Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Bacteria, Escherichia coli S, U Copper sulfate  48 hr Threshold of inhibited glucose use;

measured by pH change in media 80  Bringmann and Kuhn 1959a Bacteria, Pseudomonas putida S, U Copper sulfate 81.1 16 hr EC3 ( cell numbers) 30  Bringmann and Kuhn 1976, 1977a,

1979, 1980a Protozoan, Entosiphon sulcatum S, U Copper sulfate 81.9 72 hr EC5 ( cell numbers) 110  Bringmann 1978;

Bringmann and Kuhn 1979, 1980a,

Protozoan,

Microrega heterostoma S, U Copper sulfate 214 28 hr Threshold of decreased feeding rate 50  Bringmann and Kuhn 1959b Protozoan, Chilomonas paramecium S, U Copper sulfate  48 hr Growth threshold 3,200  Bringmann and Kuhn 1980b, 1981 Protozoan,

Uronema parduezi S, U Copper sulfate  20 hr Growth threshold 140  Bringmann and Kuhn 1980b, 1981 Protozoa,

mixed species    7 days Reduced rate of colonization 167  Cairns et al. 1980 Protozoa,

mixed species S, M, T Copper sulfate  15 days Reduced rate of colonization 100  Buikema et al. 1983 Green alga, Cladophora glomerata Dosed stream Copper sulfate 226 310 10 mo Decreased abundance from 21% down to 0% 120  Weber and McFarland 1981 Green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii  Copper sulfate 76 72 hr Deflagellation 6.7  Garvey et al. 1991 Green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii  Copper sulfate 76 72 hr Deflagellation 6.7  Garvey et al. 1991 Green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii  Copper sulfate 76 72 hr Deflagellation 16.3  Garvey et al. 1991 Green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii  Copper sulfate 76 72 hr Deflagellation 25.4  Garvey et al. 1991 Green alga,

Chlorella sp. S, U Copper nitrate  28 hr Inhibited photosynthesis 6.3  Gachter et al. 1973 Green alga,

Chlorella pyrenoidosa S, U  29.4 72 hr IC50 ( cell division rate) 16  Stauber and Florence 1989 Green alga,

Chlorella pyrenoidosa S, U  14.9 72 hr IC50 ( cell division rate) 24  Stauber and Florence 1989 Green alga,

Chlorella pyrenoidosa S, U Copper sulfate 82 4 hr Disturbed photosystem II 25  Vavilin et al. 1995 Green alga,

Eudorina californica S, U Copper sulfate 19.1  Decrease in cell density 5,000  Young and Lisk 1972 Green alga ( flagellate cells),

Haematococcus sp. S, U Copper sulfate 2 24 hr Inhibited growth during 96 hr recovery period 50  Pearlmutter and Buchheim 1983 Green alga, Scenedesmus quadricauda S, U Copper sulfate 214 96 hr Threshold of effect on cell numbers 150  Bringmann and Kuhn 1959b Green alga, Scenedesmus quadricauda S, U Copper sulfate 60 72 hr EC3 ( cell numbers) 1,100  Bringmann and Kuhn 1980a Green alga, Scenedesmus quadricauda S, U Copper sulfate 34.8 24 hr EC50 ( photosynthesis) 100  Starodub et al. 1987 C1 1 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Green alga, Scenedesmus quadricauda S, U Copper sulfate 34.8 24 hr NOEC ( growth) 50  Starodub et al. 1987 Green alga, Scenedesmus quadricauda S, U Copper sulfate 34.8 24 hr NOEC ( growth) 50  Starodub et al. 1987 Green alga, Scenedesmus quadricauda S, U Copper sulfate 34.8 24 hr NOEC ( growth) > 200  Starodub et al. 1987 Green alga, Selenastrum capricornutum S, U Copper chloride 14.9 7 days Growth reduction 50  Bartlett et al. 1974 Green alga, Selenastrum capricornutum S, U Copper sulfate 29.3 72 hr EC50 ( cell count) 19  Vasseur et al. 1988 Green alga, Selenastrum capricornutum S, U Copper sulfate 24.2 72 hr EC50 ( cell count) 41  Vasseur et al. 1988 Green alga, Selenastrum capricornutum S, U Copper sulfate 24.2 72 hr EC50 ( cell count) 28  Vasseur et al. 1988 Green alga, Selenastrum capricornutum S, U Copper sulfate 14.9 72 hr EC50 ( cell count) 60  Vasseur et al. 1988 Green alga, Selenastrum capricornutum S, U Copper sulfate 24.2 72 hr EC50 ( cell count) 28.5  Benhra et al. 1997 Green alga, Selenastrum capricornutum F, U Copper sulfate 15 24 hr EC50 ( cell density) 21  Chen et al. 1997 Diatom, Cocconeis placentula Dosed stream Copper sulfate 226 310 10 mo Decreased abundance from 21% down to < 1% 120  Weber and McFarland 1981 Phytoplankton,

mixed species S, U   124 hr Averaged 39% reduction in primary production 10  Cote 1983 Macrophyte,

Elodea canadensis S, U Copper sulfate  24 hr EC50 ( photosynthesis) 150  Brown and Rattigan 1979 Microcosm F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 200 32 wk LOEC ( primary production) 9.3  Hedtke 1984 Microcosm F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 200 32 wk NOEC ( primary production) 4  Hedtke 1984 Microcosm F, M, T Copper sulfate 76.7 96 hr Significant drop in no. of taxa and no.

of individuals 15  Clements et al. 1988 Microcosm F, M, T Copper sulfate 58.5 10 days Significant drop in no. of individuals 2.5  Clements et al. 1989 Microcosm F, M, T Copper sulfate 151 10 days 58% drop in no. of individuals 13.5  Clements et al. 1989 Microcosm F, M, T Copper sulfate 68 10 days Significant drop in species richness and no. of individuals 11.3  Clements et al. 1990 Microcosm F, M, T Copper sulfate 80 10 days Significant drop in species richness and no. of individuals 10.7  Clements et al. 1990 Microcosm S, M, T Copper sulfate 102 5 wk 14 28% drop in phytoplankton species richness 20  Winner and Owen 1991b Microcosm F, M, T  160 28 days LOEC ( species richness) 19.9  Pratt and Rosenberger 1993 C1 2 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Dosed stream F, M, D Copper sulfate 56 1 yr Shifts in periphyton species abundance 5.208  Leland and Carter 1984 Dosed stream F, M, D Copper sulfate 56 1 yr Reduced algal production 5.208  Leland and Carter 1985 Sponge, Ephydatia fluviatilis S, U Copper sulfate 200 10 days Reduced growth by 33% 6  Francis and Harrison 1988 Sponge, Ephydatia fluviatilis S, U Copper sulfate 200 10 days Reduced growth by 100% 19  Francis and Harrison 1988 Rotifer, Philodina acuticornis S, U Copper sulfate 45 48 hr LC50 ( 50 C) 1,300  Cairns et al. 1978 Rotifer, Philodina acuticornis S, U Copper sulfate 45 48 hr LC50 ( 100 C) 1,200  Cairns et al. 1978 Rotifer, Philodina acuticornis S, U Copper sulfate 45 48 hr LC50 ( 150 C) 1,130  Cairns et al. 1978 Rotifer, Philodina acuticornis S, U Copper sulfate 45 48 hr LC50 ( 200 C) 1,000  Cairns et al. 1978 Rotifer, Philodina acuticornis S, U Copper sulfate 45 48 hr LC50 ( 250 C) 950  Cairns et al. 1978 Rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus S, U Copper sulfate 39.8 24 hr EC50 ( mobility) 200  Couillard et al. 1989 Rotifer ( 2 hr),

Brachionus calyciflorus S, U Copper sulfate  2 hr LOEC ( swimming activity) 12.5  Charoy et al. 1995 Rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus S, U Copper sulfate 90 24 hr EC50 ( mobility) 76  Ferrando et al. 1992 Rotifer ( 2 hr),

Brachionus calyciflorus S, U Copper sulfate 90 5 hr EC50 ( filtration rate) 34  Ferrando et al. 1993a Rotifer ( 2 hr),

Brachionus calyciflorus S, U Copper sulfate 90 6 days LOEC ( reproduction decreased 26%) 5  Janssen et al. 1993 Rotifer ( 2 hr),

Brachionus calyciflorus S, U Copper sulfate 90 5 hr LOEC ( reduced swimming speed) 12  Janssen et al. 1993 Rotifer ( 2 hr),

Brachionus calyciflorus S, U Copper sulfate 85 3 days LOEC ( reproduction decreased 27%) 5  Janssen et al. 1994 Rotifer ( 2 hr),

Brachionus calyciflorus S, U Copper sulfate 85 3 days LOEC ( reproduction decreased 29%) 5  Janssen et al. 1994 Rotifer ( 2 hr),

Brachionus calyciflorus S, U Copper sulfate 85 8 days LOEC ( reproduction decreased 47%) 5  Janssen et al. 1994 Rotifer ( 2 hr),

Brachionus calyciflorus S, U Copper chloride 170 35 min LOEC ( food ingestion rate) 100  Juchelka and Snell 1994 Rotifer ( 2 hr),

Brachionus calyciflorus S, U Copper sulfate 63.2 24 hr EC50 ( mobility) 9.4  Porta and Ronco 1993 Rotifer ( 2 hr),

Brachionus calyciflorus S, U  90 2 days LOEC ( reproduction decreased 100%) 30  Snell and Moffat 1992 Rotifer (< 2 hr),

Brachionus calyciflorus S, U  85 24 hr EC50 ( mobility) 26  Snell et al. 1991b C1 3 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Rotifer (< 2 hr),

Brachionus calyciflorus S, U  85 24 hr EC50 ( mobility; 100 C) 18  Snell 1991;

Snell et al. 1991b Rotifer (< 2 hr),

Brachionus calyciflorus S, U  85 24 hr EC50 ( mobility; 150 C) 31  Snell 1991;

Snell et al. 1991b Rotifer (< 2 hr),

Brachionus calyciflorus S, U  85 24 hr EC50 ( mobility; 200 C) 31  Snell 1991;

Snell et al. 1991b Rotifer (< 2 hr),

Brachionus calyciflorus S, U  85 24 hr EC50 ( mobility; 250 C) 26  Snell 1991;

Snell et al. 1991b Rotifer (< 2 hr),

Brachionus calyciflorus S, U  85 24 hr EC50 ( mobility; 300 C) 25  Snell 1991;

Snell et al. 1991b Rotifer (< 3 hr),

Brachionus rubens S, U Copper sulfate 90 24 hr LC50 19  Snell and Persoone 1989b Rotifer, Keratella cochlearis S, U Copper chloride  24 hr LC50 101  Borgman and Ralph 1984 Worm, Aeolosoma headleyi S, U Copper sulfate 45 48 hr LC50 ( 50 C) 2,600  Cairns et al. 1978 Worm, Aeolosoma headleyi S, U Copper sulfate 45 48 hr LC50 ( 100 C) 2,300  Cairns et al. 1978 Worm, Aeolosoma headleyi S, U Copper sulfate 45 48 hr LC50 ( 150 C) 2,000  Cairns et al. 1978 Worm, Aeolosoma headleyi S, U Copper sulfate 45 48 hr LC50 ( 200 C) 1,650  Cairns et al. 1978 Worm, Aeolosoma headleyi S, U Copper sulfate 45 48 hr LC50 ( 50 C) 1,000  Cairns et al. 1978 Worm ( adult),

Lumbriculus variegatus S, U Copper sulfate 30 LC50 150 Bailey and Liu, 1980 Worm ( 7 mg),

Lumbriculus variegatis F, M, T Copper sulfate 45 10 days LC50 35  West et al. 1993 Tubificid worm,

Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri S, U Copper sulfate 100 LC50 102 Wurtz and Bridges 1961 Tubificid worm,

Tubifex tubifex R, U Copper sulfate 245 LC50 158 Khangarot 1991 Snail ( 11 27 mm),

Campeloma decisum F, M, T Copper sulfate 45 6 wk LOEC ( mortality) 14.8  Arthur and Leonard 1970 Snail, Gyraulus circumstriatus S, U Copper sulfate 100 LC50 108 Wurtz and Bridges 1961 Snail, Goniobasis livescens S, U Copper sulfate 154 48 hr LC50 860  Cairns et al. 1976 Snail, Goniobasis livescens S, M, D Copper sulfate 154 96 hr LC50  390 Paulson et al. 1983 Snail, Nitrocris sp. S, U Copper sulfate 45 48 hr LC50 ( 50 C) 3,000  Cairns et al. 1978 Snail, Nitrocris sp. S, U Copper sulfate 45 48 hr LC50 ( 100 C) 2,400  Cairns et al. 1978 C1 4 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Snail, Nitrocris sp. S, U Copper sulfate 45 48 hr LC50 ( 150 C) 1,000  Cairns et al. 1978 Snail, Nitrocris sp. S, U Copper sulfate 45 48 hr LC50 ( 200 C) 300  Cairns et al. 1978 Snail, Nitrocris sp. S, U Copper sulfate 45 48 hr LC50 ( 250 C) 210  Cairns et al. 1978 Snail, Lymnaea emarginata S, U Copper sulfate 154 48 hr LC50 300  Cairns et al. 1976 Snail ( adult),

