0 Michigan ............................. 2 22,400 2 37,800 2 26,579 2 44,852 2 25,635 2 46,832 26,365 48,166 2 26,404 2 47,769 55.3   0.7 6.5 Minnesota ........................... 4 21,029 33,128 4 24,952 39,308 23,998 37,161 24,681 38,219 2 25,600 38,276 66.9 2.6   2.6 Mississippi .......................... 2 18,950 2 24,609 2 22,485 2 29,200 20,150 27,692 20,724 28,481 20,264 27,662 73.3   9.9   5.3 Missouri .............................. 2 20,293 2 27,636 2 24,079 2 32,792 21,996 32,323 22,622 33,244 23,205 33,143 70.0   3.6 1.1 Montana .............................. 2 18,400 26,696 2 21,833 31,676 2 19,992 29,364 20,561 30,200 2 20,592 29,958 68.7   5.7   5.4 Nebraska ............................ 18,344 26,592 21,766 31,553 21,299 31,496 21,906 32,393 21,189 31,768 66.7   2.7 0.7 Nevada ............................... 6 24,358 6 35,269 6 28,902 6 41,849 25,576 6 39,535 26,304 40,661 6 28,538 6 40,817 69.9   1.3   2.5 New Hampshire .................. 2 20,635 31,273 2 24,485 37,107 2 23,510 35,792 24,180 36,811 2 23,690 36,029 65.8   3.2   2.9 New Jersey ......................... 24,500 38,411 29,071 45,577 2 31,435 48,751 32,330 50,139 28,039 49,786 56.3   3.5 9.2 New Mexico ........................ 19,124 4 25,800 22,692 4 30,613 22,634 29,285 23,279 30,119 22,840 29,715 76.9 0.7   2.9 New York ............................ 9 26,375 9 42,080 9 31,295 9 49,930 28,749 48,115 29,568 49,485 9 28,749 9 48,000 59.9   8.1   3.9 North Carolina .................... 19,810 29,165 23,506 34,606 3,9 20,620 4 30,411 21,207 31,277 2 21,136 31,167 67.8   10.1   9.9 North Dakota ...................... 16,274 23,574 19,310 27,972 18,225 26,966 18,744 27,734 18,889 27,709 68.2   2.2   0.9 Ohio .................................... 18,452 31,964 21,894 37,927 4 20,355 4 38,087 20,935 39,172 22,146 38,944 56.9 1.1 2.7 Oklahoma ........................... 8 18,575 8 24,378 8 22,040 8 28,926 24,187 8 29,177 24,876 30,008 23,847 30,187 79.0 8.2 4.4 Oregon ................................ 6 20,357 6 32,295 6 24,155 6 38,320 6 24,592 6 39,706 25,292 40,837 6 25,373 6 41,093 61.7 5.0 7.2 Pennsylvania ...................... 2 23,250 4 36,057 2 27,587 4 42,784 29,514 46,087 30,355 47,400 29,426 47,147 62.4 6.7 10.2 Rhode Island ...................... 20,887 2 38,220 24,784 2 45,350 24,754 41,829 25,459 43,020 2 25,497 2 43,084 59.2 2.9   5.0 South Carolina .................... 4 19,757 4 28,174 4 23,443 4 33,430 21,791 4 31,622 22,412 32,523 22,681 32,659 69.4   3.2   2.3 South Dakota ...................... 16,676 22,363 19,787 26,535 19,609 26,346 20,167 27,096 19,820 27,072 73.2 0.2 2.0 Tennessee .......................... 20,150 28,248 23,909 33,518 21,537 4 33,126 22,150 34,069 21,705 34,267 63.3   9.2 2.2 Texas .................................. 2 20,150 2 28,100 2 23,909 2 33,342 22,642 10 31,400 23,287 32,294 24,079 32,426 74.3 0.7   2.7 Utah .................................... 17,234 4 25,415 20,449 4 30,156 20,544 30,587 21,129 31,458 21,475 4 31,310 68.6 5.0 3.8 Vermont .............................. 2 18,509 2 29,714 2 21,962 2 35,257 2 24,445 2 35,526 25,141 36,538 2 24,934 36,053 69.2 13.5 2.3 Virginia ................................ 4 22,206 4 32,692 4 26,349 4 38,791 2 25,500 34,792 26,226 35,783 24,774 36,116 68.6   6.0   6.9 Washington ......................... 4 20,612 4 32,975 4 24,457 4 39,127 4 24,590 4 37,853 25,290 38,931 4 23,933 4 37,860 63.2   2.1   3.2 West Virginia ...................... 18,728 25,966 22,222 30,810 22,011 32,155 22,638 33,071 22,278 33,258 67.0 0.3 7.9 Wisconsin ........................... 20,689 33,077 24,549 39,248 24,560 2 36,964 25,259 38,017 24,830 37,878 65.6 1.1   3.5 Wyoming ............................. 19,238 28,996 22,827 34,405 2 21,900 31,571 22,524 32,470 2 22,010 6 31,716 69.4   3.6   7.8 1 Based on the Consumer Price Index prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor. Price index does not account for different rates of change in the cost of living among states. 2 Estimated by the American Federation of Teachers. See NOTE. 3 Excludes state paid health insurance. 4 Preliminary or state estimate. 5 Reflects the redefinition of classroom teacher. 6 Includes employer pick up of employee pension contribution. 7 Preliminary or state estimate. Includes pay for extra duties. 8 Estimated to exclude fringe benefits. 9 Median salary. 10 Including incentive pay or career ladder stipends and revision of classroom teacher definition.

NOTE.   Data in this table reflect results of surveys conducted by the American Federation of Teachers. Because of differing survey and estimation methods, these data are not entirely comparable with figures appearing in other tables. Some data revised from previously published figures.

