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List of Subjects

40 CFR Part 141

    Environmental protection, Copper, Indians--lands, Intergovernmental
relations, Lead, Lead service line, National primary drinking water
regulation, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Water supply.

40 CFR Part 142

    Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure,
Copper, Indians--lands, Intergovernmental relations, Lead, Lead service
line, National primary drinking water regulation, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements, Water supply.

Michael S. Regan,
Administrator.

    For the reasons stated in the preamble, the Environmental
Protection Agency proposes to amend 40 CFR parts 141 and 142 as
follows:

PART 141--NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS

0
1. The authority citation for part 141 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 300f, 300g-1, 300g-2, 300g-3, 300g-4, 300g-
5, 300g-6, 300j-4, 300j-9, and 300j-11.

0
2. Amend Sec.  141.2 by:
0
a. Revising the definitions of ``Action level'' and ``Child care
facility'';
0
b. Adding in alphabetical order definitions for ``Connector'' and
``Distribution system and site assessment'';
0
c. Revising the definition of ``Elementary school'';
0
d. Removing the definitions of ``Find-and-fix'' and ``Full lead service
line replacement'';
0
e. Adding in alphabetical order a definition for ``Galvanized requiring
replacement service line'';
0
f. Revising the definition ``Galvanized service line'';
0
g. Removing the definition of ``Gooseneck, pigtail, or connector'';
0
h. Revising the definitions of ``Lead service line'' and ``Lead status
unknown service line'';
0
i. Removing the definitions of ``Lead trigger level'' and ``Medium-size
water system'';
0
j. Adding in alphabetical order definitions for ``Medium water
system'', ``Newly regulated public water system'', ``Optimal corrosion
control treatment (OCCT)'', and ``Partial service line replacement'';
0
k. Removing the definitions of ``Optimal corrosion control treatment''
and ``Partial lead service line replacement'';
0
l. Adding in alphabetical order definitions for ``Optimal corrosion
control treatment (OCCT)'', and ``Partial service line replacement'';
0
m. Revising the definitions of ``Pitcher filter'' and ``Secondary
school'';
0
n. Adding in alphabetical order a definition for ``Service line'';
0
o. Revising the definitions of ``Small water system'' and ``System
without corrosion control treatment'';
0
p. Adding in alphabetical order a definition for ``Tap monitoring
period'';
0
q. Removing the definition of ``Tap sampling monitoring period''; and
0
r. Revising the definitions of ``Tap sampling period'', ``Tap sampling
protocol'', and ``Wide-mouth bottles''.
    The revisions and additions read as follows:

Sec.  141.2  Definitions.

* * * * *
    Action level for the purpose of subpart I of this part only means
the concentrations of lead or copper in water as specified in Sec.
141.80(c) which determines requirements under subpart I of this part.
The lead action level is 0.010 mg/L and the copper action level is 1.3
mg/L.
* * * * *

    Child care facility, for the purpose of subpart I of this part
only, means a location that houses a provider of child care, day care,
or early learning services to children, as licensed by the State,
local, or Tribal licensing agency.
* * * * *
    Connector, also referred to as a gooseneck or pigtail, means a
short segment of piping not exceeding two feet that can be bent and is
used for connections between rigid service piping, typically connecting
the service line to the main. For purposes of subpart I, lead
connectors are not considered to be part of the service line.
* * * * *
    Distribution system and site assessment means the requirements
under subpart I, pursuant to Sec.  141.82(j), that water systems must
perform at every tap sampling site that yields a lead result above the
lead action level of 0.010 mg/L.
* * * * *
    Elementary school, for the purpose of subpart I of this part only,
means a school classified as elementary by State and local practice and
composed of any span of grades (including pre-school) not above grade
8.
* * * * *
    Galvanized requiring replacement service line, for the purpose of
subpart I of this part only, means a galvanized service line that
currently is or ever was downstream of a lead service line or is
currently downstream in the direction of flow of a lead status unknown
service line. If the water system is unable to demonstrate that the
galvanized service line was never downstream of a lead service line, it
is a galvanized requiring replacement service line for purposes of the
service line inventory and replacement requirements pursuant to Sec.
141.84.
    Galvanized service line, for the purpose of subpart I of this part
only, means iron or steel piping that has been dipped in zinc to
prevent corrosion and rusting.
* * * * *
    Lead service line, for the purpose of subpart I of this part only,
means a service line that is made of lead or where a portion of the
service line is made of lead.
* * * * *
    Lead status unknown service line, for the purpose of subpart I of
this part only, means a service line whose pipe material has not been
demonstrated to be a lead service line, galvanized requiring
replacement service line, or a non-lead service line pursuant to Sec.
141.84(a).
* * * * *
    Medium water system, for the purpose of subpart I of this part
only, means a water system that serves greater than 10,000 persons and
less than or equal to 50,000 persons.
* * * * *
    Newly regulated public water system, for the purpose of subpart I
only, refers to either (1) an existing public water system that was not
subject to national primary drinking water regulations on October 16,
2024, because the system met the requirements of section 1411 of the
Safe Drinking Water Act and 40 CFR 141.3 or (2) an existing water
system that did not meet the definition of a public water system in
Sec.  141.2 on October 16, 2024. This term does not include existing
water systems under new or restructured ownership or management.
* * * * *
    Optimal corrosion control treatment (OCCT), for the purpose of
subpart I of this part only, means the corrosion control treatment that
minimizes the lead and copper concentrations at users' taps while
ensuring that the treatment does not cause the water system to violate
any national primary drinking water regulations.
    Partial service line replacement, for the purpose of subpart I of
this part only, means replacement of any portion of a lead service line
or galvanized requiring replacement service line, as defined in this
section, that leaves in service any length of lead or galvanized
requiring replacement service line upon completion of the work.
* * * * *
    Pitcher filter means a non-plumbed water filtration device, which
consists of a gravity fed water filtration cartridge and a filtered
drinking water reservoir, that is certified by an American National
Standards Institute accredited certifier to reduce lead in drinking
water.
* * * * *
    Secondary school, for the purpose of subpart I of this part only,
means a school comprising any span of grades beginning with the next
grade following an elementary school (usually 7, 8, or 9) and ending
with grade 12. Secondary schools include both junior high schools and
senior high schools and typically span grades 7 through 12.
* * * * *
    Service line, for the purpose of subpart I of this part only, means
a portion of pipe which connects the water main to the building inlet.
Where a building is not present, the service line connects the water
main to the outlet.
* * * * *
    Small water system, for the purpose of subpart I of this part,
means a water system that serves 10,000 persons or fewer.
* * * * *
    System without corrosion control treatment, for the purpose of
subpart I of this part, means a water system that does not have or
purchases all of its water from a system that does not have:
    (1) An optimal corrosion control treatment approved by the State;
or
    (2) Any pH adjustment, alkalinity adjustment, and/or corrosion
inhibitor addition resulting from other water quality adjustments as
part of its treatment train infrastructure.
    Tap monitoring period, for the purpose of subpart I of this part,
means the period of time during which each water system must conduct
tap sampling for lead and copper analysis. The applicable tap
monitoring period is determined by lead and copper concentrations in
tap samples. The length of the tap monitoring period can range from six
months to nine years.
    Tap sampling period, for the purpose of subpart I of this part,
means the time period, within a tap monitoring period, during which the
water system is required to collect samples for lead and copper
analysis.
    Tap sampling protocol means the method for collecting tap samples
under subpart I of this part.
* * * * *
    Wide-mouth bottles, for the purpose of subpart I of this part only,
means bottles one liter in volume that have a mouth with an outer
diameter that measures at least 55 mm wide.
0
3. Amend Sec.  141.80 by revising the section heading and paragraphs
(a)(2) and (3), (a)(4)(i), (b), and (c) and removing paragraphs (d)
through (l).
    The revisions read as follows:

Sec.  141.80  General requirements and action level.