Juga plicifera F, M, T Copper chloride 23 30 days LC50 6  Nebeker et al. 1986b Snail ( adult), Lithoglyphus virens F, M, T Copper chloride 23 30 days LC50 4  Nebeker et al. 1986b Snail, Physa heterostropha S, U Copper sulfate 100 LC50 69 Wurtz and Bridges 1961 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia), Actinonaias pectorosa R, M Copper sulfate 140 24 hr 132 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia), Actinonaias pectorosa R, M Copper sulfate 150 24 hr 93 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia), Actinonaias pectorosa R, M Copper sulfate 170 24 hr 67 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia), Actinonaias pectorosa R, M Copper sulfate 140 24 hr 42 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia), Actinonaias pectorosa R, M Copper sulfate 170 48 hr 51 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( 1 2 d),

Anodonta grandis S, M, T Copper sulfate 70 24 hr LC50 44  Jacobson et al. 1993 Freshwater mussel ( 1 2 d),

Anodonta imbecilis S, M, T Copper sulfate 39 48 hr LC50 171  Keller and Zam 1991 Freshwater mussel ( 1 2 d),

Anodonta imbecilis S, M, T Copper sulfate 90 48 hr LC50 388  Keller and Zam 1991 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia), Lampsilis fasciola R, M, T Copper sulfate 170 24 hr 48 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia), Lampsilis fasciola R, M, T Copper sulfate 160 24 hr 26 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia), Lampsilis fasciola R, M, T Copper sulfate 75 24 hr 46 Jacobson et al. 1997 C1 5 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia), Lampsilis fasciola R, M, T Copper sulfate 170 48 hr 40 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia), Medionidus conradicus R, M, T Copper sulfate 185 24 hr 69 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia), Medionidus conradicus R, M, T Copper sulfate 185 24 hr 40 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia), Medionidus conradicus R, M, T Copper sulfate 185 24 hr 37 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia), Medionidus conradicus R, M, T Copper sulfate 170 24 hr 46 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia), Medionidus conradicus R, M, T Copper sulfate 160 24 hr 41 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia), Medionidus conradicus R, M, T Copper sulfate 150 24 hr 81 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia), Medionidus conradicus R, M, T Copper sulfate 170 48 hr 16 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia), Pygranodon grandis R, M, T Copper sulfate 170 24 hr > 160 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia), Pygranodon grandis R, M, T Copper sulfate 170 24 hr 347 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia), Pygranodon grandis R, M, T Copper sulfate 50 24 hr 46 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( 1 2 d),

Villosa iris S, M, T Copper sulfate 190 24 hr LC50 83  Jacobson et al. 1993 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia),

Villosa iris R, M, T Copper sulfate 190 24 hr 80 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia),

Villosa iris R, M, T Copper sulfate 190 24 hr 73 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia),

Villosa iris R, M, T Copper sulfate 185 24 hr 65 Jacobson et al. 1997 C1 6 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia),

Villosa iris R, M, T Copper sulfate 185 24 hr 46 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia),

Villosa iris R, M, T Copper sulfate 170 24 hr 75 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia),

Villosa iris R, M, T Copper sulfate 160 24 hr 46 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia),

Villosa iris R, M, T Copper sulfate 160 24 hr 36 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia),

Villosa iris R, M, T Copper sulfate 155 24 hr 39 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia),

Villosa iris R, M, T Copper sulfate 155 24 hr 37 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia),

Villosa iris R, M, T Copper sulfate 150 24 hr 46 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia),

Villosa iris R, M, T Copper sulfate 150 24 hr 46 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia),

Villosa iris R, M, T Copper sulfate 55 24 hr 55 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia),

Villosa iris R, M, T Copper sulfate 55 24 hr 38 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia),

Villosa iris R, M, T Copper sulfate 50 24 hr 71 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia),

Villosa iris R, M, T Copper sulfate 160 24 hr 46 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia),

Villosa iris R, M, T Copper sulfate 170 48 hr 66 Jacobson et al. 1997 Freshwater mussel ( released glochidia),

Villosa iris R, M, T Copper sulfate 150 48 hr 46 Jacobson et al. 1997 Zebra mussel ( 1.6 2.0 cm),

Dreissena polymorpha R, M, T Copper chloride 268 9 wk EC50 + F106( filtration rate) 43  Kraak et al. 1992 C1 7 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Zebra mussel ( 1.6 2.0 cm),

Dreissena polymorpha R, M, T Copper chloride 268 10 wk NOEC ( filtration rate) 13  Kraak et al. 1993 Asiatic clam ( 1.0 2.1 cm),

Coprbicula fluminea S, M, T Copper sulfate 64 96 hr ( 24hr LC50 also reported) LC50 40  Rodgers et al. 1980 Asiatic clam ( 1.0 2.1 cm),

Coprbicula fluminea F, M, T Copper sulfate 64 96 hr ( 24 hr LC50 also reported) LC50 490  Rodgers et al. 1980 Asiatic clam ( juvenile),

Corbicula fluminea F, M, D Copper sulfate 78 30 days 43.3% mortality 14.48  Belanger et al. 1990 Asiatic clam ( juvenile),

Corbicula fluminea F, M, D Copper sulfate 78 30 days Stopped shell growth 8.75  Belanger et al. 1990 Asiatic clam ( adult),

Corbicula fluminea F, M, D Copper sulfate 78 30 days 13.3% mortality 14.48  Belanger et al. 1990 Asiatic clam ( adult),

Corbicula fluminea F, M, D Copper sulfate 71 30 days 25% mortality 16.88  Belanger et al. 1990 Asiatic clam ( adult),

Corbicula fluminea F, M, D Copper sulfate 78 30 days Inhibited shell growth 8.75  Belanger et al. 1990 Asiatic clam ( adult),

Corbicula fluminea F, M, D Copper sulfate  15 16 days LC50   Belanger et al. 1991 Asiatic clam ( adult),

Corbicula fluminea F, M, D Copper sulfate  19 days LC100   Belanger et al. 1991 Asiatic clam ( veliger larva),

Corbicula manilensis S, M, T Copper chloride  24 hr 34% mortality 10  Harrison et al. 1981, 1984 Asiatic clam ( juvenile),

Corbicula manilensis S, M, T Copper chloride 17 24 hr LC50 100  Harrison et al. 1984 Asiatic clam ( veliger),

Corbicula manilensis S, M, T Copper chloride 17 24 hr LC50 28  Harrison et al. 1984 Asiatic clam ( trochophore),

Corbicula manilensis S, M, T Copper chloride 17 8 hr LC100 7.7  Harrison et al. 1984 Asiatic clam ( adult),

Corbicula manilensis F, M, T Copper chloride 17 7 days LC50 3,638  Harrison et al. 1981, 1984 Asiatic clam ( adult),

Corbicula manilensis F, M, T Copper chloride 17 42 days LC50 12  Harrison et al. 1981, 1984 Asiatic clam ( 4.3 g adult),

Corbicula manilensis F, M, T Copper chloride 17 30 days LC50 11  Harrison et al. 1984 Cladoceran,

Bosmina longirostrus S, U Copper sulfate 33.8 EC50 1.6 Koivisto et al. 1992 Cladoceran (< 24 hr),

Daphnia ambigua S, U Copper sulfate 145 72 hr LC50 86.5  Winner and Farrell 1976 Cladoceran (< 24 hr),

Daphnia ambigua S, U Copper sulfate 145 Life span ( ca. 5 wk) Chronic limits ( inst. rate of population growth) 50  Winner and Farrell 1976 Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia S, U Copper sulfate 188 EC50 36.6 Bright 1995 C1 8 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia S, U Copper sulfate 204 EC50 19.1 Bright 1995 Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia S, U Copper sulfate 428 EC50 36.4 Bright 1995 Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia S, U Copper sulfate 410 EC50 11.7 Bright 1995 Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia S, U Copper sulfate 494 EC50 12.3 Bright 1995 Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia S, U Copper sulfate 440 EC50 12 Bright 1995 Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia S, U Copper chloride 90 1 hr NOEC ( ingestion) 30  Juchelka and Snell 1994 Cladoceran (< 24 hr),

Ceriodaphnia dubia S, M, D Copper sulfate 6 10 48 hr LC50  2.72 Suedel et al. 1996 Cladoceran (< 12 hr),

Ceriodaphnia dubia S, M, D  113.6 48 hr LC50  52 Belanger and Cherry 1990 Cladoceran (< 12 hr),

Ceriodaphnia dubia S, M, D  113.6 48 hr LC50  76 Belanger and Cherry 1990 Cladoceran (< 12 hr),

Ceriodaphnia dubia S, M, D  113.6 48 hr LC50  91 Belanger and Cherry 1990 Cladoceran (< 48 h),

Ceriodaphnia dubia S, M, T Copper nitrate 280  300 48 hr LC50 9.5  Schubauer Berigan et al. 1993 Cladoceran (< 48 h),

Ceriodaphnia dubia S, M, T Copper nitrate 280  300 48 hr LC50 28  Schubauer Berigan et al. 1993 Cladoceran (< 48 h),

Ceriodaphnia dubia S, M, T Copper nitrate 280  300 48 hr LC50 200  Schubauer Berigan et al. 1993 Cladoceran (< 24 hr),

Ceriodaphnia dubia S, M, T, D Copper nitrate 100 48 hr LC50 66 60.72 Spehar and Fiandt 1986 Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia R, U Copper nitrate 111 10 days LC50 53  Cowgill and Milazzo 1991a Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia R, U Copper nitrate 111 10 days NOEC ( reproduction) 96  Cowgill and Milazzo 1991a Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia R, U Copper sulfate 90  LOEC ( reproduction) 44  Zuiderveen and Birge 1997 Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia R, U Copper sulfate 90  LOEC ( reproduction) 40  Zuiderveen and Birge 1997 Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia R, M, T  20  IC50 ( reproduction) 5  Jop et al. 1995 Cladoceran (< 24 hrs),

Ceriodaphnia reticulata S, U Copper chloride 240 EC50 23 Elnabarawy et al. 1986 Cladoceran,

Ceriodubia reticulata S, U  43 45 EC50 17 Mount and Norberg 1984 Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna  Copper sulfate  72 hr EC50 ( mobility; 100 C) 61  Braginskij and Shcherben 1978 C1 9 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna  Copper sulfate  72 hr EC50 ( mobility; 150 C) 70  Braginskij and Shcherben 1978 Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna  Copper sulfate  72 hr EC50 ( mobility; 200 C) 21  Braginskij and Shcherben 1978 Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna  Copper sulfate  72 hr EC50 ( mobility; 300 C) 9.3  Braginskij and Shcherben 1978 Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna S, U Copper sulfate  16 hr EC 50 ( mobility) 38  Anderson 1944 Cladoceran (< 8 hr),

Daphnia magna S, U Copper chloride  64 hr Immobilization threshold 12.7  Anderson 1948 Cladoceran ( 1 mm),

Daphnia magna S, U Copper nitrate 100 24 hr EC 50 ( mobility) 50  Bellavere and Gorbi 1981 Cladoceran ( 1 mm),

Daphnia magna S, U Copper nitrate 200 24 hr EC 50 ( mobility) 70  Bellavere and Gorbi 1981 Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna S, U  100 48 hr EC50 ( mobility) 254  Borgmann and Ralph 1983 Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna S, U  100 49 hr EC50 ( mobility) 1,239  Borgmann and Ralph 1983 Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna S, U Copper sulfate 45 48 hr EC50 ( mobility; 50 C) 90  Cairns et al. 1978 Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna S, U Copper sulfate 45 48 hr EC50 ( mobility; 100 C) 70  Cairns et al. 1978 Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna S, U Copper sulfate 45 48 hr EC50 ( mobility; 150 C) 40  Cairns et al. 1978 Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna S, U Copper sulfate 45 48 hr EC50 ( mobility; 250 C) 7  Cairns et al. 1978 Cladoceran ( 4 days),

Daphnia magna S, U Copper sulfate  24 hr EC50 ( filtration rate) 59  Ferrando and Andreu 1993 Cladoceran ( 24 48 hr),

Daphnia magna S, U Copper sulfate 90 24 hr EC50 ( mobility) 380  Ferrando et al. 1992 Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna S, U Copper sulfate 50 EC50 7 Oikari et al. 1992 Cladoceran,

Daphnia magna S, U Copper sulfate  48 hr EC50 ( mobility) 45  Oikari et al. 1992 Cladoceran (< 24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, U Copper sulfate 145 Life span ( ca. 18 wk) Chronic limits ( inst. rate of population growth) 70  Winner and Farrell 1976 Cladoceran (< 24 hrs),

Daphnia magna S, M, D Copper sulfate 72 80 48 hr LC50  11.3 Suedel et al. 1996 Cladoceran (< 24 hrs),