SOURCE: American Federation of Teachers, Survey and Analysis of Salary Trends, various years. ( This table was prepared June 1998.) 88 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 81.   Average annual salary of instructional staff 1 in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: 1939   40 to 1997   98 State or other area Current dollars Constant 1997   98 dollars 2 1939   40 1949   50 1959   60 1969   70 1979   80 1989   90 1995   96 1996   97 1997   98 1969   70 1979   80 1989   90 1995   96 1996   97 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 United States .............. $ 1,441 $ 3,010 $ 5,174 $ 9,047 $ 16,715 $ 32,638 3 $ 39,465 3 $ 40,562 3 $ 41,598 $ 38,737 $ 34,824 $ 41,575 $ 41,315 $ 41,285 Alabama ........................... 744 2,111 4,002 6,954 13,338 26,200 32,459 33,744 34,040 29,775 27,789 33,374 33,980 34,346 Alaska ..............................     6,859 10,993 27,697 3 43,161 3 50,059 3 52,033 3 53,154 47,069 57,704 54,979 52,405 52,961 Arizona ............................. 1,544 3,556 5,590 8,975 16,180 33,592 3 43,542 3 44,157 3 44,819 38,428 33,710 42,790 45,583 44,945 Arkansas .......................... 584 1,801 3,295 6,461 12,704 23,296 30,025 3 30,976 31,852 27,664 26,468 29,675 31,432 31,528 California .......................... 2,351   3 6,600 10,950 18,626 3 39,309 3 44,027 3 45,349 3 45,610 46,885 38,806 50,072 46,091 46,158 Colorado .......................... 1,393 2,821 4,997 8,105 16,840 31,832 36,353 37,473 3 38,280 34,703 35,085 40,548 38,057 38,141 Connecticut ...................... 1,861 3,558 6,008 9,597 16,989 41,888 51,951 52,067 52,480 41,092 35,395 53,357 54,386 52,996 Delaware .......................... 1,684 3,273 3 5,800 9,387 16,845 34,620 42,177 43,085 44,169 40,193 35,095 44,099 44,154 43,853 District of Columbia ......... 2,350 3,920 6,280 10,700 23,027 43,637 39,663 3 40,854 3 42,068 45,814 47,975 55,585 41,522 41,583 Florida .............................. 1,012 2,958 5,080 8,785 14,875 30,275 34,411 34,980 35,594 37,615 30,991 38,565 36,024 35,604 Georgia ............................ 770 1,963 4 3,904 7,520 14,547 29,541 35,786 37,344 39,210 32,199 30,307 37,630 37,463 38,010 Hawaii ..............................     5,390 9,600 20,436 32,956 37,057 36,986 39,751 41,105 42,577 41,980 38,794 37,646 Idaho ................................ 1,057 2,481 4,216 7,081 14,110 24,758 32,285 33,277 3 34,277 30,319 29,397 31,537 33,798 33,870 Illinois ............................... 1,700 3,458 5 5,814 9,789 18,271 33,912 42,411 43,686 45,499 41,914 38,066 43,197 44,399 44,465 Indiana ............................. 1,433 3,401 5,542 9,239 16,256 31,905 38,832 40,062 3 40,905 39,559 33,868 40,641 40,652 40,776 Iowa ................................. 1,017 2,420 3 4,030 8,779 15,776 27,619 33,529 34,477 35,277 37,589 32,868 35,181 35,101 35,092 Kansas ............................. 1,014 2,628 3 4,450 7,811 14,513 30,154 37,626 38,379 39,219 33,445 30,237 38,410 39,390 39,063 Kentucky .......................... 826 1,936 3,327 7,325 15,350 27,482 33,115 33,797 3 34,525 31,364 31,980 35,007 34,667 34,400 Louisiana ......................... 1,006 2,983 4,978 7,264 14,020 25,036 29,005 30,499 3 30,346 31,102 29,210 31,891 30,365 31,043 Maine ............................... 894 2,115 3,694 8,059 13,743 27,831 33,994 34,796 35,484 34,506 28,632 35,451 35,587 35,417 Maryland .......................... 1,642 3,594 5,557 9,885 18,308 37,520 42,958 42,988 43,618 42,325 38,143 47,793 44,972 43,755 Massachusetts ................. 2,037 3,338 6 5,545 9,347 18,900 40,175 52,663 3 54,244 3 55,630 40,021 39,377 51,175 55,132 55,211 Michigan .......................... 1,576 3,420 5,654 10,125 20,682 3 37,286 46,832 3 52,288 3 58,228 43,352 43,089 47,495 49,027 53,221 Minnesota ........................ 1,276 3,013 5,275 9,250 16,654 33,340 3 37,680 39,470 3 40,320 39,606 34,697 42,469 39,446 40,174 Mississippi ....................... 559 1,416 3,314 5,959 12,274 25,079 28,712 28,648 29,857 25,515 25,572 31,946 30,058 29,159 Missouri ........................... 1,159 2,581 4,536 8,064 14,543 28,166 33,878 34,788 35,657 34,528 30,299 35,878 35,466 35,408 Montana ........................... 