    (a) * * *
    (2) The requirements of this subpart are effective as of [DATE 60
DAYS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL
REGISTER].
    (3) Community water systems and non-transient non-community water
systems must comply with the requirements of this subpart no later than
[DATE 3 YEARS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN THE
FEDERAL REGISTER], except where otherwise specified in Sec. Sec.
141.81, 141.84, 141.85, 141.86, and 141.90, or where an exemption in
accordance with 40 CFR part 142, subpart C or F, has been issued by the
Administrator.

    (4)(i) Between [DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE FINAL RULE IN THE
FEDERAL REGISTER], and [DATE 3 YEARS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE
FINAL RULE IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], community water systems and non-
transient non-community water systems must comply with 40 CFR 141.80
through 141.91, as codified on July 1, 2020, except systems must also
comply with 40 CFR 141.84(a)(1) through 141.84(a)(10) (excluding
Sec. Sec.  141.84(a)(7)); 141.85(e); 141.90(e)(1) and 141.90(e)(13);
141.201(c)(3); 141.202(a)(10); and 141.31(d), as codified on July 1,
2023.
* * * * *
    (b) Scope. The regulations in this subpart constitute a treatment
technique rule that includes treatment techniques to control corrosion,
treat source water, replace service lines, and provide public
education. The regulations include requirements to support those
treatment techniques including a service line inventory, tap sampling,
and monitoring for lead in schools and child care facilities. Some of
the requirements in this subpart only apply if there is an exceedance
of the lead or copper action levels, specified in paragraph (c) of this
section, as measured in samples collected at consumers' taps.
    (c) Lead and copper action levels and method for determining
whether there is an exceedance of the action level. Action levels must
be determined based on tap water samples collected in accordance with
the tap sampling monitoring requirements of Sec.  141.86 for the
purpose of calculating the 90th percentile and tested using the
analytical methods specified in Sec.  141.89. The action levels
described in this paragraph (c) are applicable to all sections of
subpart I of this part. Action levels for lead and copper are as
follows:
    (1) The lead action level is exceeded if the 90th percentile
concentration of lead as specified in paragraph (c)(3) of this section
is greater than 0.010 mg/L.
    (2) The copper action level is exceeded if the 90th percentile
concentration of copper as specified in paragraph (c)(3) of this
section is greater than 1.3 mg/L.
    (3) For purposes of this subpart, the 90th percentile concentration
must be derived as follows:
    (i) For water systems that do not have lead service line sites and
only have sites identified as Tier 3, 4, or 5 under Sec.  141.86(a):
    (A) The results of all lead or copper samples taken during a tap
sampling period must be placed in ascending order from the sample with
the lowest concentration of lead or copper to the sample with the
highest concentration of lead or copper. Each sampling result must be
assigned a number, in ascending order beginning with the number 1 for
the sample with the lowest concentration of lead or copper. The number
assigned to the sample with the highest concentration level must be
equal to the total number of samples taken.
    (B) The number of samples taken during the tap sampling period must
be multiplied by 0.9.
    (C) The 90th percentile concentration is the concentration of lead
or copper in the numbered sample yielded after multiplying the number
of samples by 0.9 in paragraph (c)(3)(i)(B) of this section.
    (D) For water systems that collect five samples per tap sampling
period, the 90th percentile concentration is the average of the highest
and second highest concentration from the results in paragraph
(c)(3)(i)(A) of this section.
    (E) For a water system that is allowed by the State to collect
fewer than five samples in accordance with Sec.  141.86(a)(2) or has
failed or is unable to collect five samples, the sample result with the
highest concentration from the results in paragraph (c)(3)(i)(A) of
this section is considered the 90th percentile value.
    (ii) For water systems with lead service lines with sites
identified as Tier 1 or 2 under Sec.  141.86(a) with enough Tier 1 or 2
sites to meet the minimum number of sites listed in Sec.  141.86(c) or
(d) as applicable:
    (A) For lead, the system must use the higher value of the first
liter and fifth liter lead sample results for each Tier 1 or 2 site
during a tap sampling period in the 90th percentile concentration
calculation in paragraph (c)(3)(ii)(B) through (c)(3)(ii)(D) of this
section. For copper, the system must use all first liter copper samples
collected at Tier 1 and 2 sites in the 90th percentile calculation.
Lead or copper sample results from Tier 3, 4, or 5 sites cannot be
included in this calculation.
    (B) The results of the lead or copper samples identified in
paragraph (c)(3)(ii)(A) of this section must be placed in ascending
order from the sample with the lowest concentration to the sample with
the highest concentration. Each sampling result must be assigned a
number, in ascending order beginning with the number 1 for the sample
with the lowest concentration level. The number assigned to the sample
with the highest concentration level must be equal to the total number
of samples.
    (C) The number of samples identified in paragraph (c)(3)(ii)(B)
shall be multiplied by 0.9.
    (D) The contaminant concentration in the numbered sample yielded by
the calculation in paragraph (c)(3)(ii)(C) of this section is the 90th
percentile concentration.
    (E) For water systems that collect samples from five sites per tap
sampling period, the 90th percentile concentration is the average of
the highest and second highest concentration from the results in
paragraph (c)(3)(ii)(B) of this section.
    (F) For a water system that is allowed by the State to collect
fewer than five copper samples or five paired first liter and fifth
liter lead samples in accordance with Sec.  141.86(a)(2), or has failed
to collect five copper samples or five paired first liter and fifth
liter lead samples, the sample result with the highest concentration
from the results in paragraph (c)(3)(ii)(B) is considered the 90th
percentile value.
    (iii) For water systems with lead service lines with sites
identified as Tier 1 or 2 under Sec.  141.86(a) with an insufficient
number of Tier 1 or 2 sites to meet the minimum number of sites listed
in Sec.  141.86(c) or (d) as applicable:
    (A) For lead, the system must use the higher value of the first
liter and fifth liter lead sample for each Tier 1 or 2 site and the
highest lead concentration results from the next Tier (e.g., Tier 3, 4,
or 5) sufficient to meet the minimum number of sites listed in Sec.
141.86(c) or (d) sampled during a tap sampling period in the 90th
percentile concentration calculation paragraphs (c)(3)(iii)(B) through
(D) of this section. For copper, the system must use all first liter
copper samples from Tier 1 and 2 sites and the highest first liter
copper concentration results from Tier 3, 4, or 5 sites sufficient to
meet the minimum number of sites in this calculation. Lead or copper
sample results from any remaining Tier 3, 4, and 5 sites cannot be
included in this calculation.
    (B) The results of lead or copper samples identified in paragraph
(c)(3)(iii)(A) of this section must be placed in ascending order from
the sample with the lowest concentration to the sample with the highest
concentration. Each sampling result must be assigned a number, in
ascending order beginning with the number 1 for the sample with the
lowest concentration of lead or copper. The number assigned to the
sample with the highest concentration level must be equal to the total
minimum number of sites listed in Sec.  141.86(c) or (d) as applicable.