Daphnia magna S, M, I  180  LC50 55.3  Borgmann and Charlton 1984 Cladoceran (< 24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, M, I Copper sulfate 100 48 hr EC50 ( mobility) 46.0  Meador 1991 Cladoceran (< 24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, M, I Copper sulfate 100 48 hr EC50 ( mobility) 57.2  Meador 1991 C1 10 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Cladoceran (< 24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, M, I Copper sulfate 100 48 hr EC50 ( mobility) 67.8  Meador 1991 Cladoceran (< 24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, M, T Copper sulfate 100 72 hr EC50 ( mobility) 52.8  Winner 1984b Cladoceran (< 24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, M, T Copper sulfate 100 72 hr EC50 ( mobility) 56.3  Winner 1984b Cladoceran (< 24 hr),

Daphnia magna S, M, T Copper chloride 85 96 hr EC50 ( mobility) 130  Blaylock et al. 1985 Cladoceran ( 24 hr),

Daphnia magna R, U Copper sulfate  48 hr EC50 ( mobility) 18  Kazlauskiene et al. 1994 Cladoceran (< 24 hr),

Daphnia parvula S, U Copper sulfate 145 72 hr EC50 ( mobility) 72  Winner and Farrell 1976 Cladoceran (< 24 hr),

Daphnia parvula S, U Copper sulfate 145 72 hr EC50 ( mobility) 57  Winner and Farrell 1976 Cladoceran (< 24 hr),

Daphnia parvula S, U Copper sulfate 145 Life span ( ca. 10 wk) Chronic limits ( inst. rate of population growth) 50  Winner and Farrell 1976 Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex S, U Copper sulfate 45 EC50 10 Cairns et al. 1978 Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex S, U  45 EC50 53 Mount and Norberg 1984 Cladoceran (< 24 hrs),

Daphnia pulex S, U Copper chloride 240 EC50 31 Elnabarawy et al. 1986 Cladoceran (< 24 hrs),

Daphnia pulex S, U Copper sulfate 33.8 EC50 3.6 Koivisto et al. 1992 Cladoceran (< 24 hrs),

Daphnia pulex S, U Copper chloride 80 90 EC50 18 Roux et al. 1993 Cladoceran (< 24 hrs),

Daphnia pulex S, U Copper chloride 80 90 EC50 24 Roux et al. 1993 Cladoceran (< 24 hrs),

Daphnia pulex S, U Copper chloride 80 90 EC50 22 Roux et al. 1993 Cladoceran (< 24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, U Copper sulfate 145 72 hr EC50 ( mobility) 86  Winner and Farrell 1976 Cladoceran (< 24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, U Copper sulfate 145 72 hr EC50 ( mobility) 54  Winner and Farrell 1976 Cladoceran (< 24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, U Copper sulfate 145 Life span ( ca. 7 wk) Chronic limits ( inst. rate of population growth) 50  Winner and Farrell 1976 Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex S, U Copper sulfate 45 48 hr EC50 ( mobility) 70  Cairns et al. 1978 Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex S, U Copper sulfate 45 48 hr EC50 ( mobility) 60  Cairns et al. 1978 Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex S, U Copper sulfate 45 48 hr EC50 ( mobility) 20  Cairns et al. 1978 Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex S, U Copper sulfate 45 48 hr EC50 ( mobility) 56  Cairns et al. 1978 C1 11 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Cladoceran (< 24 hr),

Daphnia pulex S, U Copper sulfate 200 24 hr EC50 ( mobility) 37.5  Lilius et al. 1995 Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex S, M, T Copper sulfate 106 48 hr EC50 ( mobility) 29  Ingersoll and Winner 1982 Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex S, M, T Copper sulfate 106 48 hr EC50 ( mobility) 20  Ingersoll and Winner 1982 Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex S, M, T Copper sulfate 106 48 hr EC50 ( mobility) 25  Ingersoll and Winner 1982 Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex R, U Copper sulfate 85 21 days Reduced fecundity 3  Roux et al. 1993 Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulex R, M, T Copper sulfate 106 70 days Significantly shortened life span;

reduced brood size 20  Ingersoll and Winner 1982 Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulicaria S, M, T  31 48 hr EC50 ( mobility; TOC= 14 mg/ L) 55.4  Lind et al. manuscript Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulicaria S, M, T  29 49 hr EC50 ( mobility; TOC= 13 mg/ L) 55.3  Lind et al. manuscript Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulicaria S, M, T  28 50 hr EC50 ( mobility; TOC= 13 mg/ L) 53.3  Lind et al. manuscript Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulicaria S, M, T  28 50 hr EC50 ( mobility; TOC= 28 mg/ L) 97.2  Lind et al. manuscript Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulicaria S, M, T  100 51 hr EC50 ( mobility; TOC= 34 mg/ L) 199  Lind et al. manuscript Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulicaria S, M, T  86 52 hr EC50 ( mobility; TOC= 34 mg/ L) 627  Lind et al. manuscript Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulicaria S, M, T  84 53 hr EC50 ( mobility; TOC= 32 mg/ L) 165  Lind et al. manuscript Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulicaria S, M, T  16 54 hr EC50 ( mobility; TOC= 12 mg/ L) 35.5  Lind et al. manuscript Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulicaria S, M, T  151 55 hr EC50 ( mobility; TOC= 13 mg/ L) 78.8  Lind et al. manuscript Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulicaria S, M, T  96 56 hr EC50 ( mobility; TOC= 28 mg/ L) 113  Lind et al. manuscript Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulicaria S, M, T  26 57 hr EC50 ( mobility; TOC= 25 mg/ L) 76.4  Lind et al. manuscript Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulicaria S, M, T  84 58 hr EC50 ( mobility; TOC= 13 mg/ L) 84.7  Lind et al. manuscript Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulicaria S, M, T  92 59 hr EC50 ( mobility; TOC= 21 mg/ L) 184  Lind et al. manuscript Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulicaria S, M, T  106 60 hr EC50 ( mobility; TOC= 34 mg/ L) 240  Lind et al. manuscript Cladoceran,

Daphnia pulicaria S, M, T Copper sulfate 106 48 hr LC50 240  Lind et al. manuscript Cladoceran, Simocephalus serrulatus S, M, T Copper nitrate 8 24 hr EC50 ( mobility; TOC= 11 mg/ L) 12  Giesy et al. 1983 C1 12 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Cladoceran, Simocephalus serrulatus S, M, T Copper nitrate 16 25 hr EC50 ( mobility; TOC= 12.4 mg/ L) 7.2  Giesy et al. 1983 Cladoceran, Simocephalus serrulatus S, M, T Copper nitrate 16 26 hr EC50 ( mobility; TOC= 15.6 mg/ L) 24.5  Giesy et al. 1983 Cladoceran (< 24 hr),

Simocephalus vetulus S, U  45 57 Mount and Norberg 1984 Cladoceran ( life cycle),

Bosmina longirostris R, U Copper sulfate  13 days LOEC ( intrinsic rate of population increase) 18  Koivisto and Ketola 1995 Copepods ( mixed sp),

Primarily Acanthocyclops vernalis and Diacyclops thomasi R, M, I Copper chloride  1 wk EC20 ( growth) 42  Borgmann and Ralph 1984 Copepod ( adults and copepodids V), Tropocyclops prasinus mexicanus S, U Copper sulfate 10 29 Lalande and Pinel Alloul 1986 Copepod ( adults and copepodids V), Tropocyclops prasinus mexicanus S, U Copper sulfate 10 96 hr LC50 247  Lalande and Pinel Alloul 1986 Amphipod ( 0.4 cm),

Crangonyx pseudogracilis R, U Copper sulfate 45 55 1290 Martin and Holdich 1986 Amphipod ( 4 mm),

Crangonyx psuedogracilis R, U Copper sulfate 50 48 hr LC50 2,440  Martin and Holdich 1986 Amphipod, Gammarus fasciatus S, U Copper sulfate 206 48 hr LC50 210  Judy 1979 Amphipod, Gammarus lacustris S, U Copper sulfate  96 hr LC50 1,500  Nebeker and Gaufin 1964 Amphipod ( 2 3 wk),

Hyallela azteca S, M, T Copper sulfate 6 10  LC50 65.6  Suedel et al. 1996 Amphipod ( 0 1 wk),

Hyallela azteca R, M, T Copper nitrate 130 10 wk Significant mortality 25.4  Borgmann et al. 1993 Amphipod ( 7 14 days),

Hyallela azteca F, M, T Copper sulfate 46 10 days LC50 31  West et al. 1993 Crayfish ( intermoult adult,

19.6 g), Cambarus robustus S, M, D  10 12 96 hr LC50  830 Taylor et al. 1995 Crayfish ( 1.9 3.2 cm),

Orconectes limosus S, M, T Copper chloride  96 hr LC50 600  Boutet and Chaisemartin 1973 Crayfish ( 3.0 3.5 cm),

Orconectes rusticus F, U Copper sulfate 100 125 3,000 Hubschman 1967 Crayfish ( embryo),

Orconectes rusticus F, U Copper sulfate 113 2 wk 52% mortality of newly hatched young 250  Hubschman 1967 C1 13 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Crayfish ( 3.14 mg dry wt.),

Orconectes rusticus F, U Copper sulfate 113 2 wk 23% reduction in growth 15  Hubschman 1967 Crayfish ( 30 40 mm),

Orconectes sp.  113 48 hr LC50 2,370  Dobbs et al. 1994 Crayfish, Procambarus clarkii F, M, T Copper chloride 17 1358 hr LC50 657  Rice and Harrison 1983 Mayfly ( 6th 8th instar),

Stenonema sp. S, M, T  110 48 hr LC50 453  Dobbs et al. 1994 Mayfly, Cloeon dipterium  Copper sulfate  72 hr LC50 ( 100 C) 193  Braginskij and Shcherban 1978 Mayfly, Cloeon dipterium    72 hr LC50 ( 150 C) 95.2  Braginskij and Shcherban 1978 Mayfly, Cloeon dipterium    72 hr LC50 ( 250 C) 53  Braginskij and Shcherban 1978 Mayfly, Cloeon dipterium    72 hr LC50 ( 300 C) 4.8  Braginskij and Shcherban 1978 Mayfly, Ephemerella grandis F, M, T Copper sulfate 50 14 days LC50 180 200  Nehring 1976 Mayfly, Ephemerella subvaria S, M Copper sulfate 44 48 hr LC50 320  Warnick and Bell 1969 Mayfly ( 6th 8th instar),

Isonychia bicolor S, M, T  110 48 hr LC50 223  Dobbs et al. 1994 Stonefly, Pteronarcys californica F, M, T Copper sulfate 50 14 days LC50 12,000  Nehring 1976 Caddisfly, Hydropsyche betteni S, M, T Copper sulfate 44 14 days LC50 32,000  Warnick and Bell 1969 Midge ( 2nd instar),

Chironomus riparius S, M, T  110 48 hr LC50 1,170  Dobbs et al. 1994 Midge ( 1st instar),

Chironomus tentans S, U Copper sulfate 42.7 16.7 Gauss et al. 1985 Midge ( 1st instar),

Chironomus tentans S, U Copper sulfate 109.6 36.5 Gauss et al. 1985 Midge ( 1st instar),

Chironomus tentans S, U Copper sulfate 172.3 98.2 Gauss et al. 1985 Midge ( 4th instar),

Chironomus tentans S, U Copper sulfate 42.7 211 Gauss et al. 1985 Midge ( 4th instar),

Chironomus tentans S, U Copper sulfate 109.6 977 Gauss et al. 1985 Midge ( 4th instar),

Chironomus tentans S, U Copper sulfate 172.3 1184 Gauss et al. 1985 Midge, Chironomus tentans S, U Copper sulfate 25 327 Khangarot and Ray 1989 Midge ( 2nd instar),

Chironomus tentans S, M, T Copper sulfate 8 96 hr LC50 630  Suedel et al. 1996 C1 14 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Midge ( 4th instar),

Chironomus tentans F, M, T Copper chloride 36 20 days LC50 77.5  Nebeker et al. 1984b Midge ( embryo),

Tanytarsus dissimilis S, M, T Copper chloride 46.8 10 days LC50 16.3  Anderson et al. 1980 Midge, Unidentified F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 200 32 wk Emergence 30  Hedtke 1984 Bryozoan ( 2 3 day ancestrula),

Lophopodella carteri S, U  190 220 510 Pardue and Wood 1980 Bryozoan ( 2 3 day ancestrula),

Pectinatella magnifica S, U  190 220 140 Pardue and Wood 1980 Bryozoan ( 2 3 day ancestrula),

Plumatella emarginata S, U  190 220 140 Pardue and Wood 1980 American eel ( 5.5 cm glass eel stage), Anguilla rostrata S, U Copper sulfate 40 48 96 hr LC50 2,540 Hinton and Eversole 1978 American eel ( 9.7 cm black eel stage), Anguilla rostrata S, U Copper sulfate 40 48 96 hr LC50 3,200 Hinton and Eversole 1979 American eel,

Anguilla rostrata S, M, T Copper nitrate 53 96 hr LC50 6,400  Rehwoldt et al. 1971 American eel,

Anguilla rostrata S, M, T Copper nitrate 55 96 hr LC50 6,000  Rehwoldt et al. 1972 Arctic grayling ( larva),

Thymallus arcticus S, U Copper sulfate 41.3 96 hr LC50 67.5 Buhl and Hamilton 1990 Arctic grayling ( larva),

Thymallus arcticus S, U Copper sulfate 41.3 96 hr LC50 23.9 Buhl and Hamilton 1990 Arctic grayling ( larva),