1,184 2,962 3 4,425 7,875 15,080 29,526 30,908 3 31,836 32,536 33,719 31,418 37,611 32,357 32,404 Nebraska ......................... 829 2,292 3,876 7,633 14,236 27,024 34,023 35,045 35,800 32,682 29,660 34,423 35,618 35,670 Nevada ............................ 1,557 3,209 5,693 9,615 17,290 31,970 37,879 39,179 39,002 41,169 36,022 40,724 39,655 39,878 New Hampshire ............... 1,258 2,712 4,455 8,016 13,508 3 29,798 42,188 3 43,455 3 44,234 34,322 28,143 37,957 44,166 44,230 New Jersey ...................... 2,093 3,511 5,871 9,650 18,851 37,485 51,296 52,411 53,196 41,319 39,275 47,749 53,700 53,346 New Mexico ..................... 1,144 3,215 5,382 10,021 15,406 25,790 29,389 30,914 31,580 42,907 32,097 32,852 30,767 31,465 New York ......................... 2,604 3,706 6,537 11,240 20,400 40,000 48,754 48,600 3 49,647 48,127 42,502 50,952 51,039 49,467 North Carolina ................. 946 2,688 4,178 7,762 14,445 28,952 31,622 32,383 34,584 33,235 30,095 36,879 33,104 32,961 North Dakota ................... 745 2,324 3,695 6,840 13,684 23,788 27,153 27,905 28,438 29,287 28,509 30,301 28,426 28,403 Ohio ................................. 1,587 3,088 5,124 8,594 16,100 32,467 39,038 39,938 40,345 36,797 33,543 41,357 40,868 40,650 Oklahoma ........................ 1,014 2,736 4,659 7,257 13,500 23,944 30,584 31,894 32,164 31,072 28,126 30,500 32,018 32,463 Oregon ............................. 1,333 3,323 5,535 9,200 16,996 32,100 40,980 42,420 3 43,652 39,392 35,410 40,889 42,901 43,177 Pennsylvania ................... 1,640 3,006 5,308 8,899 17,060 34,110 47,087 48,178 48,701 38,103 35,543 43,450 49,294 49,037 Rhode Island ................... 1,809 3,294 7 5,499 9,030 18,425 36,704 3 42,498 3 44,188 45,504 38,664 38,387 46,754 44,490 44,976 South Carolina ................. 743 1,891 3,450 7,069 13,670 28,453 33,155 34,421 35,238 30,267 28,480 36,244 34,709 35,035 South Dakota ................... 807 2,064 3,725 7,200 13,010 22,120 27,354 27,767 3 28,365 30,828 27,105 28,177 28,636 28,262 Tennessee ....................... 862 2,302 3,929 7,187 14,193 27,949 34,412 35,555 36,700 30,773 29,570 35,602 36,025 36,189 Texas ............................... 1,079 3,122 4,708 7,598 14,729 28,549 33,861 34,937 36,158 32,533 30,687 36,366 35,448 35,560 Utah ................................. 1,394 3,103 5,096 8,049 17,403 24,591 31,780 32,492 3 34,247 34,464 36,258 31,324 33,270 33,071 Vermont ........................... 981 2,348 4,466 8,225 13,300 29,012 37,054 36,053 36,299 35,217 27,709 36,956 38,791 36,696 Virginia ............................. 899 2,328 4,312 8,364 14,655 31,656 35,660 36,602 37,458 35,812 30,532 40,324 37,332 37,255 Washington ...................... 1,706 3,487 7 5,643 9,792 19,735 31,828 39,594 39,594 40,624 41,927 41,116 40,543 41,450 40,300 West Virginia ................... 1,170 2,425 3,952 7,954 14,395 23,842 33,296 34,345 34,564 34,057 29,991 30,370 34,857 34,958 Wisconsin ........................ 1,379 3,007 8 4,870 9,150 16,335 32,445 39,212 41,848 3 42,750 39,178 34,033 41,329 41,050 42,594 Wyoming .......................... 1,169 2,798 4,937 8,496 16,830 29,047 32,493 32,620 32,979 36,377 35,064 37,000 34,016 33,202 Outlying areas American Samoa .............     852 5,130           21,965         Guam ...............................     4,107 7,800           33,397         Puerto Rico ......................     9 2,360                       Virgin Islands ...................     3,407                       1 Includes supervisors, principals, classroom teachers, and other instructional staff. 2 Based on the Consumer Price Index prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor. Price index does not account for different rates of change in the cost of living among states. 3 Estimated by National Education Association. 4 Excludes kindergarten teachers. 5 Includes administrators. 6 Includes clerical assistants to instructional personnel. 7 Includes attendance personnel. 8 Excludes vocational schools not operated as part of the regular public school system. 9 Median salary.   Data not available.