    (C) The number of samples identified in paragraph (c)(3)(iii)(B)
must be multiplied by 0.9.
    (D) The 90th percentile calculation is the concentration of lead or
copper in the numbered sample yielded by the calculation in paragraph
(c)(3)(iii)(C).
    (E) For water systems that collect samples from five sites per tap
sampling period, the 90th percentile concentration is the average of
the highest and second highest concentration of lead or copper from the
results in paragraph (c)(3)(iii)(B) of this section.
    (F) For a water system that is allowed by the State to collect
fewer than five lead or copper samples (paired first liter and fifth
liter lead samples at Tier 1 and Tier 2 sites) in accordance with Sec.
141.86(a)(2), or has failed to collect five lead or copper samples
(paired first liter and fifth liter lead samples at Tier 1 and Tier 2
sites), the sample result with the highest concentration from the
results in paragraph (c)(3)(iii)(B) is considered the 90th percentile
value.
0
4. Revise Sec.  141.81 to read as follows:

Sec.  141.81  Applicability of corrosion control treatment steps to
small, medium, and large water systems.

    (a) Corrosion control treatment. All water systems are required to
install, optimize, or re-optimize corrosion control treatment in
accordance with this section. This section sets forth when a system
must complete the corrosion control treatment steps under paragraph (d)
or (e) of this section based on size, whether the system has corrosion
control treatment, and whether it has exceeded the lead action level
and/or the copper action level.
    (1) Large water system (serving 50,000 people). (i)
Large water systems with corrosion control treatment that exceed either
the lead action level or copper action level must complete the re-
optimized OCCT steps specified in paragraph (d) of this section unless
the system:
    (A) Has re-optimized OCCT once under paragraph (d) of this section
after the compliance date in Sec.  141.80(a)(3);
    (B) Is meeting optimal water quality parameters designated by the
State; and
    (C) Is continuing to operate and maintain corrosion control
treatment as required in Sec.  141.82(g).
    (ii) Large water systems with corrosion control treatment with 90th
percentile results as calculated in accordance with Sec.  141.80(c)(3)
that exceed the lead practical quantitation limit of 0.005 mg/L but do
not exceed the lead action level or the copper action level may be
required by the State to complete the re-optimized OCCT steps in
paragraph (d) of this section.
    (iii) Large water systems without corrosion control treatment with
90th percentile results as calculated in accordance with Sec.
141.80(c)(3) that exceed either the lead practical quantitation limit
of 0.005 mg/L or the copper action level must complete steps to study
and install OCCT, as specified in paragraph (e) of this section.
    (2) Medium water systems (serving 10,000 and <=50,000
people). (i) Medium water systems with corrosion control treatment that
exceed either the lead action level or copper action level must
complete the re-optimized OCCT steps specified in paragraph (d) of this
section unless the system:
    (A) Has re-optimized OCCT once under paragraph (d) of this section
after the compliance date in Sec.  141.80(a)(3);
    (B) Is meeting optimal water quality parameters designated by the
State; and
    (C) Is continuing to operate and maintain corrosion control
treatment as required in Sec.  141.82(g).
    (ii) Medium water systems with corrosion control treatment that do
not exceed either the lead or copper action level and do not have
optimal water quality parameters designated by the State must complete
the steps specified in paragraph (d) of this section starting with Step
6 under paragraph (d)(6) of this section unless the system is deemed
optimized under paragraph (b)(3) of this section.
    (iii) Medium water systems without corrosion control treatment that
exceed either the lead or copper action level must complete the OCCT
steps specified in paragraph (e) of this section.
    (3) Small water systems (serving <=10,000 people) and non-transient
non-community water systems. (i) Small and non-transient non-community
water systems with corrosion control treatment that exceed either the
lead action level or the copper action level, must complete the re-
optimized OCCT steps specified in paragraph (d) of this section unless
the system:
    (A) Has re-optimized OCCT once under paragraph (d) of this section
after the compliance date in Sec.  141.80(a)(3);
    (B) Is meeting optimal water quality parameters designated by the
State; and
    (C) Is continuing to operate and maintain corrosion control
treatment as required in Sec.  141.82(g).
    (ii) Small and non-transient non-community water systems without
corrosion control treatment that exceed either the lead action level or
copper action level must complete the corrosion control treatment steps
specified in paragraph (e) of this section.
    (b) Systems deemed to have optimized corrosion control. A system
without corrosion control treatment is deemed to have OCCT as defined
in Sec.  141.2 if the system meets the requirement of either (b)(1) or
(3). A system with corrosion control treatment is deemed to have OCCT
as defined in Sec.  141.2 or re-optimized OCCT if the system meets the
requirements of either paragraphs (b)(1) and (4) or (b)(3) and (4) of
this section. Systems must submit documentation of meeting the
applicable requirements in accordance with Sec.  141.90(c)(1) by the
applicable deadline for submitting tap sample results under Sec.
141.90(a)(2).
    (1) A medium water system without corrosion control treatment or a
small water system is deemed to have OCCT if the water system does not
exceed the lead action level and copper action level during two
consecutive six-month tap monitoring periods and then remains at or
below the lead action level and copper action level in all tap sampling
periods conducted in accordance with Sec.  141.86.
    (i) A small water system with corrosion control treatment is not
eligible to be deemed to have OCCT pursuant to this paragraph (b)(1)
where the State has set optimal water quality parameters (OWQPs) under
paragraph (d) or (e) of this section.
    (ii) If a medium water system without corrosion control treatment
or a small water system deemed to have OCCT under this paragraph (b)(1)
exceeds the lead action level or copper action level, the system must
follow the requirements in paragraph (a) of this section.
    (2) [Reserved]
    (3) A water system is deemed to have optimized or re-optimized
corrosion control treatment if it submits tap water sampling results in
accordance with Sec.  141.86 demonstrating that the 90th percentile tap
water lead level is less than or equal to the lead practical
quantitation limit of 0.005 mg/L and does not exceed the copper action
level for two consecutive six-month tap monitoring periods, and does
not have OWQPs set by the State under paragraph (d) or (e) of this
section.
    (i) A system with 90th percentile tap sampling results that later
exceed the lead practical quantitation limit of 0.005 mg/L or copper
action level during any tap sampling period is not eligible to be
deemed to have optimized OCCT in accordance with this paragraph (b)(3)
until the system has completed the treatment steps specified in
paragraph (d) or (e) of this section.
    (ii) A system deemed to have OCCT in accordance with this paragraph
(b)(3) must continue monitoring for lead and