Thymallus arcticus S, U Copper sulfate 41.3 96 hr LC50 131 Buhl and Hamilton 1990 Arctic grayling ( swim up),

Thymallus arcticus S, U Copper sulfate 41.3 96 hr LC50 9.6 Buhl and Hamilton 1990 Arctic grayling ( 0.20 g juvenile),

Thymallus arcticus S, U Copper sulfate 41.3 96 hr LC50 2.7 Buhl and Hamilton 1990 Arctic grayling ( 0.34 g juvenile),

Thymallus arcticus S, U Copper sulfate 41.3 96 hr LC50 2.58 Buhl and Hamilton 1990 Arctic grayling ( 0.81 g juvenile),

Thymallus arcticus S, U Copper sulfate 41.3 96 hr LC50 49.3 Buhl and Hamilton 1990 Arctic grayling ( 0.85 g juvenile),

Thymallus arcticus S, U Copper sulfate 41.3 96 hr LC50 30 Buhl and Hamilton 1990 Coho salmon ( larva),

Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U Copper sulfate 41.3 96 hr LC50 21 Buhl and Hamilton 1990 Coho salmon ( larva),

Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U Copper sulfate 41.3 96 hr LC50 19.3 Buhl and Hamilton 1990 Coho salmon ( 0.41 g juvenile),

Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U Copper sulfate 41.3 96 hr LC50 15.1 Buhl and Hamilton 1990 C1 15 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Coho salmon ( 0.47 g juvenile),

Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U Copper sulfate 41.3 96 hr LC50 23.9 Buhl and Hamilton 1990 Coho salmon ( 0.87 g juvenile),

Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U Copper sulfate 41.3 96 hr LC50 31.9 Buhl and Hamilton 1990 Coho salmon ( 10 cm),

Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U Copper sulfate  72 hr LC50 280  Holland et al. 1960 Coho salmon ( 9.7 cm),

Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U Copper sulfate  72 hr LC50 190  Holland et al. 1960 Coho salmon ( 9.7 cm),

Oncorhynchus kisutch S, U Copper sulfate  72 hr LC50 480  Holland et al. 1960 Coho salmon ( juvenile),

Oncorhynchus kisutch R, M, T, I  33 96 hr LC50 ( TOC= 7.3 mg/ L) 164  Buckley 1983 Coho salmon ( juvenile),

Oncorhynchus kisutch R, M, T, I  33 96 hr LC50 286 Buckley 1983 Coho salmon ( 6.3 cm),

Oncorhynchus kisutch F, U Copper sulfate  30 days LC50 360  Holland et al. 1960 Coho salmon ( 6.3 cm),

Oncorhynchus kisutch F, U Copper sulfate  72 hr LC50 370  Holland et al. 1960 Coho salmon ( smolts),

Oncorhynchus kisutch F, M, T Copper chloride 91 144 hr Decrease in survival upon transfer to 30 ppt seawater 20  Lorz and McPherson 1976 Coho salmon ( smolts > 10 cm),

Oncorhynchus kisutch F, M, T Copper chloride 91 165 days Decrease in downstream migration after release 5  Lorz and McPherson 1976 Coho salmon ( 7.8 cm),

Oncorhynchus kisutch F, M, T Copper acetate 276 14 wk 15% reduction in growth 70  Buckley et al. 1982 Coho salmon ( 7.8 cm),

Oncorhynchus kisutch   276 7 days LC50 220  Buckley et al. 1982 Coho salmon ( 3 8 g),

Oncorhynchus kisutch F, M, T Copper acetate 280 7 days LC50 275  McCarter and Roch 1983 Coho salmon ( 3 8 g),

Oncorhynchus kisutch F, M, T Copper acetate 280 7 days LC50 ( acclimated to copper for 2 wk) 383  McCarter and Roch 1983 Coho salmon ( parr),

Oncorhynchus kisutch F, M, T, D, I  24.4 61 days NOEC ( growth and survival) 22  Mudge et al. 1993 Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch F, M, T, D, I  31.1 60 days NOEC ( growth and survival) 18  Mudge et al. 1993 Coho salmon ( parr),

Oncorhynchus kisutch F, M, T, D, I  31 61 days NOEC ( growth and survival) 33  Mudge et al. 1993 Rainbow trout ( 15 40g)

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, Copper chloride  120 hr LA50 ( 50% mortality) ~ 1.4 ug Cu/ g gill  MacRae et al. 1999 Sockeye salmon ( yeasrling),

Oncorhynchus nerka S, U Copper sulfate 12 1 24 hr Drastic increase in plasma corticosteroids 64  Donaldson and Dye 1975 Sockeye salmon ( fry, 0.132 g,

2.95 cm), Oncorhynchus nerka R, M, T Copper chloride 36 46 96 hr LC50 220  Davis and Shand 1978 C1 16 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Sockeye salmon ( fry, 0.132 g,

2.95 cm), Oncorhynchus nerka R, M, T Copper chloride 36 46 96 hr LC50 210  Davis and Shand 1978 Sockeye salmon ( fry, 0.132 g,

2.95 cm), Oncorhynchus nerka R, M, T Copper chloride 36 46 96 hr LC50 240  Davis and Shand 1978 Sockeye salmon ( fry, 0.132 g,

2.95 cm), Oncorhynchus nerka R, M, T Copper chloride 36 46 96 hr LC50 103  Davis and Shand 1978 Sockeye salmon ( fry, 0.132 g,

2.95 cm), Oncorhynchus nerka R, M, T Copper chloride 36 46 96 hr LC50 240  Davis and Shand 1978 Chinook salmon ( 18 21 weeks),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha S, U Copper sulfate 211 96 hr LC50 58 Hamilton and Buhl 1990 Chinook salmon ( 18 21 weeks),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha S, U Copper sulfate 211 96 hr LC50 54 Hamilton and Buhl 1990 Chinook salmon ( 18 21 weeks),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha S, U Copper sulfate 343 96 hr LC50 60 Hamilton and Buhl 1990 Chinook salmon ( 5.2 cm),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha S, U Copper nitrate  5 days LC50 178  Holland et al. 1960 Chinook salmon ( eyed embryos),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, M, D Copper sulfate 44 26 days 93% mortality 41.67  Hazel and Meith 1970 Chinook salmon ( alevin),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, M, T Copper chloride 23 200 hr LC50 20  Chapman 1978 Chinook salmon ( alevin),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, M, T Copper chloride 23 200 hr LC10 15  Chapman 1978 Chinook salmon ( swimup),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, M, T Copper chloride 23 200 hr LC50 19  Chapman 1978 Chinook salmon ( swimup),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, M, T Copper chloride 23 200 hr LC10 14  Chapman 1978 Chinook salmon ( parr),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, M, T Copper chloride 23 200 hr LC50 30  Chapman 1978 Chinook salmon ( parr),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, M, T Copper chloride 23 200 hr LC10 17  Chapman 1978 Chinook salmon ( smolt),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, M, T Copper chloride 23 200 hr LC50 26  Chapman 1978 Chinook salmon ( smolt),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, M, T Copper chloride 23 200 hr LC10 18  Chapman 1978 Chinook salmon ( 3.9 6.8 cm),

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha F, M, T Copper sulfate 20 22 96 hr LC50 32  Finlayson and Verrue 1982 Cutthroat trout ( 3 5 mo),

Oncorhynchus clarki F, M Copper chloride 50 20 min avoidance of copper 7.708  Woodward et al. 1997 C1 17 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss   320 48 hr LC50 500  Brown 1968 Rainbow trout ( 9 16 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss In situ  21 26 48 hr LC50 70  Calamari and Marchetti 1975 Rainbow trout ( 0.4 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U Copper sulfate  96 hr LC50 185  Bills et al. 1981 Rainbow trout ( larva),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U Copper sulfate 41.3 96 hr LC50 36 Buhl and Hamilton 1990 Rainbow trout ( 0.60 g juvenile),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U Copper sulfate 41.3 96 hr LC50 13.8 Buhl and Hamilton 1990 Rainbow trout ( 13 15 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U Copper sulfate 250 72 hr LC50 580  Brown et al. 1974 Rainbow trout ( 13 15 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U Copper sulfate 250 72 hr LC50 960  Brown et al. 1974 Rainbow trout ( 3.2 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U Copper sulfate  24 hr LC50 140  Shaw and Brown 1974 Rainbow trout ( 3.2 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U Copper sulfate  24 hr LC50 130  Shaw and Brown 1974 Rainbow trout ( 4.0 10.6 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U Copper sulfate 45 24 hr LC50 ( 50 C) 950  Cairns et al. 1978 Rainbow trout ( 4.0 10.6 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U Copper sulfate 45 24 hr LC50 ( 150 C) 430  Cairns et al. 1978 Rainbow trout ( 4.0 10.6 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U Copper sulfate 45 24 hr LC50 ( 300 C) 150  Cairns et al. 1978 Rainbow trout ( 0.52 1.55 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U Copper sulfate  96 hr LC50 ( Silver Cup diet) 23.9  Marking et al. 1984 Rainbow trout ( 0.41 2.03 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U Copper sulfate  96 hr LC50 ( purified H440) 11.3  Marking et al. 1984 Rainbow trout ( 0.0.40 1.68 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U Copper sulfate  96 hr LC50 ( SD 9 diet) 15.9  Marking et al. 1984 Rainbow trout ( 0.0.34 1.52 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U Copper sulfate  96 hr LC50 ( liver diet) 14.3  Marking et al. 1984 Rainbow trout ( 0.0.38 1.30 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U Copper sulfate  96 hr LC50 ( brine shrimp diet) 11.3  Marking et al. 1984 Rainbow trout ( embryo),

Oncorhynchus mykiss S, U Copper chloride 30 56 hr LC50 100  Rombough 1985 Rainbow trout ( 6.6 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss R, U Copper sulfate 320 72 hr LC50 1,100  Lloyd 1961 Rainbow trout ( 6.6 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss R, U Copper sulfate 17.5 7 days LC50 44  Lloyd 1961 Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss R, U Copper sulfate 320 48 hr LC50 270  Herbert and Vandyke 1964 Rainbow trout ( yearling),

Oncorhynchus mykiss R, U Copper sulfate 240 48 hr LC50 750  Brown and Dalton 1970 C1 18 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Rainbow trout ( 13 15 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss R, U Copper sulfate 250 8 days LC50 500  Brown et al. 1974 Rainbow trout ( embryo),

Oncorhynchus mykiss R, U Copper sulfate 104 28 days LC50 90  Birge 1978;

Birge et al. 1978 Rainbow trout ( embryo),

Oncorhynchus mykiss R, U Copper sulfate 101 28 days EC50 ( death or deformity) 110  Birge et al. 1980;

Birge and Black 1979 Rainbow trout ( embryo),

Oncorhynchus mykiss R, U Copper sulfate 101 28 days EC10 ( death or deformity) 16.5  Birge et al. 1980 Rainbow trout ( eyed embryos),

Oncorhynchus mykiss R, U Copper sulfate  96 hr LC50 1,150  Kazlauskiene et al. 1994 Rainbow trout ( larva),

Oncorhynchus mykiss R, U Copper sulfate  96 hr LC50 430  Kazlauskiene et al. 1994 Rainbow trout ( 16 18 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss R, U Copper sulfate  96 hr LC50 930  Kazlauskiene et al. 1994 Rainbow trout ( embryo),

Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M, T Copper sulfate 62.9 7 9 mo Lesions in olfactory rosettes 22  Saucier et al. 1991b Rainbow trout ( embryo),

Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M, T Copper sulfate 62.9 7 9 mo 31% mortality 22  Saucier et al. 1991b Rainbow trout ( eyed embryos),

Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M, T Copper sulfate 40 48 96 hr LC50 400  Giles and Klaverkamp 1982 Rainbow trout ( yearling),

Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M, T Copper sulfate 36.5 21 days Elevated plasma cortisol returned to normal 45  Munoz et al. 1991 Rainbow trout ( embryo),

Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M, T Copper sulfate 44 96 hr 15 20% post hatch mortality 80  Giles and Klaverkamp 1982 Rainbow trout ( embryo),