NOTE.   Some data have been revised from previously published figures.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems; National Education Association, Estimates of School Statistics; ( Latest edition 1997   98. Copyright Ó   1998 by the National Education Association All rights reserved.) and unpublished data. ( This table was prepared October 1998.) 89 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 82.   Estimated average annual salary of instructional staff 1 in public elementary and secondary schools and average annual earnings of full time employees in all industries: 1929   30 to 1997   98 School year Current dollars Constant 1997   98 dollars 2 Average salary of instructional staff Earnings per full time employee working for wages or salary 3 Average salary of instructional staff Earnings per full time employee working for wages or salary 3 Ratio of instructional staff salary to earnings per fulltime employee 1 2 3 4 5 6 1929   30 ........................................................ $ 1,420 $ 1,386 $ 13,418 $ 13,097 1.02 1931   32 ........................................................ 1,417 1,198 15,897 13,440 1.18 1933   34 ........................................................ 1,227 1,070 14,987 13,069 1.15 1935   36 ........................................................ 1,283 1,160 15,101 13,653 1.11 1937   38 ........................................................ 1,374 1,224 15,514 13,820 1.12 1939   40 ........................................................ 1,441 1,282 16,678 14,837 1.12 1941   42 ........................................................ 1,507 1,576 15,633 16,348 0.96 1943   44 ........................................................ 1,728 2,030 16,040 18,843 0.85 1945   46 ........................................................ 1,995 2,272 17,689 20,145 0.88 1947   48 ........................................................ 2,639 2,692 18,319 18,687 0.98 1949   50 ........................................................ 3,010 2,930 20,557 20,010 1.03 1951   52 ........................................................ 3,450 3,322 21,231 20,443 1.04 1953   54 ........................................................ 3,825 3,628 23,005 21,821 1.05 1955   56 ........................................................ 4,156 3,924 25,005 23,609 1.06 1957   58 ........................................................ 4,702 4,276 26,630 24,218 1.10 1959   60 ........................................................ 5,174 4,632 28,481 25,497 1.12 1961   62 ........................................................ 5,700 4,928 30,672 26,518 1.16 1963   64 ........................................................ 6,240 5,373 32,724 28,177 1.16 1965   66 ........................................................ 6,935 5,838 35,154 29,593 1.19 1967   68 ........................................................ 7,630 6,444 36,288 30,648 1.18 1969   70 ........................................................ 9,047 7,334 38,737 31,402 1.23 1970   71 ........................................................ 9,698 7,815 39,486 31,819 1.24 1971   72 ........................................................ 10,213 8,334 40,143 32,757 1.23 1972   73 ........................................................ 10,634 8,858 40,179 33,468 1.20 1973   74 ........................................................ 11,254 9,647 39,040 33,465 1.17 1974   75 ........................................................ 12,167 10,420 37,997 32,541 1.17 1975   76 ........................................................ 13,124 11,218 38,276 32,717 1.17 1976   77 ........................................................ 13,840 11,991 38,140 33,045 1.15 1977   78 ........................................................ 14,698 12,829 37,956 33,128 1.15 1978   79 ........................................................ 15,764 13,851 37,222 32,705 1.14 1979   80 ........................................................ 16,715 15,095 34,824 31,448 1.11 1980   81 ........................................................ 18,404 16,495 34,363 30,799 1.12 1981   82 ........................................................ 20,327 17,818 34,936 30,624 1.14 1982   83 ........................................................ 21,641 18,883 35,662 31,117 1.15 1983   84 ........................................................ 23,005 19,749 36,557 31,383 1.16 1984   85 ........................................................ 24,666 20,626 37,720 31,542 1.20 1985   86 ........................................................ 26,362 21,518 39,184 31,983 1.23 1986   87 ........................................................ 27,706 22,432 40,287 32,618 1.24 1987   88 ........................................................ 29,219 23,467 40,796 32,765 1.25 1988   89 ........................................................ 30,850 24,502 41,172 32,700 1.26 1989   90 ........................................................ 32,638 25,555 41,575 32,553 1.28 1990   91 ........................................................ 34,401 26,668 41,549 32,209 1.29 1991   92 ........................................................ 35,556 27,829 41,610 32,568 1.28 1992   93 ........................................................ 36,460 29,060 41,376 32,978 1.25 1993   94 ........................................................ 37,446 29,781 41,422 32,943 1.26 1994   95 ........................................................ 38,331 30,573 41,219 32,876 1.25 1995   96 ........................................................ 39,465 31,579 41,315 33,059 1.25 1996   97 ........................................................ 40,562 32,850 41,285 33,436 1.23 1997   98 ........................................................ 41,598   41,598     1 Includes supervisors, principals, classroom teachers, and other instructional staff. 2 Based on the Consumer Price Index prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor. 3 Calendar year data from the U. S. Department of Commerce have been converted to a school year basis by averaging the two appropriate calendar years in each case. Beginning in 1992   93, data are wage and salary accruals per full time equivalent employee   Data not available. NOTE.   Some data have been revised from previously published figures.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems, and unpublished data; National Education Association, Estimates of School Statistics, 1997   98, ( Copyright Ó   1998 by the National Education Association. All rights reserved.), unpublished data; and U. S. Department of Commerce, Survey of Current Business, July and August issues. ( This table was prepared October 1998.) 90 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: STAFF Table 83.   Staff employed in public elementary and secondary school systems, by functional area: 1949   50 to fall 1996 [ In full time equivalents]