copper at the tap no less frequently than once every three calendar
years using the reduced number of sites specified in Sec.  141.86(d)
and collecting samples at times and locations specified in Sec.
141.86(d)(2)(iii).
    (4) A system with corrosion control treatment deemed to have OCCT
under this paragraph (b) must continue to operate and maintain the
corrosion control treatment and also meet any additional requirements
that the State determines are appropriate to ensure OCCT is maintained.
    (c) [Reserved]
    (d) Treatment steps and deadlines for water systems re-optimizing
optimal corrosion control treatment. Water systems with corrosion
control treatment that are required to re-optimize corrosion control
treatment under paragraph (a) of this section must complete the
following steps (described in the referenced portions of Sec. Sec.
141.82, 141.86, and 141.87) by the indicated time periods. Water
systems must conduct tap sampling for lead and copper in accordance
with the requirements of Sec.  141.86 while the system completes the
corrosion control steps in this section.
    (1) Step 1. Initiation of mandatory pipe rig or CCT study or
treatment recommendation. (i) A large or medium water system with lead
service lines that exceeds the lead action level must harvest lead
pipes from the distribution system and construct flowthrough pipe rigs
and operate the rigs with finished water within one year after the end
of the tap sampling period during which it exceeds the lead action
level. These water systems must proceed to Step 3 in paragraph (d)(3)
of this section and conduct the corrosion control studies for re-
optimization under paragraph (d)(3)(i) of this section using the pipe
rigs.
    (ii) Large water systems without lead service lines that exceed the
lead action level or copper action level must conduct the corrosion
control studies for re-optimization under paragraph (d)(3)(ii) of this
section (Step 3).
    (iii) A water system other than those covered in paragraph
(d)(1)(i) or (ii) of this section must recommend re-optimized optimal
corrosion control treatment (Sec.  141.82(a)) within six months after
the end of the tap sampling period during which it exceeds either the
lead action level or copper action level.
    (iv) Systems may make an existing corrosion control treatment
modification recommendation to the State within six months after the
end of the tap sampling period in which it exceeds the lead action
level. The State must evaluate a system's past corrosion control
treatment study results prior to approving an existing treatment
modification. When a State approves existing treatment modifications,
the State must specify re-optimized OCCT within 12 months after the end
of the tap sampling period during which it exceeded the lead action
level. The system must complete modifications to corrosion control
treatment to have re-optimized OCCT installed within six months of the
State specifying re-optimized OCCT. These systems must proceed to Step
6 in paragraph (d)(6) and conduct follow-up monitoring.
    (2) Step 2. State requires CCT study or State designates re-
optimized OCCT. Within one year after the end of the tap sampling
period during which a medium water system without lead service lines or
a small system exceeds the lead action level or copper action level,
the State may require the water system to perform corrosion control
studies for re-optimization (Sec.  141.82(c)(2)). If the State does not
require the system to perform such studies, the State must specify re-
optimized corrosion control treatment (Sec.  141.82(d)) within the
timeframes specified in paragraphs (d)(2)(i) and (ii) of this section.
The State must provide its determination to the system in writing:
    (i) For medium water systems, within one year after the end of the
tap sampling period during which such water system exceeds the lead
action level or copper action level.
    (ii) For small water systems, within 18 months after the end of the
tap sampling period during which such water system exceeds the lead
action level or copper action level.
    (3) Step 3. Study duration. (i) Any water system with lead service
lines that exceeds the lead action level, in accordance with (d)(1) of
this section, must complete the pipe rig corrosion control treatment
studies and recommend re-optimized OCCT within 30 months after the end
of the tap sampling period during which it exceeds the lead action
level.
    (ii) If the water system is required to perform corrosion control
studies under paragraph (d)(1)(ii) or (d)(2) of this section, the water
system must complete the studies (Sec.  141.82(c)) and recommend re-
optimized OCCT within 18 months after the end of the tap sampling
period during which it exceeds the lead or copper action level or after
the State requires that such studies be conducted.
    (4) Step 4. State designation of re-optimized OCCT based on CCT
study results. The State must designate re-optimized OCCT (Sec.
141.82(d)) within six months after completion of paragraph (d)(3)(i) or
(ii) of this section (Step 3).
    (5) Step 5. Re-optimized OCCT deadlines. Water systems must install
re-optimized OCCT (Sec.  141.82(e)) within one year after completion of
paragraph (d)(4) of this section (Step 4) or paragraph (d)(2)(i) or
(ii) of this section (Step 2).
    (6) Step 6. Follow-up monitoring. Water systems must complete
follow-up sampling (Sec. Sec.  141.86(c)(2)(iii)(D) and 141.87(b)(3))
within one year after completion of paragraph (d)(5) of this section
(Step 5).
    (7) Step 7. State sets Optimal Water Quality Parameters (OWQPs).
The State must review the water system's re-optimized OCCT and
designate OWQPs (Sec.  141.82(f)) within six months after completion of
paragraph (d)(6) of this section (Step 6).
    (8) Step 8. Systems meet OWQPs to demonstrate compliance. The water
system must comply with the State designated OWQP (Sec.  141.82(g)) and
conduct tap sampling (Sec.  141.86(c)(2)(iii)(E)) and water quality
parameter monitoring under Sec.  141.87(b)(4).
    (e) Treatment steps and deadlines for systems without corrosion
control treatment. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section,
water systems without corrosion control treatment must complete the
following corrosion control treatment steps (described in the
referenced portions of Sec. Sec.  141.82, 141.86, and 141.87) by the
indicated time periods. Water systems must conduct tap sampling for
lead and copper in accordance with the requirements of Sec.  141.86
while the system completes the corrosion control steps in this section.
    (1) Step 1. Initiation of mandatory pipe rig or CCT study or
treatment recommendation. (i) A medium or large water system with lead
service lines that exceeds the lead action level must harvest lead
pipes from the distribution system and construct flowthrough pipe rigs
and operate the rigs with finished water within one year after the end
of the tap sampling period during which it exceeds the lead action
level. These water systems must proceed to Step 3 in paragraph (e)(3)
of this section and conduct the corrosion control studies for
optimization under paragraph (e)(3)(i) of this section using the pipe
rigs.
    (ii) Large water systems under paragraph (a)(1)(iii) of this
section must conduct the corrosion control studies for optimization
under paragraph (e)(3) of this section (Step 3).
    (iii) A water system other than those covered in paragraph
(e)(1)(i) or