Oncorhynchus mykiss R, M, T Copper sulfate 62.9 7 9 mo Inhibited olfactory discrimination 22  Saucier et al. 1991a Rainbow trout ( 5.1 7.6 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, U Copper nitrate  96 hr LC50 253  Hale 1977 Rainbow trout ( 11 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, U  100 96 hr LC50 250  Goettl et al. 1972 Rainbow trout ( 5 wk post swimup) Oncorhynchus mykiss F, U Copper sulfate 89.5 1 hr Avoidance 10  Folmar 1976 Rainbow trout ( 18.5 26.5 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, U Copper sulfate 90 2 hr 55% depressed olfactory response 50  Hara et al. 1976 Rainbow trout ( 3.2 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, I Copper sulfate  8 days LC50 500  Shaw and Brown 1974 Rainbow trout ( 12 16 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 300 14 days LC50 870  Calamari and Marchetti 1973 Rainbow trout ( adult),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper chloride 42  LC50 57  Chapman 1975, Chapman and Stevens 1978 Rainbow trout ( 53.5 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 365 96 hr LC50 465  Lett et al. 1976 C1 19 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Rainbow trout ( 53.5 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 365 15 days Transient decrease in food consumption 100  Lett et al. 1976 Rainbow trout ( alevin),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper chloride 24 200 hr LC50 20  Chapman 1978 Rainbow trout ( alevin),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper chloride 24 200 hr LC10 19  Chapman 1978 Rainbow trout ( swimup),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper chloride 24 200 hr LC50 17  Chapman 1978 Rainbow trout ( swimup),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper chloride 24 200 hr LC10 9  Chapman 1978 Rainbow trout ( parr),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper chloride 25 200 hr LC50 15  Chapman 1978 Rainbow trout ( parr),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper chloride 25 200 hr LC10 8  Chapman 1978 Rainbow trout ( smolt),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper chloride 25 200 hr LC50 21  Chapman 1978 Rainbow trout ( smolt),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper chloride 25 200 hr LC10 7  Chapman 1978 Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 112.4 80 min Avoidance threshold 74  Black and Birge 1980 Rainbow trout (> 8 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 49 15 18 days LC50 48  Miller and MacKay 1980 Rainbow trout (> 8 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 51 15 18 days LC50 46  Miller and MacKay 1980 Rainbow trout (> 8 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 57 15 18 days LC50 63  Miller and MacKay 1980 Rainbow trout (> 8 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 12 15 18 days LC50 19  Miller and MacKay 1980 Rainbow trout (> 8 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 99 15 18 days LC50 54  Miller and MacKay 1980 Rainbow trout (> 8 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 98 15 18 days LC50 78  Miller and MacKay 1980 Rainbow trout (> 8 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 12 15 18 days LC50 18  Miller and MacKay 1980 Rainbow trout (> 8 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 97 15 18 days LC50 96  Miller and MacKay 1980 Rainbow trout ( 200 250 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 320 4 mo Altered liver and blood enzymes and mitochondrial function 30  Arillo et al. 1984 Rainbow trout ( 7 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper chloride 28.4 20 min Avoidance 6.4  Giattina et al. 1982 Rainbow trout ( 2.70 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper chloride 9.2 96 hr LC50 4.2  Cusimano et al. 1986 Rainbow trout ( 2.88 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper chloride 9.2 96 hr LC50 66  Cusimano et al. 1986 C1 20 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Rainbow trout ( 2.88 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper chloride 9.2 168 hr LC50 36.7  Cusimano et al. 1986 Rainbow trout ( 2.70 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper chloride 9.2 168 hr LC50 3.1  Cusimano et al. 1986 Rainbow trout ( 2.65 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 9.2 168 hr LC50 2.3  Cusimano et al. 1986 Rainbow trout ( 5 day embryo),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 87.7 48 hr LC50 8,000  Shazili and Pascoe 1986 Rainbow trout ( 10 day embryo),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 87.7 48 hr LC50 2,000  Shazili and Pascoe 1986 Rainbow trout ( 15 day embryo),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 87.7 48 hr LC50 400  Shazili and Pascoe 1986 Rainbow trout ( 22 day embryo),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 87.7 48 hr LC50 600  Shazili and Pascoe 1986 Rainbow trout ( 29 day embryo),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 87.7 48 hr LC50 400  Shazili and Pascoe 1986 Rainbow trout ( 36 day embryo),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 87.7 48 hr LC50 100  Shazili and Pascoe 1986 Rainbow trout ( 2 day larva),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 87.7 48 hr LC50 100  Shazili and Pascoe 1986 Rainbow trout ( 7 day larva),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper nitrate 87.7 48 hr LC50 100  Shazili and Pascoe 1986 Rainbow trout ( yearling),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 63 15 days Olfactory receptor degeneration 20  Julliard et al. 1993 Rainbow trout ( swimup),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 60.9 13 40 wk Inhibited olfactory discrimination 20  Saucier and Astic 1995 Rainbow trout ( swimup),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 60.9 40 wk 43% mortality 40  Saucier and Astic 1995 Rainbow trout ( 9.0 11.5 cm,

10.6 g), Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper sulfate 284 96 hr LC50 650  Svecevicius and Vosyliene 1996 Rainbow trout ( 3.5 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper chloride 24.2 96 hr LC50 12.7  Marr et al. Manuscript Rainbow trout ( 3.5 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper chloride 24.2 96 hr LC50 16.6  Marr et al. Manuscript Rainbow trout ( 3.5 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper chloride 24.2 96 hr LC50 21.4  Marr et al. Manuscript Rainbow trout ( 3.5 cm),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T Copper chloride 24.2 96 hr LC50 34.2  Marr et al. Manuscript Rainbow trout ( 10.0 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, D Copper sulfate 362 144 hr LC50 ( extruded diet) 276  Dixon and Hilton 1981 Rainbow trout ( 10.9 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, D Copper sulfate 362 144 hr LC50 ( steam pelleted diet) 350  Dixon and Hilton 1981 C1 21 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Rainbow trout ( 12.3 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, D Copper sulfate 362 144 hr LC50 ( Low carbohydrate diet) 408  Dixon and Hilton 1981 Rainbow trout ( 11.6 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, D Copper sulfate 362 144 hr LC50 ( high carbohydrate diet) 246  Dixon and Hilton 1981 Rainbow trout ( 1.7 3.3 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, D Copper sulfate 374 21 days Incipient lethal level 329  Dixon and Sprague 1981a Rainbow trout ( 1.7 3.3 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, D Copper sulfate 374 21 days Incipient lethal level 333  Dixon and Sprague 1981a Rainbow trout ( 1.7 3.3 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, D Copper sulfate 374 21 days Incipient lethal level 311  Dixon and Sprague 1981a Rainbow trout ( 1.7 3.3 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, D Copper sulfate 374 21 days Incipient lethal level 274  Dixon and Sprague 1981a Rainbow trout ( 1.7 3.3 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, D Copper sulfate 374 21 days Incipient lethal level 371  Dixon and Sprague 1981a Rainbow trout ( 1.7 3.3 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, D Copper sulfate 374 21 days Incipient lethal level ( acclimated to 30 ug/ L) 266  Dixon and Sprague 1981a Rainbow trout ( 1.7 3.3 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, D Copper sulfate 374 21 days Incipient lethal level ( acclimated to 58 ug/ L) 349  Dixon and Sprague 1981a Rainbow trout ( 1.7 3.3 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, D Copper sulfate 374 21 days Incipient lethal level ( acclimated to 94 ug/ L) 515  Dixon and Sprague 1981a Rainbow trout ( 1.7 3.3 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, D Copper sulfate 374 21 days Incipient lethal level ( acclimated to 131 ug/ L) 564  Dixon and Sprague 1981a Rainbow trout ( 1.7 3.3 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, D Copper sulfate 374 21 days Incipient lethal level ( acclimated to 194 ug/ L) 708  Dixon and Sprague 1981a Rainbow trout ( 2.9 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, D Copper chloride 30.5 ca. 2 hr Inhibited avoidance of serine 6.667  Rehnberg and Schreck 1986 Rainbow trout ( 3.2 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 30 96 hr LC50  19.9 Howarth and Sprague 1978 Rainbow trout ( 1.4 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 101 96 hr LC50  176 Howarth and Sprague 1978 Rainbow trout ( 2.2 g),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 370 96 hr LC50  232 Howarth and Sprague 1978 Rainbow trout ( smolt),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 363 > 10 days LC50 97.92  Fogels and Sprague 1977 Rainbow trout ( parr),

Oncorhynchus mykiss F, M, T, D, I  31.0 62 days NOEC ( growth and survival) 90  Mudge et al. 1993 Atlantic salmon ( 2 3 yr parr),

Salmo salar S, M, T  8 10 96 hr LC50 125  Wilson 1972 Atlantic salmon ( 6.4 11.7 cm),

Salmo salar F, M, T Copper sulfate 20 7 days LC50 48  Sprague 1964 Atlantic salmon ( 7.2 10.9 cm),

Salmo salar F, M, T  14 7 days LC50 32  Sprague and Ramsay 1965 Brown trout ( 3 6 day larva),

Salmo trutta S, M, T Copper chloride 4 30 days > 90% mortality 80  Reader et al. 1989 C1 22 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Brown trout ( larva),

Salmo trutta S, M, T Copper chloride 4 30 days > 90% mortality 20  Sayer et al. 1989 Brown trout ( larva),

Salmo trutta S, M, T Copper chloride 22 30 days < 10% mortality 80  Sayer et al. 1989 Brown trout ( larva),

Salmo trutta F, M, T Copper chloride 25 60 days Inhibited growth 4.6  Marr et al. 1996 Brook trout,

Salvelinus fontinalis    24 hr Significant change in cough rate 9  Drummond et al. 1973 Brook trout ( 1 g),

Salvelinus fontinalis S, M, T Copper chloride 4 80 hr 75% mortality 25.4  Sayer et al. 1991 b, c Brook trout ( 8 mo),

Salvelinus fontinalis R, M, T  20 10 days IC50 ( growth) 187  Jop et al. 1995 Brook trout ( 15 20 cm),

Salvelinus fontinalis F, M, T Copper sulfate 47 21 days Altered Blood Hct, RBC, Hb, Cl,

PGOT, Osmolarity, protein 38.2  McKim et al. 1970 Brook trout ( 13 20 cm),

Salvelinus fontinalis F, M, T Copper sulfate 47 337 days Altered blood PGOT 17.4  McKim et al. 1970 Goldfish ( 3.8 6.3 cm),

Carassius auratus S, U Copper sulfate 20 96 hr LC50 36 Pickering and Henderson 1966 Goldfish ( 10.5 g),

Carassius auratus S, M, T Copper sulfate 34.2  LC50 150  Hossain et al. 1995 Goldfish ( embryo),

Carrassius auratus R, U Copper sulfate 195 7 days EC50 ( death or deformity) 5,200  Birge 1978;

Birge and Black 1979 Goldfish, Carassius auratus R, U Copper sulfate 45 24 hr LC50 ( 50 C) 2,700  Cairns et al. 1978 Goldfish, Carassius auratus R, U Copper sulfate 45 24 hr LC50 ( 150 C) 2,900  Cairns et al. 1978 Goldfish, Carassius auratus R, U Copper sulfate 45 24 hr LC50 ( 300 C) 1,510  Cairns et al. 1978 Common carp ( 1.8 2.1 cm),

Cyprinus carpio S, U Copper sulfate 144 188 96 hr LC50 117.5 Deshmukh and Marathe 1980 Common carp ( 5.0 6.0 cm),

Cyprinus carpio S, U Copper sulfate 144 188 96 hr LC50 530 Deshmukh and Marathe 1980 Common carp ( embryo),

Cyprinus carpio S, U Copper sulfate 360  EC50 ( hatch and deformity) 4,775  Kapur and Yadav 1982 Common carp ( embryo),

Cyprinus carpio S, U Copper acetate 274 96 hr LC50 140  Kaur and Dhawan 1994 Common carp ( larva),

Cyprinus carpio S, U Copper acetate 274 96 hr LC50 4  Kaur and Dhawan 1994 Common carp ( fry),

Cyprinus carpio S, U Copper acetate 274 96 hr LC50 63  Kaur and Dhawan 1994 Common carp,

Cyprinus carpio S, M, T Copper nitrate 53  LC50 110  Rehwoldt et al. 1971 Common carp,

Cyprinus carpio S, M, T Copper nitrate 55  LC50 800  Rehwoldt et al. 1972 C1 23 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Common carp ( 4.7 6.2 cm),

Cyprinus carpio R, U Copper sulfate 19 96 hr LC50 63 Khangarot et al. 1983 Common carp ( embryo and larva), Cyprinus carpio R, U Copper sulfate 50 108 hr 77% deformed 10  Wani 1986 Common carp ( 3.5 cm),

Cyprinus carpio R, U Copper sulfate  96 hr LC50 300  Alam and Maughan 1992 Common carp ( 6.5 cm),

Cyprinus carpio R, U Copper sulfate  96 hr LC50 1,000  Alam and Maughan 1992 Common carp ( embryo),

Cyprinus carpio R, M, T Copper sulfate 50 72 hr Prevented hatching 700  Hildebrand and Cushman 1978 Common carp ( 1 mo),

Cyprinus carpio R, M, T Copper nitrate 84.8 1 wk Raised critical D. O. and altered ammonia excretion 14.0  De Boeck et al. 1995a Common carp ( 22.9 cm),

Cyprinus carpio F, M, T Copper chloride 17 48 hr LC50 170  Harrison and Rice 1981 Common carp ( embryo and larva), Cyprinus carpio F, M, T Copper chloride 100 168 hr 55% mortality 19  Stouthart et al. 1996 Common carp ( embryo and larva), Cyprinus carpio F, M, T Copper chloride 100 168 hr 18% mortality; 50.8  Stouthart et al. 1996 Bonytail ( larva),

Gila elegans S, U Copper sulfate 199 96 hr LC50 364 Buhl and Hamilton 1996 Bonytail ( 100 110 days),

Gila elegans S, U Copper sulfate 199 96 hr LC50 231 Buhl and Hamilton 1996 Golden shiner ( 11 13 cm),

Notemigonus crysoleucas S, U Copper sulfate 221 94 hr Decreased serum osmolality 2,500  Lewis and Lewis 1971 Golden shiner,