School year Total School district administrative staff Instructional staff Support staff Total Intermediate district staff School district superintendents Officials and administrators Instruction coordinators Total Principals and assistant principals Teachers Instructional aides Librarians Guidance counselors Psychological personnel Other instructional staff Total Secretarial and clerical personnel Transportation staff Food service Plant operation and maintenance Health Recreational and other staff 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 1949   50 ................... 1,300,031 33,642 5,843 18,025 ( 1) 9,774 963,110 43,137 913,671 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 6,302 303,280 31,824 81,626 68,814 105,874 9,412 5,730 1959   60 ................... 2,089,283 42,423 9,901 13,361 5,386 13,775 1,457,329 63,554 1,353,372 ( 2) 17,363 14,643 2,121 6,277 589,531 75,930 113,111 161,925 192,655 16,104 29,807 1969   70 ................... 3,360,763 65,282 7,113 13,014 13,618 31,537 2,285,568 90,593 2,016,244 57,418 42,689 48,763 6,168 23,693 1,009,913 164,476 175,351 270,338 273,395 26,562 99,791 Fall 1980 .................. 4,168,286 78,784   13,269 44,961 20,554 2,859,573 107,061 2,184,216 325,755 48,018 63,973 14,033 116,517 1,229,929 223,647 ( 4) ( 4) ( 4) ( 4) 1,006,282 Fall 1985 .................. 4,159,624 3 67,404         3 2,756,232 129,297 2,205,987 306,860 47,442 66,646 ( 5) ( 5) 3 1,335,988 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1987 .................. 4,311,941 3 74,191         3 2,859,626 125,927 2,279,241 335,991 48,185 70,282 ( 5) ( 5) 3 1,378,124 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1988 .................. 4,319,356 3 69,334         3 2,930,547 126,609 2,323,213 356,682 48,980 75,063 ( 5) ( 5) 3 1,319,475 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1989 .................. 4,431,033 3 70,302         3 2,985,851 125,594 2,356,702 374,172 49,769 79,614 ( 5) ( 5) 3 1,374,880 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1990 .................. 4,494,076 3 75,868         3 3,051,404 127,417 2,398,169 395,959 49,909 79,950 ( 5) ( 5) 3 1,366,804 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1991 .................. 4,559,359 3 76,084         3 3,103,939 129,304 2,432,243 410,538 49,917 81,937 ( 5) ( 5) 3 1,379,336 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1992 .................. 4,708,286 6 78,414 ( 7) ( 7) 45,712 32,702 3 3,139,544 121,936 2,458,956 427,279 50,324 81,049 ( 5) ( 5) 3 1,490,328 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1993 .................. 4,808,080 6 80,862 ( 7) ( 7) 47,614 33,248 3 3,209,381 121,486 2,503,901 450,519 50,511 82,964 ( 5) ( 5) 3 1,517,837 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1994 .................. 4,904,757 6 81,867 ( 7) ( 7) 48,827 33,040 3 3,280,752 120,017 2,551,875 473,348 50,668 84,844 ( 5) ( 5) 3 1,542,138 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1995 .................. 4,994,358 6 82,998 ( 7) ( 7) 49,315 33,683 3 3,351,528 120,629 2,598,220 494,289 50,862 87,528 ( 5) ( 5) 3 1,559,832 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1996 .................. 5,117,616 6 82,213 ( 7) ( 7) 47,788 34,425 3 3,448,304 123,163 2,666,034 518,649 51,517 88,941 ( 5) ( 5) 3 1,587,099 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Percentage distribution 1949   50 ................... 100.0 2.6 0.4 1.4 ( 1) 0.8 74.1 3.3 70.3 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 0.5 23.3 2.4 6.3 5.3 8.1 0.7 0.4 1959   60 ................... 100.0 2.0 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.7 69.8 3.0 64.8 ( 2) 0.8 0.7 0.1 0.3 28.2 3.6 5.4 7.8 9.2 0.8 1.4 1969   70 ................... 100.0 1.9 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.9 68.0 2.7 60.0 1.7 1.3 1.5 0.2 0.7 30.1 4.9 5.2 8.0 8.1 0.8 3.0 Fall 1980 .................. 