paragraph (e)(1)(ii) of this section must recommend optimal corrosion
control treatment (OCCT) (Sec.  141.82(a)) within six months after the
end of the tap sampling period during which it exceeds either the lead
or copper action level.
    (2) Step 2. State requires CCT study or State designates OCCT.
Within one year after the end of the tap sampling period during which a
water system exceeds the lead or copper action level, the State may
require the water system to perform corrosion control studies (Sec.
141.82(b)(1)) if those studies are not otherwise required by this rule.
The State must notify the system in writing of this requirement. If the
State does not require the system to perform such studies, the State
must specify OCCT (Sec.  141.82(d)) within the timeframes established
in paragraphs (e)(2)(i) and (ii) of this section. The State must
provide its determination to the system in writing:
    (i) For medium water systems, within 18 months after the end of the
tap sampling period during which such water system exceeds the lead
action level or copper action level.
    (ii) For small water systems, within 24 months after the end of the
tap sampling period during which such water system exceeds the lead
action level or copper action level.
    (3) Step 3. Study duration. (i) Large and medium systems with lead
service lines that exceed the lead action level must complete the
corrosion control treatment studies and recommend OCCT within 30 months
after the end of the tap sampling period during which it exceeds the
lead action level.
    (ii) If the water system is required to perform corrosion control
studies under paragraph (e)(1)(ii) or (e)(2) of this section, the water
system must complete the studies (Sec.  141.82(c)) and recommend OCCT
within 18 months after the end of the tap sampling period during which
it exceeds the lead or copper action level or the State notifies the
system in writing that such studies must be conducted.
    (4) Step 4. State designation of OCCT based on CCT study results.
The State must designate OCCT (Sec.  141.82(d)) within six months after
completion of paragraph (e)(3)(i) or (ii) of this section (Step 3).
    (5) Step 5. OCCT installation deadlines. The water system must
install OCCT (Sec.  141.82(e)) within 24 months after the State
designates OCCT under paragraph (e)(2) or (4) of this section (Step 2
or Step 4).
    (6) Step 6. Follow-up monitoring. The water system must complete
follow-up sampling (Sec. Sec.  141.86(c)(2)(iii)(D) and 141.87(b)(3))
within 12 months after completion of paragraph (e)(5) of this section
(Step 5).
    (7) Step 7. State sets Optimal Water Quality Parameters (OWQPs).
The State must review the water system's installation of treatment and
designate OWQPs (Sec.  141.82(f)) within six months after completion of
paragraph (e)(6) of this section (Step 6).
    (8) Step 8. Systems meet OWQPs to demonstrate compliance. The water
system must comply with the State designated OWQP (Sec.  141.82(g)) and
conduct tap sampling (Sec.  141.86(c)(2)(iii)(E)) and water quality
parameter monitoring under Sec.  141.87(b)(4).
    (f) Systems with lead or galvanized requiring replacement service
lines that can complete the service line replacement program within
five years. (1) A water system with one or more lead or galvanized
requiring replacement service lines is not required to complete the
steps under paragraph (d) or (e) of this section if the system meets
the following requirements:
    (i)(A) A water system completes the service line replacement
requirements under Sec.  141.84(d) within five years of the end of the
tap sampling period in which the system first exceeds the lead action
level and the applicable deadline for service line replacement is at
least five years after the end of the tap sampling period in which the
system first exceeds the lead action level; or
    (B) A large water system without corrosion control treatment
completes the service line replacement requirements under Sec.
141.84(d) within five years of the end of the tap sampling period in
which the system's 90th percentile results first exceeds the PQL for
lead and the applicable deadline for service line replacement is at
least five years after the end of the tap sampling period in which the
system first exceeds the lead PQL; and
    (ii) A system replaces a minimum of 20 percent of lead or
galvanized requiring replacement service lines each year, removing all
lead and galvanized requiring replacement service lines and identifying
the material of all service lines of unknown material by the end of the
five-year period in paragraph (f)(1)(i) of this section.
    (2) Systems with corrosion control treatment must continue to
operate and maintain corrosion control treatment in addition to
completing the mandatory service line replacement requirements under
Sec.  141.84(d).
    (3) A water system that does not replace a minimum of 20 percent of
lead or galvanized requiring replacement service lines calculated in
accordance with Sec.  141.84(d)(5) each year in any one year of the
five-year period in paragraph (f)(1)(i) of this section or complete the
service line replacement requirements under Sec.  141.84(d) within five
years of the end of the tap sampling period that either the system
first exceeds the lead action level or the 90th percentile results
first exceed the lead PQL for large systems without corrosion control
treatment must meet the requirements under paragraph (d) or (e) of this
section, as applicable.
    (4) Water systems whose inventory contains only non-lead service
lines after the five-year replacement period established in (f)(1)(i)
of this section must meet the requirements under paragraph (d) or (e)
of this section, as applicable, if at the end of a subsequent tap
sampling period, either the system exceeds the lead action level or the
90th percentile results first exceed the lead PQL for large systems
without corrosion control treatment.
    (g) Completing corrosion control steps for small and medium water
systems without corrosion control treatment. (1) Any small or medium
system without corrosion control treatment required to complete the
steps in paragraph (e) of this section that does not exceed the lead
and copper action levels during two consecutive six-month tap
monitoring periods pursuant to Sec.  141.86 prior to the start of Step
3 in paragraph (e)(3) of this section or Step 5 in paragraph (e)(5) of
this section may stop completing the steps and is not required to
complete Step 3 or Step 5, respectively, except that medium systems
with lead service lines must complete a corrosion control treatment
study under paragraph (e)(3)(i) of this section. A calculated 90th
percentile level at or below the lead or copper action level based on
fewer than the minimum number of required samples under Sec.  141.86
cannot be used to meet the requirements of this provision.
    (2) Any system that starts Step 5 in accordance with paragraph
(e)(5) of this section must complete all remaining steps (i.e., Steps 6
through 8) in paragraphs (e)(6) through (8) of this section and is not
permitted to stop the steps.
    (3) Any small or medium system under paragraph (g)(1) of this
section that stopped the steps in paragraph (e) of this section and
subsequently exceeds either the lead or copper action level must
complete the corrosion control treatment steps in paragraph (e)
beginning with the first treatment step that was not completed.
Eligible systems can only use the exception in paragraph (g)(1) once.

    (4) The State may require a water system to repeat treatment steps
previously completed by the water system when the State determines that
this is necessary to implement the treatment requirements of this
section. The State must notify the system in writing of such a
determination and explain the basis for its decision.
    (h) Notification requirements for upcoming long-term change in
treatment or source. Any water system shall notify the State in writing
pursuant to Sec.  141.90(a)(4) of any upcoming long-term change in
treatment or addition of a new source as described in Sec.
141.90(a)(4). The State must review and approve the addition of a new
source or long-term change in water treatment before it is implemented
by the water system. The State may require any such water system to
conduct additional monitoring or to take other action the State deems
appropriate to ensure that such water system maintains minimal levels
of corrosion control in its distribution system.
0
5. Revise Sec.  141.82 to read as follows:

Sec.  141.82  Description of corrosion control treatment requirements.