Notemigonus crysoleucas S, U Copper sulfate 45 24 hr LC50 ( 50 C) 330  Cairns et al. 1978 Golden shiner,

Notemigonus crysoleucas S, U Copper sulfate 45 24 hr LC50 ( 150 C) 230  Cairns et al. 1978 Golden shiner,

Notemigonus crysoleucas S, U Copper sulfate 45 24 hr LC50 ( 300 C) 270  Cairns et al. 1978 Golden shiner,

Notemigonus crysoleucas F, M, T Copper chloride 72.2 15 min EC50 ( avoidance) 26  Hartwell et al. 1989 Striped shiner,

Notropis chrysocephalus F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 318 96 hr LC50 3,400  Geckler et al. 1976 Striped shiner ( 4.7 cm)

Notropis chrysocephalus F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 316 96 hr LC50 4,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Striped shiner ( 5.0 cm)

Notropis chrysocephalus F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 274 96 hr LC50 5,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Striped shiner,

Notropis chrysocephalus F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 314 96 hr LC50 8,400  Geckler et al. 1976 C1 24 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Striped shiner,

Notropis chrysocephalus F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 303 96 hr LC50 16,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, U Copper sulfate 208 48 hr LC50 290  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, U Copper sulfate 132 48 hr LC50 150  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, U Copper sulfate 182 48 hr LC50 200  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, U Copper sulfate 233 48 hr LC50 180  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, U Copper sulfate 282 48 hr LC50 260  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, U Copper sulfate 337 48 hr LC50 260  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, U Copper sulfate 322 48 hr LC50 6,300  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, U Copper sulfate 322 48 hr LC50 11,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, U Copper sulfate 322 48 hr LC50 25,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, U Copper sulfate 203 48 hr LC50 160  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, U Copper sulfate 203 48 hr LC50 1,100  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, U Copper sulfate 203 48 hr LC50 2,900  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, M, D Copper sulfate 320 48 hr LC50 6,300  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, M, D Copper sulfate 324 48 hr LC50 9,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, M, D Copper sulfate 324 48 hr LC50 4,700  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, M, D Copper sulfate 320 48 hr LC50 11,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, M, D Copper sulfate 318 48 hr LC50 5,700  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, M, D Copper sulfate 318 48 hr LC50 10,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, M, D Copper sulfate 314 48 hr LC50 8,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, M, D Copper sulfate 318 48 hr LC50 11,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, M, D Copper sulfate 324 48 hr LC50 9,700  Geckler et al. 1976 C1 25 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, M, D Copper sulfate 339 48 hr LC50 7,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, M, D Copper sulfate 310 48 hr LC50 12,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, M, D Copper sulfate 310 48 hr LC50 21,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, M, D Copper sulfate 302 48 hr LC50 19,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, M, D Copper sulfate 296 48 hr LC50 8,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, M, D Copper sulfate 332 48 hr LC50 11,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, M, D Copper sulfate 340 48 hr LC50 6,300  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, M, D Copper sulfate 296 48 hr LC50 1,500  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, M, D Copper sulfate 306 48 hr LC50 750  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, M, D Copper sulfate 308 48 hr LC50 2,500  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, M, D Copper sulfate 304 48 hr LC50 1,600  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow,

Pimephales notatus S, M, D Copper sulfate 315 48 hr LC50 4,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow ( 3.9 cm),

Pimephales notatus F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 314 96 hr LC50 6,800  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluntnose minnow ( 5.3 cm),

Pimephales notatus F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 303 96 hr LC50 13,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( adult),

Pimephales promelas S, U Copper sulfate 103 104 96 hr LC50 210 Birge et al. 1983 Fathead minnow ( adult),

Pimephales promelas S, U Copper sulfate 103 104 96 hr LC50 310 Birge et al. 1983 Fathead minnow ( adult),

Pimephales promelas S, U Copper sulfate 103 104 96 hr LC50 120 Birge et al. 1983 Fathead minnow ( adult),

Pimephales promelas S, U Copper sulfate 103 104 96 hr LC50 210 Birge et al. 1983;

Benson and Birge 1985 Fathead minnow ( adult),

Pimephales promelas S, U Copper sulfate 254 271 96 hr LC50 390 Birge et al. 1983;

Benson and Birge 1985 Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas S, U Copper sulfate 200 96 hr LC50 430 Mount 1968 Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas S, U Copper sulfate 31 96 hr LC50 84 Mount and Stephan 1969 Fathead minnow ( 3.8 6.3 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, U Copper sulfate 20 96 hr LC50 25 Pickering and Henderson 1966 C1 26 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Fathead minnow ( 3.8 6.3 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, U Copper sulfate 20 96 hr LC50 23 Pickering and Henderson 1966 Fathead minnow ( 3.8 6.3 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, U Copper sulfate 20 96 hr LC50 23 Pickering and Henderson 1966 Fathead minnow ( 3.8 6.3 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, U Copper sulfate 20 96 hr LC50 22 Pickering and Henderson 1966 Fathead minnow ( 3.8 6.3 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, U Copper sulfate 360 96 hr LC50 1760 Pickering and Henderson 1966 Fathead minnow ( 3.8 6.3 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, U Copper sulfate 360 96 hr LC50 1140 Pickering and Henderson 1966 Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas S, U Copper sulfate 20 96 hr LC50 50 Tarzwell and Henderson 1960 Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas S, U Copper sulfate 400 96 hr LC50 1,400 Tarzwell and Henderson 1960 Fathead minnow ( 3.2 4.2 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M Copper acetate 44 96 hr LC50 117  Curtis et al. 1979;

Curtis and Ward 1981 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 294 96 hr LC50 16,000  Brungs et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 120 96 hr LC50 2,200  Brungs et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 298 96 hr LC50 16,000  Brungs et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 280 96 hr LC50 3,300  Brungs et al. 1976;

Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 244 96 hr LC50 1,600  Brungs et al. 1976;

Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 212 96 hr LC50 2,000  Brungs et al. 1976;

Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 260 96 hr LC50 3,500  Brungs et al. 1976;

Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 224 96 hr LC50 9,700  Brungs et al. 1976;

Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 228 96 hr LC50 5,000  Brungs et al. 1976;

Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 150 96 hr LC50 2,800  Brungs et al. 1976;

Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 310 96 hr LC50 11,000  Brungs et al. 1976;

Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 280 96 hr LC50 12,000  Brungs et al. 1976;

Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 280 96 hr LC50 11,000  Brungs et al. 1976;

Geckler et al. 1976 C1 27 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 260 96 hr LC50 22,200  Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 308 96 hr LC50 4,670  Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 206 96 hr LC50 920  Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 262 96 hr LC50 1,190  Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 322 96 hr LC50 2,830  Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 210 96 hr LC50 1,450  Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 260 96 hr LC50 1,580  Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 252 96 hr LC50 1,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 312 96 hr LC50 5,330  Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 276 96 hr LC50 4,160  Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 252 96 hr LC50 10,550  Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 298 96 hr LC50 22,200  Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 282 96 hr LC50 21,800  Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 2.0 6.9 cm),

Pimephales promelas S, M, D Copper sulfate 284 96 hr LC50 23,600  Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow (< 24 h),

Pimephales promelas S, M, T Copper nitrate 290 96 hr LC50 > 200  Schubauer Berigan et al. 1993 Fathead minnow (< 24 h),

Pimephales promelas S, M, T Copper sulfate 16.8 96 hr LC50 36.0  Welsh et al. 1993 Fathead minnow (< 24 h),

Pimephales promelas S, M, T Copper sulfate 19.0 96 hr LC50 70.3  Welsh et al. 1993 Fathead minnow (< 24 h),

Pimephales promelas S, M, T Copper sulfate 19.0 96 hr LC50 85.6  Welsh et al. 1993 Fathead minnow (< 24 h),

Pimephales promelas S, M, T Copper sulfate 19.0 96 hr LC50 182.0  Welsh et al. 1993 Fathead minnow (< 24 h; 0.68 mg), Pimephales promelas S, M, T Copper sulfate 17 96 hr LC50 1.99  Welsh et al. 1993 C1 28 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Fathead minnow (< 24 h; 0.68 mg), Pimephales promelas S, M, T Copper sulfate 20.5 96 hr LC50 4.86  Welsh et al. 1993 Fathead minnow (< 24 h; 0.68 mg), Pimephales promelas S, M, T Copper sulfate 16.5 96 hr LC50 11.1  Welsh et al. 1993 Fathead minnow (< 24 h; 0.68 mg), Pimephales promelas S, M, T Copper sulfate 17.5 96 hr LC50 9.87  Welsh et al. 1993 Fathead minnow (< 24 h; 0.68 mg), Pimephales promelas S, M, T Copper sulfate 17 96 hr LC50 15.7  Welsh et al. 1993 Fathead minnow ( 60 90 days),

Pimephales promelas S, M, T  110 48 hr LC50 284  Dobbs et al. 1994 Fathead minnow ( 3 wk),

Pimephales promelas S, M, T Copper sulfate 101 48 hr Short term intolerance of hypoxia ( 2 mg D. O./ L) 186  Bennett et al. 1995 Fathead minnow ( 2 4 day),

Pimephales promelas S, M, T Copper sulfate 6 10  LC50 12.5  Suedel et al. 1996 Fathead minnow (< 24 hrs),

Pimephales promelas S, M, T Copper sulfate 9.9 96 hr LC50 10.7  Welsh et al. 1996 Fathead minnow (< 24 hrs),

Pimephales promelas S, M, T Copper sulfate 7.1 96 hr LC50 6.3  Welsh et al. 1996 Fathead minnow (< 24 hrs),

Pimephales promelas S, M, T Copper sulfate 8.3 96 hr LC50 12.2  Welsh et al. 1996 Fathead minnow (< 24 hrs),

Pimephales promelas S, M, T Copper sulfate 8.9 96 hr LC50 9.5  Welsh et al. 1996 Fathead minnow (< 24 hrs),

Pimephales promelas S, M, T Copper sulfate 16.8 96 hr LC50 26.8  Welsh et al. 1996 Fathead minnow (< 24 hrs),

Pimephales promelas S, M, T Copper sulfate 12.2 96 hr LC50 21.2  Welsh et al. 1996 Fathead minnow (< 24 hrs),

Pimephales promelas S, M, T Copper sulfate 9.4 96 hr LC50 19.8  Welsh et al. 1996 Fathead minnow (< 24 hrs),

Pimephales promelas S, M, T Copper sulfate 11.4 96 hr LC50 31.9  Welsh et al. 1996 Fathead minnow (< 24 hrs),

Pimephales promelas S, M, T Copper sulfate 10.9 96 hr LC50 26.1  Welsh et al. 1996 Fathead minnow (< 24 hrs),

Pimephales promelas S, M, T Copper sulfate 12.4 96 hr LC50 26.0  Welsh et al. 1996 Fathead minnow (< 24 hrs),

Pimephales promelas S, M, T Copper sulfate 17.4 96 hr LC50 169.5  Welsh et al. 1996 Fathead minnow (< 24 hrs),

Pimephales promelas S, M, T, D Copper sulfate 46 96 hr LC50 17.15 14.87 Erickson et al. 1996a, b Fathead minnow (< 24 hrs),

Pimephales promelas S, M, T, D Copper sulfate 46 96 hr LC50 21.59 18.72 Erickson et al. 1996a, b C1 29 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Fathead minnow (< 24 hrs),

Pimephales promelas S, M, T, D Copper sulfate 47 96 hr LC50 123.19 106.8 Erickson et al. 1996a, b Fathead minnow (< 24 hrs),

Pimephales promelas S, M, T, D Copper sulfate 45 96 hr LC50 42.56 36.89 Erickson et al. 1996a, b Fathead minnow (< 24 hrs),

Pimephales promelas S, M, T, D Copper sulfate 46 96 hr LC50 83.19 72.13 Erickson et al. 1996a, b Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas S, M, T, D Copper sulfate 100 96 hr LC50 ( fish from metal contaminated pond) 360  Birge et al. 1983 Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas S, M, T, D Copper sulfate 250 96 hr LC50 ( fish from metal contaminated pond) 410  Birge et al. 1983 Fathead minnow (< 24 hr),

Pimephales promelas R, U  45 7 days LC50 70  Norberg and Mount 1985 Fathead minnow (< 24 hr),

Pimephales promelas R, U  45 7 days LOEC ( growth) 26  Norberg and Mount 1985 Fathead minnow (< 24 hr),

Pimephales promelas R, U Copper sulfate 345 4 days RNA threshhold effect 130  Parrott and Sprague 1993 Fathead minnow ( embryo),

Pimephales promelas R, U Copper sulfate 106 5 days LC50 480  Fort et al. 1996 Fathead minnow ( embryo),

Pimephales promelas R, U Copper sulfate 106 5 days LC50 440  Fort et al. 1996 Fathead minnow ( embryo),

Pimephales promelas R, U Copper sulfate 106 5 days EC50 ( malformation) 270  Fort et al. 1996 Fathead minnow ( embryo),

Pimephales promelas R, U Copper sulfate 106 5 days EC50 ( malformation) 260  Fort et al. 1996 Fathead minnow ( embryo),

Pimephales promelas R, U Copper sulfate 106 7 days LC50 310  Fort et al. 1996 Fathead minnow ( embryo),