100.0 1.9   0.3 1.1 0.5 68.6 2.6 52.4 7.8 1.2 1.5 0.3 2.8 29.5 5.4 ( 4) ( 4) ( 4) ( 4) 24.1 Fall 1985 .................. 100.0 3 1.6         3 66.3 3.1 53.0 7.4 1.1 1.6 ( 5) ( 5) 3 32.1 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1987 .................. 100.0 3 1.7         3 66.3 2.9 52.9 7.8 1.1 1.6 ( 5) ( 5) 3 32.0 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1988 .................. 100.0 3 1.6         3 67.8 2.9 53.8 8.3 1.1 1.7 ( 5) ( 5) 3 30.5 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1989 .................. 100.0 3 1.6         3 67.4 2.8 53.2 8.4 1.1 1.8 ( 5) ( 5) 3 31.0 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1990 .................. 100.0 3 1.7         3 67.9 2.8 53.4 8.8 1.1 1.8 ( 5) ( 5) 3 30.4 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1991 .................. 100.0 3 1.7         3 68.1 2.8 53.3 9.0 1.1 1.8 ( 5) ( 5) 3 30.3 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1992 .................. 100.0 6 1.7 ( 7) ( 7) 1.0 0.7 3 66.7 2.6 52.2 9.1 1.1 1.7 ( 5) ( 5) 3 31.7 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1993 .................. 100.0 6 1.7 ( 7) ( 7) 1.0 0.7 3 66.7 2.5 52.1 9.4 1.1 1.7 ( 5) ( 5) 3 31.6 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1994 .................. 100.0 6 1.7 ( 7) ( 7) 1.0 0.7 3 66.9 2.4 52.0 9.7 1.0 1.7 ( 5) ( 5) 3 31.4 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1995 .................. 100.0 6 1.7 ( 7) ( 7) 1.0 0.7 3 67.1 2.4 52.0 9.9 1.0 1.8 ( 5) ( 5) 3 31.2 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1996 .................. 100.0 6 1.6 ( 7) ( 7) 0.9 0.7 3 67.4 2.4 52.1 10.1 1.0 1.7 ( 5) ( 5) 3 31.0 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Pupils per staff member 1949   50 ................... 19.3 746.4 4,297.7 1,393.1   2,569.2 26.1 582.1 27.5 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 3,984.7 82.8 789.1 307.6 364.9 237.2 2,668.0 4,382.4 1959   60 ................... 16.8 829.3 3,553.4 2,633.2 6,532.2 2,554.1 24.1 553.6 26.0 ( 2) 2,026.3 2,402.7 16,589.1 5,605.1 59.7 463.4 311.0 217.3 182.6 2,184.7 1,180.3 1969   70 ................... 13.6 697.7 6,403.8 3,500.1 3,344.9 1,444.3 19.9 502.8 22.6 793.3 1,067.0 934.1 7,384.9 1,922.5 45.1 276.9 259.8 168.5 166.6 1,714.9 456.5 Fall 1980 .................. 9.8 518.9   3,080.7 909.2 1,988.8 14.3 381.8 18.7 125.5 851.3 639.0 2,913.0 350.8 33.2 182.8 ( 4) ( 4) ( 4) ( 4) 40.6 Fall 1985 .................. 9.5 3 584.9         3 14.3 304.9 17.9 128.5 831.0 591.5 ( 5) ( 5) 3 29.5 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1987 .................. 9.3 3 539.3         3 14.0 317.7 17.6 119.1 830.3 569.3 ( 5) ( 5) 3 29.0 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1988 .................. 9.3 3 579.6         3 13.7 317.4 17.3 112.7 820.5 535.4 ( 5) ( 5) 3 30.5 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1989 .................. 9.1 3 576.7         3 13.6 322.8 17.2 108.4 814.6 509.2 ( 5) ( 5) 3 29.5 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1990 .................. 9.2 3 543.3         3 13.5 323.5 17.2 104.1 825.8 515.5 ( 5) ( 5) 3 30.2 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1991 .................. 9.2 3 552.6         3 13.5 325.2 17.3 102.4 842.3 513.2 ( 5) ( 5) 3 30.5 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1992 .................. 9.1 6 546.1 ( 7) ( 7) 936.8 1,309.5 3 13.6 351.2 17.4 100.2 851.0 528.4 ( 5) ( 5) 3 28.7 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1993 .................. 9.0 6 537.5 ( 7) ( 7) 912.9 1,307.3 3 13.5 357.8 17.4 96.5 860.5 523.9 ( 5) ( 5) 3 28.6 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1994 .................. 9.0 6 538.8 ( 7) ( 7) 903.4 1,335.1 3 13.4 367.5 17.3 93.2 870.6 519.9 ( 5) ( 5) 3 28.7 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1995 .................. 9.0 6 540.3 ( 7) ( 7) 909.3 1,331.2 3 13.4 371.7 17.3 90.7 881.6 512.3 ( 5) ( 5) 3 28.7 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