    This section provides the requirements for systems and States
designating optimal corrosion control treatment (OCCT) for a system
that is optimizing or re-optimizing corrosion control treatment. All
systems must complete the corrosion control treatment requirements in
this section as applicable under Sec.  141.81.
    (a) System recommendation regarding corrosion control treatment for
systems that do not have lead service lines and small systems with lead
service lines that are not required by the State to conduct a harvested
pipe rig study. (1) Any system without corrosion control treatment that
is required to recommend a treatment option in accordance with Sec.
141.81(e) must, based on the results of lead and copper tap sampling
and water quality parameter monitoring, recommend designating one or
more of the corrosion control treatments listed in paragraph (c)(1) of
this section. The State may require the system to conduct additional
water quality parameter monitoring to assist the State in reviewing the
system's recommendation.
    (2) Any system with corrosion control treatment that exceeds the
lead action level that is required to recommend a treatment option in
accordance with Sec.  141.81(d)(1)(iii) must recommend designating one
or more of the corrosion control treatments listed in paragraph (c)(2)
of this section as the optimal corrosion control treatment for that
system.
    (3) States may waive the requirement for a system to recommend OCCT
if the State requires the system, in writing, to complete a corrosion
control study within three months after the end of the tap sampling
period during which the lead or copper action level exceedance
occurred. These systems must proceed directly to paragraph (c) of this
section and complete a corrosion control study.
    (b) State decision to require studies to identify initial OCCT
under Sec.  141.81(e)(2) and re-optimized OCCT under Sec.
141.81(d)(2). (1) The State may require any small or medium system
without corrosion control treatment that exceeds either the lead action
level or copper action level to perform corrosion control treatment
studies under paragraph (c)(1) of this section to identify OCCT for the
system.
    (2) The State may require any small or medium water system with
corrosion control treatment exceeding either the lead action level or
copper action level to perform corrosion control treatment studies
under paragraph (c)(2) of this section to identify re-optimized OCCT
for the system (i.e., OCCT after a re-optimization evaluation).
    (c) Performance of corrosion control studies. (1) Systems without
corrosion control treatment required to conduct corrosion control
studies under Sec.  141.81(e) must evaluate the effectiveness of each
of the following treatments, and if appropriate, combinations of the
following treatments, to identify OCCT for the system:
    (i) Alkalinity and pH adjustment;
    (ii) The addition of an orthophosphate- or a silicate-based
corrosion inhibitor at a concentration sufficient to maintain an
effective corrosion inhibitor residual concentration in all test
samples;
    (iii) The addition of an orthophosphate-based corrosion inhibitor
at a concentration sufficient to maintain an orthophosphate residual
concentration of 1 mg/L (as PO4) in all test samples; and
    (iv) The addition of an orthophosphate-based corrosion inhibitor at
a concentration sufficient to maintain an orthophosphate residual
concentration of 3 mg/L (as PO4) in all test samples.
    (2) Systems with corrosion control treatment required to conduct
corrosion control studies under Sec.  141.81(d) must evaluate the
effectiveness of the following treatments, and if appropriate,
combinations of the following treatments, to identify re-optimized OCCT
for the system:
    (i) Alkalinity and/or pH adjustment or re-adjustment;
    (ii) The addition of an orthophosphate- or a silicate-based
corrosion inhibitor at a concentration sufficient to maintain an
effective corrosion inhibitor residual concentration in all test
samples if no such inhibitor is utilized;
    (iii) The addition of an orthophosphate-based corrosion inhibitor
at a concentration sufficient to maintain an orthophosphate residual
concentration of 1 mg/L (as PO4) in all test samples unless
the current inhibitor process already meets this residual; and
    (iv) The addition of an orthophosphate-based corrosion inhibitor at
a concentration sufficient to maintain an orthophosphate residual
concentration of 3 mg/L (as PO4) in all test samples unless
the current inhibitor process already meets this residual.
    (3) Systems must evaluate each of the corrosion control treatments
specified in paragraph (c)(1) or (2) of this section individually or,
if appropriate, in combinations, using pipe rig/loop tests, metal
coupon tests, partial-system tests, and/or analyses based on documented
analogous treatments with similar size systems that have a similar
water chemistry and similar distribution system configurations. Large
and medium systems with lead service lines and other systems as
required by the State, that exceed the lead action level must conduct
pipe rig/loop studies using harvested lead service lines from their
distribution systems to assess the effectiveness of corrosion control
treatment options on the existing pipe scale. Metal coupon tests can be
used as a screen to reduce the number of options evaluated in the pipe
rig studies to the current water quality and at least two treatment
options.
    (4) Systems must measure the following water quality parameters in
any tests conducted under paragraph (c)(3) of this section both before
and after evaluating the corrosion control treatments listed in
paragraph (c)(1) or (2) of this section:
    (i) Lead;
    (ii) Copper;
    (iii) pH;
    (iv) Alkalinity;
    (v) Orthophosphate as PO4 (when an orthophosphate-based
inhibitor is used);
    (vi) Silicate (when a silicate-based inhibitor is used); and
    (vii) Any additional parameters needed to evaluate the
effectiveness of a corrosion control treatment as determined by the
State.
    (5) Systems must identify all chemical or physical constraints that
limit or prohibit the use of a particular corrosion

control treatment and document those constraints by providing either of
the following:
    (i) Data and documentation showing a particular corrosion control
treatment has adversely affected other drinking water treatment
processes when used by another water system with comparable water
quality characteristics. Systems using coupon studies to screen and/or
pipe rig/loop studies to evaluate treatment options cannot exclude
treatment strategies from the studies based on the constraints
identified in this paragraph.
    (ii) Data and documentation demonstrating the water system
previously attempted to evaluate a particular corrosion control
treatment and found the treatment was ineffective or adversely affects
other drinking water quality treatment processes. Systems using coupon
studies to screen and/or pipe rig/loop studies to evaluate treatment
options cannot exclude treatment strategies from the studies based on
the constraints identified in this paragraph, unless the treatment was
found to be ineffective in a previous pipe rig/loop study.
    (6) Systems must evaluate the effect of the chemicals used for
corrosion control treatment on other drinking water quality treatment
processes. Systems using coupon studies to screen and/or pipe rig/loop
studies to evaluate treatment options cannot exclude any of the
required treatment strategies specified in paragraph (c)(1) or (2) of
this section from the studies based on the effects identified in this
section.
    (7) Based on the data and analysis for each treatment option
evaluated under paragraph (c) of this section, systems must recommend
to the State, in writing, the treatment option that the corrosion
control studies indicate constitutes OCCT for that system as defined in
Sec.  141.2. Systems must provide the State with a rationale for the
OCCT recommendation and all supporting documentation specified in
paragraphs (c)(1) or (2) and (c)(3) through (7) of this section.
    (d) State designation of OCCT and re-optimized OCCT--(1)
Designation of OCCT or re-optimized OCCT. Based on available
information including, where applicable, studies conducted under
paragraph (c)(1) or (2) of this section and/or a system's recommended
corrosion control treatment option, the State must either approve the
corrosion control treatment option recommended by the system or
designate alternative corrosion control treatment(s) from among those
listed in paragraph (c)(1) or (2) of this section. The State must
notify the water system, in writing, of its designation of OCCT or re-
optimized OCCT and explain the basis for this determination.
    (i) When designating OCCT, the State must consider the effects that
additional corrosion control treatment will have on water quality
parameters and other drinking water quality treatment processes.
    (ii) If the State requests additional information to aid its
review, the water system must provide that information.
    (2) [Reserved]
    (e) Installation of OCCT and re-optimized OCCT. Each system must
install and operate throughout its distribution system the OCCT or re-
optimized OCCT designated by the State under paragraph (d) of this
section.
    (f) State review of treatment and specification of optimal water
quality parameters for OCCT and re-optimized OCCT. The State must
evaluate the results of all lead and copper tap and water quality
parameter sampling submitted by the water system and determine whether
the water system has installed and operated the OCCT designated by the
State in paragraph (d) of this section. Upon reviewing the system's tap
and water quality parameter sampling results, both before and after the
water system installs OCCT, or re-optimizes OCCT, the State must
designate each of the following:
    (1) A minimum value or a range of values for pH measured at each
entry point to the distribution system.
    (2) A minimum pH value measured in all tap samples. This value must
be equal to or greater than 7.0, unless the State determines that
meeting a pH level of 7.0 is not technologically feasible or is not
necessary for the system to optimize corrosion control.
    (3) If a corrosion inhibitor is used, a minimum concentration or a
range of concentrations for orthophosphate (as PO4) or
silicate measured at each entry point to the distribution system.
    (4) If a corrosion inhibitor is used, a minimum orthophosphate (as
PO4) or silicate concentration measured in all tap samples
that the State determines is necessary to form a passivating film on
the interior walls of the pipes of the distribution system. When
orthophosphate is used, for OCCT designations for systems without
corrosion control treatment, the orthophosphate concentration must be
equal to or greater than 0.5 mg/L (as PO4) and for OCCT
designations for systems with corrosion control treatment, the
orthophosphate concentration must be equal to or greater than 1.0 mg/L,
unless the State determines that meeting the applicable minimum
orthophosphate residual is not technologically feasible or is not
necessary for OCCT.
    (5) If alkalinity is adjusted as part of OCCT, a minimum
concentration or a range of concentrations for alkalinity, measured at
each entry point to the distribution system and in all tap samples.
    (6) The values for the applicable water quality control parameters
in paragraphs (f)(1) through (5) of this section, must be the values
the State determines reflect OCCT or re-optimized OCCT for the water
system. The State may designate values for additional water quality
control parameters the State determines reflect OCCT or re-optimized
OCCT for the water system. The State must notify the system, in
writing, of these determinations and explain the basis for its
decisions.
    (g) Continued operation and monitoring for OCCT and re-optimized
OCCT. All systems optimizing or re-optimizing OCCT must continue to
operate and maintain OCCT, including maintaining water quality
parameters at or above the minimum values or within the ranges
designated by the State under paragraph (f) of this section, in
accordance with this paragraph (g) for all water quality parameter
samples collected under Sec.  141.87(b)(4) through (d). The
requirements of this paragraph (g) apply to all systems, including
consecutive systems that distribute water that has been treated to
control corrosion by another system, and any water system with
corrosion control treatment, OCCT, or re-optimized OCCT that is not
required to monitor water quality parameters under Sec.  141.87.
    (1) Compliance with the requirements of this paragraph (g) must be
determined every six months, as specified under Sec.  141.87(b)(4). A
water system is out of compliance with the requirements of this
paragraph (g) for a six-month period if it has excursions for any
State-specified parameter on more than nine days, cumulatively, during
the period. An excursion occurs whenever the daily value for one or
more of the water quality parameters measured at a sampling location is
below the minimum value or outside the range designated by the State.
Daily values are calculated as set out in paragraph (g)(2) of this
section. States have discretion to not include results of obvious
sampling errors from this calculation. Sampling errors must still be
recorded even when not included in calculations.
    (2)(i) On days when more than one measurement for the water quality
parameter is collected at the sampling location, the daily value must
be the average of all results collected during the day regardless of
whether they are