Pimephales promelas R, U Copper sulfate 106 7 days LC50 330  Fort et al. 1996 Fathead minnow ( embryo),

Pimephales promelas R, U Copper sulfate 106 7 days EC50 ( malformation) 190  Fort et al. 1996 Fathead minnow ( embryo),

Pimephales promelas R, U Copper sulfate 106 7 days EC50 ( malformation) 170  Fort et al. 1996 Fathead minnow ( embryo),

Pimephales promelas R, U Copper sulfate 106 7 days LOEC ( length) 160  Fort et al. 1996 Fathead minnow ( embryo),

Pimephales promelas R, U Copper sulfate 106 7 days LOEC ( length) 180  Fort et al. 1996 Fathead minnow ( larva),

Pimephales promelas R, M, T Copper sulfate 180 7 days LOEC ( growth) 25  Pickering and Lazorchak 1995 Fathead minnow ( larva),

Pimephales promelas R, M, T Copper sulfate 218 7 days LOEC ( growth) 38  Pickering and Lazorchak 1995 Fathead minnow ( larva),

Pimephales promelas R, M, T Copper sulfate 218 7 days LOEC ( growth) 38  Pickering and Lazorchak 1995 Fathead minnow ( 3 7 days),

Pimephales promelas R, M, T Copper sulfate 74 48 hr LC50 225  Diamond et al. 1997b C1 30 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Fathead minnow ( larva),

Pimephales promelas R, M, T, D Copper sulfate 80 48 hr LC50 35.9  Diamond et al. 1997a Fathead minnow ( larva),

Pimephales promelas R, M, T, D Copper sulfate 80 48 hr LC50 28.9  Diamond et al. 1997a Fathead minnow ( larva),

Pimephales promelas R, M, T, D Copper sulfate 80 48 hr LC50 20.7  Diamond et al. 1997a Fathead minnow ( larva),

Pimephales promelas R, M, T, D Copper sulfate 80 48 hr LC50 80.8  Diamond et al. 1997a Fathead minnow ( 3 7 days),

Pimephales promelas R, M, T, D Copper sulfate 80 48 hr LC50 297.1  Diamond et al. 1997b Fathead minnow ( 3 7 days),

Pimephales promelas R, M, T, D Copper sulfate 72 48 hr LC50 145.8  Diamond et al. 1997b Fathead minnow ( 32 38 mm),

Pimephales promelas F, M, T Copper sulfate 244 9 mo LOEC ( 93% lower fecundity) 120  Brungs et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( larva),

Pimephales promelas F, M, T Copper sulfate 202  LC50 250  Scudder et al. 1988 Fathead minnow ( embryo),

Pimephales promelas F, M, T Copper sulfate 202 34 days Reduced growth;

increased abnormality 61  Scudder et al. 1988 Fathead minnow ( embryo),

Pimephales promelas F, M, T Copper sulfate 202 34 days LC50 123  Scudder et al. 1988 Fathead minnow ( 24 96 hr),

Pimephales promelas F, M, T Copper sulfate 10.7 21 days Incipient lethal level 6.2  Welsh 1996 Fathead minnow ( 24 96 hr),

Pimephales promelas F, M, T Copper sulfate 10.7 21 days Growth ( length) reduced by 8% 5.3  Welsh 1996 Fathead minnow ( 24 96 hr),

Pimephales promelas F, M, T Copper sulfate 9.3 21 days Incipient lethal level 17.2  Welsh 1996 Fathead minnow ( 24 96 hr),

Pimephales promelas F, M, T Copper sulfate 9.3 21 days Growth ( length) reduced by 17% 16.2  Welsh 1996 Fathead minnow (< 24 hrs),

Pimephales promelas F, M, T Copper sulfate 46 96 hr LC50 305  Erickson et al. 1996 a, b Fathead minnow (< 24 hrs),

Pimephales promelas F, M, T Copper sulfate 46 96 hr LC50 298.6  Erickson et al. 1996 a, b Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas F, M, T  30 96 hr LC50 ( TOC= 12 mg/ L) 436  Lind et al. manuscript Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas F, M, T  37 96 hr LC50 ( TOC= 13 mg/ L) 516  Lind et al. manuscript Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas F, M, T  87 96 hr LC50 ( TOC= 36 mg/ L) 1,586  Lind et al. manuscript Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas F, M, T  73 96 hr LC50 ( TOC= 28 mg/ L) 1,129  Lind et al. manuscript Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas F, M, T  84 96 hr LC50 ( TOC= 15 mg/ L) 550  Lind et al. manuscript Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas F, M, T  66 96 hr LC50 ( TOC= 34 mg/ L) 1,001  Lind et al. manuscript C1 31 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas F, M, T  117 96 hr LC50 ( TOC= 30 mg/ L) 2,050  Lind et al. manuscript Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas F, M, T  121 96 hr LC50 ( TOC= 30 mg/ L) 2,336  Lind et al. manuscript Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas F, M, T Copper sulfate 117 96 hr LC50 2,050  Lind et al. manuscript Fathead minnow,

Pimephales promelas F, M, T Copper sulfate 121 96 hr LC50 2,336  Lind et al. manuscript Fathead minnow ( 4.4 cm),

Pimephales promelas F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 314 96 hr LC50 11,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow ( 4.2 cm),

Pimephales promelas F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 303 96 hr LC50 15,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Fathead minnow (< 24 hrs),

Pimephales promelas F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 45 96 hr LC50 158.8 138.1 Erickson et al. 1996a, b Fathead minnow (< 24 hrs),

Pimephales promelas F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 45 96 hr LC50 80.01 72.01 Erickson et al. 1996a, b Fathead minnow (< 24 hrs),

Pimephales promelas F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 46 96 hr LC50 20.96 18.23 Erickson et al. 1996a, b Fathead minnow (< 24 hrs),

Pimephales promelas F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 44 96 hr LC50 50.8 39.12 Erickson et al. 1996a, b Fathead minnow (< 24 hrs),

Pimephales promelas F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 45 96 hr LC50 65.41 45.78 Erickson et al. 1996a, b Colorado squawfish ( larva),

Ptychocheilus lucius S, U Copper sulfate 199 96 hr LC50 363 Buhl and Hamilton 1996 Colorado squawfish ( 155 186 days), Ptychocheilus lucius S, U Copper sulfate 199 96 hr LC50 663 Buhl and Hamilton 1996 Colorado squawfish ( 32 40 days posthatch), Ptychocheilus lucius S, U Copper sulfate 144 96 hr LC50 293 Hamilton and Buhl 1997 Colorado squawfish ( 32 40 days posthatch), Ptychocheilus lucius S, U Copper sulfate 144 96 hr LC50 320 Hamilton and Buhl 1997 Creek chub,

Semotilus atromaculatus F, M, T Copper sulfate 316 96 hr LC50 11,500  Geckler et al. 1976 Creek chub,

Semotilus atromaculatus F, M, T Copper sulfate 274 96 hr LC50 1,100  Geckler et al. 1976 Razorback sucker ( larva),

Xyrauchen texanus S, U Copper sulfate 199 96 hr LC50 404 Buhl and Hamilton 1996 Razorback sucker ( 102 116 days), Xyrauchen texanus S, U Copper sulfate 199 96 hr LC50 331 Buhl and Hamilton 1996 Razorback sucker ( 13 23 days posthatch),

Xyrauchen texanus S, U Copper sulfate 144 96 hr LC50 231 Hamilton and Buhl 1997 C1 32 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Razorback sucker ( 13 23 days posthatch),

Xyrauchen texanus S, U Copper sulfate 144 96 hr LC50 314 Hamilton and Buhl 1997 Brown bullhead,

Ictallurus nebulosus F, M, T Copper sulfate 303 96 hr LC50 12,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Brown bullhead ( 5.2 cm),

Ictalurus nebulosus F, M, T Copper sulfate 314 96 hr LC50 5,200  Geckler et al. 1976 Channel catfish ( 13 14 cm),

Ictalurus punctatus S, U Copper sulfate 221 94 hr Decreased serum osmolality 2,500  Lewis and Lewis 1971 Channel catfish,

Ictalurus punctatus S, U Copper sulfate 45 24 hr LC50 ( 50 C) 3,700  Cairns et al. 1978 Channel catfish,

Ictalurus punctatus S, U Copper sulfate 45 24 hr LC50 ( 150 C) 2,600  Cairns et al. 1978 Channel catfish,

Ictalurus punctatus S, U Copper sulfate 45 24 hr LC50 ( 300 C) 3,100  Cairns et al. 1978 Channel catfish,

Ictalurus punctatus S, U Copper sulfate 100 10 days EC50 ( death and deformity) 6,620  Birge and Black 1979 Channel catfish ( fingerlings),

Ictalurus punctatus S, U Copper sulfate 16 96 hr LC50 54 Straus and Tucker 1993 Channel catfish ( fingerlings),

Ictalurus punctatus S, U Copper sulfate 16 96 hr LC50 55 Straus and Tucker 1993 Channel catfish ( fingerlings),

Ictalurus punctatus S, U Copper sulfate 83 96 hr LC50 762 Straus and Tucker 1993 Channel catfish ( fingerlings),

Ictalurus punctatus S, U Copper sulfate 83 96 hr LC50 700 Straus and Tucker 1993 Channel catfish ( fingerlings),

Ictalurus punctatus S, U Copper sulfate 161 96 hr LC50 768 Straus and Tucker 1993 Channel catfish ( fingerlings),

Ictalurus punctatus S, U Copper sulfate 161 96 hr LC50 1139 Straus and Tucker 1993 Channel catfish ( fingerlings),

Ictalurus punctatus S, U Copper sulfate 287 96 hr LC50 1041 Straus and Tucker 1993 Channel catfish ( fingerlings),

Ictalurus punctatus S, U Copper sulfate 287 96 hr LC50 925 Straus and Tucker 1993 Channel catfish ( 400 600 g),

Ictalurus punctatus F, M, T Copper sulfate  10 wk Significant mortality 354  Perkins et al. 1997 Channel catfish ( 4.1 gm),

Ictalurus punctatus F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 319 14 days LC50 1,229  Richey and Roseboom 1978 Channel catfish ( 5.7 gm),

Ictalurus punctatus F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 315 14 days LC50 1,073  Richey and Roseboom 1978 Banded killifish,

Fundulus diaphanus S, M, T Copper nitrate 53  860  Rehwoldt et al. 1971 Banded killifish,

Fundulus diaphanus S, M, T Copper nitrate 55  840  Rehwoldt et al. 1972 C1 33 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Flagfish ( 0.1 0.3 g),

Jordanella floridae F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 363 10 days LC50  680 Fogels and Sprague 1977 Flagfish ( 0.1 0.3 g),

Jordanella floridae F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 363 96 hr LC50  1,270 Fogels and Sprague 1977 Mosquitofish ( 3.8 5.1 cm female), Gambusia affinis S, U Copper nitrate 27 41 96 hr LC50 93 Joshi and Rege 1980 Mosquitofish ( 3.8 5.1 cm female), Gambusia affinis S, U Copper sulfate 27 41 96 hr LC50 200 Joshi and Rege 1980 Mosquitofish ( 2.5 cm male),

Gambusia affinis S, U  50 96 hr LC50 3,500 Kallanagoudar and Patil 1997 Mosquitofish ( 2.5 cm male),

Gambusia affinis S, U  150 96 hr LC50 5,000 Kallanagoudar and Patil 1997 Mosquitofish ( 2.5 cm male),

Gambusia affinis S, U  300 96 hr LC50 6,000 Kallanagoudar and Patil 1997 Mosquitofish ( 3.5 cm female),

Gambusia affinis S, U  50 96 hr LC50 2,500 Kallanagoudar and Patil 1997 Mosquitofish ( 3.5 cm female),

Gambusia affinis S, U  150 96 hr LC50 2,900 Kallanagoudar and Patil 1997 Mosquitofish ( 3.5 cm female),

Gambusia affinis S, U  300 96 hr LC50 5,000 Kallanagoudar and Patil 1997 Mosquitofish ( 0.8 cm fry),

Gambusia affinis S, U  50 96 hr LC50 900 Kallanagoudar and Patil 1997 Mosquitofish ( 0.8 cm fry),

Gambusia affinis S, U  150 96 hr LC50 1,400 Kallanagoudar and Patil 1997 Mosquitofish ( 0.8 cm fry),

Gambusia affinis S, U  300 96 hr LC50 2,000 Kallanagoudar and Patil 1997 Mosquito fish,

Gambusia affinis S, U Copper sulfate  96 hr LC50 ( high turbidity) 75,000  Wallen et al. 1957 Mosquito fish,

Gambusia affinis R, M Copper sulfate 45 48 hr LC50 180  Chagnon and Guttman 1989 Guppy ( 1.5 cm),

Poecilia reticulata S, U Copper sulfate 230 96 hr LC50 1,230 Khangarot 1981 Guppy ( 1.62 cm),

Poecilia reticulata S, U Copper sulfate 240 96 hr LC50 764 Khangarot et al. 1981b Guppy ( 1.9 2.5 cm),

Poecilia reticulata S, U Copper sulfate 20 96 hr LC50 36 Pickering and Henderson 1966 Guppy ( 1.5 cm),