Fall 1996 .................. 8.9 6 554.6 ( 7) ( 7) 954.1 1,324.4 3 13.2 370.2 17.1 87.9 885.0 512.6 ( 5) ( 5) 3 28.7 ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5) ( 5)

1 Data included in column 5.

2 Data included in column 10.

3 Data not comparable with figures for years prior to 1985.

4 Data included in column 22.

5 Data included in column 16.

6 Because of classification revisions, data are not directly comparable with figures for prior years.

7 Data included in column 6.

  Data not available. NOTE.   Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Because of variations in data collection instruments, some categories are only roughly comparable over time. Because of rounding, details may not add to totals. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems,

Common Core of Data surveys, and unpublished estimates. ( This table was prepared May 1998.) 91 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: STAFF Table 84.   Staff employed in public school systems, by type of assignment and state: Fall 1996 [ In full time equivalents]

State or other area Total School district staff School staff Student support staff Other support services staff Officials and administrators Administrative support staff Instruction coordinators Principals and assistant principals School and library support staff Teachers Instructional aides Guidance counselors Librarians 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 United States 1 .................... 5,117,616 47,788 160,562 34,425 123,163 238,898 2,666,034 518,649 88,941 51,517 145,054 1,042,585 Alabama 2 ................................ 84,914 441 1,039 968 2,243 2,873 45,040 7,146 1,688 1,259 486 21,731 Alaska 3 .................................... 14,791 303 575 112 442 943 7,418 1,649 231 144 831 2,143 Arizona ..................................... 79,429 411 725 180 1,770 6,098 40,521 10,157 1,046 787 7,416 10,318 Arkansas 2 ................................ 51,004 566 738 170 1,482 1,821 26,680 3,837 1,213 953 414 13,130 California 2 ............................... 468,246 2,259 20,176 4,964 10,588 29,582 248,857 57,896 5,208 898 10,203 77,615 Colorado .................................. 71,226 926 2,308 897 1,899 5,141 36,398 6,532 1,121 715 1,686 13,603 Connecticut .............................. 68,861 1,076 1,587 436 1,825 3,364 36,551 7,506 1,123 701 3,267 11,425 Delaware .................................. 12,203 93 402 54 414 478 6,642 898 221 123 491 2,387 District of Columbia ................. 9,318 391 263 81 300 371 5,288 499 225 139 56 1,705 Florida ...................................... 248,773 1,653 13,154 639 5,993 12,112 120,471 26,814 4,855 2,556 7,647 52,879 Georgia 4,5 ................................ 148,294 585 4,272 1,306 3,864 7,133 79,091 16,386 2,472 1,984 2,237 28,964 Hawaii ...................................... 16,867 136 245 447 489 707 10,576 916 544 289 476 2,042 Idaho ........................................ 22,611 114 453 217 676 907 13,078 2,153 558 190 395 3,870 Illinois 4,5 .................................. 221,285 3,395 6,258 1,666 5,234 10,451 116,274 24,006 2,838 1,934 6,796 42,433 Indiana ..................................... 119,800 930 571 1,316 2,818 7,942 56,708 16,070 1,735 1,036 1,730 28,944 Iowa ......................................... 63,003 809 751 389 1,770 4,513 32,593 6,421 1,332 749 2,186 11,490 Kansas ..................................... 58,040 471 1,786 74 1,674 2,550 30,875 5,003 1,097 964 2,345 11,201 Kentucky 3,6 .............................. 75,073 863 2,081 564 1,903 3,475 39,331 7,982 1,272 1,129 2,363 14,110 Louisiana ................................. 94,113 284 667 1,017 2,442 2,937 47,334 10,002 2,703 1,184 2,336 23,207 Maine ....................................... 29,988 449 751 116 880 1,356 15,551 4,028 593 243 1,097 4,924 Maryland .................................. 85,522 764 718 657 2,843 3,814 47,943 6,989 1,825 1,081 1,393 17,495 Massachusetts ......................... 116,749 1,003 6,271 1,157 2,155 2,942 64,574 13,868 2,125 679 1,873 20,102 Michigan .................................. 194,954 1,919 4,371 628 5,481 7,721 88,051 18,556 2,943 1,545 7,537 56,202 Minnesota ................................ 86,856 1,038 2,242 958 1,597 4,636 48,245 11,255 915 956 2,732 12,282 Mississippi ............................... 61,125 918 1,467 422 1,499 2,127 29,293 8,615 869 810 2,206 12,899 Missouri ................................... 112,406 1,113 3,544 672 2,721 6,085 59,436 7,752 2,410 1,426 2,918 24,329 Montana 4,5 .............................. 18,862 162 522 156 497 872 10,268 2,003 411 353 77 3,541 Nebraska ................................. 38,038 592 833 249 969 1,520 20,174 3,629 757 572 994 7,749 Nevada .................................... 25,463 209 516 112 745 1,422 14,805 1,615 560 261 777 4,441 New Hampshire ....................... 23,963 335 442 143 487 848 12,692 3,852 656 260 478 3,770 New Jersey 7 ............................ 168,441 1,666 7,633 1,373 4,465 8,444 88,903 14,925 3,231 1,803 9,084 26,914 New Mexico ............................. 40,785 428 1,907 564 871 2,539 19,971 4,723 650 259 1,115 7,758 New York ................................. 363,586 2,762 24,413 1,285 6,851 7,206 185,104 29,467 5,467 2,982 8,879 89,170 North Carolina 8 ....................... 145,110 1,331 3,471 653 4,132 5,785 75,239 23,537 3,025 2,201 2,970 22,766 North Dakota ........................... 14,552 442 166 62 409 503 7,892 1,572 263 193 415 2,635 Ohio ......................................... 196,969 5,277 9,573 361 1,009 12,982 108,602 10,567 3,247 1,640 1,248 42,463 Oklahoma 8 .............................. 83,483 546 5,129 620 1,449 1,074 39,491 7,379 1,730 912 12,204 12,949 Oregon ..................................... 52,259 755 1,489 339 1,609 3,746 26,757 6,546 1,268 574 1,269 7,907 Pennsylvania ........................... 201,134 1,349 7,347 1,535 4,063 9,969 106,432 16,180 3,707 2,208 9,828 38,516 Rhode Island ........................... 16,823 128 426 74 367 813 10,656 1,594 307 73 374 2,011 South Carolina 5,9 .................... 76,932 257 2,071 469 2,223 3,458 41,463 7,945 1,546 1,104 2,352 14,044 South Dakota ........................... 18,108 259 392 142 461 792 9,625 2,450 345 194 348 3,100 Tennessee ............................... 101,434 943 2,412 817 4,759 4,706 54,790 10,570 1,525 1,411 2,615 16,886 Texas ....................................... 477,896 2,693 2,532 1,082 11,591 20,524 247,650 42,686 8,359 4,304 3,834 132,641 Utah ......................................... 37,461 108 744 487 951 2,209 19,734 5,004 594 291 462 6,877 Vermont ................................... 15,693 136 286 209 387 637 7,751 3,105 352 214 587 2,029 Virginia 2 ................................... 139,174 2,193 3,343 1,315 3,492 5,780 74,523 12,056 3,202 2,034 2,879 28,357 Washington 3 ............................ 94,692 1,049 2,689 837 2,556 4,956 48,307 9,333 1,804 1,288 3,509 18,364 West Virginia ........................... 38,099 289 1,886 339 1,074 323 20,888 2,943 604 353 881 8,519 Wisconsin ................................ 99,871 859 2,610 1,001 2,410 4,998 54,769 10,608 1,884 1,422 4,106 15,204 Wyoming .................................. 13,337 110 315 94 334 713 6,729 1,424 285 137 652 2,544 Outlying areas American Samoa ..................... 1,470 29 43 27 59 85 734 16 22 7 52 396 Guam ....................................... 3,263 13 260 17 52 36 1,552 438 71 27 126 671 Northern Marianas ................... 1,056 15 101 17 27 54 441 209 28 2 84 78 Puerto Rico .............................. 71,333 356 168 699 1,366 5,450 39,743   900 900 2,149 19,602 Virgin Islands ........................... 3,185 74 152 19 83 100 1,580 321 84 44 398 330 1 Includes imputations for undercounts in designated states. 2 Includes imputation for prekindergarten teachers. 3 Includes imputation for instruction coordinators. 4 Includes imputations for all support staff except student support staff. 5 Includes imputation for instructional aides. 6 Includes imputations for all support staff and officials and administrators. 7 Data imputed by the National Center for Education Statistics based on previous year's data. 8 Includes imputations for library support staff.