collected through continuous monitoring, grab sampling, or a
combination of both. If EPA has approved an alternative formula under
Sec.  142.16(d)(1)(ii) of this chapter in the State's application for a
program revision submitted pursuant to Sec.  142.12 of this chapter,
the State's formula must be used to aggregate multiple measurements
taken at a sampling point for the water quality parameters in lieu of
the formula in this paragraph (g)(2).
    (ii) On days when only one measurement for the water quality
parameter is collected at the sampling location, the daily value must
be the result of that measurement.
    (iii) On days when no measurement is collected for the water
quality parameter at the sampling location, the daily value must be the
daily value calculated on the most recent day on which the water
quality parameter was measured at the sampling location.
    (h) Modification of State treatment decisions for OCCT and re-
optimized OCCT. Upon its own initiative or in response to a request by
a water system or other interested party, a State may modify its
determination of the OCCT under paragraph (d) of this section, or
optimal water quality parameters under paragraph (f) of this section. A
request for modification by a system or other interested party must be
in writing, explaining why the modification is appropriate, and
providing supporting documentation. The State may require a system to
conduct a CCT study to support modification of the determination of
OCCT or re-optimized OCCT. The State may modify its determination where
it concludes that such change is necessary to ensure that the water
system continues to optimize corrosion control treatment. A revised
determination must be made in writing, set forth the new treatment
requirements and/or optimal water quality parameters, explain the basis
for the State's decision, and provide an implementation schedule for
completing the treatment modifications for re-optimized corrosion
control treatment.
    (i) Treatment decisions by EPA in lieu of the State on OCCT and re-
optimized OCCT. Pursuant to the procedures in Sec.  142.19 of this
chapter, the EPA Regional Administrator may review OCCT determinations
made by a State under paragraph (d), (f), or (h) of this section and
issue Federal corrosion control treatment determinations consistent
with the requirements of paragraph (d), (f), or (h) of this section
where the EPA Regional Administrator finds that:
    (1) A State failed to issue a treatment determination by the
applicable deadlines contained in Sec.  141.81;
    (2) A State abused its discretion; or
    (3) The technical aspects of a State's determination would be
indefensible in a Federal enforcement action taken against a water
system.
    (j) Distribution system and site assessment for tap sample sites
with lead results that exceed 0.010 mg/L. The water system must conduct
the following steps when the lead results from an individual tap sample
site sampled under Sec.  141.86 and the site is included in the site
sample plan under Sec.  141.86(a)(1) exceed 0.010 mg/L:
    (1) Step 1. Corrosion control treatment assessment. Within five
days of receiving the sampling results, the water system must sample at
a water quality parameter site that is on the same size water main in
the same pressure zone and located within a half mile radius of the
site with the lead result exceeding 0.010 mg/L. Small water systems
without corrosion control treatment may have up to 14 days to collect
the new samples.
    (i) The water system must measure the following parameters:
    (A) pH;
    (B) Alkalinity;
    (C) Orthophosphate (as PO4), when an inhibitor
containing an orthophosphate compound is used; and
    (D) Silica, when an inhibitor containing a silicate compound is
used.
    (ii) The water system must measure at the following locations:
    (A) Water systems with an existing water quality parameter site
that is on the same size water main in the same pressure zone and
located within a half mile radius of the site with lead results
exceeding 0.010 mg/L can conduct this sampling at that site.
    (B) All water systems required to meet optimal water quality
parameters but do not have an existing water quality parameter site
that meets the requirements in paragraph (j)(1) of this section must
add new sites to the minimum number of sites as described in Sec.
141.87(b)(1)(i). Sites must be added until a system has twice the
minimum number of sites listed in Table 1 to Sec.  141.87(b)(1)(i).
When a system exceeds twice the number of sites, the State has
discretion to determine if these additional newer sites can better
assess the effectiveness of the corrosion control treatment and whether
to remove existing sites during sanitary survey evaluation of OCCT.
    (2) Step 2. Site assessment. Within 30 days of receiving the
sampling results, water systems must collect and analyze a follow-up
sample for lead at any tap sample site that exceeds 0.010 mg/L. These
follow-up samples may use different sample volumes or different sample
collection procedures to assess the source of elevated lead levels.
Samples collected under this section must be submitted to the State but
cannot be included in the 90th percentile calculation for compliance
monitoring under Sec.  141.86. If the water system is unable to collect
a follow-up sample at a site, the water system must provide
documentation to the State, as specified in Sec.  141.90(g)(2),
explaining why it was unable to collect a follow-up sample.
    (3) Step 3. Evaluate results and system treatment recommendation.
Water systems must evaluate the results of the sampling conducted under
paragraphs (j)(1) and (2) of this section to determine if either
localized or centralized adjustment of the OCCT or other distribution
system actions are necessary and submit the recommendation to the State
within six months after the end of the tap sampling period in which the
site(s) exceeded 0.010 mg/L. Corrosion control treatment modification
may not be necessary to address every exceedance of the lead action
level. Other distribution system actions may include flushing to reduce
water age. Water systems must note the cause of the elevated lead
level, if known from the site assessment, in their recommendation to
the State as site-specific issues can be an important factor in why the
system is not recommending any adjustment of corrosion control
treatment or other distribution system actions. Systems in the process
of optimizing or re-optimizing OCCT under paragraphs (a) through (f) of
this section do not need to submit a treatment recommendation for
distribution system and site assessment.
    (4) Step 4. State approval of treatment recommendation. The State
must approve the treatment recommendation or specify a different
approach within six months of completion of Step 3 as described in
paragraph (j)(3) of this section and notify the water system in
writing.
    (5) Step 5. Modifications to OCCT. If the State-approved treatment
recommendation requires the water system to adjust the OCCT process,
the water system must complete modifications to its corrosion control
treatment within 12 months of receiving notification from the State as
described in paragraph (j)(4) of this section. Systems without
corrosion control treatment required to install OCCT must follow the
schedule in Sec.  141.81(e).