Poecilia reticulata R, U Copper sulfate 260 96 hr LC50 2,500 Khangarot et al. 1981a Guppy ( 0.8 1.0 cm),

Poecilia reticulata R, U Copper sulfate 144 188 96 hr LC50 160 Deshmukh and Marathe 1980 Guppy ( 1.2 2.3 cm; female),

Poecilia reticulata R, U Copper sulfate 144 188 96 hr LC50 275 Deshmukh and Marathe 1980 C1 34 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Guppy ( 2.3 2.8 cm; male),

Poecilia reticulata R, U Copper sulfate 144 188 96 hr LC50 210 Deshmukh and Marathe 1980 Guppy ( 340 mg; female),

Poecilia reticulata R, U Copper sulfate 144 188 96 hr LC50 480 Deshmukh and Marathe 1980 Guppy ( 1.5 cm),

Poecilia reticulata R, U Copper sulfate 260 48 hr LC50 2,500  Khangarot et al. 1981a Guppy ( 1.5 cm),

Poecilia reticulata R, U Copper sulfate 181 96 hr LC50 986  Khangarot and Ray 1987b Guppy ( 1 mo),

Poecilia reticulata F, U Copper sulfate 76 24 hr LC50 1,370  Minicucci 1971 Guppy ( 1 mo),

Poecilia reticulata F, U Copper sulfate 76 24 hr LC50 930  Minicucci 1971 Guppy ( 1 mo),

Poecilia reticulata F, U Copper sulfate 76 24 hr LC50 1,130  Minicucci 1971 White perch,

Morone americana S, M, T Copper nitrate 53  LC50 6,200  Rehwoldt et al. 1971 White perch,

Morone americana S, M, T Copper nitrate 55  LC50 6,400  Rehwoldt et al. 1972 Striped bass ( larva),

Morone saxitilis S, U Copper chloride 34.6 96 hr LC50 50 Hughes 1973 Striped bass ( larva),

Morone saxitilis S, U Copper sulfate 34.6 96 hr LC50 100 Hughes 1973 Striped bass ( 3.5 5.1 cm),

Morone saxitilis S, U Copper chloride 34.6 96 hr LC50 50 Hughes 1973 Striped bass ( 3.1 5.1 cm),

Morone saxitilis S, U Copper sulfate 34.6 96 hr LC50 150 Hughes 1973 Striped bass ( 35 80 day),

Morone saxitilis S, U Copper sulfate 285 96 hr LC50 270 Palawski et al. 1985 Striped bass ( 6 cm),

Morone saxitilis S, U Copper sulfate 35 96 hr LC50 620 Wellborn 1969 Striped bass,

Morone saxitilis S, M, T Copper nitrate 53 96 hr LC50 4,300  Rehwoldt et al. 1971 Striped bass,

Morone saxitilis S, M, T Copper nitrate 55 96 hr LC50 2,700  Rehwoldt et al. 1972 Rock bass, Ambloplites rupestris F, M, T  24 96 hr LC50 ( high TOC) 1,432  Lind et al. manuscript Pumpkinseed ( 1.2 g),

Lepomis gibbosus S, M, T Copper nitrate 53  LC50 2,400  Rehwoldt et al. 1971 Pumpkinseed ( 1.2 g),

Lepomis gibbosus S, M, T Copper nitrate 55  LC50 2,700  Rehwoldt et al. 1972 Pumpkinseed,

Lepomis gibbosus S, M, T Copper nitrate 53 96 hr LC50 2,400  Rehwoldt et al. 1971 Pumpkinseed,

Lepomis gibbosus S, M, T Copper nitrate 55 96 hr LC50 2,700  Rehwoldt et al. 1972 C1 35 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus S, U Copper chloride 43 96 hr LC50 770 Academy of Natural Sciences 1960 Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus S, U Copper sulfate 43 96 hr LC50 1,250 Academy of Natural Sciences 1960;

Cairns and Scheier 1968; Patrick et al. 1968 Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus S, U Copper sulfate 45 24 hr LC50 ( 50 C) 2,590  Cairns et al. 1978 Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus S, U Copper sulfate 45 24 hr LC50 ( 150 C) 2,500  Cairns et al. 1978 Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus S, U Copper sulfate 45 24 hr LC50 ( 300 C) 3,820  Cairns et al. 1978 Bluegill ( 3 4 cm),

Lepomis macrochirus S, U  119 8 days 33% reduction in locomotor activity 40  Ellgaard and Guillot 1988 Bluegill ( 4.2 cm),

Lepomis macrochirus S, U Copper sulfate 52 96 hr LC50 254 Inglis and Davis 1972 Bluegill ( 4.2 cm),

Lepomis macrochirus S, U Copper sulfate 209 96 hr LC50 437 Inglis and Davis 1972 Bluegill ( 4.2 cm),

Lepomis macrochirus S, U Copper sulfate 365 96 hr LC50 648 Inglis and Davis 1972 Bluegill ( 5 15 g),

Lepomis macrochirus S, U Copper sulfate 35 2 6 days 8% increase in oxygen consumption rates 300  O'Hara 1971 Bluegill ( 3.8 6.3 cm),

Lepomis macrochirus S, U Copper sulfate 20 96 hr LC50 660 Pickering and Henderson 1966 Bluegill ( 3.8 6.3 cm),

Lepomis macrochirus S, U Copper sulfate 360 96 hr LC50 10,200 Pickering and Henderson 1966 Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus S, U Copper sulfate 20 96 hr LC50 200 Tarzwell and Henderson 1960 Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus S, U Copper sulfate 400 96 hr LC50 10,000 Tarzwell and Henderson 1960 Bluegill ( 5 11 cm),

Lepomis macrochirus S, U Copper sulfate 46 48 hr LC50 3,000  Turnbull et al. 1954 Bluegill ( 5 11 cm),

Lepomis macrochirus S, U Copper sulfate 101.2 48 hr LC50 7,000  Turnbull et al. 1954 Bluegill ( 0.51g),

Lepomis macrochirus S, M, T  110 48 hr LC50 4,300  Dobbs et al. 1994 C1 36 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Bluegill ( 5 9 cm),

Lepomis macrochirus S, M, T Copper chloride 45 47  LC50 710  Trama 1954 Bluegill ( 5 9 cm),

Lepomis macrochirus S, M, T Copper sulfate 45 47  LC50 770  Trama 1954 Bluegill ( 5 15 g),

Lepomis macrochirus F, M Copper sulfate 35  LC50 2400  O'Hara 1971 Bluegill ( 3.5 6.0 cm),

Lepomis macrochirus F, M, T Copper sulfate 112.4 80 min Avoidance threshold 8,480  Black and Birge 1980 Bluegill ( 3.2 6.7 cm),

Lepomis macrochirus F, M, T Copper chloride 21.2 59.2 96 hr LC50 1,100  Thompson et al. 1980 Bluegill ( 3.2 6.7 cm),

Lepomis macrochirus F, M, T Copper chloride 21.2 59.2 96 hr LC50 900  Thompson et al. 1980 Bluegill ( 35.6 62.3 g),

Lepomis macrochirus F, M, T Copper sulfate 273.3 24 96 hr Various behavioral changes 34  Henry and Atchison 1986 Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus F, M, T Copper chloride 157 24 96 hr 27% reduction in food consumption 31  Sandheinrich and Atchison 1989 Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 316 96 hr LC50 ( high BOD) 16,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 318 96 hr LC50 ( high BOD) 17,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Bluegill ( 0.14 0.93 g),

Lepomis macrochirus F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 246 14 days LC50  2,500 Richey and Roseboom 1978 Bluegill ( 1.15 2.42 g),

Lepomis macrochirus F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 237 14 days LC50  3,700 Richey and Roseboom 1978 Bluegill ( 48.3 g),

Lepomis macrochirus F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 40 96 hr Biochemical changes 2,000  Heath 1984 Largemouth bass ( embryo),

Micropterus salmoides R, U Copper sulfate 100 8 days EC50 ( death and deformity) 6,560  Birge et al. 1978; Birge and Black 1979 Largemouth bass,

Micropterus salmoides F, U   24 hr Affected opercular rhythm 48  Morgan 1979 Rainbow darter,

Etheostoma caeruleum F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 318 96 hr LC50 ( high BOD) 4,500  Geckler et al. 1976 Rainbow darter,

Etheostoma caeruleum F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 316 96 hr LC50 ( high BOD) 8,000  Geckler et al. 1976 Rainbow darter,

Etheostoma caeruleum F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 274 96 hr LC50 ( high BOD) 2,800  Geckler et al. 1976 Rainbow darter ( 4.6 cm),

Etheostoma caeruleum F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 314 96 hr LC50 ( high BOD) 4,800  Geckler et al. 1976 Rainbow darter ( 4.6 cm),

Etheostoma caeruleum F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 303 96 hr LC50 ( high BOD) 5,300  Geckler et al. 1976 Fantail, Etheostoma flabellare S, M, T Copper sulfate 170 96 hr Lowered critical thermal maximum 43  Lydy and Wissing 1988 C1 37 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Johnny darter,

Etheostoma nigrum S, M, T Copper sulfate 170 96 hr Lowered critical thermal maximum 148  Lydy and Wissing 1988 Johnny darter,

Etheostoma nigrum F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 316 96 hr LC50 ( high BOD) 6,800  Geckler et al. 1976 Orangethroat darter,

Etheostoma spectabile F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 314 96 hr LC50 ( high BOD) 7,100  Geckler et al. 1976 Orangethroat darter,

Etheostoma spectabile F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 303 96 hr LC50 ( high BOD) 9,800  Geckler et al. 1976 Orangethroat darter,

Etheostoma spectabile F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 318 96 hr LC50 ( high BOD) 7,900  Geckler et al. 1976 Orangethroat darter,

Etheostoma spectabile F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 316 96 hr LC50 ( high BOD) 5,500  Geckler et al. 1976 Orangethroat darter,

Etheostoma spectabile F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 274 96 hr LC50 ( high BOD) 5,800  Geckler et al. 1976 Orangethroat darter ( 4.4 cm),

Etheostoma spectabile F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 314 96 hr LC50 ( high BOD) 7,100  Geckler et al. 1976 Orangethroat darter ( 4.4 cm),

Etheostoma spectabile F, M, T, D Copper sulfate 303 96 hr LC50 ( high BOD) 9,400  Geckler et al. 1976 Mozambique tilapia ( 8.7 cm),

Tiliapia mossambica S, U Copper sulfate 115 96 hr LC50 1,500 Qureshi and Saksema 1980 Leopard frog ( embryo),

Rana pipiens R, U Copper sulfate 100 8 days EC50 ( death and deformity) 50  Birge and Black 1979 Wood frog ( larva),

Rana sylvatica S, U Copper chloride 6.2 28 days 100% mortality 15  Horne and Dunson 1995 Wood frog ( larva),

Rana sylvatica S, U Copper chloride 12.4 28 days Little effect 15  Horne and Dunson 1995 Wood frog ( larva),

Rana sylvatica S, U Copper chloride 6.2 28 days Little effect 15  Horne and Dunson 1995 Wood frog ( larva),

Rana sylvatica S, U Copper chloride 12.4 28 days Little effect 15  Horne and Dunson 1995 Narrow mouthed toad ( embryo),

Gastrophryne carolinensis R, U Copper sulfate 195 7 days EC50 ( death and deformity) 40  Birge 1978;

Birge and Black 1979 American toad,

Bufo americanus F, M, T Copper sulfate 112.4 80 min Avoidance threshold 100  Black and Birge 1980 Fowler's toad ( embryo),

Bufo fowleri R, U Copper sulfate 195 7 days LC50 40  Birge and Black 1979 Fowler's toad ( embryo),

Bufo fowleri R, U Copper sulfate 195 7 min EC50 ( death and deformity) 26,960  Birge and Black 1979 Southern gray treefrog ( embrsyo),

Hyla chrysoscelis R, U Copper sulfate 195 7 min EC50 ( death and deformity) 40  Birge and Black 1979 Marbled salamander ( embryo),

Ambysoma opacum R, U Copper sulfate 195 8 days EC50 ( death and deformity) 770  Birge et al. 1978; Birge and Black 1979 Jefferson salamander ( larva),

Ambyostoma jeffersonianum S, U Copper chloride 6.2 7 days LC100 15  Horne and Dunson 1995 C1 38 Appendix C1. Other Data on Effects of Copper on Freshwater Organisms Species Methoda Chemical Hardness ( mg/ L as CaCO3) Duration Effect Total Concentration ( µ g/ L) b Dissolved Concentration ( µ g/ L) Reference Jefferson salamander ( larva),

Ambyostoma jeffersonianum S, U Copper chloride 12.4 28 days LC100 15  Horne and Dunson 1995 Jefferson salamander ( embryo),

Ambyostoma jeffersonianum S, M, D Copper chloride 6.5 96 hr LC50 328.1  Horne and Dunson 1994 Two lined Salamander,

Eurycea bislineata S, M, T  100 120 48 hr LC50 1,120  Dobbs et al. 1994 a S = static; R = renewal; F = flow through; M = measured; U = unmeasured; T = total metal concentration measured; D = dissolved metal concentration; I = ionic b Results are expressed as copper, not as the chemical c In river water C1 39