9 Includes imputations for all support staff.   Data not available or not applicable.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data survey; and unpublished estimates. ( This table was prepared May 1998.) 92 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: STAFF Table 85.   Staff employed in public school systems, by type of assignment and state: Fall 1995 [ In full time equivalents]

State or other area Total School district staff School staff Student support staff Other support services staff Officials and administrators Administrative support staff Instruction coordinators Principals and assistant principals School and library support staff Teachers Instructional aides Guidance counselors Librarians 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 United States 1 .................... 4,994,358 49,315 144,842 33,683 120,629 237,389 2,598,220 494,289 87,528 50,862 142,655 1,034,946 Alabama ................................... 83,256 428 1,039 980 2,221 2,768 44,056 6,657 1,684 1,259 468 21,696 Alaska 2 .................................... 15,022 294 549 112 436 886 7,379 1,751 225 147 819 2,424 Arizona ..................................... 75,931 428 641 182 1,611 6,123 38,017 9,613 1,050 737 7,312 10,217 Arkansas .................................. 49,178 554 583 179 1,460 1,646 26,449 3,523 1,223 952 387 12,222 California 3 ............................... 444,014 2,155 19,920 4,685 10,335 28,571 230,849 56,822 5,115 896 9,989 74,677 Colorado .................................. 67,447 846 2,211 775 1,749 4,749 35,388 5,919 1,080 700 1,608 12,422 Connecticut .............................. 66,133 955 1,611 453 1,823 3,246 36,070 7,520 1,116 672 3,239 9,428 Delaware .................................. 11,869 87 388 58 399 472 6,463 861 215 122 498 2,306 District of Columbia ................. 9,410 402 290 144 305 442 5,305 327 217 143 53 1,782 Florida ...................................... 237,721 1,739 12,267 812 5,964 12,110 114,938 24,111 4,794 2,560 7,147 51,279 Georgia 4 .................................. 165,058 2,127 3,488 691 3,754 6,423 79,480 21,709 2,476 1,987 2,699 40,224 Hawaii ...................................... 16,841 141 263 438 483 704 10,500 937 540 287 512 2,036 Idaho ........................................ 21,814 114 443 210 661 876 12,784 1,914 520 185 381 3,726 Illinois ....................................... 209,036 3,292 5,114 1,656 5,132 9,984 113,538 21,137 2,823 1,941 6,503 37,916 Indiana ..................................... 116,363 928 496 1,368 2,818 7,872 55,821 14,421 1,720 1,021 1,650 28,248 Iowa ......................................... 62,075 519 756 382 1,762 4,465 32,318 6,083 1,331 662 2,192 11,605 Kansas ..................................... 57,265 1,253 961 74 1,671 2,487 30,729 4,760 1,087 972 2,298 10,973 Kentucky .................................. 84,425 1,170 2,188 434 1,906 3,147 39,120 10,916 1,282 1,173 2,093 20,996 Louisiana ................................. 93,070 265 689 1,026 2,379 2,907 46,980 10,026 2,610 1,172 2,248 22,768 Maine ....................................... 29,413 448 660 113 853 1,393 15,392 3,776 600 238 1,049 4,891 Maryland .................................. 87,868 720 719 701 2,647 3,765 47,819 7,318 1,830 1,043 1,443 19,863 Massachusetts ......................... 113,154 991 5,788 1,065 2,166 3,073 62,710 12,867 2,090 611 1,860 19,933 Michigan .................................. 177,495 2,250 3,264 497 5,079 7,890 83,179 14,318 2,871 1,450 6,704 49,993 Minnesota ................................ 74,891 1,288 1,735 487 1,589 3,316 46,971 6,088 902 986 2,863 8,666 Mississippi ............................... 60,855 906 1,433 418 1,493 2,110 28,997 8,758 824 750 2,221 12,945 Missouri ................................... 120,621 638 4,578 1,244 2,579 8,189 57,951 7,228 2,593 1,368 1,758 32,495 Montana 4,5 .............................. 18,586 156 469 155 489 907 10,076 1,938 403 348 68 3,577 Nebraska ................................. 37,894 612 684 236 953 1,479 20,028 3,578 755 575 996 7,998 Nevada .................................... 23,742 184 489 101 680 1,340 13,878 1,489 498 241 605 4,237 New Hampshire ....................... 23,143 360 455 144 479 812 12,346 3,519 620 281 447 3,680 New Jersey .............................. 163,069 1,680 6,826 1,305 4,383 8,393 86,706 13,936 3,150 1,781 8,767 26,142 New Mexico ............................. 40,124 435 1,887 553 859 2,694 19,398 4,574 645 259 1,039 7,781 New York ................................. 355,723 2,737 23,774 1,263 6,878 7,110 181,559 28,001 5,456 2,998 8,720 87,227 North Carolina 4 ....................... 140,204 1,285 2,977 720 3,993 5,794 73,201 22,287 2,976 2,176 2,720 22,075 North Dakota ........................... 13,804 435 164 54 394 475 7,501 1,471 248 183 364 2,515 Ohio ......................................... 194,579 5,242 9,467 353 971 12,597 107,347 10,092 3,219 1,628 1,252 42,411 Oklahoma 4 .............................. 83,802 533 94 590 1,456 5,754 39,364 7,186 1,390 902 12,589 13,944 Oregon ..................................... 51,458 874 1,315 341 1,622 3,410 26,680 6,381 1,229 612 997 7,997 Pennsylvania ........................... 198,087 1,344 7,175 1,594 4,087 9,840 104,921 14,831 3,676 2,202 9,904 38,513 Rhode Island ........................... 16,517 148 426 78 361 804 10,482 1,458 309 75 378 1,998 South Carolina 4,5 .................... 74,859 264 1,830 467 2,224 3,537 39,922 7,558 1,517 1,097 2,494 13,949 South Dakota 4 ......................... 18,126 268 400 148 473 878 9,641 2,302 354 202 269 3,191 Tennessee ............................... 98,948 918 2,297 761 4,654 4,572 53,403 9,992 1,456 1,386 2,927 16,582 Texas ....................................... 462,661 2,580 2,451 1,100 11,251 18,644 240,371 43,046 8,219 4,252 3,679 127,068 Utah ......................................... 37,385 109 715 465 926 2,098 20,039 5,037 596 291 369 6,740 Vermont ................................... 15,640 152 278 294 411 719 7,676 2,931 332 216 1,668 963 Virginia 2 ................................... 137,546 1,760 1,739 1,483 3,535 5,627 74,731 12,072 3,111 1,950 3,147 28,391 Washington 2,4 ......................... 91,322 1,015 2,540 841 2,501 4,760 46,907 8,582 1,758 1,263 3,695 17,460 West Virginia ........................... 38,645 279 1,896 322 1,095 366 21,073 2,957 611 357 886 8,803 Wisconsin ................................ 95,105 842 2,276 1,090 2,353 4,463 55,033 8,361 1,925 1,416 4,005 13,341 Wyoming .................................. 13,164 165 144 41 326 702 6,734 1,350 257 137 676 2,632 Outlying areas American Samoa ..................... 1,417 30 38 26 60 81 728 15 19 6 48 366 Guam ....................................... 3,728 15 288 18 62 40 1,802 476 80 30 146 771 Northern Marianas ................... 1,054 9 88 17 30 54 422 216 28 4 75 111 Puerto Rico .............................. 69,731 314 111 618 1,382 4,738 39,328   886 865 1,995 19,494 Virgin Islands ........................... 3,421 36 322 21 86 106 1,622 298 86 46 431 367 1 Includes imputations for undercounts in designated states. 2 Includes imputation for instruction coordinators. 3 Includes imputation for prekindergarten teachers. 4 Includes imputation for support staff. 5 Includes imputation for instructional aides.   Data not available or not applicable.