    (6) Step 6. Follow up sampling. Water systems adjusting OCCT must
complete follow-up sampling in accordance with Sec. Sec.
141.86(c)(2)(iii)(D) and 141.87(c)(2)(iii)(D) within 12 months after
completion of Step 5 as described in paragraph (j)(5) of this section
and submit sampling results to the State in accordance with Sec. Sec.
141.86 and 141.87.
    (7) Step 7. State OWQP designation. For water systems adjusting
OCCT, the State must review the water system's modification of
corrosion control treatment and designate optimal water quality
parameters in accordance with Sec.  141.82(f) within six months of
receiving sampling result in paragraph (j)(6) of this section.
    (8) Step 8. Operate in compliance. For a water system adjusting
OCCT, the water system must operate in compliance with the State-
designated optimal water quality parameters in accordance with Sec.
141.82(g) and continue to conduct tap sampling in accordance with
Sec. Sec.  141.86(c)(2)(iii)(E) and 141.87(c)(2).
0
6. Revise Sec.  141.84 to read as follows:

Sec.  141.84  Service line inventory and replacement requirements.

    (a) Service line and connector inventory development. All water
systems must develop a service line inventory that identifies the
material and location of each service line connected to the public
water distribution system. The inventory must include all service lines
connected to the public water distribution system regardless of
ownership status (e.g., where service line ownership is shared, the
inventory includes both the portion of the service line owned by the
water system and the portion of the service line owned by the
customer). The inventory must meet the following requirements:
    (1) All water systems are required to develop an initial inventory
and submit it to the State by October 16, 2024, in accordance with
Sec.  141.90(e)(1).
    (2) All water systems must develop an updated initial inventory,
known as the ``baseline inventory''. Systems must submit the baseline
inventory to the State by the compliance date in Sec.  141.80(a)(3).
Newly regulated public water systems, as defined in Sec.  141.2, must
develop a baseline inventory on a schedule established by the State
that does not exceed three years from the date the system becomes
subject to national primary drinking water regulations. The baseline
inventory must include each service line and connector that is
connected to the public water distribution system regardless of
ownership status (e.g., where service line ownership is shared, the
inventory includes both the portion of the service line owned by the
water system and the portion of the service line owned by the
customer).
    (i) For the baseline inventory, water systems must conduct a review
of any information listed in paragraphs (b)(2)(i) through (iii) of this
section that describes connector materials and locations. Water systems
must also conduct a review of any information on lead and galvanized
iron or steel that they have identified pursuant to Sec.  141.42(d) to
identify connector materials and locations. The water system may use
other sources of information not listed in paragraphs (b)(2)(i) through
(iii) of this section if approved or required by the State.
    (ii) Water systems must include each connector identified in
paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this section in their baseline inventory.
Connector materials must be categorized in the following manner:
    (A) ``Lead'' where the connector is made of lead.
    (B) ``Replaced lead'' where the connector was previously made of
lead but has been removed or replaced.
    (C) ``Never lead'' where the connector is determined through an
evidence-based record, method, or technique not to be made of lead, and
there was never a lead connector present.
    (D) ``Unknown'' where connector material is not known.
    (E) ``No connector present'' where there is no connector in use.
    (iii) All water systems must include any new information on service
line materials from all applicable sources described in paragraph
(b)(2) of this section in the baseline inventory.
    (3) Each service line, or portion of the service line where
ownership is shared, must be categorized in the following manner:
    (i) ``Lead'' where the service line is a lead service line as
defined in Sec.  141.2.
    (ii) ``Galvanized Requiring Replacement'' where the service line is
a galvanized requiring replacement service line as defined in Sec.
141.2.
    (iii) ``Non-Lead'' where the service line is determined through an
evidence-based record, method, or technique not to be a lead or
galvanized requiring replacement service line. Water systems are not
required to identify the specific material of a non-lead service line;
however, they may use the material (e.g., plastic or copper) as an
alternative to categorizing it as ``Non-Lead''.
    (iv) ``Lead Status Unknown'' or ``Unknown'' where the service line
material is not known to be lead, galvanized requiring replacement, or
non-lead, such as where there is no documented evidence or evidence
reliably supporting material categorization. Water systems may elect to
provide more information regarding their unknown service lines as long
as the inventory clearly distinguishes unknown service lines from those
where the categorization of the material is based on the categorization
methods approved under paragraph (b)(2) of this section.
    (4) The inventory must include a street address associated with
each service line and connector. Where a street address is not
available for an individual service line or connector, a unique
locational identifier (e.g., a block, intersection, or landmark) may be
used.
    (5) The inventory must be publicly accessible.
    (i) The publicly accessible inventory must include the information
described in paragraphs (a)(2) through (4) of this section and be
updated in accordance with paragraph (b) of this section.
    (ii) Water systems serving greater than 50,000 persons must make
the publicly accessible inventory available online.
    (6) When a water system has no lead, galvanized requiring
replacement, or lead status unknown service lines, no known lead
connectors or unknown connectors, it may comply with the requirements
in paragraph (a)(5) of this section using a written statement in lieu
of the publicly accessible inventory, declaring that the distribution
system has no lead, galvanized requiring replacement, or lead status
unknown service lines, no known lead connectors or no unknown
connectors. The statement must include a general description of all
applicable sources used in the inventory as described in paragraphs
(a)(1) and (2) and (b)(2) of this section to make this determination.
    (7) Instructions to access the publicly accessible inventory
(including inventories consisting only of a statement in accordance
with paragraph (a)(6) of this section) must be included in the Consumer
Confidence Report in accordance with Sec.  141.153(d)(4)(xi).
    (b) Additional requirements for service line and connector
inventory maintenance. (1) All water systems must update the baseline
inventory of service lines and connectors developed in paragraph (a)(2)
of this section and submit the updates to the State on an annual basis
in accordance with Sec.  141.90(e). These updates begin one year after
the compliance date in Sec.  141.80(a)(3). The publicly accessible
inventory must reflect any updates no later than the deadline to submit
the updated inventory to the State.

    (i) All water systems must identify the material of all lead status
unknown service lines by the applicable mandatory service line
replacement deadline in paragraph (d)(4) of this section.
    (ii) Water systems whose inventories contain only non-lead service
lines and never lead connectors, replaced lead connectors, or no